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7361909937331900466	who has played raoul in phantom of the opera	[ "Steve Barton", "Tim Martin Gleason", "Hadley Fraser" ]	{ "0": "The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . The Phantom of the Opera Poster Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Richard Stilgoe Basis Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Premiere 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London Productions See list 1986 West End 1988 Broadway 1988 Vienna 1988 Tokyo 1989 Toronto 1989 Stockholm 1989 Los Angeles 1990 Hamburg 1990 Melbourne 1991 First US Tour 1992 Second US Tour 1993 San Francisco 1993 Scheveningen 1996 Basel 1997 Auckland 1999 Mexico City 2000 Copenhagen 2001 South Korea 2002 Madrid 2003 Budapest 2004 Film 2005 São Paulo 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular 2007 Melbourne 2008 Third US Tour 2008 Warsaw 2009 Buenos Aires 2009 South Korea 2011 25th Anniversary 2012 UK Tour 2013 North American Tour 2013 Hamburg 2014 Moscow 2014 Tartu 2014 Prague 2015 Helsinki 2015 New Zealand Tour 2015 Puerto Rico 2016 Stockholm 2017 Belgrade Various international and amateur productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Tony Award for Best Musical The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together .", "1": "Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Idea 1.2 Lyricists 1.3 Score 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton 1.6 West End 1.7 Broadway 1.8 Amateur productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Act I 2.3 Act II 3 Casting 3.1 Original casts 3.2 West End replacements 3.3 Broadway replacements 4 Musical numbers 5 Orchestra 6 Recordings 6.1 Sales and certifications 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production 6.1. 2 Local productions 6.1.", "2": "3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera 7 Allegations of plagiarism 8 Other productions 8.1 Film version 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular 9 Copyright release 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original London production 10.2 Original Broadway production 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Development ( edit ) Idea ( edit ) In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' Lyricists ( edit ) Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however .", "3": "Score ( edit ) Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) .", "4": "The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . West End ( edit ) Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series .", "5": "In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol , Dublin , Leeds , Edinburgh , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , and Southampton . John Owen - Jones and Earl Carpenter alternated as the Phantom with Katie Hall and Olivia Brereton as Christine and Simon Bailey as Raoul . Broadway ( edit ) Phantom began Broadway previews at the Majestic Theatre on 9 January 1988 and opened on 26 January . Crawford , Brightman , and Barton reprised their respective roles from the West End . The production continues to play at the Majestic , where it became the first Broadway musical in history to surpass 10,000 performances on 11 February 2012 . On 26 January 2013 , the production celebrated its 25th anniversary with its 10,400 th performance . It is , by over 3,500 performances , the longest - running show in Broadway history . By November 2016 , Phantom had been staged over 12,000 times over 28 years . The 30th anniversary was on January 26 , 2018 with an extra matinee and the regularly scheduled Friday evening performance . The celebration performance was performed on the 24th , with members of the original cast and alumni in attendance along with an invite - only audience . Amateur productions ( edit ) In 2013 , the rights to perform `` Phantom '' were released to non-professional groups . CLOC musical theatre staged the world amateur premiere in May 2013 at the National Theatre in Melbourne , Australia . In June 2013 , Windmill Theatre Company staged the production at the Drum Theatre in Dandenong . Also in June 2013 , Wellington Musical Theatre debuted the New Zealand premiere starring Chris Crowe and Barbara Graham . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) In 1905 Paris , the Opéra Populaire hosts an auction of old theatrical props . Among the attendees is the Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who purchases a papier - mâché music box and eyes it sadly , remarking how the details are `` exactly as she said . ''", "6": "The auctioneer presents `` a chandelier in pieces '' as the next item up for bid , alluding to a connection with `` the Phantom of the Opera '' . As the porters remove the drop cloth covering the fixture , it flickers to life and ascends to the ceiling as the auditorium 's former grandeur is restored ( `` Overture '' ) . Act I ( edit ) It is now 1881 and the cast of a new production , Hannibal , are rehearsing onstage when they learn that new owners , Firmin and André , are taking over the Opéra Populaire . Carlotta , the Opéra 's resident soprano prima donna , begins to perform an aria for the new managers when a backdrop inexplicably falls from the flies , barely missing her and prompting anxious chorus girls to whisper , `` He 's here ! The Phantom of the Opera ! '' . The managers try to downplay the incident , but Carlotta angrily insists that such things happen all the time and she storms out . Madame Giry , the Opéra 's ballet mistress , informs Firmin and André that Christine Daaé , a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist , has been `` well taught '' and can sing Carlotta 's role . With cancellation of the sold out show being their only other alternative , the managers reluctantly audition Christine and are surprised to discover that she is indeed up to the challenge . As Christine sings the aria during the evening performance , the Opéra 's new patron , Raoul , the Vicomte de Chagny , recognizes her as his childhood friend and playmate ( `` Think of Me '' ) . Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song Backstage after her triumphant début , Christine confesses to her best friend Meg ( Madame Giry 's daughter ) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible `` Angel of Music '' ( `` Angel of Music '' ) . Raoul pays a visit to Christine 's dressing room . The two reminisce about the `` Angel of Music '' stories that her late father used to tell them and Christine confides that the Angel has visited her and taught her to sing ( `` Little Lotte '' ) . Raoul indulges what he assumes are fantasies and insists on taking Christine to dinner .", "7": "When Raoul leaves to fetch his hat , Christine hears the jealous Phantom 's voice and she entreats him to reveal himself . The Phantom obliges by appearing as a ghostly , partially masked face in her mirror ( `` The Mirror / Angel of Music ( Reprise ) '' ) . Believing him to be the Angel of Music sent by her deceased father , Christine is irresistibly drawn through the mirror to the Phantom , who leads her down into the cellars of the Opéra house . The two then board a small boat and cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair ( `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ) . The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her . When he reveals a mirror that reflects an image of her in a wedding dress , the figure in the mirror gestures to Christine and she faints . The Phantom then covers her tenderly with his cloak ( `` The Music of the Night '' ) . As the Phantom is composing music at his organ , Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box ( `` I Remember '' ) . Overcome with curiosity , she slips behind the Phantom , lifts his mask , and beholds his grotesquely disfigured face . The Phantom rails at her prying gesture , as Christine hides in fear . He then ruefully expresses his longing to look normal , and to be loved by her ( `` Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' ) . Moved by pity , Christine returns the Phantom 's mask to him and the Phantom shepherds her back above ground . Meanwhile , Joseph Buquet , the Opéra 's chief stagehand , regales the chorus girls with tales of the `` Opéra Ghost '' and his terrible Punjab lasso ( `` Magical Lasso '' ) . Madame Giry arrives and warns Buquet to exercise restraint or face the Phantom 's wrath . In the managers ' office , André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul , who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again . Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office , demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opera Populaire are numbered .", "8": "As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta , Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom : he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera , Il Muto , lest they face a `` disaster beyond imagination '' ( `` Notes ... '' ) . Firmin and André dismiss the threat and assure an enraged Carlotta that she will remain their star ( `` Prima Donna '' ) . The première of Il Muto initially goes well , until the voice of the Phantom suddenly cuts through the performance , enraged that Box 5 was not kept empty for him . As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near , Carlotta reminds her that her role is silent , calling her a `` little toad '' . The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta 's voice to a frog - like croak . Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role , moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained . Suddenly , the corpse of Joseph Buquet drops from the rafters , hanging from the Punjab lasso . Firmin and André plead for calm as mayhem erupts and the Phantom 's diabolical laughter is heard throughout the auditorium ( `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' ) . In the ensuing chaos , Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof and tells him about her subterranean encounter with the Phantom ( `` Why Have You Brought Me Here ? / Raoul , I 've Been There '' ) . Raoul is skeptical but promises to love and protect her , and Christine reciprocates his vow ( `` All I Ask of You '' ) . The heartbroken Phantom , having overheard their entire conversation , angrily vows revenge before returning to the auditorium and bringing down the chandelier . ( `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Steve Barton and Sarah Brightman in the final scene Six months later , in the midst of a masquerade ball , the Phantom makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster , in costume as the Red Death .", "9": "He announces that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant and demands that it be produced immediately , with Christine ( who is now secretly engaged to Raoul ) in the lead role , and he warns of dire consequences if his demands are not met ( `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' ) . Noticing an engagement ring on a chain around Christine 's neck , the Phantom angrily pulls it from her and vanishes in a blinding flash of light . As the masquerade attendees scatter in fear , Raoul accosts Madame Giry and demands that she reveal what she knows about the Phantom . Giry reluctantly explains that the Phantom is actually a brilliant scholar , magician , architect , inventor , and composer who was born with a terrifyingly deformed face . Feared and reviled by society , he was cruelly exhibited in a cage as part of a travelling fair until he eventually escaped and disappeared . He has since taken refuge beneath the opera house , which has now become his home . During rehearsals , Raoul -- tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera -- thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all . Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star . Christine angrily defends herself , saying she is not the Phantom 's accomplice , but his victim . Raoul , knowing of the Phantom 's obsession with his fiancée , asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend the opera 's première , and begs Christine to help him lure the Phantom into the trap ( `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . Torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom , Christine visits her father 's grave , longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ( `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' ) . The Phantom appears atop the mausoleum , again under the guise of the Angel of Music ( `` Wandering Child '' ) , and sings to Christine . Christine , tired and heartbroken , once again accepts her `` Angel '' as a friend , nearly succumbing to the Phantom 's influence , but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom .", "10": "The Phantom taunts Raoul , hurling fire balls at him until Christine begs Raoul to leave with her ( `` Bravo Monsieur '' ) . Furious , the Phantom declares war upon them both and causes flames to spring up around the mausoleum . With armed policemen having secured the auditorium and watching for the Phantom , Don Juan Triumphant premieres with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles . During Don Juan 's and Aminta 's duet , Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi , but with the Phantom himself ( `` The Point of No Return '' ) . Mimicking Raoul 's vow of devotion on the rooftop , the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and forces his ring onto her finger ; Christine rips off his mask , exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience . The opera house is plunged into chaos . Piangi 's garroted body is revealed backstage , the cast and audience fly into a state of panic , and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre . An angry mob , vowing vengeance for the murders of Buquet and Piangi , searches the theatre for the Phantom , while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom 's subterranean lair , and warns him to beware his magical lasso . ( `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' ) . In the lair , Christine is forced to don a wedding dress . Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine , begging him to show compassion . The Phantom refuses , and captures Raoul with the Punjab lasso . The Phantom tells Christine that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever , but if she refuses , Raoul will die . Christine , heartbroken , tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed , not his face . As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her , Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known . She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him , showing him compassion for the first time in his life . The Phantom , having experienced kindness at last , understands that he can not compel Christine to love him , and sets them both free .", "11": "Raoul hurries Christine out of the lair , but she returns alone to give the Phantom back his ring . The Phantom tells Christine he loves her , before she tearfully exits with Raoul . The weeping Phantom huddles on his throne and covers himself with his cloak . The mob , led by Meg , enters the lair . Meg pulls the Phantom 's cloak from the throne , finding only his mask on the seat . She lifts the mask up into the light and gazes at it in wonder as the curtain falls . Casting ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) The original casts of the major productions of The Phantom of the Opera : Character Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Las Vegas Cast Royal Albert Hall 25th Anniversary Cast The Phantom of the Opera Michael Crawford Brent Barrett Anthony Crivello ‡ Ramin Karimloo Christine Daaé Sarah Brightman Claire Moore † Sarah Brightman Patti Cohenour † Sierra Boggess Elizabeth Loyacano ‡ Sierra Boggess Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny Steve Barton Tim Martin Gleason Hadley Fraser Carlotta Giudicelli Rosemary Ashe Judy Kaye Elena Jeanne Batman Geena Jeffries Mattox ‡ Wendy Ferguson Madame Giry Mary Millar Leila Martin Rebecca Spencer Liz Robertson Meg Giry Janet Devenish Elisa Heinsohn Brianne Kelly Morgan Daisy Maywood Monsieur Richard Firmin John Savident Nick Wyman Lawson Skala Barry James Monsieur Gilles André David Firth Cris Groenendaal John Leslie Wolfe Gareth Snook Ubaldo Piangi John Aron David Romano Larry Wayne Morbitt Wynne Evans † The role of Christine Daaé is double - cast in most professional productions . The secondary actress performs the role twice a week ( on Broadway , Thursday evening and Saturday matinée ) . ‡ Three roles ( The Phantom , Christine , and Carlotta ) were double - cast in the original Las Vegas production , with the two actors in each pair singing alternate performances . Later , Las Vegas casting became identical to that in the Broadway production , with single casting for all characters except Christine .", "12": "West End replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Martin Smith , Peter Karrie , Dave Willetts , John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Peter Jöback , Simon Bowman , Earl Carpenter , Marcus Lovett , Peter Cousens , Peter Polycarpou , Ben Forster , Ben Lewis , Christine Daaé : Claire Moore , Rebecca Caine , Celia Graham , Myrra Malmberg , Gina Beck , Rachel Barrell , Sofia Escobar , Leila Benn Harris , Robyn North , Katie Hall , Anna O'Byrne , Meredith Braun , Celinde Schoenmaker , Kelly Mathieson , Amy Manford Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Michael Ball , John Barrowman , Simon Bowman , Simon Burke , Clive Carter , Killian Donnelly , Ramin Karimloo , Robert Meadmore , Oliver Thornton , Sean Palmer , Gardar Thor Cortes , Carlotta Giuducelli : Morag McLaren , Julia Goss , Margaret Preece , Shan Cothi Monsieur Richard Firmin : Andy Hockley Monsieur Gilles Andre : Martin Ball Broadway replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Timothy Nolen , Steve Barton , Mark Jacoby , Kevin Grey , Marcus Lovett , Davis Gaines , Thomas James O'Leary , Marcus Lovett , Hugh Panaro , Howard McGillin , Gary Mauer , Brad Little , John Cudia , Peter Jöback , Norm Lewis , James Barbour , Amick Byram , Laird Mackintosh , Ben Crawford Christine Daaé : Lisa Vroman , Patti Cohenour , Rebecca Luker , Rebecca Pitcher , Jennifer Hope Wills , Kimilee Bryant , Sierra Boggess , Samantha Hill , Mary Michael Patterson , Julia Udine , Ali Ewoldt Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Davis Gaines , Kevin Grey Gary Mauer , Hugh Panaro , Brad Little , John Cudia , Tim Martin Gleason , Rodney Ingram Monsieur Gilles Andre : George Lee Andrews , Laird Mackintosh Musical numbers ( edit ) Prologue Prologue : The stage of the Paris Opéra House , 1911 -- Old Raoul Overture -- Orchestra Act I `` Hannibal Rehearsal '' - Carlotta , Piangi , Ensemble `` Think of Me '' -- Carlotta , Christine ,", "13": "Raoul `` Angel of Music / Little Lotte '' -- Christine , Meg , Raoul , The Phantom `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Phantom and Christine `` The Music of the Night '' -- Phantom `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It -- Christine and Phantom `` Magical Lasso '' -- Buquet and Madame Giry `` Notes / Prima Donna '' -- Firmin , André , Raoul , Carlotta , Piangi , Giry , Meg , and Phantom `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' -- Carlotta , Confidante , Jeweler , Hairdresser , Christine , Phantom , Ensemble `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul , I 've Been There '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You / Act 1 Finale '' ( Reprise ) -- Phantom Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Masquerade '' - Full Company `` Why So Silent '' - Phantom `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' -- André , Firmin , Carlotta , Piangi , Raoul , Christine , Giry , and Phantom `` Don Juan Triumphant Rehearsal '' - Christine , Carlotta , Piangi , Reyer , Ensemble `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' -- Christine `` Wandering Child / Bravo , Bravo '' -- Phantom , Christine and Raoul `` The Point of No Return '' -- Phantom and Christine `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' -- Full Company `` Finale '' - Phantom , Christine , Raoul , Company Orchestra ( edit ) There are several orchestrations : 29 piece orchestra ( original score , used in London ) , 27 piece orchestra ( current Broadway score ) 13 piece orchestra ( Reduced score for tour ) , 45 piece orchestra ( 25th Anniversary score ) . The current Broadway orchestration is what is licensed by R&H Theatricals for amateur and professional productions . The only difference between the 29 - and 27 - piece orchestras is the lack of Violins VII & VIII in the 27 - piece orchestra .", "14": "The Broadway production originally used a 29 - piece pit orchestra : Reed I : Flute / Piccolo Reed II : Flute / Clarinet Reed III : Oboe / English Horn Reed IV : B - flat Clarinet / Bass Clarinet / E-flat Clarinet Reed V : Bassoon French Horns I -- III Trumpets I -- II Trombone Percussion I - II ( see below ) Keyboards I -- II : Piano , Synthesizer Violins I - VIII ( currently only six violins ) Violas I -- II Cellos I -- II String Bass Harp Percussion is split between two books -- regular percussion and mallets 2 Timpani , Suspended cymbals , Crash Cymbals , Snare drum , Triangle , Tambourine , Bass Drum Glockenspiel , Xylophone , Vibes , Marimba , Tubular Bells , Bell Tree , Woodblock , Gong , Guiro , Finger Cymbals Recordings ( edit ) Cast recordings have been made of the London , Austrian , Dutch , German , Japanese , Swedish , Korean , Hungarian , Mexican , Polish , Russian and Canadian productions . The recording of the 1986 original London cast , released by Polydor Records in 1987 , was released in both a single CD Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera and a two CD Phantom of the Opera , both of which have been certified 4 × Platinum in the US and sold 4.97 million copies as of January 2017 . `` The Complete Recordings '' edition has sold 507,000 copies since 1991 . Phantom was also certified 3 × Platinum in the UK . The Canadian cast recording went 2 × Platinum in Canada . In Switzerland , Phantom was certified 3 × Platinum and Highlights was certified 2 × Platinum . Recordings of the Vienna cast and the Hamburg cast produced by Jimmy Bowien were certified Gold and triple Platinum , respectively , in Germany . The original album recording has sold an alleged 24 million copies worldwide .", "15": "A live recording of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall was released in the UK on 15 November 2011 and subsequently in the US and Canada on 7 February 2012 , along with Blu - ray and DVD videos , and a collectors ' box set of the Royal Albert concert , the original cast recording , and the sequel , Love Never Dies . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Original 1986 London production ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 12 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Local productions ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) In 1987 the heirs of Giacomo Puccini charged in a lawsuit that the climactic phrase in `` Music of the Night '' closely resembled a similar phrase in the sequence `` Quello che tacete '' from Puccini 's opera Girl of the Golden West . The litigation was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount .", "16": "In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called `` Till You '' . After eight years of litigation -- including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that `` Till You '' was itself a plagiarism of `` Close Every Door '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- the jury found in Lloyd Webber 's favour . Former Pink Floyd vocalist Roger Waters has repeatedly claimed in interviews that the signature descending / ascending half - tone chord progression from Phantom 's title song was plagiarised from the bass line of a track on the 1971 Pink Floyd album Meddle called `` Echoes '' . He has never taken any legal action . `` Life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber , '' he said . `` I think that might make me really gloomy . '' Other productions ( edit ) Phantom has been translated into several languages and produced in over 28 countries on 6 continents . With only the exception of Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , Hungary , New Zealand , Panama , Poland , Romania , and the 25th Anniversary UK and US Tours , these productions have all been `` clones '' , using the original staging , direction , sets , and costume concepts . Notable international productions include the following : Australia : 1990 -- 1998 : Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth ; 2007 -- 2009 : Melbourne , Brisbane , Sydney , Auckland , Perth and Adelaide , both starring Anthony Warlow . Brian Stacey was the original conductor of the first Australian production . Marina Prior starred as Christine in the original production . In the original Australian production , Rob Guest later took over the title role . The final leg of the recent tour was staged in Adelaide in an arena format featuring giant screens on either side of the stage that presented footage shot simultaneously with the performance . 2013 : Canberra starring Michael Cormick as The Phantom and with Julie Lea Goodwin starring as Christine from 9 to 23 August 2013 . Goodwin had previously played the role , as the `` Alternate Christine '' , in the 2007 to 2009 national tour . Austria : The German language production premiered at the Theater an der Wien in December 1988 .", "17": "Canada : The Canadian production of Phantom ran from 20 September 1989 to 31 October 1999 in Toronto at the Pantages Theatre , with Colm Wilkinson originating the role of Phantom . The Canadian International Touring Company toured the musical in Canada , Hawaii , Alaska , Hong Kong , and Singapore from 11 March 1991 to October 1995 . The Music Box Tour ( Third US National Tour ) played dates across Canada in 2006 -- 2007 including Calgary , Vancouver , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Saskatoon and Ottawa . China : The Shanghai production played 97 performances at the Shanghai Grand Theatre . The World Tour had their sixth season at the Culture Plaza Theatre at Shanghai Culture Square from 3 December 2013 to 26 January 2014 . The World Tour returned to China at the Guangzhou Opera House in Guangzhou from 26 September to 10 October 2015 and performed its final season at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from 17 November 2015 to 10 January 2016 . Estonia : Production in Estonian language ( but with English and Finnish subtitles ) featuring original sets , costumes , and direction premiered on 4 October 2014 at Theatre Vanemuine in Tartu . In first season 2014 / 2015 there were 24 performances in total , eight of which took place in capital Tallinn at Nordea Concert Hall ( premiered there on 30 October 2014 ) . In spring 2017 there will be further 12 performances ( two of which in Tallinn ) . Finland : A Finnish production premiered in Helsinki in 2015 at the Finnish National Opera in English . Germany : `` Das Phantom der Oper '' opened at the Stage Neue Flora Theatre , Hamburg from 1990 to 2001 , the Palladium Theatre in Stuttgart from 2002 to 2004 , and at the Colosseum Theatre in Essen from 2005 to 2007 . A second Hamburg production ran from December 2013 until September 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora . A production in Oberhausen is currently running at the Metronom Theater from 17 November 2015 . Hungary : Madách Theatre , Budapest . This production , which began in 2003 , was the first to modify the original staging with new sets , costumes and direction .", "18": "The five hundredth performance on 20 September 2007 featured four successive sets of casts . New Zealand : Opened at the Aotea Centre in Auckland in 1997 and at The Civic , The Edge - Auckland in 2008 . A local production ( with new designs ) opened on 13 June at the St. James Theatre in Wellington and closed on 16 July 2013 . Panama : For the first time in Central America , `` El Fantasma de la Opera '' played in Spanish at the Teatro Anayansi of the Atlapa Convention Center from 23 to 25 September 2016 , directed by Aaron Zebede . Randy Dominguez starred in the role of The Phantom , with Maria Fernanda Achurra as Christine and Leo Almengor as Raoul . Romania : The Romanian premiere was in January 2015 produced by the Romanian National Opereta . This new non-replica production was performed in Romanian with a local cast led by a British creative team . Russia : Moscow production cooproduced by Stage Entertainment and Really Useful Group premiered on 4 October 2014 in the MDM theatre starring Ivan Ozhogin and Dmitry Yermak as The Phantom . The stalls and the stage were modernised specially for the production . The premiere was attended by Richard Stilgoe and Charles Hart . Serbia : The Serbian premiere was in October 2017 produced by Belgrade - based Terazije Theatre. Production is performed in Serbian with a local cast . Singapore : First tour at the Kallang Theatre from 26 February 1995 to 20 May 1995 , second tour at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay from 23 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 . Turkey : The World Tour played in Istanbul at the Zorlu Center PSM from 7 April to 17 May 2015 . United States : Los Angeles ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , San Francisco ( 1993 -- 1999 ) . A US National tour commenced in 1991 in Los Angeles , and closed on 31 October 2010 at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , after nearly two decades . The closing night performance was attended by many former cast and crew members , including Andrew Lloyd Webber and Sarah Brightman .", "19": "Film version ( edit ) A film version , directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Gerard Butler as the Phantom , Emmy Rossum as Christine , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Minnie Driver as Carlotta , and Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , opened on 22 December 2004 in the US . Phantom : the Las Vegas Spectacular ( edit ) An edited production renamed Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular opened 24 June 2006 at The Venetian in Las Vegas , Nevada , in a theatre built specifically for the show to resemble the Opéra Garnier in Paris . The production ran 95 minutes with no intermission , and was directed and choreographed by Harold Prince and Gillian Lynne , with scenic designs by David Rockwell . The show featured updated technology and effects , including a re-engineered chandelier capable of reassembling in midair during the overture while the entire interior of the venue ( not merely the stage ) returned to its 1880s halcyon days . Almost 45 minutes ' worth of material was eliminated , such as the Don Juan Triumphant rehearsal . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' and `` The Point of No Return '' were significantly shortened . Other changes resembled those in the 2004 film , such as staging the chandelier crash at the plot 's climax ( during performance of `` The Point of No Return '' ) rather than mid-story . The Las Vegas production closed on 2 September 2012 . Copyright release ( edit ) In 2011 The Really Useful Group ( copyright owners of Phantom ) released certain rights to the play in celebration of its 25th anniversary . In March 2011 Reed - Custer High School in Braidwood , Illinois , became the first school to perform Phantom under the new rights . Later in 2011 , Stanwell School in Penarth became the first school in the UK to perform the show .", "20": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Designer of the Year Maria Björnson Nominated 2002 Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sarah Brightman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Won Outstanding Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Orchestrations David Cullen and Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Set Design Maria Björnson Won Outstanding Costume Design Won Outstanding Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won Best Book of a Musical Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe Nominated Best Scenic Design Maria Björnson Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Best Choreography Gillian Lynne Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love Never Dies ( musical ) The sequel to Phantom , written by Lloyd Webber , Ben Elton , Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater , is called Love Never Dies . It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , by Forsyth . Set in 1907 ( a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production 's announcement , but actually 26 years later , as the original show was set in 1881 ) , Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma , a new attraction at Coney Island , by an anonymous impresario . With her husband , Raoul , and son , Gustave , in tow she journeys to Brooklyn , unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort .", "21": "The original production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell with set and costume designs by Bob Crowley , and opened at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End on 9 March 2010 . Though it ran for over 17 months and closed on 27 August 2011 , the production received mixed reviews . A scheduled Broadway opening in November 2010 was postponed until Spring 2011 and later cancelled . A revamped Australian production , starring Ben Lewis and Anna O'Byrne , opened 21 May 2011 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne to more favourable notices . After the Melbourne run ended on 12 December 2011 the production moved to the Capitol Theatre in Sydney where it played from January to April 2012 . See also ( edit ) Phantom List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums Love Never Dies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : The most commercially successful stage musical ever '' . Really Useful Licensing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` Stage : ' Phantom of the Opera ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- The Show -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Martin Bordman ( 2004 ) . The Oxford companion to American theatre p. 496 . Oxford University Press . `` A British musical based on Leroux 's famous novel '' . Jump up ^ Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com . Retrieved 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p. 266 . Scarecrow Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( 11 April 2010 ) ' Phantom of the Opera ' at the Hippodrome The Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lion King rules Broadway as highest grossing show of all time '' . The Guardian . London .", "22": "^ Jump up to : `` Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £ 500,000 in the UK '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 5 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Phantom turns 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber , Martin Knowlden The Phantom of the Opera Companion Pavilion , 2007 Jump up ^ Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Citron , Stephen . Sondheim and Lloyd - Webber ( 2001 ) , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509601 - 0 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Behr , Edward . The Complete Book of Les Misérables ( 1993 ) , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 156 - 0 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask documentary , on the 2004 film DVD Jump up ^ Evans , Everett ( 2 December 1990 ) . `` You need program to keep ' Phantom ' productions straight '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Coveney , M. Cats on a Chandelier : The Andrew Lloyd Webber Story . New York , Hutchinson ( 1999 ) . pp. 200 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0091801700 Jump up ^ Snelson , J. Andrew Lloyd Webber ( Yale Broadway Masters Series ) . New Haven , Yale University Press ( 2009 ) , p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0300151138 Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson Dies ; Theatre Production Designer was 53 ( 16 December 2002 ) . LiveDesign archive Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson obituary . London times archive Retrieved 3 April 2011 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera DVD ( 2004 film ) . Amazon.com Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Propst , Andy . Broadway 's Phantom of the Opera to Reach Historic 9,000 th Performance on 17 September TheaterMania.com. 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : Show awards '' . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Musical to return louder than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall : Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , Hadley Fraser , Wendy Ferguson , Barry James , Gareth Snook , Liz Robertson , Wynne Evans , Sergei Polunin , Andrew Lloyd Webber : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thephantomoftheoperatour.com Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber had hoped to open in Toronto prior to Broadway but political pressure forced the change. Phantom of the Opera , at the Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth `` Broadway 's Phantom Hits 10,000 th Performance on Feb. 11 ; Milestone Benefits The Actors Fund '' Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Phantom '' Celebrates Its Silver Anniversary on Broadway `` . NY1 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera hits a majestic new milestone '' playbill.com , 28 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA CELEBRATES ITS 30TH YEAR ON BROADWAY - The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway '' . The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ BWW New Desk ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Track Listing , Disc 1 ... Original London Cast -- Prologue ( The Stage of Paris Opera House , 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . DiscOgs. 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Tracklist ... Prologue : The Stage of the Paris Opéra , 1905 ^ Jump up to : Phantom Las Vegas : Musical Numbers Jump up ^ Perry , George . `` The Complete Phantom of the Opera '' . Owl Books , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1722 - 4 . Jump up ^ POTO Onstage Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , phantom-media.info -- accessed 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Toronto Cast Jump up ^ Royal Albert Hall performance IMDb page Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera : opening night production credits . IBDB.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Westley , Christine : `` Phantom -- The Las Vegas Spectacular . TheatreMania.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Casting : PhantomLasVegas.com Retrieved 8 September 2011 Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original London Cast Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` Das Phantom Der Oper '' Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original Canadian Cast Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. `` Hamilton passes 1 million sales plus chart highlights from James Arthur , Maren Morris and Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Phantom of the Opera ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack List '' . Sony Classical Records . About.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 12 .", "26": "ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Stage Cast Recordings -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Diverse -- Phantom der Oper '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Diverse in the field Interpret . Enter Phantom der Oper in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical Hamburg ; ' Musical Hamburg -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical ; ' Musical Wien -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 1 November 2012 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Highlights from Phantom of the Opera _Loncon Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hear the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Allegedly Plagiarized . SFist . Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Who 's Listening to Lloyd Webber ? Theatre Communications Group archive Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ HOW THE WEST WON THE MET ( 13 June 2010 ) . San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408078 Jump up ^ LET 'S HEAR ' GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST ' SING ( 12 June 2010 ) San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408152 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber Loses Round in Battle Over Allegedly Stolen Song ( 5 December 1996 ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber Wins Phantom Battle . BBC News Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q magazine . November 1992 .", "28": "Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of the Hungarian production '' . Theater Madách . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official homepage of the Theatre Vanemuine '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/features/guy-noble-remembers-the-late-great-brian-stacey/ Jump up ^ `` Australian Broadcasting Corporation The world Today '' . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Canberra Theatre Centre '' . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the German production '' . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Toronto Phantom Disappears Oct. 31 After 10 Years & 4,226 Perfs ; Auction Follows . Playbill ( 29 October 1999 ) , retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 上海文化广场演出信息演出详细 '' . Shculturesquare.com. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Premiere of The Phantom of the Opera Electrifies Opera House Stage_Life of Guangzhou '' . www.lifeofguangzhou.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Phantom of the Opera ' to Hold 64 Shows in Beijing '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release for production in Finland '' . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DAS PHANTOM DER OPER Musical in Oberhausen Metronom Theater Tickets , Karten und Gutscheine '' . www.stage-entertainment.de . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Positively Wellington Venues : Single show '' . Pwv.co.nz . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera live in Wellington Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 4 December 2012 .", "29": "Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El sombrío ángel de la música '' . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantoma de la Operă -- Opereta '' . www.opereta.ro . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera premieres in Moscow '' . Stage-entertainment.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` п ° я ▌ п ╥ п ╦ п ╨ п ╩ б ╚ п ÷ я ─ п ╦ п ╥ я ─ п ╟ п ╨ п пп ╣ я ─ я ▀ б ╩ . п я └ п ╦ я ├ п ╦ п ╟ п ╩ я ▄ п ╫ я ▀ п ╧ я │ п ╟ п ╧ я ┌ п2п ╬ п ╡ п ╬ я │ я ┌ п ╦ '' . Phantom-musical.ru . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Terazije Theatre '' . www.pozoristeterazije.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yong , Yvonne ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera set to return to Singapore '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- ZORLU CENTER PSM '' . www.zorlucenterpsm.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom '' To Close at Pantages . neontommy.com Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular official site '' . Really Useful Group / Mackintosh Ltd . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Kristine ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular show review -- Beloved show lives up to new name '' .", "30": "LasVegas.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jessica Boyd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` RCHS Spring Musical '' . braidwoodparkdistrict.com . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penarth school first to stage Lloyd Webber smash hit '' . Penarth Times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIER AWARDS 1986 '' . westendtheatre.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Laurence Olivier Awards : full list of winners 1976 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- The Creative Team '' . LoveNeverDies.com Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Sequel , Love Never Dies , Now Due in London and on Broadway in March 2010 '' . Playbill. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- Background '' . Love Never Dies ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz . Ramin Karimloo originated the Phantom , and Sierra Boggess played Christine . Joseph Millson , Summer Strallen , and Charlie Manton were all in the original cast of Love Never Dies as well. Watch out for ... Daily Mail . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies sees mixed reviews '' . CBC News . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway debut of Love Never Dies is postponed '' . BBC News . 7 April 2010 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Broadway Opening for ' Love Never Dies ' Is Delayed Until 2011 '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Love Never Dies Postpones Broadway Opening to Spring 2011 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies Scraps Plans for Spring Broadway Run '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedford , Angie . `` Love Never Dies Review '' . The Theatre Channel at Webwombat . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Les ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia 's Creative Pride . '' AussieTheatre.com Retrieved 22 August 2001 Jump up ^ Herbert , Kate ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia Never Dies '' review . Melbourne Herald Sun archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , Chris ( 30 May 2011 ) : Phantom sequel spectacularly unmasked . The Australian archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` LOVE NEVER DIES Arrives at Sydney 's Capitol Theatre '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Love Never Dies Ends Australian Run April 1 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( Webber musical ) . Official website The Phantom of the Opera at Playbill Vault The Phantom of the Opera at the Internet Broadway Database The Phantom of the Opera ( The Guide to Musical Theatre ) An interview with the makeup designer on the American Theatre Wing 's `` Working in the Theatre '' series . Preceded by Cats Longest - running Broadway show 2006 -- present Succeeded by -- The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston", "32": "Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express", "33": "Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney", "34": "Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk !", "35": "( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Hamilton ( 2018 ) Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 )", "36": "Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton (", "37": "2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) VIAF : 177290176 LCCN : no2008177093 GND : 300095643 BNF : cb13939772q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "38": "php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)&oldid=838349429 '' Categories : 1986 musicals 1986 operas The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Broadway musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Plays set in the 19th century West End musicals Tony Award for Best Musical British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages with timeline metadata Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "39": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3130297943294617952	who discovered that neural communication between cells occurs through chemicals	[ "Charles Sherrington" ]	{ "0": "Synapse - wikipedia Synapse Jump to : navigation , search This article is about synapses of the nervous system . For other uses , see Synapse ( disambiguation ) . Structure of a typical chemical synapse Postsynaptic density Voltage - gated Ca channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite In the nervous system , a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron ( or nerve cell ) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell . Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body , yet still communicate with each other , an idea known as the neuron doctrine . The word `` synapse '' -- from the Greek synapsis ( συνάψις ) , meaning `` conjunction '' , in turn from συνάπτεὶν ( συν ( `` together '' ) and ἅπτειν ( `` to fasten '' ) ) -- was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Foster 's Textbook of Physiology . Sherrington struggled to find a good term that emphasized a union between two separate elements , and the actual term `` synapse '' was suggested by the English classical scholar Arthur Woollgar Verrall , a friend of Michael Foster . Some authors generalize the concept of the synapse to include the communication from a neuron to any other cell type , such as to a motor cell , although such non-neuronal contacts may be referred to as junctions ( a historically older term ) . Synapses are essential to neuronal function : neurons are cells that are specialized to pass signals to individual target cells , and synapses are the means by which they do so . At a synapse , the plasma membrane of the signal - passing neuron ( the presynaptic neuron ) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target ( postsynaptic ) cell . Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of a molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process . In many synapses , the presynaptic part is located on an axon and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma .", "1": "Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons , responding to synaptic activity and , in turn , regulating neurotransmission . Synapses ( at least chemical synapses ) are stabilized in position by synaptic adhesion molecules ( SAMs ) projecting from both the pre - and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap ; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemical or electrical 2 Types of interfaces 3 Role in memory 4 Study models 5 Synaptic polarization 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References Chemical or electrical ( edit ) An example of chemical synapse by the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine or glutamic acid . There are two fundamentally different types of synapses : In a chemical synapse , electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted ( via the activation of voltage - gated calcium channels ) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell . The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron . Chemical synapses can be classified according to the neurotransmitter released : glutamatergic ( often excitatory ) , GABAergic ( often inhibitory ) , cholinergic ( e.g. vertebrate neuromuscular junction ) , and adrenergic ( releasing norepinephrine ) . Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction , chemical synapses can have complex effects on the postsynaptic cell . In an electrical synapse , the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called gap junctions or synaptic cleft that are capable of passing an electric current , causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell . The main advantage of an electrical synapse is the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next . Synaptic communication is distinct from an ephaptic coupling , in which communication between neurons occurs via indirect electric fields . An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse that forms when the axon of one neuron synapses onto dendrites of the same neuron .", "2": "Types of interfaces ( edit ) Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre - and post-synaptic components . The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo - dendritic synapses ( axon synapsing upon a dendrite ) , however , a variety of other arrangements exist . These include but are not limited to axo - axonic , dendro - dendritic , axo - secretory , somato - dendritic , dendro - somatic , and somato - somatic synapses . The axon can synapse onto a dendrite , onto a cell body , or onto another axon or axon terminal , as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue . Different types of synapses Role in memory ( edit ) Main article : Hebbian theory It is widely accepted that the synapse plays a role in the formation of memory . As neurotransmitters activate receptors across the synaptic cleft , the connection between the two neurons is strengthened when both neurons are active at the same time , as a result of the receptor 's signaling mechanisms . The strength of two connected neural pathways is thought to result in the storage of information , resulting in memory . This process of synaptic strengthening is known as long - term potentiation . By altering the release of neurotransmitters , the plasticity of synapses can be controlled in the presynaptic cell . The postsynaptic cell can be regulated by altering the function and number of its receptors . Changes in postsynaptic signaling are most commonly associated with a N - methyl - d - aspartic acid receptor ( NMDAR ) - dependent long - term potentiation ( LTP ) and long - term depression ( LTD ) due to the influx of calcium into the post-synaptic cell , which are the most analyzed forms of plasticity at excitatory synapses .", "3": "Study models ( edit ) For technical reasons , synaptic structure and function have been historically studied at unusually large model synapses , for example : Squid giant synapse Neuromuscular junction ( NMJ ) , a cholinergic synapse in vertebrates , glutamatergic in insects Ciliary calyx in the ciliary ganglion of chicks Calyx of Held in the brainstem Ribbon synapse in the retina Schaffer collateral synapse in the hippocampus Synaptic polarization ( edit ) The function of neurons depends upon cell polarity . The distinctive structure of nerve cells allows action potentials to travel directionally ( from dendrites to cell body down the axon ) , and for these signals to then be received and carried on by post-synaptic neurons or received by effector cells . Nerve cells have long been used as models for cellular polarization , and of particular interest are the mechanisms underlying the polarized localization of synaptic molecules . PIP2 signaling regulated by IMPase plays an integral role in synaptic polarity . Phosphoinositides ( PIP , PIP2 , and PIP3 ) are molecules that have been shown to affect neuronal polarity . A gene ( ttx - 7 ) was identified in Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes myo - inositol monophosphatase ( IMPase ) , an enzyme that produces inositol by dephosphorylating inositol phosphate . Organisms with mutant ttx - 7 genes demonstrated behavioral and localization defects , which were rescued by expression of IMPase . This led to the conclusion that IMPase is required for the correct localization of synaptic protein components . The egl - 8 gene encodes a homolog of phospholipase C β ( PLCβ ) , an enzyme that cleaves PIP2 . When ttx - 7 mutants also had a mutant egl - 8 gene , the defects caused by the faulty ttx - 7 gene were largely reversed . These results suggest that PIP2 signaling establishes polarized localization of synaptic components in living neurons .", "4": "Additional images ( edit ) A typical central nervous system synapse The synapse and synaptic vesicle cycle Major elements in chemical synaptic transmission See also ( edit ) Neuroscience portal Active zone Autapse Exocytosis Immunological synapse Neurotransmitter vesicle Postsynaptic density Synaptopathy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Foster , M. ; Sherrington , C.S. ( 1897 ) . Textbook of Physiology , volume 3 ( 7th ed . ) . London : Macmillan . p. 929 . Jump up ^ Elias , Lorin J. ; Saucier , Deborah M. ( 2006 ) . Neuropsychology : Clinical and Experimental Foundations . Boston : Pearson / Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 20534361 - 4 . LCCN 2005051341 . OCLC 61131869 . Jump up ^ `` synapse '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tansey , E.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Not committing barbarisms : Sherrington and the synapse , 1897 '' . Brain Research Bulletin . Amsterdam : Elsevier . 44 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / S0361 - 9230 ( 97 ) 00312 - 2 . PMID 9323432 . The word synapse first appeared in 1897 , in the seventh edition of Michael Foster 's Textbook of Physiology . Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. ; Gilbert , Daniel T. ; Wegner , Daniel M. ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . LCCN 2010940234 . OCLC 696604625 . Jump up ^ Perea , G. ; Navarrete , M. ; Araque , A. ( August 2009 ) .", "5": "`` Tripartite synapses : astrocytes process and control synaptic information '' . Trends in Neurosciences . Cambridge , MA : Cell Press . 32 ( 8 ) : 421 -- 431 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2009.05. 001 . PMID 19615761 . Jump up ^ Missler , M ; Südhof , TC ; Biederer , T ( 2012 ) . `` Synaptic cell adhesion '' . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 4 : a005694 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a005694 . PMC 3312681 . PMID 22278667 . Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2007 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Illustration coordinator William C. Ober ; illustrations by Claire W. Garrison ; clinical consultant Andrew C. Silverthorn ; contributions by Bruce R. Johnson ( 4th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 6851 - 2 . LCCN 2005056517 . OCLC 62742632 . Jump up ^ Lynch , M.A. ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Long - Term Potentiation and Memory '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 136 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00014.2003 . PMID 14715912 . Jump up ^ Krugers , Harm J. ; Zhou , Ming ; Joëls , Marian ; Kindt , Merel ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Regulation of Excitatory Synapses and Fearful Memories by Stress Hormones '' . Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience . Switzerland : Frontiers Media SA . 5 : 62 . doi : 10.3389 / fnbeh. 2011.00062 . PMC 3190121 . PMID 22013419 . Jump up ^ Stanley , EF ( 1992 ) .", "6": "`` The calyx - type synapse of the chick ciliary ganglion as a model of fast cholinergic transmission '' . Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology . 70 Suppl : S73 -- 7 . doi : 10.1139 / y92 - 246 . PMID 1338300 . Jump up ^ Arimura , Nariko ; Kaibuchi , Kozo ( December 22 , 2005 ) . `` Key regulators in neuronal polarity '' . Neuron . Cambridge , MA : Cell Press . 48 ( 6 ) : 881 -- 884 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2005.11. 007 . PMID 16364893 . ^ Jump up to : Kimata , Tsubasa ; Tanizawa , Yoshinori ; Can , Yoko ; et al. ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Synaptic Polarity Depends on Phosphatidylinositol Signaling Regulated by myo - Inositol Monophosphatase in Caenorhabditis elegans '' . Genetics . Bethesda , MD : Genetics Society of America . 191 ( 2 ) : 509 -- 521 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 111.137844 . PMC 3374314 . PMID 22446320 . Jump up ^ Tanizawa , Yoshinori ; Kuhara , Atsushi ; Inada , Hitoshi ; et al. ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` Inositol monophosphatase regulates localization of synaptic components and behavior in the mature nervous system of C. elegans '' . Genes & Development . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . 20 ( 23 ) : 3296 -- 3310 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1497806 . PMC 1686606 . PMID 17158747 . ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus", "7": "Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA", "8": "SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Synapse&oldid=837129123 '' Categories : Cell signaling Signal transduction Neural synapse Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 22 : 13 . 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-8188854097093895186	who has the most ncaa basketball tournament appearances	[ "Kentucky", "Kentucky", "Kentucky" ]	{ "0": "NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament bids by school and is updated through 2018 . There are currently 68 bids possible each year ( 32 automatic qualifiers , 36 at - large ) . Schools not currently in Division I are in italics ( e.g. CCNY ) and some appear under prior names ( e.g. UTEP went by Texas Western in 1966 ) . Vacated appearances are excluded from the Bids table and noted below it . Bids ( edit ) As the tournament field started with only 8 teams in 1939 ( all `` Elite 8 '' by default ) , it was not until 1975 that all teams needed to win to advance to an alliteratively - named round ( e.g. Elite 8 , Sweet 16 ) , hence some gaps may appear in the table for bids prior to 1951 . 1939 -- 1950 : 8 teams 1951 -- 1952 : 16 teams 1953 -- 1974 : varied from 22 to 25 teams 1975 -- present : 32 or more teams Please , note list is ordered by Bids then School when updating . Bids by school Most recent Sweet 16 Elite 8 Final 4 Finals Champions # School Bid Win Last # Last # Last # Last # Last # 57 Kentucky 2018 2018 2018 43 2017 37 2015 17 2014 12 2012 8 49 North Carolina 2018", "1": "2018 2017 33 2017 28 2017 20 2017 11 2017 6 47 Kansas 2018 2018 2018 31 2018 24 2018 15 2012 9 2008 47 UCLA 2018 2017 2017 33 2008 21 2008 17 2006 12 1995 11 42 Duke 2018 2018 2018 30 2018 21 2015 16 2015 11 2015 5 39 Indiana 2016 2016 2016 22 2002 11 2002 8 2002 6 5 38 Louisville 2017 2017 2009 24 2009 11 2005 8 1986 1986 37 Villanova 2018 2018 2018 17 2018 13 2018 5 2018 2018 36 Notre Dame 2017 2017 2016 17 2016 7 1978 35 Syracuse 2018 2018 2018", "2": "23 2016 10 2016 6 2003 2003 34 Texas 2018 2014 2008 10 2008 7 2003 33 Arizona 2018 2017 2017 19 2015 11 2001 2001 1997 32 Arkansas 2018 2017 11 1995 10 1995 6 1995 1994 32 Cincinnati 2018 2018 2012 13 8 1992 6 1963 1962 32 Connecticut 2016 2016 2014 17 2014 11 2014 5 2014 2014 32 Marquette 2017 2013 2013 16 2013 7 2003 1977 1977 32 Michigan State 2018 2018 2015 19 2015 13 2015 9 2009 2000 32 Temple 2016 2013 2001 7 2001 8 1958 31 Oklahoma", "3": "2018 2016 2016 10 2016 9 2016 5 1988 30 Georgetown 2015 2015 2007 11 2007 9 2007 5 1985 1984 30 Illinois 2013 2013 2005 11 2005 9 2005 5 2005 30 Kansas State 2018 2018 2018 17 2018 13 1964 1951 29 BYU 2015 2012 2011 7 1981 29 Purdue 2018 2018 2018 11 2000 1980 1969 29 Utah 2016 2016 2015 16 1998 6 1998 1998 1944 29 West Virginia 2018 2018 2018 11 1959 28 Ohio State 2018 2018 2013 14 2012 14 2012 10 2007 5 1960 28 Oklahoma State", "4": "2017 2009 2005 11 11 6 1949 1946 28 St. John 's 2015 2000 1999 9 1999 6 1985 1952 28 Xavier 2018 2018 2017 8 2017 26 Maryland 2017 2016 2016 14 2002 2002 2002 2002 26 Missouri 2018 2009 6 2009 26 Pittsburgh 2016 2014 2009 7 2009 1941 25 Iowa 2016 2016 1999 8 1980 1956 25 North Carolina State 2018 2015 2015 11 1986 6 25 Princeton 2017 1998 1967 6 1965 1965 24 Michigan 2018 2018 2018 14 2018 13 2018 6", "5": "2018 1989 24 Pennsylvania 2018 1994 1979 5 1979 1979 23 Wake Forest 2017 9 6 1962 23 Wisconsin 2017 2017 2017 10 2015 6 2015 2015 1941 22 Virginia 2018 2017 2016 9 2016 6 1984 22 Western Kentucky 2013 2012 2008 6 1940 21 Creighton 2018 2014 1941 21 Gonzaga 2018 2018 2018 9 2017 2017 2017 21 LSU 2015 2009 2006 9 2006 6 2006 21 New Mexico State 2018 1993 1992 1970 1970 21 Tennessee 2018 2018 2014 7", "6": "20 Alabama 2018 2018 7 20 Houston 2018 2018 1984 10 1984 5 1984 5 1984 20 Memphis 2014 2014 2009 6 2007 1973 1973 20 Providence 2018 2016 1997 5 1997 20 Saint Joseph 's 2016 2016 6 20 UNLV 2013 2008 2007 10 1991 5 1991 1990 1990 20 Utah State 2011 2001 1970 1970 19 Florida 2018 2018 2017 10 2017 9 2014 5 2007 2007 19 Iowa State 2017 2017 2016 5 2000 1944 18 Boston College 2009 2007 2006 9 1994", "7": "18 California 2016 2013 1997 1960 1960 1960 1959 18 Dayton 2017 2015 2014 7 2014 1967 1967 18 DePaul 1984 8 1979 1979 17 Miami ( OH ) 2007 1999 1999 17 Southern California 2017 2017 2007 2001 1954 17 Stanford 2014 2014 2014 5 2001 1998 1942 1942 17 UTEP 1992 1992 1966 1966 1966 1966 16 Butler 2018 2018 2017 6 2011 2011 2011 16 Florida State 2018 2018 2018 5 2018 1972 1972 16 Georgia Tech 7", "8": "16 Murray State 2018 2012 16 Oregon 2017 2017 2017 6 2017 7 2017 1939 1939 16 San Francisco 1998 1979 1979 12 7 1957 1956 1956 16 Tulsa 2016 2003 2000 2000 16 VCU 2017 2016 2011 2011 2011 16 Washington 2011 2011 7 1953 1953 16 Weber State 2016 1999 1972 15 New Mexico 2014 2012 15 Texas Tech 2018 2018 2018 2018 15 UAB 2015 2015 1982 15 Vanderbilt 2017 2012", "9": "2007 6 1965 15 Wichita State 2018 2017 2015 6 2013 2013 15 Wyoming 2015 2002 1952 5 1943 1943 1943 14 Arizona State 2018 2009 14 Colorado 2016 2012 1969 5 1963 6 1955 14 Davidson 2018 2008 2008 2008 14 Oregon State 2016 5 5 1963 14 Texas A&M 2018 2018 2018 5 13 Holy Cross 2016 2016 1953 1953 1948 1947 1947 13 Ohio 2012 2012 2012 1964 13 Pepperdine 2002 2000 1976", "10": "12 Iona 2018 12 La Salle 2013 2013 2013 1955 1955 1955 1954 12 Old Dominion 2011 12 San Diego State 2018 2015 2014 12 Seton Hall 2018 2018 2000 1991 1989 1989 12 SMU 2017 1988 1967 6 1967 1956 11 Baylor 2017 2017 2017 2012 1950 1948 11 Charlotte 2005 2001 1977 1977 1977 11 Chattanooga 2016 1997 1997 11 Clemson 2018 2018 2018 1980 11 George Washington 2014 2006 1993", "11": "11 Idaho State 1977 1977 5 1977 11 Montana 2018 2006 11 Navy 1998 1986 1986 1986 11 Oklahoma City 1973 1973 1965 5 1957 11 Santa Clara 1970 7 1969 5 1952 11 Seattle 1969 1964 1964 5 1958 1958 1958 10 Colorado State 2013 2013 1969 1969 10 East Tennessee State 2017 1992 1968 10 Georgia 2015 2002 10 Miami ( FL ) 2018 2016 2016 10 Mississippi State 2009 2008", "12": "10 North Carolina A&T 2013 2013 10 Rhode Island 2018 2018 1998 1998 10 Southern Illinois 2007 2007 2007 10 Virginia Tech 2018 2007 1967 1967 10 Winthrop 2017 2007 9 Auburn 2018 2018 2003 1986 9 Middle Tennessee 2017 2017 9 Minnesota 2017 2013 1990 1990 9 Pacific 2013 2005 1971 1967 9 Penn State 2011 2001 2001 1954 1954 9 Richmond 2011 2011 2011 9 Saint Louis 2014", "13": "2014 1957 1952 9 Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 1959 9 South Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 9 Southern 2016 1993 9 Valparaiso 2015 1998 1998 8 Bradley 2006 2006 2006 1955 1954 1954 8 Bucknell 2018 2006 8 Eastern Kentucky 2014 8 Manhattan 2015 1958 8 Massachusetts 2014 1995 1995 1995 8 Mississippi 2015 2015 2001 8 Morehead State 2011 2011 1961", "14": "8 Nevada 2018 2018 2018 8 Northeastern 2015 1984 8 Northern Iowa 2016 2016 8 Robert Morris 2015 2015 8 South Alabama 2008 1989 8 TCU 2018 1968 1968 8 Texas Southern 2018 2018 7 Ball State 2000 1990 1990 7 Belmont 2015 7 Boise State 2015 7 Boston University 2011 1959 1959 1959 7 Dartmouth 1959 1958 1958 1958 5 1944 1944", "15": "7 LIU Brooklyn 2018 7 Louisiana - Monroe 7 Nebraska 2014 7 St. Bonaventure 2018 2018 1970 1970 1970 6 Alcorn State 2002 1984 6 Austin Peay 2016 6 Detroit 2012 1999 1977 6 Furman 1980 6 George Mason 2011 2011 2006 2006 2006 6 Hampton 2016 2015 6 Illinois State 1998 1998 6 Kent State 2017 2002 2002 2002", "16": "6 Lamar 2012 1980 6 Long Beach State 2012 1970 1970 6 Louisiana - Lafayette 2014 1992 6 Loyola - Chicago 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 1963 1963 6 Missouri State 1999 1999 1999 6 NYU 1963 1963 1963 1960 1960 1945 6 Rutgers 1991 1979 1976 1976 6 Siena 2009 6 UNC Wilmington 2017 2002 6 Vermont 2017 2012 6 Washington State 2008 2008 2008 1941 1941 1941 5 Albany", "17": "2015 2014 5 Charleston 2018 1997 5 Cornell 5 Delaware 2014 5 Duquesne 1977 1969 1969 1952 1940 5 Evansville 1999 1989 5 Fairleigh Dickinson 2016 5 Fresno State 2016 2001 1982 5 Green Bay 2016 1994 5 Harvard 2015 2014 1946 5 Hawai ʻi 2016 2016 5 Jacksonville 1986 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 5 James Madison 2013", "18": "2013 5 Lehigh 2012 2012 5 Little Rock 2016 2016 5 Louisiana Tech 1991 1989 1985 5 Marshall 2018 2018 5 Mississippi Valley State 2012 5 Mount Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 5 New Orleans 2017 5 Oral Roberts 2008 5 South Carolina State 2003 5 South Dakota State 2018 5 Stephen F. Austin 2018 2016 5 UC Santa Barbara 2011 1990", "19": "Air Force 2006 Akron 2013 Alabama State 2011 Bowling Green 1968 1963 1963 Canisius 1957 1957 1956 Central Florida 2005 Central Michigan 2003 2003 Coastal Carolina 2015 Coppin State 2008 1997 Drake 2008 1971 1971 1971 1969 Drexel Eastern Michigan 1998 1991 Fordham 1992 1971 1971 Georgia State", "20": "2018 2015 Hofstra 2001 Idaho 1990 1982 1982 Indiana State 2011 2001 1979 1979 1979 1979 Lafayette 2015 1957 1957 Loyola Marymount 1990 1990 1990 1990 Milwaukee 2014 2006 2005 Monmouth 2006 2006 Rice 1970 1954 1954 1942 San Diego 2008 2008 Toledo 1980 1979 1979 UNC Asheville 2016 2011 UTSA 2011 2011", "21": "Western Michigan 2014 1998 1976 Wofford 2015 Yale 2016 2016 1949 American 2014 Buffalo 2018 2018 Cal State Fullerton 2018 1978 1978 1978 Central Connecticut State 2007 Columbia 1968 1968 1968 1948 Fairfield 1997 Florida A&M 2007 Florida Gulf Coast 2017 2016 2013 Georgia Southern 1992 Jackson State 2007", "22": "Liberty 2013 Loyola ( LA ) 1958 Mercer 2014 2014 Montana State 1951 Niagara 2007 2007 1970 North Carolina Central 2018 North Dakota State 2015 2014 North Texas Northern Illinois Northwestern State 2013 2006 Oakland 2011 2005 Radford 2018 2018 Rider 1994 Saint Peter 's 2011", "23": "San José State 1951 South Florida 2012 2012 Southern Miss 2012 Tulane 1995 1995 UIC UNC Greensboro 2018 VMI 1977 1977 1977 1976 Wright State 2018 Appalachian State 2000 Brown 1986 1939 Cal State Northridge 2009 CCNY 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 Cleveland State 2009 2009 1986", "24": "Colgate East Carolina 1993 Eastern Illinois 2001 Eastern Washington 2015 Hardin - Simmons 1957 Howard 1992 Loyola ( MD ) 2012 Marist McNeese State 2002 Morgan State Nicholls State 1998 Northern Arizona 2000 Portland Portland State 2009", "25": "Sam Houston State Samford 2000 Tennessee State 1994 Tennessee Tech 1963 Texas State 1997 Towson 1991 Troy 2017 UMBC 2018 2018 Alabama A&M 2005 Arkansas State 1999 Binghamton 2009 Cal Poly 2014 2014 Cal State Bakersfield 2016 Cal State LA Campbell", "26": "1992 Catholic 1944 1944 Charleston Southern 1997 Delaware State 2005 Florida Atlantic 2002 Florida International 1995 Houston Baptist 1984 IUPUI 2003 Jacksonville State 2017 Lebanon Valley 1953 1953 1953 Lipscomb 2018 Norfolk State 2012 2012 North Dakota 2017 North Florida 2015 Northern", "27": "Colorado 2011 Northern Kentucky 2017 Northwestern 2017 2017 Prairie View A&M 1998 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1991 Southeast Missouri State 2000 Southeastern Louisiana 2005 Southern Utah 2001 Springfield 1940 1940 Stony Brook 2016 Texas A&M - Corpus Christi 2007 Texas - Arlington 2008 Trinity 1969 Tufts 1945 1945", "28": "UC Davis 2017 2017 UC Irvine 2015 Wagner 2003 Wayne State ( MI ) 1956 1956 1956 West Texas A&M 1955 Western Carolina Williams 1955 # School Bid Win Last # Last # Last # Last # Last # Bids by school Most recent Sweet 16 Elite 8 Final 4 Finals Champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 MEN 'S FINAL FOUR RECORDS BOOK '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kentucky vacated the results of its 1988 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the Sweet Sixteen . Jump up ^ UCLA vacated the results of its 1980 and 1999 NCAA tournament appearances as well as its finals appearance in 1980 . Jump up ^ On February 20 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that Louisville had to vacate wins and records from the 2011 - 12 , 2012 - 13 , 2013 - 14 , and 2014 - 15 seasons .", "29": "Jump up ^ Villanova vacated the results of its 1971 NCAA tournament appearance along with its championship game appearance that year . Jump up ^ Syracuse vacated 4 appearances in the 2005 , 2006 , 2011 and 2012 NCAA Tournaments Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University Public Infractions Decision '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arizona vacated the results of its 1999 and 2008 NCAA tournament appearances . Jump up ^ Connecticut vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament appearance and its Sweet Sixteen appearance that season . Jump up ^ Marquette turned down an invite to the NCAA tournament in 1970 that would make 33 appearances . Jump up ^ Purdue vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament which it reached the round of 32 . Jump up ^ Ohio State vacated the results of its 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 NCAA tournament appearances , in which it reached the Final Four in 1999 and the round of 32 in 2000 and 2002 . Jump up ^ St. John 's vacated the results of its 2002 NCAA tournament appearance . Jump up ^ Maryland vacated the results of its 1988 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the round of 32 . Jump up ^ Missouri vacated the results of its 1994 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the Elite Eight . Jump up ^ NC State vacated the results of the 1987 and 1988 NCAA tournament appearances . Jump up ^ Michigan vacated the results of 113 games won while four players were not eligible , including the 1992 and 1993 Final Fours , and NCAA tournament appearances in 1992 , 1993 , 1996 and 1998 . Jump up ^ Western Kentucky vacated the results of the 1971 tournament , in which it reached the Final Four . Jump up ^ New Mexico State vacated the results of the 1992 , 1993 and 1994 NCAA tournaments which it reached the Sweet Sixteen ( 1992 and round of 32 ( 1993 . Jump up ^ Alabama vacated the results of the 1987 tournament .", "30": "Jump up ^ Memphis vacated tournament appearances for 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 and 2008 for NCAA violations . This included Final Fours in 1985 and 2008 and the 2008 Finals appearance . Jump up ^ Saint Joseph 's vacated the results of its 1961 NCAA tournament which it reached the Final Four Jump up ^ Florida vacated the results of the 1987 and 1988 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ California vacated the results of its 1996 NCAA tournament appearance . Jump up ^ DePaul vacated the results of NCAA tournament appearances in 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , and 1989 . It reached the Sweet Sixteen during the first two tournaments and the round of 32 for the last two tournaments . Jump up ^ USC vacated the results of the 2008 tournament . Jump up ^ Texas Tech vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament Jump up ^ Oregon State vacated the results of the 1980 , 1981 and 1982 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Iona vacated the results of the 1980 NCAA tournament . Jump up ^ Clemson vacated the results of the 1990 NCAA tournament . Jump up ^ Georgia vacated the results of the 1985 and 2002 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Minnesota vacated the results of the 1972 , 1994 , 1995 , and 1997 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Massachusetts vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament , in which it advanced to the Final Four . Jump up ^ Austin Peay vacated the results of the 1973 tournament . Jump up ^ Long Beach State vacated the results of the 1971 , 1972 and 1973 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ ULL vacated the results of NCAA tournament appearances in 1972 , 1973 , 2004 , and 2005 . Jump up ^ Fresno State vacated the results of the 2000 tournament . Jump up ^ Marshall vacated the results of the 1987 tournament . Jump up ^ Loyola Maryount vacated the results of the 1980 tournament .", "31": "See also ( edit ) NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament bids by school NIT bids by school CBI bids by school CIT bids by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "32": "php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament_bids_by_school&oldid=836509281 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship College men 's basketball records and statistics in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 06 : 18 . 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-3197375005297250079	which condition would most likely require nutrition delivered through tpn	[ "bowel obstruction", "short bowel syndrome", "gastroschisis", "prolonged diarrhea", "high-output fistula", "very severe Crohn's disease", "ulcerative colitis", "certain pediatric GI disorders including congenital GI anomalies and necrotizing enterocolitis" ]	{ "0": "Parenteral nutrition - wikipedia Parenteral nutrition Jump to : navigation , search Parenteral nutrition Home TPN formula ( edit on Wikidata ) Total parenteral nutrition ( PN ) is the feeding of a person intravenously , bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion . The person receives nutritional formulae that contain nutrients such as glucose , salts , amino acids , lipids and added vitamins and dietary minerals . It is called total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) or total nutrient admixture ( TNA ) when no significant nutrition is obtained by other routes , and partial parenteral nutrition ( PPN ) when nutrition is also partially enteric . It may be called peripheral parenteral nutrition ( PPN ) when administered through vein access in a limb rather than through a central vein as central venous nutrition ( CVN ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Gastrointestinal disorders 1.2 In cancer 2 Duration 2.1 Living with TPN 3 Complications 3.1 Infection 3.2 Blood clots 3.3 Fatty liver and liver failure 3.4 Hunger 3.5 Cholecystitis 3.6 Gut atrophy 3.7 Other complications 3.8 Pregnancy 4 Total parenteral nutrition 5 Components 5.1 Prepared solutions 5.2 Added components 5.3 Emulsifier 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) is provided when the gastrointestinal tract is nonfunctional because of an interruption in its continuity ( it is blocked , or has a leak - a fistula ) or because its absorptive capacity is impaired . It has been used for comatose patients , although enteral feeding is usually preferable , and less prone to complications . Parenteral nutrition is used to prevent malnutrition in patients who are unable to obtain adequate nutrients by oral or enteral routes .", "1": "Gastrointestinal disorders ( edit ) TPN may be the only feasible option for providing nutrition to patients who do not have a functioning gastrointestinal tract or who have disorders requiring complete bowel rest , including bowel obstruction , short bowel syndrome , gastroschisis , prolonged diarrhea regardless of its cause , high - output fistula , very severe Crohn 's disease or ulcerative colitis , and certain pediatric GI disorders including congenital GI anomalies and necrotizing enterocolitis . In cancer ( edit ) The benefit of TPN to cancer patients is largely debated , and studies to date have generally showed minimal long term benefit . On the other hand , there is no evidence to support the idea that intravenous nutrition ' feeds the cancer , not the patient ' . Duration ( edit ) Short - term PN may be used if a person 's digestive system has shut down ( for instance by peritonitis ) , and they are at a low enough weight to cause concerns about nutrition during an extended hospital stay . Long - term PN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident , surgery , or digestive disorder . PN has extended the life of children born with nonexistent or severely deformed organs . Living with TPN ( edit ) Approximately 40,000 people use TPN at home in the United States , and because TPN requires anywhere from 10 -- 16 hours to be administered , daily life can be affected . Although daily lifestyle can be changed , most patients agree that these changes are better than staying at the hospital . Many different types of pumps exist to limit the time the patient is `` hooked - up '' . Usually a backpack pump is used , allowing for mobility . The time required to be connected to the IV is dependent on the situation of each patient ; some require once a day , or five days a week . It is important for patients to avoid as much TPN related change as possible in their lifestyles . This allows for the best possible mental health situation ; constantly being held down can lead to resentment and depression . Physical activity is also highly encouraged , but patients must avoid contact sports ( equipment damage ) and swimming ( infection ) . Many teens find it difficult to live with TPN due to issues regarding body image and not being able to participate in activities and events . Complications ( edit ) TPN fully bypasses the GI tract and normal methods of nutrient absorption .", "2": "Possible complications , which may be significant , are listed below . Infection ( edit ) TPN requires a chronic IV access for the solution to run through , and the most common complication is infection of this catheter . Infection is a common cause of death in these patients , with a mortality rate of approximately 15 % per infection , and death usually results from septic shock . Blood clots ( edit ) Chronic IV access leaves a foreign body in the vascular system , and blood clots on this IV line are common . Death can result from pulmonary embolism wherein a clot that starts on the IV line breaks off and travels to the lungs , blocking blood flow . Micrograph of periportal fatty liver as may arise due to TPN . Trichrome stain . Patients on TPN who have such clots occluding their catheter may receive a thrombolytic flush to dissolve the clots and prevent further complications . Fatty liver and liver failure ( edit ) Fatty liver is usually a more long term complication of TPN , though over a long enough course it is fairly common . The pathogenesis is due to using linoleic acid ( an omega - 6 fatty acid component of soybean oil ) as a major source of calories . TPN - associated liver disease strikes up to 50 % of patients within 5 -- 7 years , correlated with a mortality rate of 2 -- 50 % . Onset of this liver disease is the major complication that leads TPN patients to requiring an intestinal transplant . Intralipid ( Fresenius - Kabi ) , the US standard lipid emulsion for TPN nutrition , contains a 7 : 1 ratio of n - 6 / n - 3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) . By contrast , Omegaven has a 1 : 8 ratio and showed promise in multiple clinical studies . Therefore n - 3 - rich fat may alter the course of parenteral nutrition associated liver disease . Hunger ( edit ) Because patients are being fed intravenously , the subject does not physically eat , resulting in intense hunger pangs . The brain uses signals from the mouth ( taste and smell ) , the stomach / G.I. tract ( fullness ) and blood ( nutrient levels ) to determine conscious feelings of hunger .", "3": "In cases of TPN , the taste , smell and physical fullness requirements are not met , and so the patient experiences hunger , despite the fact that the body is being fully nourished . Patients who eat food despite the inability can experience a wide range of complications . Cholecystitis ( edit ) Total parenteral nutrition increases the risk of acute cholecystitis due to complete disuse of gastrointestinal tract , which may result in bile stasis in the gallbladder . Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis , steatohepatitis , cholestasis , and cholelithiasis . Six percent of patients on TPN longer than 3 weeks and 100 % of patients on TPN longer than 13 weeks develop biliary sludge . The formation of sludge is the result of stasis due to lack of enteric stimulation and is not due to changes in bile composition . Gallbladder sludge disappears after 4 weeks of normal oral diet . Administration of exogenous cholecystokinin ( CCK ) or stimulation of endogenous CCK by periodic pulse of large amounts of amino acids have been shown to help prevent sludge formation . These therapies are not routinely recommended . Such complications are suggested to be the main reason for mortality in people requiring long - term total parenteral nutrition , such as in short bowel syndrome . In newborn infants with short bowel syndrome with less than 10 % of expected intestinal length , thereby being dependent upon total parenteral nutrition , 5 year survival is approximately 20 % . Gut atrophy ( edit ) Infants who are sustained on TPN without food by mouth for prolonged periods are at risk for developing gut atrophy . Other complications ( edit ) Other complications are either related to catheter insertion , or metabolic , including refeeding syndrome . Catheter complications include pneumothorax , accidental arterial puncture , and catheter - related sepsis . The complication rate at the time of insertion should be less than 5 % . Catheter - related infections may be minimised by appropriate choice of catheter and insertion technique . Metabolic complications include the refeeding syndrome characterised by hypokalemia , hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia .", "4": "Hyperglycemia is common at the start of therapy , but can be treated with insulin added to the TPN solution . Hypoglycaemia is likely to occur with abrupt cessation of TPN . Liver dysfunction can be limited to a reversible cholestatic jaundice and to fatty infiltration ( demonstrated by elevated transaminases ) . Severe hepatic dysfunction is a rare complication . Overall , patients receiving TPN have a higher rate of infectious complications . This can be related to hyperglycemia . Pregnancy ( edit ) Pregnancy can cause major complications when trying to properly dose the nutrient mixture . Because all of the baby 's nourishment comes from the mother 's blood stream , the doctor must properly calculate the dosage of nutrients to meet both recipient 's needs and have them in usable forms . Incorrect dosage can lead to many adverse , hard - to - guess effects , such as death , and varying degrees of deformation or other developmental problems . It is recommended that parenteral nutrition administration begin after a period of natural nutrition so doctors can properly calculate the nutritional needs of the fetus . Otherwise , it should only be administered by a team of highly skilled doctors who can accurately assess the fetus ' needs . Total parenteral nutrition ( edit ) Prescription lipid parenteral nutrition formulation Solutions for total parenteral nutrition may be customized to individual patient requirements , or standardized solutions may be used . The use of standardized parenteral nutrition solutions is cost effective and may provide better control of serum electrolytes . Ideally each patient is assessed individually before commencing on parenteral nutrition , and a team consisting of specialised doctors , nurses , clinical pharmacists and registered dietitians evaluate the patient 's individual data and decide what PN formula to use and at what infusion rate . For energy only , intravenous sugar solutions with dextrose or glucose are generally used . This is not considered to be parenteral nutrition as it does not prevent malnutrition when used on its own . Standardized solutions may also differ between developers . Following are some examples of what compositions they may have . The solution for normal patients may be given both centrally and peripherally .", "5": "Examples of total parenteral nutrition solutions Substance Normal patient High stress Fluid - restricted Amino acids 85 g 128 g 75 g Dextrose 250 g 350 g 250 g Lipids 100 g 100 g 50 g Na 150 mEq 155 mEq 80 mEq 80 mEq 80 mEq 40 mEq Ca 360 mg 360 mg 180 mg Mg 240 mg 240 mg 120 mg Acetate 72 mEq 226 mEq 134 mEq Cl 143 mEq 145 mEq 70 mEq 310 mg 465 mg 233 mg MVI - 12 10 mL 10 mL 10 mL Trace elements 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL Components ( edit ) Prepared solutions ( edit ) Prepared solutions generally consist of water and electrolytes ; glucose , amino acids , and lipids ; essential vitamins , minerals and trace elements are added or given separately . Previously lipid emulsions were given separately but it is becoming more common for a `` three - in - one '' solution of glucose , proteins , and lipids to be administered . Added components ( edit ) Individual nutrient components may be added to more precisely adjust the body contents of it . That individual nutrient may , if possible , be infused individually , or it may be injected into a bag of nutrient solution or intravenous fluids ( volume expander solution ) that is given to the patient . Administration of individual components may be more hazardous than administration of pre-mixed solutions such as those used in total parenteral nutrition , because the latter are generally already balanced in regard to e.g. osmolarity and ability to infuse peripherally . Incorrect IV administration of concentrated potassium can be lethal , but this is not a danger if the potassium is mixed in TPN solution and diluted . Vitamins may be added to a bulk premixed nutrient immediately before administration , since the additional vitamins can promote spoilage of stored product . Vitamins can be added in two doses , one fat - soluble , the other water - soluble .", "6": "There are also single - dose preparations with both fat - and water - soluble vitamins such as Cernevit . Minerals and trace elements for parenteral nutrition are available in prepared mixtures , such as Addaven . Emulsifier ( edit ) Only a limited number of emulsifiers are commonly regarded as safe to use for parenteral administration , of which the most important is lecithin . Lecithin can be biodegraded and metabolized , since it is an integral part of biological membranes , making it virtually non-toxic . Other emulsifiers can only be excreted via the kidneys , creating a toxic load . The emulsifier of choice for most fat emulsions used for parenteral nutrition is a highly purified egg lecithin , due to its low toxicity and complete integration with cell membranes . Use of egg - derived emulsifiers is not recommended for people with an egg allergy due to the risk of reaction . In situations where there is no suitable emulsifying agent for a person at risk of developing essential fatty acid deficiency , cooking oils may be spread upon large portions of available skin for supplementation by transdermal absorption . Another type of fat emulsion Omegaven is being used experimentally within the US primarily in the pediatric population . It is made of fish oil instead of the egg based formulas more widely in use . Research has shown use of Omegaven may reverse and prevent liver disease and cholestasis . History ( edit ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Developed in the 1960s by Dr. Stanley J. Dudrick , who as a surgical resident in the University of Pennsylvania , working in the basic science laboratory of Dr. Jonathan Rhoads , was the first to successfully nourish initially Beagle puppies and subsequently newborn babies with catastrophic gastrointestinal malignancies . Dr. Dudrick collaborated with Dr. Willmore and Dr. Vars to complete the work necessary to make this nutritional technique safe and successful .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Feeding tube Hickman line Intradialytic parenteral nutrition Intravenous therapy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kozier , B. , & Erb , G. , & Berman , A.J. , & Burke , K. , & Bouchal , S.R. , & Hirst , S.P.. ( 2004 ) . Fundamentals of Nursing : The Nature of Nursing Practice in Canada . Canadian Edition . Prentice Hall Health : Toronto . Jump up ^ American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement : parenteral nutrition ^ Jump up to : The Merck Manual , 2008 Jump up ^ Heird , WC ; Gomez , MR ( June 1994 ) . `` Total parenteral nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis '' . Clinics in perinatology. 21 ( 2 ) : 389 -- 409 . PMID 8070233 . ^ Jump up to : Yaworski , J.A. `` Total Parenteral Nutrition ( TPN ) Frequently Asked Questions '' . Children 's Hospital of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Living with total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) at home '' . Great Ormund Street Hospital for Children . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Deshpande , KS ( July 2003 ) . `` Total parenteral nutrition and infections associated with use of central venous catheters '' . American Journal of Critical Care . 12 ( 4 ) : 326 -- 7 , 380 . PMID 12882062 . Jump up ^ Mollitt , DL ; Golladay ES . ( August 1983 ) . `` Complications of TPN catheter - induced vena caval thrombosis in children less than one year of age '' . Journal of pediatric surgery . 18 ( 4 ) : 462 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 3468 ( 83 ) 80201 - 2 . PMID 6413671 . Jump up ^ Mailloux , RJ ; DeLegge , MH ; Kirby , DF ( Nov -- Dec 1993 ) .", "8": "`` Pulmonary embolism as a complication of long - term total parenteral nutrition '' . JPEN . Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition . 17 ( 6 ) : 578 -- 82 . doi : 10.1177 / 0148607193017006578 . PMID 8301814 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of OMEGAVEN 10 % ® ( n - 3 EFA Lipid Emulsion ) in Home Parenteral Nutrition - associated Liver Disease ( MEGANORM ) '' . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Piper , SN ; Rohm KD ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Hepatocellular integrity after parenteral nutrition : comparison of a fish - oil - containing lipid emulsion with an olive - soybean oil - based lipid emulsion '' . Eur J Anaesthesiol. 26 ( 12 ) : 1076 -- 82 . doi : 10.1097 / EJA. 0b013e32832e08e0 . PMID 19916246 . Jump up ^ Garg , M. Jones , R.M. , Vaughan , R.B. , Testro , A.G. ( 2011 ) . Intestinal transplantation : Current status and future directions . Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , 26 , 1221 - 1228 Jump up ^ Kumar Jain , Ajay ; Teckman , Jeffrey H. ( 2014 ) . `` Newly Identified Mechanisms of Total Parenteral Nutrition Related Liver Injury '' . Advances in Hepatology. 2014 : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1155 / 2014 / 621380 . ISSN 2356 - 6744 . Jump up ^ Hunger ( motivational state ) Jump up ^ `` Bowel Obstruction '' . Women 's Health . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tucker , RA ; Jenkins , HL ( 1984 ) . `` Acalculous cholecystitis and fever related to total parenteral nutrition '' . Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy. 18 ( 11 ) : 897 -- 9 . PMID 6437783 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Wang , H ; Khaoustov , VI ; Krishnan , B ; Cai , W ; Stoll , B ; Burrin , DG ; Yoffe , B ( October 2006 ) . `` Total parenteral nutrition induces liver steatosis and apoptosis in neonatal piglets '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 136 ( 10 ) : 2547 -- 52 . PMID 16988124 . Jump up ^ Quigley EM , Marsh MN , Shaffer JL , Markin RS ( January 1993 ) . `` Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition '' . Gastroenterology. 104 ( 1 ) : 286 -- 301 . PMID 8419252 . Jump up ^ http://www.bcm.edu/gastro/VGICC/GI-M0054/09-DISC.HTM Jump up ^ Vanderhoof JA , Langnas AN ( 1997 ) . `` Short - bowel syndrome in children and adults '' . Gastroenterology. 113 ( 5 ) : 1767 -- 78 . doi : 10.1053 / gast. 1997. v113. pm9352883 . PMID 9352883 . Jump up ^ Spencer AU , Neaga A , West B , et al. ( September 2005 ) . `` Pediatric short bowel syndrome : redefining predictors of success '' . Ann . Surg. 242 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 9 ; discussion 409 -- 12 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sla. 0000179647.24046. 03 . PMC 1357748 . PMID 16135926 . ( mean follow - up time was 5.1 years ) Jump up ^ Strodtbeck , Frances ( June 2003 ) . `` The pathophysiology of prolonged periods of no enteral nutrition or nothing by mouth '' . Newborn & Infant Nursing Reviews . Elsevier . 3 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / S1527 - 3369 ( 03 ) 00005 - 9 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 .", "10": "Jump up ^ McGee DC , Gould MK ( March 2003 ) . `` Preventing complications of central venous catheterization '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 348 ( 12 ) : 1123 -- 33 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra011883 . PMID 12646670 . Jump up ^ Horattas MC , Trupiano J , Hopkins S , Pasini D , Martino C , Murty A ( February 2001 ) . `` Changing concepts in long - term central venous access : catheter selection and cost savings '' . Am J Infect Control . 29 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 40 . doi : 10.1067 / mic. 2001.111536 . PMID 11172316 . Jump up ^ G. Edward Morgan , Jr. , Maged S. Mikhail , Michael J. MurrayClinical Anesthesiology , 4th Edition Jump up ^ McCowen , KC ; Friel , C ; Sternberg , J ; Chan , S ; Forse , RA ; Burke , PA ; Bistrian , BR ( 2000 ) . `` Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition : effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications -- a randomized clinical trial '' ( PDF ) . Critical Care Medicine . 28 ( 11 ) : 3606 -- 11 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003246 - 200011000 - 00007 . PMID 11098961 . ^ Jump up to : Landon , MB ; Gabbe , SG ; Mullen , JL ( 1986 ) . `` Total parenteral nutrition during pregnancy '' . Clin Perinatol. 13 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . PMID 3082563 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , EM ; Cohen KR ; Pinard BE ; Lauletta J ; Ruggiero R. ( 2000 ) . `` Standardized versusindividually customized parenteral nutrition solutions : a comparison ofserum electrolyte values '' ( PDF ) . P&T. 25 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 80 , 83 , 87 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Didier ME , Fischer S , Maki DG ( 1998 ) . `` Total nutrient admixtures appear safer than lipid emulsion alone as regards microbial contamination : growth properties of microbial pathogens at room temperature '' . JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 22 ( 5 ) : 291 -- 6 . doi : 10.1177 / 0148607198022005291 . PMID 9739032 . Jump up ^ Rollins CJ , Elsberry VA , Pollack KA , Pollack PF , Udall JN ( 1990 ) . `` Three - in - one parenteral nutrition : a safe and economical method of nutritional support for infants '' . JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 14 ( 3 ) : 290 -- 4 . doi : 10.1177 / 0148607190014003290 . PMID 2112645 . Jump up ^ Intravenous Potassium Guidelines ( ADULTS ) From RNSH Pharmacy Department . Authorised by : Margaret Duguid . Last Modified : June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cernevit TM - 12 ( multivitamins for infusion ) '' ( PDF ) . Food and Drug Administration . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Cernevit '' ( PDF ) . NPS MedicineWise . October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Addaven Konzentrat zur Herstellung einer Infusionslösung '' . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart. 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lecithin - An Emulsifier for Parenteral Use : TORVS Research Team Jump up ^ `` The use of Omegaven in treating parenteral nutrition - associated liver disease '' . J Perinatol. 31 Suppl 1 : S57 -- 60 . 2011 . doi : 10.1038 / jp. 2010.182 . PMID 21448206 . Jump up ^ Wilmore DW , Groff DB , Bishop HC , Dudrick SJ ( Apr 1969 ) . `` Total parenteral nutrition in infants with catastrophic gastrointestinal anomalies '' . J Pediatr Surg. 4 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 9 .", "12": "doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3468 ( 69 ) 90389 - 3 . PMID 4976039 . Jump up ^ Dudrick SJ , Wilmore DW , Vars HM , Rhoads JE ( Jul 1968 ) . `` Long - term total parenteral nutrition with growth , development , and positive nitrogen balance '' . Surgery . 64 ( 1 ) : 134 -- 42 . External links ( edit ) American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Oley Foundation for people who feed by tube or IV at home Nutrishare Specialists in long - term home parenteral nutrition across the USA Calculating Parenteral Feedings at California State University , San Bernardino PINNT UK based support group for Patients on Intravenous and Nasogastric Nutrition Therapy Nieman , Liesje ( January 2008 ) . `` Parenteral Nutrition in the NICU '' ( PDF ) . NutritionDimension.com . Retrieved 16 April 2013 .", "13": "Course ID code : PNN07 Kimaya web application to calculate TPN ( hide ) Intravenous therapy Infused substances Blood - based product Whole blood PF24 / Fresh frozen plasma ( Cryosupernatant + Cryoprecipitate ) Blood substitute Hemoglobin - based Volume expander Lactated Ringer 's Normal saline Sugar solution Buffers Lactated Ringer 's , Sodium bicarbonate Medications Intravenous immunoglobulin Parenteral nutrition Sugar Other Drug injection Access points Peripheral venous catheter Peripherally inserted central catheter ( Seldinger technique ) Central venous catheter Other equipment Infusion pump CVC SLC MLC PICC Implantable catheters Ports Thermodilution catheters Hemodialysis catheters Specific risks Air embolism Extravasation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenteral_nutrition&oldid=822005385 '' Categories : Nutrition Intensive care medicine Intravenous fluids Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from April 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5135603630401750734	how far into game of thrones is the tv show	[ "outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring" ]	{ "0": "Game of Thrones - Wikipedia Game of Thrones Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire , see A Game of Thrones . For other uses , see A Game of Thrones ( disambiguation ) . Game of Thrones Genre Fantasy Serial drama Created by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Based on A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin Starring see List of Game of Thrones characters Theme music composer Ramin Djawadi Opening theme `` Main Title '' Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 67 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Benioff D.B. Weiss Carolyn Strauss Frank Doelger Bernadette Caulfield George R.R. Martin Location ( s ) Canada Croatia Iceland Malta Morocco Spain Northern Ireland Scotland United States Running time 50 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Television 360 Grok ! Television Generator Entertainment Startling Television Bighead Littlehead Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows After the Thrones Thronecast External links Website www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones Production website www.makinggameofthrones.com Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R.R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom , Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , Spain , and the United States .", "1": "The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and its seventh season ended on August 27 , 2017 . The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019 . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast but centers on three primary story arcs . The first story arc centers on the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne . The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , exiled and plotting a return to the throne . The third story arc centers on the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north , and an impending winter that threatens the realm . Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , international fan base . It has been acclaimed by critics , particularly for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) has been criticized . The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016 , more than any other primetime scripted television series . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama ( 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 ) . Of the ensemble cast , Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 and 2015 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2012 ) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister . Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , Kit Harington , Maisie Williams , Diana Rigg , and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Setting 1.2 Themes 1.3 Inspirations and derivations 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Adaptation schedule 3.5 Filming 3.6 Directing 3.7 Technical aspects 3.8 Costumes 3.9 Makeup 3.10 Visual effects 3.11 Sound 3.12 Title sequence 3.13 Music 3.14 Language 3.15 Effect on location 4 Availability 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home video 4.3 Copyright infringement 4.4 IMAX 5 Reception and achievements 5.1 Cultural influence 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Sex and violence 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and accolades 5.5 Viewer numbers 6 Other media and products 6.1 Video games 6.2 Merchandise and exhibition 6.3 Accompanying material 6.4 Spin - offs 6.5 Histories and Lore 7 References 8 External links Background Main article : List of Game of Thrones episodes See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Power and violence are central themes of Game of Thrones , and the number of weapons made for the series ( some of which are shown here ) reflects this . Setting Main article : World of A Song of Ice and Fire Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Ice and Fire , set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos . The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm 's noble families for the Iron Throne , while other families fight for independence from it . It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east . Showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested `` The Sopranos in Middle - earth '' as Game of Thrones ' tagline , referring to its intrigue - filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons .", "3": "In a 2012 study of deaths per episode , it ranked second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series ( with an average of 14 ) . Themes Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters , believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre . Martin has stated that `` the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords , but from ourselves . '' A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin says does not mirror the real world . Just like people 's capacity for good and for evil in real life , Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change . The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective , unlike in many other fantasies , and thus the supposed villains can provide their side of the story . Benioff said , `` George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy . He introduced gray tones into a black - and - white universe . '' In early seasons , under the influence of the A Song of Ice and Fire books , main characters were regularly killed off , and this was credited with developing tension among viewers . Later seasons , however , critics pointed out that certain characters had developed `` plot armor '' , attributing this to the show 's deviating from the books and becoming more of a traditional television series . The series also reflects the substantial death rates in war . Inspirations and derivations Although the first season closely follows the events of the first novel , later seasons have made significant changes . According to David Benioff , the show is `` about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones , but not necessarily each of the stops along the way '' . Tom Holland of The Guardian believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings , characters , and plot on events in European history . Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe , from lands and cultures , to the palace intrigue , feudal system , castles , and knightly tournaments .", "4": "A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) between the houses of Lancaster and York , reflected in Martin 's houses of Lannister and Stark . The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella , the `` she - wolf of France '' ( 1295 -- 1358 ) ; Isabella and her family ( particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon 's historical - novel series , The Accursed Kings ) were also a main inspiration for Martin . Holland further proposes that other historical antecedents of series elements include Hadrian 's Wall ( which becomes Martin 's Wall ) , the legend of Atlantis ( ancient Valyria ) , Byzantine Greek fire ( `` wildfire '' ) , Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age ( the Ironborn ) , the Mongol hordes ( the Dothraki ) , the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) and the Italian Renaissance ( c. 1400 -- 1500 ) . The series ' popularity has been attributed , in part , to Martin 's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless , credible version of alternate history . Martin acknowledges , `` I take ( history ) and I file off the serial numbers and I turn it up to 11 . '' Cast and characters Main article : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) has led the principal cast since season two Game of Thrones has an ensemble cast estimated to be the largest on television ; during its third season , 257 cast names were recorded . In 2014 , several actor contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh - season option , with raises which reportedly made them among the highest - paid performers on cable TV . In 2016 , it was reported that several actor contracts were again renegotiated , with five of the main cast members having increased their salary to £ 2 million per episode for the last two seasons , which would make them the highest paid actors on television . The main cast is listed below . Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is the head of House Stark , whose members are involved in plot lines throughout most of the series .", "5": "He and his wife , Catelyn Tully ( Michelle Fairley ) , have five children : Robb ( Richard Madden ) , the eldest , followed by Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) , Arya ( Maisie Williams ) , Bran ( Isaac Hempstead - Wright ) and Rickon ( Art Parkinson ) , the youngest . Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) and his friend , Samwell Tarly ( John Bradley ) , serve in the Night 's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ( James Cosmo ) . The Wildlings living north of the Wall include young Gilly ( Hannah Murray ) , and warriors Tormund Giantsbane ( Kristofer Hivju ) and Ygritte ( Rose Leslie ) . Others associated with House Stark include Ned 's ward Theon Greyjoy ( Alfie Allen ) , his vassal Roose Bolton ( Michael McElhatton ) , and Bolton 's bastard son , Ramsay Snow ( Iwan Rheon ) . Robb falls in love with the healer Talisa Maegyr ( Oona Chaplin ) , and Arya befriends blacksmith 's apprentice Gendry ( Joe Dempsie ) and assassin Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) . The tall warrior Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) serves Catelyn and , later , Sansa . In King 's Landing , the capital , Ned 's friend King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) -- who has taken her twin brother , the Kingslayer Ser Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) , as her lover . She loathes her younger brother , the dwarf Tyrion Lannister ( Peter Dinklage ) , who is attended by his mistress Shae ( Sibel Kekilli ) and the mercenary , or ' sellsword ' , Bronn ( Jerome Flynn ) . Cersei 's father is Lord Tywin Lannister ( Charles Dance ) . Cersei also has two young sons : Joffrey ( Jack Gleeson ) and Tommen ( Dean - Charles Chapman ) . Joffrey is guarded by the scar - faced warrior , Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( Rory McCann ) .", "6": "The king 's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin Lord Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( Aidan Gillen ) and eunuch spymaster Lord Varys ( Conleth Hill ) . Robert 's brother , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) , is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre ( Carice van Houten ) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth ( Liam Cunningham ) . The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily represented at court by Margaery Tyrell ( Natalie Dormer ) . The High Sparrow ( Jonathan Pryce ) is the capital 's principal religious leader . In the southern principality of Dorne , Ellaria Sand ( Indira Varma ) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters . Across the Narrow Sea , siblings Viserys ( Harry Lloyd ) and Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) -- the exiled children of the last king of the original ruling dynasty , who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon -- are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne . Daenerys has been married to Khal Drogo ( Jason Momoa ) , the leader of the nomadic Dothraki . Her retinue includes exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) , her aide Missandei ( Nathalie Emmanuel ) and the sellsword Daario Naharis ( Michiel Huisman ) . Production Conception and development Showrunners D.B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series , wrote most of its episodes and directed several . In January 2006 , David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R.R. Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented , and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before . The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel , A Game of Thrones , shared his enthusiasm with D.B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin 's novels into a television series ; Weiss finished the first novel in `` maybe 36 hours '' .", "7": "They pitched the series to HBO after a five - hour meeting with Martin ( a veteran screenwriter ) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard . According to Benioff , they won Martin over with their answer to his question , `` Who is Jon Snow 's mother ? '' I had worked in Hollywood myself for about 10 years , from the late ' 80s to the ' 90s . I 'd been on the staff of The Twilight Zone and Beauty and the Beast . All of my first drafts tended to be too big or too expensive . I always hated the process of having to cut . I said , ' I 'm sick of this , I 'm going to write something that 's as big as I want it to be , and it 's going to have a cast of characters that go into the thousands , and I 'm going to have huge castles , and battles , and dragons . -- George R.R. Martin , author Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss , Martin had had other meetings with other scriptwriters , most of them wanting to turn it into a feature film . Martin however deemed it `` unfilmable '' and impossible to be done as a feature film , stating that the size of one of his novels is as long as The Lord of the Rings , which had been adapted as three feature films . Similarly , Benioff also said that it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as the scale of the novels is too big for a feature film and dozens of characters would have to be discarded . Benioff added , `` a fantasy movie of this scope , financed by a major studio , would almost certainly need a PG - 13 rating . That means no sex , no blood , no profanity . Fuck that . '' Martin himself was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series , saying that he `` never imagined it anywhere else '' . `` I knew it could n't be done as a network television series . It 's too adult . The level of sex and violence would never have gone through . '' The series began development in January 2007 . HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels , with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers , and Martin as a co-executive producer .", "8": "The intention was for each novel to yield a season 's worth of episodes . Initially , Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes . Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season . The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 , respectively . Although HBO liked both drafts , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 ; the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process . The pilot episode , `` Winter Is Coming '' , was first shot in 2009 ; after a poor reception in a private viewing , HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot ( about 90 percent of the episode , with cast and directorial changes ) . The pilot reportedly cost HBO $5 -- 10 million to produce , while the first season 's budget was estimated at $50 -- 60 million . In the second season , the show received a 15 - percent budget increase for the climactic battle in `` Blackwater '' ( which had an $8 million budget ) . Between 2012 and 2015 , the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to `` at least '' $8 million . The sixth - season budget was over $10 million per episode , for a season total of over $100 million and a series record . Casting Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series ' primary casting directors . Through a process of auditions and readings , the main cast was assembled . The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean , whom the writers wanted from the start ; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009 . Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . Addy was , according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss , the easiest actor to cast for the show , being that his audition was on point . Catelyn Stark was scheduled to be played by Jennifer Ehle , but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley .", "9": "Daenerys Targaryen was also recast , with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant . The rest of the first season 's cast was filled in the second half of 2009 . Although many of the first - season cast were set to return , the producers had a large number of new characters to cast for the second season . Due to this , Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters . Writing George R.R. Martin , author of A Song of Ice and Fire , is a series co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons . Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons . Series creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the showrunners , write most of the episodes each season . A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons . Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons , since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel ( The Winds of Winter ) . Jane Espenson co-wrote one first - season episode as a freelance writer . Bryan Cogman , initially a script coordinator for the series , was promoted to producer for the fifth season . Cogman , who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons , is the only other writer in the writers ' room with Benioff and Weiss . Before his promotion , Vanessa Taylor ( a writer during the second and third seasons ) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss . Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss . Although Martin is not in the writers ' room , he reads the script outlines and makes comments . Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers ; for example , Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season . The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline , including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes . After these individual outlines are complete , they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character 's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode . A detailed outline is created , with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode .", "10": "Cogman , who wrote two episodes for the fifth season , took a month and a half to complete both scripts . They are then read by Benioff and Weiss , who make notes , and parts of the script are rewritten . All ten episodes are written before filming begins , since they are filmed out of order with two units in different countries . Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together , with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half . After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it . Adaptation schedule Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire , still - incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television . After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season , the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin and original content . In April 2016 , the showrunners ' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season : seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth . Later that month , the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven - episode order . As of 2017 , seven seasons have been ordered and filmed , adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons .", "11": "Season Ordered Filming First aired Last aired Novel ( s ) adapted Refs Season 1 March 2 , 2010 Second half of 2010 April 17 , 2011 June 19 , 2011 A Game of Thrones Season 2 April 19 , 2011 Second half of 2011 April 1 , 2012 June 3 , 2012 A Clash of Kings and some early chapters from A Storm of Swords Season 3 April 10 , 2012 July -- November 2012 March 31 , 2013 June 9 , 2013 About the first two - thirds of A Storm of Swords Season 4 April 2 , 2013 July -- November 2013 April 6 , 2014 June 15 , 2014 The remaining one - third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 5 April 8 , 2014 July -- December 2014 April 12 , 2015 June 14 , 2015 A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and original content , with some late chapters from A Storm of Swords and elements from The Winds of Winter Season 6 July -- December 2015 April 24 , 2016 June 26 , 2016 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter , with some late elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 7 April 21 , 2016 August 2016 -- February 2017 July 16 , 2017 August 27 , 2017 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring Season 8 July 30 , 2016 October 2017 -- Mid 2018 2018 / 19 2018 / 19 The first two seasons adapted one novel each . For the later seasons , its creators see Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels ; this enables them to move events across novels , according to screen - adaptation requirements .", "12": "Filming The Azure Window at Ras - id - Dwerja , on Gozo , was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one . Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains ( standing in for Vaes Dothrak ) , Castle Ward ( Winterfell ) , Saintfield Estates ( the Winterfell godswood ) , Tollymore Forest ( outdoor scenes ) , Cairncastle ( the execution site ) , the Magheramorne quarry ( Castle Black ) and Shane 's Castle ( the tourney grounds ) . Doune Castle in Stirling , Scotland , was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell . The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland , but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space . The first season 's southern scenes were filmed in Malta , a change in location from the pilot episode 's Moroccan sets . The city of Mdina was used for King 's Landing . Filming was also done at Fort Manoel ( representing the Sept of Baelor ) , at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo ( the Dothraki wedding site ) and at San Anton Palace , Fort Ricasoli , Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery ( all used for scenes in the Red Keep ) . The walled city of Dubrovnik became King 's Landing in season two . Filming of the second season 's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia , where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled , coastal medieval city . The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . The island of Lokrum , the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir , the Rector 's Palace in Dubrovnik , and the Dubac quarry ( a few kilometers east ) were used for scenes set in Qarth .", "13": "Scenes set north of the Wall , in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men , were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland : on the Vatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik on Höfðabrekkuheiði . Third - season production returned to Dubrovnik , with the Walls of Dubrovnik , Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . Trsteno Arboretum , a new location , is the garden of the Tyrells in King 's Landing . The third season also returned to Morocco ( including the city of Essaouira ) to film Daenerys ' scenes in Essos . Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave in Iceland were used as well . One scene , with a live bear , was filmed in Los Angeles . The production used three units ( Dragon , Wolf and Raven ) filming in parallel , six directing teams , 257 cast members and 703 crew members . Ballintoy Harbour was Lordsport on the Iron Islands . The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations , including Diocletian 's Palace in Split , Klis Fortress north of Split , Perun quarry east of Split , the Mosor mountain range , and Baška Voda further south . Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound . Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21 , 2013 . The fifth season added Seville , Spain , used for scenes of Dorne , as well as Córdoba . The sixth season , which began filming in July 2015 , returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra , Guadalajara , Seville , Almeria Girona and Peniscola . Filming also returned to Dubrovnik , Croatia . Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , with other filming in Iceland , Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain .", "14": "Spain filming locations included Seville , Cáceres , Almodovar del Rio , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . The series also filmed in Dubrovnik , which is used for location of King 's Landing . Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations . Directing Each ten - episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors , who usually direct back - to - back episodes . Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes , the most episodes of the series . Alex Graves , David Nutter , Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each . Daniel Minahan directed five episodes , and Michelle MacLaren , Alik Sakharov , and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each . Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season , and Tim Van Patten directed the series ' first two episodes . Neil Marshall directed two episodes , both with large battle scenes : `` Blackwater '' and `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . Other directors have been Jack Bender , David Petrarca , Daniel Sackheim , Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode , which was determined after a coin toss . Technical aspects Alik Sakharov was the pilot 's cinematographer . The series has had a number of cinematographers , and has received seven Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series nominations . Oral Norrey Ottey , Frances Parker , Martin Nicholson , Crispin Green , Tim Porter and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying number of episodes . Weiland received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series in 2015 . Costumes The costumes of Ygritte , Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh climate in which they are worn . Dresses worn at the royal court in King 's Landing indicate their wearers ' wealth and status . Functional weapons and armor , like Brienne of Tarth 's ( left ) , were manufactured for the series . Michele Clapton was costume designer for Game of Thrones ' first five seasons before she was replaced by April Ferry .", "15": "Clapton will return to the show as costume designer for the seventh season . The costumes used in the show drew inspiration from a number of sources , such as Japanese and Persian armour . Dothraki dress resembles that of the Bedouin ( one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales ) , and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit . Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones , and is assembled with string and latex resembling catgut . Although the extras who play Wildlings and the Night 's Watch often wear hats ( normal in a cold climate ) , members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers can distinguish the main characters . Björk 's Alexander McQueen high - neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell 's funnel - neck outfit , and prostitutes ' dresses are designed for easy removal . All clothing used is aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on high - definition television . About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses . Made of human hair and up to 2 feet ( 61 cm ) in length , they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled like real hair . Applying the wigs is time - consuming ; Emilia Clarke , for example , requires about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum - blonde wig and braids . Other actors , such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner , receive frequent hair coloring . For characters such as Daenerys ( Clarke ) and her Dothraki , their hair , wigs and costumes are processed to appear as if they have not been washed for weeks . Makeup For the first three seasons , Paul Engelen was Game of Thrones ' main makeup designer and prosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen , Conor O'Sullivan and Rob Trenton . At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen 's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew , composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower . Visual Effects For the series ' large number of visual effects , HBO hired British - based BlueBolt and Irish - based Screen Scene for season one . Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5 D projections , giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming .", "16": "In 2011 the season - one finale , `` Fire and Blood '' , was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons ( including CGI creatures , fire , and water ) , German - based Pixomondo became the lead visual - effects producer ; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two , with Stuttgart the lead . Scenes were also produced by British - based Peanut FX , Canadian - based Spin VFX , and U.S. - based Gradient Effects . `` Valar Morghulis '' and `` Valar Dohaeris '' earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . For season four , HBO added German - based Mackevision to the project . The season - four finale , `` The Children '' , won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects . Additional producers for season four included Canadian - based Rodeo FX , German - based Scanline VFX and U.S. - based BAKED FX . The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken . Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen 's dragons , with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks . For the fifth season , HBO added Canadian - based Image Engine and U.S. - based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual - effects producers . Sound Unusual for a television series , the sound team receives a rough cut of a full season and approaches it as a ten - hour feature film . Although seasons one and two had different sound teams , one team has been in charge of sound since then . For the show 's blood - and - gore sounds , the team often uses a chamois . For dragon screams , mating tortoises and dolphin , seal , lion and bird sounds have been used . Title sequence Main article : Game of Thrones title sequence The series ' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic for HBO . Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence , which depicts a three - dimensional map of the series ' fictional world .", "17": "The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an armillary sphere . As the camera moves across the map , focusing on the locations of the episode 's events , clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map . Accompanied by the title music , the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear . The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening credits indicating the episode 's writer ( s ) and director . Its composition changes as the story progresses , with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all . Music Main article : Music of Game of Thrones Ramin Djawadi composed the Game of Thrones score . The music for the series was composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season 's soundtrack , written in about ten weeks before the show 's premiere , was published by Varèse Sarabande in June 2011 . Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released , with tracks by the National , the Hold Steady and Sigur Rós . Djawadi has composed themes for each of the major houses and also for some of the main characters . The themes may evolve over time , as Daenerys Targaryen 's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season . Her theme started first with a single instrument , a cello , and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it . Language Main article : Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British - accented English , often ( but not consistently ) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character 's Westerosi region ; Eddard Stark ( Warden of the North ) speaks in actor Sean Bean 's native northern accent , and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent , while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent . Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent . Although English is the common language of Westeros , the producers charged linguist David J. Peterson with constructing Dothraki and Valyrian languages based on the few words in the novels ; Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English .", "18": "It has been reported that during the series these fictional languages have been heard by more people than the Welsh , Irish , and Scots Gaelic languages combined . Effect on location Game of Thrones is funded by Northern Ireland Screen , a UK government agency financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund . As of April 2013 , Northern Ireland Screen gave the show £ 9.25 million ( $14.37 million ) ; according to government estimates , this has benefited the Northern Ireland economy by £ 65 million ( $100.95 million ) . Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones - themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand 's Tolkien - related advertising . Invest NI and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board also expect the series to generate tourism revenue . According to Arlene Foster , the series has given Northern Ireland the most non-political publicity in its history . The production of Game of Thrones and other TV series also boosted Northern Ireland 's creative industries , contributing to an estimated 12.4 - percent growth in arts , entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 ( compared with 4.3 percent in the rest of the UK during the same period ) . Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones . In 2012 , bookings through LateRooms.com increased by 28 percent in Dubrovnik and 13 percent in Iceland . The following year , bookings doubled in Ouarzazate , Morocco ( the location of Daenerys ' season - three scenes ) . Game of Thrones has been attributed as a significant factor in the boom of tourism in Iceland that had a strong impact on its economy . Tourist numbers increased by 30 % in 2015 , followed by another 40 % in 2016 , with a final figure of 2.4 million visitors expected for 2016 , which is around seven times the population of the country . Availability Broadcast Game of Thrones is broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries , at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks ( or months ) later .", "19": "The series ' broadcast in China on CCTV , begun in 2014 , was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the People 's Daily calls `` negative effects and hidden security dangers '' . This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained . Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Showcase in Australia ; HBO Canada , Super Écran and Showcase in Canada ; HBO Latin America in Latin America ; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand , and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Home Video The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu - ray box set on March 6 , 2012 . The box set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material but no deleted scenes , since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show . The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release , the largest first - week DVD sales ever for an HBO series , and the series set an HBO - series record for digital - download sales . A collector 's - edition box set was released in November 2012 , combining the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two . A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set . DVD - Blu - ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19 , 2013 . First - day sales broke HBO records , with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded . The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store , parallel to the U.S. premiere , and was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on February 18 , 2014 . The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 17 , 2015 , and the fifth season on March 15 , 2016 . The sixth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . Beginning in 2016 , HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu - ray sets which include both Dolby TrueHD 7.1 and Dolby Atmos audio options . Copyright infringement Game of Thrones has been widely pirated , primarily outside the U.S.", "20": "According to the file - sharing news website TorrentFreak , Game of Thrones has been the most - pirated TV series each year since 2012 . Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015 , up 45 percent from 2014 . An unnamed episode was downloaded about 4,280,000 times through public BitTorrent trackers in 2012 , roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers . Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia , and U.S. Ambassador to Australia Jeff Bleich issued a statement condemning Australian piracy of the series in 2013 . Delays in availability apart from HBO and its affiliates before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to these services have been cited as causes of the series ' illegal distribution . According to TorrentFreak , a subscription to a service for Game of Thrones would cost up to $25 per month in the United States , up to £ 26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia . For `` combating piracy '' , HBO said in 2013 that it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the U.S. premiere ( including HBO Go ) . In 2015 , the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users . On April 11 , the day before the season premiere , screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file - sharing websites . Within a day of the leak , the files were downloaded over 800,000 times ; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million , with the season - five premiere alone ( `` The Wars to Come '' ) pirated 13 million times . The season - five finale ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent filesharing protocol , with over 250,000 simultaneous sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours . For the sixth season , HBO did not send screeners to the press , so as to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and possible spoilers . Observers , including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes , said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series ' prospects ; it benefited from `` buzz '' and social commentary , and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions .", "21": "According to Polygon , HBO 's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium - television `` free - to - play '' model . At a 2015 Oxford Union debate , series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the show ; illegally downloaded copies of the show sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy of the show , especially in countries where the show was not televised . Co-creator D.B. Weiss had mixed feelings , saying that the show was expensive to produce and `` if it does n't make the money back , then it ceases to exist '' . However , he was pleased that so many people `` enjoy the show so much they ca n't wait to get their hands on it . '' In 2015 , Guinness World Records called Game of Thrones the most - pirated television program . IMAX Beginning on January 23 , 2015 , the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States ; Game of Thrones is the first TV series shown in this format . The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend ; the week - long release grossed $1,896,092 . Reception and achievements Game of Thrones was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere , and has become a critical and commercial success . According to The Guardian , by 2014 it was `` the biggest drama '' and `` the most talked about show '' on television . Cultural influence Although Game of Thrones was dismissed by some critics before it began , its success has been credited with an increase in the popularity of fantasy themes . On the eve of the second season 's premiere , a CNN.com blog post by Joel Williams read , `` After this weekend , you may be hard pressed to find someone who is n't a fan of some form of epic fantasy '' and cited Ian Bogost as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with Peter Jackson 's 2001 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and the Harry Potter films establishing fantasy as a mass - market genre ; they are `` gateway drugs to fantasy fan culture '' .", "22": "Its success in the face of its genre was attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture , frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics ( dragons and politics , for example ) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional , top - tier drama series . The series ' popularity increased sales of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels ( republished in tie - in editions ) , which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months . According to The Daily Beast , Game of Thrones was a favorite of sitcom writers and the series has been referred to in other TV series . With other fantasy series , it has been cited for an increase in the purchase ( and abandonment ) of huskies and other wolf - like dogs . Game of Thrones has added to the popular vocabulary . The first season 's scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives ( or background ) while prostitutes had sex in the background gave rise to the word `` sexposition '' for providing exposition with sex and nudity . `` Dothraki '' , the series ' nomadic horsemen , was ranked fourth in a September 2012 Global Language Monitor list of words from television most used on the Internet . In 2012 , the media used `` Game of Thrones '' as a figure of speech or comparison for situations of intense conflict and deceit , such as the 2012 United States Supreme Court decision regarding healthcare reform legislation , the Syrian Civil War and the ousting of Bo Xilai from the Chinese government . `` Khaleesi '' has increased in popularity as a name for baby girls in the United States . In the novels and the TV series , the word is a title meaning the wife of a Khal ( warlord ) in the Dothraki language held by Daenerys Targaryen , and not actually a name .", "23": "Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 89 % ( 33 reviews ) 80 ( 28 reviews ) 96 % ( 33 reviews ) 90 ( 26 reviews ) 97 % ( 44 reviews ) 91 ( 25 reviews ) 97 % ( 50 reviews ) 94 ( 29 reviews ) 5 95 % ( 52 reviews ) 91 ( 29 reviews ) 6 96 % ( 29 reviews ) 73 ( 9 reviews ) 7 96 % ( 34 reviews ) 77 ( 12 reviews ) Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim , although the series ' frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized . Its seasons have appeared on annual `` best of '' lists published by The Washington Post ( 2011 ) , TIME ( 2011 and 2012 ) and The Hollywood Reporter ( 2012 ) . The performances of the cast have also been praised . Peter Dinklage 's `` charming , morally ambiguous , and self - aware '' Tyrion , who earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards , was noted . `` In many ways , Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage '' , wrote Mary McNamara of the L.A. Times before Tyrion became the series ' central figure in season two . Several critics highlighted performances by actresses and children . Fourteen - year - old Maisie Williams , noted in the first season for her debut as Arya Stark , was singled out for her season - two work with veteran actor Charles Dance ( Tywin Lannister ) . First - season reviewers said the series had high production values , a fully realized world and compelling characters . According to Variety , `` There may be no show more profitable to its network than ' Game of Thrones ' is to HBO . Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season , the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely '' . The second season was also well received by critics .", "24": "Entertainment Weekly praised its `` vivid , vital , and just plain fun '' storytelling and , according to the Hollywood Reporter , the show made a `` strong case for being one of TV 's best series '' ; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to Mad Men or Breaking Bad . The New York Times gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its number of characters , their lack of complexity and a meandering plot . The third season was very well received by critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 91 out of 100 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) . The fourth season was also praised ; Metacritic gave it a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , again indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The fifth season was also well received by critics and has a score of 91 out of 100 ( based on 29 reviews ) on Metacritic . The sixth season has been praised by critics . It has a score of 73 out of 100 ( based on nine reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The seventh season has a score of 77 out of 100 ( based on twelve reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series has a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 44 reviews . All episodes had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes , and a 97 - percent rating ( based on 50 reviews ) for the season as a whole . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 ( based on 52 reviews ) . The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . After the first episode aired , the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . Sex and violence Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics , Game of Thrones has been criticized for the amount of female nudity , violence , and sexual violence ( especially against women ) it depicts , and for the manner in which it depicts these themes .", "25": "The Atlantic called the series ' `` tendency to ramp up the sex , violence , and -- especially -- sexual violence '' of the source material `` the defining weakness '' of the adaptation . George R.R. Martin responded that he feels obliged to be truthful about history and human nature , and that rape and sexual violence are common in war ; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of his novels ' themes , its historical realism . HBO said that they `` fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and David 's exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself . '' The amount of sex and nudity in the series , especially in scenes that are incidental to the plot , was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at the series in its first and second seasons . Stephen Dillane , who portrays Stannis Baratheon , likened the series ' frequent explicit scenes to `` German porn from the 1970s '' . Charlie Anders wrote in io9 that while the first season was replete with light - hearted `` sexposition '' , the second season appeared to focus on distasteful , exploitative , and dehumanizing sex with little informational content . According to The Washington Post 's Anna Holmes , the nude scenes appeared to be aimed mainly at titillating heterosexual men , right down to the Brazilian waxes sported by the women in the series ' faux - medieval setting , which made these scenes alienating to other viewers . The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan likewise noted that Game of Thrones mostly presented women naked , rather than men , and that the excess of `` random boobage '' undercut any aspirations the series might have to address the oppression of women in a feudal society . Saturday Night Live parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed the series as retaining a thirteen - year - old boy as a consultant whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible . In the third season , which saw Theon Greyjoy lengthily tortured and eventually emasculated , the series was also criticized for its use of torture . New York magazine called the scene `` torture porn . '' Madeleine Davies of Jezebel agreed , saying , `` it 's not uncommon that Game of Thrones gets accused of being torture porn -- senseless , objectifying violence combined with senseless , objectifying sexual imagery . ''", "26": "According to Davies , although the series ' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose , Theon 's torture in `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was excessive . A scene in the fourth season 's episode `` Breaker of Chains '' , in which Jaime Lannister rapes his sister and lover Cersei , triggered a broad public discussion about the series ' depiction of sexual violence against women . According to Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times , the scene caused outrage , in part because of comments by director Alex Graves that the scene became `` consensual by the end '' . Itzkoff also wrote that critics fear that `` rape has become so pervasive in the drama that it is almost background noise : a routine and unshocking occurrence '' . Sonia Saraiya of The A.V. Club wrote that the series ' choice to portray this sexual act , and a similar one between Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo in the first season -- both described as consensual in the source novels -- as a rape appeared to be an act of `` exploitation for shock value '' . In the fifth season 's episode `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' , Sansa Stark is raped by Ramsay Bolton . Most reviewers , including those from Vanity Fair , Salon , The Atlantic , and The Daily Beast , found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary . For example , Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , said that the scene `` undercuts all the agency that 's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season . '' In contrast , Sara Stewart of The New York Post wondered why viewers were not similarly upset about the many background and minor characters who 'd undergone similar or worse treatment . In response to the scene , pop culture website The Mary Sue announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device , and U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill said that she would no longer watch it .", "27": "As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys , Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions , Alyssa Rosenberg of the Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a `` long - arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power '' -- namely , that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn , and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering . Fandom Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom In this manipulated image published by the White House , U.S. President Barack Obama ( a fan of the series ) sits on the Iron Throne in the Oval Office with the king 's crown on his lap . A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have a broad , active international fan base . In 2012 Vulture.com ranked the series ' fans as the most devoted in popular culture , more so than Lady Gaga 's , Justin Bieber 's , Harry Potter 's or Star Wars ' . Fans include political leaders such as former U.S. president Barack Obama , former British prime minister David Cameron , former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard and Dutch foreign minister Frans Timmermans , who framed European politics in quotes from Martin 's novels in a 2013 speech . BBC News said in 2013 that `` the passion and the extreme devotion of fans '' had created a phenomenon unlike anything related to other popular TV series , manifesting itself in fan fiction , Game of Thrones - themed burlesque routines and parents naming their children after series characters ; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail , moral ambiguity , sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels . The previous year , `` Arya '' was the fastest - rising girl 's name in the U.S. after it jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place . In 2013 about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female , and the average male viewer was 41 years old .", "28": "According to SBS Broadcasting Group marketing director Helen Kellie , Game of Thrones has a high fan - engagement rate ; 5.5 percent of the series ' 2.9 million Facebook fans talked online about the series in 2012 , compared to 1.8 percent of the more than ten million fans of True Blood ( HBO 's other fantasy series ) . Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net ( news and discussion forums ) , ToweroftheHand.com ( which organizes communal readings of the novels ) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as fan sites dedicated to the TV and novel series ; and podcasts cover Game of Thrones . Awards and accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , 5 Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Peabody Award . It holds the Emmy - award record for a scripted television series , ahead of Frasier ( which received 37 ) . In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th `` best written '' series in television history . In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their `` best TV shows ever '' list , while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire 's `` The 50 best TV shows ever '' . The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth `` greatest TV Show of all time '' . The 2011 first season received 13 nominations ( including Outstanding Drama Series ) , and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Other nominations included Outstanding Directing ( `` Winter Is Coming '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Baelor '' ) . Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globe , Satellite and Scream Awards . In 2012 , the second season received six Creative Arts Emmy Awards from 11 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) .", "29": "The 2013 third season received 16 Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Emilia Clarke ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Diana Rigg ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) , winning two Creative Arts Emmys . In 2014 the fourth season received four Creative Arts Emmys from 19 nominations , which included Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Lena Headey ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Rigg ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Children '' ) . The 2015 fifth season won the most Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a year ( 12 awards from 24 nominations ) , including Outstanding Drama Series ; other wins included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) , and eight were Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the sixth season received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 23 ) . It won for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , Outstanding Writing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , and nine Creative Arts Emmys . Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage and Kit Harington ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Clarke , Headey and Maisie Williams ) , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Max von Sydow ) and Outstanding Directing ( `` The Door '' ) . Viewer numbers The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday - night screenings and a gross audience ( including repeats and on - demand viewings ) of 9.3 million viewers per episode . For its second season , the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers . The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers , making Game of Thrones the second-most - viewed HBO series ( after The Sopranos ) .", "30": "For the fourth season , HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers ( later adjusted to 18.6 million ) had passed The Sopranos for the record . By the sixth season the average per - episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million , with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was `` much more popular in cities than in the countryside , probably the only show involving zombies that is '' . In season seven , the viewers numbers averaged at over 30 millions per episode across all platforms . The series set records on pay - television channels in the United Kingdom ( with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms ) and Australia ( with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million ) . The following graph indicates first - airing viewer numbers in the US : Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep.", "31": "10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Other media and products See also : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire Video games Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games The series has inspired four video games based on the TV series and novels . The strategy game Game of Thrones Ascent ties into the HBO series , making characters and settings available to players as they appear on television .", "32": "Merchandise and exhibition Game of Thrones merchandise in HBO 's New York City store HBO has licensed a variety of merchandise based on Game of Thrones , including games , replica weapons and armor , jewelry , bobblehead dolls by Funko , beer by Ommegang and apparel . High - end merchandise includes a $10,500 Ulysse Nardin wristwatch and a $30,000 resin replica of the Iron Throne . In 2013 and 2014 , a traveling exhibition of costumes , props , armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas . Accompanying material Thronecast : The Official Guide to Game of Thrones , a series of podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd and produced by Koink , has been released on the Sky Atlantic website and the UK iTunes store during the series ' run ; a new podcast , with analysis and cast interviews , is released after each episode . In 2014 and 2015 HBO commissioned Catch the Throne , two rap albums about the series . A companion book , Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 1010 - 3 ) by series writer Bryan Cogman , was published on September 27 , 2012 . The 192 - page book , illustrated with concept art and behind - the - scenes photographs , covers the creation of the series ' first two seasons and its principal characters and families . After the Thrones is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series . It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth - season episode . The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience , a 28 - city orchestral tour which will perform the series ' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi , is scheduled to begin February 15 , 2017 in Kansas City , Missouri . Spin - offs After years of speculation about possible successor shows , in May 2017 HBO commissioned five screenwriters -- Max Borenstein , Jane Goldman , Brian Helgeland , Carly Wray and a fifth writer yet to be announced -- to develop individual Game of Thrones successor series . All of the writers are to be working individually with George R.R. Martin . Martin said that all the concepts under discussion are prequels , and some may be set outside Westeros .", "33": "He also ruled out Robert 's Rebellion ( the overthrow of Daenerys 's father by Robert Baratheon ) as a possible idea . D.B. Weiss and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects , and want to enjoy the successor series as fans . Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts . In September 2017 , it was announced that Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman would be developing a fifth prequel series . Histories and lore Each season 's individual Blu - ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the show 's cast as their characters as they detail various different events in the history of Westeros . For the seventh season release , it will include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones : Conquest & Rebellion , which is illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos . The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen 's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros . References ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . 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Tourism Ireland . April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Robert ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tourism Ireland wins top marketing award for Game of Thrones campaign '' . Business World . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Noel ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones pumped £ 43m into Northern Ireland 's economy , and more could be on the way '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 .", "52": "Jump up ^ Pym , Hugh ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones boost to economy in Northern Ireland '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam , Shabana ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Travel News : Game of Thrones Sparks Big Boosts in Hotel Bookings to Filming Locations '' . Female First . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liman , Love ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Crowns Iceland Krona as World 's Best Currency '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Josh ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Iceland 's Economy is Booming -- Thanks to a Little Help from Game of Throne '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blum , Jeremy ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones premieres on CCTV , viewers call it an edited ' mess ' '' . South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International Game of Thrones airings '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' scoop : DVD release date , details , photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richwine , Lisa ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules HBO 's DVD sales '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 .", "53": "Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete First Season Premium Edition Gift Box ( 8 Discs ) ( Blu - ray / DVD ) ( Blu - ray Disc ) '' . Best Buy . November 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 2 DVD date and extras revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' early DVD sales breaking HBO records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones season 3 on iTunes Australian Store '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 .", "54": "Jump up ^ Vaughn , David ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Winter Is Coming -- In Atmos '' . Sound & Vision . 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Variety . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' American Sniper ' Sets Super Bowl Record , ' Game Of Thrones ' Scores IMAX Touchdown '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ( IMAX ) ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . February 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Mathilda ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Is A Game of Thrones the most eagerly anticipated TV show ever ? '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Colins , Scott ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` With ' Game of Thrones , ' HBO is playing for another ' True Blood ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joel ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Mainstream finally believes fantasy fans '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( September 21 , 2012 ) .", "58": "`` ' Game of Thrones ' : ' Modern Family , ' ' Parks and Rec ' Writers on Why They Love the HBO Drama '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Liam ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones inspired Huskie craze goes cold as owners give up on dogs '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( March 11 , 2012 ) . `` How ' sexposition ' fleshes out the story '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinmetz , Kate ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` And the Top TV Words of the Year Are ... '' . Time . 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Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thrones lands on tons of top TV shows of 2011 lists '' . WinterIsComing.net . December 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Plaudits for GAME OF THRONES '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The best of 2012 '' . WinterIsComing.net . December 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 .", "61": "Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Swords , sex and struggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Bloody , bloody `` Game of Thrones '' `` . Salon . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Roush Review : Grim Thrones Is a Crowning Achievement '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Tywin and Arya Show '' . Rolling Stone . May 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Cablers hit highs , lows , PR hurdles in 2011 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Frost , Caroline ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Stephen Dillane Admits the Nudity Is Like ' German Porn from the 1970s ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Is Game of Thrones ' gratuitous sex worse than the gratuitous violence ? '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Anna ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Skin is wearing thin on HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 1 , Episode 7 Recap '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Toder , Matt ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` SNL Explains the Nudity in Game of Thrones '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 .", "63": "Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Worst Scene Yet ? '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David , Allison P. ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Couple of the Week : Tyrion and Shae Are Never Getting Back Together '' . New York . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Madeleine ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Boners : This Is Torture Porn '' . Jezebel . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Rape of Thrones Why are the Game Of Thrones showrunners rewriting the books into misogyny ? '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's why people are so upset about the latest `` Game of Thrones '' rape : `` So cheap , such an obvious choice , I felt offended as a fan '' `` . Salon . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Runcie , Charlotte ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken , season 5 episode 6 , review : ' raw emotion ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Rape of Sansa Stark : ' Game of Thrones ' Goes Off - Book and Enrages Its Female Fans '' . The Daily Beast .", "64": "Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Absolutely Did Not Need to Go There with Sansa Stark '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` It 's a Stark reality : Outrage over Sansa rape scene misses the point '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pantozzi , Jill ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` We Will No Longer Be Promoting HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Claire McCaskill is done with ' Game of Thrones ' after Sunday 's rape scene . She 's got a point . '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` The arguments about women and power in ' Game of Thrones ' have never been more unsettling '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 25 Most Devoted Fan Bases '' . Vulture . October 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Obama 's TV Picks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 .", "65": "Jump up ^ Ghahremani , Tanya ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` President Obama ' Really Likes ' Game of Thrones , In Case You Were Wondering '' . Complex . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Victoria ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` David Cameron admits he is a ' Throney ' and ' huge fan ' on Game of Thrones studio tour '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Lenore ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Julia Gillard reveals Game of Thrones addiction '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillard , Julia ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones has parallels with my time as Australian prime minister '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luoma , Sarah ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Dutch foreign minister uses ' Game of Thrones ' as political analogy '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Molly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` The best ( and the weirdest ) of `` Game of Thrones '' fanfiction `` . Salon . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Castella , Tom ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Why does it inspire such devotion among fans ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( May 10 , 2013 ) .", "66": "`` ' Game of Thrones ' domination is nearly complete : ' Arya ' is the fastest - rising name for baby girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` HBO : ' Game of Thrones ' piracy is a compliment '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , Women Really Do Like Game of Thrones ( We Have Proof ) '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kellie , Helen ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Social is coming of age in the marketing mix -- a TV perspective '' . Marketing magazine . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Nicole ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` In the Game of Thrones , These Podcasts Play to Win '' . Geeksugar . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Recipients of the 71st Annual Peabody Awards '' . Peabody Awards . April 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Now Has the Most Emmy Wins Ever '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List '' . Deadline.com . June 2 , 2013 .", "67": "Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite TV Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Scream Awards Winners : Vampires , Wizards And Swans '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) .", "68": "`` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews ' Game of Thrones ' for Fourth Season '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Dan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones is Time Warner 's Cash Cow '' . Wall Street Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` For HBO , Game of Thrones Ratings Second Only to The Sopranos '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' has become more popular than ' The Sopranos ' sorta kinda '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' draws 7.1 million viewers for blood - filled finale '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' .", "69": "The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 .", "70": "^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Ascent is More Up - to - Date With the Show Than You Are '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacco , Dominic ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Brand Profiles : Game of Thrones '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Is the $10,500 Game of Thrones Watch Blood - Resistant ? '' and Our Other Most Pressing Concerns About the Official `` Night 's '' Timepiece `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Pros and Cons of Owning a $30,000 Game of Thrones Replica Throne '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition '' . HBO . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thronecast : The Official Fan Show for Game of Thrones on Sky Atlantic HD '' . iTunes Store . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 .", "71": "Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Robbie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Unlikely Mix : Rappers , Dragons and Fantasy : HBO Hires Hip - Hop , Latin - Music Artists to Promote ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Colin ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Talib Kweli , Mastodon , More To Appear On ' Game of Thrones ' Mixtape '' . Spin . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Inside HBO 's Game Of Thrones by Bryan Cogman REVIEW '' . SFX . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017 '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Fifth `` Successor Show '' in the Works at HBO , George R.R. Martin Says `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` About Those Spinoffs ... '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 .", "72": "Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Future Explained : Could All the Prequels Move Forward ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` New GAME OF THRONES History Tells Us a Few Things About the Future '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Explore the Targaryen Conquest of Westeros in New GAME OF THRONES Animated Short '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Game of Thrones Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Game of Thrones tourism . Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website -- ( United States ) Official website -- ( United Kingdom ) Game of Thrones on IMDb Game of Thrones Viewers Guide Making of Game of Thrones Articles related to A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series", "73": "Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages", "74": "Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards ,", "75": "and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent ,", "76": "Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' David Benioff Novels The 25th Hour ( 2002 ) When the Nines Roll Over ( 2004 ) City of Thieves ( 2008 ) Films written 25th Hour ( 2002 ) Troy ( 2004 ) Stay ( 2005 ) The Kite Runner ( 2007 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) TV series Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Confederate ( TBA ) HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe ,", "77": "Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No.", "78": "1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers Big Little Lies The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals .", "79": "( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Vice Principals ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming American Lion ( TBA ) Barry ( 2018 ) Confederate ( TBA ) Esme and Roy ( 2018 ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Here , Now ( TBA ) Sharp Objects ( TBA ) Succession ( TBA ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series Awards for Game of Thrones Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr.", "80": "Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER ,", "81": "season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ,", "82": "Short Form `` Conversations with Dead People '' ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) ( 2003 ) Gollum 's Acceptance Speech at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards ( 2004 ) `` 33 '' ( Battlestar Galactica ) ( 2005 ) `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2006 ) `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2007 ) `` Blink '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2008 ) Dr.", "83": "Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2009 ) `` The Waters of Mars '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2010 ) `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2011 ) `` The Doctor 's Wife '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2012 ) `` Blackwater '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2013 ) `` The Rains of Castamere '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2014 ) `` By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried '' ( Orphan Black ) ( 2015 ) `` AKA Smile '' ( Jessica Jones ) ( 2016 ) `` Leviathan Wakes '' ( The Expanse ) ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre American Horror Story ( 2011 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) Outlander ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) 11.22.", "84": "63 ( 2016 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J.", "85": "Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ,", "86": "season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 ,", "87": "part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) VIAF : 256050409 LCCN : no2011110818 GND : 1024427587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones&oldid=806885945 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American television series 2011 American television series debuts American adventure television series American drama television series American fantasy television series Dark fantasy television series Dragons in popular culture English - language television programs Family saga Game of Thrones HBO network shows High fantasy television series Incest in television Magic in television Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Serial drama television series Television programs based on novels Television series about dysfunctional families Television series with multiple main characters Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website", "88": "different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული", "89": "Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 19 : 22 . 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-1059932910092423631	today gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology	[ "Berlin School of experimental psychology", "the Berlin School of experimental psychology", "experimental psychology" ]	{ "0": "Gestalt psychology - wikipedia Gestalt psychology Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Gestalt psychology or gestaltism ( German : Gestalt ( ɡəˈʃtalt ) `` shape , form '' ) is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology . Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world . The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self - organizing tendencies . The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined and support for their existence is lacking . The Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception .", "1": "In the introduction to a 2016 special issue of the journal Vision Research on Gestalt perception , the authors concluded that `` even though they study the same phenomena as earlier Gestaltists , there is little theoretical coherence . What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a unified vision of psychology ? Perhaps there is , in fact , little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together . '' This principle maintains that when the human mind ( perceptual system ) forms a percept or `` gestalt '' , the whole has a reality of its own , independent of the parts . The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka , `` The whole is other than the sum of the parts '' is often incorrectly translated as `` The whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' , and thus used when explaining gestalt theory , and further incorrectly applied to systems theory . Koffka did not like the translation . He firmly corrected students who replaced `` other '' with `` greater '' . `` This is not a principle of addition '' he said . The whole has an independent existence . In the study of perception , Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli . Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response , gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes ( Carlson and Heth , 2010 ) . The gestalt effect is the capability of our brain to generate whole forms , particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements ( points , lines , curves , etc . ) . In psychology , gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism . Gestalt theory , it is proposed , allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Gestalt therapy 2 Theoretical framework and methodology 3 Support from cybernetics and neurology 4 Properties 4.1 Emergence 4.2 Reification 4.3 Multistability 4.4 Invariance 5 Prägnanz 6 Criticisms 7 Gestalt views in psychology 7.1 Fuzzy - trace theory 8 Use in design 9 Music 10 Quantum cognition modeling 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Origins ( edit ) The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels ( a member of the School of Brentano ) . The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Immanuel Kant , David Hartley , and Ernst Mach . Max Wertheimer 's unique contribution was to insist that the `` gestalt '' is perceptually primary , defining the parts it was composed from , rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts , as von Ehrenfels 's earlier Gestalt - Qualität had been . Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach 's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen ( Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations , 1886 ) , in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment , respectively . On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory ( Smith , ed. , 1988 ) . Early 20th century theorists , such as Kurt Koffka , Max Wertheimer , and Wolfgang Köhler ( students of Carl Stumpf ) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct . This ' gestalt ' or ' whole form ' approach sought to define principles of perception -- seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived . It is based on the here and now , and in the way things are seen . Images can be divided into figure or ground . The question is what is perceived at first glance : the figure in front , or the background .", "3": "These laws took several forms , such as the grouping of similar , or proximate , objects together , within this global process . Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive , it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects ( Carlson et al. 2000 ) , and of research into behavior , thinking , problem solving and psychopathology . Gestalt therapy ( edit ) The founders of Gestalt therapy , Fritz and Laura Perls , had worked with Kurt Goldstein , a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism . Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls . The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed , however . In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology . On the one hand , Laura Perls preferred not to use the term `` Gestalt '' to name the emerging new therapy , because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it ; on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein 's work . Thus , though recognizing the historical connection and the influence , most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology . Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association ( 1975 ) : `` What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology , stretch their meaning beyond recognition , mix them with notions -- often unclear and often incompatible -- from the depth psychologies , existentialism , and common sense , and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy . His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology . To use his own language , Fritz Perls has done ' his thing ' ; whatever it is , it is not Gestalt psychology '' With the Gestalt theory however , she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls ' books from 1969 and 1972 , leaving out Perls ' earlier work , and Gestalt therapy in general . There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field , foremost in Europe , e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy .", "4": "Theoretical framework and methodology ( edit ) The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research . This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century , based on traditional scientific methodology , which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object . The theoretical principles are the following : Principle of Totality -- The conscious experience must be considered globally ( by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously ) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships . Principle of psychophysical isomorphism -- A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity . Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined : Phenomenon experimental analysis -- In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities . Biotic experiment -- The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments . This signified experimenting in natural situations , developed in real conditions , in which it would be possible to reproduce , with higher fidelity , what would be habitual for a subject . Support from cybernetics and neurology ( edit ) In the 1940s and 1950s , laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs ' eyes indicate that perception of ' gestalts ' ( in particular gestalts in motion ) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than ' seeing ' as such : A frog hunts on land by vision ... He has no fovea , or region of greatest acuity in vision , upon which he must center a part of the image ... The frog does not seem to see or , at any rate , is not concerned with the detail of stationary parts of the world around him . He will starve to death surrounded by food if it is not moving . His choice of food is determined only by size and movement . He will leap to capture any object the size of an insect or worm , providing it moves like one .", "5": "He can be fooled easily not only by a piece of dangled meat but by any moving small object ... He does remember a moving thing provided it stays within his field of vision and he is not distracted . The lowest - level concepts related to visual perception for a human being probably differ little from the concepts of a frog . In any case , the structure of the retina in mammals and in human beings is the same as in amphibians . The phenomenon of distortion of perception of an image stabilized on the retina gives some idea of the concepts of the subsequent levels of the hierarchy . This is a very interesting phenomenon . When a person looks at an immobile object , `` fixes '' it with his eyes , the eyeballs do not remain absolutely immobile ; they make small involuntary movements . As a result the image of the object on the retina is constantly in motion , slowly drifting and jumping back to the point of maximum sensitivity . The image `` marks time '' in the vicinity of this point . Properties ( edit ) The key principles of gestalt systems are emergence , reification , multistability and invariance . Emergence ( edit ) This is demonstrated by the dog picture , which depicts a Dalmatian dog sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees . The dog is not recognized by first identifying its parts ( feet , ears , nose , tail , etc . ) , and then inferring the dog from those component parts . Instead , the dog appears as a whole , all at once . Gestalt theory does not have an explanation for how this perception of a dog appears . Reification ( edit ) See also : Reification ( fallacy ) Reification Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception , by which the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based . For instance , a triangle is perceived in picture A , though no triangle is there . In pictures B and D the eye recognizes disparate shapes as `` belonging '' to a single shape , in C a complete three - dimensional shape is seen , where in actuality no such thing is drawn . Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours , which are treated by the visual system as `` real '' contours .", "6": "Multistability ( edit ) the Necker cube and the Rubin vase , two examples of multistability Multistability ( or multistable perception ) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations . This is seen , for example , in the Necker cube and Rubin 's Figure / Vase illusion shown here . Other examples include the three - legged blivet and artist M.C. Escher 's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one direction and then suddenly the other . Again , gestalt does not explain how images appear multistable , only that they do . Invariance ( edit ) Invariance Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation , translation , and scale ; as well as several other variations such as elastic deformations , different lighting , and different component features . For example , the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape , which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C , and when depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision , such as those by David Marr , have provided alternate explanations of how perceived objects are classified . Emergence , reification , multistability , and invariance are not necessarily separable modules to model individually , but they could be different aspects of a single unified dynamic mechanism . Prägnanz ( edit ) Main article : Principles of grouping The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz ( in the German language , pithiness ) , which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular , orderly , symmetrical , and simple . Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of prägnanz , and this involves writing down laws that , hypothetically , allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation , what are often called `` gestalt laws '' . Law of proximity Law of similarity Law of closure A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts . The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws .", "7": "The various laws are called laws or principles , depending on the paper where they appear -- but for simplicity 's sake , this article uses the term laws . These laws deal with the sensory modality of vision . However , there are analogous laws for other sensory modalities including auditory , tactile , gustatory and olfactory ( Bregman -- GP ) . The visual Gestalt principles of grouping were introduced in Wertheimer ( 1923 ) . Through the 1930s and ' 40s Wertheimer , Kohler and Koffka formulated many of the laws of grouping through the study of visual perception . Law of Proximity -- The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group . For example , in the figure that illustrates the Law of proximity , there are 72 circles , but we perceive the collection of circles in groups . Specifically , we perceive that there is a group of 36 circles on the left side of the image , and three groups of 12 circles on the right side of the image . This law is often used in advertising logos to emphasize which aspects of events are associated . Law of Similarity -- The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other . This similarity can occur in the form of shape , colour , shading or other qualities . For example , the figure illustrating the law of similarity portrays 36 circles all equal distance apart from one another forming a square . In this depiction , 18 of the circles are shaded dark and 18 of the circles are shaded light . We perceive the dark circles as grouped together , and the light circles as grouped together forming six horizontal lines within the square of circles . This perception of lines is due to the law of similarity . Law of Closure -- The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes , letters , pictures , etc. , as being whole when they are not complete . Specifically , when parts of a whole picture are missing , our perception fills in the visual gap . Research shows that the reason the mind completes a regular figure that is not perceived through sensation is to increase the regularity of surrounding stimuli .", "8": "For example , the figure that depicts the law of closure portrays what we perceive as a circle on the left side of the image and a rectangle on the right side of the image . However , gaps are present in the shapes . If the law of closure did not exist , the image would depict an assortment of different lines with different lengths , rotations , and curvatures -- but with the law of closure , we perceptually combine the lines into whole shapes . Law of Symmetry -- The law of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point . It is perceptually pleasing to divide objects into an even number of symmetrical parts . Therefore , when two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connects them to form a coherent shape . Similarities between symmetrical objects increase the likelihood that objects are grouped to form a combined symmetrical object . For example , the figure depicting the law of symmetry shows a configuration of square and curled brackets . When the image is perceived , we tend to observe three pairs of symmetrical brackets rather than six individual brackets . Law of Common Fate -- The law of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path . Experiments using the visual sensory modality found that movement of elements of an object produce paths that individuals perceive that the objects are on . We perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion , which indicate the path that the object is on . The law of continuity implies the grouping together of objects that have the same trend of motion and are therefore on the same path . For example , if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward , we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units . Law of Continuity -- The law of continuity states that elements of objects tend to be grouped together , and therefore integrated into perceptual wholes if they are aligned within an object . In cases where there is an intersection between objects , individuals tend to perceive the two objects as two single uninterrupted entities . Stimuli remain distinct even with overlap . We are less likely to group elements with sharp abrupt directional changes as being one object . Law of Good Gestalt -- The law of good gestalt explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular , simple , and orderly .", "9": "This law implies that as individuals perceive the world , they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in its most simplistic form . Eliminating extraneous stimuli helps the mind create meaning . This meaning created by perception implies a global regularity , which is often mentally prioritized over spatial relations . The law of good gestalt focuses on the idea of conciseness , which is what all of gestalt theory is based on . This law has also been called the law of Prägnanz . Prägnanz is a German word that directly translates to mean `` pithiness '' and implies the ideas of salience , conciseness and orderliness . Law of Past Experience -- The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience . If two objects tend to be observed within close proximity , or small temporal intervals , the objects are more likely to be perceived together . For example , the English language contains 26 letters that are grouped to form words using a set of rules . If an individual reads an English word they have never seen , they use the law of past experience to interpret the letters `` L '' and `` I '' as two letters beside each other , rather than using the law of closure to combine the letters and interpret the object as an uppercase U . Criticisms ( edit ) Some of the central criticisms of Gestaltism are based on the preference Gestaltists are deemed to have for theory over data , and a lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas . This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception . Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology . In some scholarly communities , such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience , gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being descriptive rather than explanatory in nature . For this reason , they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative . For example , Bruce , Green & Georgeson conclude the following regarding gestalt theory 's influence on the study of visual perception : The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the wayside , leaving us with a set of descriptive principles , but without a model of perceptual processing . Indeed , some of their `` laws '' of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate .", "10": "What is meant by a `` good '' or `` simple '' shape , for example ? -- Bruce , Green & Georgeson , Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology Gestalt views in psychology ( edit ) Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole . Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways : productive and reproductive . Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight . This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction . Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known . ( 1945 / 1959 ) . This is a very common thinking . For example , when a person is given several segments of information , he / she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts , analyzes their purpose , concept , and totality , he / she reaches the `` aha ! '' moment , using what is already known . Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking . Another gestalt psychologist , Perkins , believes insight deals with three processes : Unconscious leap in thinking . The increased amount of speed in mental processing . The amount of short - circuiting that occurs in normal reasoning . Views going against the gestalt psychology are : Nothing - special view Neo-gestalt view The Three - Process View Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls , which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology . A strictly gestalt psychology - based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy , developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans - Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . Other countries , especially Italy , have seen similar developments . Fuzzy - trace theory ( edit ) Fuzzy - trace theory , a dual process model of memory and reasoning , was also derived from Gestalt psychology . Fuzzy - trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces : verbatim and gist . Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail ( the individual parts of a pattern , for example ) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual ( what we perceive the pattern to be ) . The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist . Use in design ( edit ) The gestalt laws are used in user interface design .", "11": "The laws of similarity and proximity can , for example , be used as guides for placing radio buttons . They may also be used in designing computers and software for more intuitive human use . Examples include the design and layout of a desktop 's shortcuts in rows and columns . Music ( edit ) An example of the Gestalt movement in effect , as it is both a process and result , is a music sequence . People are able to recognise a sequence of perhaps six or seven notes , despite them being transposed into a different tuning or key . Quantum cognition modeling ( edit ) Main article : Quantum cognition § Gestalt perception Similarities between Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics have been pointed out by , among others , chemist Anton Amann , who commented that `` similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable '' yet may give useful insight nonetheless . Physicist Elio Conte and co-workers have proposed abstract , mathematical models to describe the time dynamics of cognitive associations with mathematical tools borrowed from quantum mechanics and has discussed psychology experiments in this context . A similar approach has been suggested by physicists David Bohm , Basil Hiley and philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen with the notion that mind and matter both emerge from an `` implicate order '' . The models involve non-commutative mathematics ; such models account for situations in which the outcome of two measurements performed one after the other can depend on the order in which they are performed -- a pertinent feature for psychological processes , as it is obvious that an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Amodal perception Cognitive grammar Fuzzy - trace theory Gestaltzerfall Graz School Hans Wallach Hermann Friedmann Important publications in Gestalt psychology James J. Gibson James Tenney Kurt Goldstein Laws of association Mereology Optical illusion Pál Schiller Harkai Pattern recognition ( machine learning ) Pattern recognition ( psychology ) Phenomenology Principles of grouping Rudolf Arnheim Solomon Asch Structural information theory Topological data analysis Wolfgang Metzger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Duane ( 2013 ) . A History of Modern Psychology . Burlington : Elsevier Science .", "12": "p. 291 . ISBN 1483270084 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , V. , Green , P. & Georgeson , M. ( 1996 ) . Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology ( 3rd ed . ) . LEA . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jäkel , F. , Singh , M. , Wichmann , F.A. , & Herzog , M.H. ( 2016 ) , `` An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception . '' , Vision Research , 126 : 3 -- 8 , doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2016.06. 004 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tuck , Michael ( Aug 17 , 2010 ) . `` Gestalt Principles Applied in Design '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Hothersall : History of Psychology , chapter seven , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Heider , F. 1977 . Cited in Dewey , R.A. 2007 . Psychology : An introduction : Chapter four - The Whole is Other than the Sum of the Parts . Retrieved 4 / 12 / 2014 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , G ( 1924 ) . `` The psychology of the gestalt '' . Journal of Educational Psychology . 15 ( 7 ) : 401 -- 412 . doi : 10.1037 / h0070207 . Jump up ^ Bernd Bocian : Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893 -- 1933 . Expressionism -- Psychonalysis -- Judaism , 2010 , p. 190 , EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage , Bergisch Gladbach . Jump up ^ Joe Wysong / Edward Rosenfeld ( eds ) : An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy , Highland , New York 1982 , The Gestalt Journal Press , p. 12 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Allen R. Barlow , `` Gestalt - Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident '' , The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , ( Fall , 1981 ) Jump up ^ See Barlow criticizing Henle : Allen R. Barlow : Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology . Gestalt -- Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident , in : The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , Fall , 1981 . Jump up ^ William Ray Woodward , Robert Sonné Cohen -- World views and scientific discipline formation : science studies in the German Democratic Republic : papers from a German - American summer institute , 1988 Jump up ^ Lettvin , J.Y. , Maturana , H.R. , Pitts , W.H. , and McCulloch , W.S. ( 1961 ) . Two Remarks on the Visual System of the Frog . In Sensory Communication edited by Walter Rosenblith , MIT Press and John Wiley and Sons : New York Jump up ^ Valentin Fedorovich Turchin -- The phenomenon of science -- a cybernetic approach to human evolution -- Columbia University Press , 1977 Jump up ^ Steven. , Lehar , ( 2003 ) . The World in your Head : A Gestalt View of the Mechanism of Conscious Experience . Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Publishers . ISBN 0805841768 . OCLC 52051454 . Jump up ^ `` Gestalt Isomorphism '' . Sharp.bu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Third Edition , Thomson Wadsworth © 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Herb . `` Emergence : The Gestalt Approach to Change '' . Unleashing Executive and Orzanizational Potential . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt Principles of form Perception '' . Interaction Design . Retrieved 8 April 2012 .", "14": "Jump up ^ http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2013/05/why-your-brain-thinks-these-dots-are-a-dog/ ^ Jump up to : Todorovic , Dejan . `` Gestalt Principles '' . Scholarpedia.org . Scholarpedia . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Fourth Edition , Thomas Wadsworth © 2006 . Jump up ^ Langley& associates , 1987 ; Perkins , 1981 ; Weisberg , 1986 , 1995 '' Jump up ^ Reyna , Valerie ( 2012 ) . `` A new institutionism : Meaning , memory , and development in Fuzzy - Trace Theory '' . Judgment and Decision Making . 7 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Barghout , Lauren ( 2014 ) . `` Visual Taxometric Approach to Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy - Spatial Taxon Cut Yields Contextually Relevant Regions '' . Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge - Based Systems : 163 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt principles of form perception '' . Interaction-design.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Willis D. ( 1999 ) . A source book of Gestalt psychology ( Vol 2 ed . ) . Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Conte , Elio ; Todarello , Orlando ; Federici , Antonio ; Vitiello , Francesco ; Lopane , Michele ; Khrennikov , Andrei ; Zbilut , Joseph P. ( 2007 ) . `` Some remarks on an experiment suggesting quantum - like behavior of cognitive entities and formulation of an abstract quantum mechanical formalism to describe cognitive entity and its dynamics '' . Chaos , Solitons & Fractals. 31 ( 5 ) : 1076 -- 1088 . arXiv : 0710.5092 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2005.09. 061 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Elio Conte , Orlando Todarello , Antonio Federici , Francesco Vitiello , Michele Lopane , Andrei Khrennikov : A Preliminary Evidence of Quantum Like Behavior in Measurements of Mental States , arXiv : quant - ph / 0307201 ( submitted 28 July 2003 ) Jump up ^ B.J. Hiley : Particles , fields , and observers , Volume I The Origins of Life , Part 1 Origin and Evolution of Life , Section II The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life , pp. 87 -- 106 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Basil J. Hiley , Paavo Pylkkänen : Naturalizing the mind in a quantum framework . In Paavo Pylkkänen and Tere Vadén ( eds . ) : Dimensions of conscious experience , Advances in Consciousness Research , Volume 37 , John Benjamins B.V. , 2001 , ISBN 90 - 272 - 5157 - 6 , pages 119 - 144 Carlson , Neil R. and Heth , C. Donald ( 2010 ) Psychology the Science of Behaviour Ontario , CA : Pearson Education Canada . pp 20 -- 22 . Smith , Barry ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) Foundations of Gestalt Theory , Munich and Vienna : Philosophia Verlag , 1988 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Gestalt psychology Resources in your library Gestalt psychology on Encyclopædia Britannica Gestalt principles article in Scholarpedia , by Dejan Todorović Journal `` Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal '' in full text ( open source ) International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications -- GTA Embedded Figures in Art , Architecture and Design On Max Wertheimer and Pablo Picasso On Esthetics and Gestalt Theory The World In Your Head -- by Steven Lehar Gestalt Isomorphism and the Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience -- by Steven Lehar The new gestalt psychology of the 21st century The Pennsylvania Gestalt Center Gestalt Society of Croatia Gestalt Theory Ecological Approach to Visual Perception James J.", "16": "Gibson in brief ( hide ) Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. 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Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. 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3063199819637642694	how did long john silver lose his leg in treasure island	[ "under \"the immortal Hawke\"", "under \"the immortal Hawke\"", "in the Royal Navy" ]	{ "0": "Long John Silver - wikipedia Long John Silver Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Long John Silver ( disambiguation ) . Long John Silver Treasure Island character Long John Silver leading Jim Hawkins in The Hostage , illustration by N.C. Wyeth , 1911 Created by Robert Louis Stevenson Voiced by Various Voices Information Nickname ( s ) Barbecue Gender Male Occupation Chief cook Quartermaster Pirate Captain Family Wife Rebecca Silver Nationality English John Silver or Long John Silver is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the novel Treasure Island ( 1883 ) by Robert Louis Stevenson . The most colourful and complex character in the book , he continues to appear in popular culture . His one - leggedness and parrot , in particular , have greatly contributed to the image of the pirate in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Profile 2 Adaptations and related works 2.1 Literature 2.2 Audio - radio 2.3 Theater 2.4 Film 2.5 Television 2.6 Other print media 2.7 Other 3 Bibliography 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Profile ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Long John Silver is a cunning and opportunistic pirate who was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint . Long John Silver had a pet parrot called Captain Flint , often seen sitting on his shoulder where she would nibble on seeds . Silver claims to have served in the Royal Navy and lost his leg under `` the immortal Hawke '' . `` His left leg was cut off close by the hip , and under the left shoulder , he carried a crutch , which he managed with wonderful dexterity , hopping about upon it like a bird .", "1": "He was very tall and strong , with a face as big as a ham -- plain and pale , but intelligent and smiling . '' ( Treasure Island ( 1883 ) by Robert Louis Stevenson page 82 ) . He claims to have been the only man whom Flint ever feared . Like many of Stevenson 's characters , there is more than a modicum of duality in the character ; ostensibly Silver is a hardworking and likeable seaman , and it is only as the plot unfolds that his villainous nature is gradually revealed . His relationship with Jim Hawkins , the novel 's protagonist and narrator , is interesting , as he serves as a mentor and eventually father - figure to Jim , creating much shock and emotion when it is discovered that he is in charge of the mutiny , and especially when Jim must confront and fight him later on . Although willing to change sides at any time to further his own interests , Silver has compensating virtues : he is wise enough to pay attention to money management , in contrast to the spendthrift ways of most of the pirates , and is physically courageous despite his disability ; for instance , when Flint 's cache is found to be empty , he coolly stands his ground against five active seamen despite having only Jim , a boy in his teens , to back him . When Silver escapes at the end of the novel , he takes `` three or four hundred guineas '' of the treasure with him , thus becoming one of only two former members of Captain Flint 's crew to get his hands on a portion of the recovered treasure ; a separate cache of bar silver is apparently left on the island . ( The repentant maroonee Ben Gunn is the other , but he spends all £ 1,000 in nineteen days . ) Jim 's own ambivalence towards Silver is reflected in the last chapter , when he speculates that the old pirate must have settled down in comfortable retirement : `` It is to be hoped so , I suppose , for his chances of comfort in another world are very small . '' Stevenson 's portrayal of Silver has greatly influenced the modern iconography of the pirate . Silver has a parrot , named Captain Flint in honor -- or mockery -- of his former captain , who generally perches on Silver 's shoulder , and is known to chatter pirate or seafaring phrases like `` Pieces of Eight '' , and `` Stand by to go about '' .", "2": "Silver uses the parrot as another means of gaining Jim 's trust , by telling the boy all manner of exciting stories about the parrot 's buccaneer history . `` ' Now that bird , ' Silver would say , ' is , maybe , two hundred years old , Hawkins -- they lives forever mostly , and if anybody 's seen more wickedness it must be the devil himself . She 's sailed with England -- the great pirate Cap'n England . She 's been at Madagascar , and at Malabar , and Surinam , and Providence , and Portobello ... She was at the boarding of the Viceroy of the Indies out of Goa , she was , and to look at her you would think she was a baby . '' Silver is married to a woman of African descent , whom he trusts to manage his business affairs in his absence and to liquidate his Bristol assets when his actions make it impossible for him to go home . He confides in his fellow pirates , that he and his wife plan to rendezvous after the voyage to Skeleton Island is complete and Flint 's treasure is recovered , at which point Silver will retire to a life of luxury . Ironically his `` share '' of Flint 's treasure ( £ 400 ) is considerably less than that of Ben Gunn 's share ( £ 1,000 ) and what he himself boasts is his `` share '' from England ( £ 900 ) and from Flint ( £ 2,000 ) . According to Stevenson 's letters , the idea for the character of Long John Silver was inspired by his real - life friend William Henley , a writer and editor . Stevenson 's stepson , Lloyd Osbourne , described Henley as `` ... a great , glowing , massive - shouldered fellow with a big red beard and a crutch ; jovial , astoundingly clever , and with a laugh that rolled like music ; he had an unimaginable fire and vitality ; he swept one off one 's feet '' . In a letter to Henley after the publication of Treasure Island Stevenson wrote : `` I will now make a confession . It was the sight of your maimed strength and masterfulness that begot Long John Silver ... the idea of the maimed man , ruling and dreaded by the sound , was entirely taken from you '' .", "3": "Adaptations and related works ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) A prequel novel to Treasure Island , Porto Bello Gold was published in 1924 by Arthur D. Howden Smith . British historian Dennis Judd presents Silver as the main character in his 1977 prequel , The Adventures of Long John Silver , and in the 1979 sequel , Return To Treasure Island . John Silver is also the protagonist in Björn Larsson 's fictional 1995 autobiography , Long John Silver : The True and Eventful History of My Life of Liberty and Adventure as a Gentleman of Fortune and Enemy to Mankind , published in Sweden in 1995 . Silver is the main character in Edward Chupack 's 2008 Silver -- My Own Tale as Told by Me with a Goodly Amount of Murder . Audio - Radio ( edit ) Orson Welles played Silver in a July 18 , 1938 broadcast of The Mercury Theater on the Air . Basil Rathbone starred as both The Narrator and Silver in a 1944 audio recording for Columbia Masterworks Records . William Redfield played Silver on the May 14 , 1948 Your Playhouse of Favorites adaptation . Ronald Colman hosted an adaptation of the novel on the April 27 , 1948 broadcast of Favorite Story . James Mason played Silver opposite Bobby Driscoll 's `` Jim Hawkins '' on the Lux Radio Theatre 's adaptation on January 29 , 1951 . James Kennedy played Silver in the Tale Spinners for Children audio adaptation of Treasure Island ( United Artists Records , UAC 11013 ) . There have been two BBC Radio adaptations of Treasure Island , with Silver being played by Peter Jeffrey in 1989 , and Jack Shepherd in 1995 . The author John Le Carre performed an abridged reading of the novel in five parts as part of BBC Radio 4 's Afternoon Reading . Tom Baker starred as Silver in Big Finish Productions ' 2012 audio adaptation . Theater ( edit ) There have been several major stage adaptations made . The number of minor adaptations remains countless .", "4": "For a time , in London , there was an annual production of the musical Treasure Island , based on a book by Bernard Miles and Josephine Wilson . The music was composed by Cyril Ornadel and the lyrics by Hal Shaper . The musical was performed at the Mermaid Theatre , originally under the direction of Bernard Miles , who played Long John Silver , a part he also played in various television versions . Comedian Spike Milligan would often play Ben Gunn in these productions , and in 1981 , Tom Baker played Long John Silver . Pieces of Eight , a musical adaptation by Jule Styne , premiered in Edmonton , Alberta , in 1985 . The Henegar Center for the Arts in downtown historic Melbourne , Florida ran an adaptation in August 2009 . The story is also a popular plot and setting for a traditional pantomime where Mrs. Hawkins , Jim 's mother is the dame . On 18 February 2011 , a play adaptation by Richard Rose opened at Barter Theatre in Abingdon , Virginia . In 2011 , Tom Hewitt starred in B.H. Barry and Vernon Morris 's stage adaptation of the novel , which officially opened 5 March at the Irondale Center in Brooklyn . In July 2011 , Bristol Old Vic staged a large - scale outdoor production of Treasure Island outside the theatre on King Street , Bristol directed by Sally Cookson , with music by Benji Bower . From October 2013 to 2014 , Mind the Gap Theatre Company , the UK 's leading theatre company working with actors with learning disabilities embarks on a national tour of Treasure Island , retold with a twist by Olivier award - winning writer Mike Kenny . In 2013 , YouthPlays published Long Joan Silver by Arthur M. Jolly , an adaptation where all of the pirates are women . A new version by Bryony Lavery and directed by Polly Findlay was produced at London 's Royal National Theatre from December 2014 to April 2015 . In this version of the play , Jim is a girl . Another Doctor Who alumnus , Arthur Darvill , played Silver in the 2014 National Theatre production of Treasure Island . As part of their 2017 Season , the Stratford Festival of Canada premiered a new adaptation of Treasure Island by Canadian playwright Nicolas Billon .", "5": "Film ( edit ) Charles Ogle played Silver in the 1920 silent film adaptation of Treasure Island . Wallace Beery was the first speaking Long John Silver in the 1934 film version of Treasure Island . Robert Newton became the definitive Long John Silver in the 1950 Disney live - action film version of Treasure Island . Reportedly , the writers of this piece , and Newton , were the first to present the phrase `` Arrrrrh , matey ! '' . A 1954 film , Long John Silver , again starred Robert Newton as the title character , which he would reprise in television ( see below ) . Orson Welles as Silver in Treasure Island ( 1972 ) . The 1971 anime film Dōbutsu Takarajima depicts Silver as an anthropomorphic pig who captains his own pirate ship , sporting a hook prosthesis on his left hand rather than a missing leg . In 1971 , Boris Andreyev played Silver in the Soviet version Ostrov sokrovishch . Orson Welles portrayed Silver in the 1972 live action film , Treasure Island . In the Soviet animated film Treasure Island of 1988 , Armen Dzhigarkhanyan provided the voice talent for John Silver . In the 1994 movie The Pagemaster , the character of Silver is voiced by Jim Cummings . Tim Curry portrays Long John Silver in Disney 's 1996 musical film Muppet Treasure Island . Jack Palance , in one of his last film appearances , portrays Silver in the 1999 film , Treasure Island . Silver is voiced by Brian Murray and depicted as a cyborg in the Disney 2002 animated science fiction adventure film Treasure Planet . Lance Henriksen played Silver in the 2006 film Pirates of Treasure Island . Tobias Moretti played Silver in the 2007 German production of Treasure Island , entitled Die Schatzinsel . In the film Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) , the character of Tobias Beckett ( as played by Woody Harrelson ) was inspired by Long John Silver . John Silver ( left ) is portrayed as a cyborg in Disney 's Treasure Planet . Television ( edit ) Robert Newton followed up his two feature films with a 1955 Australian - produced TV series The Adventures of Long John Silver .", "6": "Peter Wyngarde played Silver in the 1958 TV series The Adventures of Ben Gunn . BBC Television has presented the story in miniseries format four times , with the role of Silver being played by Bernard Miles in 1951 and again in 1957 ; , Peter Vaughan in 1968 ; and Alfred Burke in 1977 . Miles played the role one final time in a 1982 TV movie . In 1959 , Ivo Garrani played Silver in an Italian TV miniseries . Ivor Dean played the character in an acclaimed European four - part mini-series in 1966 . He intended to reprise the role in another series with more adventures of Silver and began writing it with director Robert S. Baker , but his sudden death in 1974 stopped all further plans . In 1985 , the Ivor Dean script was used as foundation for the Disney 10 - part TV series Return to Treasure Island , starring Brian Blessed as Long John Silver . In the 1978 anime series Takarajima directed by Osamu Dezaki the character is voiced by Genzō Wakayama . A Soviet miniseries , the 1982 Treasure Island , had Silver portrayed by Oleg Borisov . Anthony Quinn played Silver in the 1987 TV miniseries Treasure Island in Outer Space . Charlton Heston portrayed a darker Long John Silver in the 1990 made - for - television movie , Treasure Island . Eddie Izzard played Long John Silver in the 2012 Sky mini-series . Luke Arnold played John Silver in the Starz TV series Black Sails ( 2014 -- 2017 ) , a prequel story set 20 years before Treasure Island . In this series , Silver as a young man begins as a scheming cook who rises to serve as quartermaster on the Walrus and on a captured Spanish Man O ' War , later to lead the pirate and former - slave forces that attempt to re-take Nassau from the British . Costas Mandylor portrays `` Captain Silver '' in the 2016 episode `` The Brothers Jones '' on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . Other print Media ( edit ) A Ballad of John Silver , a poem from John Masefield , was published in 1921 .", "7": "Long John Silver is a Franco - Belgian comics series written by Xavier Dorison and illustrated by Mathieu Laufray which was published in French and English . John Silver , a fictional space pirate with mechanical leg who appears in the Italian comic book Nathan Never , was inspired by Long John Silver . Other ( edit ) The rock band Jefferson Airplane created an album in 1972 named Long John Silver . A restaurant chain , Long John Silver 's , is named after the character . Bibliography ( edit ) Stevenson , Robert Louis ( 1883 ) . Treasure Island . Cassell & Company . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Elwin , Malcolm ( 1939 ) . Old Gods Falling . New York : The Macmillan Company . OCLC 968055 . Prince , Alison ( 1994 ) . Kenneth Grahame : An Innocent in the Wild Wood . London : Allison & Busby . ISBN 9780850318296 . Karg , Barbara ; Spaite , Arjean ( 2007 ) . The Everything Pirates Book : A Swashbuckling History of Adventure on the High Seas . Avon , MA : Adams Media . ISBN 9781598692556 . Jolly , Arthur M ( 2013 ) . Long Joan Silver . Los Angeles : YouthPLAYS , Inc . ISBN 9781620882054 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karg , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Stevenson ( 1883 ) , `` The Voyage '' ( Ch. 10 ) , pp. 80f . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Project Gutenberg . p . Chapter 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Prince , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Elwin , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Stevenson ( 1883 ) , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Björn ( 1995 ) . Long John Silver : The True and Eventful History of My Life of Liberty and Adventure as a Gentleman of Fortune and Enemy to Mankind .", "8": "Geddes , Tom ( Transl . ) . London , ENG : Penguin Random House / Harvill Secker . ISBN 1 - 86046 - 538 - 2 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chupack , Edward ( 2008 ) . Silver -- My Own Tale as Told by Me with a Goodly Amount of Murder . New Yor , NY : St. Martin 's / Thomas Dunne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53936 - 8 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Basil Rathbone ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` Robert Lewis Stevenson : TREASURE ISLAND '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` The Definitive Favorite Story Radio Log with Ronald Colman '' . www.digitaldeliftp.com . Jump up ^ `` Lux Radio Theater ... episodic log '' . www.otrsite.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tale Spinners for Children '' . www.artsreformation.com . Jump up ^ `` RL Stevenson -- Treasure Island -- BBC Radio 4 Extra '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island ( BBC Audiobook Extract ) BBC Radio 4 Full - Cast Dramatisation '' . Jump up ^ `` The Old Sea Dog , Treasure Island , Afternoon Reading -- BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` 2 . Treasure Island -- Big Finish Classics -- Big Finish '' . www.bigfinish.com . Jump up ^ Dury , Richard . Stage and Radio adaptations of Treasure Island Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` THE THEATRE LINK '' . thomas-stewart-baker.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hewitt Is Long John Silver in Treasure Island , Opening March 5 in Brooklyn '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island '' . London Box Office . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island , National Theatre , review : ' yo - ho - hum ' '' .", "9": "Jump up ^ Animal Treasure Island ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Rogue 's Gallery : A lineup of three outlaws from Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Storey , Don ( 2014 ) . `` The Adventures of Long John Silver '' . ClassicAustralianTV.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , D.M. ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` BLACK SAILS Ai n't Your Daddy 's Pirate Tale '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masefield , John ( 1921 ) ( 1902 ) . Salt - Water Poems and Ballads . New York , NY : The Macmillan Company . pp. 64 -- 65 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Masefield 's original 1902 work was entitled Salt - Water Ballads . Jump up ^ Dorison , Xavier . Long John Silver ( in French ) . Laufray , Mathieu ( Illustr . ) . Dargaud . Published by Cinebook in English . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Nathan Never -- L'isola del tesoro / Treasure Island ' ' '' . En.sergiobonellieditore.it . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Long John Silver ( album ) '' . Wikipedia . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Further Reading ( edit ) Stevenson , Robert Louis ; Colvin , Sidney , Sir ( 1899 ) . Letters to his family and friends . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . OCLC 9524286 .", "10": "External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treasure Island John Silver on IMDb Treasure Island on The Mercury Theater on the Air : July 18 , 1938 Basil Rathbone stars in Treasure Island : Columbia Masterworks , 1944 Treasure Island on Lux Radio Theater : January 29 , 1951 Download Treasure Island on Tale Spinners for Children The 1989 BBC Radio Treasure Island on Archive.org Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island Characters Billy Bones Captain Alexander Smollett Captain Flint Ben Gunn Israel Hands Jim Hawkins Dr. Livesey Long John Silver Squire Trelawney Films Treasure Island ( 1918 ) Treasure Island ( 1920 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) The Secret of Treasure Island ( 1938 ) Treasure Island ( 1950 ) Long John Silver ( 1954 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1954 ) Animal Treasure Island ( 1971 ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , live - action ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , animated ) The Treasure Planet ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1985 ) Treasure Island ( 1987 ) Treasure Island ( 1988 ) Treasure Island ( 1990 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Treasure Island ( 1999 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Pirates of Treasure Island ( 2006 ) Hawkins and Silver ( TBA ) Television The Adventures of Long John Silver ( 1958 ) Treasure Island ( 1977 ) Treasure Island ( 1978 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1986 ) Treasure Island in Outer Space ( 1987 ) The Legends of Treasure Island ( 1993 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Black Sails ( 2014 ) Video games Pirate Adventure ( 1978 ) Treasure Island ( 1984 ) Treasure Planet : Battle at Procyon ( 2002 ) Destination : Treasure Island ( 2006 ) Other adaptations", "11": "Pieces of Eight ( musical ) Godspeed ( novel ) The Resurrection Casket ( novel ) Related Black Spot Legend of the Cybermen Silver `` Shiver my timbers '' `` Dead Man 's Chest '' Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Fillibusters Areas Caribbean Lake Nicaragua British Virgin Islands Strait of Malacca Somali Coast Sulu Sea Falcon Lake South China Coast Anglo - Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint - Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Barataria Bay Persian Gulf Noted pirates Mansel Alcantra Chui A-poo Louis - Michel Aury Joseph Baker Hayreddin Barbarossa Joseph Barss Samuel Bellamy Charlotte de Berry Black Caesar Blackbeard Eli Boggs Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Hippolyte Bouchard Abshir Boyah Roche Braziliano Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí William Dampier Liang Daoming Diabolito Peter Easton Henry Every Alexandre Exquemelin Vincenzo Gambi Charles", "12": "Gibbs Pedro Gilbert Nathaniel Gordon Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Zheng Jing Jørgen Jørgensen Shirahama Kenki William Kidd Fūma Kotarō Jean Lafitte Limahong Samuel Hall Lord John Hawkins Bully Hayes Piet Pieterszoon Hein Moses Cohen Henriques Albert W. Hicks Nicholas van Hoorn Benjamin Hornigold Pierre Lafitte Olivier Levasseur Edward Low Hendrick Lucifer John Newland Maffitt Samuel Mason Henry Morgan Shap Ng - tsai Gan Ning François l'Olonnais Samuel Pallache Lawrence Prince Cai Qian Redbeard Bartholomew Roberts Lai Choi San Dan Seavey Ching Shih Benito de Soto Klaus Störtebeker Henry Strangways Cheung Po Tsai Dominique You Wang Zhi Zheng Zhilong Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of", "13": "Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the", "14": "Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "15": "php?title=Long_John_Silver&oldid=838030650 '' Categories : Adventure film characters Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1883 Fictional chefs Fictional English people Fictional pirates Fictional quartermasters Fictional Royal Navy personnel Literary villains Male characters in animation Male characters in film Male characters in literature Male characters in television Treasure Island characters Treasure Planet characters Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1716244375468450999	who was the first territorial governor of oklahoma	[ "George Washington Steele", "George Washington Steele", "George Washington Steele", "George Washington Steele", "George Washington Steele" ]	{ "0": "List of governors of Oklahoma - wikipedia List of governors of Oklahoma Jump to : navigation , search Standard of the Governor of Oklahoma The following is a list of Governors of the State of Oklahoma and Oklahoma Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Governors 1.1 Governors of Oklahoma Territory 1.2 Governors of the State of Oklahoma 2 Other high offices held 3 Living former U.S. governors of Oklahoma 4 See also List of governors ( edit ) Governors of Oklahoma Territory ( edit ) Oklahoma Territory was formally organized on May 2 , 1890 . As secretaries of Oklahoma Territory in 1891 and 1901 respectively , Robert Martin and William C. Grimes both served as acting governor whenever the presidentially appointed governorship was vacant .", "1": "Parties Republican ( 6 ) Democratic ( 1 ) # Picture Governor ( Birth -- Death ) Party Took office Left office Appointing President Notes George Washington Steele ( 1839 -- 1922 ) Republican May 22 , 1890 October 18 , 1891 Benjamin Harrison -- Robert Martin ( 1833 -- 1897 ) Republican October 18 , 1891 February 1 , 1892 -- Acting Abraham Jefferson Seay ( 1832 -- 1915 ) Republican February 1 , 1892 May 7 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison William Cary Renfrow ( 1845 -- 1922 ) Democratic May 7 , 1893 January 31 , 1897 Grover Cleveland Cassius M. Barnes ( 1845 -- 1925 ) Republican January 31 , 1897 April 15 , 1901 William McKinley 5 William Miller Jenkins ( 1856 -- 1941 ) Republican April 15 , 1901 November 30 , 1901 -- William C. Grimes ( 1857 -- 1931 ) Republican November 30 , 1901 December 9 , 1901 -- Acting 6 Thompson Benton Ferguson ( 1857 -- 1921 ) Republican December 9 , 1901 January 5 , 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 7 Frank Frantz ( 1872 -- 1941 ) Republican January 5 , 1906 November 16 , 1907 Governors of the State of Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory joined the Union as the State of Oklahoma on November 16 , 1907 . Parties Democratic ( 22 ) Republican ( 5 ) # Portrait Governor ( Birth -- Death ) Party Took office Left office Lt.", "2": "Governor Notes Charles N. Haskell ( 1860 -- 1933 ) Democratic November 16 , 1907 January 9 , 1911 George W. Bellamy Lee Cruce ( 1863 -- 1933 ) Democratic January 9 , 1911 January 11 , 1915 J.J. McAlester Robert L. Williams ( 1868 -- 1948 ) Democratic January 11 , 1915 January 13 , 1919 Martin E. Trapp James B.A. Robertson ( 1871 -- 1938 ) Democratic January 13 , 1919 January 8 , 1923 Martin E. Trapp 5 Jack C. Walton ( 1881 -- 1949 ) Democratic January 8 , 1923 November 19 , 1923 Martin E. Trapp 6 Martin E. Trapp ( 1877 -- 1951 ) Democratic November 19 , 1923 January 10 , 1927 vacant 7 Henry S. Johnston ( 1867 -- 1965 ) Democratic January 10 , 1927 March 20 , 1929 William J. Holloway 8 William J. Holloway ( 1888 -- 1970 ) Democratic March 20 , 1929 January 1 , 1931 vacant 9 William H. Murray ( 1869 -- 1956 ) Democratic January 1 , 1931 January 14 , 1935 Robert Burns 10 E.W. Marland ( 1874 -- 1941 ) Democratic January 15 , 1935 January 9 , 1939 James E. Berry 11 Leon C. Phillips ( 1890 -- 1958 ) Democratic January 9 , 1939 January 11 , 1943 James E. Berry 12 Robert S. Kerr ( 1896 -- 1963 ) Democratic January 11 , 1943 January 13 , 1947 James E. Berry 13 Roy J.", "3": "Turner ( 1894 -- 1973 ) Democratic January 13 , 1947 January 8 , 1951 James E. Berry 14 Johnston Murray ( 1902 -- 1974 ) Democratic January 8 , 1951 January 10 , 1955 James E. Berry 15 Raymond D. Gary ( 1908 -- 1993 ) Democratic January 10 , 1955 January 12 , 1959 Cowboy Pink Williams 16 J. Howard Edmondson ( 1925 -- 1971 ) Democratic January 12 , 1959 January 6 , 1963 George Nigh 17 George Nigh ( 1927 -- ) Democratic January 6 , 1963 January 14 , 1963 vacant 18 Henry Bellmon ( 1921 -- 2009 ) Republican January 14 , 1963 January 9 , 1967 Leo Winters 19 Dewey F. Bartlett ( 1919 -- 1979 ) Republican January 9 , 1967 January 11 , 1971 George Nigh 20 David Hall ( 1930 -- 2016 ) Democratic January 11 , 1971 January 13 , 1975 George Nigh 21 David L. Boren ( 1941 -- ) Democratic January 13 , 1975 January 8 , 1979 George Nigh 22 George Nigh ( 1927 -- ) Democratic January 8 , 1979 January 12 , 1987 Spencer Bernard 23 Henry Bellmon ( 1921 -- 2009 ) Republican January 12 , 1987 January 14 , 1991 Robert S. Kerr III 24 David Walters ( 1951 -- ) Democratic January 14 , 1991 January 9 , 1995 Jack Mildren 25 Frank Keating ( 1944 -- ) Republican January 9 , 1995 January 13 , 2003 Mary Fallin 26 Brad Henry ( 1963 -- ) Democratic January 13 ,", "4": "2003 January 10 , 2011 Mary Fallin ( Republican ) Jari Askins ( Democratic ) 27 Mary Fallin ( 1954 -- ) Republican January 10 , 2011 Incumbent Todd Lamb Other high offices held ( edit ) This is a table of congressional seats , other federal offices , and other governorships held by governors . All representatives and senators mentioned represented Oklahoma except where noted . * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take . Governor Gubernatorial term U.S. Congress Other offices held House Senate George Washington Steele 1890 -- 1891 ( territorial ) U.S. Representative from Indiana William H. Murray 1931 -- 1935 First Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives E.W. Marland 1935 -- 1939 Robert S. Kerr 1943 -- 1947 J. Howard Edmondson 1959 -- 1963 S * Henry Bellmon 1963 -- 1967 1987 -- 1991 Dewey F. Bartlett 1967 -- 1971 David Boren 1975 -- 1979 President of the University of Oklahoma Frank Keating 1995 -- 2003 United States Associate Attorney General ; United States Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mary Fallin 2011 -- present Living former U.S. governors of Oklahoma ( edit ) As of January 2017 , there are five former U.S. governors of Oklahoma who are currently living at this time , the oldest U.S. governor of Oklahoma being George Nigh ( served 1963 and 1979 - 1987 , born 1927 ) . The most recent U.S. governor of Oklahoma to die was David Hall ( served 1971 -- 1975 , born 1930 ) , on May 6 , 2016 . The most recently serving governor of Oklahoma to have died was Henry Bellmon , who served his second non-consecutive term from 1987 to 1991 and died in 2009 .", "5": "Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth ( and age ) George Nigh 1963 1979 -- 1987 ( 1927 - 06 - 09 ) June 9 , 1927 ( age 90 ) David L. Boren 1975 -- 1979 ( 1941 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1941 ( age 77 ) David Walters 1991 -- 1995 ( 1951 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Frank Keating 1995 -- 2003 ( 1944 - 02 - 10 ) February 10 , 1944 ( age 74 ) Brad Henry 2003 -- 2011 ( 1963 - 07 - 10 ) July 10 , 1963 ( age 54 ) See also ( edit ) Governor of Oklahoma State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Unassigned Lands Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee", "6": "Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New", "7": "Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Years in Oklahoma ( 1907 -- present ) 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951", "8": "1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma&oldid=837924452 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of the United States Governors of Oklahoma Lists of Oklahoma politicians Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "9": ", a non-profit organization . 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3124572532765125550	who did the mavericks beat in the finals	[ "Miami Heat", "the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat", "Miami Heat" ]	{ "0": "2011 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2011 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2011 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Dallas Mavericks Rick Carlisle Miami Heat Erik Spoelstra Dates May 31 -- June 12 MVP Dirk Nowitzki ( Dallas Mavericks ) Television ABC & ESPN 3D ( U.S. ) TSN ( Canada ) Announcers Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( ABC ) Mark Jones , Bruce Bowen ( Gms 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 ) , and Tim Legler ( Gms 3 - 4 ) ( ESPN 3D ) Radio network ESPN Announcers Mike Tirico , Hubie Brown , and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Steve Javie , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy Game 2 : Joe Crawford , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer Game 3 : Danny Crawford , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Game 4 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Greg Willard Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy Game 6 : Steve Javie , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Hall of Famers Mavericks : Jason Kidd ( 2018 ) Eastern Finals Heat defeated Bulls , 4 -- 1 Western Finals Mavericks defeated Thunder , 4 -- 1 < 2010 NBA Finals 2012 > The 2011 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2010 -- 11 season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks defeated the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat 4 games to 2 to win their first NBA championship . Dallas became the last NBA team from Texas to win its first title , after the Houston Rockets won back - to - back titles in 1994 and 1995 , and the San Antonio Spurs won four NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 , and a fifth one subsequently in 2014 ; all three Texas NBA teams have now won at least one NBA championship .", "1": "It was also the first time in four years that the Los Angeles Lakers did not make the Finals , having been swept in the Western Conference semifinals by the eventual champion Dallas Mavericks . The series was held from May 31 to June 12 , 2011 -- the first to start before June 1 since the 1986 NBA Finals . Under the 2 -- 3 -- 2 rotation , the Miami Heat had home - court advantage ; the Heat hosted Games 1 , 2 , and 6 , and was set to host a deciding Game 7 , had one been necessary . German player Dirk Nowitzki was named the Finals MVP . Nowitzki was the second European to win the award after Tony Parker ( 2007 ) ; he is the first German to win the award . Going into the series , the Heat were heavy favorites with their newly acquired superstars LeBron James and Chris Bosh along with returning superstar Dwyane Wade . The series was a rematch of the 2006 NBA Finals , which was won by the Heat in six games after Dallas blew a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Dallas Mavericks became the first team in NBA history since the institution of the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format to enter Game 3 tied at one , lose Game 3 and still win the Finals . The previous 11 times this occurred , the Game 3 winner went on to win the series . The Dallas Mavericks also became just the 7th team , and the first since 1988 , to come back and win the Finals after being down in the series two or more separate times ( one game to none , and later two games to one ) . The previous six times this happened , the Finals ended in seven games ; Dallas became the first team in NBA history to do it in six games . ABC averaged a 10.1 rating , 11.7 million households and nearly 17.3 million viewers with the 2011 Finals , according to Nielsen .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Road to the Finals 1.2 Regular - season series 2 Series summary 2.1 Game 1 2.2 Game 2 2.3 Game 3 2.4 Game 4 2.5 Game 5 2.6 Game 6 3 Statistical leaders 4 Rosters 4.1 Dallas Mavericks 4.2 Miami Heat 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast notes 7 Aftermath 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) See also : 2010 -- 11 Dallas Mavericks season and 2010 -- 11 Miami Heat season Both the Mavericks and Heat made their second appearance in the NBA Finals , the first for both teams being the 2006 NBA Finals . This Finals marked a rematch of the 2006 Finals , won by Miami in six games , after the Mavericks were up 2 -- 0 . It was also the first time since 2006 that neither the Los Angeles Lakers nor the San Antonio Spurs represented the Western Conference in the Finals and only the second time since 1998 , and also the thirteenth consecutive NBA Finals to feature a Western Conference Champion from either the states of California or Texas . This was the first finals since 1998 not to feature , Kobe Bryant ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 ) or Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ) The Mavericks ' appearance also meant that three of North America 's four major professional sports championships were played in the Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex in a span of eight months , with the 2010 World Series and Super Bowl XLV both occurring in nearby Arlington . The Heat had home - court advantage by virtue of a better regular - season record than the Mavericks . This was only the second time that the Eastern Conference had home court advantage during the Finals since the end of the Michael Jordan era in 1998 .", "3": "It also marks the first time since 1995 that the Eastern Conference team lost in the Finals despite having home court advantage . The 2011 series marked the first time a Finals match ( Game 1 ) was played in the month of May since 1986 . Among the players from both teams , only Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry of Dallas , and Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem of Miami , appeared in the 2006 series with the same team . Heat center Erick Dampier played for the Mavericks in 2006 . Aside from Dampier , Caron Butler , Juwan Howard and Shawn Marion are the only other players who have played for both the Mavericks and Heat . Eddie House , Žydrūnas Ilgauskas , LeBron James and Jason Kidd have appeared in the Finals with different teams , with House ( as a member of Boston 's 2008 championship team ) , Wade and Haslem winning a championship ring . Mavericks head coach Rick Carlisle won a championship as a reserve for Boston 's 1986 championship team making him only the eleventh person in NBA history to win a Finals as both a player and a coach . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2011 NBA Playoffs Dallas Mavericks ( Western Conference Champion ) Miami Heat ( Eastern Conference Champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB c - San Antonio Spurs 61 21 . 744 -- y - Los Angeles Lakers 57 25 . 695 x-Dallas Mavericks 57 25 . 695 y - Oklahoma City Thunder 55 27 . 671 6 5 x-Denver Nuggets 50 32 . 610 11 6 x-Portland Trail Blazers 48 34 . 585 13 7 x-New Orleans Hornets 46 36 . 561 15 8 x-Memphis Grizzlies 46 36 . 561 15 9 Houston Rockets 43 39 . 524 18 10 Phoenix Suns 40 42 .", "4": "488 21 11 Utah Jazz 39 43 . 476 22 12 Golden State Warriors 36 46 . 439 25 13 Los Angeles Clippers 32 50 . 390 29 14 Sacramento Kings 24 58 . 293 37 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 17 65 . 207 44 3rd seed in the West , 5th best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Chicago Bulls 62 20 . 756 -- y - Miami Heat 58 24 . 707 y - Boston Celtics 56 26 . 683 6 x-Orlando Magic 52 30 . 634 10 5 x-Atlanta Hawks 44 38 . 537 18 6 x-New York Knicks 42 40 . 512 20 7 x-Philadelphia 76ers 41 41 . 500 21 8 x-Indiana Pacers 37 45 . 451 25 9 Milwaukee Bucks 35 47 . 427 27 10 Charlotte Bobcats 34 48 . 415 28 11 Detroit Pistons 30 52 . 366 32 12 New Jersey Nets 24 58 . 293 38 13 Washington Wizards 23 59 . 280 39 14 Toronto Raptors 22 60 . 268 40 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 19 63 .", "5": "232 43 2nd seed in the East , 3rd best league record Defeated the 6th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 2 First round Defeated the 7th seeded Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Los Angeles Lakers , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 3rd seeded Boston Celtics , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 1 Conference Finals Defeated the 1st seeded Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 1 Regular - season series ( edit ) The Dallas Mavericks won both games in the regular season . November 27 , 2010 Recap Miami Heat 95 , Dallas Mavericks 106 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas December 20 , 2010 Recap Dallas Mavericks 98 , Miami Heat 96 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home team Result Road team Game 1 Tuesday , May 31 Miami Heat 92 -- 84 ( 1 -- 0 ) Dallas Mavericks Game 2 Thursday , June 2 Miami Heat 93 -- 95 ( 1 -- 1 ) Dallas Mavericks Game 3 Sunday , June 5 Dallas Mavericks 86 -- 88 ( 1 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 4 Tuesday , June 7 Dallas Mavericks 86 -- 83 ( 2 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 5 Thursday , June 9 Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 103 ( 3 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 6 Sunday , June 12 Miami Heat 95 -- 105 ( 2 -- 4 ) Dallas Mavericks All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) .", "6": "Game 1 ( edit ) ABC May 31 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 84 , Miami Heat 92 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 16 , 27 -- 27 , 17 -- 22 , 23 -- 27 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 27 Rebs : Shawn Marion 10 Asts : Jason Kidd 6 Pts : LeBron James 24 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 10 Asts : Dwyane Wade 6 Miami leads series , 1 -- 0 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Steve Javie , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy The Heat made only 28.6 percent of their shots during the first quarter , and this low scoring percentage early on left the Mavs with an 8 - point lead early into the 3rd quarter . The Heat changed course from this point on , outscoring the Mavs 22 -- 10 and taking a 65 -- 61 lead going into the 4th quarter . Mavs power forward Dirk Nowitzki injured his finger within the last four minutes of the game , but remained in play , wearing a splint to support the torn tendon . Despite having a below - average performance early in the game , Heat shooting guard Dwyane Wade and small forward LeBron James collaborated on both defensive and offensive ends of the court in the fourth quarter , leading the Heat to win Game 1 over the Mavs 92 -- 84 .", "7": "Game 2 ( edit ) ABC June 2 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 95 , Miami Heat 93 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 23 -- 23 , 20 -- 24 , 24 -- 18 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 24 Rebs : Dirk Nowitzki 11 Asts : Terry , Kidd 5 each Pts : Dwyane Wade 36 Rebs : James , Bosh 8 each Asts : Dwyane Wade 6 Series tied , 1 -- 1 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Joe Crawford , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer The Mavs ' 15 - point comeback was the biggest in an NBA Finals game since the 24 - point comeback the Celtics made against the Lakers in Game 4 of the 2008 NBA Finals . Dirk Nowitzki hit a 3 with 26.7 seconds left to give the Mavericks a 93 -- 90 lead . However , Mario Chalmers tied it with a 3 of his own with 24.5 seconds left when Jason Terry left him wide open . After Jason Kidd ran the clock down , Nowitzki then made a driving layup with his injured left hand with 3.6 seconds left . The Heat had no timeouts left , and Dwyane Wade 's potential game - winning 3 hit the back rim at the buzzer as he fell to the ground in an attempt to draw a foul on Nowitzki . The Mavs win broke the Heat 's 9 - game home winning streak in the playoffs , costing them a chance to tie the 1996 Bulls ' mark of 10 straight . This was the second straight Finals with a 1 -- 1 split after two games , after five straight years with one team leading 2 -- 0 ( 2005 -- 09 ) .", "8": "Game 3 ( edit ) ABC June 5 8 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 88 , Dallas Mavericks 86 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 22 , 18 -- 20 , 20 -- 22 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Dwyane Wade 29 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 11 Asts : LeBron James 9 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 34 Rebs : Chandler , Nowitzki 11 each Asts : Jason Kidd 10 Miami leads series , 2 -- 1 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,340 Referees : Danny Crawford , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford The Heat led most of the game , but the Mavericks fought back from a 14 - point deficit . With 39.6 seconds left in the 4th , LeBron James found Chris Bosh for a 20 - foot baseline jumper ; Dirk Nowitzki had a chance to force OT , but missed a well - defended fadeaway jumper at the buzzer as the Heat handed Dallas another defeat to go up 2 -- 1 in the series . It was Miami 's 6th win in its last 7 NBA Finals games , 4 by 3 points or less . Game 4 ( edit ) ABC June 7 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 83 , Dallas Mavericks 86 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 26 -- 24 , 22 -- 20 , 14 -- 21 Pts : Dwyane Wade 32 Rebs : LeBron James 9 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 21 Rebs : Tyson Chandler 16 Asts : José Juan Barea 4 Series tied , 2 -- 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,430 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Greg Willard Game 4 was a back - and - forth affair , with 12 lead changes and 15 ties . Miami went up 74 -- 65 early in the fourth quarter on a baseline jumpshot by Udonis Haslem , tallying their largest lead of the game .", "9": "After a timeout , Dallas answered with 4 straight points by Jason Terry , similar to the 6 straight he scored with Dallas down 15 halfway through the fourth quarter of Game 2 . Dallas would take their first lead of the fourth quarter with 5 : 15 left on a fastbreak layup by Terry . They held the lead for the rest of the game , although Miami cut the lead to 1 twice in the final minute . Up 82 -- 81 with 20 seconds left after Wade missed 1 of 2 free throws , Dirk Nowitzki hit a driving layup with 14.4 seconds left to extend the lead to 3 . After a dunk by Wade with 9 seconds left , 2 free throws by Terry pushed the lead back up to 3 . With a chance to tie the game with a 3 , Wade fumbled the inbounds pass with 6.7 seconds left , only to make a diving save to prevent a backcourt violation . The ball landed in Mike Miller 's hands , whose desperation 3 airballed at the buzzer , preserving Dallas 's 86 -- 83 win . LeBron James scored just eight total points in Game 4 . Game 5 ( edit ) ABC June 9 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 103 , Dallas Mavericks 112 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 30 , 26 -- 30 , 22 -- 24 , 24 -- 28 Pts : Dwyane Wade 23 Rebs : James , Bosh 10 each Asts : LeBron James 10 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 29 Rebs : Tyson Chandler 7 Asts : Kidd , Terry 6 each Dallas leads series , 3 -- 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,433 Referees : Joe Crawford , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy After four low - scoring games , Game 5 saw the first time either team would break 100 points in this series . Dallas connected 13 times out of their 19 tries from three - point range . Jason Terry , Jason Kidd , and J.J. Barea combined to make 10 of those 13 made threes .", "10": "Late in the first quarter , Dwyane Wade ran into Brian Cardinal and had to go to the locker room with a hip injury ; he eventually returned and hit a 3 to cap a 9 -- 0 run that put Miami in front 99 -- 95 with less than 5 minutes left in the game . Unhappy with Terry for missing a defensive assignment and setting a poor cross-screen , Mavs coach Rick Carlisle pulled Terry from the game , telling him , `` Refocus . I 'm putting you right back in . '' After less than a minute , Carlisle subbed in Terry and made the crucial decision to run the offense through him for the rest of the game . This move ignited Dallas ' offense , leading them on a game - winning 15 -- 3 run in which Terry scored or assisted on 11 points . With Miami leading 100 -- 97 , Terry passed to Dirk Nowitzki , who drew a double team and then kicked it back out to Terry for a game - tying 3 . Nowitzki then drove baseline on Chris Bosh for a two - handed dunk ( assisted by Terry ) with 2 : 44 left in the game to give the Mavs a 102 -- 100 lead they would not relinquish . After LeBron James was called for an offensive foul ( Tyson Chandler drew the charge ) , Terry found Kidd for another wide - open 3 that gave the Mavs a 105 -- 100 lead with 1 : 26 left . After Chandler blocked Dwyane Wade with 1 : 04 left , Chris Bosh made 1 of 2 free throws to cut the Mavs ' lead to 105 -- 101 . On the Mavs ' next possession , Terry knocked down a 28 - foot 3 with LeBron James closely guarding him to give the Mavs an insurmountable 108 -- 101 lead with 33.3 seconds left . The Mavericks won 112 -- 103 and grabbed a 3 -- 2 series lead going back to Miami .", "11": "Game 6 ( edit ) ABC June 12 8 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 105 , Miami Heat 95 Scoring by quarter : 32 -- 27 , 21 -- 24 , 28 -- 21 , 24 -- 23 Pts : Jason Terry 27 Rebs : Dirk Nowitzki 11 Asts : Jason Kidd 8 Pts : LeBron James 21 Rebs : Udonis Haslem 9 Asts : Mario Chalmers 7 Dallas wins NBA Finals , 4 -- 2 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Steve Javie , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Lebron James made his first four shots to contribute to the Heat taking a 20 -- 11 lead . The Mavericks went to a zone defense that perplexed Miami and Dallas went on a 21 -- 4 run in a span of 5 1⁄2 minutes . They made 9 of 12 shots during this stretch with DeShawn Stevenson making two 3 's in a 24 - second duration to give Dallas a 40 -- 28 lead with 9 : 42 left in the first half . Dallas turned Miami 's first six turnovers into 14 points . The Heat then went on a 14 -- 0 run to take a 42 -- 40 lead . With 6 : 25 left in the half , Stevenson along with Udonis Haslem and Mario Chalmers received technical fouls after a scuffle occurred at midcourt during a timeout . In the second half , James did not score until making a layup with 1 : 49 remaining in the third . The Mavericks led by nine going into the 4th quarter after Ian Mahinmi hit a buzzer beater to give Dallas an 81 -- 72 lead . The Mavericks took a 12 - point lead with 8 : 12 remaining . With 2 : 27 left , Nowitzki made a jump shot to help build the Mavericks ' lead to 99 -- 89 . The Mavericks , who led for the final 22 minutes in the game , won their first championship in franchise history . Nowitzki was named Finals MVP .", "12": "He had a poor shooting performance in the first half but managed to score 18 points in the second half . When the final buzzer sounded , an emotional Nowitzki went straight to the locker room in tears , although he re-emerged for the trophy presentation . Statistical leaders ( edit ) High Average Player Team Total Player Team Avg . Games played Points Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 36 Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 26.5 6 Rebounds Tyson Chandler Dallas Mavericks 16 Dirk Nowitzki Dallas Mavericks 9.7 6 Assists Jason Kidd LeBron James Dallas Mavericks Miami Heat 10 LeBron James Miami Heat 6.8 6 Steals Mike Bibby LeBron James Miami Heat Miami Heat LeBron James Miami Heat 1.7 6 Blocks Joel Anthony Brendan Haywood Tyson Chandler Dirk Nowitzki Miami Heat Dallas Mavericks Dallas Mavericks Dallas Mavericks Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 1.5 6 Rosters ( edit ) Dallas Mavericks ( edit ) 2010 -- 11 Dallas Mavericks roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 PUR ! Barea , J.J. 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1984 -- 06 -- 26 Northeastern 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 FRA ! Beaubois , Rodrigue ( IN ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1988 -- 02 -- 24 France 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 USA !", "13": "Brewer , Corey 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1986 -- 03 -- 05 Florida 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 USA ! Butler , Caron ( IN ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 13 Connecticut 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 USA ! Cardinal , Brian 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1977 -- 05 -- 02 Purdue 6.0 ! C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 USA ! Chandler , Tyson 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1982 -- 10 -- 02 Dominguez HS ( California ) 6.0 ! C 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 USA ! Haywood , Brendan 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 263 lb ( 119 kg ) 1979 -- 11 -- 27 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 USA ! Jones , Dominique ( IN ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1988 -- 10 -- 15 South Florida 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 USA !", "14": "Kidd , Jason ( C ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1973 -- 03 -- 23 California 6.0 ! C 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 FRA ! Mahinmi , Ian 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1986 -- 11 -- 05 France 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 USA ! Marion , Shawn 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 07 UNLV 4.0 ! F 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 GER ! Nowitzki , Dirk ( C ) 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1978 -- 06 -- 19 Germany 1.5 ! G 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 USA ! Stevenson , DeShawn 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1981 -- 04 -- 03 Washington Union HS ( California ) 4.0 ! F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 SRB ! Stojaković , Peja 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 229 lb ( 104 kg ) 1977 -- 06 -- 09 Serbia 1.5 ! G 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 USA !", "15": "Terry , Jason 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1977 -- 09 -- 15 Arizona Head coach Rick Carlisle ( Virginia ) Assistant coach ( es ) Terry Stotts ( Oklahoma ) Dwane Casey ( Kentucky ) Darrell Armstrong ( Fayetteville State ) Monte Mathis ( Toledo ) Robert Hackett ( Wisconsin ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Miami Heat ( edit ) 2010 -- 11 Miami Heat roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 CAN ! Anthony , Joel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1982 -- 08 -- 09 UNLV 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 USA ! Bibby , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 13 Arizona 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 USA ! Bosh , Chris 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1984 -- 03 -- 24 Georgia Tech 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 USA ! Chalmers , Mario 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 19 Kansas 6.0 !", "16": "C 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 USA ! Dampier , Erick ( IN ) 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1975 -- 07 -- 14 Mississippi State 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 USA ! Haslem , Udonis 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 09 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 USA ! House , Eddie 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 178 lb ( 81 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 14 Arizona State 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 USA ! Howard , Juwan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1973 -- 02 -- 07 Michigan 6.0 ! C 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Lithuania ! Ilgauskas , Žydrūnas 7000220980000000000 ♠ 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 05 Lithuania 4.0 ! F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 USA ! James , LeBron 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 - 12 - 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School ( Ohio ) 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 USA !", "17": "Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 CAN ! Magloire , Jamaal ( IN ) 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 21 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 USA ! Miller , Mike 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 19 Florida 6.0 ! C 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 USA ! Pittman , Dexter ( IN ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 02 Texas 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 USA !", "18": "Wade , Dwyane ( C ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1982 -- 01 -- 17 Marquette Head coach Erik Spoelstra ( Portland ) Assistant coach ( es ) Bob McAdoo ( North Carolina ) Keith Askins ( Alabama ) Ron Rothstein ( Rhode Island ) David Fizdale ( San Diego ) Chad Kammerer ( Westmont ) Octavio De La Grana ( Liberty ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Dallas Mavericks Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barea , José Juan José Juan Barea 6 21.4 . 382 . 333 . 714 2.2 3.2 0.5 0.0 8.8 Cardinal , Brian Brian Cardinal 5 0 6.1 . 667 . 667 . 500 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.4 Chandler , Tyson Tyson Chandler 6 6 37.3 . 594 . 000 . 625 8.8 0.7 1.2 1.2 9.7 Haywood , Brendan Brendan Haywood 0 8.5 . 333 . 000 .", "19": "500 2.3 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 6 6 37.4 . 389 . 429 . 750 4.5 6.3 1.2 0.8 7.7 Mahinmi , Ian Ian Mahinmi 0 9.0 . 600 . 000 . 600 1.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.0 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 6 6 35.8 . 479 . 000 . 824 6.3 2.3 0.8 0.7 13.7 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki 6 6 40.4 . 416 . 368 . 978 9.7 2.0 0.7 0.7 26.0 Stevenson , DeShawn DeShawn Stevenson 6 17.2 . 542 . 565 . 750 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.2 7.0 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković 0 6.4 . 200 . 000 . 000 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Terry , Jason Jason Terry 6 0 32.6 . 494 . 393 . 750 2.0 3.2 1.3 0.0 18.0 Miami Heat Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Anthony , Joel Joel Anthony 6 6 20.6 . 286 . 000 .", "20": "000 3.5 0.3 0.2 1.2 1.3 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby 5 5 17.4 . 350 . 294 . 000 1.4 1.0 1.4 0.2 3.8 Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh 6 6 39.4 . 413 . 000 . 778 7.3 1.0 0.2 0.5 18.5 Chalmers , Mario Mario Chalmers 6 28.9 . 426 . 400 . 739 2.7 3.5 1.7 0.0 11.8 Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem 6 0 29.4 . 450 . 000 . 800 5.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 6.7 House , Eddie Eddie House 0 12.3 . 333 . 375 . 000 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 4.5 Howard , Juwan Juwan Howard 5 0 5.9 . 600 . 000 . 500 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 James , LeBron LeBron James 6 6 43.6 . 478 . 321 . 600 7.2 6.8 1.7 0.5 17.8 Miller , Mike Mike Miller 6 0 15.6 . 304 . 389 . 000 2.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 3.5 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade 6 6 39.0 . 546 . 304 .", "21": "694 7.0 5.2 1.5 1.5 26.5 Broadcast notes ( edit ) The Finals were originally projected to begin on Thursday , June 9 , but ( along with the entire NBA schedule ) were pushed up ahead one week to Thursday , June 2 due to negotiations on an impending league - wide lockout at the end of the season . They were again pushed ahead to a start date of May 31 as both conference finals series ended in five games . This series marked the first time since 2002 ( or the last game of the NBA 's coverage on NBC ) that the NBA Finals ended before the NHL 's Stanley Cup Finals . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 9.0 15 15.171 9.3 16 15.522 9.1 15 15.338 9.6 16 16.126 5 10.8 19 18.318 6 13.3 22 23.880 The Finals were televised in the United States through ABC , with Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy as announcers . Doris Burke was the sideline reporter , while Stuart Scott hosted the championship presentation . Scott also hosted the pre-game and halftime shows along with Jon Barry , Michael Wilbon and Magic Johnson . ESPN Radio aired the Finals nationally on radio , with Mike Tirico , Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay announcing . Aftermath ( edit ) This was Dallas - Fort Worth 's first sports championship since the Stars won the 1999 Stanley Cup against the Buffalo Sabres in six games , and remains the metro area 's most recent sports title as of 2018 . Weeks after the NBA Finals ended , the league went to a lockout after the expiration of the previous collective bargaining agreement on July 1 . The lockout would last until December 8 , after which the league played an abbreviated 66 - game season beginning on Christmas Day . On Opening Day , the Heat beat the Mavericks 105 -- 94 in Dallas , on the afternoon the Mavericks raised their championship banner .", "22": "Dallas fielded a virtually different team from the previous year , letting free agents Tyson Chandler , JJ Barea , Caron Butler and DeShawn Stevenson go . The Mavericks struggled with their makeshift lineup , which included Lamar Odom and Vince Carter , finishing with 36 wins . The seventh - seeded Mavericks were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Oklahoma City Thunder , who went on to make the 2012 NBA Finals . The Heat would maintain the momentum of their opening day win , starting the season with five straight wins , before finishing second in the Eastern Conference behind the Chicago Bulls with 46 wins . The Heat returned to the Finals by beating the New York Knicks , Indiana Pacers and Boston Celtics in five , six , and seven games respectively . After losing Game 1 to the Thunder , the Heat would win four straight games to capture their second NBA championship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gutty performance earns Nowitzki Finals MVP honors '' . National Basketball Association . June 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` NBA Finals : Dirk Nowitzki and the Dallas Mavericks complete stunning run to the championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Ziller ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` NBA Finals 2011 Odds : Heat Heavy Favorites Over Mavericks '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharper , Drew ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 NBA Finals Odds To Win : Heat Favored Over Mavericks '' . TheSpread.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game 3 ? The Heat Is on ! '' . NBA . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ; Kaplan , Jake ; Zillgitt , Jeff ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 NBA Finals a rematch of 2006 won by the Miami Heat '' .", "23": "USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Welcome to center of sports world '' . ESPN Dallas . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Dirk Nowitzki : Finger ' not that sore ' '' . ESPN Dallas . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Opportunistic Heat take Game 1 as Mavericks struggle to find rhythm '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks ' duo pull off the incredible '' . ESPNDallas.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki , Mavericks rally in fourth quarter to even Finals at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki 's late charge comes one shot short as Heat take 2 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com wires . ESPN . June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki fights off fever to rally Mavs past Heat , even Finals at 2 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jason Terry backs up his big talk '' . ESPNDallas.com . Jump up ^ `` Dallas pulls away in 4th quarter , takes 3 -- 2 lead in Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks finish off Heat 4 -- 2 as Dallas wins its first NBA title '' . USA Today .", "24": "Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Dallas Mavericks take their talents to South Beach , leave with NBA championship , 105 -- 95 , over Miami '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks Defeat Heat for First Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Mavericks win NBA title '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karpuk , Brian ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Will There Be An NBA Lockout in 2011 ? '' . Newsburglar . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Dominate Primetime Week '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the 2011 NBA Finals 2011 NBA Finals at ESPN 2011 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.", "25": "com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Dallas Mavericks 2010 - 11 NBA champions 0 Marion 2 Kidd 3 Beaubois 4 Butler 6 Chandler 11 Barea 13 Brewer 16 Stojaković 20 Jones 28 Mahinmi 31 Terry 33 Haywood 35 Cardinal 41 Nowitzki ( Finals MVP ) 92 Stevenson Head coach Carlisle Assistant coaches Armstrong Casey Grgurich Hackett Mathis Stotts Regular season Playoffs Dallas Mavericks Founded in 1980 Based in Dallas , Texas Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Draft history Expansion Draft Head coaches Current season Arenas Reunion Arena Moody Coliseum American Airlines Center General managers Norm Sonju Keith Grant Frank Zaccanelli Nelson Sr . Nelson Jr .", "26": "G League affiliates Fort Worth Flyers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Texas Legends Retired numbers 12 15 22 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2011 Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 2006 2011 Division Championships ( 3 ) 2007 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Don Carter Mark Cuban Nellie Ball Moody Madness German Wunderkind `` Eminence Front '' Media TV KTXA Fox Sports Southwest Radio KESN - FM KFLC - AM Announcers Mark Followill Derek Harper Chuck Cooperstein Brad Davis Victor Villalba Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami ,", "27": "Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis 2010 -- 11 NBA season by team 2010 NBA Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston New Jersey New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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''", "30": "`` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_NBA_Finals&oldid=833893078 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals 2010 -- 11 NBA season Dallas Mavericks games Miami Heat games 2011 in sports in Florida 2011 in sports in Texas 2010s in Dallas 2010s in Miami May 2011 sports events June 2011 sports events Sports competitions in Dallas Sports competitions in Miami Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Македонски Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8179137917755764249	who is the actor that plays sneaky pete	[ "Giovanni Ribisi", "Giovanni Ribisi", "Giovanni Ribisi", "Giovanni Ribisi", "Giovanni Ribisi" ]	{ "0": "Sneaky Pete - wikipedia Sneaky Pete Jump to : navigation , search Sneaky Pete Genre Crime drama Created by David Shore Bryan Cranston Starring Giovanni Ribisi Marin Ireland Shane McRae Libe Barer Michael Drayer Peter Gerety Margo Martindale Jane Adams Opening theme `` Harder Out Here '' by The Bright Light Social Hour Composer ( s ) Nathan Barr Stephen Lukach Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Graham Yost Michael Dinner Fred Golan Bryan Cranston Seth Gordon James Degus David Shore ( Pilot ) Erin Gunn ( Pilot ) Producer ( s ) Sal Calleros Margo Myers Massey Mary Rohlich ( Pilot ) Cinematography Rene Ohashi David Hennings ( Pilot ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions Nemo Films Moonshot Entertainment Exhibit A Sony Pictures Television Amazon Studios Release Original network Amazon Video Original release August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) -- present Sneaky Pete is an American crime drama series created by David Shore and Bryan Cranston . The series follows Marius Josipović ( Giovanni Ribisi ) , a released convict who adopts the identity of his cell mate , Pete Murphy , in order to avoid his past life . The series also stars Marin Ireland , Shane McRae , Libe Barer , Michael Drayer , Peter Gerety , and Margo Martindale . The pilot debuted on August 7 , 2015 , and was followed by a full series order that September . Shore left the project in early 2016 and was replaced by Graham Yost , who served as executive producer and showrunner for the remaining nine episodes . The first season premiered in its entirety on January 13 , 2017 , exclusively on Amazon Video . On January 19 , 2017 , Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season , which was released on March 9 , 2018 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 5 Reception 5.1 Critical 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Sneaky Pete follows `` Marius , a con man who gets out of prison only to find himself hunted by the vicious gangster he once robbed . With nowhere else to turn , Marius takes cover from his past by assuming the identity of his cellmate , Pete , and then `` reunites '' with Pete 's estranged family -- who have no reason to suspect he 's not their long - lost loved one . '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Giovanni Ribisi as Marius Josipović / Pete Murphy Marin Ireland as Julia Bowman Shane McRae as Taylor Bowman Libe Barer as Carly Bowman Michael Drayer as Eddie Josipović ( season 1 ) Peter Gerety as Otto Bernhardt Margo Martindale as Audrey Bernhardt Jane Adams as Maggie Murphy ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Bryan Cranston as Vince Lonigan Victor Williams as Richard Karolina Wydra as Karolina Jacob Pitts as Lance Lord Michael O'Keefe as Detective Winslow Virginia Kull as Katie Boyd Alison Wright as Marjorie Mike Houston as Dennis Brad William Henke as Brendon Boyd Jeté Laurence as Ellen Justine Cotsonas as Shannon Kevin Chapman as Bo Lockley Jay O. Sanders as Sam Chaske Spencer as Chayton Dockery René Ifrah as Wali Jasmine Carmichael as Gina Pej Vahdat as Raj Kumar Mukherjee Max Darwin as Tate Jeffrey De Serrano as Ayawamat Malcolm - Jamal Warner as James Bagwell C.S.", "2": "Lee as Joseph Lee Ben Vereen as Porter Domenick Lombardozzi as Abraham Persikof Debra Monk as Connie Persikof Ethan Embry as the real Pete Murphy Jennifer Ferrin as Joyce Roby ( season 2 ) Miriam Morales as Teacher ( season 2 ) John Ales as Luka Delchev ( season 2 ) Sara Tomko as Suzanne ( season 2 ) Chris Ashworth as Miro ( season 2 ) Justine Lupe as Hannah ( season 2 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Rory Culkin as Gavin Wayne Duvall as Charles McGregor Steve Wiebe as Stephen Davidson Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Seth Gordon Story by : David Shore & Bryan Cranston Teleplay by : David Shore August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) `` Safe '' Michael Dinner Graham Yost January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) `` Mr.", "3": "Success '' Michael Pressman Fred Golan January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) `` The Fury '' Craig Zisk Benjamin Cavell January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 5 5 `` Sam '' Sarah Pia Anderson Graham Yost January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 6 6 `` Coyote Is Always Hungry '' Adam Arkin Jennifer Kennedy January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 7 7 `` Lieutenant Bernhardt '' Laura Innes Sal Calleros January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 8 8 `` The Roll Over '' Bryan Cranston Ian MacDonald January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 9 9 `` The Turn '' Rosemary Rodriguez Benjamin Cavell January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 10 `` The Longest Day '' Michael Dinner Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Fred Golan January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.", "4": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Sinister Hotel Room Mystery '' Adam Arkin Graham Yost March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 12 `` Inside Out '' Giovanni Ribisi Fred Golan March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 13 `` Man on the Run '' Ami Canaan Mann Ingrid Escajeda March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 14 `` Maggie '' Cherie Nowlan Jennifer Kennedy March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 15 5 `` The Tower '' Jon Avnet Sal Calleros March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 16 6 `` 11 Million Reasons You Ca n't Go Home Again '' Laura Innes Ian MacDonald March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 17 7 `` The Reluctant Taxidermist '' Helen Shaver Adam Reid & Max Reid March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 18 8 `` Marius Josipovic '' Adam Bernstein Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Ingrid Escajeda March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 19 9 `` Buffalo Soldiers '' Denise Di Novi Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Sal Calleros March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 20 10 `` Switch '' Michael Dinner Graham Yost & Fred Golan March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Promotional poster . In November 2014 , CBS gave a production commitment to Sneaky Pete . A formal pilot for the show was shot in New York in March 2015 .", "5": "On May 8 , CBS decided to pass on the pilot , while also canceling David Shore 's other series on the network , Battle Creek . Just two days later , it was reported that the pilot might be moving to cable networks , with many expressing interest . In June , it was reported that Amazon was in negotiations to pick up the pilot , with some tweaking and possible minor reshoots before being made available to the viewers . The pilot was released on Amazon on August 7 , 2015 and was ordered to series on September 2 , 2015 . In March 2016 , it was announced that Shore would be leaving the project , and would be replaced by Graham Yost , who would be taking over as executive producer and showrunner . Start of production of the full series was pushed back to allow for the transition . Episode 2 and the remainder of the first season premiered on January 13 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The first season of Sneaky Pete received very positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 100 % ' Certified Fresh ' rating based on 22 critic reviews , with the critical consensus `` Suspenseful , smart , and terrifically cast , Sneaky Pete is part dramedy , part crime caper , and all in all entertaining . '' Metacritic gave the first season a 78 out of 100 score based on 21 critic reviews , indicating ' generally favorable reviews ' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Margo Martindale Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane . `` Bryan Cranston 's ' Sneaky Pete ' Gets Series Order at Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' Amazon Series : Graham Yost Named New Showrunner '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) .", "6": "`` ' Sneaky Pete ' Sets January Premiere Date On Amazon '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' : Bryan Cranston Drama Series Renewed For Season 2 By Amazon '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Sneaky Pete - Season 2 : Giovanni Ribisi , Marin Ireland , Shane McRae , Libe Barer , Peter Gerety , Margo Martindale , Graham Yost , Michael Dinner , Fred Golan , Bryan Cranston , Seth Gordon , James Degus '' . Amazon . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' : Jennifer Ferrin & Miriam Morales Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' : John Ales Set To Recur In Season 2 Of Amazon Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' : Sara Tomko , Chris Ashworth & Justine Lupe Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' Drama From Bryan Cranston & David Shore Gets Big CBS Commitment '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) . `` TV Pilot Locations 2015 : New York Slips , Los Angeles & Vancouver Rebound '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) .", "7": "`` ' Battle Creek ' Cancelled By CBS ; Network Passes On ' Sneaky Pete ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Bryan Cranston & David Shore Pilot ' Sneaky Pete ' Eyes Potential Cable Move '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Bryan Cranston & David Shore Pilot ' Sneaky Pete ' Nears Move To Amazon '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' Gets Amazon Series Order ; More Scripts For ' Casanova ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaky Pete : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaky Pete - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Bob Thornton Wins Golden Globe for Best Actor in Drama TV Series for ' Goliath ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . 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-99722774431057184	where is the arctic circle located on a world map	[ "most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth", "66°33′47.0″ north of the Equator" ]	{ "0": "Arctic Circle - wikipedia Arctic Circle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude . For other uses , see Arctic Circle ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Arctic , with the Arctic Circle in blue and the July 10 ° C mean isotherm in red The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone . As seen from the Arctic , the Sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) . This is also true in the Antarctic region , south of the equivalent Antarctic Circle . The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of 9 January 2018 , it runs 66 ° 33 ′ 47.0 '' north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000 - year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres ( 49 feet ) per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Midnight sun and polar night 3 Human habitation 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : `` near the Bear , northern '' ) and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : `` bear '' ) .", "1": "Midnight sun and Polar night ( edit ) Relationship of Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Further information : Midnight sun and Polar night The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty - four hours ; as a result , at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once it is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur , in principle , exactly once per year : at the June and December solstices , respectively . However , because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point , part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes ( ′ ) ( 90 km ( 56 mi ) ) south of the Arctic Circle ; similarly , on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the sun may be seen up to about 50 ′ north of the Arctic Circle . That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon . Human habitation ( edit ) Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red Further information : Arctic peoples Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate ; nonetheless , some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples , who today make up 10 % of the region 's population . Tens of thousands of years ago , waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle . Much later , in the historic period , there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants . The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway : Murmansk ( population 307,257 ) , Norilsk ( 175,365 ) , Tromsø ( 71,295 ) and Vorkuta ( 59,231 ) . Rovaniemi ( 61,329 ) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle , lying 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) south of the line .", "2": "In contrast , the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle , Sisimiut ( Greenland ) , has approximately 5,000 inhabitants . Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities , Barrow , Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants . Geography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The countries transcending the Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres ( 9,900 mi ) . The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km ( 7,700,000 sq mi ) and covers roughly 4 % of Earth 's surface . The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America and Greenland . The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries : Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) , Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ) . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Climate of the Arctic The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold , but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice - free all year long . In the interior , summers can be quite warm , while winters are extremely cold . For example , summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , while the winter temperatures frequently fall below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Sites along the Arctic Circle ( edit ) Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards , the Arctic Circle passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 66 ° 34 ′ N 000 ° 00 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 0.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Arctic Ocean Norwegian Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 48 ′ E / 66.", "3": "567 ° N 12.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 12.800 ( Nordland County , Norway ) Norway Nordland County 66 ° 34 ′ N 15 ° 31 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 15.517 ° E / 66.567 ; 15.517 ( Norrbotten County , Sweden ) Sweden Norrbotten County ( Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 23 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 23.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 23.850 ( Lapland Province , Finland ) Finland Lapland Region , crosses Rovaniemi Airport 66 ° 34 ′ N 29 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 29.467 ° E / 66.567 ; 29.467 ( Karelia , Russia ) Russia Republic of Karelia Murmansk Oblast -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 31 ° 36 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 31.600 ° E / 66.567 ; 31.600 ( Murmansk , Russia ) Republic of Karelia -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 32 ° 37 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 32.617 ° E / 66.567 ; 32.617 ( Karelia , Russia ) Murmansk Oblast ( Grand Island ) -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 10 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.167 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.167 ( Murmansk , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 25 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.417 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.417 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.467 ° E / 66.567 ;", "4": "34.467 ( Murmansk Oblast , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) -- for about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 34.633 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 35 ° 0 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 35.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 35.000 ( Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 40 ° 42 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 40.700 ° E / 66.567 ; 40.700 ( White Sea ) White Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 44.383 ° E / 66.567 ; 44.383 ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Nenets Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 50 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 50.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 50.850 ( Komi Republic , Russia ) Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 63 ° 48 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 63.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 63.800 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 71.083 ° E / 66.567 ; 71.083 ( Gulf of Ob ) Gulf of Ob 66 ° 34 ′ N 72 ° 27 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 72.450 ° E / 66.", "5": "567 ; 72.450 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Krasnoyarsk Krai -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 83 ° 3 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 83.050 ° E / 66.567 ; 83.050 ( Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia ) Sakha Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 106 ° 18 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 106.300 ° E / 66.567 ; 106.300 ( Sakha Republic , Russia ) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 158 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 158.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 158.633 ( Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 171 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 171.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 171.017 ( Chukchi Sea , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 164 ° 38 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 164.633 ° W / 66.567 ; - 164.633 ( Seward Peninsula , Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska ( Seward Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 163 ° 44 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 163.733 ° W / 66.567 ; - 163.733 ( Kotzebue Sound , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Kotzebue Sound 66 ° 34 ′ N 161 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 161.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 161.933 ( Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska -- passing through Selawik Lake 66 ° 34 ′ N 141 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 141.", "6": "000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 141.000 ( Yukon , Canada ) Canada Yukon Northwest Territories -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 133 ° 36 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 133.600 ° W / 66.567 ; - 133.600 ( Northwest Territories , Canada ) , passing through the Great Bear Lake Nunavut -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 115 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 115.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 115.933 ( Nunavut , Canada ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 82.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 82.983 ( Foxe Basin , Hudson Bay ) Canada Foxe Basin , Nunavut 66 ° 34 ′ N 73 ° 25 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 73.417 ° W / 66.567 ; - 73.417 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut , Canada ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Nettilling Lake 66 ° 30 ′ N 65 ° 29 ′ W / 66.500 ° N 65.483 ° W / 66.500 ; - 65.483 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Auyuittuq National Park ( sign location ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 61 ° 24 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 61.400 ° W / 66.567 ; - 61.400 ( Davis Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Davis Strait 66 ° 34 ′ N 53 ° 16 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 53.267 ° W / 66.567 ; - 53.267 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark ,", "7": "passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord 66 ° 34 ′ N 37 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 37.000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 37.000 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Schweizerland 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 9 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 34.150 ° W / 66.567 ; - 34.150 ( Denmark Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Denmark Strait Greenland Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 26 ° 18 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 26.300 ° W / 66.567 ; - 26.300 ( Greenland Sea ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 18 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 18.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 18.017 ( Grímsey , Iceland ) Iceland Island of Grímsey 66 ° 34 ′ N 17 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 17.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 17.983 ( Greenland Sea , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 32 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 12.533 ° W / 66.567 ; - 12.533 ( Norwegian Sea ) A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi , Finland Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66 ° 33 ′ 55 '' N 136 ° 18 ′ 26 '' W / 66.565325 ° N 136.307169 ° W / 66.565325 ; - 136.307169 A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway ,", "8": "Sweden See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Circumpolar circle Arctic Cooperation and Politics Territorial claims in the Arctic Arctic haze Scott Polar Research Institute Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obliquity of the Ecliptic ( Eps Mean ) '' . Neoprogrammics.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 : 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . Jump up ^ Henry Liddell , ( ( Robert Scott ( philogist ) ) ) . `` Arktikos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Henry Liddell , Robert Scott ( philogist ) . `` Arktos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Text `` ) ) '' ignored ( help ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Burn , Chris . The Polar Night ( PDF ) . The Aurora Research Institute . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Population '' . www.athropolis.com . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 18 November 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1 , 2 and 3 . Routledge . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1579584368 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ William M. Marsh ; Martin M. Kaufman ( 2012 ) . Physical Geography : Great Systems and Global Environments . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76428 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Circle . Look up arctic circle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "9": "Terra Incognita : Exploration of the Canadian Arctic -- Historical essay about early expeditions to the Canadian Arctic , illustrated with maps , photographs and drawings Temporal Epoch Calculations © 2006 by James Q. Jacobs Download : Epoch v2009. xls ( modify D4 ) Useful constants '' See : Obliquity of the ecliptic Arctic topics History Arctic research Exploration of the Arctic History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Geography Arctic Circle Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Arctic geography terminology Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic Nordicity North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Arctic sea ice decline ecology and history Climate change in the Arctic Climate of Alaska Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar climate Polar amplification Polar vortex Fauna Arctic fox Beluga whale Bowhead whale Lemming Muskox Narwhal Polar bear Reindeer Seal bearded harp hooded ribbon ringed Snowy owl Walrus Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra", "10": "Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Chukchi Chukotka Evenks Inuit Gwich'in Khanty Koryaks Nenets Northern indigenous Russian peoples Sami Selkup Yakuts Yukaghir Arctic Winter Games Tsagaan Sar ( New Year 's Day ) Economy Natural resources Petroleum exploration Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Protected areas Transportation Transport Arctic Bridge Arctic shipping routes Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Polar air route Transpolar Sea Route Search and rescue Portal WikiProject Circles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 °", "11": "30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Circle&oldid=819393963 '' Categories : Geography of the Arctic Lines of latitude Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations using unnamed parameters Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge", "12": "Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-488573928094288904	sequel to a christmas story it runs in the family	[ "My Summer Story", "My Summer Story" ]	{ "0": "My Summer Story - wikipedia My Summer Story Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with A Summer Story . My Summer Story Theatrical release poster ( under the original title , It Runs in the Family ) Directed by Bob Clark Produced by Rene Dupont Screenplay by Jean Shepherd Leigh Brown Bob Clark Based on In God We Trust , All Others Pay Cash and Wanda Hickey 's Night of Golden Memories and Other Disasters by Jean Shepherd Starring Charles Grodin Kieran Culkin Mary Steenburgen Narrated by Jean Shepherd Music by Paul Zaza Cinematography Stephen M. Katz Edited by Stan Cole Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date September 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 23 ) Running time 85 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $70,936 My Summer Story , originally released in theaters as It Runs in the Family , is a 1994 film that follows the further adventures of the Parker family from A Christmas Story . Like the previous film , it is based on semi-autobiographical stories by Jean Shepherd , primarily from his book In God We Trust , All Others Pay Cash . The opening of the film makes direct reference to the events of A Christmas Story , and the ending narration strongly parallels it . However , because the cast of the original film had aged to the point where they no longer fit their roles , it was entirely recast , with the exception of Tedde Moore , who returns as Ralphie 's teacher , Miss Shields . Charles Grodin stars as the Old Man ( Mr. Parker ) , Mary Steenburgen plays Mrs. Parker , and Kieran Culkin plays Ralphie . Shepherd provides the narration , just as he had done for A Christmas Story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Related works 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film takes place in the summer of 1941 , after the events of A Christmas Story , which took place in December 1940 .", "1": "It has several plot lines , one each for Ralphie , his father , and his mother , followed by one involving him and his dad on a fishing trip . His quest for most of the film is to find a top tough enough to knock that of a bully 's out of a chalk circle in a game of `` Kill '' . Meanwhile , his dad has a series of skirmishes with his hillbilly neighbors , the Bumpuses , and all forty - three Bloodhounds named Big Red . He calls in Barkley , the family dog , to distract the Bumpuses ' hounds when he comes home from work . When he gets out of the car , he accidentally steps in dog poop . Ralphie 's mom would like to finally get something other than a Ronald Colman gravy boat on dish night at the local cinema . Scut , the main bully , is demoted , with a new head bully ruling over him . Ralphie does eventually get a top just as powerful as the bully 's . They both end up disappearing into the sewer , never to be seen again . Cast ( edit ) Charles Grodin as Mr. Parker , the Old Man Mary Steenburgen as Mrs. Parker Kieran Culkin as Ralphie Parker Christian Culkin as Randy Parker Whit Hertford as Lug Chris Owen as Scut Farkus Geoffrey Wigdor as Flick David Zahorsky as Schwartz Tedde Moore as Miss Shields T.J. McInturff as Grover Dill Reception ( edit ) Mixed reviews have appeared about the film . Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+ , noting that the film `` improves on A Christmas Story , with better pacing and better defined characters , but found Shepherd 's narration to be `` oh - so - drolly exaggerated -- and therefore condescending '' . Robert Butler at the Kansas City Star called it `` a sequel worth seeing '' which revisits the humor of the original . Upon the release of the film on DVD in 2006 , DVDtalk wrote `` if you squint just right , My Summer Story is actually reasonably good '' , while criticizing the casting , but praising Shepherd 's narration as `` easily the film 's saving grace '' .", "2": "Christopher Null at MovieCritic.com referred to the film as a `` lackluster sequel '' with `` little of the same charm '' as A Christmas Story , and `` not funny , really '' . A 2011 summary of best and worst movies filmed in Cleveland called the film a `` dog '' , which `` features none of the original cast -- and none of the original heart '' . Released in very few theaters , the film grossed under $71,000 . Related works ( edit ) PBS also made a series of TV movies prior to the theatrical film , based on the Parker family for American Playhouse , including Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss , The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters , and The Phantom of the Open Hearth . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` It Runs In The Family ( 1994 ) '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Jump up ^ Weiner Campbell , Caren ( July 14 , 1995 ) . `` Video Review My Summer Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Butler , Robert W. ( August 21 , 1995 ) . `` A sequel worth seeing - My Summer Story revisits hilarity of 1982 's A Christmas Story '' . Kansas City Star pg . D1 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Galbraith IV , Stuart ( August 3 , 2006 ) . `` My Summer Story ( aka It Runs in the Family '' DVDTalk.com . August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Null , Christopher ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` It Runs in the Family '' . MovieCritic.com , AMC . Jump up ^ Campanelli , John ( January 15 , 2011 ) . `` Cleveland 's best , worst movies over the years '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . New York : Plume / Penguin , 2008 , p. 696 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) It Runs in the Family on IMDb My Summer Story at Rotten Tomatoes Beyond a Christmas Story A Christmas Story Films A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family ( 1994 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Related works In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash A Christmas Story : The Musical A Christmas Story Live !", "4": "Related articles Jean Shepherd A Christmas Story House Red Ryder BB Gun Films directed by Bob Clark The Emperor 's New Clothes ( 1966 ) She - Man ( 1967 ) Children Should n't Play with Dead Things ( 1972 ) Deathdream ( 1972 ) Black Christmas ( 1974 ) Breaking Point ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Tribute ( 1980 ) Porky 's ( 1982 ) Porky 's II : The Next Day ( 1983 ) A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Turk 182 ( 1985 ) From the Hip ( 1987 ) Loose Cannons ( 1990 ) My Summer Story ( 1994 ) I 'll Remember April ( 1999 ) Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) Now & Forever ( 2002 ) The Karate Dog ( 2004 ) Superbabies : Baby Geniuses 2 ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Summer_Story&oldid=817198790 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films American sequel films Films scored by Paul Zaza Films about families Films directed by Bob Clark Films set in 1944 Films set in Indiana Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Ohio Films based on works by Jean Shepherd Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films based on multiple works Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-194799562820656921	what does watch your p's and q's	[ "\"mind your manners\", \"mind your language\", \"be on your best behaviour\" or similar" ]	{ "0": "Mind your Ps and Qs - wikipedia Mind your Ps and Qs Jump to : navigation , search `` Ps and Qs '' redirects here . For the song , see P 's and Q 's ( song ) . Look up mind one 's ps and qs in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mind your Ps and Qs is an English expression meaning `` mind your manners '' , `` mind your language '' , `` be on your best behaviour '' or similar . Attempts at explaining the origin of the phrase go back to the mid-19th century . One explanation favoured in a letter to the editors of Notes and Queries dated 1851 , as well as by the Oxford English Dictionary upon their revision of the relevant entry in 2007 , is literal interpretation of the saying , concerning the distinction of the lowercase letters p and q in the context of the school - room or the printing - office . As noted by W.D. Henkle in Educational Notes and Queries in 1876 , in this case the proper spelling of the phrase should be `` note your p 's and q 's '' , because the distinction of majuscule P and Q does not pose a problem . Nevertheless , a number of alternative explanations have been considered as more or less plausible . Another explanation suggests that `` Ps and Qs '' is short for `` pleases '' and `` thank - yous '' , the latter of which contains a sound similar to the pronunciation of the name of the letter `` Q '' . Another proposed origin is from the English pubs and taverns of the 17th century . Bartenders would keep a watch on the alcohol consumption of the patrons ; keeping an eye on the pints and quarts that were consumed . As a reminder to the patrons , the bartender would recommend they `` mind their Ps and Qs '' . This may also have been a reminder to bartenders not to confuse the two units , written as `` p '' and `` q '' on the tally slate . Other origin stories , some considered `` fanciful '' , could come from French instructions to mind one 's pieds ( feet ) and queues ( wigs ) while dancing . However , there is no French translation for this expression . Another origin could be from sailors in the 18th century who were reminded to pay attention to their peas ( pea coat ) and queues ( pony tail ) .", "1": "Another proposal concerns the use of Norman French in medieval England ; as the English dialect of the 11th century had no qs , one must watch their usage in court or discourse with the French Norman conquerors . Quinion cites an apparently related expression of pee and kew for `` highest quality '' used in 17th - century English . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Notes and Queries 4 ( 1851 ) , p. 11 . `` Investigations by the Oxford English Dictionary in 2007 when revising the entry turned up early examples of the use of Ps and Qs to mean learning the alphabet . The first is in a poem by Charles Churchill , published in 1763 : `` On all occasions next the chair / He stands for service of the Mayor , / And to instruct him how to use / His A 's and B 's , and P 's and Q 's . '' The conclusion must be that this is the true origin . '' Quinion , Michael . `` Mind Your Ps and Qs '' 1996 . http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/psandqs.htm ( accessed : February 09 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Educational Notes and Queries 2 ( 1876 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Evins , Karlen . `` I Did n't Know That '' New York : Scribner , 2007 , ... 78 . ^ Jump up to : Quinion , Michael . `` Mind Your Ps and Qs '' 1996 . http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/psandqs.htm ( accessed : February 09 , 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Gary . `` Mind Your Ps and Qs '' 1996 . http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/248000.html ( accessed : February 09 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Crystal , David . `` The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language '' pg. 30 - 31 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Oxford English Dictionary has a citation from Rowlands ' Knave of Harts of 1612 : `` Bring in a quart of Maligo , right true : And looke , you Rogue , that it be Pee and Kew . ''", "2": "Nobody is really sure what either P or Q stood for . To say they 're the initials of `` Prime Quality '' seems to be folk etymology , because surely that would make `` PQ '' rather than `` P and Q '' . External links ( edit ) Quinn , Polly . `` Where did the saying ' mind your Ps and Qs ' come from ? '' ( ask.yahoo.com ) 2003 . Martin , Gary . `` Mind Your Ps and Qs '' 1996 . ( aphrases.org.uk ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_your_Ps_and_Qs&oldid=818623434 '' Categories : English - language idioms English phrases Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4649146182478016322	when did virgin australia (formerly virgin blue) commence flying in australia	[ "November 1999", "November 1999", "November 1999", "November 1999" ]	{ "0": "Virgin Australia - Wikipedia Virgin Australia Jump to : navigation , search For the holding company that owns Virgin Australia , see Virgin Australia Holdings . Virgin Australia IATA ICAO Callsign VA VOZ VELOCITY Founded 1999 ( as Virgin Blue ) Commenced operations 31 August 2000 Hubs Auckland Airport Brisbane Airport Melbourne Airport Sydney Airport Focus cities Adelaide Airport Gold Coast Airport Perth Airport Frequent - flyer program Velocity Frequent Flyer Fleet size 116 Destinations 52 Company slogan Here 's to looking up Parent company Virgin Australia Holdings Headquarters Bowen Hills , Brisbane Key people John Borghetti ( CEO ) Richard Branson ( co-founder ) Brett Godfrey ( co-founder and former CEO ) Revenue A $4.7 billion ( 2015 ) Operating income A - $49 million ( 2015 ) Total assets A $5.8 billion ( 2015 ) Total equity A $1 billion ( 2015 ) Website virginaustralia.com Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd , formerly Virgin Blue Airlines , is Australia 's second - largest airline after Qantas and it is the largest airline by fleet size to use the ' Virgin ' brand . Now based in Bowen Hills , Brisbane , the airline was co-founded by British businessman Richard Branson , the founder of parent Virgin Group and former Virgin Blue CEO Brett Godfrey . It was established in November 1999 with two aircraft operating on a single route , and suddenly found itself catapulted to the position of Australia 's second airline after the collapse of Ansett Australia in September 2001 . The airline has grown to directly serve 29 cities in Australia from hubs in Brisbane , Melbourne and Sydney , using a fleet of narrow - body Boeing and Embraer jets ; and Airbus and Boeing widebody jets .", "1": "After several years operating as a low - cost carrier it improved its services to become a so - called ( self - described ) `` New World Carrier '' -- essentially a business model which offers the `` guest '' the choice of purchasing a ticket with aspects of the `` no frills '' approach of low - cost carriers or paying a little more to receive services more in line with full - service airlines -- to compete more effectively with Qantas in the business travel market . In 2011 it took this strategy further by introducing new uniforms ; new catering options on board ; new widebody aircraft to compete with Qantas on Perth -- Melbourne -- Sydney services ; and the concurrent introduction of business class in January 2012 ; together with a new livery and renaming of the brand to Virgin Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years as Virgin Blue ( 2000 - 2006 ) 1.2 Codesharing and network consolidation ( 2006 - 2010 ) 1.3 Launch of V Australia ( 2008 - 2011 ) 1.4 Reorganisation and rebranding into Virgin Australia ( 2011 - present ) 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Head office 2.2 Sister airlines 2.3 Marketing and sponsorship 2.4 Awards 3 Destinations 3.1 Codeshare agreements 4 Fleet 4.1 Regional expansion 4.1. 1 Current fleet 4.1. 2 Former fleet 4.1. 3 Orders 4.1. 4 Cargo 5 Cabin 5.1 Domestic and short - haul international operations 5.1. 1 Business class 5.1. 2 Premium economy 5.1. 3 Economy 5.2 International long - haul operations 5.2. 1 International business class 5.2. 2 International premium economy class 5.2.", "2": "3 International economy class 6 In - flight amenities 6.1 Food and beverages 6.2 In - flight entertainment 7 Virgin Australia lounge 7.1 Locations 7.2 Access 8 Velocity frequent flyer 9 Controversies 10 Footnote 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Early years as Virgin Blue ( 2000 - 2006 ) ( edit ) Virgin Australia was launched as Virgin Blue in August 2000 , with two Boeing 737 - 400 aircraft , one of which was leased from then - sister airline Virgin Express . Initially offering seven return flights a day between Brisbane and Sydney , this has since been expanded to cover all major Australian cities and many holiday destinations . The Virgin Blue name was the result of an open competition ; it was a play on the predominantly red livery and the Australian slang tradition of calling a red - headed male ' Blue ' or ' Bluey ' . Virgin Blue 's 50th Boeing 737 Virgin - ia Blue was the only aircraft in the fleet to be actually painted blue . This aircraft is now in Virgin Australia livery . The timing of Virgin Blue 's entry into the Australian market was fortunate as it was able to fill the vacuum created by the failure of Ansett Australia in September 2001 . Ansett 's failure allowed Virgin to grow rapidly to become Australia 's second domestic carrier , rather than staying just a cut - price alternative to the established players . It also gave Virgin access to terminal space without which growth would have been significantly limited . Delays in negotiating access to the former Ansett terminal at Sydney Airport however , forced Virgin to use its original terminal there -- a collection of prefabricated buildings without aerobridges -- longer than was needed . As the airline grew , it acquired new equipment , enabling it to phase - out its older 737 - 400s in favour of 737 - 700 and - 800 series aircraft with modern glass cockpits , winglets and greater fuel efficiency . Virgin Group 's holding in Virgin Australia has since been reduced , initially via a sale of a half interest to Australian logistics conglomerate Patrick Corporation , and later by a public float . In early 2005 Patrick launched a hostile takeover for Virgin Blue . Patrick had been unhappy for some time with the company 's direction .", "3": "By the closure of the offer , Patrick held 62 % of the company , giving it control . Virgin Group retains a 25 % share . In May 2006 Toll Holdings acquired Patrick and became the majority owner of Virgin Blue . In July 2008 Toll sold its majority holding via a special dividend to hold 1.7 % of the company . In June 2013 Air New Zealand owned 23 % of the company . Boeing 737 - 800 in the old Virgin Blue red livery at Perth Airport in 2004 Virgin Blue previously used a familiar formula pioneered by airlines such as Southwest Airlines and Ryanair of eliminating costs such as included in - flight meals and printed tickets in favour of selling food on - board and using telephone and internet booking systems . It also cut costs in the past by limiting the number of airports serviced and by operating one type of aircraft , the Boeing 737 . This strategy changed with the introduction of a second type into the fleet . The airline ordered 20 Embraer E-jets , in a mix of six E170s and 14 E190s . These were ordered specifically so that the airline could re-enter the Sydney -- Canberra market that it abandoned in 2004 , and to fly to less populous areas . The first E-170 arrived in Australia in September 2007 and by the end of the year the three on initial order had been delivered . These were placed on limited - frequency services before full - scale operations were launched on 4 February 2008 with services from Sydney to Canberra ( branded as ' Capital Jet ' services ) , Mackay in Queensland , and the New South Wales regional centres of Port Macquarie and Albury , which were promoted with a one - cent fare . The flights to Canberra and the regional centres signified an effort to compete more directly with Qantas and its subsidiary QantasLink operation , which flies to all three cities , and with independent Regional Express Airlines . Codesharing and network consolidation ( 2006 - 2010 ) ( edit ) The first Virgin Australia Boeing 737 to wear the airline 's new livery arrives at Sydney Airport for the launch of the new brand At its inception in 2000 , Virgin Blue did not have interline or marketing alliances with other airlines .", "4": "However , after the collapse of its domestic competitor Ansett Australia , it began a codeshare agreement with United Airlines . This allowed United customers to fly from the United States to any of Virgin Blue 's Australian destinations that United did not already serve . In 2006 , in an effort to compete with Qantas , Virgin Blue started exploring these relationships , forming frequent flyer agreements with Emirates , Hawaiian Airlines and Malaysia Airlines . Virgin Blue also has an Interline Agreement with Regional Express Airlines for travellers to and from smaller regional centres in the eastern states of Australia , and operates its own two routes with Virgin Australia Regional Airlines in Western Australia . In November 2007 , the airline announced an agreement with Garuda Indonesia , offering easy transfer from a domestic Virgin Blue flight to an international Garuda service departing from Perth , Melbourne , Sydney or Darwin . Since then Virgin Blue has also announced an agreement with Vietnam Airlines which allows passengers to fly from Melbourne and Sydney and connect with Vietnam Airlines 's destinations through its flight network . Close - up of the new Virgin Australia titles on Boeing 737 Bondi Beach , at Sydney Airport for the launch of the new brand In 2008 , premium economy class was introduced throughout its entire fleet . New seating was installed in the first three rows of the cabin . These could be converted from three seats in economy configuration to two seats for premium economy . The premium product offered priority check - in , larger baggage allowance , lounge access , priority boarding , increased legroom and all - inclusive in flight entertainment , meals and beverages on board . The product was aimed at business and corporate customers . The airline began charging economy - class passengers for checked baggage in September 2008 . The former Virgin Blue logo , used until May 2011 The airline further announced its intention to operate Airbus A330 aircraft between Perth and the East Coast , starting in May 2011 . In December 2010 , Virgin Blue entered into alliances with Etihad Airways and Air New Zealand for code - sharing , reciprocal lounge and frequent flyer access and other co-operational projects . Virgin Blue also entered into talks with Delta Air Lines about the possibility of joining SkyTeam , one of the top three alliances in the world , as V Australia and Delta sought approval for an agreement between the two airlines to co-operate on trans - Pacific services . The agreement was rejected by the United States Department of Transportation under United States antitrust law .", "5": "Upon review the agreement was approved by the United States Department of Transportation on 10 June 2011 . On 20 January 2011 , Air New Zealand announced it would take a shareholding stake of between 10 % and 14.99 % in Virgin Blue . Air New Zealand chief executive Rob Fyfe described the investment `` as part of Air New Zealand 's strategy to develop scale and reach in this region '' but said the airline had no intention of making a full takeover . Launch of V Australia ( 2008 - 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : V Australia In early 2006 , Virgin Blue announced its intention to operate up to seven flights a week to the U.S. through either Los Angeles International Airport or San Francisco International Airport . At the time , only Qantas and United Airlines competed in the Australia - US transpacific market . The airline was given permission for ten flights a week to the U.S. by Australian regulators on 24 July 2007 . The plans were approved by US regulators on 15 February 2008 , due to the signing of an open skies agreement between Australia and the US . Instead of using its existing brand , Virgin Blue launched a fully owned subsidiary with a separate Air Operator 's Certificate , named V Australia as the result of a public naming competition , with a fleet of five specifically branded 777 - 300ERs . The airline launched flights between Sydney and Los Angeles in 2009 , followed by flights from Melbourne and Brisbane since obtaining permission to operate an unlimited number of flights between Australia and the U.S. by the Australian International Air Services Commission . V Australia also applied to the United States Department of Transportation to operate services to San Francisco , Seattle , Las Vegas , and New York , but these plans never materialised . V Australia later launched flights to Nadi , Phuket and Johannesburg ( all of which were discontinued prior to the brand being absorbed into Virgin Australia , although Virgin Australia continued to operate to Phuket until 2015 , and still operates to Nadi ) , and Abu Dhabi to consolidate Virgin Blue 's codeshare agreement with Etihad Airways . Reorganisation and rebranding into Virgin Australia ( 2011 - present ) ( edit ) Airbus A330 Cable Beach arrives at Sydney Airport in the new Virgin Australia livery , 4 May 2011 .", "6": "A Boeing 777 - 300ER of sister airline V Australia is in the background On 7 May 2010 , Brett Godfrey officially stepped down as Virgin Blue CEO after steering the company through its first ten years . John Borghetti , former Qantas executive general manager , took over as the new Chief Executive . Following Borghetti 's arrival as CEO , a number of key Qantas staff moved to Virgin Blue while key Virgin Blue staff departed the airline . causing much speculation regarding a forthcoming rebrand or reorganisation of the airline . In February 2011 , the re-brand was confirmed when the airline announced that the word ' Blue ' would be dropped from its name as part of a campaign to attract more business travellers away from rival Qantas . This came shortly after the unveiling of new crew uniforms and business - class seats . The airline stated that the re-brand would proceed in stages and would reportedly include a new fleet livery and the renaming of the other Virgin Blue Group airlines as well . On 4 May 2011 , the former Virgin Blue revealed its new name , Virgin Australia , as well as its new livery . In addition to the new name , branding and livery , the airline also showed off its new flagship the Airbus A330 with new domestic business class . Boeing 737 business class seating was also revealed , to be introduced on all of Virgin 's jet aircraft by the end of 2011 . Pacific Blue and V Australia were both folded into the new Virgin Australia brand , following an agreement with former Virgin Atlantic shareholder Singapore Airlines , which ever since the establishment of Virgin Blue in 2000 had previously prohibited use of the Virgin brand outside Australia . Early in 2011 it was announced that Virgin Blue had signed a ten - year deal with Perth - based regional airline Skywest Airlines , for Skywest to operate up to 18 turboprop aircraft leased by Virgin , in order to better compete in east coast regional markets served by QantasLink and Regional Express Airlines . The turboprops would supplement the existing Embraer E-190s and replace the E-170s , which would be phased out due to their being uneconomical on the routes operated by Virgin .", "7": "In October 2011 , the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ( ACCC ) approved a proposed code - share alliance between Singapore Airlines ( SIA ) and Virgin Australia , subject to other regulatory approvals in both countries . On 31 May 2016 , Chinese aviation holding company HNA Group agreed to purchase 13 % of Virgin Australia Holdings for A $159 million , subject to authorisation from the ACCC , a stake which HNA Group ultimately intends to increase to 19.99 % . The deal also created a codeshare partnership between Virgin Australia and Chinese airlines in which HNA Group holds shares , on routes between Australia and China . Virgin intended to launch flights between Australian destinations and Beijing and Hong Kong by 2017 to consolidate the agreement . By October 2016 Air New Zealand was no longer a Virgin Australia shareholder after selling its remaining 2.5 per cent stake for A $65.7 million to investors including the Nanshan Group . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Head office ( edit ) Virgin Village , the Virgin Australia head office in Bowen Hills , Brisbane Virgin Australia has its head office in Virgin Village in Bowen Hills , Brisbane . As of 2008 1,000 employees work at Virgin Village . The building , with about 13,220 square metres ( 142,300 sq ft ) A-Grade office space , was triple net leased to Virgin Blue . As the airline started operations , it decided to place its head office in the Brisbane area . Brett Godfrey , the airline co-founder and Chief Executive for 10 years , said in 2006 that the decision `` was a long considered one and has worked well . '' The airline originally had its head office in Fortitude Valley , Brisbane . The airline purchased a $61 million site in Bowen Hills for its new head office . The firm Sunland Group , which had acquired the Bowen Hills site for $8 million in 2005 , had scheduled to complete the new head office in March , and the airline would be ready to move into the new head office by August of the following year . The current head office facility , Virgin Village , formally opened on 17 October 2008 .", "8": "Sister Airlines ( edit ) Virgin Australia Regional Airlines Airbus A320 ( VH - YUD ) at Christmas Island Airport ( 2016 ) In September 2003 , Pacific Blue was set up to offer a low - cost service between New Zealand and Australia . Pacific Blue aimed to position itself as a low - cost competitor to Air New Zealand and Qantas on trans - Tasman routes . Pacific Blue also operated services on behalf of the Polynesian Blue joint - venture with the government of Samoa . Pacific Blue has since been rebranded under the Virgin Australia name and livery . In early 2006 , Virgin Blue 's parent company announced its intention to operate up to seven flights a week to the United States using either Los Angeles International Airport or San Francisco International Airport , saying that the route was needed to make the airline as profitable as possible . On 25 July 2007 , it was announced that `` V Australia '' would be the name of the new carrier . On 30 October 2012 , Virgin Australia Holdings announced it had purchased a 60 % stake in Tiger Airways Australia for $ 35 million . Tiger would continue to operate as a low cost subsidiary for 20 years . In October 2014 Virgin took full control of Tigerair for one dollar . On 11 April 2013 , Virgin Australia Holdings completed its acquisition of regional airline Skywest Airlines . Skywest was then renamed Virgin Australia Regional Airlines . Marketing and sponsorship ( edit ) Virgin Blue 's `` Rabbitohs '' Boeing 737 ' Bondi Babe ' at Sydney Airport Virgin Blue Boeing 737 with special scheme to advertise the Australian DVD release of the movie Avatar Since its inception , Virgin Blue had sponsored many sporting teams in a bid to promote its brand . In February 2007 , Virgin Blue signed a two - year sponsorship deal with NRL team the South Sydney Rabbitohs . The Rabbitohs were the first rugby league team Virgin Australia has sponsored . One of the airline 's Boeing 737 -- 800s had slight changes to its livery to commemorate this sponsorship ; the Australian flag held by the `` Virgin Girl '' was replaced by the Rabbitohs ' flag . Virgin Australia is also the official sponsor of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) , and the title sponsor of NBL team the Brisbane Bullets .", "9": "In November 2010 , the Australian Football League ( AFL ) decided not to renew its marketing contract with Qantas , instead choosing Virgin Blue for a deal worth A $ 5 -- 8 million . Virgin Blue gained extra revenue ( and publicity ) by painting two aircraft as `` flying billboards '' . One promoted a brand of men 's razor , the other a Queensland Government campaign to attract businesses to the state . Both aircraft have since been withdrawn from the Virgin Blue fleet . In 2007 Virgin Blue introduced an advertising campaign with the slogan `` Get What You Want '' , named after the song by Queensland band Operator Please that featured in its TV advertisements . In 2009 , Virgin Blue introduced an all new advertising campaign entitled `` Now there 's an idea '' . TV Commercials showing comparisons between flying in Australia in 1999 as opposed to 2009 were screened , to the tune a song by The Cat Empire . New billboard advertising was launched , showcasing Virgin Blue 's variety of products and on - time performance records . In 2011 , with the airline 's rebranding as Virgin Australia , the airline 's slogan was changed to `` Now you 're flying '' . Virgin Australia became a sponsor of the newest AFL clubs , the Gold Coast Suns and Greater Western Sydney Giants , in 2011 and 2014 respectively . In 2016 , the airline reached an agreement with V8 Supercars to rename the annual motorsport series to the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship starting 1 July . Awards ( edit ) The airline has won a number of awards since its inception . It and certain of its employees won five 2009 service excellence awards of the Customer Service Institute of Australia . Since being named as best low - cost airline in the Asia / Pacific region in the Skytrax 2002 Airline of the Year Survey , the airline has been voted best airline in a number of different categories and by a number of different organisations . As an employer , Virgin Australia has been recognised as the most attractive employer in Australia in 2015 at the annual Randstad Award . It also placed in the top 3 for the last five years , including a top spot in 2011 .", "10": "The airline 's frequent flyer program , velocity rewards , won the 2009 Freddie Awards , the largest award in the travel industry , for best frequent flyer program , best award redemption , best affinity credit card , best member communications , best website . This was the fourth consecutive Freddie Awards that velocity has won . Destinations ( edit ) Main article : Virgin Australia destinations Codeshare agreements ( edit ) As of December 2016 , Virgin Australia has codeshare agreements with the following airlines : Air Berlin Air Canada Air New Zealand Alitalia Delta Air Lines Etihad Airways Hawaiian Airlines Hong Kong Airlines Singapore Airlines South African Airways Tigerair Australia Virgin America Virgin Atlantic Virgin Samoa A codeshare agreement with Air Canada will commence in early 2017 . Fleet ( edit ) Initially , Virgin Australia leased its aircraft , but recent additions to the fleet have been purchased outright . Virgin Australia - owned Boeing 737s are indicated by the Boeing customer code FE in the model suffix . Aircraft formerly owned by V Australia are indicated by ZG in the model suffix . Some of Virgin Blue 's Boeing 737 - 800s , such as Madelaide were painted in Pacific Blue livery In November 2006 , Virgin Blue announced plans to purchase 11 Embraer 190 and three Embraer 170 aircraft with options for six more E-jets , which later became orders for an additional three E170s and three E190s . In February 2008 a further four E190s were ordered , leaving six options and ten purchase rights . Virgin Blue received its first Embraer 170 in early September 2007 at a special ceremony at the Embraer plant in Sao Jose dos Campos . A revised logo was introduced on the tail , bringing the Virgin Blue brand into line with the logos of other Virgin - branded companies . Like Virgin Atlantic , Virgin Australia gives the aircraft in its fleet names , previously incorporating female names and words connected with Australian cities and localities or other quintessentially Australian themes . Recent additions to the fleet have featured names of famous Australian beaches .", "11": "Names on Virgin Australia aircraft include ' Brissie Lizzie ' ( `` Brissie '' being an Australian slang name for Brisbane , and `` Lizzie '' being slang for Elizabeth ) , ' Sassy Sydney ' ( Sydney is a female name as well as the name of Australia 's largest city ) , ' Prue Blue ' ( incorporating the name Prudence and also a pun on the Australian phrase `` true blue '' , meaning `` patriotic '' ) , ' Tassie Tigress ' ( incorporating both the slang name for Tasmania and the common name for the thylacine ) and ' Mackay - be Diva ' ( a pun on the city of Mackay , Queensland and Makybe Diva , a famous Australian racehorse ) . Beaches which have aircraft named after them include Cable Beach , Cottesloe Beach and Bondi Beach . Each aircraft in the Virgin Australia livery ( some were painted in Pacific Blue livery for cross-promotional reasons ) also features a `` virgin girl '' as nose art , complete with a wide - brimmed Aussie hat , trailing an Australian flag . On 24 October 2007 , Virgin Australia announced the introduction of premium economy on all domestic flights . As the e-jets already have four - abreast seating , the number of seats on these aircraft remained unchanged after the rollout of premium economy . Boeing 777 - 300ER at Los Angeles Airport Virgin Australia began long haul international operations as V Australia , commencing its first passenger flight operations on 27 February 2009 . V Australia was re-branded as Virgin Australia 's Long Haul International Operations on 7 December 2011 . Regional expansion ( edit ) Virgin Australia ATR 72 Mission Beach Virgin Australia Embraer E-190 VH - ZPN at Canberra Airport in 2016 On 10 January 2011 , Virgin Blue entered a 10 - year strategic alliance with Perth - based Skywest Airlines ( now Virgin Australia Regional Airlines ) , to operate up to 18 new Virgin - branded turboprop aircraft from mid-2011 . On 23 February , it was announced that the aircraft would be ATR - 72s , to enter service beginning in May 2011 ; they would allow Virgin Australia to both replace its fleet of Embraer 170s and introduce new regional routes .", "12": "The turboprops would be operated by Skywest Airlines under a wet lease agreement . The May in - service date was not met , and in late July the first announcement was made concerning routes to be served . It was reported that the ATR - 72s would be initially employed on services between Brisbane and Gladstone , Queensland ; from Brisbane and Sydney to Port Macquarie in New South Wales ; and on additional services between Sydney and Canberra . On 25 January 2012 , Virgin Australia announced additional services between Brisbane , Proserpine , Rockhampton and Cairns . It wet leased two Fokker 100s from Alliance Airlines to operate these services . On 26 February 2013 , Virgin Australia announced it would start flights between Brisbane and Bundaberg on 4 May 2013 .", "13": "Current fleet ( edit ) As of October 2017 the Virgin Australia Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft : Virgin Australia fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes Y Total Airbus A330 - 200 6 -- 20 -- 255 275 ATR 72 - 500 6 -- -- -- 68 68 Former Virgin Australia Regional Airlines aircraft ATR 72 - 600 8 -- -- -- 68 68 Boeing 737 - 700 -- 8 -- 120 128 Boeing 737 - 800 78 -- 8 -- 168 176 Fifteen registered to Virgin Australia International Airlines Boeing 737 MAX 8 -- 40 TBA To be delivered between 2019 and 2021 Boeing 777 - 300ER 5 -- 37 24 278 339 All registered to Virgin Australia International Airlines Embraer E190 11 -- 6 -- 92 98 To be retired by the end of 2017 Total 116 40 Former fleet ( edit ) Virgin Blue / Virgin Australia has removed the following aircraft types from passenger service : Boeing 737 - 300 Boeing 737 - 400 Embraer E-170LR Orders ( edit ) An agreement was signed with Boeing on 1 April 2010 for an order of fifty firm Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft , with flexibility to convert to either Boeing 737 - 700s or Boeing 737 - 900ERs ; as well as 25 additional options and 30 future purchase rights . Deliveries were scheduled to be completed in 2017 . In July 2012 , Virgin Australia announced an order for 23 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft , with deliveries planned to be between 2019 and 2021 . Virgin converted its outstanding order for 17 Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft to the MAX model in 2015 , bringing the total order for this type to 40 aircraft .", "14": "Cargo ( edit ) One of two Pionair British Aerospace 146 cargo aircraft operating for Virgin Australia Virgin Australia Cargo was launched in July 2015 after the airline 's contract to carry freight on behalf of Toll expired and was not renewed . The airline signed a five - year carriage contract with TNT in 2016 and operations of dedicated freighter aircraft commenced on 4 July the same year . Virgin Australia Cargo fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Notes Boeing 737 - 300F -- Wet leased from Airwork British Aerospace 146 - 200QC -- Wet leased from Pionair Australia British Aerospace 146 - 200QT -- Wet leased from Pionair Australia Cabin ( edit ) Domestic and short - haul International operations ( edit ) Business class ( edit ) Virgin Australia offers a business class service on most of its jet aircraft . The seat pitch on the Airbus aircraft is 150 cm ( 59 in ) ; and is 95 cm ( 37 in ) on its Embraer 190 aircraft and Boeing 737 - 800 fleet . It also offers an international suite - style experience on the Airbus A330 with 20 Suites in a 1 - 2 - 1 layout which electronically convert to a lie flat bed . This service is offered on coast to coast services between Perth and Brisbane , Melbourne or Sydney as well as seasonal services to Fiji . Premium economy ( edit ) Premium economy seats were fitted to a small number of the airline 's Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft flying Trans Tasman routes , featuring an 85 cm ( 33 in ) seat pitch . These have been phased out in favour of business class since April 2015 Economy ( edit ) Economy seats offer 80 cm ( 31 in ) seat pitch . International long - haul operations ( edit ) Virgin Australia offers a three - class service on its Boeing 777 - 300ER aircraft : International Business Class , International Premium Economy Class and International Economy Class . All three classes feature ambient Mood Lighting relative to the time of day or night , similar to that of sister airline Virgin America .", "15": "International business class ( edit ) International business class has a 1 -- 2 -- 1 configuration with fully horizontal flat beds that are 188 cm ( 74.0 in ) long with a seat pitch of 77 in ( 195.6 cm ) . There is a personal workstation with laptop power , USB slot and reading light . Business class in - flight entertainment features a 12.1 in ( 30.7 cm ) touchscreen PTV with AVOD on every seat . This will be phased out in 2016 and replaced by `` The Business '' Suite offered on its A330 fleet . International premium economy class ( edit ) Premium economy class has a 2 -- 4 -- 2 configuration . Premium economy has all - leather seats with a 38 in ( 96.5 cm ) seat pitch , 20 in ( 50.8 cm ) seat width and a 9 in ( 22.9 cm ) seat recline . The seats are equipped with adjustable headrests and footrests . There is a personal workstation with laptop power , USB slot and reading light . Premium economy class in - flight entertainment has a 10.6 in ( 26.9 cm ) touchscreen PTV with AVOD on every seat . International Economy cabin on V Australia 777 - 300ER International economy class ( edit ) International economy class has a 3 -- 3 -- 3 configuration . Economy seats have a 32 in ( 81.3 cm ) seat pitch , 18.8 in ( 47.8 cm ) seat width and seat recline up to 6 in ( 15 cm ) . USB slots are available to power smartphones and other personal devices ( MP3 Players etc . ) . Economy class in - flight entertainment features a 9 in ( 23 cm ) touchscreen PTV with AVOD on every seat . In - flight amenities ( edit ) Food and beverages ( edit ) Virgin Australia offers business class passengers a `` sophisticated '' gourmet menu created by Australian chef Luke Mangan . For lunch and dinner this includes a full three course meal prepared on board by the crew . The food menu is accompanied by a premium range of Australian wines , beers and spirits and non-alcoholic beverages , including barista style coffee .", "16": "In Economy Class , the airline serves complimentary snacks & non-alcoholic beverages to all passengers on all domestic Virgin Australia flights , in addition complimentary beer and wine is offered on all services between capital cities departing between 5pm and 7pm . On flights between the East Coast and Perth , between Australia and Nadi , Denpasar , Port Moresby and Honiara and all long haul international flights , complimentary hot meals and beverages are offered to all Economy passengers . On all domestic flights and on short - haul international routes where a complimentary snack & food service is not provided , a buy on board service with food and drinks available for purchase is offered from a separate menu by Luke Mangan which includes a gourmet range of snacks , meals and beverages . The menu is available on all domestic & short - haul international flights and on selected flights passengers also have access to hot snacks , hot meals and speciality products such as gourmet ice cream . In - flight entertainment ( edit ) In December 2006 , Virgin Australia ( as Virgin Blue ) announced a partnership between Australian cable television providers Foxtel and Austar , to introduce a `` Live2Air '' service on most flights by mid-2007 . The Live2Air system was only available on selected Boeing 737 aircraft , and was phased out beginning in 2012 . Virgin Australia 's Boeing 777 - 300ERs and Airbus A330 - 200 aircraft 's in - flight entertainment RED is based on the Panasonic eX2 system . RED is fully touch - screen and handset controlled . There is no fee for use . RED features an extensive video on demand library that includes new release film , TV series and TV programmes . Destination guides are available . Other functions available through RED include music on demand ( approx 200 + CD library ) and video games . Seat - to - seat chat is available as well as in flight map and flight information . In December 2012 Virgin Australia introduced an in - flight Wi - Fi system to provide music , movies and TV shows to tablets , smartphones , laptops and similar devices . The system , which does not offer internet access , is estimated to be fitted on all the airline 's planes within 2 years .", "17": "Virgin Australia lounge ( edit ) Virgin Australia 's lounge at Melbourne Airport in 2014 To capture a share of the business traveller market , Virgin decided to provide a members ' lounge facility for travellers . Originally this was called The Blue Room and provided facilities to members and guests on a pay - as - you - go basis . Many of these facilities became available when Virgin relocated into the former Ansett terminals across the country , with the defunct Golden Wing club lounges left behind being used as Blue Room lounges , complete with furnishings . In 2006 , Virgin revamped the lounge facilities and re-launched the product as The Lounge , which offered all - inclusive facilities on a membership fee or casual fee basis . Upgraded facilities provided included buffet food and refreshments , newspapers , showers , computers , and WiFi internet access for travellers . In May 2011 , Virgin again renamed the lounge simply referring to it as Virgin Australia lounge -- designed to be a premium experience , with spaces designed for specific uses and ' moods ' . Locations ( edit ) Brisbane -- Virgin Australia domestic terminal , opposite Gate 41 . Sydney -- Terminal 2 , To the right of security or via the escalator from the food court on the concourse level . Melbourne -- Terminal 3 , down check - in escalators to the left of security check point . Adelaide -- Domestic Terminal , departures level , opposite Gate 18 . Canberra -- Western Concourse , Level 2 . Escalators and Lifts opposite Gate 7 . Perth -- Terminal 1 Domestic , second floor ( before baggage screening ) . Terminal 2 , to the left past security check point . Mackay -- Opposite gate 2 . Gold Coast -- Adjacent to gates 1 and 2 . Cairns -- Upper level of the domestic terminal . Darwin -- First floor , opposite gate 4 . Alice Springs -- Ground floor . Hobart -- Planned , opening date unconfirmed . Townsville -- Planned , opening date unconfirmed , possibly cancelled . Virgin Australia has agreements to use Air New Zealand 's Koru Lounges as well as the Star Alliance lounge in Los Angeles ( TBIT ) and Etihad Airways ' lounges in Abu Dhabi , amongst others .", "18": "Access ( edit ) Membership can be purchased online by logging into a passenger 's velocity frequent flyer account . Membership fees vary depending on the elite status level . Lifetime memberships are also available for purchase . Velocity frequent flyer ( edit ) Virgin Australia launched its frequent - flyer program Velocity Rewards in 2005 , with partner National Australia Bank offering a companion credit card . By 2007 , points collected from selected Westpac , American Express and Diners Club cards could be transferred to Velocity Rewards , and effective September 2008 , ANZ reward visa card points as well . The program has reached 4 million members by the end of 2014 . Status levels were introduced to the program in late 2007 as part of continued efforts to attract business travellers . Alongside the entry - level `` red '' status , frequent travellers were given the opportunity to attain `` silver '' and `` gold '' status , each with its own set of benefits . Initially , Velocity was different from most other frequent flyer programs , as points were earned relative to the cost of a flight , rather than distance . Velocity members originally earned 6 points per dollar spent on Virgin Australia flights . This was later altered due to the introduction of status levels ; Red members now earned 5 points per dollar , Silver members remained at 6 points , and Gold members earned 7 . Points accrual on V Australia , as well as the majority of Velocity 's airline partners , have always based on distance . Velocity was the first frequent flyer program in Australia to offer `` any seat , any time '' reward flight availability . The number of points required to redeem an award seat directly corresponds to the current fare of that seat , allowing any seat currently available to be redeemed . Qantas introduced a similar feature to their frequent flyer program in May 2008 . In August 2011 , the program was relaunched as `` Velocity Frequent Flyer '' and a platinum status level was introduced , among other changes . In July 2013 , Velocity introduced the Global Wallet function , which was the first prepaid traveller card in Australia . The key feature of this card is it allows you to load your money and store it in other supported currencies before travelling . You can access to ATMs around the world as well as shop at anywhere where visa is accepted .", "19": "Supported currencies include Australian Dollar ( AUD ) , Canadian Dollar ( CAD ) , Euro ( EUR ) , Pound Sterling ( GBP ) , Hong Kong Dollar ( HKD ) , Japanese Yen ( JPY ) , New Zealand Dollar ( NZD ) , Singapore Dollar ( SGD ) , Thai Baht ( THB ) , US Dollar ( USD ) and South African Rand ( ZAR ) . You also earn 1 Velocity Point per $1 spent overseas and 1 point per $2 spent in Australia . In 2015 , Velocity Frequent Flyer wins the ' Program of the Year '' in the Middle East & Asia / Oceania District at Freddie Awards for three consecutive years . Controversies ( edit ) In 2003 a man with a disability and having incomplete quadriplegia was removed from a Virgin Blue flight because staff thought he was drunk or a terrorist . He subsequently settled a lawsuit against the airline . In October 2005 the airline lost a discrimination case over the age of flight attendants they employed . Eight former flight attendants aged over 34 previously employed by the collapsed Ansett Australia had applied for employment with Virgin Blue but none had gained work . They claimed they were discriminated against because of their age and won compensation in March 2006 . The airline 's appeal against this decision failed and the company was ordered to pay costs . In May 2006 a controversy arose over Virgin Blue 's policy with regard to passengers with disabilities . Former Chief Executive Brett Godfrey affirmed the policy of the company that passengers who were `` unable to look after themselves on board should travel with carers '' . After a hearing in the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , Virgin Blue backed down from this policy , agreeing to limit it to passengers weighing over 130 kg . However the chair of the ACT Disability Advisory Council , Craig Wallace , who uses a wheelchair , was refused passage on a Virgin Blue flight booked for 8 October 2006 . In a media release on 29 September , ACTDAC claimed that `` Virgin Blue has also refused to refund $418 in fares from the flight for Mr Wallace or Council staff . Ironically , they have listed these fares as a ' credit ' -- a credit Mr Wallace or other people in his situation are prohibited from accessing by Virgin 's own policy '' .", "20": "In January 2007 Virgin Blue attracted controversy when its staff at Adelaide Airport ordered a passenger to remove a T - shirt bearing the slogan World 's Number One Terrorist above an image of George W. Bush . The wearer , Allen Jasson from London , was informed that the garment was potentially offensive . Jasson had also experienced difficulty on earlier flights with Qantas . A spokeswoman for Virgin Blue defended the decision . In January 2011 the airline was fined $110,000 after breaking anti-spamming regulations . Consumers complained they were unable to unsubscribe from the airline 's mailing list . The Australian Communications and Media Authority said the airline would `` Engage an independent third party to thoroughly assess its email marketing processes and to implement any recommended changes . '' Virgin Australia 's board policy of not allowing male passengers sitting next to children travelling alone for fear of child molestation has been criticised by persons concerned as act of discrimination against men ( Airline sex discrimination policy controversy ) . Following a public outcry , the company has announced to review its policy . In mid-2014 , the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission took legal action against Virgin Australia in respect of drip pricing . Footnote ( edit ) 1 . ^ From their foundation until January 2013 , Virgin Blue / Virgin Australia and Pacific Blue used the IATA code ' DJ ' . From its foundation Virgin Australia International Airlines ( formerly known as V Australia ) operated under a different IATA code , ' VA ' . Use of the two codes continued from the May 2011 company reorganisation and rebranding until January 2013 , with the long - haul flights operated by the Boeing 777 fleet using the ' VA ' code . In January 2013 use of the IATA code ' DJ ' was discontinued and all flights now use the code ' VA ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VIRGIN AUSTRALIA AIRLINES PTY LTD ACN 090 670 965 '' . connectonline.asic.gov.au . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Final Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue Profile -- Low Cost Airline News '' . Peanuts.aero . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia '' . connectonline.asic.gov.au . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Virgin Blue Announces Birth of the `` New World Carrier '' in CAPA Report ' -- Virgin Blue media release retrieved 6 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia Launches Business Class in Australia '' Virgin Australia Blog `` . Blog.virginaustralia.com. 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Stephen ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Low - cost blueprint lets Virgin soar '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Blue To Fly The Aussie Skies '' -- Virgin Blue Media Release 5 February 2000 retrieved 5 November 2012 Jump up ^ Air NZ revealed as buyer of 3pc additional Virgin stake The Australian 6 June 2013 ^ Jump up to : Sadler , Paul . `` A Red Storm Rising '' , Australian Aviation magazine No 244 , November 2007 , p30 - 34 . Phantom Media Pty. Ltd. , Fyshwick ACT . ISSN 0813 - 0876 Jump up ^ `` Ho Ho Ho -- It 's off to Albury we go ! '' -- Virgin Blue Press Release 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Albury Launch with 1 Cent Fares ! ! . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Port Macquarie Launch . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A `` V '' Good Partnership -- Virgin Blue And Vietnam Airlines Sign Interline Agreement `` . Virginaustralia.com. 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue to add two further A330s in 2012 Australian Aviation Magazine '' . Australianaviation.com.au. 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` In Virgin Blue - Etihad alliance , it 's old friends re-united '' . 26 January 2011 .", "22": "Jump up ^ `` Air New Zealand -- Virgin Blue Alliance application 2010 '' . Ministry of Transportation , New Zealand . 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Govt approves Air NZ -- Virgin Blue alliance '' . The New Zealand Herald . 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Matt ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Virgin Blue may join Delta 's team '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Josh ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` US rejects Virgin Blue , Delta alliance '' . The Australian . Dow Jones Newswires . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Delta , Virgin Australia Welcome Final DOT Approval of Trans - Pacific Alliance -- 10 June 2011 '' . News.delta.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Air NZ buys up stake in Virgin Blue '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Virgin Blue signs up for open skies to the US Jump up ^ Bird , Michael ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Determination ( 2008 ) IASC 110 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government - International Air Services Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bye Brett ! Australia owes you a big thank you for revolutionising the airline industry -- consumers , tourism industry and business alike '' . Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation . 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Creedy , Steve ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Virgin chief starts at $3.5 m : John Borghetti '' . The Australian . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VB poaches another key QF exec Australian Aviation Magazine '' . Australianaviation.com.au. 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin name to stay -- Branson Australian Aviation Magazine '' . Australianaviation.com.au.", "23": "13 September 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Canning , Simon ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Virgin Blue to drop blue to attract more business '' . The Australian . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Creedy , Steve ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Rebranded Virgin prepares for a tough battle '' . The Australian . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Matt ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Virgin wins stalemate over brand name rights '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue forms alliance with Skywest '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Australian Associated Press . 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Approves Singapore Airlines - Virgin Australia Alliance '' . 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia Holdings Announces Strategic Alliance with HNA and New Equity Investment '' ( Press release ) . 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Flynn , David ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Virgin Australia plans daily flights to Beijing , Hong Kong '' . Australian Business Traveller . Jump up ^ `` Air New Zealand sells off remaining Virgin Australia stake '' . Australian Aviation . 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Blue seeks shelter in Brisbane '' . The Australian . AAP. 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Virgin Australia . Retrieved on 24 January 2012 . `` Virgin Australia Head Office Our head office is located at : 56 Edmondstone Road Bowen Hills Qld 4006 '' Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue National Headquarters , Brisbane -- new 12 year lease . '' Jones Lang La Salle . Retrieved on 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue In State Of Excitement Over New Invest Queensland Campaign . '' Virgin Blue . Monday 6 March 2006 . Retrieved on 8 February 2010 .", "24": "Archived 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Robins , Brian ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` Sydney chosen to be headquarters of V Australia '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Year That Was . '' 2009 Virgin Blue Annual Report . Retrieved on 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` V Australia to take off '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin does deals with Singapore , Tiger , Skywest '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin pays $1 to take full control of Tigerair '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Releases 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Virgin Australia . 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue signs Sponsorship Deal with South Sydney Rabbitohs '' . ASIATravelTips.com. 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheahan , Mike ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` AFL dumps Qantas as its official carrier , set to sign deal with Virgin '' . The Herald Sun . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Kitney , Damon ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Virgin Blue steals AFL official airline contract from Qantas '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Airliners.net photos of Virgin Blue special paint scheme aircraft . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Now You 're Flying , Virgin Australia , 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready to fly '' . V8 Supercars. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Virgin Blue -- Our Awards . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Popularity soars : Virgin Australia is the most attractive employer in Australia '' . Randstad Australia . Randstad Australia . Retrieved 23 September 2015 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` Velocity voted the world 's favourite rewards program ! '' . velocityrewards.com.au. 16 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Partners '' . Virgin Australia . Virgin Australia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.hongkongairlines.com/en_HK/media/detail?id=10005526236_269 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia and Air Canada launch codeshare partnership '' . Australian Aviation . 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Virgin Blue Orders Embraer E-Jet Aircraft ( The Australian : 2 November 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Embraer Receives New E-Jets Order From Virgin Blue '' -- Virgin Blue Media Release . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue takes delivery of its first Embraer E-170 airliner '' Flight Global , 04 / 09 / 07 Jump up ^ Virgin Blue > News and Press Releases Jump up ^ `` Australia 's New International Airline Takes Off '' ( Press release ) . V Australia . 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VBA Financial Result for Full Year Ended 30 June 2011 '' . Virginaustralia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue and Skywest to team up on regional routes Australian Aviation Magazine '' . Australianaviation.com.au. 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue 's new ATR72s to arrive from May '' . Flight International . 23 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Creedy . `` Virgin ups east coast offerings '' . The Australian .", "26": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia announces further capacity increases to meet demand '' . 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin on the unfaithful for frequent Queensland flyers '' . 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Prain , Emily ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Virgin to fly to and from Bundy , Qantas welcomes competitor '' . News - Mail . Bundaberg . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft register search '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virgin Australia Aircraft Seat Maps Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue Fleet Details and History '' . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Virgin Blue to buy 105 new Boeing planes '' . BBC News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia orders 23 Boeing 737 Max aircraft -- Chicago Tribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Reuters. 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin converts 737 - 800 orders to the MAX '' . Australian Aviation . 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia 's freighter aircraft take off '' . Australian Aviation . 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-European BAe 146 / Avro RJ Regional Jetliners Find New Homes and Applications '' . BAE Systems Regional Aircraft . Regional Aircraft . 11 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia nets $150 million TNT freight deal '' . The Australian . 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Business Class '' . Vaustralia.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` International premium economy class '' . Vaustralia.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` International Economy Class '' . Vaustralia.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 .", "27": "^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Australia on Board Menu '' . Virgin Australia Airlines . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Complimentary food on all flights across the Australian domestic network '' ( Press release ) . Virgin Australia . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue -- Live 2 Air '' . Virginblue.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia to Provide Inflight Movies , Music via On - Board WiFi '' . 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.canberraairport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/UPPERLEVEL-DEPARTURES-FINAL.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.perthairport.com.au/PassengerInformation/WhichTerminal.aspx Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia opens new lounge at Mackay Airport '' . Australian Business Traveller . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia opens new Gold Coast airport lounge -- Flights hotels frequent flyer business class -- Australian Business Traveller '' . Ausbt.com.au. 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia to open new Cairns Airport lounge this month '' . Ausbt.com.au. 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Australia to open Darwin , Alice Springs lounges next week '' . Australian Business Traveller. 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia : new lounges coming for Perth , Darwin in 2015 '' . Ausbt.com.au. 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Airport set for $50 m upgrade '' . Townsvillebulletin.com.au. 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Global Lounge Access -- Velocity Frequent Flyer retrieved 16 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia Lounge Membership Prices '' .", "28": "Virginaustralia.com. 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Velocity Frequent Flyer reaches four million members '' . Virgin Australia . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia 's new Global Wallet travel money card '' . Australian Business Traveller . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Freddie Awards ( 27th ) Results '' . Freddie Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Disabled man settles lawsuit with Virgin Blue ^ Jump up to : Todd , Mark ( 10 October 2005 ) . `` Virgin Blue off song in bias against older women '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Equal Time Newsletter of the Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales '' ( PDF ) . Equal Time Newsletter of the Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales . Number 66 Autumn : 4 . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin loses ' too old to fly ' appeal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Australian Associated Press . 5 April 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue defends wheelchair policy '' . The Age . Melbourne . AAP. 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pelly , Michael ( 2 June 2006 ) . `` Virgin backs down in disability row '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Virgin faces court action over wheelchair access '' . ABC News . 23 May 2007 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ADDRESS Block ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Mark ( 14 December 2006 ) . `` Banned for a George Bush T - shirt '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 22 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Evans , Nick ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Business '' . The Sunday Times .", "29": "Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Virgin Blue fined over email marketing News Business Spectator Jump up ^ `` Virgin Blue fined $110 k over emails -- The West Australian '' . Au.news.yahoo.com. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Age : Seat swap outcry moves Virgin to think again , 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 Jump up ^ The Age : Virgin policy change after male passenger was moved away from children , 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 Jump up ^ Han , Esther ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Jetstar and Virgin taken to court for drip - pricing tactics '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACCC takes action against Jetstar and Virgin for drip pricing practices '' . Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System Changes '' . Virgin Australia . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 .", "30": "External links ( edit ) Queensland portal Companies portal Aviation portal Media related to Virgin Australia at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airlines of Australia Scheduled passenger airlines Airlines of Tasmania Airnorth Alliance Airlines Cobham Aviation Services Australia Eastern Australia Airlines FlyPelican Fly Tiwi JETGO Australia Jetstar Airways King Island Airlines Qantas QantasLink Regional Express Airlines Sharp Airlines Skippers Aviation Skytrans Airlines Sunstate Airlines Tigerair Australia Virgin Australia Virgin Australia Regional Airlines Charter passenger airlines Air Link Aircruising Australia Alliance Airlines Hinterland Aviation Maroomba Airlines Network Aviation Northern Territory Air Services Pearl Aviation Pel - Air Rossair Seair Pacific Shoal Air Skytraders Cargo airlines Australian air Express Express Freighters Australia HeavyLift Cargo Airlines Pacific Air Express Tasman Cargo Airlines Toll Aviation Toll Priority Defunct airlines see Defunct airlines of Australia List of airline holding companies Virgin Group Assets Lifestyle Active Balloon Flights Books Care Experience Days Games Gaming Health Bank Voucher Electric Racing Wines Travel and Transport Atlantic Vacations Virgin Australia Holdings Australia Regional Tigerair Australia Galactic Orbit Holidays Travel City Direct Hotels Chicago Hyperloop One Limited Edition Natirar Necker Roof Gardens Ulusaba Limobike Oceanic Trains East Coast West Coast Voyages Music Megastores Records Virgin EMI V Festival Money Money ( UK ) Money ( Australia ) Media Connect Media Ireland Virgin Mobile Australia Canada Chile France India Poland South Africa USA UK Produced Radio UK France Canada Toronto Montreal Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg London , ON Italy Dubai Turkey Jordan Thailand Virgin Hitz Eazy FM Lebanon Jakarta Former Comics Festival ( North America ) Festival ( Australia ) Green Fund Heaven Ouï FM Racing ( F1 ) Radio ( Ottawa ) UK radio Classic Groove Xtreme V2 Records Virgin.net Virgin America", "31": "Defunct Brides Cars Charter Cinemas Digital Digital Help Drinks Cola Vodka Electronics Energy Express Films Interactive Limousines Little Red Megastores ( UK ) Media Television Money ( US ) Nigeria Northern Rock Play Radio Free Samoa Sun Trains CrossCountry Trains ExpressCoach Vie People Richard Branson Nik Powell Other Losing My Virginity Timeline of Richard Branson 's business ventures Unite ( charity ) Virgin Earth Challenge DS Virgin Racing Commons Members of Etihad Airways Partners Founding members Etihad Airways Air Berlin Air Serbia Air Seychelles Jet Airways Affiliate members Niki Equity partners Alitalia Virgin Australia Members of the International Air Transport Association Africa regional office Africa World Airlines Air Botswana Air Burkina Air Madagascar Air Mauritius Air Namibia Air Seychelles Airlink Allied Air Arik Air Camair - Co CemAir Comair Dana Air Ethiopian Airlines FlySafair Kenya Airways LAM Mozambique Airlines Overland Airways Precision Air RwandAir Safair South African Airways South African Express TAAG Angola Airlines TACV ( hide ) Asia - Pacific regional office Air Calédonie Air India Air New Zealand Air Niugini Air Tahiti Air Tahiti Nui", "32": "Air Vanuatu Aircalin All Nippon Airways Asiana Airlines Bangkok Airways Biman Bangladesh Airlines Fiji Airways Garuda Indonesia Japan Airlines Jet Airways Korean Air Lao Airlines Malaysia Airlines Myanmar Airways International Nippon Cargo Airlines Pakistan International Airlines Philippine Airlines Qantas Royal Brunei Airlines SilkAir Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines Cargo SriLankan Airlines T'way Airlines Thai Airways Thai Lion Air VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines Virgin Australia China and North Asia regional office Air China Air Koryo Air Macau Beijing Capital Airlines Cathay Dragon Cathay Pacific China Airlines China Cargo Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Express Airlines China Postal Airlines China Southern Airlines EVA Air GX Airlines Hainan Airlines Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong Express Juneyao Airlines Loong Air Lucky Air Mandarin Airlines MIAT Mongolian Airlines Okay Airways SF Airlines Shandong Airlines Shanghai Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Sichuan Airlines Suparna Airlines Tianjin Airlines XiamenAir Europe regional office Adria Airways Aegean Airlines Aer Lingus Aigle Azur Air Austral airBaltic Air Berlin Air Corsica Air Europa Air France Air Malta Air Nostrum Air Serbia Alitalia Arkia AtlasGlobal Austrian Airlines Azores Airlines Binter Canarias Blue Air Blue Panorama Airlines BMI Regional Braathens Regional Aviation British Airways Brussels Airlines Bulgaria Air CAL Cargo Air Lines Cargolux Carpatair CityJet Condor Corendon Airlines Corsair International Croatia Airlines", "33": "Czech Airlines DHL Air UK El Al EuroAtlantic Airways European Air Transport Leipzig Eurowings Finnair Flybe Freebird Airlines Germania Hahn Air Hi Fly Iberia Icelandair InterSky Israir Airlines KLM LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa Lufthansa Cargo Lufthansa CityLine Luxair Malmö Aviation Martinair Meridiana Mistral Air Montenegro Airlines Neos Nextjet Niki Olympic Air Onur Air Pegasus Airlines Portugália Airlines PrivatAir Scandinavian Airlines SATA Air Açores SunExpress Swiss International Air Lines TAP Air Portugal TAROM Turkish Airlines TUIfly Vueling Virgin Atlantic Wamos Air White Airways Widerøe Latin America and the Caribbean regional office ABSA Cargo Airline Aerolíneas Argentinas Aeroméxico Austral Líneas Aéreas Avianca Avianca Brazil Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Ecuador Avianca El Salvador Avianca Peru Azul Brazilian Airlines Bahamasair Boliviana de Aviación Caribbean Airlines Cayman Airways Copa Airlines Copa Airlines Colombia Cubana de Aviación Gol Transportes Aéreos Insel Air Interjet LATAM Argentina LATAM Brasil LATAM Cargo Brasil LATAM Cargo Chile LATAM Cargo Mexico LATAM Chile LATAM Colombia LATAM Ecuador LATAM Paraguay LATAM Perú LIAT MasAir SBA Airlines Sky Airline Surinam Airways TAME Volaris Middle East and North Africa regional office", "34": "Air Algérie Air Arabia Air Cairo AlMasria Universal Airlines DHL International Aviation ME EgyptAir Emirates Etihad Airways Flydubai FlyEgypt Gulf Air Iran Air Iran Air Tours Iran Aseman Airlines Jazeera Airways Jordan Aviation Kish Air Kuwait Airways Mahan Air Mauritania Airlines International Middle East Airlines Nesma Airlines Nile Air Nouvelair Oman Air Qatar Airways Royal Air Maroc Royal Jordanian Safi Airways Saudia Syrian Air Tassili Airlines Tunisair Yemenia North America regional office Air Canada Air Transat Alaska Airlines American Airlines Atlas Air Cargojet Airways Delta Air Lines FedEx Express Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Airways United Airlines UPS Airlines WestJet Russia and the CIS regional office Aeroflot Air Astana Air Moldova AirBridgeCargo Azerbaijan Airlines Belavia Dniproavia Georgian Airways Nordavia Nordwind Airlines Rossiya Airlines S7 Airlines Ukraine International Airlines Ural Airlines UTair Aviation Uzbekistan Airways Volga - Dnepr Airlines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "35": "php?title=Virgin_Australia&oldid=805881791 '' Categories : Airlines established in 1999 Airlines of Australia Companies based in Brisbane Etihad Airways Partners IATA members Low - cost carriers Virgin Group 1999 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7386387080002447998	a political leader during the roman empire was called	[ "emperors" ]	{ "0": "Roman Empire - Wikipedia Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Roman Empire '' , see Roman Empire ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Latin Empire or Holy Roman Empire . Roman Empire Imperium Romanum ( Latin ) Senatus Populusque Romanus ( SPQR ) Roman Senate and People Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ( Ancient Greek ) ( Basileía Rhōmaíōn ) 27 BC -- 395 AD 395 -- 476 ( Western ) 395 -- 1453 ( Eastern ) Aureus of Augustus Vexilloid The Roman Empire in AD 117 , at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan 's death ( with its vassals in pink ) .", "1": "Capital Rome ( 27 BC -- 410 AD ) Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 , Western ) Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 , Western ) Nicomedia ( 286 -- 330 , Eastern ) Constantinople ( 330 -- 1453 , Eastern ) Syracuse ( 663 -- 669 , Eastern ) Languages Latin ( official until 610 ) Greek ( official after 610 ) Regional / local languages Religion Before AD 380 : Imperial cult - driven polytheism From AD 380 : Nicene Christianity Government Mixed , functionally absolute monarchy Emperor 27 BC -- AD 14 Augustus ( first ) 98 -- 117 Trajan 284 -- 305 Diocletian 306 -- 337 Constantine I 379 -- 395 Theodosius I 474 -- 480 Julius Nepos 527 -- 565 Justinian I 976 -- 1025 Basil II 1449 -- 1453 Constantine XI Legislature Senate Historical era Classical era to Late Middle Ages Final War of the Roman Republic 32 -- 30 BC Empire established 30 -- 2 BC Constantinople becomes capital 330 Final East - West divide 395 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 476 Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 1204 Reconquest of Constantinople 1261 Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453 Fall of Trebizond 15 August 1461 Area 25 BC 2,750,000 km ( 1,060,000 sq mi ) AD 117 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) AD 390 4,400,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) Population 25 BC est . 56,800,000 Density 21 / km ( 53 / sq mi ) Currency Sestertius , Aureus , Solidus , Nomisma Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Republic Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : ( ɪmˈpɛ.", "2": "ri. ũː roːˈmaː. nũː ) ; Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c . AD 400 , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead . Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor .", "3": "Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty , before being succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty - year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire at once . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine the Great , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 . Constantine subsequently established a second capital city in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the official state religion of the empire . Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 , the empire was permanently divided between the West and the East . The dominion of the Western Roman Empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is generally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west . However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the Western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , in 480 .", "4": "The Eastern Roman Empire ( in modern historiography called the Byzantine Empire ) endured for another millennium as one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch - rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . The Byzantine Empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government on the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state ; and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco - Roman and Judaeo - Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and demography 3 Languages 3.1 Local languages and linguistic legacy 4 Society 4.1 Legal status 4.1. 1 Women in Roman law 4.1. 2 Slaves and the law 4.1. 3 Freedmen 4.2 Census rank 4.2.", "5": "1 Unequal justice 5 Government and military 5.1 Central government 5.2 Military 5.3 Provincial government 5.4 Roman law 5.5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Currency and banking 6.2 Mining and metallurgy 6.3 Transportation and communication 6.4 Trade and commodities 6.5 Labour and occupations 6.6 GDP and income distribution 7 Architecture and engineering 8 Daily life 8.1 City and country 8.2 Food and dining 8.3 Recreation and spectacles 8.3. 1 Personal training and play 8.4 Clothing 9 The arts 9.1 Portraiture 9.2 Sculpture 9.2. 1 Sarcophagi 9.3 Painting 9.4 Mosaic 9.5 Decorative arts 9.6 Performing arts 10 Literacy , books , and education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 Educated women 10.4 Decline of literacy 11 Literature 12 Religion 13 Political legacy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Cited sources 17 External links History Main article : History of the Roman Empire See also : Campaign history of the Roman military , Roman - Persian Wars , and Roman Kingdom The Augustus of Prima Porta ( early 1st century AD ) Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d . 210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states ; his royal dynasty was partially descended from the Roman triumvir Mark Antony . Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC , though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC . Then , it was an `` empire '' long before it had an emperor . The Roman Republic was not a nation - state in the modern sense , but a network of towns left to rule themselves ( though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate ) and provinces administered by military commanders .", "6": "It was ruled , not by emperors , but by annually elected magistrates ( Roman Consuls above all ) in conjunction with the senate . For various reasons , the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval , which ultimately led to rule by emperors . The consuls ' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium , which literally means `` command '' ( though typically in a military sense ) . Occasionally , successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator ( commander ) , and this is the origin of the word emperor ( and empire ) since this title ( among others ) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession . Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts , conspiracies and civil wars from the late second century BC onwards , while greatly extending its power beyond Italy . This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic . Towards the end of this era , in 44 BC , Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated . The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar 's adopted son Octavian . Antony and Octavian 's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian 's forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) with proconsular imperium , thus beginning the Principate ( the first epoch of Roman imperial history , usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284 ) , and gave him the name `` Augustus '' ( `` the venerated '' ) . Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place , Augustus came to predominate it . Although the republic stood in name , contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome . Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity , he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure .", "7": "During the years of his rule , a new constitutional order emerged ( in part organically and in part by design ) , so that , upon his death , this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor . The 200 years that began with Augustus 's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ( `` Roman Peace '' ) . During this period , the cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced . Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent , but put down `` mercilessly and swiftly '' when they occurred . The sixty years of Jewish -- Roman wars in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence . The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs . The Julio - Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors -- Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius and Nero -- before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife - torn Year of Four Emperors , from which Vespasian emerged as victor . Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty , to be followed by the Nerva -- Antonine dynasty which produced the `` Five Good Emperors '' : Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius and the philosophically - inclined Marcus Aurelius . In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius , a contemporary observer , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' -- a famous comment which has led some historians , notably Edward Gibbon , to take Commodus ' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire . In 212 , during the reign of Caracalla , Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . But despite this gesture of universality , the Severan dynasty was tumultuous -- an emperor 's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution -- and , following its collapse , the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century , a period of invasions , civil strife , economic disorder , and plague .", "8": "In defining historical epochs , this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity . Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) brought the empire back from the brink and stabilized it . Diocletian completed the work of fully restoring the empire , but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine , `` master '' or `` lord '' . This marked the end of the Principate , and the beginning of the Dominate . Diocletian 's reign also brought the empire 's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity , the `` Great Persecution '' . The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 . Diocletian divided the empire into four regions , each ruled by a separate emperor , the Tetrarchy . Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome , he abdicated along with his co-emperor , and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed . Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great , who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity , and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire . During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties , the empire was divided along an east -- west axis , with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome . The reign of Julian , who attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion , only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors . Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both East and West , died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire . The Roman Empire by 476 The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders . The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders , most famously Attila , though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself . Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer .", "9": "By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor , rather than naming himself Emperor ( as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors ) , Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors . The empire in the East -- often known as the Byzantine Empire , but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names -- had a different fate . It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages . During the 6th century , Justinian I reconquered Northern Africa and Italy . But within a few years of Justinian 's death , Byzantine possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula . In the east , partially resulting from the destructive Plague of Justinian , the Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam , whose followers rapidly conquered the territories of Syria , Armenia and Egypt during the Byzantine - Arab Wars , and soon presented a direct threat to Constantinople . In the following century , the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily . Slavic populations were also able to penetrate deep into the Balkans . The Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire c. 1263 . The Romans , however , managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and , beginning in the 9th century , reclaimed parts of the conquered lands . In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basil II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished . However , soon after , the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert . The aftermath of this important battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline . Two decades of internal strife and Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095 . The West responded with the Crusades , eventually resulting in the Sack of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade . The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states , the ultimate victor being that of Nicaea .", "10": "After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces , the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast . The Roman Empire finally collapsed when Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Geography and demography Main articles : Demography of the Roman Empire and Borders of the Roman Empire Further information : Classical demography The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history , with contiguous territories throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ( `` empire without end '' ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire . In Vergil 's epic poem the Aeneid , limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by their supreme deity Jupiter . This claim of universal dominion was renewed and perpetuated when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century . In reality , Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the Republic , though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD , when Roman control in Europe , Africa and Asia was strengthened . During the reign of Augustus , a `` global map of the known world '' was displayed for the first time in public at Rome , coinciding with the composition of the most comprehensive work on political geography that survives from antiquity , the Geography of the Pontic Greek writer Strabo . When Augustus died , the commemorative account of his achievements ( Res Gestae ) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of peoples and places within the Empire . Geography , the census , and the meticulous keeping of written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration . A segment of the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall in northern England The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan ( reigned 98 -- 117 ) , encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometres . The traditional population estimate of 55 -- 60 million inhabitants accounted for between one - sixth and one - fourth of the world 's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century . Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from 70 million to more than 100 million .", "11": "Each of the three largest cities in the Empire -- Rome , Alexandria , and Antioch -- was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century . As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it : Then the empire stretched from Hadrian 's Wall in drizzle - soaked northern England to the sun - baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria ; from the great Rhine -- Danube river system , which snaked across the fertile , flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea , to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt . The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum -- ' our sea ' . Trajan 's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire . Borders ( fines ) were marked , and the frontiers ( limites ) patrolled . The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable . Hadrian 's Wall , which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever - present barbarian threat , is the primary surviving monument of this effort . Languages This section may contain misleading parts . Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Main article : Languages of the Roman Empire The language of the Romans was Latin , which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition . Until the time of Alexander Severus ( reigned 222 -- 235 ) , the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin . Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire , but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule . This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great , who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language . As a consequence of Alexander 's conquests , koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor . The `` linguistic frontier '' dividing the Latin West and the Greek East passed through the Balkan peninsula . A 5th - century papyrus showing a parallel Latin - Greek text of a speech by Cicero Romans who received an elite education studied Greek as a literary language , and most men of the governing classes could speak Greek .", "12": "The Julio - Claudian emperors encouraged high standards of correct Latin ( Latinitas ) , a linguistic movement identified in modern terms as Classical Latin , and favoured Latin for conducting official business . Claudius tried to limit the use of Greek , and on occasion revoked the citizenship of those who lacked Latin , but even in the Senate he drew on his own bilingualism in communicating with Greek - speaking ambassadors . Suetonius quotes him as referring to `` our two languages '' . In the Eastern empire , laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin . The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions , which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin . After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in AD 212 , a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin , though they were expected to acquire at least a token knowledge , and Latin remained a marker of `` Romanness . '' Among other reforms , the emperor Diocletian ( reigned 284 -- 305 ) sought to renew the authority of Latin , and the Greek expression hē kratousa dialektos attests to the continuing status of Latin as `` the language of power . '' In the early 6th century , the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law , even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East . Local languages and linguistic legacy Bilingual Latin - Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna , Roman Africa ( present - day Libya ) References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin , particularly in Egypt , where Coptic predominated , and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube . Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic , Gaulish , and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths . In the province of Africa , Libyco - Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius ( 1st century AD ) . Libyco - Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century , some bilingual with Latin .", "13": "In Syria , Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions , in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military . The Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of multilingualism in the Empire . These papyri , named for a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dating from 93 to 132 AD , mostly employ Aramaic , the local language , written in Greek characters with Semitic and Latin influences ; a petition to the Roman governor , however , was written in Greek . The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages , since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral . In the West , Latin , referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin , gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo - European origin . Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin . After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity , Latin developed locally into branches that became the Romance languages , such as Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . As an international language of learning and literature , Latin itself continued as an active medium of expression for diplomacy and for intellectual developments identified with Renaissance humanism up to the 17th century , and for law and the Roman Catholic Church to the present . Although Greek continued as the language of the Byzantine Empire , linguistic distribution in the East was more complex . A Greek - speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands , western Anatolia , major cities , and some coastal areas . Like Greek and Latin , the Thracian language was of Indo - European origin , as were several now - extinct languages in Anatolia attested by Imperial - era inscriptions . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian , although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists , who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian . ( Illyrian , Dacian , and Thracian , however , may have formed a subgroup or a Sprachbund ; see Thraco - Illyrian . ) Various Afroasiatic languages -- primarily Coptic in Egypt , and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia -- were never replaced by Greek .", "14": "The international use of Greek , however , was one factor enabling the spread of Christianity , as indicated for example by the use of Greek for the Epistles of Paul . Society Further information : Ancient Roman society A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii ( 1st century AD ) Spread of Seuso at Lacus Pelso ( Lake Balaton ) The Roman Empire was remarkably multicultural , with `` a rather astonishing cohesive capacity '' to create a sense of shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples within its political system over a long span of time . The Roman attention to creating public monuments and communal spaces open to all -- such as forums , amphitheatres , racetracks and baths -- helped foster a sense of `` Romanness '' . Roman society had multiple , overlapping social hierarchies that modern concepts of `` class '' in English may not represent accurately . The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval , but did not effect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power . From the perspective of the lower classes , a peak was merely added to the social pyramid . Personal relationships -- patronage , friendship ( amicitia ) , family , marriage -- continued to influence the workings of politics and government , as they had in the Republic . By the time of Nero , however , it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen , or an equestrian who exercised greater power than a senator . The blurring or diffusion of the Republic 's more rigid hierarchies led to increased social mobility under the Empire , both upward and downward , to an extent that exceeded that of all other well - documented ancient societies . Women , freedmen , and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them . Social life in the Empire , particularly for those whose personal resources were limited , was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities ( collegia and sodalitates ) formed for various purposes : professional and trade guilds , veterans ' groups , religious sodalities , drinking and dining clubs , performing arts troupes , and burial societies . Citizen of Roman Egypt ( Fayum mummy portrait ) Infanticide has been recorded in the Roman Empire and may have been widespread .", "15": "Legal status Main articles : Status in Roman legal system and Roman citizenship According to the jurist Gaius , the essential distinction in the Roman `` law of persons '' was that all human beings were either free ( liberi ) or slaves ( servi ) . The legal status of free persons might be further defined by their citizenship . Most citizens held limited rights ( such as the ius Latinum , `` Latin right '' ) , but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by those who lacked citizenship . Free people not considered citizens , but living within the Roman world , held status as peregrini , non-Romans . In 212 AD , by means of the edict known as the Constitutio Antoniniana , the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . This legal egalitarianism would have required a far - reaching revision of existing laws that had distinguished between citizens and non-citizens . Women in Roman law Main article : Women in ancient Rome Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire , but did not vote , hold political office , or serve in the military . A mother 's citizen status determined that of her children , as indicated by the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) . A Roman woman kept her own family name ( nomen ) for life . Children most often took the father 's name , but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother 's name part of theirs , or even used it instead . Left image : Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 -- 79 AD ) , Pompeii , Italy Right image : Bronze statuette ( 1st century AD ) of a young woman reading , based on a Hellenistic original The archaic form of manus marriage in which the woman had been subject to her husband 's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era , and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage . Technically she remained under her father 's legal authority , even though she moved into her husband 's home , but when her father died she became legally emancipated .", "16": "This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period : although she had to answer to her father in legal matters , she was free of his direct scrutiny in her daily life , and her husband had no legal power over her . Although it was a point of pride to be a `` one - man woman '' ( univira ) who had married only once , there was little stigma attached to divorce , nor to speedy remarriage after the loss of a husband through death or divorce . Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will . A Roman mother 's right to own property and to dispose of it as she saw fit , including setting the terms of her own will , gave her enormous influence over her sons even when they were adults . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order , moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting `` family values '' . Adultery , which had been a private family matter under the Republic , was criminalized , and defined broadly as an illicit sex act ( stuprum ) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman , or between a married woman and any man other than her husband . Childbearing was encouraged by the state : a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal freedom ( the ius trium liberorum ) . Because of their legal status as citizens and the degree to which they could become emancipated , women could own property , enter contracts , and engage in business , including shipping , manufacturing , and lending money . Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works , an indication they could acquire and dispose of considerable fortunes ; for instance , the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a female member of the family honoured , and the largest building in the forum at Pompeii was funded by Eumachia , a priestess of Venus . Slaves and the law Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome At the time of Augustus , as many as 35 % of the people in Italy were slaves , making Rome one of five historical `` slave societies '' in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy .", "17": "Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility . In urban settings , slaves might be professionals such as teachers , physicians , chefs , and accountants , in addition to the majority of slaves who provided trained or unskilled labour in households or workplaces . Agriculture and industry , such as milling and mining , relied on the exploitation of slaves . Outside Italy , slaves made up on average an estimated 10 to 20 % of the population , sparse in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some Greek areas . Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries would have affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces . Although the institution of slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries , it remained an integral part of Roman society until the 5th century . Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centres in the West and the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy that had created the demand for it . Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( relief from a 4th - century sarcophagus ) Laws pertaining to slavery were `` extremely intricate '' . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood . They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens , sexual exploitation , torture , and summary execution . A slave could not as a matter of law be raped , since rape could be committed only against people who were free ; a slave 's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the Aquilian Law . Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called conubium , but their unions were sometimes recognized , and if both were freed they could marry . Following the Servile Wars of the Republic , legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups , and for hunting down fugitive slaves . Technically , a slave could not own property , but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual account or fund ( peculium ) that he could use as if it were his own .", "18": "The terms of this account varied depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave : a slave with an aptitude for business could be given considerable leeway to generate profit , and might be allowed to bequeath the peculium he managed to other slaves of his household . Within a household or workplace , a hierarchy of slaves might exist , with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves . Over time slaves gained increased legal protection , including the right to file complaints against their masters . A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution , as prostitutes in ancient Rome were often slaves . The burgeoning trade in eunuch slaves in the late 1st century AD prompted legislation that prohibited the castration of a slave against his will `` for lust or gain . '' Roman slavery was not based on race . Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean , including Gaul , Hispania , Germany , Britannia , the Balkans , Greece ... Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians , with a minority of foreigners ( including both slaves and freedmen ) born outside of Italy estimated at 5 % of the total in the capital at its peak , where their number was largest . Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent , while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society , remaining an identifiable minority . These slaves ( especially the foreigners ) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives , and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions . The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low : seventeen and a half years ( 17.2 for males ; 17.9 for females ) . During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive , war captives were a main source of slaves . The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war , and the conquest of Greece brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves into Rome . Slaves were also traded in markets , and sometimes sold by pirates . Infant abandonment and self - enslavement among the poor were other sources . Vernae , by contrast , were `` homegrown '' slaves born to female slaves within the urban household or on a country estate or farm .", "19": "Although they had no special legal status , an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his vernae faced social disapproval , as they were considered part of his familia , the family household , and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family . Talented slaves with a knack for business might accumulate a large enough peculium to justify their freedom , or be manumitted for services rendered . Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law ( Lex Fufia Caninia ) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will . Freedmen Cinerary urn for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women , probably his wife and daughter Rome differed from Greek city - states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership , but active political freedom ( libertas ) , including the right to vote . A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ( `` freed person , '' feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master , who then became his patron ( patronus ) : the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other . As a social class generally , freed slaves were libertini , though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably . A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods , but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor . He could not marry a woman from a family of senatorial rank , nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself , but during the early Empire , freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy , so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law . Any future children of a freedman would be born free , with full rights of citizenship . The rise of successful freedmen -- through either political influence in imperial service , or wealth -- is a characteristic of early Imperial society . The prosperity of a high - achieving group of freedmen is attested by inscriptions throughout the Empire , and by their ownership of some of the most lavish houses at Pompeii , such as the House of the Vettii .", "20": "The excesses of nouveau riche freedmen were satirized in the character of Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius , who wrote in the time of Nero . Such individuals , while exceptional , are indicative of the upward social mobility possible in the Empire . Census rank See also : Senate of the Roman Empire , Equestrian order , and Decurion ( administrative ) The Latin word ordo ( plural ordines ) refers to a social distinction that is translated variously into English as `` class , order , rank , '' none of which is exact . One purpose of the Roman census was to determine the ordo to which an individual belonged . The two highest ordines in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian . Outside Rome , the decurions , also known as curiales ( Greek bouleutai ) , were the top governing ordo of an individual city . Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting Gordian III and senators ( 3rd century ) `` Senator '' was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome ; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an executive magistrate . A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million sestertii , as determined by the census . Nero made large gifts of money to a number of senators from old families who had become too impoverished to qualify . Not all men who qualified for the ordo senatorius chose to take a Senate seat , which required legal domicile at Rome . Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600 - member body by appointment . A senator 's son belonged to the ordo senatorius , but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself . A senator could be removed for violating moral standards : he was prohibited , for instance , from marrying a freedwoman or fighting in the arena . In the time of Nero , senators were still primarily from Rome and other parts of Italy , with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France ; men from the Greek - speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian . The first senator from the most eastern province , Cappadocia , was admitted under Marcus Aurelius . By the time of the Severan dynasty ( 193 -- 235 ) , Italians made up less than half the Senate .", "21": "During the 3rd century , domicile at Rome became impractical , and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( patria ) . Senators had an aura of prestige and were the traditional governing class who rose through the cursus honorum , the political career track , but equestrians of the Empire often possessed greater wealth and political power . Membership in the equestrian order was based on property ; in Rome 's early days , equites or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors ( the `` public horse '' ) , but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire . A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian . The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified , and in 14 AD , a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone . Equestrians rose through a military career track ( tres militiae ) to become highly placed prefects and procurators within the Imperial administration . The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of the Empire . Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and unlike later European nobility , a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands . Admission to the higher ordines brought distinction and privileges , but also a number of responsibilities . In antiquity , a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works , events , and services ( munera ) , rather than on tax revenues , which primarily supported the military . Maintaining one 's rank required massive personal expenditures . Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire , as the ranks of the town councils became depleted , those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns , in an effort to sustain civic life . In the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` worth , esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as vir illustris , `` illustrious man '' . The appellation clarissimus ( Greek lamprotatos ) was used to designate the dignitas of certain senators and their immediate family , including women .", "22": "`` Grades '' of equestrian status proliferated . Those in Imperial service were ranked by pay grade ( sexagenarius , 60,000 sesterces per annum ; centenarius , 100,000 ; ducenarius , 200,000 ) . The title eminentissimus , `` most eminent '' ( Greek exochôtatos ) was reserved for equestrians who had been Praetorian prefects . The higher equestrian officials in general were perfectissimi , `` most distinguished '' ( Greek diasêmotatoi ) , the lower merely egregii , `` outstanding '' ( Greek kratistos ) . Unequal justice Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena ( 3rd - century mosaic from Tunisia ) As the republican principle of citizens ' equality under the law faded , the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours ( honestiores ) and those who were humbler folk ( humiliores ) . In general , honestiores were the members of the three higher `` orders , '' along with certain military officers . The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority over other citizens affirmed , particularly within the justice system . Sentencing depended on the judgement of the presiding official as to the relative `` worth '' ( dignitas ) of the defendant : an honestior could pay a fine when convicted of a crime for which an humilior might receive a scourging . Execution , which had been an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic even in a capital case , could be quick and relatively painless for the Imperial citizen considered `` more honourable '' , while those deemed inferior might suffer the kinds of torture and prolonged death previously reserved for slaves , such as crucifixion and condemnation to the beasts as a spectacle in the arena . In the early Empire , those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as honestiores , especially if they declined to fulfil the religious aspects of their civic responsibilities , and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom . Government and military Main article : Constitution of the Roman Empire Reconstructed statue of Augustus as Jove , holding scepter and orb ( first half of 1st century AD ) .", "23": "The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores Forum of Gerasa ( Jerash in present - day Jordan ) , with columns marking a covered walkway ( stoa ) for vendor stalls , and a semicircular space for public speaking The three major elements of the Imperial Roman state were the central government , the military , and provincial government . The military established control of a territory through war , but after a city or people was brought under treaty , the military mission turned to policing : protecting Roman citizens ( after 212 AD , all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire ) , the agricultural fields that fed them , and religious sites . Without modern instruments of either mass communication or mass destruction , the Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to impose their rule through force alone . Cooperation with local power elites was necessary to maintain order , collect information , and extract revenue . The Romans often exploited internal political divisions by supporting one faction over another : in the view of Plutarch , `` it was discord between factions within cities that led to the loss of self - governance '' . Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws , could collect their own taxes locally , and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation . Legal privileges and relative independence were an incentive to remain in good standing with Rome . Roman government was thus limited , but efficient in its use of the resources available to it . Central government See also : Roman emperor and Senate of the Roman Empire The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of certain powers from several republican offices , including the inviolability of the tribunes of the people and the authority of the censors to manipulate the hierarchy of Roman society . The emperor also made himself the central religious authority as Pontifex Maximus , and centralized the right to declare war , ratify treaties , and negotiate with foreign leaders . While these functions were clearly defined during the Principate , the emperor 's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical , culminating in the Dominate .", "24": "Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 ) , wearing a toga ( Hermitage Museum ) The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy - and decision - making , but in the early Principate he was expected to be accessible to individuals from all walks of life , and to deal personally with official business and petitions . A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually . The Julio - Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of advisors that included not only senators and equestrians , but trusted slaves and freedmen . After Nero , the unofficial influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion , and the emperor 's council ( consilium ) became subject to official appointment for the sake of greater transparency . Though the senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the Antonine dynasty , equestrians played an increasingly important role in the consilium . The women of the emperor 's family often intervened directly in his decisions . Plotina exercised influence on both her husband Trajan and his successor Hadrian . Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published , as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people . Access to the emperor by others might be gained at the daily reception ( salutatio ) , a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron ; public banquets hosted at the palace ; and religious ceremonies . The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues . By the 4th century , as urban centres decayed , the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings , no longer responding to individual petitions . Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor , it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate . The senate legitimated the emperor 's rule , and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates ( legati ) to serve as generals , diplomats , and administrators . A successful career required competence as an administrator and remaining in favour with the emperor , or over time perhaps multiple emperors . The practical source of an emperor 's power and authority was the military .", "25": "The legionaries were paid by the Imperial treasury , and swore an annual military oath of loyalty to the emperor ( sacramentum ) . The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis . Most emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir . The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape . No emperor could hope to survive , much less to reign , without the allegiance and loyalty of the Praetorian Guard and of the legions . To secure their loyalty , several emperors paid the donativum , a monetary reward . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians . Military The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117 -- 138 ) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125 Main articles : Imperial Roman army and Structural history of the Roman military The soldiers of the Imperial Roman army were professionals who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves . The transition to a professional military had begun during the late Republic , and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism , under which an army of conscripts had exercised their responsibilities as citizens in defending the homeland in a campaign against a specific threat . For Imperial Rome , the military was a full - time career in itself . The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana . The three major divisions of the military were : the garrison at Rome , which includes both the Praetorians and the vigiles who functioned as police and firefighters ; the provincial army , comprising the Roman legions and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( auxilia ) ; the navy . The pervasiveness of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural exchange and assimilation known as `` Romanization , '' particularly in regard to politics , the economy , and religion .", "26": "Knowledge of the Roman military comes from a wide range of sources : Greek and Roman literary texts ; coins with military themes ; papyri preserving military documents ; monuments such as Trajan 's Column and triumphal arches , which feature artistic depictions of both fighting men and military machines ; the archaeology of military burials , battle sites , and camps ; and inscriptions , including military diplomas , epitaphs , and dedications . Through his military reforms , which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty , Augustus changed and regularized the legion , down to the hobnail pattern on the soles of army boots . A legion was organized into ten cohorts , each of which comprised six centuries , with a century further made up of ten squads ( contubernia ) ; the exact size of the Imperial legion , which is most likely to have been determined by logistics , has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 . Relief panel from Trajan 's Column showing the building of a fort and the reception of a Dacian embassy In AD 9 , Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25 . The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 . The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century , and under 400,000 in the 2nd , `` significantly smaller '' than the collective armed forces of the territories it conquered . No more than 2 % of adult males living in the Empire served in the Imperial army . Augustus also created the Praetorian Guard : nine cohorts , ostensibly to maintain the public peace , which were garrisoned in Italy . Better paid than the legionaries , the Praetorians served only sixteen years . The auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens . Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength , they were paid less than the legionaries , and after 25 years of service were rewarded with Roman citizenship , also extended to their sons . According to Tacitus there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries . The auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men , implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments .", "27": "The Roman cavalry of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic , Hispanic or Germanic areas . Several aspects of training and equipment , such as the four - horned saddle , derived from the Celts , as noted by Arrian and indicated by archaeology . The Roman navy ( Latin : classis , `` fleet '' ) not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions , but also helped in the protection of the frontiers along the rivers Rhine and Danube . Another of its duties was the protection of the crucial maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates . It patrolled the whole of the Mediterranean , parts of the North Atlantic coasts , and the Black Sea . Nevertheless , the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch . Provincial government The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres An annexed territory became a province in a three - step process : making a register of cities , taking a census of the population , and surveying the land . Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths , real estate transactions , taxes , and juridical proceedings . In the 1st and 2nd centuries , the central government sent out around 160 officials each year to govern outside Italy . Among these officials were the `` Roman governors '' , as they are called in English : either magistrates elected at Rome who in the name of the Roman people governed senatorial provinces ; or governors , usually of equestrian rank , who held their imperium on behalf of the emperor in provinces excluded from senatorial control , most notably Roman Egypt . A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed , but he could delegate various duties . His staff , however , was minimal : his official attendants ( apparitores ) , including lictors , heralds , messengers , scribes , and bodyguards ; legates , both civil and military , usually of equestrian rank ; and friends , ranging in age and experience , who accompanied him unofficially . Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances . Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era . Under the Republic , provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely .", "28": "Equestrian procurators , whose authority was originally `` extra-judicial and extra-constitutional , '' managed both state - owned property and the vast personal property of the emperor ( res privata ) . Because Roman government officials were few in number , a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity , such as a procurator or a military officer , including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police . Roman law Main article : Roman law Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman courts held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire , but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces . Most parts of the Eastern empire already had well - established law codes and juridical procedures . In general , it was Roman policy to respect the mos regionis ( `` regional tradition '' or `` law of the land '' ) and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability . The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying ius gentium , the `` law of nations '' or international law regarded as common and customary among all human communities . If the particulars of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom , Roman courts heard appeals , and the emperor held final authority to render a decision . In the West , law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis , and private property rights may have been a novelty of the Roman era , particularly among Celtic peoples . Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous . The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law , replacing the local law codes that had applied to non-citizens . Diocletian 's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century included two major compilations of law in four years , the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus , to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards .", "29": "The pervasive exercise of Roman law throughout Western Europe led to its enormous influence on the Western legal tradition , reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in modern law . Taxation Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5 % of the Empire 's gross product . The typical tax rate paid by individuals ranged from 2 to 5 % . The tax code was `` bewildering '' in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes , some paid in cash and some in kind . Taxes might be specific to a province , or kinds of properties such as fisheries or salt evaporation ponds ; they might be in effect for a limited time . Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military , and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty . In - kind taxes were accepted from less - monetized areas , particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps . Personification of the River Nile and his children , from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome ( 1st century AD ) The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals , who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land , construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity . Supplemental forms could be filed by those eligible for certain exemptions ; for example , Egyptian farmers could register fields as fallow and tax - exempt depending on flood patterns of the Nile . Tax obligations were determined by the census , which required each head of household to appear before the presiding official and provide a head count of his household , as well as an accounting of property he owned that was suitable for agriculture or habitation . A major source of indirect - tax revenue was the portoria , customs and tolls on imports and exports , including among provinces . Special taxes were levied on the slave trade . Towards the end of his reign , Augustus instituted a 4 % tax on the sale of slaves , which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers , who responded by raising their prices . An owner who manumitted a slave paid a `` freedom tax '' , calculated at 5 % of value . An inheritance tax of 5 % was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone but members of their immediate family . Revenues from the estate tax and from a 1 % sales tax on auctions went towards the veterans ' pension fund ( aerarium militare ) .", "30": "Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Economy Main article : Roman economy Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was `` underdeveloped and underachieving , '' characterized by subsistence agriculture ; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry ; low - status artisans ; slowly developing technology ; and a `` lack of economic rationality . '' Current views are more complex . Territorial conquests permitted a large - scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization , particularly in north Africa . Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities , and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry . Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism , and the Empire was highly monetized . Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity , transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly , and trade routes connected regional economies . The supply contracts for the army , which pervaded every part of the Empire , drew on local suppliers near the base ( castrum ) , throughout the province , and across provincial borders . The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies , based on a form of `` political capitalism '' in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues . Economic growth , though not comparable to modern economies , was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization . Socially , economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire . Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth , patronage , good luck , or even extraordinary ability . Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society , a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank .", "31": "Prestige could be obtained through investing one 's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately : grand country estates or townhouses , durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware , public entertainments , funerary monuments for family members or coworkers , and religious dedications such as altars . Guilds ( collegia ) and corporations ( corpora ) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking , sharing sound business practices , and a willingness to work . Currency and banking See also : Roman currency and Roman finance Currency denominations 27 BC -- AD 212 : 1 gold aureus ( 1 / 40 lb. of gold , devalued to 1 / 50 lb. by 212 ) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294 -- 312 : 1 gold aureus solidus ( 1 / 60 lb. of gold ) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii 312 onwards : 1 gold solidus ( 1 / 72 lb . ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The early Empire was monetized to a near - universal extent , in the sense of using money as a way to express prices and debts . The sestertius ( plural sestertii , English `` sesterces '' , symbolized as HS ) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century , though the silver denarius , worth four sesterces , was used also for accounting beginning in the Severan dynasty . The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze as ( plural asses ) , one - fourth sestertius . Bullion and ingots seem not to have counted as pecunia , `` money , '' and were used only on the frontiers for transacting business or buying property . Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted coins , rather than weighing them -- an indication that the coin was valued on its face , not for its metal content . This tendency towards fiat money led eventually to the debasement of Roman coinage , with consequences in the later Empire . The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration .", "32": "The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the money supply for trading or saving . Rome had no central bank , and regulation of the banking system was minimal . Banks of classical antiquity typically kept less in reserves than the full total of customers ' deposits . A typical bank had fairly limited capital , and often only one principal , though a bank might have as many as six to fifteen principals . Seneca assumes that anyone involved in commerce needs access to credit . Solidus issued under Constantine II , and on the reverse Victoria , one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins , gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule A professional deposit banker ( argentarius , coactor argentarius , or later nummularius ) received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term , and lent money to third parties . The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending , both as creditors and borrowers , making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections . The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party , without cash changing hands . Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked `` paper '' or documentary transactions , the system of banks throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of very large sums without the physical transfer of coins , in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash , particularly by sea . Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire , a credit crisis in 33 AD that put a number of senators at risk ; the central government rescued the market through a loan of 100 million HS made by the emperor Tiberius to the banks ( mensae ) . Generally , available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers . The central government itself did not borrow money , and without public debt had to fund deficits from cash reserves . Emperors of the Antonine and Severan dynasties overall debased the currency , particularly the denarius , under the pressures of meeting military payrolls . Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market . In the mid-200s , the supply of specie contracted sharply .", "33": "Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century -- such as reductions in long - distance trade , disruption of mining operations , and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies -- greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300 . Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency , general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian , and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government . Despite Diocletian 's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms , the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness . Mining and Metallurgy Main article : Roman metallurgy See also : Mining in Roman Britain Landscape resulting from the ruina montium mining technique at Las Médulas , Spain , one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula ( gold , silver , copper , tin , lead ) ; Gaul ( gold , silver , iron ) ; Britain ( mainly iron , lead , tin ) , the Danubian provinces ( gold , iron ) ; Macedonia and Thrace ( gold , silver ) ; and Asia Minor ( gold , silver , iron , tin ) . Intensive large - scale mining -- of alluvial deposits , and by means of open - cast mining and underground mining -- took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD , when the instability of the Empire disrupted production . The gold mines of Dacia , for instance , were no longer available for Roman exploitation after the province was surrendered in 271 . Mining seems to have resumed to some extent during the 4th century . Hydraulic mining , which Pliny referred to as ruina montium ( `` ruin of the mountains '' ) , allowed base and precious metals to be extracted on a proto - industrial scale . The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500 tonnes . Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t , and lead at 80,000 t , both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution ; Hispania alone had a 40 % share in world lead production . The high lead output was a by - product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum .", "34": "At its peak around the mid-2nd century AD , the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t , five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of medieval Europe and the Caliphate around 800 AD . As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production , lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over its prehistoric levels during the Imperial era and dropped again thereafter . Transportation and communication See also : Roman roads Gallo - Roman relief depicting a river boat transporting wine barrels , an invention of the Gauls that came into widespread use during the 2nd century ; above , wine is stored in the traditional amphorae , some covered in wicker The Roman Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean , which they called `` our sea '' ( mare nostrum ) . Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire , including the Guadalquivir , Ebro , Rhône , Rhine , Tiber and Nile . Transport by water was preferred where possible , and moving commodities by land was more difficult . Vehicles , wheels , and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers . Land transport utilized the advanced system of Roman roads . The in - kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel , animals , or vehicles for the cursus publicus , the state mail and transport service established by Augustus . Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve Roman miles , and tended to grow into a village or trading post . A mansio ( plural mansiones ) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the cursus publicus . The support staff at such a facility included muleteers , secretaries , blacksmiths , cartwrights , a veterinarian , and a few military police and couriers . The distance between mansiones was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day . Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts , travelling about 4 mph . As an example of the pace of communication , it took a messenger a minimum of nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior , even on a matter of urgency .", "35": "In addition to the mansiones , some taverns offered accommodations as well as food and drink ; one recorded tab for a stay showed charges for wine , bread , mule feed , and the services of a prostitute . Trade and commodities See also : Roman commerce , Indo - Roman trade and relations , and Sino - Roman relations The Pompeii Lakshmi , an ivory statuette from India found in the ruins of Pompeii . A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb in Guangxi , southern China ; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BC , and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea Roman provinces traded among themselves , but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as China and India . The main commodity was grain . Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the Silk Road ; Indian trade , however , also occurred by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea . Also traded were olive oil , various foodstuffs , garum ( fish sauce ) , slaves , ore and manufactured metal objects , fibres and textiles , timber , pottery , glassware , marble , papyrus , spices and materia medica , ivory , pearls , and gemstones . Though most provinces were capable of producing wine , regional varietals were desirable and wine was a central item of trade . Shortages of vin ordinaire were rare . The major suppliers for the city of Rome were the west coast of Italy , southern Gaul , the Tarraconensis region of Hispania , and Crete . Alexandria , the second - largest city , imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean . At the retail level , taverns or speciality wine shops ( vinaria ) sold wine by the jug for carryout and by the drink on premises , with price ranges reflecting quality . Labour and occupations Workers at a cloth - processing shop , in a painting from the fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii Roman hunters during the preparations , set - up of traps , and in - action hunting near Tarraco Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome , and 85 in Pompeii .", "36": "Professional associations or trade guilds ( collegia ) are attested for a wide range of occupations , including fishermen ( piscatores ) , salt merchants ( salinatores ) , olive oil dealers ( olivarii ) , entertainers ( scaenici ) , cattle dealers ( pecuarii ) , goldsmiths ( aurifices ) , teamsters ( asinarii or muliones ) , and stonecutters ( lapidarii ) . These are sometimes quite specialized : one collegium at Rome was strictly limited to craftsmen who worked in ivory and citrus wood . Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories : domestic , with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs ; imperial or public service ; urban crafts and services ; agriculture ; and mining . Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries , where conditions were notoriously brutal . In practice , there was little division of labour between slave and free , and most workers were illiterate and without special skills . The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture : in the Italian system of industrial farming ( latifundia ) , these may have been mostly slaves , but throughout the Empire , slave farm labour was probably less important than other forms of dependent labour by people who were technically not enslaved . Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment . Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire , whose products were often named for them or a particular town , rather like a fashion `` label '' . Better ready - to - wear was exported by businessmen ( negotiatores or mercatores ) who were often well - to - do residents of the production centres . Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents , who travelled to potential customers , or by vestiarii , clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen ; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants . In Egypt , textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices , free workers earning wages , and slaves . The fullers ( fullones ) and dye workers ( coloratores ) had their own guilds . Centonarii were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into pieced goods .", "37": "GDP and income distribution Further information : Roman economy § Gross domestic product Economic historians vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product of the Roman economy during the Principate . In the sample years of 14 , 100 , and 150 AD , estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380 HS . The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated as 40 to 66 % higher than in the rest of the Empire , due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland . In the Scheidel -- Friesen economic model , the total annual income generated by the Empire is placed at nearly 20 billion HS , with about 5 % extracted by central and local government . Households in the top 1.5 % of income distribution captured about 20 % of income . Another 20 % went to about 10 % of the population who can be characterized as a non-elite middle . The remaining `` vast majority '' produced more than half of the total income , but lived near subsistence . Architecture and engineering Main articles : Ancient Roman architecture , Roman engineering , and Roman technology Amphitheatres of the Roman Empire Construction on the Flavian Amphitheatre , more commonly known as the Colosseum , began during the reign of Vespasian The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch , vault and the dome . Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand , due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete . Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century . The system of roadways facilitated military policing , communications , and trade . The roads were resistant to floods and other environmental hazards . Even after the collapse of the central government , some roads remained usable for more than a thousand years . Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges , built from stone with the arch as the basic structure . Most utilized concrete as well . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length .", "38": "The Romans built many dams and reservoirs for water collection , such as the Subiaco Dams , two of which fed the Anio Novus , one of the largest aqueducts of Rome . They built 72 dams just on the Iberian peninsula , and many more are known across the Empire , some still in use . Several earthen dams are known from Roman Britain , including a well - preserved example from Longovicium ( Lanchester ) . The Pont du Gard aqueduct , which crosses the Gardon River in southern France , is on UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts . A surviving treatise by Frontinus , who served as curator aquarum ( water commissioner ) under Nerva , reflects the administrative importance placed on ensuring the water supply . Masonry channels carried water from distant springs and reservoirs along a precise gradient , using gravity alone . After the water passed through the aqueduct , it was collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains , baths , toilets , or industrial sites . The main aqueducts in the city of Rome were the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia . The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a sinuous route of more than 336 km . Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine tolerance , and to a technological standard that was not to be equalled until modern times . The Romans also made use of aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire , at sites such as Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales . Insulated glazing ( or `` double glazing '' ) was used in the construction of public baths . Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts , a form of central heating . The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later steam engine , when Hero built the aeolipile . With the crank and connecting rod system , all elements for constructing a steam engine ( invented in 1712 ) -- Hero 's aeolipile ( generating steam power ) , the cylinder and piston ( in metal force pumps ) , non-return valves ( in water pumps ) , gearing ( in water mills and clocks ) -- were known in Roman times .", "39": "Daily life Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Cityscape from the Villa Boscoreale ( 60s AD ) City and country In the ancient world , a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being `` properly designed , ordered , and adorned . '' Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome , supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology , and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods ( vici ) administered at the local level with police and firefighting services . A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius , an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( gnomon ) of a horologium . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . City planning and urban lifestyles had been influenced by the Greeks from an early period , and in the eastern Empire , Roman rule accelerated and shaped the local development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character . Cities such as Athens , Aphrodisias , Ephesus and Gerasa altered some aspects of city planning and architecture to conform to imperial ideals , while also expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence . In the areas of the western Empire inhabited by Celtic - speaking peoples , Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples , forums , monumental fountains , and amphitheatres , often on or near the sites of the preexisting walled settlements known as oppida . Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic cities along the coast . Aquae Sulis in Bath , England : architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction The network of cities throughout the Empire ( coloniae , municipia , civitates or in Greek terms poleis ) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana . Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to `` inculcate the habits of peacetime '' .", "40": "As the classicist Clifford Ando has noted : Most of the cultural appurtenances popularly associated with imperial culture -- public cult and its games and civic banquets , competitions for artists , speakers , and athletes , as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art -- were financed by private individuals , whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges . Even the Christian polemicist Tertullian declared that the world of the late 2nd century was more orderly and well - cultivated than in earlier times : `` Everywhere there are houses , everywhere people , everywhere the res publica , the commonwealth , everywhere life . '' The decline of cities and civic life in the 4th century , when the wealthy classes were unable or disinclined to support public works , was one sign of the Empire 's imminent dissolution . Public toilets ( latrinae ) from Ostia Antica In the city of Rome , most people lived in multistory apartment buildings ( insulae ) that were often squalid firetraps . Public facilities -- such as baths ( thermae ) , toilets that were flushed with running water ( latrinae ) , conveniently located basins or elaborate fountains ( nymphea ) delivering fresh water , and large - scale entertainments such as chariot races and gladiator combat -- were aimed primarily at the common people who lived in the insulae . Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire , and some of the best - preserved Roman structures are in Spain , southern France , and northern Africa . The public baths served hygienic , social and cultural functions . Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner . Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures , with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight - training room , sauna , exfoliation spa ( where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil ) , ball court , or outdoor swimming pool . Baths had hypocaust heating : the floors were suspended over hot - air channels that circulated warmth . Mixed nude bathing was not unusual in the early Empire , though some baths may have offered separate facilities or hours for men and women .", "41": "Public baths were a part of urban culture throughout the provinces , but in the late 4th century , individual tubs began to replace communal bathing . Christians were advised to go to the baths for health and cleanliness , not pleasure , but to avoid the games ( ludi ) , which were part of religious festivals they considered `` pagan '' . Tertullian says that otherwise Christians not only availed themselves of the baths , but participated fully in commerce and society . Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the House of the Vettii Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses , a townhouse ( domus , plural domūs ) and at least one luxury home ( villa ) outside the city . The domus was a privately owned single - family house , and might be furnished with a private bath ( balneum ) , but it was not a place to retreat from public life . Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well - to - do houses , the rich did not live in segregated enclaves . Their houses were meant to be visible and accessible . The atrium served as a reception hall in which the paterfamilias ( head of household ) met with clients every morning , from wealthy friends to poorer dependents who received charity . It was also a centre of family religious rites , containing a shrine and the images of family ancestors . The houses were located on busy public roads , and ground - level spaces facing the street were often rented out as shops ( tabernae ) . In addition to a kitchen garden -- windowboxes might substitute in the insulae -- townhouses typically enclosed a peristyle garden that brought a tract of nature , made orderly , within walls . Birds and fountain within a garden setting , with oscilla ( hanging masks ) above , in a painting from Pompeii The villa by contrast was an escape from the bustle of the city , and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances the civilized pursuit of intellectual and artistic interests ( otium ) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle . Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista , carefully framed by the architectural design . It might be located on a working estate , or in a `` resort town '' situated on the seacoast , such as Pompeii and Herculaneum .", "42": "The programme of urban renewal under Augustus , and the growth of Rome 's population to as many as 1 million people , was accompanied by a nostalgia for rural life expressed in the arts . Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds . The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens , fountains , landscapes , vegetative ornament , and animals , especially birds and marine life , rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species . The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse , which has often been retold as a children 's story . On a more practical level , the central government took an active interest in supporting agriculture . Producing food was the top priority of land use . Larger farms ( latifundia ) achieved an economy of scale that sustained urban life and its more specialized division of labour . Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres . Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire , and new crops were introduced from one province to another , such as peas and cabbage to Britain . Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , when the state began to provide a grain dole ( annona ) to citizens who registered for it . About 200,000 -- 250,000 adult males in Rome received the dole , amounting to about 33 kg . per month , for a per annum total of about 100,000 tons of wheat primarily from Sicily , north Africa , and Egypt . The dole cost at least 15 % of state revenues , but improved living conditions and family life among the lower classes , and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on the estates of the landowning class . Bread stall , from a Pompeiian wall painting The grain dole also had symbolic value : it affirmed both the emperor 's position as universal benefactor , and the right of all citizens to share in `` the fruits of conquest '' . The annona , public facilities , and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower - class Romans , and kept social unrest in check .", "43": "The satirist Juvenal , however , saw `` bread and circuses '' ( panem et circenses ) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty : The public has long since cast off its cares : the people that once bestowed commands , consulships , legions and all else , now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things : bread and circuses . Food and dining Main article : Food and dining in the Roman Empire See also : Grain supply to the city of Rome and Ancient Rome and wine Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens , though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery . Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars , inns , and food stalls ( tabernae , cauponae , popinae , thermopolia ) . Carryout and restaurant dining were for the lower classes ; fine dining could be sought only at private dinner parties in well - to - do houses with a chef ( archimagirus ) and trained kitchen staff , or at banquets hosted by social clubs ( collegia ) . Most people would have consumed at least 70 % of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes . Puls ( pottage ) was considered the aboriginal food of the Romans . The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with chopped vegetables , bits of meat , cheese , or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto . An Ostian taberna for eating and drinking ; the faded painting over the counter pictured eggs , olives , fruit and radishes Urban populations and the military preferred to consume their grain in the form of bread . Mills and commercial ovens were usually combined in a bakery complex . By the reign of Aurelian , the state had begun to distribute the annona as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories , and added olive oil , wine , and pork to the dole . The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen ( 2nd century AD ) , whose treatises included one On Barley Soup . Views on nutrition were influenced by schools of thought such as humoral theory . Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes , for whom the evening meal ( cena ) had important social functions .", "44": "Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( triclinium ) , often with a view of the peristyle garden . Diners lounged on couches , leaning on the left elbow . By the late Republic , if not earlier , women dined , reclined , and drank wine along with men . The most famous description of a Roman meal is probably Trimalchio 's dinner party in the Satyricon , a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to reality even among the most wealthy . The poet Martial describes serving a more plausible dinner , beginning with the gustatio ( `` tasting '' or `` appetizer '' ) , which was a composed salad of mallow leaves , lettuce , chopped leeks , mint , arugula , mackerel garnished with rue , sliced eggs , and marinated sow udder . The main course was succulent cuts of kid , beans , greens , a chicken , and leftover ham , followed by a dessert of fresh fruit and vintage wine . The Latin expression for a full - course dinner was ab ovo usque mala , `` from the egg to the apples , '' equivalent to the English `` from soup to nuts . '' Still life on a 2nd - century Roman mosaic A book - length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to Apicius , a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with `` gourmet . '' Roman `` foodies '' indulged in wild game , fowl such as peacock and flamingo , large fish ( mullet was especially prized ) , and shellfish . Luxury ingredients were brought by the fleet from the far reaches of empire , from the Parthian frontier to the Straits of Gibraltar . Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline . The early Imperial historian Tacitus contrasted the indulgent luxuries of the Roman table in his day with the simplicity of the Germanic diet of fresh wild meat , foraged fruit , and cheese , unadulterated by imported seasonings and elaborate sauces . Most often , because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture , produce -- cereals , legumes , vegetables , and fruit -- was considered a more civilized form of food than meat .", "45": "The Mediterranean staples of bread , wine , and oil were sacralized by Roman Christianity , while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of paganism , as it might be the product of animal sacrifice . Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food , and adopted fasting as an ideal . Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished , trade routes were disrupted , and the rich retreated to the more limited self - sufficiency of their country estates . As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence , the Church formally discouraged gluttony , and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple , virtuous ways of life . Recreation and spectacles See also : Ludi , Chariot racing , and Gladiator Wall painting depicting a sports riot at the amphitheatre of Pompeii , which led to the banning of gladiator combat in the town When Juvenal complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for `` bread and circuses '' , he was referring to the state - provided grain dole and the circenses , events held in the entertainment venue called a circus in Latin . The largest such venue in Rome was the Circus Maximus , the setting of horse races , chariot races , the equestrian Troy Game , staged beast hunts ( venationes ) , athletic contests , gladiator combat , and historical re-enactments . From earliest times , several religious festivals had featured games ( ludi ) , primarily horse and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) . Although their entertainment value tended to overshadow ritual significance , the races remained part of archaic religious observances that pertained to agriculture , initiation , and the cycle of birth and death . Under Augustus , public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year ; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the number of days had expanded to 135 . Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade ( pompa circensis ) that ended at the venue . Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the amphitheatre , which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue , and stadium . Greek - style athletics included footraces , boxing , wrestling , and the pancratium . Aquatic displays , such as the mock sea battle ( naumachia ) and a form of `` water ballet '' , were presented in engineered pools .", "46": "State - supported theatrical events ( ludi scaenici ) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres , or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an odeum . A victor in his four - horse chariot Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world , though the Greeks had their own architectural traditions for the similarly purposed hippodrome . The Flavian Amphitheatre , better known as the Colosseum , became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome after it opened in 80 AD . The circus races continued to be held more frequently . The Circus Maximus could seat around 150,000 spectators , and the Colosseum about 50,000 with standing room for about 10,000 more . Many Roman amphitheatres , circuses and theatres built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today . The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events , which both enhanced their status and drained their resources . The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society : the emperor presiding in his opulent box ; senators and equestrians watching from the advantageous seats reserved for them ; women seated at a remove from the action ; slaves given the worst places , and everybody else packed in - between . The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering , but the emperor had the final say . Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest , and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest , most notoriously at the Nika riots in the year 532 , when troops under Justinian slaughtered thousands . The Zliten mosaic , from a dining room in present - day Libya , depicts a series of arena scenes : from top , musicians playing a Roman tuba , a water pipe organ and two horns ; six pairs of gladiators with two referees ; four beast fighters ; and three convicts condemned to the beasts The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore , with the Blues and Greens the most popular . Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into sports riots . Racing was perilous , but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well - compensated athletes .", "47": "One star of the sport was Diocles , from Lusitania ( present - day Portugal ) , who raced chariots for 24 years and had career earnings of 35 million sesterces . Horses had their fans too , and were commemorated in art and inscriptions , sometimes by name . The design of Roman circuses was developed to assure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( naufragia , `` shipwrecks '' ) , which were nonetheless frequent and spectacularly satisfying to the crowd . The races retained a magical aura through their early association with chthonic rituals : circus images were considered protective or lucky , curse tablets have been found buried at the site of racetracks , and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery . Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship , but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise . The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans . Some of the earliest styles of gladiator fighting had ethnic designations such as `` Thracian '' or `` Gallic '' . The staged combats were considered munera , `` services , offerings , benefactions '' , initially distinct from the festival games ( ludi ) . Throughout his 40 - year reign , Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought , as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals . To mark the opening of the Colosseum , the emperor Titus presented 100 days of arena events , with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day . Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics , wall paintings , lamps , and even graffiti drawings . Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves , convicts , or free volunteers . Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters , whose training represented a costly and time - consuming investment . By contrast , noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training , often unarmed , and with no expectation of survival .", "48": "Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed . These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths , and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects . Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed - up form of human sacrifice . Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the `` theatre of life and death '' to be one of the more difficult aspects of their civilization to understand and explain . The younger Pliny rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people , a way `` to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death , by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory even in the bodies of slaves and criminals '' . Some Romans such as Seneca were critical of the brutal spectacles , but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter rather than in victory -- an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the Christians martyred in the arena . Even martyr literature , however , offers `` detailed , indeed luxuriant , descriptions of bodily suffering '' , and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction . Personal training and play Boys and girls playing ball games ( 2nd century relief from the Louvre ) In the plural , ludi almost always refers to the large - scale spectator games . The singular ludus , `` play , game , sport , training , '' had a wide range of meanings such as `` word play , '' `` theatrical performance , '' `` board game , '' `` primary school , '' and even `` gladiator training school '' ( as in Ludus Magnus , the largest such training camp at Rome ) . Activities for children and young people included hoop rolling and knucklebones ( astragali or `` jacks '' ) . The sarcophagi of children often show them playing games . Girls had dolls , typically 15 -- 16 cm tall with jointed limbs , made of materials such as wood , terracotta , and especially bone and ivory . Ball games include trigon , which required dexterity , and harpastum , a rougher sport . Pets appear often on children 's memorials and in literature , including birds , dogs , cats , goats , sheep , rabbits and geese .", "49": "So - called `` bikini girls '' mosaic from the Villa del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century After adolescence , most physical training for males was of a military nature . The Campus Martius originally was an exercise field where young men developed the skills of horsemanship and warfare . Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime . According to Plutarch , conservative Romans disapproved of Greek - style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake , and condemned Nero 's efforts to encourage gymnastic games in the Greek manner . Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers , and a rare few as female gladiators . The famous `` bikini girls '' mosaic shows young women engaging in apparatus routines that might be compared to rhythmic gymnastics . Women in general were encouraged to maintain their health through activities such as playing ball , swimming , walking , reading aloud ( as a breathing exercise ) , riding in vehicles , and travel . Stone game board from Aphrodisias : boards could also be made of wood , with deluxe versions in costly materials such as ivory ; game pieces or counters were bone , glass , or polished stone , and might be coloured or have markings or images People of all ages played board games pitting two players against each other , including latrunculi ( `` Raiders '' ) , a game of strategy in which opponents coordinated the movements and capture of multiple game pieces , and XII scripta ( `` Twelve Marks '' ) , involving dice and arranging pieces on a grid of letters or words . A game referred to as alea ( dice ) or tabula ( the board ) , to which the emperor Claudius was notoriously addicted , may have been similar to backgammon , using a dice - cup ( pyrgus ) . Playing with dice as a form of gambling was disapproved of , but was a popular pastime during the December festival of the Saturnalia with its carnival , norms - overturned atmosphere . Clothing Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome In a status - conscious society like that of the Romans , clothing and personal adornment gave immediate visual clues about the etiquette of interacting with the wearer . Wearing the correct clothing was supposed to reflect a society in good order . The toga was the distinctive national garment of the Roman male citizen , but it was heavy and impractical , worn mainly for conducting political business and religious rites , and for going to court .", "50": "The clothing Romans wore ordinarily was dark or colourful , and the most common male attire seen daily throughout the provinces would have been tunics , cloaks , and in some regions trousers . The study of how Romans dressed in daily life is complicated by a lack of direct evidence , since portraiture may show the subject in clothing with symbolic value , and surviving textiles from the period are rare . Women from the wall painting at the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii The basic garment for all Romans , regardless of gender or wealth , was the simple sleeved tunic . The length differed by wearer : a man 's reached mid-calf , but a soldier 's was somewhat shorter ; a woman 's fell to her feet , and a child 's to its knees . The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural , dull shades , with the length determined by the type of work they did . Finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen . A man who belonged to the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( clavi ) woven vertically into the fabric : the wider the stripe , the higher the wearer 's status . Other garments could be layered over the tunic . The Imperial toga was a `` vast expanse '' of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance . In his work on oratory , Quintilian describes in detail how the public speaker ought to orchestrate his gestures in relation to his toga . In art , the toga is shown with the long end dipping between the feet , a deep curved fold in front , and a bulbous flap at the midsection . The drapery became more intricate and structured over time , with the cloth forming a tight roll across the chest in later periods . The toga praetexta , with a purple or purplish - red stripe representing inviolability , was worn by children who had not come of age , curule magistrates , and state priests . Only the emperor could wear an all - purple toga ( toga picta ) .", "51": "Claudius wearing an early Imperial toga ( see a later , more structured toga above ) , and the pallium as worn by a priest of Serapis , sometimes identified as the emperor Julian In the 2nd century , emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium , an originally Greek mantle ( himation ) folded tightly around the body . Women are also portrayed in the pallium . Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians , in contrast to the toga , and for educated people , since it was associated with philosophers . By the 4th century , the toga had been more or less replaced by the pallium as a garment that embodied social unity . Roman clothing styles changed over time , though not as rapidly as fashions today . In the Dominate , clothing worn by both soldiers and government bureaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embroidered stripes ( clavi ) and circular roundels ( orbiculi ) applied to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements consisted of geometrical patterns , stylized plant motifs , and in more elaborate examples , human or animal figures . The use of silk increased , and courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes . The militarization of Roman society , and the waning of cultural life based on urban ideals , affected habits of dress : heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , and the toga was abandoned . The arts Main article : Roman art The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chloris ( 54 -- 68 AD , Pompeian Fourth Style ) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio People visiting or living in Rome or the cities throughout the Empire would have seen art in a range of styles and media on a daily basis . Public or official art -- including sculpture , monuments such as victory columns or triumphal arches , and the iconography on coins -- is often analysed for its historical significance or as an expression of imperial ideology . At Imperial public baths , a person of humble means could view wall paintings , mosaics , statues , and interior decoration often of high quality . In the private sphere , objects made for religious dedications , funerary commemoration , domestic use , and commerce can show varying degrees of aesthetic quality and artistic skill .", "52": "A wealthy person might advertise his appreciation of culture through painting , sculpture , and decorative arts at his home -- though some efforts strike modern viewers and some ancient connoisseurs as strenuous rather than tasteful . Greek art had a profound influence on the Roman tradition , and some of the most famous examples of Greek statues are known only from Roman Imperial versions and the occasional description in a Greek or Latin literary source . Despite the high value placed on works of art , even famous artists were of low social status among the Greeks and Romans , who regarded artists , artisans , and craftsmen alike as manual labourers . At the same time , the level of skill required to produce quality work was recognized , and even considered a divine gift . Portraiture Main article : Roman portraiture Two portraits circa 130 AD : the empress Vibia Sabina ( left ) ; and the Antinous Mondragone , one of the abundant likenesses of Hadrian 's famously beautiful male companion Antinous Portraiture , which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture , was the most copious form of imperial art . Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Republican portraits had been characterized by a `` warts and all '' verism , but as early as the 2nd century BC , the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals . Imperial portrait sculptures may model the head as mature , even craggy , atop a nude or seminude body that is smooth and youthful with perfect musculature ; a portrait head might even be added to a body created for another purpose . Clothed in the toga or military regalia , the body communicates rank or sphere of activity , not the characteristics of the individual . Women of the emperor 's family were often depicted dressed as goddesses or divine personifications such as Pax ( `` Peace '' ) . Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the Fayum mummy portraits , which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with the realistic painting techniques of the Empire . Marble portrait sculpture would have been painted , and while traces of paint have only rarely survived the centuries , the Fayum portraits indicate why ancient literary sources marvelled at how lifelike artistic representations could be .", "53": "The bronze Drunken Satyr , excavated at Herculaneum and exhibited in the 18th century , inspired an interest among later sculptors in similar `` carefree '' subjects Sculpture Main article : Roman sculpture Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly , though often in damaged or fragmentary condition , including freestanding statues and statuettes in marble , bronze and terracotta , and reliefs from public buildings , temples , and monuments such as the Ara Pacis , Trajan 's Column , and the Arch of Titus . Niches in amphitheatres such as the Colosseum were originally filled with statues , and no formal garden was complete without statuary . Temples housed the cult images of deities , often by famed sculptors . The religiosity of the Romans encouraged the production of decorated altars , small representations of deities for the household shrine or votive offerings , and other pieces for dedicating at temples . Divine and mythological figures were also given secular , humorous , and even obscene depictions . On the Ludovisi sarcophagus , an example of the battle scenes favoured during the Crisis of the Third Century , the `` writhing and highly emotive '' Romans and Goths fill the surface in a packed , anti-classical composition Sarcophagi Main article : Ancient Roman sarcophagi Elaborately carved marble and limestone sarcophagi are characteristic of the 2nd to the 4th centuries with at least 10,000 examples surviving . Although mythological scenes have been most widely studied , sarcophagus relief has been called the `` richest single source of Roman iconography , '' and may also depict the deceased 's occupation or life course , military scenes , and other subject matter . The same workshops produced sarcophagi with Jewish or Christian imagery . The Primavera of Stabiae , perhaps the goddess Flora Painting Much of what is known of Roman painting is based on the interior decoration of private homes , particularly as preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD . In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs , wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and the theatre , landscapes and gardens , recreation and spectacles , work and everyday life , and frank pornography .", "54": "Birds , animals , and marine life are often depicted with careful attention to realistic detail . A unique source for Jewish figurative painting under the Empire is the Dura - Europos synagogue , dubbed `` the Pompeii of the Syrian Desert , '' buried and preserved in the mid-3rd century after the city was destroyed by Persians . Mosaic Main article : Roman mosaic The Triumph of Neptune floor mosaic from Africa Proconsularis ( present - day Tunisia ) , celebrating agricultural success with allegories of the Seasons , vegetation , workers and animals viewable from multiple perspectives in the room ( latter 2nd century ) Mosaics are among the most enduring of Roman decorative arts , and are found on the surfaces of floors and other architectural features such as walls , vaulted ceilings , and columns . The most common form is the tessellated mosaic , formed from uniform pieces ( tesserae ) of materials such as stone and glass . Mosaics were usually crafted on site , but sometimes assembled and shipped as ready - made panels . A mosaic workshop was led by the master artist ( pictor ) who worked with two grades of assistants . Figurative mosaics share many themes with painting , and in some cases portray subject matter in almost identical compositions . Although geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire , regional preferences also find expression . In North Africa , a particularly rich source of mosaics , homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates , hunting , agriculture , and local wildlife . Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present - day Turkey , Italy , southern France , Spain , and Portugal . More than 300 Antioch mosaics from the 3rd century are known . Opus sectile is a related technique in which flat stone , usually coloured marble , is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed . This more difficult technique was highly prized , and became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century , an abundant example of which is the Basilica of Junius Bassus . Decorative arts See also : Ancient Roman pottery and Roman glass Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery , silver and bronze vessels and implements , and glassware . The manufacture of pottery in a wide range of quality was important to trade and employment , as were the glass and metalworking industries .", "55": "Imports stimulated new regional centres of production . Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the finer red - gloss pottery ( terra sigillata ) that was a major item of trade in 1st - century Europe . Glassblowing was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC , and by the 3rd century Egypt and the Rhineland had become noted for fine glass . Silver cup , from the Boscoreale treasure ( early 1st century AD ) Figural bronze oil lamps from Nova Zagora in Roman - era Bulgaria ( 1st -- 2nd century ) Finely decorated Gallo - Roman terra sigillata bowl Gold earrings with gemstones , 3rd century Glass cage cup from the Rhineland , latter 4th century Seuso plate ( detail ) Performing arts Main articles : Theatre of ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome In Roman tradition , borrowed from the Greeks , literary theatre was performed by all - male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions that allowed audiences to `` see '' how a character was feeling . Such masks were occasionally also specific to a particular role , and an actor could then play multiple roles merely by switching masks . Female roles were played by men in drag ( travesti ) . Roman literary theatre tradition is particularly well represented in Latin literature by the tragedies of Seneca . The circumstances under which Seneca 's tragedies were performed are however unclear ; scholarly conjectures range from minimally staged readings to full production pageants . More popular than literary theatre was the genre - defying mimus theatre , which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation , risqué language and jokes , sex scenes , action sequences , and political satire , along with dance numbers , juggling , acrobatics , tightrope walking , striptease , and dancing bears . Unlike literary theatre , mimus was played without masks , and encouraged stylistic realism in acting . Female roles were performed by women , not by men . Mimus was related to the genre called pantomimus , an early form of story ballet that contained no spoken dialogue . Pantomimus combined expressive dancing , instrumental music and a sung libretto , often mythological , that could be either tragic or comic .", "56": "All - male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance , on a mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet Although sometimes regarded as foreign elements in Roman culture , music and dance had existed in Rome from earliest times . Music was customary at funerals , and the tibia ( Greek aulos ) , a woodwind instrument , was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences . Song ( carmen ) was an integral part of almost every social occasion . The Secular Ode of Horace , commissioned by Augustus , was performed publicly in 17 BC by a mixed children 's choir . Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos , and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge . Various woodwinds and `` brass '' instruments were played , as were stringed instruments such as the cithara , and percussion . The cornu , a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician 's body , was used for military signals and on parade . These instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate , and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces . Instruments are widely depicted in Roman art . The hydraulic pipe organ ( hydraulis ) was `` one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity '' , and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre , as well as stage performances . It was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played . Although certain forms of dance were disapproved of at times as non-Roman or unmanly , dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome , such as those of the dancing armed Salian priests and of the Arval Brothers , priesthoods which underwent a revival during the Principate . Ecstatic dancing was a feature of the international mystery religions , particularly the cult of Cybele as practised by her eunuch priests the Galli and of Isis . In the secular realm , dancing girls from Syria and Cadiz were extremely popular . Like gladiators , entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law , little better than slaves even if they were technically free . `` Stars '' , however , could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity , and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes , including emperors .", "57": "Performers supported each other by forming guilds , and several memorials for members of the theatre community survive . Theatre and dance were often condemned by Christian polemicists in the later Empire , and Christians who integrated dance traditions and music into their worship practices were regarded by the Church Fathers as shockingly `` pagan . '' St. Augustine is supposed to have said that bringing clowns , actors , and dancers into a house was like inviting in a gang of unclean spirits . Literacy , books , and education This article is incomplete . This is because the use of papyrus or parchment scrolls , which were very common before the invention of the codex , is missing . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) Main article : Education in ancient Rome Pride in literacy was displayed in portraiture through emblems of reading and writing , as in this example of a couple from Pompeii ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) Estimates of the average literacy rate in the Empire range from 5 to 30 % or higher , depending in part on the definition of `` literacy '' . The Roman obsession with documents and public inscriptions indicates the high value placed on the written word . The Imperial bureaucracy was so dependent on writing that the Babylonian Talmud declared `` if all seas were ink , all reeds were pen , all skies parchment , and all men scribes , they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government 's concerns . '' Laws and edicts were posted in writing as well as read out . Illiterate Roman subjects would have someone such as a government scribe ( scriba ) read or write their official documents for them . Public art and religious ceremonies were ways to communicate imperial ideology regardless of ability to read . Although the Romans were not a `` People of the Book '' , they had an extensive priestly archive , and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with statues and small votives dedicated by ordinary people to divinities , as well as on binding tablets and other `` magic spells '' , with hundreds of examples collected in the Greek Magical Papyri . The military produced a vast amount of written reports and service records , and literacy in the army was `` strikingly high '' .", "58": "Urban graffiti , which include literary quotations , and low - quality inscriptions with misspellings and solecisms indicate casual literacy among non-elites . In addition , numeracy was necessary for any form of commerce . Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers , and some were highly educated . Books were expensive , since each copy had to be written out individually on a roll of papyrus ( volumen ) by scribes who had apprenticed to the trade . The codex -- a book with pages bound to a spine -- was still a novelty in the time of the poet Martial ( 1st century AD ) , but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the volumen and was the regular form for books with Christian content . Commercial production of books had been established by the late Republic , and by the 1st century AD certain neighbourhoods of Rome were known for their bookshops ( tabernae librariae ) , which were found also in Western provincial cities such as Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The quality of editing varied wildly , and some ancient authors complain about error - ridden copies , as well as plagiarism or forgery , since there was no copyright law . A skilled slave copyist ( servus litteratus ) could be valued as highly as 100,000 sesterces . Reconstruction of a writing tablet : the stylus was used to inscribe letters into the wax surface for drafts , casual letterwriting , and schoolwork , while texts meant to be permanent were copied onto papyrus Collectors amassed personal libraries , such as that of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure ( otium ) associated with the villa lifestyle . Significant collections might attract `` in - house '' scholars ; Lucian mocked mercenary Greek intellectuals who attached themselves to philistine Roman patrons . An individual benefactor might endow a community with a library : Pliny the Younger gave the city of Comum a library valued at 1 million sesterces , along with another 100,000 to maintain it . Imperial libraries housed in state buildings were open to users as a privilege on a limited basis , and represented a literary canon from which disreputable writers could be excluded .", "59": "Books considered subversive might be publicly burned , and Domitian crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous . Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups . Scholars such as Pliny the Elder engaged in `` multitasking '' by having works read aloud to them while they dined , bathed or travelled , times during which they might also dictate drafts or notes to their secretaries . The multivolume Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius is an extended exploration of how Romans constructed their literary culture . The reading public expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century , and while those who read for pleasure remained a minority , they were no longer confined to a sophisticated ruling elite , reflecting the social fluidity of the Empire as a whole and giving rise to `` consumer literature '' meant for entertainment . Illustrated books , including erotica , were popular , but are poorly represented by extant fragments . Primary education A teacher with two students , as a third arrives with his loculus , a writing case that would contain pens , ink pot , and a sponge to correct errors Traditional Roman education was moral and practical . Stories about great men and women , or cautionary tales about individual failures , were meant to instil Roman values ( mores maiorum ) . Parents and family members were expected to act as role models , and parents who worked for a living passed their skills on to their children , who might also enter apprenticeships for more advanced training in crafts or trades . Formal education was available only to children from families who could pay for it , and the lack of state intervention in access to education contributed to the low rate of literacy . Young children were attended by a pedagogus , or less frequently a female pedagoga , usually a Greek slave or former slave . The pedagogue kept the child safe , taught self - discipline and public behaviour , attended class and helped with tutoring . The emperor Julian recalled his pedagogue Mardonius , a eunuch slave who reared him from the age of 7 to 15 , with affection and gratitude . Usually , however , pedagogues received little respect . Primary education in reading , writing , and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher .", "60": "Others attended a school that was `` public , '' though not state - supported , organized by an individual schoolmaster ( ludimagister ) who accepted fees from multiple parents . Vernae ( homeborn slave children ) might share in home - or public - schooling . Schools became more numerous during the Empire , and increased the opportunities for children to acquire an education . School could be held regularly in a rented space , or in any available public niche , even outdoors . Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12 , but classes were not segregated by grade or age . For the socially ambitious , bilingual education in Greek as well as Latin was a must . Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature . According to Quintilian , each child has in - born ingenium , a talent for learning or linguistic intelligence that is ready to be cultivated and sharpened , as evidenced by the young child 's ability to memorize and imitate . The child incapable of learning was rare . To Quintilian , ingenium represented a potential best realized in the social setting of school , and he argued against homeschooling . He also recognized the importance of play in child development , and disapproved of corporal punishment because it discouraged love of learning -- in contrast to the practice in most Roman primary schools of routinely striking children with a cane ( ferula ) or birch rod for being slow or disruptive . Secondary education Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Academy of Plato At the age of 14 , upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood , and began to learn leadership roles in political , religious , and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend . Higher education was provided by grammatici or rhetores . The grammaticus or `` grammarian '' taught mainly Greek and Latin literature , with history , geography , philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text . With the rise of Augustus , contemporary Latin authors such as Vergil and Livy also became part of the curriculum . The rhetor was a teacher of oratory or public speaking . The art of speaking ( ars dicendi ) was highly prized as a marker of social and intellectual superiority , and eloquentia ( `` speaking ability , eloquence '' ) was considered the `` glue '' of a civilized society .", "61": "Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge ( though it required a command of references to the literary canon ) as it was a mode of expression and decorum that distinguished those who held social power . The ancient model of rhetorical training -- `` restraint , coolness under pressure , modesty , and good humour '' -- endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal . In Latin , illiteratus ( Greek agrammatos ) could mean both `` unable to read and write '' and `` lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication . '' Higher education promoted career advancement , particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service : `` eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well - bred man and worthy of reward '' . The poet Horace , for instance , was given a top - notch education by his father , a prosperous former slave . Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture embued with Greek educational ideals ( paideia ) . Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning as an expression of cultural achievement . Young men from Rome who wished to pursue the highest levels of education often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy , mostly to one of several Greek schools in Athens . The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training along with literacy and numeracy . On the Hellenistic model , Vespasian endowed chairs of grammar , Latin and Greek rhetoric , and philosophy at Rome , and gave teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties , though primary schoolmasters did not receive these benefits . Quintilian held the first chair of grammar . In the eastern empire , Berytus ( present - day Beirut ) was unusual in offering a Latin education , and became famous for its school of Roman law . The cultural movement known as the Second Sophistic ( 1st -- 3rd century AD ) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social , educational , and aesthetic values , and the Greek proclivities for which Nero had been criticized were regarded from the time of Hadrian onward as integral to Imperial culture . Educated women Portrait of a literary woman from Pompeii ( ca . 50 AD ) Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be calligraphers and scribes .", "62": "The `` girlfriends '' addressed in Augustan love poetry , although fictional , represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated , well - versed in the arts , and independent to a frustrating degree . Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders during the Empire . A highly educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household , but one that Martial regards as an unnecessary luxury . The woman who achieved the greatest prominence in the ancient world for her learning was Hypatia of Alexandria , who educated young men in mathematics , philosophy , and astronomy , and advised the Roman prefect of Egypt on politics . Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria , Cyril , who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob . Decline of literacy Literacy began to decline , perhaps dramatically , during the socio - political Crisis of the Third Century . Although the Church Fathers were well - educated , they regarded Classical literature as dangerous , if valuable , and reconstrued it through moralizing and allegorical readings . Julian , the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity , banned Christians from teaching the Classical curriculum , on the grounds that they might corrupt the minds of youth . While the book roll had emphasized the continuity of the text , the codex format encouraged a `` piecemeal '' approach to reading by means of citation , fragmented interpretation , and the extraction of maxims . In the 5th and 6th centuries , reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy . Literature Main article : Latin literature See also : Roman historiography , Church Fathers , and Latin poetry Statue in Constanța , Romania ( the ancient colony Tomis ) , commemorating Ovid 's exile In the traditional literary canon , literature under Augustus , along with that of the late Republic , has been viewed as the `` Golden Age '' of Latin literature , embodying the classical ideals of `` unity of the whole , the proportion of the parts , and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition . '' The three most influential Classical Latin poets -- Vergil , Horace , and Ovid -- belong to this period . Vergil wrote the Aeneid , creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece .", "63": "Horace perfected the use of Greek lyric metres in Latin verse . Ovid 's erotic poetry was enormously popular , but ran afoul of the Augustan moral programme ; it was one of the ostensible causes for which the emperor exiled him to Tomis ( present - day Constanța , Romania ) , where he remained to the end of his life . Ovid 's Metamorphoses was a continuous poem of fifteen books weaving together Greco - Roman mythology from the creation of the universe to the deification of Julius Caesar . Ovid 's versions of Greek myths became one of the primary sources of later classical mythology , and his work was so influential in the Middle Ages that the 12th and 13th centuries have been called the `` Age of Ovid . '' The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy , whose account of Rome 's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern - era literature . Vitruvius 's book De Architectura , the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity , also belongs to this period . Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition , and adapted its forms and much of its content , but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks . Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet , and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal . The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon 's perspective on urban society . The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the `` Silver Age '' of Latin literature . Under Nero , disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism . The three leading writers -- Seneca the philosopher , dramatist , and tutor of Nero ; Lucan , his nephew , who turned Caesar 's civil war into an epic poem ; and the novelist Petronius ( Satyricon ) -- all committed suicide after incurring the emperor 's displeasure . Seneca and Lucan were from Hispania , as was the later epigrammatist and keen social observer Martial , who expressed his pride in his Celtiberian heritage . Martial and the epic poet Statius , whose poetry collection Silvae had a far - reaching influence on Renaissance literature , wrote during the reign of Domitian .", "64": "The so - called `` Silver Age '' produced several distinguished writers , including the encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ; his nephew , known as Pliny the Younger ; and the historian Tacitus . The Natural History of the elder Pliny , who died during disaster relief efforts in the wake of the eruption of Vesuvius , is a vast collection on flora and fauna , gems and minerals , climate , medicine , freaks of nature , works of art , and antiquarian lore . Tacitus 's reputation as a literary artist matches or exceeds his value as a historian ; his stylistic experimentation produced `` one of the most powerful of Latin prose styles . '' The Twelve Caesars by his contemporary Suetonius is one of the primary sources for imperial biography . Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the Jewish historian Josephus , and the senator Cassius Dio . Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer and antiquarian Plutarch , the geographer Strabo , and the rhetorician and satirist Lucian . Popular Greek romance novels were part of the development of long - form fiction works , represented in Latin by the Satyricon of Petronius and The Golden Ass of Apuleius . From the 2nd to the 4th centuries , the Christian authors who would become the Latin Church Fathers were in active dialogue with the Classical tradition , within which they had been educated . Tertullian , a convert to Christianity from Roman Africa , was the contemporary of Apuleius and one of the earliest prose authors to establish a distinctly Christian voice . After the conversion of Constantine , Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective . When the orator Symmachus argued for the preservation of Rome 's religious traditions , he was effectively opposed by Ambrose , the bishop of Milan and future saint -- a debate preserved by their missives . Brescia Casket , an ivory box with Biblical imagery ( late 4th century ) In the late 4th century , Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the Vulgate . Augustine , another of the Church Fathers from the province of Africa , has been called `` one of the most influential writers of western culture '' , and his Confessions is sometimes considered the first autobiography of Western literature .", "65": "In The City of God against the Pagans , Augustine builds a vision of an eternal , spiritual Rome , a new imperium sine fine that will outlast the collapsing Empire . In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin , the literary aesthetic of late antiquity has a tessellated quality that has been compared to the mosaics characteristic of the period . A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century , with the Saturnalia of Macrobius and The Marriage of Philology and Mercury of Martianus Capella . Prominent Latin poets of late antiquity include Ausonius , Prudentius , Claudian , and Sidonius . Ausonius ( d . ca . 394 ) , the Bordelaise tutor of the emperor Gratian , was at least nominally a Christian , though throughout his occasionally obscene mixed - genre poems , he retains a literary interest in the Greco - Roman gods and even druidism . The imperial panegyrist Claudian ( d . 404 ) was a vir illustris who appears never to have converted . Prudentius ( d . ca . 413 ) , born in Hispania Tarraconensis and a fervent Christian , was thoroughly versed in the poets of the Classical tradition , and transforms their vision of poetry as a monument of immortality into an expression of the poet 's quest for eternal life culminating in Christian salvation . Sidonius ( d . 486 ) , a native of Lugdunum , was a Roman senator and bishop of Clermont who cultivated a traditional villa lifestyle as he watched the Western empire succumb to barbarian incursions . His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who `` survived the end of his world '' . Religion A Roman priest , his head ritually covered with a fold of his toga , extends a patera in a gesture of libation ( 2nd -- 3rd century ) Main articles : Religion in ancient Rome and Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire , Early Christianity , and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem , from a Western religious manuscript , c.", "66": "1504 Religion in the Roman Empire encompassed the practices and beliefs the Romans regarded as their own , as well as the many cults imported to Rome or practised by peoples throughout the provinces . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods ( pax deorum ) . The archaic religion believed to have been handed down from the earliest kings of Rome was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . There was no principle analogous to `` separation of church and state '' . The priesthoods of the state religion were filled from the same social pool of men who held public office , and in the Imperial era , the Pontifex Maximus was the emperor . Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give . '' Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . Apuleius ( 2nd century ) described the everyday quality of religion in observing how people who passed a cult place might make a vow or a fruit offering , or merely sit for a while . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . In the Imperial era , as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to religious festivals and games ( ludi ) . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . As the first Roman emperor , Augustus justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor .", "67": "So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . Upon death , an emperor could be made a state divinity ( divus ) by vote of the Senate . Imperial cult , influenced by Hellenistic ruler cult , became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult , extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at Najran , in present - day Saudi Arabia . Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Statuettes representing Roman and Gallic deities , for personal devotion at private shrines The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honoured , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them . One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous cults of pseudo-foreign gods ( Roman reinventions of foreign gods ) were cultivated at Rome and in the provinces , among them cults of Cybele , Isis , Epona , and of solar gods such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . Mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practised in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion .", "68": "The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiracy ( coniuratio ) , and subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity . In Gaul , the power of the druids was checked , first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order , and then by banning druidism altogether . At the same time , however , Celtic traditions were reinterpreted ( interpretatio romana ) within the context of Imperial theology , and a new Gallo - Roman religion coalesced , with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The sanctuary established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman - provincial identity . This funerary stele from the 3rd century is among the earliest Christian inscriptions , written in both Greek and Latin : the abbreviation D.M. at the top refers to the Di Manes , the traditional Roman spirits of the dead , but accompanies Christian fish symbolism . Relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome depicting a menorah and other spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem carried in Roman triumph . The monotheistic rigour of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions . Tertullian noted that the Jewish religion , unlike that of the Christians , was considered a religio licita , `` legitimate religion . '' Wars between the Romans and the Jews occurred when conflict , political as well as religious , became intractable . When Caligula wanted to place a golden statue of his deified self in the Temple in Jerusalem , the potential sacrilege and likely war were prevented only by his timely death . The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Christianity emerged in Roman Judea as a Jewish religious sect in the 1st century AD . The religion gradually spread out of Jerusalem , initially establishing major bases in first Antioch , then Alexandria , and over time throughout the Empire as well as beyond . Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic , with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials .", "69": "The first persecution by an emperor occurred under Nero , and was confined to the city of Rome . Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians . After Nero , a major persecution occurred under the emperor Domitian and a persecution in 177 took place at Lugdunum , the Gallo - Roman religious capital . A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia , to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians . The Decian persecution of 246 -- 251 was a serious threat to the Church , but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance . Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311 . In the early 4th century , Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity . During the rest of the fourth century Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire . The emperor Julian made a short - lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 ( Edict of Thessalonica ) , under Theodosius I Christianity became the official state church of the Roman Empire , to the exclusion of all others . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had begun to condemn the diverse religions practised throughout the Empire collectively as `` pagan . '' Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus ( d . 402 ) were rejected , and Christian monotheism became a feature of Imperial domination . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . Political legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire 's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Holy Roman Empire , an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West , was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day , though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades .", "70": "After the fall of Constantinople , the Russian Tsardom , as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire 's Orthodox Christian tradition , counted itself the Third Rome ( Constantinople having been the second ) . These concepts are known as Translatio imperii . When the Ottomans , who based their state on the Byzantine model , took Constantinople in 1453 , Mehmed II established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire . He even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire and invited European artists to his capital , including Gentile Bellini . In the medieval West , `` Roman '' came to mean the church and the Pope of Rome . The Greek form Romaioi remained attached to the Greek - speaking Christian population of the Eastern Roman Empire , and is still used by Greeks in addition to their common appellation . The Roman Empire 's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) in 1861 . The Virginia State Capitol ( left ) , built in the late 1700s , was modelled after the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built around 16 BC under Augustus In the United States , the founders were educated in the classical tradition , and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington , D.C. , to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals . In forming their theory of the mixed constitution , the founders looked to Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism for models , but regarded the Roman emperor as a figure of tyranny . They nonetheless adopted Roman Imperial forms such as the dome , as represented by the US Capitol and numerous state capitol buildings , to express classical ideals through architecture . Thomas Jefferson saw the Empire as a negative political lesson , but was a chief proponent of its architectural models . Jefferson 's design for the Virginia State Capitol , for instance , is modelled directly from the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built under Augustus . The renovations of the National Mall at the beginning of the 20th century have been viewed as expressing a more overt imperialist kinship with Rome .", "71": "See also Ancient Rome portal Classical Civilisation portal Mediterranean portal Ancient Near East portal Daqin ( `` Great Qin '' ) , the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire ; see also Sino - Roman relations Fall of the Western Roman Empire Imperial Italy Italian Empire Notes Jump up ^ Other ways of referring to the `` Roman Empire '' among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum ( also in Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων -- Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn -- ( `` Dominion ( Literally ' kingdom ' but also interpreted as ' empire ' ) of the Romans '' ) ) and Romania . Res publica means Roman `` commonwealth '' and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras . Imperium Romanum ( or `` Romanorum '' ) refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority . Populus Romanus ( `` the Roman people '' ) was / is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations . The term Romania , initially a colloquial term for the empire 's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire ( see R.L. Wolff , `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' in Speculum 23 ( 1948 ) , pp. 1 -- 34 and especially pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea , the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus , which were all contenders for rule of the Empire . The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople . Jump up ^ The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire 's territories before its conversion to a diarchy . Jump up ^ Officially the final emperor of the Western empire . Jump up ^ Last emperor of the Eastern ( Byzantine ) empire . Jump up ^ Abbreviated `` HS '' .", "72": "Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces ; see # Currency and banking for currency denominations by period . Jump up ^ An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population Archived 2013 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Translated as `` power without end '' in Southern Jump up ^ Prudentius ( 348 -- 413 ) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry , as noted by Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , pp. 73 , 203 . St. Augustine , however , distinguished between the secular and eternal `` Rome '' in The City of God . See also J. Rufus Fears , `` The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.1 ( 1981 ) , p. 136 , on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine ; Bang , Peter Fibiger ( 2011 ) `` The King of Kings : Universal Hegemony , Imperial Power , and a New Comparative History of Rome , '' in The Roman Empire in Context : Historical and Comparative Perspectives . John Wiley & Sons ; and the Greek concept of globalism ( oikouménē ) . Jump up ^ The civis ( `` citizen '' ) stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina , a foreign or non-Roman woman : A.N. Sherwin - White ( 1979 ) Roman Citizenship . Oxford University Press . pp. 211 and 268 ; Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 . In the form of legal marriage called conubium , the father 's legal status determined the child 's , but conubium required that both spouses be free citizens . A soldier , for instance , was banned from marrying while in service , but if he formed a long - term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces , he could marry her legally after he was discharged , and any children they had would be considered the offspring of citizens -- in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship .", "73": "The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by Septimius Severus in 197 AD . See Sara Elise Phang , The Marriage of Roman Soldiers ( 13 B.C. -- A.D. 235 ) : Law and Family in the Imperial Army ( Brill , 2001 ) , p. 2 , and Pat Southern , The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ That is , a double standard was in place : a married woman could have sex only with her husband , but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute , slave , or person of marginalized status . See McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 121 : 335 -- 375 ( 342 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 284457 . JSTOR 284457 . ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 2002 ) `` The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus , Platonist , Stoic , and Roman , '' in The Sleep of Reason : Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 305 , noting that custom `` allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change '' ; Elaine Fantham , `` Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome , '' in Roman Readings : Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian ( Walter de Gruyter , 2011 ) , p. 124 , citing Papinian , De adulteriis I and Modestinus , Liber Regularum I. Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World ( Yale University Press , 1992 , 2002 , originally published 1988 in Italian ) , p. 104 ; Edwards , pp. 34 -- 35 .", "74": "Jump up ^ The relation of the equestrian order to the `` public horse '' and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations ( such as the Lusus Troiae ) is complex , but those who participated in the latter seem , for instance , to have been the equites who were accorded the high - status ( and quite limited ) seating at the theatre by the Lex Roscia theatralis . Senators could not possess the `` public horse . '' See Wiseman , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gades , in Roman Spain , and Patavium , in the Celtic north of Italy , were atypically wealthy cities , and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual . Strabo 3.169 , 5.213 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 212 . The college of centonarii is an elusive topic in scholarship , since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters ; see Jinyu Liu ( 2009 ) Collegia Centonariorum : The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West . Brill . Liu sees them as `` primarily tradesmen and / or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low - or medium - quality woolen textiles and clothing , including felt and its products . '' Jump up ^ Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word oppidum to this type of settlement , and even called Avaricum ( Bourges , France ) , a center of the Bituriges , an urbs , `` city . '' Archaeology indicates that oppida were centers of religion , trade ( including import / export ) , and industrial production , walled for the purposes of defense , but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year - round : see Harding , D.W. ( 2007 ) The Archaeology of Celtic Art . Routledge . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 113426464X ; Collis , John ( 2000 ) `` ' Celtic ' Oppida , '' in A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . pp. 229 -- 238 ; Celtic Chiefdom , Celtic State : The Evolution of Complex Social Systems . Cambridge University Press , 1995 , 1999 , p. 61 .", "75": "Jump up ^ Such as the Consualia and the October Horse sacrifice : Humphrey , pp. 544 , 558 ; Auguste Bouché - Leclercq , Manuel des Institutions Romaines ( Hachette , 1886 ) , p. 549 ; `` Purificazione , '' in Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum ( LIMC , 2004 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises : Lee , H. ( 1984 ) . `` Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina '' . Stadion. 10 : 45 -- 75 . sees them as gymnasts , while M. Torelli , `` Piazza Armerina : Note di iconologia '' , in La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina , edited by G. Rizza ( Catania , 1988 ) , p. 152 , thinks they are dancers at the games . Jump up ^ By Michael Rostovtzeff , as noted by Robin M. Jensen ( 1999 ) `` The Dura - Europos Synagogue , Early - Christian Art and Religious Life in Dura Europos , '' in Jews , Christians and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue : Cultural Interaction during the Greco - Roman Period . Routledge . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii : Antonio Varone , Erotica Pompeiana : Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2002 ) . Soldiers sometimes inscribed sling bullets with aggressive messages : Phang , `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' p. 300 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , W. Martin ( 2011 ) The School of Rome : Latin Studies and the Origins of Liberal Education ( University of California Press , 2011 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 ; Morgan , Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds , p. 250 . Quintilian uses the metaphor acuere ingenium , `` to sharpen talent , '' as well as agricultural metaphors .", "76": "Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitude to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . References Citations Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 ... Fig. 1 . Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ Durand , John D. ( 1977 ) . `` Historical Estimates of World Population : An Evaluation '' . Population and Development Review . 3 ( 3 ) : 253 . doi : 10.2307 / 1971891 . JSTOR 1971891 . ^ Jump up to : Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 6 February 2016 .", "77": "Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( October 2010 ) Social Development . Stanford University Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 2010 ) Why the West Rules -- For Now , New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29002 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. To 1990 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman A. ( 1979 ) The Jews of Arab Lands . Jewish Publication Society . p. 22 . ISBN 0827611552 Jump up ^ Breasted , J.H. Ancient Times a History of the Early World . Рипол Классик . p. 675 . ISBN 117400312X Jump up ^ Sullivan ( 1990 ) , pp. 323 -- 325 . Jump up ^ Mommsen ( 2005 ) , pp. 312 -- 314 , 314 footnote 1 Jump up ^ Huzar ( 1978 ) , pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Kelly , pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , pp. 1 , 15 Jump up ^ Brennan , T. Corey ( 2000 ) The Praetorship in the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hekster , Olivier and Kaizer , Ted ( 2011 ) . Preface to Frontiers in the Roman World . Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Durhan , 16 -- 19 April 2009 ) . Brill . p. viii . Jump up ^ Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press .", "78": "p. 114 Jump up ^ Eder , W. ( 1993 ) `` The Augustan Principate as Binding Link , '' in Between Republic and Empire . University of California Press . p. 98 . ISBN 0520084470 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1939 ) The Roman Revolution . Oford : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Boatwright , Mary T. ( 2000 ) Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4 , Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1776 ) , `` The Decline And Fall in the West -- Chapter 4 '' , The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire . Jump up ^ Brown , P. , The World of Late Antiquity , London 1971 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Adrian Goldsworth , How Rome Fell : Death of a Superpower ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) , pp. 405 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Potter , David . The Roman Empire at Bay . 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. ( 1974 ) A History of the Ancient World , Second Edition . Oxford University Press . pp. 670 -- 678 . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1989 ) Asimov 's Chronology of the World , p. 110 , New York , NY , USA : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 347 . ^ Jump up to : The Byzantine Empire Archived 1999 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . by Richard Hooker .", "79": "Washington State University . Written 6 June 1999 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17240 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kreutz , Barbara M. ( 1996 ) . Before the Normans : Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 349 . Jump up ^ Basil II ( AD 976 -- 1025 ) by Catherine Holmes . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Written 1 April 2003 . Retrieved 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chapter 61 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen . Theottomans.org . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , p. 29 Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 1.278 Jump up ^ Mattingly , David J. ( 2011 ) Imperialism , Power , and Identity : Experiencing the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 15 Jump up ^ Moretti , G. ( 1993 ) `` The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' : The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , '' in The Classical Tradition and the Americas : European Images of the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Southern , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23943 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 7 -- 8 .", "80": "Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 9 , 16 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Raymond W. ( 2005 ) . `` An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 30 ( 3 ) : 263 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1984. tb00552. x . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( April 2006 ) `` Population and demography '' in Princeton / Stanford Working Papers in Classics , p. 9 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Greg ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World . Cambridge : Ivy Press . p. 340 Jump up ^ Opper , Thorsten ( 2008 ) Hadrian : Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press . p. 64 Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2003 ) Hadrian 's Wall AD 122 -- 410 , which was , of course , at the bottom of Hadrian 's garden . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 12.834 and 837 Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 554 , 556 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 Jump up ^ Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . pp. 389 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 , citing Plutarch , Life of Alexander 47.6 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . University of California Press . p. 279 .", "81": "ISBN 0520941411 . ^ Jump up to : Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0804726302 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Cicero , In Catilinam 2.15 , P. Ryl . I 61 `` recto '' . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 550 -- 552 . ^ Jump up to : Rochette , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Claudius 42 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 556 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 185 -- 186 , 205 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 558 -- 559 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Richard ( 2000 ) `` Communicating Culture , Identity , and Power , '' in Experiencing Power : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 0415212855 . Jump up ^ Adams , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 555 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 550 Jump up ^ Stefan Zimmer , `` Indo - European , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 961 ^ Jump up to : Curchin , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . `` Literacy in the Roman Provinces : Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain '' . The American Journal of Philology. 116 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 476 ( 464 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 295333 . JSTOR 295333 . Jump up ^ Waquet , Françoise ( 2001 ) Latin , Or , The Empire of the Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century .", "82": "Verso . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 1859844022 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Kristian ( 1996 ) `` The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching , '' in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0521436249 . Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. ; Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08149 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garnsey , Peter and Saller , Richard ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture . University of California Press . pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Noreña , Carlos F. ( 2011 ) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West : Representation , Circulation , Power . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winterling , pp. 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Saller , Richard P. ( 1982 , 2002 ) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 , 176 , 183 Jump up ^ Duncan , Anne ( 2006 ) Performance and Identity in the Classical World . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Meyer ( 2002 ) Studies in Classical History and Society . Oxford University Press . pp. 25ff. and 42 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Carroll , Maureen ( 2006 ) Spirits of the Dead : Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe . Oxford University Press .", "83": "pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Common in Roman Empire '' . DNews . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 14 Jump up ^ Gaius , Institutiones 1.9 = Digest 1.5. 3 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Eva Cantarella , Pandora 's Daughters : The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1987 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Martial 's Sexual Attitudes '' . Philologus. 123 : 296 . doi : 10.1524 / phil. 1979.123. 12.288 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Treggiari , Susan ( 1991 ) Roman Marriage : Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 259 , 500 -- 502 . ISBN 0198149395 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( 1999 ) Roman Law in Context . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 3.3 Jump up ^ Frier , Ch. IV Jump up ^ Thomas , Yan ( 1991 ) `` The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law , '' in A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints . Harvard University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p.", "84": "4 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 461 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Woodhull , Margaret L. ( 2004 ) `` Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire : The Case of Salvia Postuma , '' in Women 's Influence on Classical Civilization . Routledge . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The others are ancient Athens , and in the modern era Brazil , the Caribbean , and the United States ; Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 1999 ) . `` Demography , Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 89 : 62 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 300734 . JSTOR 300734 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Timothy ( 2010 ) . `` Believing the ancients : Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia '' . World Archaeology. 33 : 27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240120047618 . JSTOR 827887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kyle ( 2011 ) Slavery in the Late Roman World , AD 275 -- 425 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 314 . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Jane F. ( 1991 ) Women in Roman Law and Society . Indiana University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 , 33 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 41 . ISBN 0199737843 .", "85": "Jump up ^ Frier , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gamauf , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Slaves doing business : The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household '' . European Review of History : Revue europeenne d'histoire. 16 ( 3 ) : 331 . doi : 10.1080 / 13507480902916837 . Jump up ^ Bradley , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . pp. 288ff . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Abusch , Ra'anan ( 2003 ) `` Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire , '' in The Covenant of Circumcision : New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite . Brandeis University Press . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter ( 1983 , 2003 ) The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 15 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Africa in Europe : Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion . Lexington Books . Vol. 1 , p. 41 , ISBN 0739117262 , noting that `` Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system '' . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2001 ) Storming the Heavens : Soldiers , Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire , Westview Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3523 - X . Jump up ^ Noy , David ( 2000 ) . Foreigners at Rome : Citizens and Strangers . Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales . ISBN 9780715629529 . Jump up ^ Harper , James ( 1972 ) . `` Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome '' . American Journal of Philology. 93 : 341 -- 342 . doi : 10.2307 / 293259 .", "86": "Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 , 190 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 34 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1998 , 2002 ) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan . pp. 23 , 209 . ISBN 0472088785 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik ( 2011 ) The Freedman in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Adolf ( 1953 , 1991 ) . libertus in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law . American Philological Society . p. 564 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1999 ) Provincial at Rome : and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC -- AD 14 . University of Exeter Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0859896323 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 215 , 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 88 . The standard complement of 600 was flexible ; twenty quaestors , for instance , held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were `` open '' seats . ^ Jump up to : Millar , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ His name was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus ; Boardman , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1966 ) . `` Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire '' . The American Journal of Philology. 87 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 292973 . JSTOR 292973 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 71 -- 72 , 76 Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 75 -- 76 , 78 .", "87": "Jump up ^ Fear , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` War and Society , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire . Cambridge University Press , vol. 2 . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 0521782740 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) `` The End of the Ancient City , '' in The City in Late Antiquity . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations . 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( 2007 ) Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 108 . Jump up ^ The imperial cult in Roman Britain - Google docs Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia Moralia 813c and 814c Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward ( 1976 / 1979 ) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 354 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 345 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 341 Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2004 ) `` Emperors at Work , '' in Rome , the Greek World , and the East : Government , Society , and Culture in the Roman Empire . University of North Carolina Press . Vol. 2 . ISBN 0807855200 . pp. 3 -- 22 , especially pp. 4 and 20 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 195ff . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 205 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 202 -- 203 , 205 , 210 . 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Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle '' . Britannia. 17 : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 526559 . JSTOR 526559 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ; Van Driel - Murray , Carol ( 1991 ) . `` The Roman Cavalry Saddle '' . Britannia. 22 : 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 526629 . JSTOR 526629 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 177 -- 179 . Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt , where the climate preserved the papyri . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 .", "90": "The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus : Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition , Mark Antony and his ally Cleopatra . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 179 , 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 , 214 , 224 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Bozeman , Adda B. ( 2010 ) Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age . Transaction Publishers . 2nd ed ... pp. 208 -- 20 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ This practice was established in the Republic ; see for instance the case of Contrebian water rights heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of Hispania in the 90s -- 80s BC . Jump up ^ Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma ( 2000 ) The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . Cornell University Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 187 . 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Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Colin Wells , The Roman Empire ( Harvard University Press , 1984 , 1992 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 2010 ) `` The Nature of Roman Money , '' in The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199586713 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) `` The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires '' , in : Scheidel , Walter , ed . Rome and China . Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533690 - 0 , pp. 137 -- 207 ( 205 ) .", "92": "Jump up ^ Fears , J. Rufus ( 1981 ) `` The Theology of Victory at Rome : Approaches and Problem , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.2 , pp. 752 and 824 , and in the same volume , `` The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' p. 908 . Jump up ^ Andreau , Jean ( 1999 ) Banking and Business in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 6.17. 3 . Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones , Richard ( 1994 ) Money and Government in the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) . `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 92 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 3184857 . JSTOR 3184857 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Paul T. ( 2008 ) : `` Mining and Metallurgy '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Sim , David ; Ridge , Isabel ( 2002 ) Iron for the Eagles . The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus , Stroud , Gloucestershire , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1900 - 5 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Healy , John F. ( 1978 ) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World , Thames and Hudson , London , ISBN 0 - 500 - 40035 - 0 . p. 196 . 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( 1980 ) . `` Lead in albacore : Guide to lead pollution in Americans '' . Science . 207 ( 4436 ) : 1167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6986654 . PMID 6986654 . Jump up ^ Patterson , C.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times '' . The Economic History Review . 25 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 235 ( tables 2 , 6 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1972. tb02173. x . JSTOR 2593904 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Marlière , Élise ( 2001 ) . `` Le tonneau en Gaule romaine '' ( PDF ) . Gallia. 58 : 181 -- 210 ( 184 ) .", "94": "doi : 10.3406 / galia. 2001.3179 . JSTOR 43608343 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 714 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Roger Bradley ( 2007 ) . Roman Woodworking . Yale University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0300103417 . ^ Jump up to : Stambaugh , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Ray Laurence , `` Land Transport in Roman Italy : Costs , Practice and the Economy , '' in Trade , Traders and the Ancient City ( Routledge , 1998 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 142 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao ( 2002 ) . `` When Glass Was Treasured in China '' . In Juliano , Annette L. ; Lerner , Judith A. Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road . Turnhout : Brepols Publishers . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 52178 - 7 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 710 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 717 -- 729 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 719 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 720 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Temin , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 ( 4 ) : 513 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219504773512525 .", "95": "JSTOR 3656762 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 184 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , eds. ( 2007 ) : The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Jump up ^ Lo Cascio , Elio ; Malanima , Paolo ( 2009 ) . `` GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies ( 1 -- 1820 AD ) . A Revision of the Estimates '' . Rivista di storia economica. 25 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 420 ( 391 -- 401 ) . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2007 ) Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD . Essays in Macro-Economic History , Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Friesen , Steven J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Roman Studies . 99 : 61 . doi : 10.3815 / 007543509789745223 . JSTOR 40599740 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , W.L. ( 1982 ) The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Yale University Press , New Haven , fig . 131B Jump up ^ Lechtman , H.N. ; Hobbs , L.W. ( 1987 ) . `` Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution '' . Ceramics and Civilization. 3 : 81 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Apollodorus of Damascus , `` Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan . '' Sarton , George ( 1936 ) .", "96": "`` The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World '' . Osiris. 2 : 406 -- 463 ( 430 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 368462 . JSTOR 301558 . Jump up ^ Calcani , Giuliana ; Abdulkarim , Maamoun ( 2003 ) . Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan 's Column : From Tradition to Project . L'Erma di Bretschneider . p. 11 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 233 - 5 ... focusing on the brilliant architect Apollodorus of Damascus . This famous Syrian personage represents ... Jump up ^ Hong - Sen Yan ; Marco Ceccarelli ( 2009 ) . 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Sarantis Brill , Leiden Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jones , R.F.J. ; Bird , D.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Roman Gold - Mining in North - West Spain , II : Workings on the Rio Duerna '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 62 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 298927 . JSTOR 298927 . Jump up ^ Ritti , Tullia ; Grewe , Klaus ; Kessener , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` A Relief of a Water - powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 : 138 -- 163 ( 156 , fn. 74 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400005341 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Rehak , Paul ( 2006 ) Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 23ff. and 244 Jump up ^ Raja , Rubina ( 2012 ) Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC -- AD 250 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 215 -- 218 Jump up ^ Sperber , Daniel ( 1998 ) The City in Roman Palestine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Longfellow , Brenda ( 2011 ) Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage : Form , Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0521194938 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 79 .", "98": "Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 6.852 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De anima 30.3 ( ubique domus , ubique populus , ubique respublica , ubique uita ) , as cited and framed in Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 76ff . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark Wilson ( 2000 ) Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Evans , Harry B. ( 1994 ) Water Distribution in Ancient Rome , University of Michigan Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Garrett G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath : Recent Approaches and Future Directions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Archaeology. 105 ( 3 ) : 403 . doi : 10.2307 / 507363 . JSTOR 507363 . Jump up ^ Ward , Roy Bowen ( 1992 ) . `` Women in Roman Baths '' . Harvard Theological Review . 85 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 147 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000028820 . JSTOR 1509900 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 147 Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 12 , 17 , 22ff . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2005 ) . `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 48 : 83 -- 105 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv48n1ms20167679 . JSTOR 20167679 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K.", "99": "( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 047210196X . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jashemski , Wilhelmina Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick G. ( 2002 ) . The Natural History of Pompeii . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80054 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horace , Satire 2.6 Jump up ^ Holzberg , Niklas ( 2002 ) The Ancient Fable : An Introduction . Indiana University Press . p. 35 Jump up ^ Bovie , Smith Palmer ( 2002 ) Introduction to Horace . Satires and Epistles . University of Chicago Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 191 , reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Census in the First Century B.C '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 59 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 299848 . JSTOR 299848 . Jump up ^ Keane , Catherine ( 2006 ) Figuring Genre in Roman Satire . Oxford University Press . p. 36 Jump up ^ Köhne , Eckhart ( 2000 ) `` Bread and Circuses : The Politics of Entertainment , '' in Gladiators and Caesars : The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome . University of California Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Juvenal , Satire 10.77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 178 Jump up ^ Hinds , Kathryn ( 2010 ) Everyday Life in the Roman Empire .", "100": "Marshall Cavendish . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 136ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Faas , Patrick ( 1994 , 2005 ) Around the Roman Table : Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 19.83 -- 84 ; Emily Gowers , The Loaded Table : Representation of Food in Roman Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1993 , 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 146 Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) Galen on Food and Diet . Routledge . pp. 7 , 11 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roller , Matthew B. ( 2006 ) Dining Posture in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . p. 96ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Alcock , Joan P. ( 2006 ) Food in the Ancient World . Greenwood Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Donahue , John ( 2004 ) The Roman Community at Table during the Principate . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cathy K. Kaufman , `` Remembrance of Meals Past : Cooking by Apicius ' Book , '' in Food and the Memory : Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker p. 125ff . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Vitellius 13.2 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 20 .", "101": "Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Germania 23 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Flandrin , Jean Louis ; Montanari , Massimo ( 1999 ) . Food : A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present . Columbia University Press . pp. 165 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11154 - 6 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 455 Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. Jr. ( 2001 ) Pompeis Difficile Est : Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii . University of Michigan Press . p. 137 Jump up ^ Laurence , Ray ( 2007 ) Roman Pompeii : Space and Society . Routledge . p. 173 ; recounted by Tacitus , Annals 14.17 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Versnel , H.S. ( 1971 ) Triumphus : An Inquiry into the Origin , Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph . Brill . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 237 , 239 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 73 -- 74 , 106 Jump up ^ Auguet , p.", "102": "54 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 85 Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 461 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wiedemann , Emperors and Gladiators ( Routledge , 1992 , 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 459 , 461 , 512 , 630 -- 631 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 237 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 238 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Auguet , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 144 Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. 282 -- 287 Jump up ^ Eva D'Ambra , `` Racing with Death : Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy '' in Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy ( American School of Classical Studies at Athens , 2007 ) , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cassio Dio 54.2.", "103": "2 ; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 22.1 , 3 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 66.25 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ McClelland , Body and Mind , p. 66 , citing also Marcus Junkelmann . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero 12.2 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De spectaculis 12 Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 224 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marianne and Walton , J. Michael ( 2007 ) Introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Donald G. ( 1998 ) Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 81 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Panegyric 33.1 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 66 -- 67 , 72 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , G.W. ( 1995 ) Martyrdom and Rome . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 79 Jump up ^ Huber - Rebenich , Gerlinde ( 1999 ) `` Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment , '' in Latin Fiction : The Latin Novel in Context . Routlege . pp. 158 -- 178 Jump up ^ Llewelyn , S.R. and Nobbs , A.M. ( 2002 ) `` The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri , '' in New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p.", "104": "109 Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Henrik ( 2006 ) `` Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia -- Fact or Fiction ? '' in Studia Patristica : Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003 . Peeters . pp. 59 -- 64 Jump up ^ Ando , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Oxford Latin Dictionary ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1982 , 1985 reprint ) , pp. 1048 -- 1049 Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 , 143 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Walton Brooks ( 1906 ) . `` Some Passages concerning Ball - Games '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 37 : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 282704 . JSTOR 282704 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Eyben , Emiel ( 1977 ) Restless Youth in Ancient Rome . Routledge , pp. 79 -- 82 , 110 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ann Ellis ( 1991 ) `` The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome , '' in Les écoles médicales à Rome . Université de Nantes . pp. 260 , 264 , particularly citing the Gynecology of Soranus . ^ Jump up to : Austin , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500003119 . JSTOR 640979 . Jump up ^ Austin , R.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 .", "105": "doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500002941 . JSTOR 641231 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Lynda L. ( 1997 ) Sacred Fictions : Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Vout , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Bieber , Margarete ( 1959 ) . `` Roman Men in Greek Himation ( Romani Palliati ) a Contribution to the History of Copying '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 103 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 417 . JSTOR 985474 . Jump up ^ Vout , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Vout , pp. 204 -- 220 , especially pp. 206 , 211 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 11.3. 137 -- 149 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Cleland , Liza ( 2007 ) Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Modern copy of a 2nd - century original , from the Louvre . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Pallio 5.2 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 232 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2005 ) Roman Military Clothing ( 3 ) AD 400 to 640 . Osprey . pp. 7 -- 9 .", "106": "ISBN 184176843X . Jump up ^ Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) The Inheritance of Rome . Penguin Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 1 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 047210196X . Jump up ^ Paul Zanker , Pompeii : Public and Private Life , translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider ( Harvard University Press , 1998 , originally published 1995 in German ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kousser , pp. 4 -- 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . JSTOR 708631 . Jump up ^ Zanker , Paul ( 1988 ) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus . University of Michigan Press . p. 5ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fejfer , Jane ( 2008 ) Roman Portraits in Context . Walter de Gruyter . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Mattusch , Carol C. ( 2005 ) The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum : Life and Afterlife of a Sculpture Collection . Getty Publications . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strong , Donald ( 1976 , 1988 ) Roman Art .", "107": "Yale University Press . 2nd ed. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) A History of Roman Art . Wadsworth . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Newby , Zahra ( 2011 ) `` Myth and Death : Roman Mythological Sarcophagi , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology . Blackwell . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elsner , pp. 1 , 9 . Jump up ^ Strong , D.E. ( 1972 ) . `` Review of Roman Painting '' . The Classical Review . 22 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 1998 ) Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora . Brill . pp. 96ff . Jump up ^ Schreckenberg , Heinz and Schubert , Kurt ( 1991 ) Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity . Fortress Press . pp. 171ff . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 459 -- 460 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 254ff . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . p. 201ff . ISBN 0892367156 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Fantham , R. Elaine ( 1989 ) . `` Mime : The Missing Link in Roman Literary History '' . The Classical World .", "108": "82 ( 3 ) : 153 . doi : 10.2307 / 4350348 . JSTOR 4350348 . Jump up ^ Slater , William J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mime Problems : Cicero Ad fam. 7.1 and Martial 9.38 '' . Phoenix . 56 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192603 . JSTOR 1192603 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Gian Biagio Conte ( 1994 ) Latin Literature : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. ( 1987 ) . `` Pantomimists at Pompeii : Actius Anicetus and His Troupe '' . The American Journal of Philology. 108 : 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 294916 . JSTOR 294916 . Jump up ^ Starks , John H. Jr. ( 2008 ) `` Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions , '' in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime . Oxford University Press . p. 95 ; p. 14ff . ^ Jump up to : Naerebout , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ginsberg ‐ Klar , Maria E. ( 2010 ) . `` The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period '' . World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806 . JSTOR 124243 . Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , p. 90ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 146ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 154 , 157 . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Richlin , Amy ( 1993 ) . `` Not before Homosexuality : The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men '' .", "109": "Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 540 . JSTOR 3704392 . Jump up ^ Csapo , Eric and Slater , William J. ( 1994 ) The Context of Ancient Drama . University of Michigan Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1984 ) Christianizing the Roman Empire : ( A.D. 100 -- 400 ) . Yale University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 , 84 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Alcuin , Epistula 175 ( Nescit homo , qui histriones et mimos et saltatores introduct in domum suam , quam magna eos immundorum sequitur turba spiritum ) Jump up ^ Hen , Yitzhak ( 1995 ) Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul , AD 481 -- 751 . Brill . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Kraus , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` ( Il ) literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco - Roman Egypt : Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times '' . Mnemosyme. 53 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 342 ( 325 -- 327 ) . doi : 10.1163 / 156852500510633 . JSTOR 4433101 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 89 , 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Susan P. ( 1999 ) Rome and the Enemy : Imperial Strategy in the Principate . University of California Press . p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Teresa ( 1998 ) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 46ff . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 97 .", "110": "Jump up ^ Clifford Ando poses the question as `` what good would ' posted edicts ' do in a world of low literacy ? ' in Ando , p. 101 ( see also p. 87 on `` the government 's obsessive documentation '' ) . Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ando , p. 101 Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 152 , 210 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 1991 ) `` Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion , '' in Literacy in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press . p. 59ff Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. pp. 94 -- 95 , 181 -- 182 , and 196 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 555 Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 29 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Phang , Sara Elise ( 2011 ) `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' in A Companion to the Roman Army . Blackwell . pp. 286 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 , citing Harris , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 9 , 48 , 215 , 248 , 258 -- 269 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 , 54 , 290ff . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2010 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Martial , Epigrams 1.2 and 14.184 -- 92 , as cited by Johnson ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p.", "111": "71 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 253 , citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 9.11. 2 ; Martial , Epigrams 7.88 ; Horace , Carmina 2.20. 13f. and Ars Poetica 345 ; Ovid , Tristia 4.9. 21 and 4.10. 128 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 35.2. 11 ; Sidonius , Epistulae 9.7. 1 . Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1. 54 , 50.13. 419 ; Martial , Epigrams 2.8 ; Lucian , Adversus Indoctum 1 Jump up ^ According to Seneca , Epistulae 27.6 f . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 252 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 257 , 260 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistulae 1.8. 2 ; CIL 5.5262 ( = ILS 2927 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola 2.1 and Annales 4.35 and 14.50 ; Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 7.19. 6 ; Suetonius , Augustus 31 , Tiberius 61.3 , and Caligula 16 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Domitian 10 ; Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 9.2. 65 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 114ff. , pp. 186ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2010 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 320ff . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp.", "112": "68 -- 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 90 , 92 Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 107 -- 108 , 132 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 88 , 106 Jump up ^ Laes , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 439 , 442 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 103 , 106 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Saller , R.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 299555 . JSTOR 299555 . Jump up ^ Armstron , David ( 2010 ) `` The Biographical and Social Foundations of Horace 's Poetic Voice , '' in A Companion to Horace . Blackwell . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lyne , R.O.A.M. ( 1995 ) Horace : Beyond the Public Poetry . Yale University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 94 .", "113": "Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 598 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The wide - ranging 21st - century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes Being Greek under Rome : Cultural Identity , the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire , edited by Simon Goldhill ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ; Paideia : The World of the Second Sophistic , edited by Barbara E. Borg ( De Gruyter , 2004 ) ; and Tim Whitmarsh , The Second Sophistic ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Habinek , Thomas N. ( 1998 ) The Politics of Latin Literature : Writing , Identity , and Empire in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ James , Sharon L. ( 2003 ) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion : Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Johnson , W.R. `` Propertius , '' pp. 42 -- 43 , and Sharon L. James , `` Elegy and New Comedy , '' p. 262 , both in A Companion to Roman Love Elegy . Blackwell , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aetas Ovidiana ; Charles McNelis , `` Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature , '' in A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 8 .", "114": "Jump up ^ van Dam , Harm - Jan ( 2008 ) `` Wandering Woods Again : From Poliziano to Grotius , '' in The Poetry of Statius . Brill . p. 45ff . Jump up ^ Jonathan Master , `` The Histories , '' in A Companion to Tacitus ( Blackwell , 2012 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sage , Michael M. ( 1990 ) `` Tacitus ' Historical Works : A Survey and Appraisal , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 33.2 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1294 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1443 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1359ff . Jump up ^ `` Not since Vergil had there been a Roman poet so effective at establishing a master narrative for his people '' : Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , A Dictionary of the Roman Empire ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ The caesareum at Najaran was possibly known later as the `` Kaaba of Najran '' : جواد علي , المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام ( Jawad Ali , Al - Mufassal fi Tarikh Al - ' Arab Qabl Al - Islam ; `` Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam '' ) , Baghdad , 1955 -- 1983 ; P. Harland , `` Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life : Associations in Roman Asia '' , originally published in Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17 ( 2003 ) 91 -- 103 .", "115": "Jump up ^ Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2004 ) The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . p. 449 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1967 ) Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . Doubleday . p. 106 Jump up ^ Huskinson , Janet ( 2000 ) Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century AD . Jump up ^ Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1986 ) . `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' . Classical Philology. 81 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 297 . doi : 10.1086 / 367003 . JSTOR 269977 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Duncan ( 1991 ) . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 , Brill . pp. 97 -- 149 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press . pp. 254 -- 256 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 616 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 2006 ) `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy , '' Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine . Cambridge University Press . Vol. 1 , p. 510 . ISBN 0521812399 . Jump up ^ Barnes , T.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Legislation against the Christians '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 58 : 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 299693 . JSTOR 299693 .", "116": "Jump up ^ Sainte - Croix , G.E.M de ( 1963 ) . `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' . Past & Present. 26 : 6 -- 38 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 26.1. 6 . Jump up ^ Musurillo , Herbert ( 1972 ) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. lviii -- lxii Jump up ^ Sherwin - White , A.N. ( 1952 ) . `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / III. 2.199 . JSTOR 23952852 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea ( 425 ) . Church History . Jump up ^ Smallwood , E.M. ( 1956 ) . `` ' Domitian 's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism '' . Classical Philology. 51 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1086 / 363978 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistle to Trajan on the Christians Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire '' . Past and Present. 16 : 10 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 16.1. 10 . JSTOR 650151 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 625 Jump up ^ Rüpke , pp. 406 -- 426 Jump up ^ On vocabulary , see Schilling , Robert ( 1992 ) `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 .", "117": "Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas F.X. ; Strauss , Barry ; Osheim , Duane J. ; Neuschel , Kristen B. ; Accampo , Elinor Ann ( 2010 ) . Western Civilization : Beyond Boundaries , 1300 -- 1815 . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4240 - 6959 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , History of Europe , The Romans , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Collier , Martin ( 2003 ) . Italian Unification , 1820 -- 71 . Heinemann . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 32754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Ward ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . p. 279ff . ^ Jump up to : Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 . Yale University Press . Vol. 1 . pp. 432 -- 435 . ISBN 0300038828 . ^ Jump up to : Vale , Lawrence J. ( 1992 ) Architecture , Power , and National Identity . Yale University Press . pp. 11 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Mallgrave , Harry Francis ( 2005 ) Modern Architectural Theory : A Historical Survey , 1673 -- 1968 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Kornwall , James D. ( 2011 ) Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press , vol. 3 . pp. 1246 , 1405 -- 1408 . ISBN 0801859867 . Jump up ^ Wood , pp.", "118": "73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. and Cole , Nicholas P. introduction to Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 5 Jump up ^ Dietler , Michael ( 2010 ) . Archaeologies of Colonialism : Consumption , Entanglement , and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26551 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briggs , W. ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . pp. 282 -- 286 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 60 , 66 , 73 -- 74 , 239 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 1999 ) A History of American Architecture : Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context . University Press of New England . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2011 ) `` Thomas Jefferson 's Classical Architecture : An American Agenda , '' in Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 122 Jump up ^ Spahn , Hannah ( 2011 ) Thomas Jefferson , Time , and History . University of Virginia Press . pp. 144 -- 145 , 163 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 228 -- 330 Jump up ^ Lears , Jackson ( 2009 ) Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 -- 1920 . HarperCollins . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gutheim , Frederick and Lee , Antoinette J. ( 2006 ) Worthy of the Nation : Washington , DC , from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2nd ed . pp. 137 , 152 . Cited sources Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Adams , J.N. ( 2003 ) . `` ' Romanitas ' and the Latin Language '' .", "119": "The Classical Quarterly . 53 : 184 . doi : 10.1093 / cq / 53.1. 184 . JSTOR 3556490 . Albrecht , Michael von ( 1997 ) . A History of Roman Literature : From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature. 2 . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10709 - 6 . Ando , Clifford ( 2000 ) . Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22067 - 6 . Auguet , Roland ( 2012 ) . Cruelty and Civilization : The Roman Games . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 09343 - 3 . Boardman , John , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History : The High Empire , A.D. 70 -- 192 . Vol. 11 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521263352 . Bohec , Yann Le ( 2000 ) . The Imperial Roman Army . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22295 - 2 . Bowersock , Glen Warren ; Brown , Peter ; Grabar , Oleg ( 1999 ) . Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 51173 - 6 . Bowman , Alan ; Garnsey , Peter ; Cameron , Averil , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History : Volume 12 , The Crisis of Empire , AD 193 -- 337 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30199 - 2 . Bradley , Keith ( 1994 ) . Slavery and Society at Rome . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37887 - 1 . Cavallo , Guglielmo ; Chartier , Roger ( 1999 ) .", "120": "A History of Reading in the West . Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 1936 - 1 . Clarke , John R. ( 1991 ) . The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 B.C. - A.D. 250 : Ritual , Space , and Decoration . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08429 - 2 . Dyson , Stephen L. ( 2010 ) . Rome : A Living Portrait of an Ancient City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0101 - 0 . Edmondson , J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Dynamic Arenas : Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire '' . Roman Theater and Society . University of Michigan Press . Edwards , Catharine ( 2007 ) . Death in Ancient Rome . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11208 - 4 . Elsner , Jaś ; Huskinson , Janet ( 2011 ) . Life , Death and Representation : Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 020213 - 7 . Frier , Bruce W. ; McGinn , Thomas A. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516185 - 4 . Gagarin , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Roman Army . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05124 - 0 . Habinek , Thomas N. ( 2005 ) . The World of Roman Song : From Ritualized Speech to Social Order . JHU Press .", "121": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8105 - 3 . Harris , W.V. ( 1989 ) . Ancient Literacy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674033817 . Holleran , Claire ( 2012 ) . Shopping in Ancient Rome : The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969821 - 9 . Humphrey , John H. ( 1986 ) . Roman Circuses : Arenas for Chariot Racing . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04921 - 5 . Huzar , Eleanor Goltz ( 1978 ) . Mark Antony : a Biography . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0863 - 6 . Johnson , William A ; Parker , Holt N ( 2009 ) . Ancient Literacies : The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971286 - 1 . Johnson , William A. ( 2010 ) . Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire : A Study of Elite Communities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972105 - 4 . Jones , A.H.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire '' . The Economic History Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 192 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1960. tb02114. x . Kelly , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192803913 . Kousser , Rachel Meredith ( 2008 ) . Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture : The Allure of the Classical . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87782 - 4 . Laes , Christian ( 2011 ) . Children in the Roman Empire : Outsiders Within .", "122": "Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89746 - 4 . Marshall , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome '' . Phoenix . 30 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 1087296 . JSTOR 1087296 . Millar , Fergus ( 2012 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . JSTOR 300073 . Mommsen , Theodore ( 2005 ) ( 1909 ) . William P. Dickson , ed . The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian . Translated by William P. Dickson . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library . Morris , Ian ; Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 970761 - 4 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2009 ) . `` Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents '' . Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire . Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Heidelberg , July 5 -- 7 , 2007 ) , Brill . Nicolet , Claude ( 1991 ) . Space , Geography , and Politics in the Early Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10096 - 3 . Peachin , Michael , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518800 - 4 . Potter , David Stone ; Mattingly , D.J. ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 .", "123": "Potter , David S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9918 - 6 . Rochette , Bruno ( 2012 ) . `` Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire '' . A Companion to the Latin Language . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444343397. ch30 . ISBN 9781444343397 . Rawson , Beryl ( 1987 ) . The Family in Ancient Rome : New Perspectives . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9460 - 5 . Rawson , Beryl ( 2003 ) . Children and Childhood in Roman Italy . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151423 - 4 . Roberts , Michael John ( 1989 ) . The jeweled style : poetry and poetics in late antiquity . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2265 - 2 . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Roman Religion . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76645 - 3 . Stambaugh , John E. ( 1988 ) . The Ancient Roman City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3692 - 3 . Sullivan , Richard , D. ( 1990 ) . Near Eastern Royalty and Rome , 100 - 30 BC . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2682 - 6 . Vout , Caroline ( 2009 ) . `` The Myth of the Toga : Understanding the History of Roman Dress '' . Greece and Rome . 43 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 220 . doi : 10.1093 / gr / 43.2. 204 . JSTOR 643096 . Winterling , Aloys ( 2009 ) . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . John Wiley & Sons .", "124": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7969 - 0 . Wiseman , T.P. ( 1970 ) . `` The Definition of Eques Romanus '' . Historia. 19 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . Penguin Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 51514 - 3 . 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-7419926784062257102	where is the condenser located on a microscope	[ "above the light source and under the sample in an upright microscope, and above the stage and below the light source in an inverted microscope" ]	{ "0": "Condenser ( optics ) - wikipedia Condenser ( optics ) Jump to : navigation , search A condenser is an optical lens which renders a divergent beam from a point source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object . In the context of microscopy , the parallel illumination scheme is known as Köhler illumination whereas the converging illumination scheme is known as critical illumination . Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device , such as microscopes , enlargers , slide projectors , and telescopes . The concept is applicable to all kinds of radiation undergoing optical transformation , such as electrons in electron microscopy , neutron radiation and synchrotron radiation optics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Microscope condenser 1.1 Abbe condenser 1.2 Aplanatic and achromatic condensers 1.3 Specialized condensers 1.4 Condensers and numerical aperture 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links Microscope condenser ( edit ) A condenser ( right ) and its respective diaphragm ( left ) A condenser between the stage and mirror of a vintage microscope Condensers are located above the light source and under the sample in an upright microscope , and above the stage and below the light source in an inverted microscope . They act to gather light from the microscope 's light source and concentrate it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen . The aperture and angle of the light cone must be adjusted ( via the size of the diaphragm ) for each different objective lens with different numerical apertures . Condensers typically consist of a variable - aperture diaphragm and one or more lenses . Light from the illumination source of the microscope passes through the diaphragm and is focused by the lens ( es ) onto the specimen . After passing through the specimen the light diverges into an inverted cone to fill the front lens of the objective . The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century . Robert Hooke used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano - convex lens , and shows in the ' Micrographia ' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency .", "1": "Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin , Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage . This was a simple plano - convex or bi-convex lens , or sometimes a combination of lenses . With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829 , by Joseph Jackson Lister , the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent . By 1837 , the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France , by Felix Dujardin , and Chevalier . English makers early took up this improvement , due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings . By the late 1840s , English makers such as Ross , Powell and Smith ; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands , with proper centring and focus . It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no - one can design a good achromatic , spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics . On the Continent , in Germany , the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential , mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved . Thus the leading German company , Carl Zeiss in Jena , offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s . French makers , such as Nachet , provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands . When the leading German bacteriologist , Robert Koch , complained to Ernst Abbe , that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope , in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria , Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878 . There are three types of condenser : The chromatic condenser , such as the Abbe where no attempt is made to correct for spherical or chromatic aberration . It contains two lenses that produce an image of the light source that is surrounded by a blue and red color at its edges . The aplanatic condenser is corrected for spherical aberration . The compound achromatic condenser is corrected for both spherical and chromatic aberrations . Abbe condenser ( edit ) The sub-stage condenser focuses light through the specimen to match the aperture of the objective lens system .", "2": "The Abbe condenser is named for its inventor Ernst Abbe , who developed it in 1870 . The Abbe condenser , which was originally designed for Zeiss , is mounted below the stage of the microscope . The condenser concentrates and controls the light that passes through the specimen prior to entering the objective . It has two controls , one which moves the Abbe condenser closer to or further from the stage , and another , the iris diaphragm , which controls the diameter of the beam of light . The controls can be used to optimize brightness , evenness of illumination , and contrast . Abbe condensers are difficult to use for magnifications of above 400X , as the aplanatic cone is only representative of a numerical aperture ( NA ) of 0.6 . This condenser is composed of two lenses , a plano - convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first . The focus of the first lens is traditionally about 2mm away from the plane face coinciding with the sample plane . A pinhole cap can be used to align the optical axis of the condenser with that of the microscope . The Abbe condenser is still the basis for most modern light microscope condenser designs , even though its optical performance is poor . Aplanatic and achromatic condensers ( edit ) An aplanatic condenser corrects for spherical aberration in the concentrated light path , while an achromatic compound condenser corrects for both spherical and chromatic aberration . Specialized condensers ( edit ) Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe , aplanatic , or achromatic condenser , but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings . These additional elements are housed in various ways . In most modern microscope ( ca . 1990s -- ) , such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens . Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret - type condenser , these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place . Specialised condensers are also used as part of Differential Interference Contrast and Hoffman Modulation Contrast systems , which aim to improve contrast and visibility of transparent specimens .", "3": "In epifluorescence microscopy , the objective lens acts not only as a magnifier for the light emitted by the fluorescing object , but also as a condenser for the incident light . The Arlow - Abbe condenser is a modified Abbe condenser that replaces the iris diaphragm , filter holder , lamp and lamp optics with a small OLED or LCD digital display unit . The display unit allows for digitally synthesised filters for dark - field , Rheinberg , oblique and dynamic ( constantly changing ) illumination under direct computer control . The device was first described by Dr. Jim Arlow in Microbe Hunter magazine , issue 38 . Condensers and numerical aperture ( edit ) Like objective lenses , condensers vary in their numerical aperture ( NA ) . It is NA that determines optical resolution , in combination with the NA of the objective . Different condensers vary in their maximum and minimum numerical aperture , and the numerical aperture of a single condenser varies depending on the diameter setting of the condenser aperture . In order for the maximum numerical aperture ( and therefore resolution ) of an objective lens to be realized , the numerical aperture of the condenser must be matched to the numerical aperture of the used objective . The technique most commonly used in microscopy to optimize the light pathway between the condenser ( and other illumination components of the microscope ) and the objective lens is known as Köhler illumination . The maximum NA is limited by the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample . As with objective lenses , a condenser lens with a maximum numerical aperture of greater than 0.95 is designed to be used under oil immersion ( or , more rarely , under water immersion ) , with a layer of immersion oil placed in contact with both the slide / coverslip and the lens of the condenser . An oil immersion condenser may typically have NA of up to 1.25 . Without this oil layer , not only is maximum numerical aperture not realized , but the condenser may not be able to precisely focus light on the object . Condensers with a numerical aperture of 0.95 or less are designed to be used without oil or other fluid on the top lens and are termed dry condensers .", "4": "Dual dry / immersion condensers are basically oil immersion condensers that can nonetheless focus light with the same degree of precision even without oil between the top lens and the slide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Royal Microscopical Society , `` Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society '' , Williams and Norgate , London ( 1882 ) , p. 411 - 2 Jump up ^ Chamot , E.M. , `` Elementary chemical microscopy '' , John Wiley and Sons , London ( 1916 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Microscope '' . Bradbury . S , Pergamon Press , ( 1967 ) Bibliography ( edit ) General `` Abbe condenser '' , Photonics Dictionary ( abridged online edition ) , Pittsfield MA : Laurin Publishing , 2006 . `` Abbe , Ernst '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Glossary of microscope terms '' , Microbus ( website ) , 2003 . `` Anatomy of the Microscope : Substage Condenser '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Olympus Microscopy Resource Center , 2006 . External links ( edit ) `` Anatomy of the Microscope : Substage Condenser '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Molecular Expressions . ( Slightly different from the version found at Olympus site . ) `` The Condenser '' by Paul James , Micscape Magazine ( online publication ) , February 2002 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condenser_(optics)&oldid=821940720 '' Categories : Lenses Optics Microscope components Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 14 : 18 .", "5": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6648524536408285205	what is the first book of percy jackson	[ "The Lightning Thief", "The Lightning Thief", "The Lightning Thief", "The Lightning Thief", "The Lightning Thief" ]	{ "0": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians - wikipedia Percy Jackson & the Olympians Jump to : navigation , search Percy Jackson & the Olympians U.K. logo for Percy Jackson and the Olympians ( as the series is known there ) The Lightning Thief ( 2005 ) The Sea of Monsters ( 2006 ) The Titan 's Curse ( 2007 ) The Battle of the Labyrinth ( 2008 ) The Last Olympian ( 2009 ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco ( from 2006 or 2007 ) Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy , young adult , adventure Publisher Disney Hyperion ( early volumes originally Miramax Books ) Published 2005 -- 2009 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 5 Followed by The Heroes of Olympus Percy Jackson & the Olympians , often shortened to Percy Jackson , is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan , and the first book series in the Camp Half - Blood Chronicles . Five supplementary books , along with three graphic novels , have also been released . More than 45 million copies of the books have been sold in more than 35 countries . As of October 28 , 2011 , the series has been on The New York Times Best Seller list for children 's book series for 245 weeks . The first book was adapted into a film titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief in 2010 , which was commercially successful , but received mixed reviews . An adaptation of the second book , titled Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released in 2013 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Books 2.1 The Lightning Thief 2.2 The Sea of Monsters 2.3 The Titan 's Curse 2.4 The Battle of the Labyrinth 2.5 The Last Olympian 3 Supplementary works 3.1 The Demigod Files 3.2 The Ultimate Guide 3.3 Graphic novels 3.4 Demigods and Monsters 3.5 The Demigod Diaries 4 Characters 5 Reception 6 In other media 6.1 Films 6.2 Video game 6.3 Musical 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequel series 7.1. 1 The Heroes of Olympus 7.1. 2 The Trials of Apollo 7.2 Related series 7.2. 1 The Kane Chronicles 7.2. 2 Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origins ( edit ) Riordan at the Texas Book Festival in November 2007 , doing publicity for Book 4 Development for both The Lightning Thief and the Percy Jackson series commenced when Rick Riordan began making stories for his son Haley Riordan , who had at the time been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia . His son , Haley , had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and requested that his father tell him bedtime stories based on Greek myths . When Riordan ran out of myths , his son suggested that he make up new stories using existing mythological characters and new ones . This led Riordan to create the fictional character of Percy Jackson and create the story of how he travels across the United States to recover Zeus 's lightning - bolt . Haley suggested that he should turn that story into a book , and Riordan wrote the book over the next year despite being busy at that time . Leaving his manuscript with his agent and editor for review , Riordan presented the book to a group of 6th , 7th , and 8th graders to read and critique . He gained their approval , and with their help , came up with the name of the book and created the way Percy 's sword works .", "2": "In 2004 , the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money for Riordan to quit his job and focus on writing . After it was released on 28 June 2005 , it sold over 1.2 million copies . The book was released in multiple versions , including hardcover , paperback and audio editions . It has been translated into multiple languages and published all over the world . Books ( edit ) The Lightning Thief ( edit ) Main article : The Lightning Thief The Lightning Thief is the first book in the series and was released on July 1 , 2005 . After a harrowing experience at his school trip , Percy Jackson returns home for the summer vacation , wherein him and his mother Sally Jackson , travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things. However , the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents , such as being attacked by the Minotaur . Percy finds himself at Camp Half - Blood , a training camp for demigods like him . He discovers that he is a demigod , son of Poseidon , the Greek god of the sea , earthquakes , and father of all horses , ( which he made from sea foam ) . Percy also learns that his best friend , Grover Underwood , is actually a satyr , and that the Greek gods are accusing Percy of having stolen Zeus ' master lightning bolt , the most powerful weapon in the world . To clear his name and save the world from another war between the Olympian gods , Percy sets out to retrieve the lightning bolt from Hades , who is suspected of being the real thief . Thus , Percy , Grover , and Annabeth Chase , a daughter of Athena , start on a journey to the underworld , facing numerous mythological monsters on the way . After confronting an innocent Hades , they learn that their friend Luke Castellan , son of Hermes , is the real thief who stole the bolt to allow Kronos , the defeated king of the Titans , a chance to rise again . The book was adapted into a film by Chris Columbus and 20th Century Fox , under the title Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , and was released on February 12 , 2010 .", "3": "The Sea of Monsters ( edit ) Main article : The Sea of Monsters The Sea of Monsters is the second installment in the series , released on April 1 , 2006 . Camp Half - Blood is under attack when Thalia 's tree , which guards the borders of the camp , is poisoned and slowly begins to die . In order to save the tree and the camp , someone must recover the Golden Fleece , which is somewhere in the Sea of Monsters . At the same time , Percy finds out that Grover , who has left on a quest to find the missing god Pan , has been captured by the cyclops Polyphemus and that the Fleece is on Polyphemus ' island . Together with Annabeth and his half - brother Tyson , a cyclops , Percy sets out to rescue Grover . Meanwhile , Clarisse La Rue , daughter of Ares , is sent on an official quest by Camp Half - Blood to retrieve the Fleece . The trip to the Sea of Monsters is long and hazardous and along the way the heroes encounter several dangers including Scylla and Charybdis , the sorceress Circe , the Sirens and their former friend Luke Castellan . Percy also learns about a prophecy from the Oracle about a child of one of the three most important gods ( Zeus , Poseidon and Hades ) , playing a vital part in the success or failure of the resurrection of Kronos the Titan - King . The heroes eventually retrieve the Fleece and restore Thalia 's tree but also unknowingly revive Thalia herself , daughter of Zeus , who had been turned into the tree by her father when she died . The book was adapted into a film by Thor Freudenthal and 20th Century Fox , under the title Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , and was released on August 7 , 2013 . The Titan 's Curse ( edit ) Main article : The Titan 's Curse The Titan 's Curse is the third installment in the series . It was released on May 11 , 2007 . On a mission to rescue half - bloods Bianca and Nico di Angelo ; Percy , Annabeth , Thalia and Grover are attacked by a manticore and rescued by the goddess Artemis and her Hunters .", "4": "However , Annabeth falls off a cliff whilst trying to fight the manticore and is said to be captured . Later , Artemis is captured by Luke 's army while on the hunt for the Ophiotaurus , a cow - serpent monster that was foretold to bring the downfall of Olympus when its entrails are sacrificed to a fire . Her lieutenant Zoe Nightshade , daughter of Atlas , leads Bianca , Thalia and Grover on a quest to save her . Percy , who was not invited to join the party , follows them on behalf of Nico Di Angelo , promising that he will do his best to protect his sister , Bianca . The others eventually find Percy , and he joins their group . They become the prey of skeletons , who chase them across the country . Bianca is able to kill one , which leaves the others mystified . Bianca later dies as they make their way across a godly junkyard . They find Annabeth with Luke and Artemis , who is holding up the sky . Percy then takes it from Artemis and they trick Atlas into his original position under the sky . Thalia replaces Zoe , who dies , as Artemis ' lieutenant . Thalia 's induction as a lieutenant of Artemis ensures that she will become immortal , never aging to 16 , thus escaping the Great Prophecy and leaving Percy to fulfill it . They return to camp and Percy informs Nico about Bianca 's death during the journey . Nico blames Percy for failing to protect her and runs away , only after killing skeletons that invade the camp , so that Percy realizes that Hades is Nico 's father . The Battle of the Labyrinth ( edit ) Main article : The Battle of the Labyrinth The Battle of the Labyrinth is the fourth installment in the series . It was released on May 6 , 2008 . After being attacked by monsters , Percy returns to Camp Half - Blood and learns about the Labyrinth . Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth in camp . Percy soon learns that Luke will use the entrance to lead his army through the Labyrinth straight into the heart of camp .", "5": "Annabeth is chosen to lead a quest to prevent it , and chooses to bring Tyson , Percy , and Grover , even though it was traditional to bring only two companions on a quest , as explained by Chiron . While in the Labyrinth , Percy and Annabeth become separated from Grover and Tyson . They encounter Nico , who begins to forgive Percy . Percy and Annabeth arrive under Mount St. Helens . Percy accidentally causes St. Helens to erupt and washes ashore on Calypso 's island , Ogygia . He returns to Camp Half - Blood , rather than staying with her , stating that `` she would always be his biggest ' what - if ' '' . Then he and Annabeth recruit a mortal girl , Rachel Dare to be a guide in the Labyrinth , using her sight through the Mist , the magical veil that separates the mythological world from the mortal world , and her knowledge for the quest . Daedalus is shown to be alive and to have given Ariadne 's string to Luke . They find Grover and Tyson and discover Pan , and Grover tells him that he must return to the world . But Pan says that he can not come and before dying tells Grover to tell those who will listen that he has died . Grover does what he is told . Percy also finds Luke 's body in Kronos ' coffin . A final demigod joins the Titans ' cause , and Kronos fully rises , using Luke 's body . They flee to camp , trying to stop the invasion . Kronos ' forces attack the camp , but they are defeated . The book ends with Daedalus sacrificing himself after the battle to destroy the Labyrinth , as it is tied to his life force , and Nico Di Angelo fully forgiving Percy and proposing a dangerous plan for defeating the Titans . The Last Olympian ( edit ) Main article : The Last Olympian The Last Olympian , the fifth and final book in the Percy Jackson series , was released on May 5 , 2009 . Percy Jackson learns that Kronos ' forces are preparing to attack Olympus . Poseidon , Percy 's father , decides that it is time for Percy to now fulfill the Great Prophecy .", "6": "Seeking to defeat Kronos , like Achilles did , Percy bathes in the River Styx , making his body invulnerable except one small chosen part of his body ( the small of his back ) . Kronos leads a siege of New York City and puts its citizens to sleep . Percy leads the campers , Hunters , nature spirits , and centaurs to protect Mount Olympus from Kronos and his forces . While they protect Olympus , the gods hold down the monster Typhon as he makes his way to New York . Kronos , possessing Luke 's body , forces his way into Olympus and battles Percy in Olympus ' throne room . Typhon reaches New York but is defeated after the arrival of Poseidon 's forces , led by Tyson . Annabeth is able to make Luke come back to his senses , and Percy gives him Annabeth 's knife . Luke stabs himself in his mortal spot ( as he also was invulnerable from bathing in the River Styx ) to destroy Kronos and save Mount Olympus , but Luke dies . The gods reward Percy and his friends , and offer him immortality . He rejects the offer , but instead requests the gods to claim all their children and to have cabins for all the gods , including the minor ones . Rachel Elizabeth Dare becomes the Oracle and recites the next Great Prophecy . The book finishes with Percy and Annabeth becoming a couple , and ominous clouds looming over Rachel 's next Great Prophecy . Supplementary works ( edit ) The Demigod Files ( edit ) Main article : The Demigod Files The Demigod Files , also written by Rick Riordan , is the first companion book to the series . It was released February 10 , 2009 , featuring three short stories , interviews with the campers , puzzles and pictures . It is set between The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian . The book received mixed reviews , with some reviewers criticizing the lack of substantial material and others commenting on the writing of the short stories . The stories are Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot , Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon , The Camper Interviews , and Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades . At the end of the book , there are portraits on the characters of the series .", "7": "The Ultimate Guide ( edit ) The Ultimate Guide is a companion book , second to the series , released on January 19 , 2010 . This book has a magnetic cover and holographic character pictures that change into four different characters . Its 156 pages include trading cards , full - color diagrams and maps . It also includes a dictionary of almost every monster Percy faces in the series , with pictures beside some , as well as various activities . The book tells of Percy Jackson 's starting life as a half - blood , a tour of the Underworld by Nico di Angelo , the story of Sally Jackson 's parents , and items used throughout the series . There is also a paperback version . Graphic novels ( edit ) A graphic novel based on The Lightning Thief was published on October 12 , 2010 . It follows a shortened version of Percy 's adventures in The Lightning Thief with full color drawings . A graphic novel based on the second book in the series , The Sea of Monsters was released on July 2 , 2013 . Another graphic novel based on the third book , The Titan 's Curse was released on October 8 , 2013 . Demigods and Monsters ( edit ) Demigods and Monsters is an unofficial companion book and was released on February 11 , 2009 . With an introduction by Riordan , it features essays written by various young adult authors that explore , discuss and provide further insight into the Percy Jackson series . At 196 pages , it also contains information on the places and characters of the series , as well as a glossary of Greek myths . The Demigod Diaries ( edit ) Main article : The Demigod Diaries The Demigod Diaries contains four new stories with character interviews , illustrations of characters and more , puzzles , and a quiz . The four stories include the adventures of Thalia , Luke , and Annabeth , and others which precede the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series and a first - person narrative from Percy 's viewpoint . Set a month after the events of The Last Olympian and before he goes missing in The Lost Hero , Percy and Annabeth retrieve Hermes ' stolen staff . One of the stories is written by Riordan 's son , Haley , and revolves around one of the demigods who fought for Kronos during the Second Titan War and survived the battle in Manhattan .", "8": "As a part of the spin - off The Heroes of Olympus series , The Demigod Diaries contain a story involving Jason , Leo , and Piper that recounts their time spent at Camp Half - Blood between The Lost Hero and The Son of Neptune . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half - Blood chronicles Reception ( edit ) The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews and won awards including the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005 . The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as `` perfectly paced , with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats '' . Author Rick Riordan said of the various awards : `` The ultimate compliment for a children 's writer is when the kids like it . '' Like its predecessor , The Sea of Monsters won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well . It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time it was released in paperback and reviewers have praised the storyline , themes and the author 's style of writing . Matt Berman , of Common Sense Media , praised the book , saying `` The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun , with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist . '' Kirkus reviewed The Battle of the Labyrinth as , `` This volume can stand alone , but no one will be able to read just one ( ... ) look no further for the next Harry Potter , meet Percy Jackson as legions of fans already have . '' As of February 13 , 2016 , it has been on the New York Times Children 's Series Best Seller List for 379 weeks . Some critics , especially Christian critics of Riordan have disapproved of the emphasis on pagan gods in his books . Riordan responds to these complaints by reminding his readers that first and foremost , `` The Lightning Thief explores Greek mythology in a modern setting , but it does so as a humorous work of fantasy . I 'm certainly not interested in changing or contradicting anyone 's religious beliefs . Early in the book , the character Chiron makes a distinction between God , capital - G , the creator of the universe , and the Greek gods ( lower - case g ) .", "9": "Chiron says he does n't want to delve into the issue of God , but he has no qualms about discussing the Olympians because they are a `` much smaller matter . '' Critics such as The Calico Critic have also disagreed with the fusion of Greek mythology and modern American culture . They have stated that it is difficult to believe `` the reality of the tale '' , claiming that `` monsters in the St. Louis Arch '' and `` the entrance to Olympus in New York '' were unimaginable , despite Riordan 's explanations of why he chose these certain locations . However studies show that overall , readers appreciated the mundane language , witty tone and aesthetic plot of the novels , as well as how it introduced Greek mythology to them . In other Media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) These films have been made from the books : Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Chris Columbus directed and produced Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures . The film was released in 2010 in the United States , Canada and in the United Kingdom on February 12 and in Australia on February 11 . Columbus has stated that he was drawn to directing the Percy Jackson movie because it gave him the `` opportunity to do a movie that we have n't really seen before for this generation . When I was a kid , there were movies that dealt with Greek mythology , which in terms of visual effects was really primitive . So I thought this was an opportunity to deal with Greek mythology which children and adults all over the world are fascinated by and it was not a new genre but a new avenue , dealing with mythological creatures in a contemporary setting . '' The second film in the series , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 . Filming began in April 2012 . Chris Columbus stated that there will not be a third movie any time soon . Video game ( edit ) To accompany the film , a video game was produced . Michael Splechta gave it a 6 / 10 , saying Percy Jackson & the Olympians might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie - in games , but fans of turn - based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare - bones game . ''", "10": "Musical ( edit ) Main article : The Lightning Thief : The Percy Jackson Musical On January 12 , 2017 , A Series of Unfortunate Events story editor Joe Tracz wrote a new Off Broadway musical adaptation of Percy Jackson tale `` The Lightning Thief . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Sequel series ( edit ) Main article : The Heroes of Olympus The Heroes of Olympus ( edit ) The Heroes of Olympus is a sequel series , also based on Camp Half - Blood and the Greek and Roman mythologies . The first book The Lost Hero was released on October 12 , 2010 . Like the first series , there are five books . The official website requires a password , later revealed as newhero . On December 1 , 2010 , the site went live . The second book in The Heroes of Olympus , The Son of Neptune , was released in October 2011 . The third book , The Mark of Athena , was released on October 2 , 2012 . The fourth book , The House of Hades , was released on October 8 , 2013 . The fifth and final book of The Heroes of Olympus series , The Blood of Olympus , was released on October 7 , 2014 . The Trials of Apollo ( edit ) Main article : Trials of Apollo Riordan is currently at work on yet another follow - up series to The Heroes of Olympus book series titled The Trials of Apollo is a sequel series to both Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus . The first installment titled , The Hidden Oracle ( 2016 ) , features Apollo and his journey after being cast down from Olympus . The second book titled The Dark Prophecy was released in May 2017. The third book is titled The Burning Maze is going to be released in May 1 , 2018 . Related series ( edit ) The Kane Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : The Kane Chronicles The novels are set within the same fictional universe as the three previous book series , and is narrated alternately in first - person by the two protagonist - siblings Carter and Sadie Kane . The siblings are descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great and are powerful magicians . They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the real world .", "11": "The series includes a trilogy consisting of The Red Pyramid ( 2010 ) , The Throne of Fire ( 2011 ) , and The Serpent 's Shadow ( 2012 ) , as well as three crossover books with the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series . Magnus Chase and the gods of asgard ( edit ) Main article : Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard The main protagonist Magnus Chase , son of the Vanir god of fertility Frey , narrates the novel in first person . He is a cousin of Annabeth Chase , a main character of the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series , who links the two series together . The series consists of a trilogy of books , The Sword of Summer ( 2015 ) , The Hammer of Thor ( 2016 ) , and The Ship of the Dead ( 2017 ) . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Mythology portal Novels portal Book : Percy Jackson & the Olympians List of artistic depictions of dyslexia From the Files of the Time Rangers -- also based on the premise of Greek gods active in the modern US Olympians ( Marvel Comics ) / Thor ( Marvel Comics ) -- comics based on the same premise , with both Greek and Norse gods . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan '' . Rickriordan.com . Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Disney Book Group Launches Rick Riordan 's New Five - Book Series , The Heroes of Olympus , on October 12 with a Live Webcast from the Laydown Event for Book 1 , The Lost Hero '' . Fox Business . 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers Children 's Series Books Sunday , April 29th 2012 -- The New York Times Children 's Best sellers list New York Times '' . New York Times . 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . comingsoon.net. 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sally ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Percy Jackson : My Boy 's Own Adventure '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . rickriordan.com . Disney - Hyperion . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick . `` An Interview With Rick '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motho ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` Author of Book Series Sends Kids on a Web Treasure Hunt '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperion : Percy Jackson '' . Hyperion Books . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Bernstein '' . IMDb . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Mabe , Chauncey ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Rick Riordan : Percy Jackson vs. Harry Potter '' . Sun Sentinel . p. 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Titan 's Curse on http://www.rickriordan.com/ Retrieved September 2 , 2013 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` The Last Olympian ( Percy Jackson & the Olympians , Book 5 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Demigod Files '' . 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Demigod Files ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series ) '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Percy Jackson and the Olympians : Ultimate Guide ( Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Demigods and Monsters : Your Favorite Authors on Rick Riordan 's Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series ( Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Demigods and Monsters '' . Myth & Mystery. 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Trevelyn Jones ; Luann Toth ; Marlene Charnizon ; Daryl Grabarek ; Joy Fleishhacker ( December 1 , 2005 ) . `` Best Books 2005 '' . School Library Journal . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Shulman , Polly ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Harry Who ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` ' Lightning ' strikes with young readers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain Award Previous Winners '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ruth , Sheila . `` The Sea of Monsters '' . Wands and Worlds .", "14": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nawotka , Edward ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` Kidsreads.com -- The Sea of Monsters '' . Kidsreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Matt Berman . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Sea of Monsters : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 2 . ( Brief article ) ( Children 's review ) ( Audiobook review ) '' . School Library Journal . October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Group , Gray Digital . `` An Interview with Rick '' . www.rickriordan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Mugijatna , Sri Kusumo Habsari , Putri , Yunita Ariani ( 2014 ) . `` Rick Riordan 's Intention in Writing Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief and the Reception of the Readers '' . k@ta. 16 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' Lightning Thief ' strikes Maverick '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Peter ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Columbus struck by ' Lightning ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Release Dates '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson & the Olympians ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Splechta , Michael . `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` ' Percy Jackson ' Musical , by ' Unfortunate Events ' Writer , Expands for Return Run '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Michelle Sobrino . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroes of Olympus , Book One : The Lost Hero ( 9781423113393 ) : Rick Riordan : Books '' . Amazon.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 14 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Blood of Olympus '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Chase ! '' . Blogspot.com . Rick Riordan . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Percy Jackson & the Olympians Percy Jackson and the Olympians series site from publisher Disney ( readriordan.com ) Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians official Persian - language website percy-jackson.ir ( archived 2010 ) Teacher 's Guide at Educational Resources from Rick Riordan ( rickriordan.", "16": "com ) Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( hide ) The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians&oldid=836020690 '' Categories : Percy Jackson & the Olympians Coming - of - age fiction Dyslexia in fiction Young adult novel series Greco - Roman mythology in popular culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8743280518479013381	who sings the song only in my dreams	[ "Debbie Gibson", "Debbie Gibson", "American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson", "American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson", "Debbie Gibson" ]	{ "0": "Only in My Dreams - wikipedia Only in My Dreams Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Debbie Gibson song . For other uses , see Only in My Dreams ( disambiguation ) . `` Only in My Dreams '' Single by Debbie Gibson from the album Out of the Blue A-side `` Vocal ( 3 : 50 ) '' B - side `` Dub ( 4 : 42 ) ( U.S. , 89322 ; JPN , P - 2305 ) Dreamix ( 4 : 18 ) ( UK , A9322 ) '' Released December 16 , 1986 Recorded 1986 Genre Dance - pop , freestyle Length Album Version 3 : 58 Single Version 3 : 42 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Deborah Gibson Producer ( s ) Fred Zarr Debbie Gibson singles chronology `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Only in My Dreams '' is the debut single for American singer - songwriter - actress Debbie Gibson . Released December 16 , 1986 , as a maxi single ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) , and then in remixed form ( Vocal / 3 : 50 , as described herein ) February 1987 , the song was written by Gibson herself in 1984 , two years before she recorded it . Produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music , Inc. , mixed by `` Little '' Louie Vega and mastered by Herb `` Pump '' Powers , the dance - pop song reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the summer of 1987 . Douglas Breitbart for Broadbeard Productions , Inc. served as executive producer ( see also Debbie Gibson ) . While it did not initially make the UK top fifty , ' Dreams ' re-entered the UK singles chart in 1988 on the back of the success of her second single ( viz. , `` Shake Your Love , '' Atlantic UK A9187 ) , eventually peaking at # 11 .", "1": "The Extended Club Mix / Vocal track ( 6 : 34 ) from DM 86744 was excerpted for a dance medley , ' Medley : Out of the Blue - Shake Your Love - Only in My Dreams ' ( Debbie Gibson Mega Mix ) , that became Track 4 on Atlantic DM 86556 ' Foolish Beat ' . A different mix , ' Only in My Dreams ' ( LP Version / 3 : 54 ) , mastered from the original multi-track for DM 86744 , became Track 3 on Gibson 's debut album Out Of The Blue ( Atlantic LP 81780 ) , and a further variation , ' Only in My Dreams ( Dream House Mix / 10 : 03 ) ' , was Track 3 on Atlantic DM 86556 ' Foolish Beat ' . Since the song 's release , Gibson has re-recorded the song twice : in 1997 for her album Deborah and in 2010 for the Deluxe Edition release of the Japan - exclusive Ms. Vocalist . The song was voted # 95 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track Listing ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) 3 Track Listing , 12 '' Oldies Series re-release ( Atlantic DM 86606 ) 4 Versions 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 6 1997 / 98 re-recording 6.1 Track Listing ( Jellybean Recordings 2532 ) 7 Footnotes 8 External links Music video ( Edit ) The music video for this song was recorded as a dream sequence at Asbury Park beach , NJ , the carousel in the Asbury Park casino ( still in use back then ) , and outside the Asbury Park Convention Center where headliner concerts are still held today . Across the street from the beach , The Stone Pony , where Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi got their start , is still in operation . Gibson has several different changes of wardrobe throughout the video . The video shows the futility of a teenage girl attempting to get the man of her dreams to look at her , and when he does , she realizes that she was dreaming the whole event , thus causing her world to come crashing down around her .", "2": "Track Listing ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) ( edit ) ' Only in My Dreams ' ( Extended Club Mix / Vocal / 6 : 34 ) ( Percapella / Vocal / 3 : 29 ) ( Dreamix / 4 : 18 ) ( Heartthrob Beats / 4 : 14 ) Track listing , 12 '' oldies series re-release ( Atlantic DM 86606 ) ( Edit ) ' Only in My Dreams ' ( Extended Club Mix / Vocal / 6 : 34 ) ( Percapella / Vocal / 3 : 29 ) Back - to - back with these two tracks on this maxi - single is Chic 's ' Dance , Dance , Dance ( Yowsah , Yowsah , Yowsah ) ' ( 8 : 30 ) ; this track was originally released in 1978 on Atlantic maxi single DK 4600 .", "3": "Versions ( edit ) Only In My Dreams ( Album Version ) - 3 : 46 Only In My Dreams ( 97 Dance Remix ) - 4 : 36 Only In My Dreams ( Club Dub ) - 4 : 36 Only In My Dreams ( Club Mix with Rap ) - 4 : 35 Only In My Dreams ( Debbie Dreams ) - 4 : 38 Only In My Dreams ( Dream Dub ) - 3 : 44 Only In My Dreams ( Extended Club Mix ) - 5 : 55 Only In My Dreams ( Extended Dance Mix ) - 6 : 27 Only In My Dreams ( Hot Tracks Mix ) - 6 : 27 Only In My Dreams ( Rave Radio Version ) - 3 : 44 Only In My Dreams ( Riff Dub ) - 4 : 22 Only In My Dreams ( Vasquez Club Mix ) - 7 : 30 Only In My Dreams ( Video Version ) - 3 : 42 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Canada ( RPM ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone 1997 / 98 re-recording ( Edit ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' Single by Debbie Gibson from the album Deborah Rev.", "4": "1.1 Released 1998 Length 37 : 53 overall Label Jellybean Recordings Songwriter ( s ) Deborah Gibson Producer ( s ) John `` Jellybean '' Benitez , Deborah Gibson Debbie Gibson singles chronology `` Moonchild '' ( 1997 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) `` Moonchild '' ( 1997 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) Gibson did several major modifications to this song after she left Atlantic Records . In 1997 , apparently the entire song was re-recorded , first appearing as ' Only in My Dreams ' ( 1997 Dance Edit / 4 : 38 ) , track 14 on Espiritu LP 9602 Deborah , Revision 1.1 for June 1997 , and later in seven variations , including one with a retrofitted eight - measure rap , on Jellybean Recordings DM 2532 ' Only in My Dreams 1998 ' ( released February 1998 ) . The basic rhythm is modified from the Dream House Version of the original song on Atlantic DM 86556 , track 3 . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Track Listing ( Jellybean Recordings 2532 ) ( edit ) ' Only in My Dreams 1998 ' ( Club Mix / 7 : 32 ) ( Club Mix with Rap / 4 : 37 ) ( Club Dub / 4 : 36 ) ( Rave Vocal Mix / 4 : 37 ) ( Rave Dub / 4 : 37 ) ( Dream Dub / 3 : 45 ) ( Rave Radio Edit / 3 : 46 ) ( Riff Dub / 4 : 23 ) ( Deborah Gibson ) Music Sales Corp. , ASCAP Footnotes ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Out of the Blue ( Debbie Gibson songbook ) , CatNo . HL00356822 . Hal Leonard , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson Canada Chart History '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 .", "5": "Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Only in My Dreams '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Debbie Gibson -- Shake Your Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Debbie Gibson search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Debbie Gibson . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Debbie Gibson . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Debbie Gibson -- Only in My Dreams '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ / Pop2 / DeborahGibsonDiscog / Discog. txt at AngelFire.com . Retrieved 06 : 15 , 25 May 2008 ( UTC ) . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Debbie Gibson Studio albums Out of the Blue ( 1987 ) Electric Youth ( 1989 ) Anything Is Possible ( 1990 ) Body , Mind , Soul ( 1993 ) Think with Your Heart ( 1995 ) Deborah ( 1997 ) M.Y.O.B. ( 2001 ) Colored Lights : The Broadway Album ( 2003 ) Ms.", "6": "Vocalist ( 2010 / 2011 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) Lost in Your Eyes and Other Hits ( 1999 ) Memory Lane , Volume 1 ( 2005 ) Memory Lane , Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Singles `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Out of the Blue '' ( 1987 ) `` Foolish Beat '' ( 1988 ) `` Staying Together '' ( 1988 ) `` Red Hot '' ( 1988 ) `` Lost in Your Eyes '' ( 1989 ) `` Electric Youth '' ( 1989 ) `` No More Rhyme '' ( 1989 ) `` We Could Be Together '' ( 1989 ) `` Without You '' ( 1990 ) `` Anything Is Possible '' ( 1990 ) `` ( This So - Called ) Miracle '' ( 1991 ) `` One Hand , One Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1991 ) `` Sure '' ( 1991 ) `` In His Mind '' ( 1992 ) `` Losin ' Myself '' ( 1993 ) `` Eyes of the Child '' ( 1993 ) `` Shock Your Mama '' ( 1993 ) `` How Can This Be ? ''", "7": "( 1993 ) `` Free Me '' ( 1993 ) `` For Better or Worse '' ( 1995 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) `` What You Want '' ( 2000 ) Related articles Discography Electric Youth ( fragrance ) Albums Songs Book : Debbie Gibson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_in_My_Dreams&oldid=801799175 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles 1987 singles 1998 singles Debbie Gibson songs Songs written by Debbie Gibson Song recordings produced by Fred Zarr Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 58 . 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8015709437014232395	where is the capital city of alabama located	[ "Montgomery" ]	{ "0": "Alabama - wikipedia Alabama Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For other uses , see Alabama ( disambiguation ) . State of Alabama Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Yellowhammer State , The Heart of Dixie , and The Cotton State Motto ( s ) : Latin : Audemus iura nostra defendere We dare to defend our rights Official language English Spoken languages As of 2010 English 95.1 % Spanish 3.1 % Demonym Alabamian Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Largest metro Birmingham metropolitan area Area Ranked 30th Total 52,419 sq mi ( 135,765 km ) Width 190 miles ( 305 km ) Length 330 miles ( 531 km ) % water 3.20 Latitude 30 ° 11 ′ N to 35 ° N Longitude 84 ° 53 ′ W to 88 ° 28 ′ W Population Ranked 24th Total 4,863,300 ( 2016 est . ) Density 94.7 ( 2011 est . ) / sq mi ( 36.5 ( 2011 est . ) / km ) Ranked 27th Median household income $44,509 ( 47th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Cheaha 2,413 ft ( 735.5 m ) Mean 500 ft ( 150 m ) Lowest point Gulf of Mexico sea level Before statehood Alabama Territory Admission to Union December 14 , 1819 ( 22nd ) Governor Kay Ivey ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Vacant Legislature Alabama Legislature Upper house Senate R - 25 , D - 8 Lower house House of Representatives R - 72 , D - 33 U.S. Senators Richard Shelby ( R ) Luther Strange ( R ) U.S.", "1": "House delegation 6 Republicans , 1 Democrat ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 Phenix City area Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - AL Abbreviations AL , Ala . Website alabama.gov ( show ) Alabama state symbols The Flag of Alabama The Seal of Alabama Living insignia Amphibian Red Hills salamander Bird Yellowhammer , wild turkey Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Largemouth bass , fighting tarpon Flower Camellia , oak - leaf hydrangea Horse breed Racking horse Insect Monarch butterfly Mammal American black bear Reptile Alabama red - bellied turtle Tree Longleaf pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey Colors Red , white Dance Square dance Food Pecan , blackberry , peach Fossil Basilosaurus Gemstone Star blue quartz Mineral Hematite Rock Marble Shell Johnstone 's junonia Slogan Share The Wonder , Alabama the beautiful , Where America finds its voice , Sweet Home Alabama , `` Heart of Dixie '' Soil Bama Song `` Alabama '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2003 Lists of United States state symbols Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the `` Heart of Dixie '' and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville .", "2": "The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture . Like other southern states , Alabama legislators disfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century . Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers , white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s ; urban interests and African Americans were markedly under - represented . Following World War II , Alabama grew as the state 's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests . The state economy in the 21st century is based on management , automotive , finance , manufacturing , aerospace , mineral extraction , healthcare , education , retail , and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-European settlement 2.2 European settlement 2.3 19th century 2.4 20th century 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora and fauna 4 Demographics 4.1 Ancestry 4.2 Census - designated areas 4.3 Metropolitan areas 4.4 Cities 4.5 Language 4.6 Religion 4.6. 1 Christianity 4.6. 2 Other faiths 4.7 Health 5 Economy 5.1 Largest employers 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Industry 5.4 Tourism 5.5 Healthcare 5.6 Banking 5.7 Electronics 5.8 Construction 6 Law and government 6.1 State government 6.2 Taxes 6.3 County and local governments 6.4 Politics 6.5 Elections 6.5. 1 State elections 6.5. 2 Local elections 6.5. 3 Federal elections 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 8 Media 9 Culture 9.1 Literature 9.2 Sports 9.2.", "3": "1 College sports 9.2. 2 Professional sports 10 Transportation 10.1 Aviation 10.2 Rail 10.3 Roads 10.4 Ports 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) One of the entrances to Russell Cave in Jackson County . Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC . The European - American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people , a Muskogean - speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river . In the Alabama language , the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo ( or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects ; the plural form is Albaamaha ) . The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language ; a suggestion that the name was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely . The word 's spelling varies significantly among historical sources . The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 : Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo , while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu , respectively , in transliterations of the term . As early as 1702 , the French called the tribe the Alibamon , with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons . Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu , Alabamo , Albama , Alebamon , Alibama , Alibamou , Alabamu , Allibamou . Sources disagree on the word 's meaning . Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba ( meaning `` plants '' or `` weeds '' ) and amo ( meaning `` to cut '' , `` to trim '' , or `` to gather '' ) . The meaning may have been `` clearers of the thicket '' or `` herb gatherers '' , referring to clearing land for cultivation or collecting medicinal plants . The state has numerous place names of Native American origin . However , there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language .", "4": "An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant `` Here We Rest . '' This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek . Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Alabama Pre-european settlement ( edit ) The Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County . It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD . Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization . Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period ( 1000 BC -- AD 700 ) and continued until European contact . The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD , with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville , Alabama . This is the second - largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era , after Cahokia in present - day Illinois , which was the center of the culture . Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars ' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex ( SECC ) . Contrary to popular belief , the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture , but developed independently . The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples ; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood . Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present - day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people ; and the Muskogean - speaking Alabama ( Alibamu ) , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Koasati . While part of the same large language family , the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages . European settlement ( edit ) With exploration in the 16th century , the Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama . The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540 .", "5": "More than 160 years later , the French founded the region 's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702 . The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711 . This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane . After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years ' War , it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783 . After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War , the territory was divided between the United States and Spain . The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13 , 1813 . Thomas Bassett , a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era , was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile . He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early 1770s . The district 's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County , northernmost Mobile County , and most of Washington County . What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783 , part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810 , and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812 . Most of what is now the northern two - thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period . It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards . Following the Revolutionary War , it remained a part of Georgia , although heavily disputed . Map showing the formation of the Mississippi and Alabama territories With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands , what is now the lower one - third Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798 . The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804 , following the Yazoo land scandal . Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams -- Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819 .", "6": "19th century ( edit ) Before Mississippi 's admission to statehood on December 10 , 1817 , the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory . The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3 , 1817 . St. Stephens , now abandoned , served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819 . Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14 , 1819 , with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention . From July 5 to August 2 , 1819 , delegates met to prepare the new state constitution . Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820 , when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County . The main house , built in 1833 , at Thornhill in Greene County . It is a former Black Belt plantation . Cahaba , now a ghost town , was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825 . Alabama Fever was underway when the state was admitted to the Union , with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation . Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s , its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men . Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded . The economy of the central Black Belt ( named for its dark , productive soil ) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners ' wealth grew mainly from slave labor . The area also drew many poor , disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers . Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810 , but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830 . Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830 . Ruins of the former capitol building in Tuscaloosa . Designed by William Nichols , it was built from 1827 to 1829 and was destroyed by fire in 1923 . From 1826 to 1846 , Tuscaloosa served as Alabama 's capital .", "7": "On January 30 , 1846 , the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery . The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847 . A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia . The first structure burned down in 1849 , but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851 . This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day . It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter , Maine . By 1860 , the population had increased to 964,201 people , of which nearly half , 435,080 , were enslaved African Americans , and 2,690 were free people of color . On January 11 , 1861 , Alabama declared its secession from the Union . After remaining an independent republic for a few days , it joined the Confederate States of America . The Confederacy 's capital was initially at Montgomery . Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War . Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state , Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort . Union Army troops occupying Courthouse Square in Huntsville , following its capture and occupation by federal forces in 1864 . A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville , Alabama , joined Nathan Bedford Forrest 's battalion in Hopkinsville , Kentucky . The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves , collar and coat tails . This led to them being greeted with `` Yellowhammer '' , and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army . Alabama 's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865 . Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868 . From 1867 to 1874 , with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised , many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state . Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African - American congressmen : Jeremiah Haralson , Benjamin S. Turner , and James T. Rapier . Following the war , the state remained chiefly agricultural , with an economy tied to cotton .", "8": "During Reconstruction , state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 that created the state 's first public school system and expanded women 's rights . Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects , although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation . Organized insurgent , resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans . Besides the short - lived original Ku Klux Klan , these included the Pale Faces , Knights of the White Camellia , Red Shirts , and the White League . Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874 , when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor 's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence . They wrote another constitution in 1875 , and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment , prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious - affiliated schools . The same year , legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools . Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891 . After disfranchising most African Americans and many poor whites in the 1901 constitution , the Alabama legislature passed more Jim Crow laws at the beginning of the 20th century to impose segregation in everyday life . 20th century ( edit ) The developing skyline of Birmingham in 1915 The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population , including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans , and tens of thousands of poor whites , through making voter registration difficult , requiring a poll tax and literacy test . The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools . By 1903 , only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama , although at least 74,000 were literate . This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900 . The numbers dropped even more in later decades . The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s : jails were segregated in 1911 ; hospitals in 1915 ; toilets , hotels , and restaurants in 1928 ; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945 . While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting , the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well , due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax .", "9": "By 1941 , whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws : 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African - Americans . Nearly all African Americans had lost the ability to vote . Despite numerous legal challenges that succeeded in overturning certain provisions , the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement . The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens . The rural - dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans , but it did not relieve them of paying taxes . Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South , the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools . In Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds , which paid one - third of the construction costs . The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest . Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice , by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools , which were built in many rural areas . They often donated land and labor as well . The former Mount Sinai School in rural Autauga County , completed in 1919 . It was one of the 387 Rosenwald Schools built in the state . Beginning in 1913 , the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African - American children . A total of 387 schools , seven teachers ' houses , and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state . Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Continued racial discrimination and lynchings , agricultural depression , and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South . Reflecting this emigration , the population growth rate in Alabama ( see `` historical populations '' table below ) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920 .", "10": "At the same time , many rural people , both white and African American , migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs . Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was called the `` Magic City '' . By the 1920s , Birmingham was the 19th - largest city in the United States and had more than 30 % of the state 's population . Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy . Its residents were under - represented for decades in the state legislature , which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes , as it was required by the state constitution . This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order . Beginning in the 1940s , when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters , the Alabama legislature took several counter - steps designed to disfranchise black voters . The legislature passed , and the voters ratified ( as these were mostly white voters ) , a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants . Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislature also changed the boundaries of Tuskegee to a 28 - sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits . The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial `` gerrymandering '' violated the Constitution . In 1961 , ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections . Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war . Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living . One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile . Between 1940 and 1943 , more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war - related industries . Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base . Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961 , the rural - dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population , as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses .", "11": "They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas . In addition , the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham . One result was that Jefferson County , containing Birmingham 's industrial and economic powerhouse , contributed more than one - third of all tax revenue to the state , but did not receive a proportional amount in services . Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature . A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination , `` a minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature . '' A class action suit initiated on behalf of plaintiffs in Lowndes County , Alabama , challenged the state legislature 's lack of redistricting for congressional seats . In 1962 White v. Crook , Judge Frank M. Johnson ordered the state to redistrict . United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr ( 1962 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) ruled that the principle of `` one man , one vote '' needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures as well , and that their districts had to be based on population , rather than geographic counties , as Alabama had used for its senate . In 1972 , for the first time since 1901 , the legislature completed the first congressional redistricting based on the decennial census . This benefited the urban areas that had developed , as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years . Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts . African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the Civil Rights Movement , including legal challenges . In 1954 , the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated , but Alabama was slow to comply . During the 1960s , under Governor George Wallace , Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation . The Civil Rights Movement had notable events in Alabama , including the Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) , Freedom Rides in 1961 , and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches .", "12": "These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress . Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964 , but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court . Despite recommendations of a 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission , the state legislature did not approve an amendment to establish home rule for counties . There is very limited home rule , but the legislature is deeply involved in passing legislation that applies to county - level functions and policies . This both deprives local residents of the ability to govern themselves and distracts the legislature from statewide issues . Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation . In the 1980s , an omnibus redistricting case , Dillard v. Crenshaw County , challenged the at - large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions , including counties and school boards . At - large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county , as the majority tended to take all seats . Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state , they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at - large jurisdictions . As part of settlement of this case , five Alabama cities and counties , including Chilton County , adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions . This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters . In another form of proportional representation , 23 jurisdictions use limited voting , as in Conecuh County . In 1982 , limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County . Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices , resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens . Geography ( edit ) A general map of Alabama Main article : Geography of Alabama See also : List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama Alabama is the thirtieth - largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles ( 135,760 km ) of total area : 3.2 % of the area is water , making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water , also giving it the second - largest inland waterway system in the United States .", "13": "About three - fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico . The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous , with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks , streams , rivers , mountains , and lakes . Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico , in the extreme southern edge of the state . The state ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast . The highest point is Mount Cheaha , at a height of 2,413 ft ( 735 m ) . Alabama 's land consists of 22 million acres ( 89,000 km ) of forest or 67 % of total land area . Suburban Baldwin County , along the Gulf Coast , is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area . Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City ; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne ; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport ; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee ; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee . Additionally , Alabama has four National Forests : Conecuh , Talladega , Tuskegee , and William B. Bankhead . Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway , the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail , and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail . A notable natural wonder in Alabama is `` Natural Bridge '' rock , the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies , located just south of Haleyville . A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) - wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County , just north of Montgomery . This is the Wetumpka crater , the site of `` Alabama 's greatest natural disaster . '' A 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) - wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago .", "14": "The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock , with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ( `` star - wound '' ) because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface . In 2002 , Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Alabama Autumn tree in Birmingham The state is classified as humid subtropical ( Cfa ) under the Koppen Climate Classification . The average annual temperature is 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico , while the northern parts of the state , especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast , tend to be slightly cooler . Generally , Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year . Alabama receives an average of 56 inches ( 1,400 mm ) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state . Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S. , with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) throughout the summer in some parts of the state . Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes . Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms , which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken . South Alabama reports many thunderstorms . The Gulf Coast , around Mobile Bay , averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported . This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state , but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year . Occasionally , thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail ; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm . Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita . Tornado damage in Phil Campbell following the statewide April 27 , 2011 , tornado outbreak .", "15": "Alabama , along with Oklahoma , has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state , according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1 , 1950 , to June 2013 . Several long - tracked F5 / EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state . The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak . The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state . The tally reached 62 . Snowfall outside Birmingham City Hall in February 2010 The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state . Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December , along with the spring severe weather season . The northern part of the state -- along the Tennessee Valley -- is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes . The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley , as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains . Winters are generally mild in Alabama , as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States , with average January low temperatures around 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in Mobile and around 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) in Birmingham . Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama , areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter , with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years . Historic snowfall events include New Year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century . The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year . In the southern Gulf coast , snowfall is less frequent , sometimes going several years without any snowfall . Alabama 's highest temperature of 112 ° F ( 44 ° C ) was recorded on September 5 , 1925 , in the unincorporated community of Centerville . The record low of − 27 ° F ( − 33 ° C ) occurred on January 30 , 1966 , in New Market .", "16": "( show ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities ( ° F ( ° C ) ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Huntsville Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Cities in Alabama Huntsville Average high 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) Average low 30.7 ( - 0.7 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 33.8 ( 1.0 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) Birmingham Average high 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 73.4 ( 23.", "17": "0 ) Average low 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) Montgomery Average high 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 77.0 ( 25.0 ) Average low 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) Mobile Average high 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 84.2 ( 29.", "18": "0 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Average low 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 71.7 ( 22.0 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) Source : NOAA Flora and fauna ( edit ) A stand of Cahaba lilies ( Hymenocallis coronaria ) in the Cahaba River , within the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge . Main articles : List of amphibians of Alabama , List of mammals of Alabama , List of reptiles of Alabama , and Trees of Alabama Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna , due largely to a variety of habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley , Appalachian Plateau , and Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont , Canebrake and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south . The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity . Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest , which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state . It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora . It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species .", "19": "Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species , 93 reptile species , 73 amphibian species , roughly 307 native freshwater fish species , and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state . Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species . 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state . Demographics ( edit ) Alabama 's population density Main article : Demographics of Alabama Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 1,250 -- 1810 9,046 623.7 % 1820 127,901 1,313.9 % 1830 309,527 142.0 % 1840 590,756 90.9 % 1850 771,623 30.6 % 1860 964,201 25.0 % 1870 996,992 3.4 % 1880 1,262,505 26.6 % 1890 1,513,401 19.9 % 1900 1,828,697 20.8 % 1910 2,138,093 16.9 % 1920 2,348,174 9.8 % 1930 2,646,248 12.7 % 1940 2,832,961 7.1 % 1950 3,061,743 8.1 % 1960 3,266,740 6.7 % 1970 3,444,165 5.4 % 1980 3,893,888 13.1 % 1990 4,040,587 3.8 % 2000 4,447,100 10.1 % 4,779,745 7.5 % Est.", "20": "2016 4,863,300 1.7 % Sources : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,858,979 on July 1 , 2015 , which represents an increase of 79,243 , or 1.66 % , since the 2010 Census . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people ( that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state . Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people , and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people . The state had 108,000 foreign - born ( 2.4 % of the state population ) , of which an estimated 22.2 % were undocumented ( 24,000 ) . The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County , outside the town of Jemison . Ancestry ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , Alabama had a population of 4,779,736 . The racial composition of the state was 68.5 % White ( 67.0 % Non-Hispanic White and 1.5 % Hispanic White ) , 26.2 % Black or African American , 3.9 % Hispanic or Latino of any race , 1.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 2.0 % from Some Other Race , and 1.5 % from Two or More Races . In 2011 , 46.6 % of Alabama 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are : African ( 26.2 % ) , English ( 23.6 % ) , Irish ( 7.7 % ) , German ( 5.7 % ) , and Scots - Irish ( 2.0 % ) . Those citing `` American '' ancestry in Alabama are generally of English or British ancestry ; many Anglo - Americans identify as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long , in some cases since the 1600s .", "21": "Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20 -- 23 % of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and that the figure is likely higher . In the 1980 census , 41 % of the people in Alabama identified as being of English ancestry , making them the largest ethnic group at the time . Alabama Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 73.6 % 71.1 % 68.5 % Black 25.3 % 26.0 % 26.2 % Asian 0.5 % 0.7 % 1.1 % Native 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.1 % 0.6 % 2.0 % Two or more races -- 1.0 % 1.5 % Based on historic migration and settlement patterns in the southern colonies and states , demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama of Scots - Irish origins than self - reported . Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots - Irish but , based on historic immigration and settlement , their ancestors were more likely Protestant Scots - Irish coming from northern Ireland , where they had been for a few generations as part of the English colonization . The Scots - Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution , and many settled in the South , later moving into the Deep South as it was developed . In 1984 , under the Davis -- Strong Act , the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission . Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination . Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation , the Native American peoples , who have sometimes been of mixed race , have insisted on having their cultural identification respected . In the past , their self - identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black . The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state , descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast .", "22": "These are : Poarch Band of Creek Indians ( who also have federal recognition ) , MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians , Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks , Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama , Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama , Cher - O - Creek Intra Tribal Indians , Ma - Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe , Piqua Shawnee Tribe , and Ani - Yun - Wiya Nation . The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state , including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day . Census - designated areas ( edit ) Birmingham , largest city and largest metropolitan area Montgomery , second - largest city and fourth - largest metropolitan area Mobile , third - largest city and third - largest metropolitan area Huntsville , fourth - largest city and second - largest metropolitan area Rank Combined Statistical area Population ( 2016 Estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Birmingham - Hoover - Talladega 1,361,299 1,302,283 Chattanooga - Cleveland - Dalton 954,228 923,460 Huntsville - Decatur - Albertville 768,033 664,441 Mobile - Daphne - Fairhope 623,399 595,257 5 Pensacola - Ferry Pass 523,412 487,310 6 Columbus - Auburn - Opelika 501,589 469,327 7 Dothan - Enterprise - Ozark 248,286 245,838 Metropolitan areas ( edit ) Main article : List of metropolitan areas of Alabama Rank Metropolitan Area Population ( 2016 Estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Birmingham - Hoover 1,147,417 1,128,047 Huntsville 449,720 417,593 Mobile 414,836 412,992 Montgomery 373,922 374,536 5 Tuscaloosa 241,378 230,162 6 Daphne - Fairhope - Foley 208,563 182,265 7 Decatur 152,256 153,", "23": "829 8 Dothan 147,834 145,639 9 Auburn - Opelika 158,991 140,247 10 Florence - Muscle Shoals 146,534 147,137 11 Anniston - Oxford 114,611 118,572 12 Gadsden 102,564 104,430 Cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Alabama Rank City Population ( 2015 census estimates ) County Birmingham 212,461 Jefferson Montgomery 200,602 Montgomery Mobile 194,288 Mobile Huntsville 190,582 Madison Limestone 5 Tuscaloosa 98,332 Tuscaloosa 6 Hoover 84,848 Jefferson Shelby 7 Dothan 68,567 Houston 8 Auburn 62,059 Lee 9 Decatur 55,437 Morgan Limestone 10 Madison 46,492 Madison Limestone 11 Florence 40,026 Lauderdale 12 Phenix City 37,570 Russell 13 Gadsden 36,084 Etowah 14 Prattville 35,420 Autauga 15 Vestavia Hills 34,174 Jefferson Language ( edit ) 95.1 % of all Alabama residents five years old or older spoke only English at home in 2010 , a minor decrease from 96.1 % in 2000 . Alabama English is predominantly Southern , and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee . In the major Southern speech region , there is the decreasing loss of the final / r / , for example the / boyd / pronunciation of ' bird . ' In the northern third of the state , there is a South Midland ' arm ' and ' barb ' rhyming with ' form ' and ' orb . '", "24": "Unique words in Alabama English include : redworm ( earthworm ) , peckerwood ( woodpecker ) , snake doctor and snake feeder ( dragonfly ) , tow sack ( burlap bag ) , plum peach ( clingstone ) , French harp ( harmonica ) , and dog irons ( andirons ) . Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Alabama Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 2.2 % German 0.4 % French ( incl . Patois , Cajun ) 0.3 % Chinese , Vietnamese , Korean , Arabic , African languages , Japanese , and Italian ( tied ) 0.1 % Religion ( edit ) Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham , part of the Five Points South Historic District Briarwood Presbyterian Church in Birmingham Temple B'Nai Sholom in Huntsville , established in 1876 . It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state . The Islamic Center of Tuscaloosa , one of the Islamic centers that contain a mosque and facilities for the cultural needs of Muslims in the state . In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey , 86 % of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian , including 6 % Catholic , and 11 % as having no religion . The composition of other traditions is 0.5 % Mormon , 0.5 % Jewish , 0.5 % Muslim , 0.5 % Buddhist , and 0.5 % Hindu .", "25": "Religious affiliation in Alabama ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of population Christian 86 86 Protestant 78 78 Evangelical Protestant 49 49 Mainline Protestant 13 13 Black church 16 16 Catholic 7 7 Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.1 0.1 Eastern Orthodox 0.1 0.1 Other Christian 0.1 0.1 Unaffiliated 12 12 Nothing in particular 9 9 Agnostic Atheist Non-Christian faiths Jewish 0.2 0.2 Muslim 0.2 0.2 Buddhist 0.2 0.2 Hindu 0.2 0.2 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.2 0.2 Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 Christianity ( edit ) For more details on Christianity in Alabama , see History of Baptists in Alabama , List of Baptist churches in Alabama , Episcopal Diocese of Alabama , Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast , Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile , Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Alabama . Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt , a region of numerous Protestant Christians . Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States , with about 58 % of the population attending church regularly . A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant . As of 2010 , the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention , The United Methodist Church , and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant . In Alabama , the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121 ; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents , non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents , and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents . Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century , when preachers proselytized across the South .", "26": "The Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members , the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members . The Presbyterian churches , strongly associated with Scots - Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants , had a combined membership around 75,000 ( PCA -- 28,009 members in 108 congregations , PC ( USA ) -- 26,247 members in 147 congregations , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -- 6,000 members in 59 congregations , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America -- 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations ) . In a 2007 survey , nearly 70 % of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels . Of those who indicated a religious preference , 59 % said they possessed a `` full understanding '' of their faith and needed no further learning . In a 2007 poll , 92 % of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state . Other faiths ( edit ) Although in much smaller numbers , many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well , including Judaism , Islam , Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism , the Bahá'í Faith , and Unitarian Universalism . Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763 , during the colonial era of Mobile , when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London . The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile . It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25 , 1844 . Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe . Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox , four Conservative , ten Reform , and one Humanistic synagogue . Muslims have been increasing in Alabama , with 31 mosques built by 2011 , many by African - American converts . Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants , the best - known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham , the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham , the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw , and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa .", "27": "There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists . Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County , near Bayou La Batre . This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter . The four temples within a ten - mile radius of Bayou La Batre , include Chua Chanh Giac , Wat Buddharaksa , and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan . The first community of adherents of the Baha'i Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy , who moved from Chicago to Fairhope . Baha'i Centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham , Alabama , Huntsville , Alabama , and Florence , Alabama . Health ( edit ) A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama was a problem , with most counties having over 29 % of adults obese , except for ten which had a rate between 26 % and 29 % . Residents of the state , along with those in five other states , were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time . Alabama , and the southeastern U.S. in general , has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country , exceeding 10 % of adults . Economy ( edit ) See also : Alabama locations by per capita income The state has invested in aerospace , education , health care , banking , and various heavy industries , including automobile manufacturing , mineral extraction , steel production and fabrication . By 2006 , crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion . In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century , this was only about 1 % of the state 's gross domestic product . The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s , as land has been sold to developers , timber companies , and large farming conglomerates .", "28": "Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations ; 71,750 in business and financial operations ; 36,790 in computer - related and mathematical occupation ; 44,200 in architecture and engineering ; 12,410 in life , physical , and social sciences ; 32,260 in community and social services ; 12,770 in legal occupations ; 116,250 in education , training , and library services ; 27,840 in art , design and media occupations ; 121,110 in healthcare ; 44,750 in fire fighting , law enforcement , and security ; 154,040 in food preparation and serving ; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ; 53,230 in personal care and services ; 244,510 in sales ; 338,760 in office and administration support ; 20,510 in farming , fishing , and forestry ; 120,155 in construction and mining , gas , and oil extraction ; 106,280 in installation , maintenance , and repair ; 224,110 in production ; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving . According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion , or $29,411 per capita . Alabama 's 2012 GDP increased 1.2 % from the previous year . The single largest increase came in the area of information . In 2010 , per capita income for the state was $22,984 . The state 's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8 % in April 2015 . This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4 % . Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25 . In February 2016 , the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality . The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 . Largest employers ( edit ) The Space Shuttle Enterprise being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978 .", "29": "Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010 Shelby Hall , School of Computing , at the University of South Alabama in Mobile The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were : Employer Employees Redstone Arsenal 25,373 University of Alabama at Birmingham ( includes UAB Hospital ) 18,750 Maxwell Air Force Base 12,280 State of Alabama 9,500 Mobile County Public School System 8,100 The next twenty largest employers , as of 2011 , included : Employer Location Anniston Army Depot Anniston AT&T Multiple Auburn University Auburn Baptist Medical Center South Montgomery Birmingham City Schools Birmingham City of Birmingham Birmingham DCH Health System Tuscaloosa Huntsville City Schools Huntsville Huntsville Hospital System Huntsville Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Montgomery Infirmary Health System Mobile Jefferson County Board of Education Birmingham Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Mercedes - Benz U.S. International Vance Montgomery Public Schools Montgomery Regions Financial Corporation Multiple Boeing Multiple University of Alabama Tuscaloosa University of South Alabama Mobile Walmart Multiple Agriculture ( edit ) Alabama 's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs , cattle , fish , plant nursery items , peanuts , cotton , grains such as corn and sorghum , vegetables , milk , soybeans , and peaches . Although known as `` The Cotton State '' , Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production , according to various reports , with Texas , Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three . Industry ( edit ) Alabama 's industrial outputs include iron and steel products ( including cast - iron and steel pipe ) ; paper , lumber , and wood products ; mining ( mostly coal ) ; plastic products ; cars and trucks ; and apparel . In addition , Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products , mostly in the Huntsville area , the location of NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command , headquartered at Redstone Arsenal . Mercedes - Benz U.S. International in Tuscaloosa County was the first automotive facility to locate within the state .", "30": "A great deal of Alabama 's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state 's expanding automotive manufacturing industry . Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama , Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama , Mercedes - Benz U.S. International , and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama , as well as their various suppliers . Since 1993 , the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state . Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports . Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012 . The eight models produced at the state 's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012 . The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car , the Mercedes - Benz GL - Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck . Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile Steel producers Outokumpu , Nucor , SSAB , ThyssenKrupp , and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people . In May 2007 , German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility . ThyssenKrupp 's stainless steel division , Inoxum , including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant , was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012 . The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6 billion in March 2013 . Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert , plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil , for $3.8 billion . In July 2013 , the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel . The Hunt Refining Company , a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated , Inc. , is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there . The company also operates terminals in Mobile , Melvin , and Moundville . JVC America , Inc.", "31": "operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa . The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden that employs about 1,400 people . It has been in operation since 1929 . Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2 , 2012 . The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319 , A320 and A321 aircraft . Construction began in 2013 , with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017 . The assembly plant is the company 's first factory to be built within the United States . It was announced on February 1 , 2013 , that Airbus had hired Alabama - based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility . Tourism ( edit ) Alabama 's beaches are one of the state 's major tourist destinations . An estimated 20 million tourists visit the state each year . Over 100,000 of these are from other countries , including from Canada , the United Kingdom , Germany and Japan . In 2006 , 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state . Some of the most popular areas include the Rocket City of Huntsville , the beaches along the Gulf , and the state 's capitol in Montgomery . Healthcare ( edit ) UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama . UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama , with a workforce of about 18,000 . Banking ( edit ) Regions - Harbert Plaza , Regions Center , and Wells Fargo Tower in Birmingham 's financial district . Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation , BBVA Compass , Superior Bancorp and the former Colonial Bancgroup . Birmingham - based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish - based BBVA in September 2007 , although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham . In November 2006 , Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation , which was also headquartered in Birmingham .", "32": "SouthTrust Corporation , another large bank headquartered in Birmingham , was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion . The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo , which includes a regional headquarters , an operations center campus and a $400 million data center . Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham , such as Superior Bancorp , ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank . Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies , including Harbert Management Corporation . Electronics ( edit ) Telecommunications provider AT&T , formerly BellSouth , has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham . The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees . Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville , such as the network access company ADTRAN , computer graphics company Intergraph , design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent , and telecommunications provider Deltacom . Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu - ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant . Construction ( edit ) Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie , BE&K , Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International , which all routinely are included in the Engineering News - Record lists of top design , international construction , and engineering firms . ( Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International , which was in turn acquired by San - Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007 . ) Law and government ( edit ) State government ( edit ) The State Capitol Building in Montgomery , completed in 1851 Main article : Government of Alabama The foundational document for Alabama 's government is the Alabama Constitution , which was ratified in 1901 . At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words , it is by some accounts the world 's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution . There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama 's constitution . Critics argue that Alabama 's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature , leaving practically no power in local hands . Most counties do not have home rule . Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and , frequently , by state referendum .", "33": "One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism . The Alabama Judicial Building in Montgomery . It houses the Alabama Supreme Court , Alabama Court of Civil Appeals , and Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals . Alabama 's government is divided into three coequal branches . The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature , a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives , with 105 members , and the Alabama Senate , with 35 members . The Legislature is responsible for writing , debating , passing , or defeating state legislation . The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature . The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority ( most state Legislatures require a two - thirds majority to override a veto ) . Until 1964 , the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county , with one per county . It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901 ; as a result , urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented . It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses , either . In Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , the US Supreme Court implemented the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses ( as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented . ) Further , the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population , as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems . At that time , Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting , as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts . This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas . For instance , Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one - third of the state budget , but Jefferson County received only 1 / 67th of state services in funding . Through the legislative delegations , the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments . Governor Kay Ivey is the current and second female Governor of Alabama . She is the only Republican female Governor in the state 's history . The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws . It is headed by the Governor of Alabama .", "34": "Other members of executive branch include the cabinet , the Attorney General of Alabama , the Alabama Secretary of State , the Alabama State Treasurer , and the State Auditor of Alabama . The current governor of the state is Republican Kay Ivey . The office of lieutenant governor is currently vacant . The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections . Statewide officials , such as the governor , lieutenant governor , attorney general , and other constitutional officers , take office the following January . The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama . Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges . Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized . The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Roy Moore . All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party . There are two intermediate appellate courts , the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals , and four trial courts : the circuit court ( trial court of general jurisdiction ) , and the district , probate , and municipal courts . Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions . Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country . In some years , it imposes more death sentences than does Texas , a state which has a population five times larger . Some of its cases have been highly controversial ; the Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases . It is the only state that still allows judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence ; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole ( LWOP ) that were voted unanimously by juries . Taxes ( edit ) Alabama levies a 2 , 4 , or 5 percent personal income tax , depending upon the amount earned and filing status . Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax , and can do so even if taking the standard deduction . Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax ( Social Security and Medicare tax ) . The state 's general sales tax rate is 4 % . Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases .", "35": "For example , the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10 % and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1 % , which means that a diner in Mobile would pay an 11 % tax on a meal . As of 1999 , sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51 % of all state and local revenue , compared with an average of about 36 % nationwide . Alabama is one of seven states that levy a tax on food at the same rate as other goods , and one of two states ( the other being neighboring Mississippi ) which fully taxes groceries without any offsetting relief for low - income families . ( Most states exempt groceries from sales tax or apply a lower tax rate . ) Alabama 's income tax on poor working families is among the highest in the United States . Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600 , which is barely one - quarter of the federal poverty line . Alabama 's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes . The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5 % . The overall federal , state , and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax - burdened state in the country . Property taxes are the lowest in the U.S. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes . Since Alabama 's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending , it is subject to high variable budget structure . For example , in 2003 , Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million . County and local governments ( edit ) Alabama counties ( clickable map ) See also : List of counties in Alabama Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Alabama has 67 counties . Each county has its own elected legislative branch , usually called the county commission . It also has limited executive authority in the county . Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution , which centralizes power in the state legislature , only seven counties ( Jefferson , Lee , Mobile , Madison , Montgomery , Shelby , and Tuscaloosa ) in the state have limited home rule . Instead , most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved , ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning .", "36": "The cumbersome process results in local jurisdictions being unable to manage their problems , and the state legislators being buried in local county issues . The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties , as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission . Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county . United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr ( 1964 ) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population , and redistricted after each census , in order to implement the principle of `` one man , one vote '' . Before that , each county was represented by one state senator , leading to under - representation in the state senate for more urbanized , populous counties . The rural bias of the state legislature , which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house , affected politics well into the 20th century , failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas . `` The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution . Alabama 's constitution has been amended more than 700 times , and almost one - third of the amendments are local in nature , applying to only one county or city . A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation , taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance . '' Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning that the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol . The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state . Twenty - five of the 67 counties are `` dry counties '' which ban the sale of alcohol , and there are many dry municipalities even in counties which permit alcohol sales .", "37": "Rank County Population ( 2010 Census ) Seat Largest city Jefferson 658,466 Birmingham Birmingham Mobile 412,992 Mobile Mobile Madison 334,811 Huntsville Huntsville Montgomery 229,363 Montgomery Montgomery 5 Shelby 195,085 Columbiana Hoover ( part ) Alabaster 6 Tuscaloosa 194,656 Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa 7 Baldwin 182,265 Bay Minette Daphne 8 Lee 140,247 Opelika Auburn 9 Morgan 119,490 Decatur Decatur 10 Calhoun 118,572 Anniston Anniston 11 Etowah 104,303 Gadsden Gadsden 12 Houston 101,547 Dothan Dothan 13 Marshall 93,019 Guntersville Albertville 14 Lauderdale 92,709 Florence Florence 15 St. Clair 83,593 Ashville & Pell City Pell City Politics ( edit ) During Reconstruction following the American Civil War , Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope . In 1874 , the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans , in part by suppressing the African - American vote through violence , fraud and intimidation . After 1890 , a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents , a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution . Provisions which disenfranchised African Americans resulted in excluding many poor Whites . By 1941 more Whites than African Americans had been disenfranchised : 600,000 to 520,000 . The total effects were greater on the African - American community , as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law . From 1901 through the 1960s , the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas .", "38": "As counties were the basis of election districts , the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three - quarters of the century , until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation . Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement , when whites bureaucratically , and at times , violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform . Governor George Wallace , the state 's only four - term governor , was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation . Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage , among other civil rights . In many jurisdictions , they continued to be excluded from representation by at - large electoral systems , which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections . Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single - member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards . In 2007 , the Alabama Legislature passed , and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing `` profound regret '' over slavery and its lingering impact . In a symbolic ceremony , the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol , which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America . In 2010 , Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years , after a nearly complete realignment of political parties , who represent different visions in the 21st century . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Alabama State elections ( edit ) With the disfranchisement of African Americans in 1901 , the state became part of the `` Solid South '' , a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state . For nearly 100 years , local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary , with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election . Since the mid to late 20th century , however , there has been a realignment among the two major political parties , and white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party . In Alabama , majority - white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal , state and local office . Members of the nine seats on the Alabama Supreme Court and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office .", "39": "Until 1994 , no Republicans held any of the court seats . In that general election , the then - incumbent Chief Justice of Alabama , Ernest C. Hornsby , refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper , Sr ... Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court . This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles . The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench . In the early 21st century , Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices . Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education . In 2010 , Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature , giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years . The last remaining statewide Democrat , who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission was defeated in 2012 . Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction , when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government , including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise . The two GOP Lt. Governors were Steve Windom ( 1999 -- 2003 ) and the current Lt. Governor , Kay Ivey , who was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 . Local elections ( edit ) Many local offices ( County Commissioners , Boards of Education , Tax Assessors , Tax Collectors , etc . ) in the state are still held by Democrats . Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats , resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary . Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority - Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary , although there are exceptions . Alabama 's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan , at - large races , and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts . The current split is 35 Democrats , 31 Republicans , and one Independent Fayette . However , most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties . The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban / suburban and heavily populated counties .", "40": "As of 2015 , the state of Alabama has one female sheriff , in Morgan County , Alabama , and ten African - American sheriffs . Federal elections ( edit ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 62.08 % 1,318,255 34.36 % 729,547 2012 60.55 % 1,255,925 38.36 % 795,696 2008 60.32 % 1,266,546 38.80 % 813,479 62.46 % 1,176,394 36.84 % 693,933 2000 56.47 % 944,409 41.59 % 695,602 50.12 % 769,044 43.16 % 662,165 47.65 % 804,283 40.88 % 690,080 59.17 % 815,576 39.86 % 549,506 1984 60.54 % 872,849 38.28 % 551,899 1980 48.75 % 654,192 47.45 % 636,730 1976 42.61 % 504,070 55.73 % 659,170 1972 72.43 % 728,701 25.54 % 256,923 1968 * 13.99 % 146,923 18.72 % 196,579 1964 69.45 % 479,085 30.55 % 210,732 1960 42.16 % 237,981 56.39 % 318,303 * State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 65.86 % , or 691,425 votes The state 's two U.S. senators are Luther Strange and Richard C. Shelby , both Republicans . Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992 , but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election . In the U.S.", "41": "House of Representatives , the state is represented by seven members , six of whom are Republicans : ( Bradley Byrne , Mike D. Rogers , Robert Aderholt , Morris J. Brooks , Martha Roby , and Gary Palmer ) and one Democrat : Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham , Tuscaloosa and Montgomery . Further information : United States presidential election in Alabama , 2016 Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Alabama Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) Vestavia Hills High School in the suburbs of Birmingham Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education . Together , 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students . Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund . In FY 2006 -- 2007 , Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education . That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year . In 2007 , over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress ( AYP ) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law , using measures determined by the state of Alabama . While Alabama 's public education system has improved in recent decades , it lags behind in achievement compared to other states . According to U.S. Census data ( 2000 ) , Alabama 's high school graduation rate -- 75 % -- is the fourth lowest in the U.S. ( after Kentucky , Louisiana and Mississippi ) . The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees . Although unusual in the West , school corporal punishment is not uncommon in Alabama , with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time , according to government data for the 2011 -- 2012 school year . The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Main article : List of colleges and universities in Alabama Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence . The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830 .", "42": "Alabama 's programs of higher education include 14 four - year public universities , two - year community colleges , and 17 private , undergraduate and graduate universities . In the state are four medical schools ( as of fall 2015 ) ( University of Alabama School of Medicine , University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine -- Auburn Campus ) , two veterinary colleges ( Auburn University and Tuskegee University ) , a dental school ( University of Alabama School of Dentistry ) , an optometry college ( University of Alabama at Birmingham ) , two pharmacy schools ( Auburn University and Samford University ) , and five law schools ( University of Alabama School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , Cumberland School of Law , Miles Law School , and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law ) . Public , post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education . Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two - year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs . William J. Samford Hall at Auburn University in Auburn The largest single campus is the University of Alabama , located in Tuscaloosa , with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016 . Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010 , with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses ( Troy , Dothan , Montgomery , and Phenix City ) , as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries . The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church - affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile , both founded in 1830 . Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) as well as other subject - focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education ( ABHE ) , the Council on Occupational Education ( COE ) , and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ( ACICS ) . According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report , Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America ( University of Alabama at 31 , Auburn University at 36 , and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73 ) . According to the 2012 U.S.", "43": "News & World Report , Alabama had four tier 1 universities ( University of Alabama , Auburn University , University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville ) . Media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : Alabama media Major newspapers include Birmingham News , Birmingham Post-Herald , Mobile Press - Register , and Montgomery Advertiser . Television news channels in Alabama include : ABC WJSU 40 ABC , Anniston , AL WBMA 33 / 40 ABC , Birmingham , AL WDHN 18 ABC , Dothan , AL WAAY 31 ABC , Huntsville , AL WNCF 32 ABC , Montgomery , AL WCFT 33 ABC , Tuscaloosa , AL , CBS WIAT 42 CBS , Birmingham , AL WTVY 4 CBS , Dothan , AL WHNT 19 CBS , Huntsville , AL WKRG 5 CBS , Mobile , AL WAKA 8 CBS , Selma , AL Fox WBRC 6 FOX , Birmingham , AL WZDX 54 FOX , Huntsville , AL WALA 10 FOX , Mobile , AL WCOV 20 FOX , Montgomery , AL WDFX 34 FOX , Ozark , AL NBC WVTM 13 NBC , Birmingham , AL WAFF 48 NBC , Huntsville , AL WPMI 15 NBC , Mobile , AL WSFA 12 NBC , Montgomery , AL PBS / Alabama Public Television WBIQ 10 PBS , Birmingham , AL WIIQ 41 PBS , Demopolis , AL WDIQ 2 PBS , Dozier , AL WFIQ 36 PBS , Florence , AL WHIQ 25 PBS , Huntsville , AL WGIQ 43 PBS , Louisville , AL WEIQ 42 PBS , Mobile , AL WAIQ 26 PBS , Montgomery , AL WCIQ 7 PBS , Mount Cheaha , AL Culture ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .", "44": "( March 2017 ) Literature ( edit ) Main article : Alabama literature Sports ( edit ) College sports ( edit ) Bryant -- Denny Stadium at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa College football is popular in Alabama , particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers , rivals in the Southeastern Conference . In the 2013 season , Alabama averaged over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averaged over 80,000 fans , both numbers among the top 20 in the nation in average attendance . Bryant -- Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team , and has a seating capacity of 101,821 , and is the fifth largest stadium in America . Jordan - Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451 . Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl . It seats 80,601 . Ladd -- Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team , and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl , Dollar General Bowl ( formerly GoDaddy.com Bowl ) , and Alabama - Mississippi All Star Classic ; the stadium seats 40,646 . In 2009 , Bryant -- Denny Stadium and Jordan - Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games , after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham . Professional sports ( edit ) Main article : List of professional sports teams in Alabama Regions Field in Birmingham Hank Aaron Stadium in Mobile Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams , including three minor league baseball teams . Club City Sport League Venue Birmingham Barons Birmingham Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Regions Field Huntsville Havoc Huntsville Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Von Braun Center Mobile BayBears Mobile Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Hank Aaron Stadium Montgomery Biscuits Montgomery Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium Birmingham Hammers Birmingham Soccer National Premier Soccer League Sicard Hollow Athletic Complex Tennessee Valley Tigers Huntsville Football Independent Women 's Football League Milton Frank Stadium The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events .", "45": "It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America . Also , the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races . The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980 . Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments , such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek , the Barbasol Championship ( PGA Tour ) , the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions , Airbus LPGA Classic and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic ( LPGA Tour ) , and The Tradition ( Champions Tour ) . Transportation ( edit ) Terminal at the Montgomery Regional Airport in Montgomery . Interstate 59 ( co-signed with Interstate 20 ) approaching Interstate 65 in downtown Birmingham . Aerial view of the port of Mobile . Main article : Transportation in Alabama Aviation ( edit ) Main article : Aviation in Alabama Major airports with sustained commercial operations in Alabama include Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport ( BHM ) , Huntsville International Airport ( HSV ) , Dothan Regional Airport ( DHN ) , Mobile Regional Airport ( MOB ) , Montgomery Regional Airport ( MGM ) , and Muscle Shoals -- Northwest Alabama Regional Airport ( MSL ) . Rail ( edit ) For rail transport , Amtrak schedules the Crescent , a daily passenger train , running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston , Birmingham , and Tuscaloosa . Roads ( edit ) Alabama has six major interstate roads that cross the state : Interstate 65 ( I - 65 ) travels north -- south roughly through the middle of the state ; I - 20 / I - 59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham , where I - 59 continues to the north - east corner of the state and I - 20 continues east towards Atlanta ; I - 85 originates in Montgomery and travels east - northeast to the Georgia state line , providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta ; and I - 10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state , traveling from west to east through Mobile . I - 22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis , Tennessee .", "46": "In addition , there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state : I - 165 in Mobile , I - 359 in Tuscaloosa , I - 459 around Birmingham , I - 565 in Decatur and Huntsville , and I - 759 in Gadsden . A sixth route , I - 685 , will be formed when I - 85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery . A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I - 422 . Since a direct connection from I - 22 to I - 422 will not be possible , I - 222 has been proposed , as well . Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state , such as U.S. Route 11 ( US - 11 ) , US - 29 , US - 31 , US - 43 , US - 45 , US - 72 , US - 78 , US - 80 , US - 82 , US - 84 , US - 90 , US - 98 , US - 231 , US - 278 , US - 280 , US - 331 , US - 411 , and US - 431 . There are four toll roads in the state : Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery ; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa ; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka ; and Beach Express in Orange Beach . Ports ( edit ) The Port of Mobile , Alabama 's only saltwater port , is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway . The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009 . The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011 . The state 's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico .", "47": "Water ports of Alabama , listed from north to south : Port name Location Connected to Port of Florence Florence / Muscle Shoals , on Pickwick Lake Tennessee River Port of Decatur Decatur , on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River Port of Guntersville Guntersville , on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River Port of Birmingham Birmingham , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway Port of Montgomery Montgomery , on Woodruff Lake Alabama River Port of Mobile Mobile , on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico See also ( edit ) Alabama portal Outline of Alabama -- organized list of topics about Alabama Index of Alabama - related articles Gun rights in Alabama Right to work in Alabama References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Challen ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population '' . AL.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama '' . The Battle of Gettysburg . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheehahaw '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Transportation Overview '' ( PDF ) . Economic Development Partnership of Alabama . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama '' . QuickFacts . United States Census Bureau .", "48": "Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomason , Michael ( 2001 ) . Mobile : The New History of Alabama 's First City . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . pp. 2 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1065 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Occupational Projections 2008 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Department of Industrial Relations . State of Alabama . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Read , William A. ( 1984 ) . Indian Place Names in Alabama . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0231 - X . OCLC 10724679 . Jump up ^ Sylestine , Cora ; Hardy ; Heather ; and Montler , Timothy ( 1993 ) . Dictionary of the Alabama Language . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73077 - 2 . OCLC 26590560 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama , n . and adj . '' . OED Online . March 2016 . Oxford University Press . http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/248152?redirectedFrom=alabama& ( accessed April 22 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama : The State Name '' . All About Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . A Historical Album of Alabama . The Millbrook Press . ISBN 1 - 56294 - 591 - 2 . OCLC 32242468 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Lucille ( 1972 ) . Alabama : A Documentary History to 1900 . University of Alabama Press .", "49": "ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0371 - 5 . OCLC 17530914 . Jump up ^ and possibly Alabahmu . The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common in the US ; an estimated 27 states have names of Native American origin . Weiss , Sonia ( 1999 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Baby Names . Mcmillan USA . ISBN 0 - 02 - 863367 - 9 . OCLC 222611214 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , William W. ; Robert D. Ward ; Leah R. Atkins ; Wayne Flynt ( 1994 ) . Alabama : the History of a Deep South State . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0712 - 5 . OCLC 28634588 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , John R. ( 1953 ) . `` The Indian Tribes of North America '' . Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin . 145 : 153 -- 174 . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015005395804 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , John R. ( 1937 ) . `` Review of Read , Indian Place Names of Alabama '' . American Speech. 12 ( 12 ) : 212 -- 215 . JSTOR 452431 . doi : 10.2307 / 452431 . Jump up ^ William A. Read ( 1994 ) . `` Southeastern Indian Place Names in what is now Alabama '' ( PDF ) . Indian Place Names in Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 29 -- 559 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3576 - X . Jump up ^ `` Alabama '' . The New York Times Almanac 2004 . August 11 , 2006 .", "50": "Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Welch , Paul D. ( 1991 ) . Moundville 's Economy . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0512 - 2 . OCLC 21330955 . Jump up ^ Walthall , John A. ( 1990 ) . Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast - Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0552 - 1 . OCLC 26656858 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Richard F. ( 2004 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10601 - 7 . OCLC 56633574 . Jump up ^ edited by F. Kent Reilly III and James F. Garber ; foreword by Vincas P. Steponaitis. ( 2004 ) . F. Kent Reilly and James Garber , eds . Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71347 - 5 . OCLC 70335213 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama Indian Tribes '' . Indian Tribal Records . AccessGenealogy.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama State History '' . theUS50.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama History Timeline '' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thomason , Michael ( 2001 ) . Mobile : The New History of Alabama 's First City . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . p. 61 .", "51": "ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1065 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Historical Association Marker Program : Washington County '' . Archives.state.al.us . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Thomas D. ; John D.W. Guice ( 1989 ) . The Old Southwest 1795 -- 1830 : Frontiers in Conflict . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 44 -- 65 , 210 -- 257 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2836 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Peter Joseph ( 1910 ) . Colonial Mobile : An Historical Study of the Alabama - Tombigbee Basin and the Old South West from the Discovery of the Spiritu Sancto in 1519 until the Demolition of Fort Charlotte in 1821 . Boston : Hougthon Mifflin . pp. 241 -- 244 . OCLC 49073155 . Jump up ^ Cadle , Farris W ( 1991 ) . Georgia Land Surveying History and Law . Athens , Ga. : University of Georgia Press . ^ Jump up to : Pickett , Albert James ( 1851 ) . History of Alabama and incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi , from the earliest period . Charleston : Walker and James . pp. 408 -- 428 . Jump up ^ `` The Pine Barrens Speculation and Yazoo Land Fraud '' . About North Georgia . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old St. Stephens '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Huntsville '' . The Encyclopedia of Alabama . Alabama Humanities Foundation . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old Cahawba , Alabama 's first state capital , 1820 to 1826 '' . Old Cahawba : A Cahawba Advisory Committee Project . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : LeeAnna Keith ( October 13 , 2011 ) .", "52": "`` Alabama Fever '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Fever '' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . State of Alabama . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Belt '' . Southern Spaces Internet Journal . Emory University . April 19 , 2004 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wayne Flynt ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Alabama '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals of Alabama '' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Robert ( 1987 ) . The Alabama Catalog : A Guide to the Early Architecture of the State . University , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 144 , 323 -- 324 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0148 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Alice Meriwether ( 2001 ) . Alabama Architecture . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . pp. 90 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1081 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama History Timeline '' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . State of Alabama . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama , State Bird of Alabama , Yellowhammer . Alabama State Archives Jump up ^ `` 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution : Abolition of Slavery ( 1865 ) '' . Historical Documents . HistoricalDocuments.com. 2005 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reconstruction in Alabama : A Quick Summary '' . Alabama Moments in American History . Alabama Department of Archives and History .", "53": "Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Blaine Amendment Update ( July 00 ) '' . Schoolreport.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Crow Laws in Alabama '' . Emmett Till , It All Began with a Whistle . Classroomhelp . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser . The Shaping of Southern Politics : Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One - Party South , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1974 ^ Jump up to : Glenn Feldman . The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings MPS '' ( PDF ) . `` National Register Information System '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Blacksher , Edward Still , Nick Quinton , Cullen Brown and Royal Dumas . Voting Rights in Alabama ( 1982 -- 2006 ) , Renew the VRA.org , July 2006 , from discussion in Peyton McCrary , Jerome A. Gray , Edward Still , and Huey L. Perry , `` Alabama '' in Quiet Revolution in the South , pp. 38 - 52 , Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman , eds. 1994 . Jump up ^ Thomason , Michael . Mobile : The New History of Alabama 's First City , pages 213 -- 217 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1065 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mason University , United States Election Project : Alabama Redistricting Summary . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' . Finduslaw.com .", "54": "Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Rights '' . Civil Rights : Law and History . U.S. Department of Justice . January 9 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Elections in Alabama ( 2004 ) '' / `` Proportional Voting in Alabama '' , FairVote Archives , accessed January 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` GCT - PH1 - R. Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density ( areas ranked by population ) : 2000 '' . Geographic Comparison Table . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Geography of Alabama '' . Geography of the States . NetState.com . August 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . U.S Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NGS Data Sheet for Cheaha Mountain '' . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alabama Forest Owner 's Guide to Information Resources , Introduction , Alabamaforests.org Archived April 27 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Alabama County ( geographies ranked by total population ) : 2000 '' . Geographic Comparison Table . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Guide '' . Geographic Search . Washington , D.C : National Park Service -- U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 .", "55": "Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` National Forests in Alabama '' . USDA Forest Service . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wetumpka '' . Earth Impact Database . University of New Brunswick . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wetumpka Astrobleme '' by John C. Hall , Alabama Heritage , Fall 1996 , Number 42 . Jump up ^ King , David T. , Jr. ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wetumpka Crater '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Alabama : Climate '' . University of Alabama . August 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Climate '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lightning Fatalities , Injuries and Damages in the United States , 2004 -- 2013 . NLSI . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LIST : States with the most F5 / EF5 tornadoes since 1950 ; Ohio high on list . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mike . `` April 27 's record tally : 62 tornadoes in Alabama '' . al.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record high and low temperatures for all 50 states '' . Internet Accuracy Project . accuracyproject.org . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) - Huntsville Intl AP , AL '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No.", "56": "20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) - Birmingham Intl AP , AL '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) - Montgomery Dannelly AP , AL '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) - Mobile Rgnl AP , AL '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mirarchi , Ralph E. ( 2004 ) . Alabama Wildlife : Volume One . Tuscaloosa , Alabama : University of Alabama Press . pp. 1 -- 3 , 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81735 - 1304 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Wildlife and their Conservation Status '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Atlas '' . Alabama Plant Atlas . Alabama Herbarium Consortium and University of West Alabama . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mammals '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Reptiles '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Amphibians '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Birds '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Snails and Mussels '' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Crayfish '' .", "57": "Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search '' . 2010.census.gov . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State -- 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` Data on selected ancestry groups '' ( PDF ) . Google . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 United States Census '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 .", "58": "Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2006 -- 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of the Population by State : 1980 -- Table 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dominic J. Pulera , Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America . Jump up ^ Reynolds Farley , `` The New Census Question about Ancestry : What Did It Tell Us ? '' , Demography , Vol. 28 , No. 3 ( August 1991 ) , pp. 414 , 421 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi , `` The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns '' , Social Science Research , Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1985 ) , pp. 44 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters , `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 487 , No. 79 ( September 1986 ) , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States Archived December 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Population of Alabama - Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts - CensusViewer '' . censusviewer.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . census.gov . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Census 2000 Map -- Top U.S.", "59": "Ancestries by County Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , pp. 361 -- 368 Jump up ^ `` Alabama Indian Affairs Commission '' Archived October 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , State of Alabama , accessed September 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` AIAC Bylaws '' . Alabama Indian Affairs Commission . State of Alabama . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Indian Heritage Day '' , Alabama Indian Affairs Commission , 2000 , accessed 28 September 2013 Archived October 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama -- Languages '' . city-data.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` `` Alabama -- Languages '' . city-data.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry A. Kosmin ; Ariela Keysar ( 2009 ) . `` AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY ( ARIS ) 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Hartford , Connecticut , USA : Trinity College . p. 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in America : U.S. Religious Data , Demographics and Statistics -- Pew Research Center '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Church or synagogue attendance by state '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State membership Report '' . The Association of Religion Data Archives . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps & Reports '' . The Association of Religion Data Archives .", "60": "Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Membership Reports '' . thearda.com. 2000 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Kirsten ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Alabama rates well in biblical literacy '' . Mobile Register . Advance Publications , Inc. p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Confidence in State and Local Institutions Survey '' ( PDF ) . Capital Survey Research Center . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , David ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Poll says we feel good about state Trust in government , unlike some institutions , has n't fallen '' . Birmingham News . p. 13A . ^ Jump up to : Zietz , Robert ( 1994 ) . The Gates of Heaven : Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim , the first 150 years , Mobile , Alabama , 1844 - 1994 . Mobile , Alabama : Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim . pp. 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Synagogues in Alabama '' . Kosher Delight . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay Campbell ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Survey : U.S. Muslims grow by 30 percent since 2000 '' . The Huntsville Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Temples in the South East : catering to the needs of NRI and Indians in US '' . GaramChai . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center '' . Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dharma Centers and Organizations in Alabama '' . Manjushri Buddhist Community . AcuMaestro . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frye Gaillard ( December 2007 ) . `` After the Storms : Tradition and Change in Bayou La Batre '' . Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians .", "61": "Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roy Hoffman ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` For Vietnamese Buddhists In South Alabama , A Goddess Of Mercy Is A Powerful Figure '' . Press - Register . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Debbie M. Lord ( August 29 , 2009 ) . `` A Welcome Gateway to the Far East '' . Press - Register . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Sayre ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Buddhist Monk Killed Temple Leader During Argument Over Food , Prosecutor Says '' . Press - Register . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bahais of the Shoals '' . shoalsbahais.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` County Level Estimates of Obesity -- State Maps '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2008 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rates of Leisure - Time Physical Inactivity in Appalachia and South '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama - Percentage of Adults ( aged 18 years or older ) with Diagnosed Diabetes , 1994 - 2010 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2010 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CDC national chart on diabetes '' . Apps.nccd.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ijaz , Ahmad ; Addy , Samuel N. ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Food Production in Alabama '' . The Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State ( 2008 ) '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis , Regional Economic Accounts . June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 .", "62": "full release with tables Jump up ^ `` United States Census Bureau '' . State and County Quick Facts . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics -- Alabama '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics Data '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kasperkevic , Jana ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama passes law banning cities and towns from increasing minimum wage '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Aneesa McMillan . `` Top of the List : Alabama 's largest employers '' ( April 22 , 2011 ) . Birmingham Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Largest Employers '' . Birmingham Business Journal . American Registry. April 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama and CBER : 75 Years of Change '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Business . Center for Business and Economic Research , Culverhouse College of Commerce , The University of Alabama . 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` State Highlights for 2004 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Cooperative Extension System . USDA , NASS , Alabama Statistical Office . 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle Technologies Program : Fact # 539 : October 6 , 2008 , Light Vehicle Production by State '' ... eere.energy.gov . October 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCreless , Patrick ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Automakers account for about a third of the state 's industrial expansion '' . The Anniston Star .", "63": "Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , Dawn ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. auto sales see gains in March , as Alabama - made models rise 4 percent '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ThyssenKrupp 's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million '' . Press - Register . May 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New owners of ThyssenKrupp stainless steel division plan visit in June '' . Press - Register . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : ThyssenKrupp gets final bids for Steel Americas plants '' . AL.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama : Ende 2014 bei voller Kapazität - stahl-online.de '' . stahl-online.de . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt Refining Company . '' Linkedin . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview . '' JVC America , Inc . Jump up ^ Melissa Nelson - Gabriel ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Airbus to Build 1st US Assembly Plant in Alabama '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus confirms its first US factory to build A320 jet '' . BBC News . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicola Clark . `` EADS to Build United States Assembly Line for Airbus A320 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus Appoints Program Manager for its Mobile Assembly Line '' . Airbus . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Alabama . Alabama Tourism Department ( ATD ) Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( May 2 , 2010 ) .", "64": "`` Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf '' . Washington , DC : Washington Pose . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Planning Your Alabama Visit '' . alabama.travel.com . Sweet Home Alabama . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verified Trauma Centers '' . American College of Surgeons , Verified Trauma Centers . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` College Research Data '' . University of Texas . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UAB -- Human Resources -- Home '' . uab.edu . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Lockette , Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world ? Truth Rating : 4 out of 5 , Anniston Star . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson , Alabama Simmers Before Vote on Its Constitution 's Racist Language , New York Times , October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roig - Franzia , Manuel ( November 28 , 2004 ) . `` Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Alabama -- 1901 '' . The Alabama Legislative Information System . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform '' . Constitutionalreform.org . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , McDowell ( 2009 ) . `` Alabama 's Legislative Process '' . State of Alabama . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Judicial Selection in the States : Alabama Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Judicature Society . Jump up ^ SARA RIMER , `` Questions of Death Row Justice For Poor People in Alabama '' .", "65": "New York Times , 1 March 2000 . Accessed 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Buckwalter - Poza ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) . `` With Judges Overriding Death Penalty Cases , Alabama Is An Outlier '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Reverses Another Alabama Death Penalty Case '' . EJI. 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . taxadmin.org , July 2004 , Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sales Tax Brochure . State of Alabama . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reducing Alabama 's Income Tax on Working - Poor Families : Two Options '' . Cbpp.org. April 14 , 1999 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Which States Tax the Sale of Food for Home Consumption in 2009 ? , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average ( 1970 -- 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . Tax Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Albert P. Brewer , `` Home Rule '' , Encyclopedia of Alabama , 2007 , accessed February 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Wet - Dry Map , Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board . Jump up ^ Rawls , Phillip ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Alabama offers an apology for slavery '' . The Virginian Pilot . Landmark Communications . Jump up ^ `` Sue Bell Cobb considering running for governor '' . The Birmingham News . May 2 , 2009 .", "66": "Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioners '' . Psc.state.al.us . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Lucy Baxley wins Alabama Public Service Commission presidency , but recount possible '' . Birmingham News via al.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeff Amy . `` Public Service Commission : Twinkle Cavanaugh , Terry Dunn join GOP sweep '' . al.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results -- Alabama '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Gubernatorial Republican Primary Election Results -- Alabama '' . Uselectionatlas.org . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Sheriffs 2015 - 2019 '' . www.alabamasheriffs.com . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Education Quick Facts 2012 - 13 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Attainment : 2000 : Census 2000 Brief '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Education Statistics . CensusScope.org Jump up ^ This figure refers to only the number of students paddled , and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment , which would be higher . ^ Jump up to : Farrell , Colin ( February 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in US schools '' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Alabama Colleges and Universities '' . Alabama Commission on Higher Education . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 .", "67": "Jump up ^ `` The University of Alabama '' . www.ua.edu . Jump up ^ `` History in the making '' . University of North Alabama . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mission Statement of Spring Hill College : History '' . Spring Hill College . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Members '' . Association for Biblical Higher Education . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Membership Directory '' ( PDF ) . Council on Operational Education . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ACICS Website Directory '' ( PDF ) . Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Public Schools '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National University Rankings Top National Universities US News Best Colleges . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` APT -- WGIQ Channel 43 Television '' . www.stationindex.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ 2013 NATIONAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL ATTENDANCE , NCAA.org . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant -- Denny Stadium '' . RollTide.com . University of Alabama . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium List : 100 000 + Stadiums '' . World Stadiums .", "68": "Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan - Hare Stadium '' . Auburn Athletics . Auburn University . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legion Field '' . UABSports.com . University of Alabama at Birmingham . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium '' . Laddpeeblesstadium.com . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant - Denny , Jordan - Hare stadiums al.com '' . Blog.al.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1086 . Top U.S. Ports by Tons of Traffic : 2009 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Waterborne Container Traffic by Port / Waterway in 2011 ( Loaded and Empty TEUS ) '' . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . `` Alabama - History and Culture . '' Adventure Tourism -- Experiential Travel Guides . Accessed : March 31 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography , see the History of Alabama . Atkins , Leah Rawls , Wayne Flynt , William Warren Rogers , and David Ward . Alabama : The History of a Deep South State ( 1994 ) Flynt , Wayne . Alabama in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921 . Jackson , Harvey H. Inside Alabama : A Personal History of My State ( 2004 ) Mohl , Raymond A. `` Latinization in the Heart of Dixie : Hispanics in Late - twentieth - century Alabama '' Alabama Review 2002 55 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 274 . ISSN 0002 - 4341 Peirce , Neal R .", "69": "The Deep South States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Seven Deep South States ( 1974 ) . Information on politics and economics 1960 -- 72 . Williams , Benjamin Buford . A Literary History of Alabama : The Nineteenth Century 1979 . WPA . Guide to Alabama ( 1939 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAlabamaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Alabama.gov -- Official State Government web site Alabama at DMOZ Alabama State Guide , from the Library of Congress All About Alabama , at the Alabama Department of Archives and History Code of Alabama 1975 -- at the Alabama Legislature site USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Alabama Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Geographic data related to Alabama at OpenStreetMap Preceded by Illinois List of U.S.", "70": "states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on December 14 , 1819 ( 22nd ) Succeeded by Maine ( hide ) Topics related to Alabama The Yellowhammer State , The Heart of Dixie , The Cotton State State of Alabama Montgomery ( capital ) Topics Index Aviation Climate Delegations Geography Geology Government Governors History National Register of Historic Places Media Newspapers Radio TV People Sports Symbols Transportation Seal of Alabama Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions North Alabama Central Alabama South Alabama Birmingham District Black Belt Canebrake Cumberland Plateau Eastern Shore Gulf Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Flora and fauna Amphibians Gardens Mammals Reptiles Trees Largest cities Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Huntsville Tuscaloosa Hoover Dothan Auburn Decatur Madison Metros Birmingham -- Hoover Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Daphne - Fairhope - Foley Decatur Auburn - Opelika Dothan Florence - Muscle Shoals Anniston - Oxford - Jacksonville Gadsden Counties Autauga Baldwin Barbour Bibb Blount Bullock Butler Calhoun Chambers Cherokee Chilton Choctaw Clarke Clay Cleburne Coffee Colbert Conecuh Coosa Covington Crenshaw Cullman Dale Dallas DeKalb Elmore Escambia Etowah Fayette Franklin Geneva Greene Hale Henry Houston Jackson Jefferson Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Lee Limestone Lowndes Macon Madison Marengo Marion Marshall Mobile Monroe Montgomery Morgan Perry Pickens Pike Randolph Russell Shelby St. Clair Sumter Talladega Tallapoosa Tuscaloosa Walker Washington Wilcox Winston Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Alabama William A.", "71": "Bell ( D ) ( Birmingham ) Todd Strange ( R ) ( Montgomery ) Sandy Stimpson ( R ) ( Mobile ) Tommy Battle ( R ) ( Huntsville ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Protected areas of Alabama Federal National Parks and Historic Sites Horseshoe Bend Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Institute National Monuments Birmingham Civil Rights Freedom Riders Russell Cave National Forests Conecuh Talladega Tuskegee William B. 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Grist Rickwood Caverns Roland Cooper Wind Creek State Forests Choccolocco Hauss Geneva Little River Macon Weogufka Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( web ) Southern United States Topics Culture Cuisine Geography Economy", "72": "Government and Politics History Sports States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Major cities Atlanta Birmingham Charleston Charlotte Columbia Dallas Fort Worth Greensboro Houston Jacksonville Little Rock Memphis Miami Nashville New Orleans Norfolk Oklahoma City Orlando Raleigh Richmond Tampa Tulsa State capitals Atlanta Austin Baton Rouge Charleston Columbia Jackson Little Rock Montgomery Nashville Raleigh Richmond Oklahoma City Tallahassee New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - 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-7741834825578210187	when was coffee first made into a drink	[ "the 15th century", "the 15th century", "15th century" ]	{ "0": "History of coffee - wikipedia History of coffee Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2016 ) The Coffee Bearer by John Frederick Lewis ( 1857 ) . ( Ottoman quarters in Cairo , Egypt ) The origin and history of coffee dates back to the 10th century , and possibly earlier with a number of reports and legends surrounding its first use . The native ( undomesticated ) origin of coffee is thought to have been Ethiopia . The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century , in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen . By the 16th century , it had reached the rest of the Middle East , South India ( Coorg ) , Persia , Turkey , Horn of Africa , and northern Africa . Coffee then spread to the Balkans , Italy and to the rest of Europe , to South East Asia and then to America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 First use 3 History 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 England 4.3 France 4.4 Germany 4.5 Netherlands 4.6 Poland 5 Americas 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.1. 1 Chikmagalur 6.2 Japan 6.3 South Korea 6.4 Indonesia 6.5 Philippines 7 Production 8 See also 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Sources Etymology ( edit ) The word `` coffee '' entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve , in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah ( قهوة ) . The Arabic word qahwah originally referred to a type of wine , whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as deriving from the verb qahā ( قها , `` to lack hunger '' ) in reference to the drink 's reputation as an appetite suppressant .", "1": "The word qahwah is sometimes alternatively traced to the Arabic quwwa ( `` power , energy '' ) , or to Kaffa , a medieval kingdom in Ethiopia whence the plant was exported to Arabia . These etymologies for qahwah have all been disputed , however . The name qahwah is not used for the berry or plant ( the products of the region ) , which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Oromo as būn . Semitic had a root qhh `` dark color '' , which became a natural designation for the beverage . According to this analysis , the feminine form qahwah ( also meaning `` dark in color , dull ( ing ) , dry , sour '' ) was likely chosen to parallel the feminine khamr ( خمر , `` wine '' ) , and originally meant `` the dark one '' . First use ( edit ) The Ethiopian ancestors of today 's Oromo ethnic group were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant . Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties , which were found to be of low diversity but with retention of some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials , and closely related diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica ; however , no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or known about it there earlier than the seventeenth century . The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar , and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby populations in Sudan and Kenya . Coffee was primarily consumed in the Islamic world where it originated and was directly related to religious practices . There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself . One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al - Hasan al - Shadhili . When traveling in Ethiopia , the legend goes , he observed birds of unusual vitality , and , upon trying the berries that the birds had been eating , experienced the same vitality . Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheik Abou'l Hasan Schadheli 's disciple , Omar .", "2": "According to the ancient chronicle ( preserved in the Abd - Al - Kadir manuscript ) , Omar , who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer , was once exiled from Mocha to a desert cave near Ousab . Starving , Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery , but found them to be bitter . He tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor , but they became hard . He then tried boiling them to soften the bean , which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid . Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days . As stories of this `` miracle drug '' reached Mocha , Omar was asked to return and was made a saint . Another account involves a 9th - century Ethiopian goat - herder , Kaldi , who , noticing the energizing effects when his flock nibbled on the bright red berries of a certain bush , chewed on the fruit himself . His exhilaration prompted him to bring the berries to a monk in a nearby monastery . But the monk disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire , from which an enticing aroma billowed , causing other monks to come and investigate . The roasted beans were quickly raked from the embers , ground up , and dissolved in hot water , yielding the world 's first cup of coffee . Since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before 1671 , 800 years after it was supposed to have taken place , it is highly likely to be apocryphal . History ( edit ) Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo , Syria , sipping the traditional murra ( bitter ) coffee , 1930 Palestinian women grinding coffee , 1905 The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century , in Yemen 's Sufi monasteries . Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen . Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean . The word qahwa originally meant wine , and Sufis in Yemen used the beverage as an aid to concentration and as a kind of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God . Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions .", "3": "A translation of Al - Jaziri 's manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix ( the present day Yemen ) northward to Mecca and Medina , and then to the larger cities of Cairo , Damascus , Baghdad , and Constantinople . By 1414 , the beverage was known in Mecca , and in the early 1500s was spreading to the Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mocha . Associated with Sufism , a myriad of coffee houses grew up in Cairo ( Egypt ) around the religious University of the Azhar . These coffee houses also opened in Syria , especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo , and then in Istanbul , the capital of the Ottoman Empire , in 1554 . In 1511 , it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative , orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca . However , these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I , with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el - İmadi issuing a fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee . In Cairo , Egypt , a similar ban was instituted in 1532 , and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked . During the 16th century , it had already reached the rest of the Middle East , the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire . From the Middle East , coffee drinking spread to Italy , then to the rest of Europe , and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas . Similarly , coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 18th century . However , in the second half of the 19th century , Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking , and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886 ; according to Richard Pankhurst , `` this was largely due to Emperor Menilek , who himself drank it , and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink . ''", "4": "The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi , known as Rhazes in the West , but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later . One of the most important of the early writers on coffee was Abd al - Qadir al - Jaziri , who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al - qahwa عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة . He reported that one Sheikh , Jamal - al - Din al - Dhabhani ( d . 1470 ) , mufti of Aden , was the first to adopt the use of coffee ( circa 1454 ) . He found that among its properties was that it drove away fatigue and lethargy , and brought to the body a certain sprightliness and vigour . Europe ( edit ) Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was first introduced to Europe on the island of Malta in the 16th century , according to the TV documentary Madwarna . It was introduced there through slavery . Turkish Muslim slaves had been imprisoned by the Knights of St John in 1565 -- the year of the Great Siege of Malta , and they used to make their traditional beverage . Domenico Magri mentioned in his work Virtu del Kafé , `` Turks , most skilful makers of this concoction . '' Also the German traveller Gustav Sommerfeldt in 1663 wrote `` the ability and industriousness with which the Turkish prisoners earn some money , especially by preparing coffee , a powder resembling snuff tobacco , with water and sugar . '' Coffee was a popular beverage in Maltese high society -- many coffee shops opened . Coffee was also noted in Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf , the first European to mention it , as chaube , in 1573 ; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers .", "5": "The vibrant trade between the Republic of Venice and the Muslims in North Africa , Egypt , and the East brought a large variety of African goods , including coffee , to this leading European port . Venetian merchants introduced coffee - drinking to the wealthy in Venice , charging them heavily for the beverage . In this way , coffee was introduced to the mainland of Europe . In 1591 Venetian botanist - physician Prospero Alpini became the first to publish a description of the coffee plant in Europe . The first European coffee house apart from those in the Ottoman Empire and in Malta was opened in Venice in 1645 . Austria ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna , by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks . The officer who received the coffee beans , Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki , a Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin , opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee . Melange is the typical Viennese coffee , which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water . England ( edit ) 1652 advertisement for the UK 's first coffeehouse , St. Michael 's Alley According to Leonhard Rauwolf 's 1583 account , coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century , largely through the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company . The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael 's Alley in Cornhill , London . The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée , the servant of Daniel Edwards , a trader in Turkish goods . Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment . Oxford 's Queen 's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654 , is still in existence today . By 1675 , there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England , but there were many disruptions in the progressive movement of coffeehouses between the 1660s and 1670s .", "6": "During the enlightenment , these early English coffee houses became gathering places used for deep religious and political discussions among the populace . This practice became so common , and potentially subversive , that Charles II made an attempt to crush coffee houses in 1675 . The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal , for example , women frequented them in Germany , but it appears to have been commonplace elsewhere in Europe , including in England . Many in this period believed coffee to have medicinal properties . A 1661 tract entitled `` A character of coffee and coffee - houses '' , written by one `` M.P. '' , lists some of these perceived benefits : ' Tis extolled for drying up the Crudities of the Stomack , and for expelling Fumes out of the Head . Excellent Berry ! which can cleanse the English - man 's Stomak of Flegm , and expel Giddinesse out of his Head . This new commodity proved controversial among some subjects , however . For instance , the anonymous 1674 `` Women 's Petition Against Coffee '' declared : the Excessive Use of that Newfangled , Abominable , Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE ... has ... Eunucht our Husbands , and Crippled our more kind Gallants , that they are become as Impotent , as Age . France ( edit ) Antoine Galland ( 1646 -- 1715 ) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee , tea and chocolate : `` We are indebted to these great ( Arab ) physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings , as well as sugar , tea , and chocolate . '' Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix , the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France , that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot , who had travelled through the East . On his return to that city in 1657 , Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends , one of whom was de la Croix . In 1669 , Soleiman Agha , Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV , arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans . Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink , but they also donated some beans to the royal court .", "7": "Between July 1669 and May 1670 , the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , coffeehouses were first established in North Sea ports , including Bremen ( 1673 ) and Hamburg ( 1677 ) . Initially , this new beverage was written in the English form coffee , but during the 1700s the Germans gradually adopted the French word café , then slowly changed to the word Kaffee , where it stands now . In the 18th century the popularity of coffee gradually spread around the German lands , and was taken up by the ruling classes . Coffee was served at the court of the Great Elector , Frederick William of Brandenburg , as early as 1675 , but the first public coffee house in his capital , Berlin , opened only in 1721 . Café Zimmermann , Leipzig ( engraving by Johann Georg Schreiber , 1732 ) Composer Johann Sebastian Bach , who was cantor of St. Thomas Church , Leipzig , in 1723 -- 50 , conducted a musical ensemble at Café Zimmermann in that Saxon city . Sometime in 1732 -- 35 he composed the secular `` Coffee Cantata '' Schweigt stille , plaudert nicht ( BWV 211 ) , in which a young woman , Lieschen , pleads with her disapproving father to accept her devotion to drinking coffee , then a newfangled fashion . The libretto includes such lines as : Ei ! wie schmeckt der Coffee süße , Lieblicher als tausend Küsse , Milder als Muskatenwein . Coffee , Coffee muss ich haben , Und wenn jemand mich will laben , Ach , so schenkt mir Coffee ein ! ( Oh ! How sweet coffee does taste , Better than a thousand kisses , Milder than muscat wine . Coffee , coffee , I 've got to have it , And if someone wants to perk me up , * Oh , just give me a cup of coffee ! ) Netherlands ( edit ) Further information : Dutch East India Company The race among Europeans to obtain live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616 .", "8": "Pieter van den Broecke , a Dutch merchant , obtained some of the closely guarded coffee bushes from Mocha , Yemen , in 1616 . He took them back to Amsterdam and found a home for them in the Botanical gardens , where they began to thrive . This apparently minor event received little publicity , but was to have a major impact on the history of coffee . The beans that van der Broecke acquired from Mocha forty years earlier adjusted well to conditions in the greenhouses at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden and produced numerous healthy Coffea arabica bushes . In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) and later in southern India . They abandoned these cultivations to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering the price by oversupply . Within a few years , the Dutch colonies ( Java in Asia , Suriname in the Americas ) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe . Poland ( edit ) Coffee reached the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century , primarily through merchants trading with the Ottomans . The first coffee shops opened a century later . Usage of coffee has grown since , though it was a luxury commodity during the communist era of the Polish People 's Republic . Consumption of coffee has grown since the transformation of Poland into a democratic , capitalistic country in 1989 , though it still remains lower per capita than in most West European countries . Americas ( edit ) Coffee plantation Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720 . Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint - Domingue ( Haiti ) , Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean . The French territory of Saint - Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734 , and by 1788 supplied half the world 's coffee . Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America . The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers . However , the dreadful conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon - to - follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there .", "9": "Coffee also found its way to the Isle of Bourbon , now known as Réunion , in the Indian Ocean . The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of arabica known as var . Bourbon . The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree . Circa 1727 , the King of Portugal sent Francisco de Melo Palheta to French Guiana to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market . Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds , but he captivated the French Governor 's wife and she sent him enough seeds and shoots to commence the coffee industry of Brazil . In 1893 , the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania ( Tanganyika ) , not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia , 600 years prior , ending its transcontinental journey . Meanwhile , coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727 , although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822 . After this time , massive tracts of rainforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later São Paulo for coffee plantations . After the Boston Tea Party of 1773 , large numbers of Americans switched to drinking coffee during the American Revolution because drinking tea had become unpatriotic . Cultivation was taken up by many countries in the latter half of the 19th century , and in almost all of them it involved the large - scale displacement and exploitation of indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings , coups and bloody suppressions of peasants . For example Guatemala started producing coffee in the 1500s but lacked the manpower to harvest the coffee beans . As a result the Guatemalan government forced indigenous people to work on the fields . This lead to a strain in the indigenous and Guatemalan people 's relationship that still exists today . A notable exception is Costa Rica where a lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms . Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries . In the 20th century Latin American countries faced a possible economic collapse . Before World War II Europe was consuming large amounts of coffee . Once the war started Latin America lost 40 % of its market and was on the verge of economic collapse .", "10": "Coffee was and is a Latin American commodity . The United States saw this and talked with the Latin American countries and as a result the producers agreed on an equitable division of the U.S. market . The U.S. government monitored this agreement . For the period that this plan was followed the value of coffee doubled , which greatly benefited coffee producers and the Latin American countries . Brazil became the largest producer of coffee in the world by 1852 and it has held that status ever since . It dominated world production , exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined , from 1850 to 1950 . The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers , notably Colombia , Ivory Coast , Ethiopia , and , most recently , Vietnam , which overtook Colombia and became the second - largest producer in 1999 and reached 15 % market share by 2011 . Around the turn of the century an organization named Fair Trade emerged . In the past 20 years Fair trade coffee has become very popular . The idea of fair trade is to pay the farmers more money , so the farmers can have better lives . Most fair Trade 's farmers come from Latin America . There is controversy about the effectiveness of Fair Trade . The proponents argue that Fair Trade helps the farmer receive a larger salary which allows them to live better lives . Opponents argue that Fair Trade does not keep records and therefore can not be accountable . A recent change to the coffee market are lattes , Frappuccino 's and other sugary coffee drinks . With the rise of lattes and Frappuccino 's becoming more popular this has caused coffee houses to be able to use cheaper coffee beans in their coffee , which has hurt the Latin American countries ' economy . The cheaper coffee beans is called Robusta and they contain more caffeine then the more expansive beans . This is another reason the coffee houses can use the cheaper beans because it still contains a high caffeine content . The reason using cheaper beans hurts the Latin American economy is because the producers receive less money for the production of the cheaper beans then they do for the production of the higher quality beans . Since the producers get paid less they are receiving a smaller income , which in turn , hurts the economy of Latin America .", "11": "Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Also see Coffee production in India Monsooned Malabar arabica , compared with green Yirgachefe beans from Ethiopia Coffee came to India well before the East India company , through an India Sufi saint named `` Baba Budan '' . The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur ( Coorg , Southern India ) in 1670 . Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region , extending south to Kodagu . Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states , with the state of Karnataka accounting 53 % followed by Kerala 28 % and Tamil Nadu 11 % of production of 8,200 tonnes . Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world . There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India ; 98 % of them are small growers . As of 2009 , the production of coffee in India was only 4.5 % of the total production in the world . Almost 80 % of the country 's coffee production is exported . Of that which is exported , 70 % is bound for Germany , Russian federation , Spain , Belgium , Slovenia , United States , Japan , Greece , Netherlands and France , and Italy accounts for 29 % of the exports . Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal . Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region of South India , followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Tripura , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India , popularly known as `` Seven Sister States of India '' . Indian coffee , grown mostly in southern India under monsoon rainfall conditions , is also termed as `` Indian monsooned coffee '' . Its flavour is defined as : `` The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees , but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring '' . The two well known species of coffee grown are the Arabica and Robusta .", "12": "The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hill ranges of Karnataka in the 17th century was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S. 795 . Chikmagalur ( edit ) Coffee is the cornerstone of Chikmagalur 's economy . Chikmagalur is the birthplace of coffee in India , where the seed was first sown about 350 years ago . Coffee Board is the department located in Chikmagalur town that oversees the production and marketing of coffee cultivated in the district . Coffee is cultivated in Chikmagalur district in an area of around 85,465 hectares with Arabica being the dominant variety grown in upper hills and Robusta being the major variety in the low level hills . There are around 15000 coffee growers in this district with 96 % of them being small growers with holdings of less than or equal to 4 hectares . The average production is 55,000 MT : 35,000 MT of Arabica and 20,000 MT of Robusta . The average productivity per hectare is 810 kg for Arabica and 1110 kg of Robusta , which are higher than the national average . Arabica is a species of coffee that is also known as the `` coffee shrub of Arabia '' , `` mountain coffee '' or `` arabica coffee '' . Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated , being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years . It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species , Coffea canephora ( robusta ) . Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee . Robusta is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa . It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil , where it is often called Conillon . It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century . In recent years Vietnam , which only produces robusta , has surpassed Brazil , India , and Indonesia to become the world 's single largest exporter . Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta .", "13": "Japan ( edit ) Coffee was introduced to Japan by the Dutch in the 17th century , but remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858 . The first European - style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888 , and closed four years later . By the early 1930s there were over 30,000 coffeehouses across the country ; availability in the wartime and immediate postwar period dropped to nearly zero , then rapidly increased as import barriers were removed . The introduction of freeze - dried instant coffee , canned coffee , and franchises such as Starbucks and Doutor Coffee in the late 20th century continued this trend , to the point that Japan is now one of the leading per capita coffee consumers in the world . South korea ( edit ) Coffee 's first notable Korean enthusiasts were 19th century emperors Sunjong and Gojong , who preferred to consume it after western - style banquets . By the 1980s instant coffee and canned coffee had become fairly popular , with a more minor tradition of independently owned coffeehouses in larger cities ; toward the end of the century the growth of franchises such as Caffe Bene and Starbucks brought about a greater demand for European - style coffee . Indonesia ( edit ) Coffee was first introduced by the Dutch during colonization in late 17th century . After several years coffee was planted on Indonesia Archipelago . Many coffee specialties are from the Indonesian Archipelago . The colloquial name for coffee , Java , comes from the time when most of Europe and America 's coffee was grown in Java . Today Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world , mainly for export . However coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago like traditional `` Kopi Ende '' which is with ginger to fancy new ways in Jakartas many coffee shops like Anomali . Philippines ( edit ) The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee : Arabica , Liberica ( Barako ) , Excelsa and Robusta . Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippines -- from the lowland to mountain regions -- make the country suitable for all four varieties . In the Philippines , coffee has a history as rich as its flavor .", "14": "The first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa , Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monk . From there , coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan , Lemery , San Jose , Taal , and Tanauan . Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa eventually became the coffee capital of the Philippines . By the 1860s , Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco . When the Suez Canal was opened , a new market started in Europe as well . Seeing the success of the Batangeños , Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo . In spite of this , Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans . In 1880 , the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans , and when the coffee rust hit Brazil , Africa , and Java , it became the only source of coffee beans worldwide . The glory days of the Philippine coffee industry lasted until 1889 when coffee rust hit the Philippine shores . That , coupled with an insect infestation , destroyed virtually all the coffee trees in Batangas . Since Batangas was a major producer of coffee , this greatly affected national coffee production . In two years , coffee production was reduced to 1 / 6th its original amount . By then , Brazil had regained its position as the world 's leading producer of coffee . A few of the surviving coffee seedlings were transferred from Batangas to Cavite , where they flourished . This was not the end of the Philippines ' coffee growing days , but there was less area allotted to coffee because many farmers had shifted to other crops . During the 1950s , the Philippine government , with the help of the Americans , brought in a more resistant variety of coffee . It was also then that instant coffee was being produced commercially , thus increasing the demand for beans . Because of favorable market conditions , many farmers went back to growing coffee in the 1960s . But the sudden proliferation of coffee farms resulted in a surplus of beans around the world , and for a while importation of coffee was banned in order to protect local coffee producers .", "15": "When Brazil was hit by a frost in the 1970s , world market coffee prices soared . The Philippines became a member of the International Coffee Organization ( ICO ) in 1980 . Production ( edit ) The first step in Europeans ' wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen , the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn , the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen , the source of Europe 's supply , and established in the Dutch East Indies ; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe 's demand with `` Java coffee '' by 1719 . Encouraged by their success , they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon , Sumatra and other Sunda islands . Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden , whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens . Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant , which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi , predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes , in Paris . The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux , who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu , who was loath to disfigure the king 's coffee tree . Clieux , when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage , shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman , perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade . Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies , and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint - Domingue in addition to Martinique , where a blight had struck the cacao plantations , which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years , is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded . The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col.", "16": "Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds , still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia , from French Guiana . By the 1800s , Brazil 's harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses . Brazil , which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity , relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888 . The success of coffee in 17th - century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) . For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries , Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade . However , a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations , such as Colombia , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Indonesia and Vietnam , now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world . Large - scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995 . Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta . Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia , that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century , and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast . The Kingdom of Kaffa , home of the plant , was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s . Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela . 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908 , while in 1927 -- 8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port . Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time , and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa -- Djibouti Railway . While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway , this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922 , surpassed exports of `` Harari '' coffee by 1925 , and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936 .", "17": "Australia is a minor coffee producer , with little product for export , but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown . Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981 . See also ( edit ) Coffee portal History portal Economics of coffee International Coffee Agreement Anacafé Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia National Coffee Association Specialty Coffee Association of America A History of the World in 6 Glasses , by Tom Standage : a review by blaqswans.org Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92723 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Hannah ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` '' Suave Molecules of Mocha '' -- Coffee , Chemistry , and Civilization `` . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ OED , s.v. `` Coffee '' . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` coffee , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1891 . Jump up ^ قها . الباحث العربي ( in Arabic ) . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Alan S. ( 1986 ) . `` The etymology of `` coffee '' : The dark brew `` . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 106 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 558 . doi : 10.2307 / 602112 . JSTOR 602112 . Jump up ^ Steiger , L. ; Nagal , C. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and among Coffea arabica cultivars '' . Theoretical and Applied Genetics .", "18": "105 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.1007 / s00122 - 002 - 0939 - 8 . PMID 12582521 . ^ Jump up to : John K. Francis . `` Coffea arabica L. RUBIACEAE '' ( PDF ) . Factsheet of U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony ( 2003 ) . `` Coffee : A dark history '' . Basic Reference . USA : Fourth Estate . 28 : 217 -- 229 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grigg , David ( 2002 ) . `` The worlds of tea and coffee : Patterns of consumption '' . GeoJournal. 57 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 294 . doi : 10.1023 / b : gejo. 0000007249.91153. c3 . JSTOR 41147739 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of Coffee '' . shazuli.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ukers , William ( 1935 ) . All About Coffee . New York : The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ukers 1922 : 5 , and all other sources ^ Jump up to : `` Coffee and qahwa : How a drink for Arab mystics went global '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Al - Jaziri 's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regards to the history of coffee in Europe as well . A copy reached the French royal library , where it was translated in part by Antoine Galland as De l'origine et du progrès du café . ^ Jump up to : `` عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة -- resource for arabic books '' . alwaraq.net . Jump up ^ Schneider , Irene ( 2001 ) . `` Ebussuud '' .", "19": "In Stolleis , Michael . Juristen : ein biographisches Lexikon ; von der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert ( in German ) ( 2nd ed . ) . München : Beck . p. 193 . ISBN 3 - 406 - 45957 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.E. Hanauer ( 1907 ) . `` About Coffee '' . Folk - lore of the Holy Land . pp. 291 f . ( All ) the coffee - houses ( were ) closed , and their keepers pelted with the sherds of their pots and cups . This was in 1524 , but by an order of Selìm I. , the decrees of the learned were reversed , the disturbances in Egypt quieted , the drinking of coffee declared perfectly orthodox Jump up ^ Aregay , Merid W. ( 1988 ) . `` The Early History of Ethiopia 's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa '' . The Journal of African History . 29 ( 1 , Special Issue in Honour of Roland Oliver ) : 20 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700035969 . JSTOR 182236 . Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University , 1968 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Dufour , Traitez nouveaux et curieux du café , du thé et du chocolat ( Lyon , 1684 , etc ) . Jump up ^ In later editions Dufour casts doubt on the identity of Rhazes ' bunchum , which is shared by Edward Forbes Robinson , The Early History of Coffee Houses in England ( London , 1893 ) , noted by Ukers 1922 : Jump up ^ The 19th - century orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy edited the first two chapters of al - Jaziri 's manuscript and included it in the second edition of his Chrestomathie Arabe ( Paris , 1826 , 3 vols . ) .", "20": "Antoine Galland 's De l'origine et du progrès du Café ( 1699 ) was recently reissued ( Paris : Editions La Bibliothèque , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Maltese history through a sweet tooth '' . tenzo.fr . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ukers , All About Coffee : 2 . Jump up ^ `` History of Coffee '' . Nestlé Professional . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Brian William ( 2005 ) . The Social Life of Coffee : The emergence of the British Coffee house . New Haven Conn : Yale University Press ... Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony . Coffee A Dark History . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue , New York , N.Y. 10110 . Jump up ^ `` The surprising history of London 's lost coffee houses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Zappiah , Nat ( 2007 ) . `` Coffee Houses and Culture '' . Huntington Library Quarterly . 70 ( 4 ) : 671 -- 677 . doi : 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . JSTOR 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee History '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The women 's petition against coffee representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniences accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying , enfeebling liquor '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . Jump up ^ http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/History%20of%20coffee/en-en/ Jump up ^ `` Kawa w Polsce -- historia i styl picia -- Koneserzy.pl '' . www.koneserzy.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` Otwarcie kawiarni Duvala w Warszawie -- Muzeum Historii Polski '' . muzhp.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPRZEDAŻ KAWY W POLSCE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rice , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . `` A Place Unbecoming : The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America '' . Geographical Review . 89 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 579 . doi : 10.2307 / 216102 . JSTOR 216102 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 16 Jump up ^ Kenneth Davids , Coffee : a guide to buying , brewing , and enjoying , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 24665 - X , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 19 Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Adams , John ( 6 July 1774 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' . The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . ( 2 ) Stone , William L. ( 1867 ) . `` Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel 's Adventures '' .", "22": "Mrs. General Riedesel : Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga ( Translated from the Original German ) . Albany : Joel Munsell . p. 147 . She then became more gentle , and offered me bread and milk . I made tea for ourselves . The woman eyed us longingly , for the Americans love it very much ; but they had resolved to drink it no longer , as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war . At Google Books . Note : Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution . ( 3 ) Heiss , Mary Lou ; Heiss , Robert . J ( 2007 ) . `` A History of Tea : The Boston Tea Party '' . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . pp. 21 -- 24 . At Google Books . ( 4 ) Zuraw , Lydia ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` How Coffee Influenced The Course of History '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 5 ) DeRupo , Joseph ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` American Revolution : Stars , Stripes -- and Beans ? '' . NCA News . National Coffee Association . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 6 ) Luttinger , Nina ; Dicum , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The coffee book : anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop . The New Press . p. 33 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala '' . The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia , and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 : 192 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Corntassel , Jeff ; Holder , Cindy ( 2008 ) .", "23": "`` Who 's Sorry Now ? Government Apologies , Truth Commissions , and Indigenous Self - Determination in Australia , Canada , Guatemala , and Peru '' . Human Rights Review . 9 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 489 . doi : 10.1007 / s12142 - 008 - 0065 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williamson , W.F. ( Fall 2017 ) . `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America '' . Journal of Marketing : 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ `` UNCTAD -- Coffee Production History '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.tradeforum.org/Fair-Trade/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ transfairusa . `` Santiago 's Story '' . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter . `` Fairtrade is not fair '' . Youtube . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholer , Mortan ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Farmers '' . International Trade Forum : 9 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wild , Anthony ( 10 April 1995 ) . The East India Company Book of Coffee . Harper Collins . ISBN 0004127390 . Jump up ^ `` BABA BUDAN GIRI '' . chickmagalur.nic.in . ^ Jump up to : Yeboah , Salomey ( 8 March 2005 ) . `` Value Addition to Coffee in India '' . Cornell Education : Intag 602 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hau Leung ; Lee , Chung - Yee ( 2007 ) . Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies . pp. 293 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 38428 - 6 . Jump up ^ Illy , Andrea ; Viani , Rinantonio ( 2005 ) . Espresso coffee : the science of quality . Academic Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 370371 - 9 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Coffee Regions -- India '' . Indian Coffee Organization . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coffee '' . Coffee Research Organization . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Carol ( 2010 ) . The Little Book of Coffee Law . American Bar Association . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 1 - 60442 - 985 - 2 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history of Coffee in Japan '' . d - cage . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by Lifestyle > Food and drink > Coffee > Consumption . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' . nationmaster.com . Jump up ^ `` The Korean Coffee Myth '' . The Marmot 's Hole . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hyo - sik ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Why do coffee shops keep popping up ? '' . Korea Times . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ William Law , The History of Coffee , including a chapter on chicory ( London ) 1850 : 14 , on the authority of Hermann Boerhaave , director of the botanical garden at Leiden . Jump up ^ E.M. Jacobs , Merchant in Asia : the trade of the Dutch East India Company during the `` Coffee from Mocha and the highlands of Batavia '' : 260ff describes the introduction of coffee plantations in detail Jump up ^ Henry Mills Alden , `` A Cup of coffee '' , Harper 's new monthly magazine 44 ( 1872 : 241 ) . Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 530 . Jump up ^ The story appeared in J.J.C. Goube , Histoire du duché de Normandie ( 1815 , vol . III : 191 ) , of which a translated excerpt was contributed to The Gentleman 's Magazine ( February 1840 : 136 ) `` Generosity of M. Desclieux -- The Coffee - tree at Martinique '' .", "25": "The date of this event is variously reported : in Goube it is 1726 . Jump up ^ `` Des Clieux 's cutting was the ancestor of all the coffee trees of Martinique , the West Indies , Brazil and Colombia , and some of them went back across the Atlantic to become a source of income to the African colonies that have now gained their independence '' ( Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 531 ) . Jump up ^ Palacios , Marco ( 2002 ) . Coffee in Colombia , 1850 -- 1970 : An Economic , Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52859 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vietnam : Silent Global Coffee Power by Alex Scofield Jump up ^ International Coffee Organization . Total Production of Exporting Countries : Crop Years 2000 / 01 to 2005 / 06 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 ... Retrieved 8 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 202 Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 203 Jump up ^ `` Australian Coffee History '' . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Sources ( edit ) `` The Blessed Bean -- history of coffee '' . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 June 2006 . 1949 Encyclopædia Britannica . Otis , McAllister & Co. 1954 Allen , Stewart Lee ( 1999 ) . The Devil 's Cup : Coffee , the Driving Force in History . Soho Press . Birsel , Salâh . -- Kahveler kitabı. -- 1 . baskı . -- Istanbul : Koza Yayınları , 1975 . -- ( Olaylar - belgeler - anılar ; 8 ) . Burn , Jacob Henry , d . ( 1869 ) . A descriptive catalogue of the London traders , tavern , and coffee - house toke . 2nd ed . London . Chew , Samual C ( 1974 ) .", "26": "The Crescent and the Rose . Oxford University Press , New York . Darby , M. ( 1983 ) The Islamic Perspective , An aspect of British Architecture and Design in the 19th century . Leighton House Gallery , London . Davids , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Coffee . Ellis , Aytoun ( 1956 ) . The Penny Universities : A History of the Coffee - Houses . London : Secker & Warburg . Galland , Antoine ( 1699 ) De l'origine et du progrez du café , Éd . originale J. Cavelier Paris , 1992 -- La Bibliothèque , coll . L'Écrivain Voyageur Illy , Francesco & Riccardo ( 1989 ) . From Coffee to Espresso Ibn al - Imād al - Hanbali ( d. 1089 AH / 1679 AD ) . Shadharāt al - dhahab fi akhbār man dhahab , al - Juz ' 8 . Cairo , 1931 . Malecka , Anna ( 2015 ) . `` How Turks and Persians Drank Coffee : A Little - known Document of Social History by Father J.T. Krusiński '' . Turkish Historical Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 193 . doi : 10.1163 / 18775462 - 00602006 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92723 - 4 . Liss , David . The Coffee Trader ( 2003 ) . A well - researched historical novel about ( among other things ) the beginnings of the coffee business in 17th century Amsterdam . Includes extensive bibliography .", "27": "`` Fairtrade is not fair , '' YouTube Video , 09 : 33 , Why Fair Trade is Bad on December 01 , 2009 , posted by `` Peter Griffiths , '' October 5 , 2017 . McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala , 1871 -- 1980 . '' In The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003.192 -- 208 . James , Deborah . `` Justice and Java . '' NACLA Report on the Americas 34 , no . 2 ( September 2000 ) : 11 -- 12 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 30 , 2017 ) . * Johannessen , Silje , and Harold Wilhite . `` Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade ? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee . '' Globalizations 7 , no . 4 ( December 2010 ) : 525 -- 544 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Santiago 's Story , '' YouTube Video , 06 : 18 , First Hand Account on March 26 , 2008 , posted by `` Fair Trade Certified , '' October 1 , 2017 , Scholer , Morten . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Producers ? '' International Trade Forum no . 2 ( June 2004 ) : 9 -- 12 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 1 , 2017 ) . Topik , Steven C. `` Coffee Anyone ? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 80 , no . 2 ( May 2000 ) : 225 -- 266 . Humanities International Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 27 , 2017 ) . Williamson , W.F. `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America . '' Journal of Marketing 6 , no . 4 ( April 2 , 1942 ) : 149 -- 151 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost Coffee Topics", "28": "Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee", "29": "Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley coffee Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain drink Misc .", "30": "Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee Coffee portal Category : Coffee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_coffee&oldid=819302774 '' Categories : Coffee History of food and drink Hidden categories : CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5397736648256223057	when was the last time vancouver had an earthquake	[ "1946" ]	{ "0": "1946 Vancouver Island earthquake - wikipedia 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake Jump to : navigation , search 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake UTC time ISC event 898434 USGS - ANSS ComCat Local date June 23 , 1946 ( 1946 - 06 - 23 ) Local time 10 : 15 a.m. Magnitude 7.5 M Depth ~ 20 km ( 12 mi ) Epicenter 49 ° 45 ′ N 124 ° 30 ′ W / 49.75 ° N 124.5 ° W / 49.75 ; - 124.5 Areas affected Canada United States Total damage Limited Max . intensity VIII ( Severe ) Casualties 2 killed The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 7.5 that struck Vancouver Island , on the Coast of British Columbia , Canada , at 10 : 15 a.m. on June 23 . The main shock epicenter occurred in the Forbidden Plateau area northwest of Courtenay . While most of the large earthquakes in the Vancouver area occur at tectonic plate boundaries , the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake was a crustal event . Shaking was felt from Portland , Oregon to Prince Rupert , British Columbia . This is one of the most damaging earthquakes in the history of British Columbia , but damage was restricted because there were no heavily populated areas near the epicentre , where severe shaking occurred . This earthquake is Canada 's largest historic onshore earthquake . However , the greatest earthquake in Canadian history recorded by seismometers was the 1949 Queen Charlotte earthquake , an interplate earthquake that occurred on the ocean bottom just off the rugged coast of Graham Island , which reached magnitude 8.1 on the moment magnitude scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and tectonics 2 Damage and casualties 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background and tectonics ( edit ) The tectonics that caused the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake are poorly known . No surface expression of the offset was noticed , most likely because the epicentre area is very remote and densely forested .", "1": "A comprehensive examination and computer interpretation of seismic data from over 50 stations has shown that a possible explanation of the earthquake includes a strike - slip fault corresponding to the lengthy axis of Vancouver Island , known as the Beaufort Range Fault . A fault running across Vancouver Island , corresponding to the projection of the underwater Nootka Fault on the British Columbia Coast , is also a possibility but an unlikely one because the earthquake showed no evidence of offsets along a series of highways that follows much of the eastern coastline of Vancouver Island , called Island Highway , and other roads between Courtenay and Campbell River . The estimated depth of the earthquake places it within the continental crust , not at the margin with the Cascadia subduction zone , and certainly not inside the subduction zone itself . Specifically , the earthquake 's epicentre was positioned somewhere in the Forbidden Plateau region , in central Vancouver Island . Damage and casualties ( edit ) House failure in Comox Though very destructive , the earthquake caused only two deaths : Jacob L. Kingston , aged 69 , and Daniel Fidler , who was 50 . Kingston suffered a heart attack , while Fidler drowned when his dinghy was swamped by a wave . In Vancouver , damage consisted of lofty buildings oscillating violently , and a piece of masonry fell from the local railway station . In addition , within the city , at least one gas line cracked and several power outages occurred . Fires broke out in several chimneys , and at least one swing - span bridge was fractured by the shaking . In the Hotel Vancouver , which housed the elderly and caught on fire , more than 500 war veterans ' families fled the flames . One writer , George Finley , stated that the Lions ' Gate Bridge `` swayed like a leaf '' , coinciding with a `` low , rumbling sound , like a deep growl . '' Damage to Bank of Montreal in Port Alberni . The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake demolished 75 % of the chimneys in the communities of Cumberland , Union Bay , and Courtenay and caused extensive damage in Comox , Port Alberni , and Powell River , on the eastern side of the Strait of Georgia . Some chimneys were fractured in Victoria , and people in Victoria and Vancouver experienced great fright , with some seen fleeing into the streets . Landslides created by the earthquake were common throughout Vancouver Island .", "2": "Land subsidence resulted from the earthquake , most commonly around shorelines on the Strait of Georgia . This included the bottom of Deep Bay which sank between 2.7 m ( 9 ft ) and 25.6 m ( 84 ft ) . These measurements were reported by the Canadian Hydrographic Service . Also , a 3 - metre ( 9.8 ft ) ground shift occurred on Read Island . Ships throughout the region were affected , and those on board them during the earthquake described it as similar to having run over a sand bar or striking a rock . Undersea power lines were destroyed in the long narrow Alberni Inlet and near the city of Powell River . All lighthouse keepers in the surrounding area felt the earthquake , and experienced damage including shattered windows and smashed dishes . A tsunami struck the west coast of Texada Island with two waves , the first being 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) high and the second 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) high . The earthquake caused a landslide near Mount Colonel Foster . One fortunate occurrence allowed researchers afterward to review the effects of the earthquake : an aerial photographic survey of Vancouver Island had commenced in 1946 , soon after the earthquake , and these photographs were eventually studied by a geoscientist in the late 1970s . South of the Canada -- United States border in Washington State , some chimneys fell at Eastsound on Orcas Island and a concrete mill was damaged at Port Angeles . In Seattle , some damage occurred on upper floors of tall buildings , and one bridge was damaged . The shock was strongly felt at Bellingham , Olympia , Raymond , and Tacoma . The earthquake was powerful enough to knock the needle off a seismograph at the University of Washington , and was sustained for about a minute even in Seattle . The earthquake caused significant movement among structures , moving one 300 - foot ( 91 m ) wall about 35 feet ( 11 m ) and caused one home to shift for 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) off its foundation . The total affected area in Canada and the United States was about 260,000 km ( 100,000 sq mi ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake .", "3": "List of deadly earthquakes since 1900 List of earthquakes in 1946 List of earthquakes in Canada List of earthquakes in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Engdahl , E.R. ; Vallaseñor , A. ( 2002 ) , `` Global seismicity : 1900 -- 1999 '' , International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology ( PDF ) , Part A , Volume 81A ( First ed . ) , Academic Press , p. 678 , ISBN 978 - 0124406520 Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service ( NGDC / WDS ) , Significant Earthquake Database , National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA , doi : 10.7289 / V5TD9V7K ^ Jump up to : The M7. 3 Vancouver Island Earthquake of 1946 Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ The Magnitude 8.1 Queen Charlotte Island Earthquake of August 22 , 1949 Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ W.F. Slawson ; J.C. Savage ( October 1979 ) . `` Geodetic deformation associated with the 1946 Vancouver Island , Canada , earthquake '' . Bulletin of the Seismology Association of America . 69 ( 5 ) : 1487 -- 1496 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Damage Considerable In Coastal Area of Sunday Quake '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . June 24 , 1946 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : M Gunn , Angus ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Disasters . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 399 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34002 - 4 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington : Earthquake History '' . USGS. 2008 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event . ← Earthquakes in 1946 → Aleutian Islands ( 8.6 , April 1 ) † Varto -- Hınıs ( 5.9 , May 31 ) † Vancouver Island ( 7.3 , June 23 ) Dominican Republic ( 8.1 , Aug 4 ) ‡ † Hsinhua ( 6.1 , Dec 5 ) † Nankai ( 8.1 , Dec 21 ) † † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Earthquakes in Canada Historical 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1732 Montreal 1872 North Cascades 20th Century 1918 Vancouver Island 1925 Charlevoix -- Kamouraska 1929 Grand Banks 1933 Baffin Bay 1935 Timiskaming 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Vancouver Island 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands 1985 Nahanni 1988 Saguenay 1989 Ungava 1997 Cap - Rouge 21st Century 2000 Kipawa 2001 Nisqually 2007 -- 2008 Nazko 2010 Central Canada 2012 Haida Gwaii Earthquakes in the United States Historical 1638 New Hampshire 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1755 Cape Ann 1811 -- 12 New Madrid 1838 San Andreas 1857 Fort Tejon 1865 Memphis 1867 Manhattan , Kansas 1868 Hawaii 1868 Hayward 1872 Lone Pine 1872 North Cascades 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada 1892 Vacaville -- Winters 1898 Mare Island 20th - century 1906 San Francisco 1906 Aleutian Islands 1909 Wabash River", "5": "1915 Pleasant Valley 1916 Irondale 1918 San Jacinto 1925 Santa Barbara 1931 Valentine 1932 Eureka 1933 Long Beach 1935 Helena 1936 State Line 1940 El Centro 1940 New Hampshire 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Aleutian Islands 1947 Wisconsin 1948 Desert Hot Springs 1949 Olympia 1952 Kern County 1957 Andreanof Islands 1957 San Francisco 1959 Hebgen Lake 1964 Alaska 1965 Rat Islands 1965 Puget Sound 1968 Illinois 1969 Santa Rosa 1971 San Fernando 1973 Point Mugu 1975 Near Islands 1975 Morris 1975 Hawaii 1979 Coyote Lake 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Eureka 1983 Coalinga 1983 Borah Peak 1984 Morgan Hill 1986 North Palm Springs 1986 Chalfant Valley 1987 Whittier Narrows 1989 Loma Prieta 1990 Upland 1991 Sierra Madre 1992 Cape Mendocino 1992 Landers 1992 Big Bear 1993 Scotts Mills 1993 Klamath Falls 1994 Northridge 1995 Marathon 1996 Duvall 1998 Pymatuning 1999 Hector Mine 2000 Yountville 21st - century 2001 Nisqually 2002 Denali 2003 Alabama 2003 San Simeon 2006 Gulf of Mexico 2006 Kiholo Bay 2007 Alum Rock 2008 Illinois 2008 Chino Hills 2010 Eureka 2010 Baja California 2010 Indiana", "6": "2011 Colorado 2011 Virginia 2011 Oklahoma 2014 Aleutian Islands 2014 Southeast Alaska 2014 South Napa 2016 Oklahoma 2016 Hawthorne 2018 Alaska Swarms 2001 Enola 2008 Reno 2010 -- 11 Guy - Greenbrier 2012 Brawley 2009 -- 18 Oklahoma Earthquakes in Washington ( state ) 1700 Cascadia ( 8.7 -- 9.2 ) 1872 North Cascades ( 6.5 -- 7.0 ) 1946 Vancouver Island ( 7.3 ) 1949 Olympia ( 6.7 ) 1965 Puget Sound ( 6.7 ) 1996 Duvall ( 5.1 ) 2001 Nisqually ( 6.8 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_Vancouver_Island_earthquake&oldid=832158224 '' Categories : 1946 in Canada 1946 natural disasters in the United States Earthquakes in Washington ( state ) 1946 earthquakes History of Vancouver Island Earthquakes in British Columbia Alberni Valley 1946 in British Columbia 1946 in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : EQ articles needing UTC timestamp Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2756184966764635962	when did tim hortons open in the usa	[ "1981", "1981", "1981", "1981", "1981" ]	{ "0": "Tim Hortons - Wikipedia Tim Hortons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the restaurant chain . For the ice hockey player who co-founded the chain , see Tim Horton . Tim Hortons Inc . Corporate headquarters in Oakville , Ontario , Canada Formerly called Tim Horton Donuts Tim Donuts Limited The TDL Group Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurants Founded May 17 , 1964 ; 53 years ago ( 1964 - 05 - 17 ) Hamilton , Ontario Founders Tim Horton Jeffrey Ritumalta Horton Ron Joyce Headquarters Oakville , Ontario , Canada Number of locations 4,613 ( December 31 , 2016 ) Areas served Canada Ireland Oman Saudi Arabia Kuwait United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Philippines Qatar Mexico Spain Key people Alex Behring ( Chairman of Restaurant Brands International ) Daniel Schwartz ( CEO of Restaurant Brands International ) Alex Macedo ( President of Tim Hortons ) Revenue US $ $3.00 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $ 511.7 million ( 2015 RBI ) Number of employees 100,000 ( 2008 ) Parent Wendy 's International ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Restaurant Brands International ( 2014 -- present ) Website TimHortons.com Tim Hortons Inc. ( known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop , colloquially and corporately known as Timmys , Timmy , or Tims ) is a Canadian - based multinational fast food restaurant known for its coffee and donuts . It is also Canada 's largest quick service restaurant chain ; as of December 31 , 2016 , it had a total of 4,613 restaurants in nine countries . The company was founded in 1964 in Hamilton , Ontario , by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton ( 1930 -- 1974 ) and Jim Charade ( 1934 -- 2009 ) , after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . In 1967 , Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce , who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974 . Joyce expanded the chain into a multimillion - dollar franchise .", "1": "Charade left the organization in 1966 and briefly returned in 1970 and 1993 through 1996 . On August 26 , 2014 , Burger King agreed to purchase Tim Hortons for US $11.4 billion ; the chain became a subsidiary of the Oakville - based holding company Restaurant Brands International on December 15 , 2014 , which is majority - owned by Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce 1.2 1990s : Name change and growth 1.3 1992 -- 1995 : Merger with Wendy 's 1.4 2002 -- 2006 : Regaining independence 1.5 2007 -- 2013 : Repatriation 1.6 2014 : Merger with Burger King 1.7 2015 -- present : Recent years 2 Locations 2.1 United States 2.2 Middle East 2.3 Asia 2.3. 1 Philippines 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 United Kingdom 2.4. 2 Spain 3 Store growth 4 Partnerships 4.1 With Cold Stone Creamery 4.2 Military partnerships 5 Menu 5.1 Coffee and beverages 5.2 Food items 5.2. 1 Baking methods and lawsuit 6 Marketing 6.1 Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign 6.2 Scroll Up the Rim 6.3 Canadian cultural fixture 7 Community involvement 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce ( edit ) Tim Hortons first store location at 65 Ottawa Street , Hamilton , Ontario The chain 's first store opened on May 17 , 1964 , in Hamilton , Ontario , under the name `` Tim Horton Donuts '' ; the name was later abbreviated to `` Tim Horton 's '' and then changed to `` Tim Hortons '' without the possessive apostrophe . The business was founded by Miles G.", "2": "`` Tim '' Horton , who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a traffic collision in 1974 . Horton had an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . Soon after Horton opened the store , he met Ron Joyce , a former Hamilton police constable . In 1965 , Joyce took over the fledgling Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton . By 1967 , after he had opened up two more stores , he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business . Upon Horton 's death in an auto crash in 1974 , Joyce bought out the Horton family 's shares for $1 million and took over as sole owner of the existing chain of forty stores . Joyce expanded the chain quickly and aggressively in both geography and product selection . The 500th store opened in 1991 . Ron Joyce 's aggressive expansion of the Tim Hortons business resulted in major changes to the Canadian coffee and doughnut restaurant market . Many independent doughnut shops and small chains were driven out of business , while Canada 's per - capita ratio of doughnut shops surpassed that of all other countries . 1990s : name change and growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons logo as used in the mid-1990s , and still the chain 's most common outdoor sign . The company had originally been incorporated as Tim Donut Limited . By the 1990s , the company name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd . This was an effort by the company to diversify the business , removing the primary emphasis on doughnuts , and continuing the expansion of the menu options as consumer tastes broadened . Some older locations retain signage with the company 's name including a possessive apostrophe , despite the fact that the official styling of the company 's name has been Tim Hortons , without an apostrophe , for at least a decade . The company had removed the apostrophe after signs using the apostrophe were interpreted by some to be breaking the language sign laws of the Province of Quebec in 1993 . The removal of the apostrophe allowed the company to have one common sign image across Canada . Although a number of Quebec locations have bilingual menuboards , the decision to have both languages represented is left to the discretion of each franchise owner . Some locations have French - only menu boards .", "3": "It is the strong recommendation to all the Quebec restaurants from the TDL Group Corporation that they post bilingual menuboards in accordance with the standards being enforced by the Office québécois de la langue française . 1992 -- 1995 : merger with Wendy 's ( edit ) A Tim Hortons / Wendy 's joint restaurant in Markham , Ontario in 2015 . In 1992 , the owner of all Tim Hortons and Wendy 's Restaurants in Prince Edward Island , Daniel P. Murphy , decided to open new franchise outlets for both brands in the same building in the town of Montague . Murphy invited Joyce and Wendy 's chairman Dave Thomas to the grand opening of the `` combo store '' , where the two executives met for the first time and immediately established a rapport . Murphy 's success with combining coffee and doughnuts with Wendy 's fast food led to August 8 , 1995 acquisition of and merger with TDL Group by Wendy 's International , Inc. , an American company . Joyce became the largest shareholder in Wendy 's , even surpassing Thomas . TDL Group continued to operate as a separate subsidiary from its head office in Oakville , Ontario , although Joyce eventually retired from active management to pursue other interests . The sale was widely commented on in the media . In 1995 , the Toronto Star had a column reflecting on Tim Hortons `` selling out '' to Wendy 's with `` the spectacle of another great Canadian icon , one more priceless chocolate coconut cream - filled dutchie glazed cruller Timbit of our precious heritage , gone to Yankee burgerfat , ( rounding ) out the menus of the two chains by blending Tim Hortons morning meals and snacks with the strength enjoyed by Wendy 's in lunches and dinners ; burp ; and nobody around to pass the Maalox ? '' 2002 -- 2006 : regaining independence ( edit ) Tim Hortons franchises spread rapidly and eventually overtook McDonald 's as Canada 's largest food service operator . The company opened twice as many Canadian outlets as McDonald 's by 2005 , and system - wide sales also surpassed those of McDonald 's Canadian operations as of 2002 . The chain accounted for 22.6 % of all fast food industry revenues in Canada in 2005 .", "4": "Under pressure from major investors Peter May and Nelson Peltz , in late 2005 , Wendy 's announced it would sell between 15 % and 18 % of the Tim Hortons operations in an initial public offering , which was completed on March 24 , 2006 , and subsequently said it would spin off to shareholders its remaining interest by the end of 2006 . Wendy 's cited increased competition between the two chains and Tim Hortons ' increasing self - sufficiency as reasons for its decision , but the company had been under shareholder pressure to make such a move because of the strength and profitability of the Tim Hortons brand . Peltz in 2008 acquired Wendy 's after pressuring them initially to spin off Tim Hortons . Shares of the company began trading on March 24 , 2006 , with an initial public offering of C $ 27 per share , raising over $700 million in the first day of trading . On September 24 , 2006 , Wendy 's spun off the rest of its shares in Tim Hortons , by distributing the remaining 82 % to its shareholders . On the same day , Tim Hortons was added to Canada 's benchmark stock - market indicator , the S&P / TSX Composite Index , and to the S&P / TSX 60 . Despite maintaining its operational headquarters in Oakville , the spun - off holding company , Tim Hortons Inc. , was initially incorporated in Delaware . As of March 2006 , Tim Hortons commanded 76 % of the Canadian market for baked goods ( based on the number of customers served ) and held 62 % of the Canadian coffee market ( compared to Starbucks , in the number two position , at 7 % ) . 2007 -- 2013 : repatriation ( edit ) On June 29 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced that , pending shareholder approval , the chain 's operations would be reorganized under a new publicly traded company , also named `` Tim Hortons Incorporated , '' incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act . The change was being made primarily for tax purposes . On September 28 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced it had completed the reorganization of its corporate structure to become a Canadian public company .", "5": "In November 2010 , Tim Hortons extended Interac debit payment system acceptance to most of its stores . The company previously began accepting Interac in its stores in Western Canada in 2003 and , later , MasterCard and MasterCard PayPass across most of its stores in 2007 . The company often indicated the delay of broader or wider electronic payment acceptance was to `` ensure speed of service . '' In 2012 , Tim Hortons began accepting Visa cards , and in 2013 , began accepting American Express cards . As of late 2013 , Tim Hortons had `` 4,350 cafes across the world , out of which 3,500 are in Canada , 817 in the US and 33 in GCC . The Toronto Stock Exchange listed company recorded revenues of $794 million and net profit of $111 million in the September quarter . '' 2014 : merger with Burger King ( edit ) On August 24 , 2014 , US fast food chain Burger King announced that it was in negotiations to merge with Tim Hortons Inc ; the proposed $18 billion merger would involve a tax inversion into Canada , with a new holding company majority - owned by 3G Capital , and the remaining shares in the company held by current Burger King and Tim Hortons shareholders . A Tim Hortons representative stated that the proposed merger would allow Tim Hortons to leverage Burger King 's resources for international growth ; the two chains would retain separate operations post-merger . News of the proposal caused Tim Hortons ' shares to increase in value by 28 percent . On August 25 , 2014 , Burger King officially confirmed its intent to acquire Tim Hortons Inc. in a deal totalling CDN $12.5 billion ( US $11.4 billion ) . 3G Capital offered to purchase the company at $65.50 per - share , with existing shareholders receiving $65.50 in cash and 0.8025 shares in the new holding company : per - share -- all - cash ( $88.50 ) and all - shares ( 3.0879 ) options were also made available .", "6": "The agreement planned to result in 3G Capital ( which held a 71 % majority stake in Burger King ) holding a 51 % majority stake in the new company , Tim Hortons ' existing shareholders owning 22 % , and Burger King 's owning 27 % with the new entity based in Oakville and listed on both the TSX and New York Stock Exchange . Per the agreement , Burger King CEO Daniel Schwartz became CEO of the company , with existing Tim Hortons CEO Marc Caira becoming vice-chairman and director ; Burger King itself still operated out of its existing headquarters in Miami . It was announced the deal would form the third - largest fast food restaurant company in the world . On October 28 , 2014 , the deal was approved by the Competition Bureau of Canada , but had yet to be approved by Industry Canada . The Bureau ruled that the deal was `` unlikely to result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition . '' Former CEO Marc Caira reassured the integrity of Tim Hortons following the purchase , stating that the acquisition would `` enable us to move more quickly and efficiently to bring Tim Hortons iconic Canadian brand to a new global customer base . '' On October 30 , 2014 , various media covered a Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study which suggested that Burger King 's proposed takeover of Tim Hortons is `` likely to have overwhelmingly negative consequences for Canadians . '' This study analysed Burger King 's private equity owner , 3G Capital , past takeovers of Burger King , Heinz , and Anheuser - Busch and declared that `` it has a 30 - year history of aggressive cost cutting , which could hurt Tim Hortons employees , small - businesspeople , Canadian taxpayers , and consumers . '' The deal was approved by Minister of Industry James Moore ( of the governing Conservative Party of Canada ) on December 4 , 2014 : The two companies agreed to Moore 's conditions , requiring that the Burger King and Tim Hortons chains retain separate operations and not combine locations , maintain `` significant employment levels '' at the Oakville headquarters , and ensure that Canadians make up at least 30 % of Tim Hortons ' board of directors . Tim Hortons shareholders approved the merger on December 9 , 2014 ; the two chains merged under the new parent company Restaurant Brands International ( RBI ) , which began trading on December 15 , 2014 .", "7": "According to CBC News , `` how the government will enforce ( Moore 's ) conditions is unclear . '' 2015 -- present : recent years ( edit ) In May 2015 , the company announced the closure of its U.S. headquarters in Dublin , Ohio ; in March 2015 , it had 127 employees . This headquarters was a relic of the former merger with Wendy 's , which is also based in Dublin . In August 2016 , Tim Hortons again changed presidents. ( ( eho ? ) In September 2016 , Tim Hortons announced it would be expanding into the United Kingdom , with an unannounced number of locations to be built . Revenue in 2015 for RBI was US $ 4.0522 billion with a rise to $4.15 billion in 2016 . Tim Hortons had 683 U.S. locations by the end of 2016 , and total annual revenue of US $3.00 billion . In 2018 , Tim Hortons became the subject of controversy after the raise of minimum wage in Ontario from $11.60 to $14.00 an hour . Some Tim Hortons franchises in Ontario indicated that employee benefits such as paid breaks and health plan contributions would be cut . In one case , owners posted a memo encouraging employees to contact the Ontario Premier , Kathleen Wynne , and indicate that they `` will not vote Liberal in the coming Ontario election in June 2018 . '' Wynne responded by saying `` I 'm happy to talk to any business owner about the minimum wage but taking it out on employees is not fair and not acceptable . '' Around 50 demonstrations were held across Canada , including 38 in Ontario , in response to the benefit cuts . The minimum wage controversy hurt the chain 's reputation ; usually placing in the top 10 of the Leger research poll for the top 10 companies or brands in Canada , Tim Hortons took a massive hit , dropping from 4th place in 2017 , to 50 in 2018 . In April 2018 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be moving their head office along with its 400 employees to the Exchange Tower in Downtown Toronto . Locations ( edit ) A drive - thru - only Tim Hortons location in Moncton , New Brunswick Tim Hortons was originally concentrated in Ontario and Atlantic Canada .", "8": "In recent years , however , the chain has greatly expanded its presence into Quebec and western Canada . Its location in Iqaluit , Nunavut , is the northernmost store as of 2010 . Tim Hortons ' international presence includes outlets in the United States and one that was on a military base outside Kandahar , Afghanistan , although this latter outlet was principally intended for Canadian Armed Forces and allied military personnel . Two more outlets are located in military bases at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia . TDL Group recorded $1.48 billion in sales in 2005 and Tim Hortons ' products have become available in Ireland and Scotland at some SPAR convenience stores as of 2006 and Tesco supermarkets . Tim Hortons ' other international expansions include a small outlet at the Dublin Zoo . Tim Hortons also made a deal with the Spar convenience store chain in the UK and Ireland , resulting in Tim Hortons coffee and doughnuts being sold at small self - service counters in 50 Spar stores as of April 30 , 2007 . It also has a partnership with Tops Markets in the United States . In March 2010 , Tim Hortons announced further expansion on both sides of the Canada -- US border to be completed by 2013 . The plan calls for 600 new stores in Canada ( primarily in Quebec and Western Canada but also including smaller communities ) and 300 new stores in the US ( primarily in its existing markets of Michigan , New York , and Ohio ) . It also for expansion into such non-standard store locations as hospitals , universities , and airports , as well as extending its co-branding initiative with US ice cream chain Cold Stone Creamery , which began in 2009 , to cover 60 Canadian stores and 25 -- 35 new and existing US stores . It will also include testing a new café / bake shop concept in at least 10 existing US locations , including `` enhanced finishes , fixtures , and seating areas '' as well as an expansion of menu offerings . In October 2010 , Tim Hortons confirmed that it is planning to open three kiosks at NorthMart stores in Iqaluit , Nunavut , in November 2010 , as part of a joint venture with The North West Company , the owners of NorthMart .", "9": "This opening will make Tim Hortons a fully Canadian operation with stores in every province and territory ; the new branch will become its northernmost . The Tim Hortons logo in these kiosks will feature Inuktitut characters . According to Nick Javor , senior vice-president of corporate affairs at Tim Hortons , `` You could say it 's overdue . If we can be in Kandahar , why ca n't we be in Iqaluit ? '' In December 2011 , Tim Hortons opened its 4000th restaurant . In 2012 , Tim Hortons Inc. recorded its total revenues at $3.12 billion ( CDN ) . As of 2012 the company had expanded across Canada . As of June 30 , 2013 , Tim Hortons has 4,304 restaurants , including 3,802 in Canada , 807 in the United States , 29 in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . Tim Hortons reportedly had plans by 2013 plans to enter the large Indian market , which the company denied . Tim Hortons officially opened its first Southeast Asian store in Manila , Philippines on February 28 , 2017 . United States ( edit ) Tim Hortons United States Logo where it is known as Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop A Tim Hortons store at Penn Station in New York City in 2010 . Initially , the US stores were the result of natural expansion in Canada -- US border areas ( e.g. , stores in Maine and the Buffalo , New York area where Horton played from 1972 to 1974 as a member of the Buffalo Sabres ) . The first United States locations were opened in Deerfield Beach , Florida and Pompano Beach , Florida in 1981 , but they proved unsuccessful and were closed . In 1985 , the chain returned to the US with a location on Niagara Falls Boulevard in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst , New York . Starting in the mid-1990s , however , the chain began expanding in the US by acquiring former locations from fast food chains . In 1996 and 1997 , thirty - seven former Rax Restaurants locations in Ohio , Kentucky , and West Virginia were bought by Wendy 's International Inc.", "10": "; 30 of these were converted to Tim Hortons , while the others became Wendy 's franchise locations . Thirty - five closed Hardee 's stores in the Detroit area were also purchased with the intention of being converted . By 2004 , the chain had also acquired 42 Bess Eaton coffee and doughnut restaurants situated in southern New England . Several combination Wendy 's / Tim Hortons units were opened in the US ; both in the `` traditional '' markets of Maine and Buffalo , where there were well over 180 locations as of 2011 , and in the markets entered through acquisition . In October 2008 , Tim Hortons announced a plan to add 82 locations in Tops Markets stores in the United States . On July 13 , 2009 , Tim Hortons opened stores in New York City at former Dunkin ' Donuts locations operated by the Riese Organization . One of the stores is located at Madison Square Garden , where Horton played as a member of the New York Rangers from 1969 to 1971 . In 2009 , Tim Hortons opened its first store in Albany , NY , with more stores on the way . Tim Hortons continued its southward expansion in the US by opening a restaurant at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia , in mid-December 2009 . In November 2010 , Tim Hortons announced it was closing 36 stores in the northeastern United States due to high competition with New England - based Dunkin ' Donuts and Au Bon Pain . The stores , which made less than half the average company per - store sales , were concentrated heavily in the Providence , Rhode Island , and Hartford , Connecticut , areas , the former of which also has a concentration of stores from the locally - competing Honey Dew Donuts chain , itself with some 150 outlets in Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts . In the announcement , the chain stated that it will concentrate its efforts on its core markets such as western Canada . In the same statement , the company announced the sale of its portion of distribution company Maidstone Bakeries to Tim Hortons ' European partners . It will use the C $ 400 million generated by the sale for a stock buyback .", "11": "In 2010 , Tim Hortons opened two kiosks at Consol Energy Center ( now known as PPG Paints Arena ) in Pittsburgh , partly as a test to eventual expansion into Pittsburgh ( their closest locations at that point were in the Wheeling , West Virginia / Steubenville , Ohio area ) as well as Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby having a longtime sponsorship with the chain as well . In addition , Horton played for the Maple Leafs American Hockey League affiliate , the Pittsburgh Hornets , earlier in his career as well as the Penguins for one season in 1971 -- 72 . Aramark , which operated the kiosks , closed them in 2012 , however Tim Hortons proceeded to open full - service locations in Pittsburgh and surrounding areas in July 2012 . At the time of the entry into Pittsburgh , of the four NHL cities Horton played in ( Buffalo , New York City , Toronto , and Pittsburgh ) , Pittsburgh was the only one without a Tim Hortons location , and was also where Horton met his future wife , Lori . 2011 saw Tim Hortons aggressively expanding into the Grand Rapids , Michigan region . In 2012 , Tim Hortons began advertising in the Youngstown , Ohio area in anticipation of an eventual expansion into the Mahoning Valley . The closest location at the time was in Calcutta , Ohio , about 50 miles south of Youngstown . The chain entered the area in July 2012 with the opening of a location in Hermitage , Pennsylvania . As of 2012 the company had expanded across the US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , and West Virginia . The first expansion into Indiana was the opening of a location in Richmond , Indiana 's east central side . On January 7 , 2014 , Tim Hortons opened a kiosk in the Gila River Arena ( where the Arizona Coyotes of the NHL play ) in Glendale , Arizona . On March 5 , 2014 , The Arizona Coyotes announced that as of March 10 , 2014 , the Tim Hortons stand would be open to the public from 9 : 00 to 15 : 00 , seven days a week . This location is the first Tim Hortons in Arizona .", "12": "A flagship Tim Hortons location within the Buffalo area opened across from the KeyBank Center ( then First Niagara Center ) at the HarborCenter complex on October 29 , 2014 . The location honours the life and legacy of Tim Horton . The chain also planned to open 40 outlets in the St. Louis , Missouri area starting in 2015 , first selling coffee and hot chocolate at Scottrade Center during St. Louis Blues games , followed by the opening of a full - service store in the suburb of Maplewood and an `` express '' location inside a Frontenac bank building . 2016 saw Tim Hortons expand to Minnesota with a store inside Mall of America Middle east ( edit ) Through franchise partnership with Dubai - based Apparel Group , Tim Hortons entered the United Arab Emirates in 2011 with store openings in Abu Dhabi , Dubai , and Fujairah , with the first location opening in September 2011 . As of December 2013 it has 19 stores in the United Arab Emirates , two in Oman and two in Saudi Arabia . They plan to open up to 120 stores over the next five years in the Persian Gulf area , with a focus on Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , and the United Arab Emirates . Asia ( edit ) In an effort to expand the company following its 2014 merger with Burger King into Restaurant Brands International , Tim Hortons began expansion in Asia in 2017 citing the increasing demand for coffee and large populations . Philippines ( edit ) The first Asian branch was opened in the Philippines on February 28 , 2017 at Uptown Mall in Bonifacio Global City , Taguig . Miss Universe Canada 2016 , Siera Bearchell , was present for the ribbon - cutting ceremony . As of February 28 , 2018 , there are 11 branches operating in th Philippines . There are also 24 more branches that are soon to open ( 23 in Metro Manila and 1 in Pampanga Province ) . Europe ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2016 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be opening stores in the United Kingdom starting in 2017 . Glasgow saw the first UK store open its doors on June 2 , 2017 , with a further store opening in Bishopbriggs in November 2017 .", "13": "In November 2017 , a store in Cardiff opened , with a second planned to be opened by the end of the 2017 / 18 financial year in Dunfermline . In December 2017 , two further stores were opened in Trafford in the towns of Sale and Altrincham . On December 20 , 2017 the chain opened a store in the Golden Square Shopping Centre in Warrington . Spain ( edit ) In December 2017 , Tim Hortons opened two stores in the center of Madrid and soon they will open one in the city of Pozuelo , near Madrid . The menu also includes typical Mediterranean drinks apart from the typical drinks of a Tim Hortons .", "14": "Store growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons milestones Store # Location Date Note Hamilton , Ontario May 1964 100 Thunder Bay , Ontario December 1978 200 Hamilton , Ontario December 1984 300 Calgary , Alberta February 1987 400 Halifax , Nova Scotia February 1989 500 Aylmer , Quebec January 1991 700 Moncton , New Brunswick October 1993 1000 Ancaster , Ontario August 1995 1500 Pickerington , Ohio March 1997 also Wendy 's 5000th store 100 in US Columbus , Ohio July 31 , 1998 2000 Toronto , Ontario December 2000 2500 Cayuga , Ontario September 2003 3000 Orchard Park , New York December 14 , 2006 500 in US Detroit , Michigan 2008 4 in Kuwait Kuwait 2013 1 in Oman Oman 2012 2 in Philippines Philippines February 28 , 2017 13 in United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2017 19 in United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates September 2011 31 in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 2016 3 in Qatar Doha , Qatar May 2013 2 in Spain Madrid , Spain December 2017 3 in Mexico Monterrey , Mexico January 2018 Partnerships ( edit ) With Cold Stone Creamery ( edit ) Joint location on New York 's 42nd Street . The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery , Kahala , announced in February 2009 that it had reached an agreement with Tim Hortons to open up to 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island . The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City , including its flagship Times Square location .", "15": "In June 2009 , Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening its six co-branded locations with Tim Hortons in Ontario , and began expanding its test markets in Canada , including Calgary , Alberta , Nova Scotia , Ontario , New Brunswick , and British Columbia , and in the summer of 2010 , Cold Stone Creamery moved into six Tim Hortons locations in Quebec and one in each of Charlottetown , and Summerside , PEI . However , in February 2014 , Tim Hortons chief executive Marc Caira announced that they will be pulling Cold Stone Creamery from all its Canadian restaurants , although Tim Hortons would maintain its locations in the United States . Military partnerships ( edit ) Soldiers at the Tim Hortons in Kandahar , Afghanistan in 2007 . Tim Hortons has outlets located on at least seven Canadian Forces Bases . TDL Group announced in March 2006 , in response to a request by Chief of the Defence Staff , General Rick Hillier , its commitment to open a franchised location at the Canadian Forces operations base in Kandahar , Afghanistan . The new Kandahar location opened on July 1 , 2006 , in a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) trailer on the military base . The 41 staff members of the Kandahar outlet have been drawn from the Canadian Forces Personnel Support Agency who received training on such matters as how to handle a potential nuclear or biological attack before working at the military base . The Canadian Federal government subsidized the operation of the Kandahar outlet in the order of CAD $4 -- 5 million per year . The Kandahar Tim Hortons closed on November 29 , 2011 , after serving four million cups of coffee and three million doughnuts over five years . The first Tim Hortons outlet at a US military base was opened in 2009 at Fort Knox . The following year , a second Tim Hortons outlet was opened at Naval Station Norfolk . As of November 2011 , Tim Hortons has five outlets open on four US military bases . Besides the first two , they are also at Naval Air Station Oceana , and two locations at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . Menu ( edit ) Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts .", "16": "Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , and doughnuts , the menu now contains a number of other baked goods , such as bagels -- of which the brand sells one out of every two in the Canadian food service industry . Nutritional information on most menu items is made available by the company in a two - page brochure and online . The brochure does not list ingredient information . Coffee and beverages ( edit ) Tim Hortons coffee and smoothie in 2011 . Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts . Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , Hortons now serves other types of drinks as well , and in the mid-1990s the chain moved into specialty and premium items such as flavored cappuccino , iced cappuccino , and iced coffee . Originally featuring Pepsi products via fountain machines , the retailer changed in the mid-1990s to Coca - Cola products . For a time they offered bottled and canned Coca - Cola products , but switched back to bottled and canned Pepsi products in 2007 . PepsiCo replaced the Coca - Cola products on United States restaurants in 2011 , disappointing similar longtime PepsiCo rival Dunkin ' Donuts . Dunkin ' Donuts moved to Coca - Cola products only for United States restaurants in April 2012 because of this . Despite an expansion in their food offerings around 2009 , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales . In 2009 , it was reported that 60 % of their sales occur in the morning , and of that more than 50 % is coffee . The coffee served is a blend of 100 % arabica beans . The `` original blend '' is a medium , balanced roast that is the most popular served coffee in Canada . The chain has an `` always fresh '' policy where coffee is served within 20 minutes of brewing . In November 2011 , the company announced that they would be adding espresso machines in 1,000 of their locations , later that month . Lattes were added to Ontario stores on November 14 , 2011 . In February 2012 , they offered a new beverage , White Hot Chocolate , in select branches . On April 16 , 2012 , the brand launched frozen lemonade , in two flavours : original and raspberry .", "17": "In May 2014 , they first offered frozen green tea . On August 15 , 2014 , the company added a dark roast coffee blend as an alternative . In the summer of 2015 , they introduced a frozen drink called Creamy Chocolate Chill which was essentially a chocolate milkshake topped with chocolate whipped cream and drizzled with chocolate syrup . In addition to the Creamy Chocolate Chill , they also launched a Maple Chill , a maple milkshake topped with regular whipped cream and sprinkled with maple flakes . Food items ( edit ) See also : Timbits and Dutchie ( doughnut ) Tim Hortons baked goods in 2015 . The menu contains a number of other baked goods , such as doughnut holes ( branded as Timbits ) , muffins , croissants , tea biscuits , cookies , rolls , danishes , and bagels . Take - home cakes are offered in some locations . The dutchie is a Canadian doughnut popularized by the Tim Hortons chain . Since the mid-1990s , the chain has moved into other areas beyond donuts and coffee , including specialty and premium items such as New York - style cheesecake , and a lunch selection that includes soups , chili , and submarine - style sandwiches . In fall 2006 , the chain began rolling out a breakfast sandwich . The sandwich consists of an egg patty , processed cheese slice , either ham , bacon or sausage as the topper , and is placed on either a biscuit , English muffin or bagel . In October 2007 , they launched a chicken fajita wrap , which contained spiced chicken and sautéed vegetables . This was discontinued and replaced a year later with the barbecue and ranch chicken wrap snackers . In December 2007 , they introduced hash browns and the `` Bagel B.E.L.T. '' , a breakfast sandwich of bacon , egg , lettuce and tomato on a bagel . In February 2009 , they announced co-branding with American ice cream parlor Cold Stone Creamery . The deal called for each chain to convert 50 stores into dual - operation franchises , for a total of 100 stores . The idea was successfully tested at two stores in Rhode Island . Despite this expansion , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales .", "18": "In February 2014 , Tim Hortons announced that the dutchie timbit was discontinued due to low popularity . Baking methods and lawsuit ( edit ) Coupled with the expansion and expanded menu came the outsourcing of baked goods . Doughnuts , which used to be made at night to be ready for the morning rush , are now parbaked -- partly cooked and then frozen and delivered to every restaurant in Canada from Brantford , Ontario . Each restaurant bakes and finishes the product throughout the day . As of April 2007 , many of the various muffin batters are being revoked , as frozen , pre-made and pre-wrapped muffins are being introduced to all bakers at Tim Horton locations . Tim Hortons switch to a parbaking system has disappointed some die - hard customers , who note that this contradicts the chain 's `` always fresh '' slogan . David Swick reported in the Halifax Daily News on September 19 , 2003 Tim Hortons outlets in Atlantic Canada would no longer serve fresh donuts , but rather donuts that had been remotely factory - fried and then frozen and shipped . In 2008 , two franchisees initiated a class - action lawsuit against the parent company for the switch to parbaking , `` claiming breach of contract , breach of duty of fair dealing , negligent misrepresentation , and unjust enrichment '' . The lawsuit cited that parbaking tripled the franchisee 's fixed cost to produce a doughnut ( from 6 cents per doughnut to 18 cents ) , required the purchase of new freezers and microwaves , and reduced profitability for the franchises while increasing profits for the parent company . Franchise owners are required to purchase food products from the Brantford - based parbaking company owned by IAWS Group PLC , and had originally been told the price of each doughnut would be 11 or 12 cents ( and each Timbit 4.6 cents ) . The case was dismissed in February 2012 . A 2009 New York Times article contrasted the baked from scratch at stores approach of Krispy Kreme and some Dunkin ' Donuts locations compared to the `` flash frozen '' and shipped Tim Hortons method . The NY Times article also noted an apparent scarcity of doughnut specialties such as the dutchie at newly opened Tim Hortons stores in New York City .", "19": "Noting that `` American visitors tend to flock to the sweets '' , including the `` raisin - studded Dutchie '' , the Times found redemption among Canadians that the brand is once again a Canada - based company while contrasting the way politicians in the US `` woo '' soccer moms while in Canada they `` go after Tim Hortons voters '' . Marketing ( edit ) Tim Hortons advertising on the field at BC Place during the 2005 Grey Cup game Tim Hortons ' advertising slogans have included `` You 've Always Got Time for Tim Hortons '' and starting in the mid-2000s , `` Always Fresh . Always Tim Hortons . '' While both of these slogans are still used , Tim Hortons began using an alternative slogan , `` It 's Time for Tims '' in November 2011 . Canadian Business magazine has named Tim Hortons as the best - managed brand in Canada in 2004 and 2005 . Since 2005 , Tim Hortons has been the title sponsor of the Brier , the annual Canadian men 's curling championships , along with the Canadian Ringette Championships . Resultant sponsored events include the Tim Hortons Brier Shot of the Week Award , 2013 Tim Hortons Brier , 2016 Tim Hortons Brier , and the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier among other years . Shortly before December 2007 , they discontinued their gift certificates , and replaced them with the Quickpay Tim Card , with the Christmas slogan `` Because it 's hard to wrap a double double '' ( coffee with two sugars and two cream ) . Many locations still accept gift certificates , however . In September 2006 , Tim Hortons courted controversy by mandating that employees were not to wear red as part of the Red Fridays campaign by families of the military to show support for Canadian troops . Within a few hours , Tim Hortons partially reversed its position and has allowed staff in Ontario stores to wear red ribbons or pins to show support for the wear red on Fridays campaign . In June 2009 , Tim Hortons USA created a Twitter and Facebook page to drive online traffic .", "20": "After Tim Hortons had agreed to provide 250 cups of free coffee in 2009 for a `` Marriage and Family Day '' hosted by the National Organization for Marriage , the company removed its sponsorship after it was revealed that the NOM was an organization that campaigns against gay marriage . The company stated the sponsorship was a violation of the company 's policy not to sponsor events `` representing religious groups , political affiliates or lobby groups . '' On July 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Tim Hortons had acquired the naming rights to the new stadium being built in Hamilton , Ontario . The new stadium took on the name of Tim Hortons Field . It became the home stadium of the Hamilton Tiger - Cats in 2014 . The corporate - sponsored statdium name was not used during the 2015 Pan American Games , when the stadium hosted soccer matches . In June 2015 , Tim Hortons pulled a four - week advertising campaign by energy company Enbridge from its in - store `` Tims TV '' service after three weeks following a petition by the advocacy group , SumOfUs . Even though the ads were part of a general `` Life Takes Energy '' campaign introduced by Enbridge the previous year , the group argued that Tim Hortons ' airing of the ads implied an endorsement of controversial projects under development by Enbridge , such as the Northern Gateway pipeline , going on to say that `` Enbridge 's ad campaign uses attractive actors , cute kids and high production values to hide the real truth -- its tar sands project will put ecosystems , salmon and wildlife in danger , create virtually no local jobs , and accelerate climate change . '' The decision to pull the ads , however , resulted in a boycott of Tim Hortons led by Wildrose Party leader Brian Jean , who felt that the decision was an attack on Alberta 's oil industry , as Enbridge is one of the province 's top - employing companies . Roll up the Rim to Win campaign ( edit ) A Roll Up the Rim to Win cup in 2007 . Each February , Tim Hortons holds a marketing campaign called Roll Up the Rim to Win . As of 2007 , over 31 million prizes were distributed each year , including vehicles , televisions , and store products . Customers determine if they have won prizes by unrolling the rim on their paper cups when they have finished their drink , revealing the result underneath .", "21": "Prizes are not distributed randomly country - wide ; each of the company 's distribution regions has distinct prize - winning odds . The idea for the campaign began in 1985 when Roger Wilson of one of Tim Hortons ' supplier of cups , Lily Cup company , approached Tim Hortons with a new idea to increase their sales . Wilson explained his company had created a new cup design that allowed a message to be printed under the rim ; the cup type cost no more than the current one and could enable a promotion , like a contest . Recognizing the opportunity to promote coffee in the normally weak sales period in the spring , the Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign was first held in 1986 when the biggest prize was a snackbox of Timbits . In 2008 , over 88 % of major prizes were redeemed . The contest is popular enough that Paul Kind has invented the Rimroller ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) , a device for rolling up the rim mechanically . In March 2006 , two families were fighting over the Toyota RAV4 SUV prize of C $ 32,000 value when their daughters found a winning `` roll up the rim '' coffee cup in a garbage bin of an elementary school in Saint - Jérôme , north of Montreal . The younger girl had found a cup in the garbage bin and could not roll up the rim , so requested the help of an older girl . Once the winning cup was revealed , the older girl 's family stated that they deserved the prize . Tim Hortons originally stated that they would not intervene in the dispute . A further complication arose when Quebec lawyer Claude Archambault requested a DNA test be done on the cup . He claimed that his unnamed client had thrown out the cup and was the rightful recipient of the prize . On April 19 , 2006 , Tim Hortons announced that they had decided to award the prize to the younger girl who had initially found the cup . During July 2017 , to mark Canada 's 150th Birthday , Tim Hortons held a special one month `` Roll Up The Rim to Win '' campaign . The cups were white , with a Maple Leaf in red , and clip - art of fireworks . Losing cups had `` HAPPY CANADA 150th / JOYEUX 150e DU CANADA . '' instead of the usual `` Please Play Again '' .", "22": "Prizes included an `` Ultimate Canadian Vacation '' valued up to $10,000 ( or a cheque for the cash value ) , $50 Tim Hortons Cards , and food prizes . It launched June 28 , 2017 and ran till July 31 , 2017 or while supplies lasted . Scroll up the Rim ( edit ) In 2018 , Tim Hortons added a digital application , Scroll Up the Rim , that gives participants an extra chance to win . The prizes are limited to coffee drinks and doughnuts and there are a total of 465,000 prizes available until March 6 , 2018 . Canadian cultural fixture ( edit ) Parade float featuring the logo for Timbits , a Tim Hortons product , on the hockey raccoon at the 2009 Santa Claus Parade in Toronto . Tim Hortons is popularly known as `` Timmies '' . The ubiquity of Tim Hortons , through the wide expansion of its outlets , makes it a prominent feature of Canadian life ; Canadians eat more doughnuts per capita and have more doughnut outlets per capita than any other nation . Tim Hortons ' prevalence in the coffee and doughnut market has led to its branding as a Canadian cultural icon . The media routinely refer to its iconic status , despite this being a relatively recent development ; there were only a few outlets before the chain 's expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s . A series of Tim 's television commercials promotes this idea by showing vignettes of Canadians abroad and their homesickness for Tim Hortons . Noted Canadian author Pierre Berton once wrote : `` In so many ways the story of Tim Hortons is the essential Canadian story . It is a story of success and tragedy , of big dreams and small towns , of old - fashioned values and tough - fisted business , of hard work and of hockey . '' Some commentators have bemoaned the rise of Tim Hortons as a national symbol . Rudyard Griffiths , director of The Dominion Institute , wrote in the Toronto Star in July 2006 that the ascension of the chain to the status of cultural icon was a `` worrying sign '' for Canadian nationalism , adding , `` Surely Canada can come up with a better moniker than the Timbit Nation . ''", "23": "The recognition of Tim Hortons as a Canadian icon has permeated into American culture as the result of product placement efforts in conjunction with a marketing agency . In the American situation comedy How I Met Your Mother , while standing in a Tim Hortons `` just around the corner from the Hockey Hall of Fame '' , Robin , played by Canadian actress Cobie Smulders , called the location the `` most Canadian place in the universe '' . The chain has since embraced that comment as an unofficial slogan and has used it in promotional advertisements to emphasize their fixture in modern Canadian culture . The chain has also been featured in the TV series Homeland as a result of the aforementioned product placement campaign . Another TV show that has Tim Hortons products making an appearance is The Last Ship , having a product placement deal . Community involvement ( edit ) A Timbits hockey player from Niagara Falls in 2006 . Tim Hortons sponsor community outreach programs including Free Skating , Free Swimming , Earn - a-Bike Program , Remembrance Day , Food Drives , the Smile Cookie program , Enactus , as well as a community clean - up project . The store promotes itself through the `` Tim Horton Children 's Foundation . '' Founded by Ron Joyce , the Foundation sponsors thousands of underprivileged children from Canada and the United States to go to one of six high - class summer camps located in Parry Sound , ON ; Tatamagouche , NS ; Kananaskis , AB ; Quyon , QC ; Campbellsville , KY ; St. George , ON and most recently , Whiteshell , MB . The foundation 's highest - profile fundraiser is Camp Day , which is held annually on the Wednesday of the first full week in June . All proceeds from coffee sales at most Tim Hortons locations , as well as proceeds from related activities held that day , are donated to the foundation . Small stores located in Esso Service Stations do not donate coffee proceeds on Camp Day . Joyce 's work with the Tim Horton Children 's Foundation earned him the Gary Wright Humanitarian Award in 1991 , presented periodically in recognition of contributions to the betterment of community life throughout Canada . In recognition primarily for his work with the Foundation , he received an appointment to the Order of Canada , with the official presentation taking place on October 21 , 1992 , in Ottawa .", "24": "See also ( edit ) List of Canadian restaurant chains List of coffeehouse chains List of doughnut shops History of Burger King Toronto portal Companies portal Food portal Coffee portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Inc . -- Company Overview '' . Hoover 's . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons asking which menu item should return in ' Bring It Back ' campaign '' . CTV.ca . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.rbi.com/file/4591210/Index?KeyFile=1500096187 ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons owner eyes rapid expansion in U.S. despite uncertainty around Trump -- Toronto Star '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Restaurant Brands International . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/tim-hortons-minimum-wage-worker-benefits-1.4480097 Jump up ^ http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/corporate/news-release.php?id=8205 Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . The Story of Tim Hortons Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to add 500 Canadian outlets , 300 in U.S. by 2018 '' . The Globe and Mail . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` The unofficial national sugary snack '' . My Canada Includes Tourtière . September 1 , 1994 . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Casey ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` Canadian Doughnut Shop Targets Upstate '' . CNY Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ US burger giant buys Tim Hortons doughnut chain . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 10 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Susan Kastner Simple fairytale takes on whole new meaning Archived October 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Final Edition ) August 13 , 1995 , page E. 2 Section : PEOPLE Toronto Star ^ Jump up to : `` Wendy 's confirms Tim Hortons IPO by March '' . Ottawa Business Journal . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harris , Rebecca ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Marketer of the Year : Down - Home Smarts '' . Marketing Magazine . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's Says Nelson Peltz Gave ' Ultimatum ' '' . Fox News Channel . Reuters . December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's to spin off all of Tim Hortons by end of 2006 '' . CBC News . March 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's International , Inc . Announces Comprehensive Strategic Initiatives to Enhance Shareholder Value '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . July 29 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` TheStar.com -- Page Not Found '' . September 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TheStar.com -- Tim Hortons joins S&P / TSX index roster '' . November 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ; Scanlan , David ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons Raises C $783 Million in Initial Offering '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Registration statement filed for proposed reorganization of Tim Hortons as a Canadian public company '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons returns officially to Canada '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Inc. completes public company merger and reorganization '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . CNW Group . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Campion - Smith , Bruce ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Doughnuts over diplomacy '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons now offers Interac debit system across Canada '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . CNW Group . November 23 , 2010 .", "27": "Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to introduce MasterCard payment in Canada '' . Tim Hortons . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Now Serving ... VISA at Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ordering Your Morning Double - Double Just Got More Rewarding : American Express Serves up New Relationship with Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King in talks to acquire Tim Hortons '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King in Talks to Buy Tim Hortons in Canada Tax Deal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons , Burger King agree to merger deal '' . CBC News . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ De La Merced , Michael ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Burger King to Buy Tim Hortons for $11.4 Billion '' . The New York Times . United States . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Jamie . `` Ottawa gives Burger King go - ahead for Tim Hortons takeover '' . globalnews.ca . Global News . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Burger King deal OK 'd by Competition Bureau '' . CBC News . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King , Tim Hortons ink merger deal for $12.5 - billion '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : CBC Radio -- Metro Morning ( October 30 , 2014 ) .", "28": "`` Bad For Canada ? '' . CBC Radio -- Metro Morning . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons - Burger King Deal Could Lead To Layoffs , Cost Cutting : Analysis '' . The Canadian Press , Huffington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luckhardt , Natasha ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Trouble Brewing : Why the Tim Hortons Takeover is a Bad Deal for Canadians '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Jump up ^ `` Burger King promises to ramp up Tim Hortons ' U.S. expansion as Ottawa approves takeover '' . Financial Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons enters ' next chapter ' as shareholders approve Burger King 's $12.5 billion takeover '' . Financial Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Burger King finalize merger to form Restaurant Brands International '' . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Jamie . `` Burger King gets go - ahead to gobble up Tim Hortons '' . globalnews.ca . Global News . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Everson , , Kristen ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons takeover conditions demanded by public , James Moore says '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Wartenberg , Steve ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Hortons closes U.S. headquarters in Dublin '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons owner sees big jump in profit in 2016 , revenue edges up '' .", "29": "February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Aleksandra ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Children of Tim Hortons co-founders cut worker benefits at their franchises over wage hike '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Sophia ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons franchise owners tell workers to blame Wynne for benefit cuts and to ' not vote Liberal ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffords , Shawn ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne criticizes Tim Hortons franchisees , says workers should n't be pawns '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hodges , David ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons protests to expand beyond Ontario , 50 demonstrations planned across Canada '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons slides from fourth to 50th in brand reputation survey '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Tess ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons to move its Canadian head office '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQS '' . Tim Hortons . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons lands in Iqaluit '' . CBC News . December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart Canada supercenters to have Tim Hortons '' . Reuters . September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons brings a taste of home to troops in Kandahar '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons. 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Elaine ( April 12 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons hiring for Afghanistan '' . The Province . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 .", "30": "Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons strikes gold at Fort Knox '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons opens on Naval Station Norfolk '' ( Press release ) . Dublin , Ohio : Tim Hortons . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons stock jumps in trading debut '' . CTV.ca . March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SPAR launches new Food Strategy as part of € 90m expansion plan for 2006 '' ( Press release ) . SPAR . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation by Dermot Breen , Tesco Ireland , at Checkout Conference `` The importance of the consumer '' '' ( Press release ) . Tesco Ireland . January 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SPAR Ireland Continues to Expand Tim Hortons Kiosks in SPAR Convenience Store Locations in Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons. April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons to Add 82 U.S. Locations in Grocery Stores '' . Foodservice and Hospitality . October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` More than a Great Brand . Tim Hortons outlines strategic growth catalysts and financial outlook at investor conference '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . March 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , Emily ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Hortons to boost outlets , test drive upscale U.S. format '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Walde ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Tims arrives in Iqaluit '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Jump up ^ Canadian Press , via Winnipeg Free Press : `` North West Co.", "31": "to open three Tim Hortons kiosks in Iqaluit , Nunavut '' , 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Facts '' . Tim Hortons . August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons - Statistics & Facts '' . Statista.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trying Out The First Ever Tim Hortons in The Philippines '' . Ondagoo . Jump up ^ Mullins , Paul R. ( 2008 ) . Glazed America : a history of the doughnut . p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's buys 37 Rax units , plans Tim Hortons makeover '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . November 4 , 1996 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons keeps expanding in WNY '' . Buffalo Business First . January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Libby ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Doughnut Wars Begin '' . City Room . Jump up ^ Mukhopadhyay , Bhaswati ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Hortons profit climbs ; to close 36 US stores '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons makes its way to town '' . TribLIVE . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ article on TIm Hortons Grand Rapids expansion Archived June 19 , 2014 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Tim Hortons looks to expand in Valley '' . Vindy.com . June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 .", "32": "Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons -- The Flagship Store Opens '' . Buffalo Rising . October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ewoldt , John . `` Tim Hortons now open at Mall of America '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Laura ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons ' double - double comes to Dubai '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Tim Hortons signs deal for 120 Gulf outlets '' . Arabian Business ( Press release ) . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2 March 2013 8 : 56 PM EST Facebook Twitter RSS ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Hortons opens in Oman '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons sees Philippines as ' natural gateway ' to Asian expansion '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Tim Hortons in PH : Photos , price points , what to expect '' . Rappler . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Philippines Locations '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://dailyhive.com/vancouver/tim-hortons-madrid-opens-2017 Jump up ^ `` Company Facts '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to create new stores '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . February 6 , 2009 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery '' . Amherest Daily News . The Canadian Press . June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Friend , David ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons strikes gold at Fort Knox '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons comes to Kandahar '' . CBC News . June 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hopefuls for Tim Hortons Kandahar outlet get survival training '' . CBC News . May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa foots bill for Afghan Tim Hortons : Canadian taxpayer foots nearly $4 - million bill '' . Canada.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons closes up shop in Kandahar '' . National Post . Canada . November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tims breaks into Fort Knox '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons opens on Naval Station Norfolk '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop Honors All U.S. Veterans With Free Donut '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wendy 's International , Inc. and IAWS Group , plc announce strategic alliance '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . March 6 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition guide '' ( PDF ) . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flavelle , Dana ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` Tim 's heats up menu wars '' . Toronto Star .", "34": "Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Flavelle , Dana ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` McDonald 's offers free java in coffee wars '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee is the newest battleground for fast food giants '' . Daily Brew . Jump up ^ Tim Hortons . `` Canada , get ready for the freeze . Tim Hortons launches new Frozen Lemonade '' . Timhortons.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaime Myslik ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons targets Starbucks crowd with new dark roast coffee '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Tim Hortons . `` Tim Hortons : On Our Menu '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heffner , Jessica ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone announce co-branding deal '' . The Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Hilmantel , Robin ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons and Cold Stone will team up in 100 stores '' . QSR magazine . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dentch , Courtney ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to form 100 co-branded stores '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baertlein , Lisa ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to wed doughnuts , ice cream '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ City News Toronto Dutchie Timbit among 24 items cut from Tim Hortons menu Archived April 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . February 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Our brands : Tim Hortons '' . Wendy 's International .", "35": "Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Swick , David ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Going from fresh to frozen '' . Halifax Daily News . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons sued by franchisees over frozen doughnuts '' . Financial Post . June 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dobby , Christine ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons par - baking cut into profits : lawsuit '' . Calgary Herald / Financial Post . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friscolanti , Michael ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons : rolling in dough '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brean , Joseph ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Hortons franchisees lose $2 - billion doughnut lawsuit '' . National Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Lieber Tim Hortons Arrives in Bits and Pieces Archived December 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . July 14 , 2009 , New York Times Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ; Scanlan , David ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons Raises C $783 Million in Initial Offering '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Investing in an icon : Why everyone wants a piece of Tim Hortons '' . Ottawa Citizen . March 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kidd , Keneth ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Timbit Nation '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 .", "36": "Jump up ^ `` Troops in Kandahar to get a Tim Hortons shop '' . CTV.ca . March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season of Champions Sponsors '' . Canadian Curling Association . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quickpay Tim Card '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons relents , workers join ' Red Friday ' '' . CTV News . September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons USA '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : Robson , Dan ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons withdraws donation to anti-gay event '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons responds to inquiries about Rhode Island event sponsorship '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons backs out of anti-gay marriage event '' . CBC News . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Ivor Wynne , hello Tim Hortons Field '' . TheSpec.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jean , Wildrose leader , boycotts Tim Hortons after Enbridge ads pulled '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Stops Running Enbridge 's Ads Following Public Backlash '' . Vice News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons yanks Enbridge ads , sparks Alberta backlash '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levant , Ezra ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Do n't lie to me `` : Ezra Levant confronts Tim Hortons president over # BoycottTims '' . TheRebel . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 .", "37": "Jump up ^ `` Rrroll Up The Rim To Win Is Back at Tim Hortons ! '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Not all rims rrroll up equally '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Small Move , Big Gain : An Encore Presentation '' . CBC Radio One . Pirate Radio . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Roll Up The Rim 2012 : 5 facts you should know about this iconic promotion '' . HuffPost . August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RRRoll Up Fun : Fun Facts '' . RRRoll up the rim to win ! . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! A Rimroller ! ! '' . Winnipeg Free Press . March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer wants DNA test on ' Roll up the Rim ' cup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Finders , keepers : Tim Hortons puts a lid on cup contest controversy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` With Scroll Up To Win , Tim Hortons re-imagines Roll Up The Rim for the mobile age '' . MobileSyrup. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 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7632941217874741929	what is george harrison song wah wah about	[ "his frustration with the atmosphere in the group at that time" ]	{ "0": "Wah - Wah ( song ) - wikipedia Wah - Wah ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wah - Wah '' Cover of the original Hansen Publishing sheet music for the song Song by George Harrison from the album All Things Must Pass Published Harrisongs Released 27 November 1970 Genre Rock , hard rock Length 5 : 35 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Harrison , Phil Spector All Things Must Pass track listing 23 tracks Side one `` I 'd Have You Anytime '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Wah - Wah '' `` Is n't It a Pity '' Side two `` What Is Life '' `` If Not for You '' `` Behind That Locked Door '' `` Let It Down '' `` Run of the Mill '' Side three `` Beware of Darkness '' `` Apple Scruffs '' `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) '' `` Awaiting on You All '' `` All Things Must Pass '' Side four `` I Dig Love '' `` Art of Dying '' `` Is n't It a Pity ( Version Two ) '' `` Hear Me Lord '' Side five `` Out of the Blue '' `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' `` Plug Me In '' Side six `` I Remember Jeep '' `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' `` Wah - Wah '' is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote the song following his temporary departure from the Beatles in January 1969 , during the troubled Get Back sessions that resulted in their Let It Be album and film . The lyrics reflect his frustration with the atmosphere in the group at that time -- namely , Paul McCartney 's over-assertiveness and criticism of his guitar playing , John Lennon 's lack of engagement with the project and dismissal of Harrison as a songwriter , and Yoko Ono 's constant involvement in the band 's activities . Music critics and biographers recognise the song as Harrison 's statement of personal and artistic freedom from the Beatles .", "1": "Its creation contrasted sharply with his rewarding collaborations outside the group in the months before the Get Back project , particularly with Bob Dylan and the Band in upstate New York . Recorded shortly after the Beatles ' break - up in 1970 , `` Wah - Wah '' was the first track taped for All Things Must Pass . The recording features a dense production treatment from Phil Spector and backing from a large cast of musicians including Eric Clapton , Ringo Starr , Billy Preston , Bobby Keys and the band Badfinger . On release , Rolling Stone magazine described it as `` a grand cacophony of sound in which horns sound like guitars and vice versa '' . While several reviewers find the heavy production appropriate for the song , Harrison considered the recording overproduced and the sound too cluttered . `` Wah - Wah '' was the first song Harrison played live as a solo artist when he performed it as his opener for the Western - music portion of the Concert for Bangladesh , in August 1971 . Viewed by some commentators as superior to the studio recording , this version re-created Spector 's Wall of Sound treatment in a live setting , using many of the participants from the 1970 album sessions . At the Concert for George in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death , `` Wah - Wah '' was performed by an all - star band that included Clapton , Jeff Lynne , Starr and McCartney . Ocean Colour Scene , Buffalo Tom , Beck and the Tedeschi Trucks Band are among the other artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 October -- December 1968 US visit 1.2 January 1969 at Twickenham Film Studios 1.3 Harrison 's return to the Beatles 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Release 5 Reception and legacy 6 Live version 7 Cover versions 8 Personnel 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources Background ( edit ) October -- December 1968 US visit ( edit ) When discussing the song `` Wah - Wah '' and George Harrison 's temporary departure from the Beatles in January 1969 , several commentators note the importance of his recent two - month visit to America , which followed the completion of the band 's 1968 double album The Beatles , commonly known as the White Album .", "2": "In Los Angeles , where he was producing a Jackie Lomax solo album for the Beatles ' Apple record label , Harrison directed top session players such as Hal Blaine and Larry Knechtel , and met two American musicians with whom he would soon collaborate in London , Delaney Bramlett and Leon Russell . Later in the US trip , Harrison stayed in upstate New York , where he established a musical bond with Bob Dylan and thrived among what author Simon Leng calls the `` group ethic and camaraderie '' of the Band . Throughout this period , Harrison continued to bloom as a songwriter , having contributed four songs to The Beatles that , in the words of author Nicholas Schaffner , `` firmly established him as a contender '' beside bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . In addition , he had recently co-written Cream 's single `` Badge '' with Eric Clapton , as well as collaborating with Dylan in Bearsville . January 1969 at Twickenham film Studios ( edit ) Part of Twickenham Film Studios , in south - west London Harrison later recalled his two months in the United States as having been `` such a good time '' , yet `` the moment I got back with the Beatles ( for their Get Back film project ) , it was just too difficult '' . These difficulties included having to endure McCartney 's habit of dictating how the others should play their instruments and Lennon 's increasing withdrawal from the band and emotional dependence on his ever - present partner , Yoko Ono . The couple had recently descended into heroin addiction , leaving Lennon , in author Peter Doggett 's words , `` emotionally removed and artistically bankrupt '' . In their study of the Get Back project , Doug Sulpy and Ray Schweighardt write that , as another frustration for Harrison , Lennon and McCartney regularly overlooked his compositions , even when they were `` far better than their own '' . On 6 January 1969 , the band 's third day at Twickenham Film Studios , in south - west London , an argument was captured on film where McCartney criticised Harrison 's guitar playing on the song `` Two of Us '' . A resigned Harrison told him : `` I 'll play what you want me to play , or I wo n't play at all if you do n't want me to play . ''", "3": "With the sessions being recorded by film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg , tapes reveal Beatles associates Neil Aspinall and George Martin sympathising with Harrison 's position , recognising that McCartney and Lennon `` do n't offer him enough freedom within their compositions '' . Ringo Starr , who had quit the band briefly during the White Album sessions , partly as a result of McCartney 's hectoring of his drumming , recalled of Harrison 's refusal to be `` dominated '' by McCartney any longer : `` Paul ( typically ) wanted to point out the solo to George , who would say , ' Look , I 'm a guitarist . I 'll play the solo . ' And he always did , he always played fine solos . '' I just got so fed up with the bad vibes -- and that arguments with Paul were getting put in the film . I did n't care if it was the Beatles , I was getting out . -- George Harrison to Musician magazine , November 1987 Over the first three days at Twickenham , Harrison had presented new compositions such as `` All Things Must Pass '' , `` Let It Down '' and `` Hear Me Lord '' for consideration ; these and other `` numerous beautiful songs '' , music journalist Martin O'Gorman writes , `` received derision and disinterest from Lennon or heavy - handed interference from McCartney '' . On 8 January , Harrison debuted `` I Me Mine '' , a song inspired by the bickering and negativity within the band . It was met with ridicule by Lennon and an argument ensued between the two musicians , during which Lennon dismissed Harrison 's abilities as a songwriter . According to Sulpy and Schweighardt , Lennon 's resentment was most likely a reaction to Harrison 's productivity throughout the sessions , since he himself was `` unable to write a decent new song '' . In addition , Harrison had been alone in voicing his objections to Ono 's presence , telling the couple how , in Lennon 's later recollection , `` Dylan and a few people said she 's got a lousy name in New York '' . On Friday , 10 January , a more severe argument took place in which Harrison berated Lennon for contributing nothing positive to the rehearsals . During the lunch break , Harrison walked out of the Beatles , saying that the others should advertise in the NME for his replacement .", "4": "He then drove to his home , Kinfauns , in Surrey , and wrote `` Wah - Wah '' that same afternoon . Despite the animosity between himself and Lennon on the day he quit the group , Harrison later confirmed a suggestion made by music journalist Timothy White that , just like Lennon 's `` How Do You Sleep ? '' and `` Crippled Inside '' , the song was a `` swipe '' at McCartney . Harrison 's return to the Beatles ( edit ) It 's a festering wound ... It 's only this year that ( George ) has realised who he is . And all the fucking shit we 've done to him . -- Lennon to McCartney , discussing Harrison 's departure from the Beatles Harrison 's diary records that Lennon and Ono `` diverted '' him at home over breakfast the following morning , but even after a subsequent band meeting at Starr 's house , author Barry Miles writes , their `` feud '' remained `` intractable '' . At the meeting , much to Harrison 's annoyance , Lennon once more chose to have Ono speak on his behalf . Harrison then went to his parents ' home in Warrington for a few days before imposing terms for his return to the band -- namely , that McCartney 's plans for a live concert be abandoned and the project be relocated to the Beatles ' own Apple Studio , at London 's Savile Row . Commentators have remarked on a change in Harrison 's standing within the band as a result of his walkout , and later in 1969 , Lennon and McCartney would be speaking admiringly of Harrison 's growth as a songwriter . In an article for Mojo magazine 's July 2001 `` Solo Beatles Special '' , John Harris wrote that although Harrison `` nominally '' remained a Beatle , he was `` serving out his notice '' after 10 January 1969 . Composition ( edit ) In his autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison explains that the song title was a reference to `` a ' headache ' as well as a footpedal '' , the wah - wah pedal being a guitar effect that he favoured for much of the early Get Back sessions . The message of the song , according to Harrison , was : `` you 're giving me a bloody headache . ''", "5": "Leng identifies `` Wah - Wah '' as being directed at the `` artifice '' and `` pretense '' surrounding the Beatles . There was too much restriction ( in the Beatles ) . It had to self - destruct ... I could see a much better time ahead being by myself , away from the band ... It was like a straitjacket . -- George Harrison , 2000 The song is based around an electric guitar riff that Leng describes as `` snarling '' . Written in the key of E , the tune incorporates chord changes that musicologist Wilfrid Mellers once admired as `` audacious '' ; musically , Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley suggests , the composition mirrors the `` intense atmosphere '' at Twickenham in January 1969 . Referring to the released recording , author Ian Inglis views `` Wah - Wah '' as a hard rock song where the `` forceful rhythm '' conveys `` the momentum of ( Harrison 's ) anger '' . Like `` Run of the Mill '' , which Harrison also wrote in early 1969 , the lyrics touch on the failure of friendships within the band , which in the case of Harrison , McCartney and Lennon dated back to school years . Harrison later spoke of their familiarity with one another resulting in McCartney , especially , failing to recognise his artistic growth ; in I , Me , Mine , he refers to `` Wah - Wah '' as reflecting `` that concept of how everybody sees and treats everybody else , allowing no consideration for the fact that we are changing all the time '' . The second verse reflects Harrison 's frustration at being viewed by Lennon and McCartney as subservient to their ambitions , just as his 1968 composition `` Not Guilty '' had found Harrison defending himself for supposedly leading his fellow Beatles `` astray '' to the Maharishi 's meditation retreat in India . In `` Wah - Wah '' , he states sarcastically : You 've made me such a big star Being there at the right time Cheaper than a dime ... Over the song 's two middle eights , Harrison laments that his bandmates never take the time to notice his sorrow or `` hear me sighing '' .", "6": "Harrison 's Surrey home , Kinfauns , where he wrote `` Wah - Wah '' immediately after leaving the Beatles Religious academic Joshua Greene has written of Harrison being `` too sure of his life 's higher purpose '' by January 1969 , through his dedication to Hindu spirituality , to continue devoting time to the group 's `` petty squabbles '' . In the song 's final verse , Harrison provides what AllMusic critic Bill Janovitz terms a `` simple , spiritual sentiment '' , which serves as a statement of his independence from the Beatles : Now I do n't need no wah - wah And I know how sweet life can be If I keep myself free ... `` Wah - Wah '' was never offered to the Beatles once Harrison joined the proceedings at Apple Studio . The choice of Harrison songs that would end up on the Let It Be album in May 1970 -- `` I Me Mine '' and `` For You Blue '' -- has led some authors to speculate that he deliberately withdrew his higher - quality compositions rather than risk having them played without the attention they deserved . Leng lists `` Wah - Wah '' among a number of solo Beatles songs that are `` self - referential '' in their lyrical theme and serve as episodes in what he calls `` the Beatles soap opera '' . Harrison 's bitterness at the restrictions imposed on him during the Beatles years resurfaced explicitly in `` Who Can See It '' , a song written in 1972 . Recording ( edit ) McCartney 's refusal to have the release of his eponymous first solo album delayed until after Let It Be led to him announcing his departure from the band on 9 April 1970 , and to Harrison finally deciding to make an album of his many unused songs from the Beatles ' later years . He subsequently described the process of recording his songs with outside musicians as `` a breath of fresh air '' . Shortly before starting work on the album , Harrison gave a radio interview to Village Voice reporter Howard Smith , and explained that , although he had some ideological differences with Lennon , his objection to any possible Beatles reunion was based solely on his musical differences with McCartney .", "7": "Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett , whose soul revue influenced the sound on `` Wah - Wah '' , after Harrison had toured with them in December 1969 In the same 1970 radio interview , Harrison announced that he would be co-producing the album with Phil Spector , whose work on the Let It Be album had recently enraged McCartney . `` Wah - Wah '' was the first song taped for All Things Must Pass , recording for which began at Abbey Road Studios in late May that year . In keeping with Spector 's signature production style , a large group of musicians took part in the sessions . According to Leng and author Bruce Spizer , the musicians on the track were : Harrison and Eric Clapton on electric guitars , three members of Badfinger on acoustic rhythm guitars , Billy Preston and Gary Wright on keyboards , the former Delaney & Bonnie horn section of Jim Price and Bobby Keys , bassist Klaus Voormann , Starr on drums , and Badfinger 's Mike Gibbins playing tambourine . While Leng consulted Voormann , Badfinger 's Joey Molland and orchestral arranger John Barham for his chapter discussing the recording of All Things Must Pass , Bobby Whitlock , another former sideman with Delaney & Bonnie , has stated that he played electric piano on `` Wah - Wah '' . Whitlock recalls that , having arrived at the session late due to traffic , and finding that the other musicians were all playing on the downbeat on the song , he was left to play alone in the obvious `` open spot '' -- on the upbeat . When we recorded Wah - Wah , the sound in your headphones was reasonably dry , but in the control room to hear the playback , the sound was loud and incredible . I loved it but George did n't : `` What are you doing to my song ? '' -- Klaus Voormann to Mojo magazine , November 2014 Speaking in 2000 about this first session , Harrison said that the music sounded `` really nice '' in the room , `` with all these nice acoustics and piano , and no echo on anything '' , but he was shocked during the playback when he heard how Spector had recorded the track . In Leng 's words , Spector `` ( unleashed ) his full armory of reverb - flooded production values '' on `` Wah - Wah '' .", "8": "Harrison dismissed the result as `` horrible '' , and recalled that when Clapton said he liked the way it sounded , he replied , `` Well , you can have it on your album , then . '' Although Harrison said `` I grew to like it '' , he subsequently reverted to his original opinion that the song , like much of All Things Must Pass , was overproduced . Overdubs on many of the album 's basic tracks were carried out at either Abbey Road or Trident Studios , without Spector 's assistance , and completed by 12 August . After receiving Harrison 's initial mixes , Spector wrote back with suggestions for each song ; in the case of `` Wah - Wah '' , these included the addition of a saxophone solo by Keys , and backing vocals . As well as overdubbing his slide guitar solos , Harrison sang all the various vocal parts , crediting himself as `` the George O'Hara - Smith Singers '' on the album sleeve . The recording begins with Harrison 's guitar riff , which is then joined by Clapton 's guitar , played through a wah - wah pedal . Leng suggests that the musical arrangement was influenced by the Delaney & Bonnie song `` Comin ' Home '' , following Clapton and Harrison 's guest roles on the band 's European tour in December 1969 . `` Wah - Wah '' also features prominent percussion , including uncredited maracas and congas , and , in Leng 's description , a `` rollicking horn chart '' from Price that helps define the middle - eight sections . Adding to the musical tension , Janovitz notes , Harrison sings high in his range throughout , `` almost drowned out '' by Spector 's Wall of Sound , which sees keyboards , horns and the many guitar parts competing for space in the mix . The song fades out on the single - chord main riff , accompanied by the sound of a car engine changing gear . Release ( edit ) Apple Records issued All Things Must Pass on 27 November 1970 with `` Wah - Wah '' sequenced as the third track , between `` My Sweet Lord '' and `` Is n't It a Pity '' .", "9": "Despite its unusually high retail price , as one of rock music 's first studio triple LP sets , the album was a significant commercial success worldwide , and comfortably outperformed Lennon and McCartney 's respective solo releases over 1970 -- 71 . Music journalist Anthony DeCurtis later wrote of the album representing `` ( the ) bracing air of creative liberation '' for Harrison . Like `` Is n't It a Pity '' , the song `` All Things Must Pass '' , and Barry Feinstein 's cover photo of Harrison surrounded by four comical - looking garden gnomes , `` Wah - Wah '' was recognised as a comment by Harrison on his Beatle past . In February 1971 , he , Lennon and Starr united in the British high court to challenge McCartney 's suit to dissolve the band 's legal partnership , all three of them submitting affidavits that mentioned their difficult experiences of working with him , particularly during the Get Back sessions . In the context of this post-breakup unity , `` Wah - Wah '' was widely assumed to be directed at McCartney only , just as Harrison 's walkout two years before was thought to have been due solely to McCartney . Reception and Legacy ( edit ) In his book on the Beatles ' first decade as solo artists , Robert Rodriguez includes `` Wah - Wah '' among the `` essential components '' of All Things Must Pass , and he recalls the `` buzz '' surrounding the release as having been `` about a major talent unleashed , one who 'd ( previously ) been hidden in plain sight '' behind Lennon and McCartney . In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone , Ben Gerson suggested that the album was the rock - music equivalent of Tolstoy 's epic novel War and Peace , while describing `` Wah - Wah '' as a `` vintage Beatle song '' and `` a grand cacophony of sound in which horns sound like guitars and vice versa '' . By contrast , Alan Smith of the NME found the dense sound oppressive and regarded the song as `` inconsequential ... one of the weaker tracks , although it 's not short on dressing '' . AllMusic 's Bill Janovitz sums up the track as `` a glorious rocker ... ( that 's ) as edgy as anything Harrison ever sang while in the Beatles , if not more so '' , and `` a driving , majestic song on the edge of being out of control '' .", "10": "John Bergstrom of PopMatters opines that the best moments on All Things Must Pass `` involve Harrison addressing his former band '' ; of these , the `` raucous , killer jam '' of `` Wah - Wah '' dismisses the Beatles ' strife - filled final years as `` so much white noise '' . While the song is `` cutting '' , Bergstrom adds , `` the sense of liberation is almost palpable . '' Writing for Rough Guides , Chris Ingham considers that without Spector 's Wall of Sound excesses , All Things Must Pass `` would n't be the magnificently overblown item that it is '' , and he writes of `` the sheer size of the sound ... threatening to trample both song and singer '' in the case of `` the thunderous Wah - Wah '' . Former Mojo editor Paul Du Noyer describes the album as `` Harrison 's handful of earth upon the Beatle coffin '' , but , less impressed with the composition , he cites `` Wah - Wah '' as a rare example where `` the material is probably too slight to carry the colossal weight of Spector 's production '' . Among Harrison biographers , Simon Leng writes that the song `` trashes the roseate memory of the Beatles '' . He concludes his discussion of this `` unusually heavy chunk of rock '' with the observation : `` It 's a song of anger and alienation , redolent of betrayal and hostility . To that extent , it 's a good - time number to rival Delaney & Bonnie , with a heart of pure stone . '' Noting the production 's `` layer upon layer of sonic bombast '' , Elliot Huntley opines that `` Spector fans must have been in seventh heaven '' when they first heard `` Wah - Wah '' . Huntley refers to it as `` one of the outstanding tracks '' of Harrison 's career , and a welcome though rare `` flat - out , kick - ass rocker '' in the singer 's canon . Still dissatisfied with Spector 's `` Cinemascope '' - like production on `` Wah - Wah '' , when All Things Must Pass was reissued in January 2001 , Harrison admitted that he had been tempted to remix many of the tracks rather than simply remaster the album 's original mixes .", "11": "In an interview with Guitar World magazine to promote the reissue , he also revealed that McCartney had `` long since '' apologised for his behaviour towards him during the Beatles years . In the 2000 book The Beatles Anthology , Harrison comments : `` It 's important to state that a lot of water has gone under the bridge ... But talking about what was happening at that time ( with McCartney , Lennon and Ono ) , you can see it was strange . '' Live version ( edit ) On 1 August 1971 , Harrison performed `` Wah - Wah '' as the opening song for the rock - music portion of the two Concert for Bangladesh shows , held at Madison Square Garden in New York . It was therefore the first song he ever played live as a solo artist and , given the humanitarian cause behind the event , Alan Clayson writes , the New York audience `` loved him ... before he 'd even plucked a string '' . The running order of the Concert for Bangladesh live album follows the setlist for the second show that day , about which Joshua Greene remarks on the `` logical chronology '' in Harrison 's three - song opening segment : `` Wah - Wah '' `` declared his independence from the Beatles , followed by ' My Sweet Lord , ' which declared his internal discovery of God and spirit , and then ' Awaiting on You All , ' which projected his message to the world . '' Re-creating the Wall of Sound from All Things Must Pass , Harrison was backed by a large band that again included Clapton , Starr , Preston , Voormann and Badfinger , together with musicians such as Leon Russell , saxophonist Jim Horn and drummer Jim Keltner , and a group of seven backing singers . The recording of `` Wah - Wah '' that appears on the live album was a composite of the audio from both the afternoon and evening shows -- one of the few examples of studio manipulation on an otherwise faithful record of the concert . Due to technical problems with the film footage , the `` Wah - Wah '' segment in Saul Swimmer 's concert documentary was created through a series of edits and cuts between visuals from the first and second shows . Harrison 's staging of the two benefit concerts enhanced his standing as the most popular of the former Beatles ; Doggett describes him as having become `` arguably music 's most influential figure '' over this period .", "12": "In a laudatory review of the Concert for Bangladesh album , for Rolling Stone , Jon Landau described `` Wah - Wah '' as `` a simple statement by a musician who knows who he is and what he wants to play '' . Like Rodriguez , who considers that the song `` truly ( came ) into its own '' that day , Andrew Grant Jackson views this live reading as superior to the studio recording . He writes : `` The live version is a notch slower , and the cleaner mix allows breathing room to hear the space between the instruments . And more importantly , there 's the euphoria of the performance itself . '' Cover versions ( edit ) On 29 November 2002 , exactly a year after his death from cancer , `` Wah - Wah '' was the last Harrison composition performed at the Concert for George , held at London 's Royal Albert Hall . Jeff Lynne , Eric Clapton and Andy Fairweather - Low shared lead vocals on the song . The band also featured Harrison 's son Dhani and many other close musical friends -- Starr , Voormann , Keltner , Horn , Ray Cooper , Gary Brooker and Tom Petty among them -- as well as Paul McCartney . This performance was released on the album of the concert ; although left off the theatrical release of David Leland 's Concert for George documentary film , it was subsequently included on the DVD release . Alternative band B.A.L.L. covered `` Wah - Wah '' on their 1988 album Bird , as part of their parody of early 1970s rock stars such as the former Beatles . Buffalo Tom recorded `` Wah - Wah '' live on WMBR in Cambridge , Massachusetts in January 1991 , a version that appeared on the band 's Fortune Teller EP later that year . Ocean Colour Scene covered the song on their 2005 album A Hyperactive Workout for the Flying Squad , and in 2011 former Jefferson Starship vocalist Mickey Thomas released a version on his album Marauder . The Tedeschi Trucks Band have often included `` Wah - Wah '' in their live performances . Beck performed the song on the US television show Conan in September 2014 , as part of a week - long promotion for Harrison 's The Apple Years box set .", "13": "Nick Valensi of the Strokes covered `` Wah - Wah '' at the George Fest tribute concert that same month , with Matt Sorum , of Guns N ' Roses and Velvet Revolver . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians are believed to have played on the studio version of `` Wah - Wah '' : George Harrison -- vocals , electric guitar , slide guitar , backing vocals Eric Clapton -- electric guitar Billy Preston -- electric piano Gary Wright -- piano Pete Ham -- acoustic guitar Tom Evans -- acoustic guitar Joey Molland -- acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann -- bass Ringo Starr -- drums Bobby Keys -- saxophones Jim Price -- trumpet , horn arrangement Mike Gibbins -- tambourine uncredited -- maracas , congas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The previous year , Lennon and McCartney had similarly shown no interest in recording Harrison 's `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , a track that author Mark Hertsgaard has described as `` perhaps the single most impressive song on the White Album '' . Jump up ^ Later in January , the Harrison compositions `` Something '' , `` Old Brown Shoe '' and `` Is n't It a Pity '' were met with more indifference from Lennon and McCartney . Jump up ^ Music journalist John Harris observes that in light of Lennon having offered only a `` half - finished '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' and the `` pretty execrable '' `` Dig a Pony '' , Harrison must have been `` enraged ... all the more '' . Jump up ^ McCartney told Lennon : `` Until this year , our songs have been better than George 's . Now this year his songs are at least as good as ours ... '' Lennon named Harrison 's `` Something '' as his favourite track on the Beatles ' Abbey Road album , released in September 1969 . Jump up ^ Doggett similarly recognises the self - referential nature of Harrison songs such as `` Wah - Wah '' , `` Run of the Mill '' and `` Is n't It a Pity '' , all of which offered Beatles fans `` a teasing glimpse into an intimate world that had previously been off - limits to the public '' .", "14": "Later examples include Lennon 's `` God '' and Harrison 's `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' , and various tracks on McCartney 's Ram album and Lennon 's Imagine , most notably `` Too Many People '' and `` How Do You Sleep ? '' Jump up ^ This situation would remain unchanged during a period in the mid 1970s when the other Beatles all began intimating that they would not be opposed to playing together again . Harrison 's aversion to working with McCartney was still apparent before and after the band 's Anthology project two decades later . Jump up ^ With such a large cast of musicians playing on the album , specific contributions to each song remain the subject of conjecture . While Gary Wright and Bobby Whitlock were the principal keyboard players throughout the All Things Must Pass sessions , Wright has said that the first Harrison recording he played on was `` Is n't It a Pity '' , the session for which is known to have taken place slightly later , on 2 June 1970 . Jump up ^ Whitlock writes of entering the studio and hearing Spector calling out a series of instructions to the engineers : `` ' Phase the drums , ' ' Phase the piano , ' followed by ' Phase everything ! ' '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ben Gerson , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' , Rolling Stone , 21 January 1971 , p. 46 ( retrieved 4 February 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 39 -- 40 , 55 . ^ Jump up to : Martin O'Gorman , `` Film on Four '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 259 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Miles , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 51 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Lewisohn , `` Something Else '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , p. 115 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp.", "15": "37 -- 39 , 51 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Glazer , `` Interview with George Harrison '' , Crawdaddy , February 1977 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 18 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , pp. 288 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 261 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , pp. 250 -- 51 , 267 . Jump up ^ Martin O'Gorman , `` Film on Four '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , p. 70 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , pp. 251 , 257 . Jump up ^ Peter Doggett , `` Fight to the Finish '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 251 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Miles , pp. 327 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Martin O'Gorman , `` Film on Four '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Ringo Starr , in The Beatles , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy White , `` George Harrison -- Reconsidered '' , Musician , November 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 212 , 220 , 223 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , pp. 38 , 39 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Grant Jackson , `` Book Excerpt : George Harrison Realizes It 's Time to Move On From the Beatles '' , rollingstone.com , 17 August 2012 ( retrieved 29 January 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Martin O'Gorman , `` Film on Four '' , in Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 167 , 169 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : George Harrison , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 169 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dhani Harrison , in George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Disc 2 ; event occurs between 2 : 52 and 2 : 58 . Jump up ^ Olivia Harrison , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Miles , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Irvin , `` Close to the Edge '' , Mojo , December 2003 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Miles , pp. 330 , 331 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 254 , 262 . Jump up ^ Greene , pp. 116 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Fawcett , p. 96 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 63 -- 64 , 77 . Jump up ^ Winn , p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 86 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , in The Beatles , p. 348 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Mellers , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- In His Own Words '' , superseventies.com ( retrieved 3 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 33 , 38 . Jump up ^ Greene , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Janovitz , `` George Harrison ' Wah - Wah ' '' , AllMusic ( retrieved 25 September 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : John Bergstrom , `` George Harrison : All Things Must Pass '' , PopMatters , 14 January 2011 ( retrieved 4 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 141 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 142 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 121 -- 26 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , pp. 155 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Really a Pity '' , Contra Band Music , 15 March 2012 ( retrieved 4 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 133 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 351 -- 52 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : Chris Hunt ( ed . ) , NME Originals : Beatles -- The Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 , IPC Ignite ! ( London , 2005 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Peter Doggett , `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' , BBC Radio 4 Today , 9 September 2009 ( retrieved 13 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 24 , 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 130 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffner , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 79 -- 81 , 82fn . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , pp. 76 , 79 . Jump up ^ Nick DeRiso , `` Gimme Five : Gary Wright , Robben Ford , Bobby Whitlock , Alan White , Joey Molland on George Harrison '' , Something Else ! , 25 February 2014 ( archived version retrieved 14 July 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 82fn . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Shawn Perry , `` The Gary Wright Interview '' , vintagerock.com , 2009 ( retrieved 1 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 427 , 428 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Mat Snow , `` George Harrison : Quiet Storm '' , Mojo , November 2014 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ All Things Must Pass ( 30th Anniversary Edition ) EPK , Gnome Records / EMI , 2001 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : George Harrison , in George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Disc 2 ; event occurs between 23 : 53 and 24 : 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` All Things Must Pass ( album ) '' , The Beatles Bible ( retrieved 3 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Doggett , `` George Harrison : The Apple Years '' , Record Collector , April 2001 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony DeCurtis , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2006 . Rolling Stone , 12 October 2000 ( retrieved 4 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Album review by Andrew Gilbert , in Robert Dimery , 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , Universe ( New York , NY , 2005 ) ; quoted in The Super Seventies `` Classic 500 '' , George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass ( retrieved 4 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 65 -- 66 . 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Ginell , `` George Harrison The Concert for Bangladesh '' , AllMusic ( retrieved 5 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , pp. 42 , 122 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 436 , 438 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 147 , 159 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Jon Landau , `` George Harrison , Concert for Bangla Desh '' , Rolling Stone , 3 February 1972 ( retrieved 6 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Inglis , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Thomas Erlewine , `` Original Soundtrack Concert for George '' , AllMusic ( retrieved 8 October 2012 ) .", "21": "Jump up ^ Concert for George DVD ( Warner Strategic Marketing , 2003 ; directed by David Leland ; produced by Ray Cooper , Olivia Harrison , Jon Kamen & Brian Roylance ) . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 310 -- 11 . 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Jump up ^ Evan Minsker , `` Beck Covers George Harrison 's ' Wah - Wah ' on ' Conan ' '' , Pitchfork Media , 22 September 2014 ( retrieved 25 September 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Erin Strecker , `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' , billboard.com , 24 September 2014 ( retrieved 25 September 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Lindsey Best , `` The Best Fest 's George Fest 2014 '' , The Huffington Post , 6 October 2014 ( retrieved 17 July 2015 ) .", "22": "Jump up ^ Bailey Pennick , `` LIVE : Dhani Harrison and Friends Come Together to Celebrate George Harrison for Jameson 's ' George Fest ' ( 9 / 28 / 14 ) '' , floodmagazine.com , 30 September 2014 ( retrieved 17 July 2015 ) . Sources ( edit ) Keith Badman , The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 0 ) . The Beatles , The Beatles Anthology , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 ) . Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik , All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 , Ballantine Books ( New York , NY , 1976 ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 ) . Alan Clayson , George Harrison , Sanctuary ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 ) . Peter Doggett , You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup , It Books ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 ) . The Editors of Rolling Stone , Harrison , Rolling Stone Press / Simon & Schuster ( New York , NY , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 9 ) . Anthony Fawcett , John Lennon : One Day at a Time , New English Library ( London , 1977 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 450 - 03073 - 4 ) . George Harrison : Living in the Material World DVD , Village Roadshow , 2011 ( directed by Martin Scorsese ; produced by Olivia Harrison , Nigel Sinclair & Martin Scorsese ) . Joshua M. Greene , Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison , John Wiley & Sons ( Hoboken , NJ , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 ) . John Harris , `` A Quiet Storm '' , Mojo , July 2001 , pp.", "23": "66 -- 74 . George Harrison , I Me Mine , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3793 - 9 ) . Olivia Harrison , George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Abrams ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0220 - 4 ) . Mark Hertsgaard , A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles , Pan Books ( London , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 ) . Elliot J. Huntley , Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles , Guernica Editions ( Toronto , ON , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 55071 - 197 - 0 ) . Chris Ingham , The Rough Guide to the Beatles , Rough Guides / Penguin ( London , 2006 ; 2nd edn ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 8483 - 6525 - 4 ) . Ian Inglis , The Words and Music of George Harrison , Praeger ( Santa Barbara , CA , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 ) . Simon Leng , While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison , Hal Leonard ( Milwaukee , WI , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 5 ) . Ian MacDonald , Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties , Pimlico ( London , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 ) . Chip Madinger & Mark Easter , Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium , 44.1 Productions ( Chesterfield , MO , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 ) . Wilfrid Mellers , The Music of the Beatles : Twilight of the Gods , Schirmer Books ( New York , NY , 1973 ; ISBN 0 - 670 - 73598 - 1 ) .", "24": "Barry Miles , The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 ) . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition , Emap ( London , 2003 ) . Chris O'Dell ( with Katherine Ketcham ) , Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved , Touchstone ( New York , NY , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 ) . Robert Rodriguez , Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 , Backbeat Books ( Milwaukee , WI , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 ) . Nicholas Schaffner , The Beatles Forever , McGraw - Hill ( New York , NY , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 ) . Bruce Spizer , The Beatles Solo on Apple Records , 498 Productions ( New Orleans , LA , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 ) . Doug Sulpy & Ray Schweighardt , Get Back : The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles ' Let It Be Disaster , St. Martin 's Griffin ( New York , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 312 - 19981 - 3 ) . Bobby Whitlock ( with Marc Roberty ) , Bobby Whitlock : A Rock ' n ' Roll Autobiography , McFarland ( Jefferson , NC , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6190 - 5 ) . John C. Winn , That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 , Three Rivers Press ( New York , NY , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 3074 - 5239 - 9 ) .", "25": "George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison Early Takes : Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection Books I , Me , Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala ( as editor ) Related Articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Asian Music Circle Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Friar Park Harrisongs `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' `` Horse to the Water '' Kinfauns Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India 1974 North American tour 1991 Japanese tour Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison ( wife ) Dhani Harrison ( son ) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want ? That 's the Way God Planned It Doris Troy Encouraging Words The Radha Krsna Temple Joi Bangla ( EP ) Footprint Straight Up Raga Brother In Concert 1972 Shankar Family & Friends The Place I Love Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol.", "26": "3 Ravi Shankar : In Celebration Chants of India Films HandMade Films All You Need Is Cash Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session The Concert for Bangladesh ( film ) Concert for George ( film ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World Little Malcolm Monty Python 's Life of Brian Raga Tributes Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison `` Never Without You '' Concert for George ( album ) Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison Tribute To George Fest Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wah-Wah_(song)&oldid=816050844 '' Categories : 1970 songs George Harrison songs Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Harrison Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Eric Clapton songs Ocean Colour Scene songs Hidden categories : Good articles Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 57 . 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6006172994740079617	who sang the original scooby doo theme song	[ "Larry Marks", "Larry Marks", "Larry Marks" ]	{ "0": "Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! - Wikipedia Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! Jump to : navigation , search Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! Genre Animation Comedy horror Mystery Adventure Children 's television series Created by Joe Ruby Ken Spears Developed by Joseph Barbera William Hanna Iwao Takamoto Fred Silverman Directed by Joseph Barbera William Hanna Charles A. Nichols ( 1978 ) Voices of Don Messick Casey Kasem Frank Welker Nicole Jaffe ( 1969 -- 70 ) Stefanianna Christopherson ( 1969 -- 70 ) Heather North ( 1970 -- 78 ) Pat Stevens ( 1978 ) Theme music composer David Mook Ben Raleigh Opening theme `` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! '' performed by Larry Marks ( 1969 -- 70 , 1978 ) George A. Robertson , Jr. ( 1970 ) Composer ( s ) Ted Nichols ( 1969 -- 70 ) Hoyt Curtin ( 1978 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 41 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) William Hanna Joseph Barbera Producer ( s ) Joseph Barbera William Hanna Don Jurwich ( 1978 ) Running time 21 minutes approx Production company ( s ) Hanna - Barbera Productions Distributor Taft Broadcasting ( 1969 -- 88 ) Great American Broadcasting ( 1988 -- 91 ) Turner Program Services ( 1992 -- 98 ) Warner Bros.", "1": "Television Distribution ( 1999 -- present ) Release Original network CBS ( 1969 -- 70 ) ABC ( 1978 ) Picture format Film 4 : 3 480i Audio format Monaural Original release Original series September 13 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 13 ) -- October 31 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 31 ) Revival series September 9 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 4 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 04 ) Chronology Followed by The New Scooby - Doo Movies ( 1972 -- 73 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! is an American animated mystery comedy television series produced by Hanna - Barbera . Produced for CBS , the series premiered as part of the network 's Saturday morning schedule on September 13 , 1969 , and aired for two seasons until October 31 , 1970 . In 1978 , a selection of episodes from the later series Scooby 's All - Stars and The Scooby - Doo Show were aired on ABC under the Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! name and , as such , is sometimes marketed as its third season . The series centers on a group of characters consisting of four teenagers -- Fred Jones , Daphne Blake , Velma Dinkley , and Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers -- and the title character a semi-anthropomorphic Great Dane named Scooby - Doo . The group travel in a van named the Mystery Machine , solving mysteries involving several local legends ; in doing so , they discover that the perpetrator is almost invariably a disguised person who seeks to exploit the legend for personal gain . Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! was the first incarnation of what would eventually become a long - running media franchise , which primarily consists of subsequent animated series , several films , and related merchandise .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Writing 3 Episodes 4 Music 5 Cast 6 Release and reception 7 Home media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origin ( edit ) Further information : Scooby - Doo Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! was the result of CBS and Hanna - Barbera 's plans to create a non-violent Saturday morning program that would appease the parent watch groups that had protested the superhero - based programs of the mid-1960s . Originally titled Mysteries Five , and later Who 's S-S - Scared ? , Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! underwent a number of changes from script to screen ( the most significant being the downplaying of the musical group angle borrowed from The Archie Show ) . However , the basic concept -- four teenagers ( Fred , Daphne , Velma , and Shaggy ) and a cowardly , clumsy Great Dane ( Scooby - Doo ) solving supernatural - related mysteries -- was always in place . Writing ( edit ) Scooby - Doo creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears served as the story supervisors on the series . Ruby , Spears , and Bill Lutz wrote all of the scripts for the seventeen first - season episodes , while Lutz , Larz Bourne , and Tom Dagenais wrote the eight second - season episodes with Ruby and Spears as story editors . The plot varied little from episode to episode . The main concept was as follows : The gang is driving in the Mystery Machine , returning from or going to a regular teenage function , when their van develops engine trouble or breaks down for any of a variety of reasons ( overheating , flat tire , out of gas , etc . ) , in the immediate vicinity of a large , mostly vacated property ( ski lodge , hotel , factory , mansion , cruise ship , etc . ) . Their ( unintended ) destination turns out to be suffering from a monster problem ( ghosts , Yetis , vampires , witches , etc . ) . The gang volunteers to investigate the case . The gang splits up to cover more ground , with Fred and Velma finding clues , Daphne finding danger , and Shaggy and Scooby finding food , fun , and the ghost / monster , who chases them .", "3": "Scooby and Shaggy love to eat , including dog treats called Scooby Snacks which are a favorite of both the dog and the teenage boy . Eventually , enough clues are found to convince the gang that the ghost / monster is a fake , and a trap is set ( usually by Fred ) to capture it ; or , they may occasionally call the local sheriff , only to get stopped by the villain half - way . If a trap is used , it may or may not work ( more often than not , Scooby - Doo and / or Shaggy falls into the trap and / or they unwittingly catch the monster another way ) . Invariably , the ghost / monster is apprehended and unmasked . The person in the ghost or monster suit turns out to be an apparently blameless authority figure or otherwise innocuous local who is using the disguise to cover up something such as a crime or a scam . After giving the parting shot of `` And I would have gotten away with it too , if it were n't for you meddling kids '' , the offender is then taken away to jail , and the gang is allowed to continue on the way to their destination . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes Music ( edit ) The second season featured bubblegum `` chase scene '' songs produced by La La Productions ( which had originally been contracted to create the music for Josie and the Pussycats , the first of many animated series made from the same mold as Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ) . These songs were written by Danny Janssen and Austin Roberts , and were performed by Roberts , who also made a new recording of the Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! theme song for the second season . The series ' theme song has been covered by several subsequent artists , including Matthew Sweet for the 1995 TV special and album Saturday Morning : Cartoons ' Greatest Hits ; Third Eye Blind for the 1998 film Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ; Billy Ray Cyrus for Scooby - Doo !", "4": "and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) ; Jennifer Love Hewitt for Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) ; the B - 52 's ( Cindy , Kate and Fred ) for Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) ; MxPx for the live - action Scooby - Doo film ( 2002 ) ; and Krystal Harris for Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) . Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! utilized a laugh track , a common feature in most animated TV series until the late 1970s . It was removed for syndication in the 1980s . Following Turner 's purchase of Hanna - Barbera and its networks ' ( TBS , TNT and Cartoon Network ) initial broadcast of the series in 1994 , the laugh track was reinstated in 1997 . Cast ( edit ) Don Messick as Scooby - Doo Casey Kasem as Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers Frank Welker as Fred Jones Stefanianna Christopherson as Daphne Blake ( season 1 ) Heather North as Daphne Blake ( seasons 2 and 3 ) Nicole Jaffe as Velma Dinkley ( seasons 1 and 2 ) Pat Stevens as Velma Dinkley ( season 3 ) Release and reception ( edit ) Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! was a hit for Hanna - Barbera and CBS , which led Hanna - Barbera to eventually create series with similar concepts on ABC , NBC , and CBS , including , Josie and the Pussycats , The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show , The Pebbles , Dino and Bamm - Bamm segments on The Flintstone Comedy Show , The Funky Phantom , Speed Buggy , Jeannie , Jabberjaw , The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan , Inch High Private Eye , Goober and the Ghost Chasers , Clue Club , Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids , and The New Shmoo . In 2005 , Scooby Doo , Where Are You !", "5": "came 49th in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Cartoons , in the UK , and was more recently voted the 8th greatest Kids ' TV Show by viewers of the same channel . It was ranked the 24th greatest cartoon on IGN 's Top 100 Animated Series . Home media ( edit ) On July 4 , 2002 , Warner Home Video released four episodes from the series on a compilation DVD in Region 1 entitled Scooby - Doo 's Creepiest Capers . They later released all 25 episodes on DVD in Region 1 on March 16 , 2004 under the title Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! The Complete First and Second Seasons . A DVD entitled Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! The Complete Third Season was released on April 10 , 2007 , made up of episodes produced in 1978 , added to the Scooby 's All - Stars package , and later syndicated as part of The Scooby - Doo Show . On November 9 , 2010 , Warner Home Video released Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! : The Complete Series . The 8 disc set features all 25 episodes of the series plus the 16 episodes produced in 1978 which aired as part of Scooby 's All - Stars . The set is encased in special collectible packaging in the form of a Mystery Machine replica . In addition , it also features a special bonus disc filled with new and archival material . The set was re-released on November 13 , 2012 . Starting on January 27 , 2009 , Warner Home Video released single disc DVDs with four episodes each plus an episode from Shaggy and Scooby - Doo Get a Clue . Four volumes have been released through October 19 , 2010 .", "6": "DVD name Episode count Release date S x E Episodes include Scooby - Doo 's Original Mysteries 5 2000 1x01 What a Night for a Knight 1x02 Hassle in the Castle 1x03 A Clue for Scooby - Doo 1x04 Mine Your Own Business 1x05 Decoy for a Dognapper Scooby - Doo 's Spookiest Tales 5 August 21 , 2001 2x02 ( The Scooby - Doo Show ) Vampire Bats and Scaredy Cats 1x11 A Gaggle of Galloping Ghosts 1x17 That 's Snow Ghost 1x13 Which Witch is Which ?", "7": "1x05 ( The Scooby - Doo Show ) The Headless Horseman of Halloween Scooby - Doo 's Creepiest Capers July 4 , 2002 1x15 Go Away Ghost Ship 1x02 Hassle in the Castle 2x05 The Haunted House Hang - Up 1x16 A Night of Fright is No Delight Scooby - Doo 's Greatest Mysteries 1x03 A Clue for Scooby Doo 1x02 Hassle in the Castle 2x03 Jeepers , It 's the Creeper 1x09 The Backstage Rage Seasons 1 and 2 25 March 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 16 ) 1x01 -- 2x08 This four - disc release contained all episodes from the first two seasons Season 3 16 April 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 10 ) 3x01 -- 16 All episodes from the third and final season Volume 1 -- A Monster Catch 4 ( plus one bonus episode ) January 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) 1x01 What a Night for a Knight 1x02 Hassle in the Castle 1x03 A Clue for Scooby Doo 1x04 Mine Your Own Business 1x01 ( Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! ) Shags to Riches Volume 2 -- Bump In The Night 4 ( plus one bonus episode ) May 5 , 2009 1x05 Decoy for a Dognapper 1x06 What the Hex Going On ? 1x07 Never Ape an Ape Man 1x08 Foul Play in Funland 1x02 ( Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! ) More Fondue for Scooby - Doo !", "8": "Volume 3 -- Hello Mummy 4 ( plus one bonus episode ) September 1 , 2009 1x09 The Backstage Rage 1x10 Bedlam in the Big Top 1x11 A Gaggle of Galloping Ghosts 1x12 Scooby Doo and a Mummy , Too 1x03 ( Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! ) High Society Scooby Volume 4 -- Spooky Bayou 4 ( plus one bonus episode ) October 19 , 2010 1x13 Which Witch is Which ? 1x15 Go Away Ghost Ship 1x14 Spooky Space Kook 1x16 A Night of Fright is No Delight 1x06 ( Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! ) Lightning Strikes Twice The Complete Series 41 November 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) ( Re-issue ) 1x01 -- 3x16 All episodes from the entire series See also ( edit ) List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions Television in the United States portal 1960s portal 1970s portal Cartoon portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ( Animated TV Series ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ? '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super ' 70s and ' 80s : `` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! '' -- Larry Marks , theme song singer , season 1 `` . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 1995 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Hanna - Barbera toons in to reclaim heritage ; studio lays plans to nurture brands , merchandise '' . Advertising Age : 4 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Later iterations of the series added a hyphen to spell the character 's name `` Scooby - Doo '' . However , the first series and such spinoffs as Gold Key Comics ' Hanna - Barbera Scooby Doo ... Where Are You ! and Scooby Doo ... Mystery Comics used no hyphen . Jump up ^ Lenberg , Jeff ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons . New York : Facts of File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6599 - 3 . pp. 618 -- 619 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` TV Legends Revealed Jinkies ! The Mysterious Origins of ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Scooby - Doo , What Is You ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Stu ( 05 - 02 - 2012 ) . `` Interview with Joe Ruby and Ken Spears '' . Stu 's Show . Retrieved 03 - 18 - 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Animated Series -- Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! '' . IGN.com . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! - The Complete First and Second Seasons : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com. 2004 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! - The Complete Third Season : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord .", "10": "`` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! - Complete Series Announced - Mystery Machine Packaging ! '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! DVD news : Announcement for Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! - Season 1 , Volume 4 : Spooked Bayou '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! Official Scooby - Doo website Scooby Doo , Where Are You ! at the Big Cartoon DataBase Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! on IMDb Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ? at TV.com Cartoon Network : Dept. of Cartoons : Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! -- cached copy from Internet Archive `` Hanna - Barbera Studios '' ( and sub-articles ) , The Big Cartoon DataBase Scooby - Doo Characters Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers Daphne Blake Fred Jones Velma Dinkley Scrappy - Doo Television shows Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes ( 1969 -- 1970 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies episodes ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Scooby - Doo Show episodes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1980 -- 82 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo episodes ( 1988 -- 1991 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes ( 2002 -- 06 ) Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! episodes ( 2006 -- 08 ) Scooby - Doo !", "11": "Mystery Incorporated episodes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 18 ) Package shows and programming blocks The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics / Scooby 's All - Stars ( 1977 -- 78 ) The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show ( 1980 -- 81 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Television films and specials Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) Scooby Goes Hollywood ( 1979 ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School ( 1988 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Scooby - Doo : Behind the Scenes ( 1998 ) Night of the Living Doo ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) Direct - to - video films Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo !", "12": "and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo !", "13": "& Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Live - action films Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) Daphne & Velma ( 2018 ) Video games Scooby - Doo ( 1986 ) Mystery ( 1995 ) Mystery of the Fun Park Phantom ( 1999 ) Mystery Adventures ( 2000 ) Classic Creep Capers ( 2000 ) The Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Night of 100 Frights ( 2002 ) Mystery Mayhem ( 2004 ) Unmasked ( 2005 ) Who 's Watching Who ? ( 2006 ) First Frights ( 2009 ) Spooky Swamp ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Ghoster Coaster ( 1998 ) Haunted Mansion ( 2001 ) Spooky Coaster ( 2002 ) Comic books Scooby Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Soundtracks Snack Tracks : The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Miscellaneous Scooby Snacks `` Scoobynatural '' List of media Children 's programming on CBS in the 1960s First - run animated series Mighty Mouse Playhouse ( 1955 -- 67 ) Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales ( 1963 -- 72 ) Linus the Lionhearted The Heckle and Jeckle Cartoon Show Tom and Jerry ( 1965 -- 72 ) The Mighty Heroes The Underdog Show ( last few seasons ) Frankenstein Jr.", "14": "and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 68 ) Space Ghost and Dino Boy ( 1966 -- 68 ) The New Adventures of Superman ( 1966 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Batman ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Lone Ranger The Road Runner Show ( 1968 -- 71 ; 1975 -- 78 ; 1978 -- 85 ) The Beagles The Herculoids ( 1967 -- 68 ) Shazzan Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor ( 1967 -- 69 ) The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Go Go Gophers Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Archie Show ( 1968 -- 69 ) The Batman / Superman Hour Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Perils of Penelope Pitstop ( 1969 -- 71 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You !", "15": "( 1969 -- 72 , 1974 -- 76 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam CBS Children 's Film Festival Rebroadcasts Sky King The Roy Rogers Show My Friend Flicka The Alvin Show The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin The Quick Draw McGraw Show The Jetsons The Adventures of Lassie Jonny Quest The Monkees ( 1969 -- 72 ) Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related programming and topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on CBS in the 1970s First - run animated series Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales ( 1963 - 72 ) Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Perils of Penelope Pitstop ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Batman ( 1969 -- 70 ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1971 -- 74 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 -- 71 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 72 ) Help ! ... It 's the Hair Bear Bunch ! ( 1971 -- 74 ) Archie 's TV Funnies ( 1971 -- 73 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 84 ) My Favorite Martians ( 1973 -- 75 ) Bailey 's Comets ( 1973 -- 75 ) Speed Buggy ( 1973 -- 75 ) Partridge Family 2200 A.D. ( 1974 -- 75 ) Valley of the Dinosaurs ( 1974 -- 76 ) The U.S.", "16": "of Archie ( 1974 -- 76 ) Clue Club ( 1976 -- 77 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1976 -- 77 ) The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 -- 78 ) What 's New Mr. Magoo ? ( 1977 ) The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) The All New Popeye Hour ( 1978 -- 83 ) Tarzan and the Super 7 ( 1978 -- 80 ) The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle ( 1979 -- 81 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) In the News ( 1971 -- 86 ) You Are There ( 1971 -- 72 ) CBS Children 's Film Festival ( 1971 -- 78 ; 1982 -- 84 ) Shazam ! ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Harlem Globetrotters Popcorn Machine ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Secrets of Isis ( 1975 -- 77 ) Far Out Space Nuts ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Ghost Busters ( 1975 ) Ark II ( 1976 ) Way Out Games ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Skatebirds ( 1977 -- 78 ) Space Academy ( 1977 -- 79 ) Wacko ( 1977 ) 30 Minutes ( 1978 -- 82 ) Jason of Star Command ( 1978 -- 81 ) Rebroadcasts The Monkees ( 1969 -- 72 ) Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 70 ) The New Adventures of Superman Jonny Quest Sylvester and Tweety ( 1976 -- 77 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74", "17": "1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1970s First - run animated series The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down ( 1970 -- 72 ) The Road Runner Show ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Funky Phantom ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Jackson 5ive ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Osmonds ( 1972 -- 74 ) The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie ( 1972 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 74 ) Kid Power ( 1972 -- 74 ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 -- 75 ) Super Friends ( 1973 -- 74 ) Lassie 's Rescue Rangers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Goober and the Ghost Chasers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Mission : Magic !", "18": "( 1973 -- 74 ) Hong Kong Phooey ( 1974 -- 76 ) The New Adventures of Gilligan ( 1974 -- 77 ) Devlin ( 1974 -- 76 ) These Are the Days ( 1974 -- 76 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 -- 77 ) The Great Grape Ape Show ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Oddball Couple ( 1975 -- 77 ) Jabberjaw ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Mumbly Cartoon Show ( 1976 -- 77 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics ( The Scooby - Doo Show Laff - A-Lympics Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ) ( 1977 -- 79 ) Fangface ( 1978 -- 79 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 -- 79 ) The All - New Pink Panther Show ( 1978 -- 79 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) First - run live - action series American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp ( 1970 -- 72 ) Here Come the Double Deckers ( 1970 -- 72 ) Lidsville ( 1971 -- 73 ) Curiosity Shop ( 1971 -- 73 ) Make a Wish ( 1971 -- 76 ) Korg : 70,000 B.C. ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 -- 76 ) Uncle Croc 's Block ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 -- 78 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy Dr.", "19": "Shrinker Electra Woman and Dyna Girl Magic Mongo Wonderbug Junior Almost Anything Goes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Rebroadcasts George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) Bewitched ( 1972 -- 73 ) Jonny Quest ( 1970 -- 72 ) H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Monkees ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1972 ) The Roman Holidays ( 1972 ) Speed Buggy ( 1976 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You !", "20": "( 1978 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1980s First - run animated series The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Fangface Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ( 1977 -- 80 ) Super Friends ( 1980 - 82 ) The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang ( 1980 -- 82 ) Richie Rich ( 1980 -- 84 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( shorts ) ( 1980 -- 82 ) Thundarr the Barbarian ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Heathcliff and Dingbat Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) Laverne & Shirley in the Army ( 1981 -- 82 ) Goldie Gold and Action Jack ( 1981 -- 82 ) Pac - Man ( 1982 -- 84 ) The Little Rascals ( 1982 -- 84 ) Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Puppy 's Further Adventures ( 1982 -- 84 ) Monchhichis ( 1983 -- 84 ) Rubik ,", "21": "the Amazing Cube ( 1983 -- 85 ) The Littles ( 1983 -- 86 ) Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ( 1984 -- 85 ) Mighty Orbots ( 1984 -- 85 ) Turbo Teen ( 1984 -- 85 ) Dragon 's Lair ( 1984 -- 85 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 87 ) Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 -- 86 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) Pound Puppies ( 1986 -- 87 ) Popples ( 1986 - 87 ) The Care Bears ( 1986 -- 88 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 89 ) The Real Ghostbusters ( 1986 -- 91 ) My Pet Monster ( 1987 -- 88 ) The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ( 1988 -- 91 ) Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( 1989 -- 90 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 92 ) First - run live - action series ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Animals , Animals ,", "22": "Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Menudo on ABC ( 1983 -- 85 ) ABC Funfit ( 1985 ) ABC Fun Facts ( 1988 ) Rebroadcasts The Best of Scooby - Doo ( 1983 -- 84 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1986 ) The Wuzzles ( 1986 -- 87 ) Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related programming and topics Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scooby-Doo,", "23": "_Where_Are_You!&oldid=837901708 '' Categories : 1960s American animated television series 1969 American television series debuts 1970s American animated television series 1978 American television series endings CBS network shows American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Scooby - Doo television series Television series by Hanna - Barbera American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American children 's animated mystery television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Español Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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448742752032961281	why god save the queen and not king	[ "depending on the gender of the reigning monarch" ]	{ "0": "God Save the Queen - wikipedia God Save the Queen Jump to : navigation , search `` God Save the King '' redirects here . For other uses , see God Save the Queen ( disambiguation ) and God Save the King ( disambiguation ) . God Save the Queen Publication of an early version in The Gentleman 's Magazine , 15 October 1745 . The title , on the contents page , is given as `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' . National or royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda ( royal ) Australia ( royal ) and its dependency of Norfolk Island ( national and royal ) The Bahamas ( royal ) Barbados ( royal ) Belize ( royal ) Canada ( royal ) Grenada ( royal ) Jamaica ( royal ) New Zealand ( national and royal ) and some of its dependencies ( Cook Islands and Niue ( royal ) and Tokelau ( national and royal ) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( royal ) Solomon Islands ( royal ) Tuvalu ( royal ) United Kingdom ( national and royal ) , its Crown Dependencies and its overseas territories Also known as `` God Save the King '' ( when the monarch is male ) Music Unknown composer Adopted September 1745 Audio sample `` God Save the Queen '' file help `` God Save the Queen '' ( alternatively `` God Save the King '' , depending on the gender of the reigning monarch ) is the national or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms , their territories , and the British Crown Dependencies . The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant , but a 1619 attribution to John Bull is sometimes made . It is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and one of two national anthems used by New Zealand since 1977 , as well as for several of the UK 's territories that have their own additional local anthem . It is also the royal anthem -- played specifically in the presence of the monarch -- of all the aforementioned countries , as well as Australia ( since 1984 ) , Canada ( since 1980 ) , Barbados and Tuvalu . In countries not previously part of the British Empire , the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' has provided the basis for various patriotic songs , though still generally connected with royal ceremony .", "1": "In the United States , the melody is used for the patriotic song `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' . The melody is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein , `` Oben am jungen Rhein '' . Beyond its first verse , which is consistent , `` God Save the Queen / King '' has many historic and extant versions . Since its first publication , different verses have been added and taken away and , even today , different publications include various selections of verses in various orders . In general , only one verse is sung . Sometimes two verses are sung , and on rare occasions , three . The sovereign and her or his spouse are saluted with the entire anthem , while other members of the Royal Family who are entitled to royal salute ( such as the Prince of Wales ) receive just the first six bars . The first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK ( e.g. , in Canada , governors general and lieutenant governors at official events are saluted with the first six bars of `` God Save the Queen '' followed by the first four and last four bars of `` O Canada '' ) , as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Original Lyrics 2 Use in the United Kingdom 2.1 Lyrics in the UK 2.1. 1 Standard version in the United Kingdom 2.1. 2 Standard version of the music 2.1. 3 Alternative British versions 2.1. 3.1 William Hickson 's alternative version 2.1. 3.2 Official peace version 2.1. 4 Historic alternative verses 2.2 Performance in the UK 2.3 Other British anthems 3 Use in other Commonwealth countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Canada 3.2.", "2": "1 Lyrics in Canada 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 Rhodesia 4 Use elsewhere 5 Musical adaptations 5.1 Classical composers 5.2 Rock adaptations 5.3 Computer music 6 Reception 7 Notes 8 External links History ( edit ) In The Oxford Companion to Music , Percy Scholes points out the similarities to an early plainsong melody , although the rhythm is very distinctly that of a galliard , and he gives examples of several such dance tunes that bear a striking resemblance to `` God Save the King / Queen '' . Scholes quotes a keyboard piece by John Bull ( 1619 ) which has some similarities to the modern tune , depending on the placing of accidentals which at that time were unwritten in certain cases and left to the discretion of the player ( see musica ficta ) . He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell , one of which includes the opening notes of the modern tune , set to the words `` God Save the King '' . Nineteenth - century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol , `` Remember O Thou Man '' was the source of the tune . The first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus . The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year , with the landing of Charles Edward Stuart and was published in The Gentleman 's Magazine ( see illustration above ) . This manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points , one as early as the first bar , but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem . It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745 , with , for example , Thomas Arne writing a setting of the tune for the Drury Lane Theatre . Scholes ' analysis includes mention of `` untenable '' and `` doubtful '' claims , as well as `` an American misattribution '' . Some of these are : The French Marquise de Créquy wrote in her book `` Souvenirs '' , that the tune Grand Dieu Sauve Le Roi , was written by Jean - Baptiste Lully in gratitude for the survival by Louis XIV of an anal fistula operation .", "3": "The surgical knife that was purpose - built for the occasion is on display in the Musée d'histoire de la médecine . Lully set words by Marie de Brinon to music , and Créquy claims the tune was later plagiarised by Handel . Translated in Latin under the name Domine , Salvum Fac Regem , it became the French anthem until 1792 . After the Battle of Culloden , the Hanover dynasty supposedly then adopted this melody as the British anthem . James Oswald : He is a possible author of the Thesaurus Musicus , so may have played a part in the history of the song , but is not a strong enough candidate to be cited as the composer of the tune . Dr Henry Carey : Scholes refutes this attribution , first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim . Second , when the claim was made by Carey 's son ( as late as 1795 ) , it was accompanied by a request for a pension from the British Government on that score . Third , the younger Carey claimed that his father had written parts of it in 1745 , even though the older Carey had died in 1743 . It has also been claimed that the work was first publicly performed by Carey during a dinner in 1740 in honour of Admiral Edward `` Grog '' Vernon , who had captured the Spanish harbour of Porto Bello ( then in Gran Colombia , now in Panamá ) during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . Scholes recommends the attribution `` traditional '' or `` traditional ; earliest known version by John Bull ( 1562 -- 1628 ) '' . The English Hymnal ( musical editor Ralph Vaughan Williams ) gives no attribution , stating merely `` 17th or 18th cent . '' Original lyrics ( edit ) God save great George our king God save our noble king , God save the king ! Send him victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the king ! Use in the United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : National anthem of England The phrase `` God Save the King '' in use as a rallying cry to the support of the monarch and the nation 's forces `` God Save the Queen '' is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .", "4": "Like many aspects of British constitutional life , its official status derives from custom and use , not from Royal Proclamation or Act of Parliament . In general only one or two verses are sung , but on rare occasions three . The variation in the UK of the lyrics to `` God Save the Queen '' is the oldest amongst those currently used , and forms the basis on which all other versions used throughout the Commonwealth are formed ; though , again , the words have varied throughout these years . England has no official national anthem of its own ; `` God Save the Queen '' is treated as the English national anthem when England is represented at sporting events ( though there are some exceptions to this rule , such as cricket where Jerusalem is used ) . There is a movement to establish an English national anthem , with Blake and Parry 's `` Jerusalem '' and Elgar 's `` Land of Hope and Glory '' among the top contenders . Scotland has its own national song and Wales has its own national anthem for political and national events and for use at international football , rugby union and other sports in which those nations compete independently . On all occasions Wales ' national anthem is `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' ( Land of my Fathers ) . Scotland has no single anthem ; `` Scotland the Brave '' was traditionally used until the 1990s , when `` Flower of Scotland '' was adopted . In Northern Ireland , `` God Save the Queen '' is still used as the official anthem . The phrase `` No surrender '' is occasionally sung in the bridge before `` Send her victorious '' by England football fans at matches . The phrase `` no surrender '' is also associated with Combat 18 , a white supremacist group . The phrase is also associated with Ulster loyalism and can sometimes be heard at the same point before Northern Ireland football matches . Since 2003 , `` God Save the Queen '' , considered an all inclusive Anthem for Great Britain and Northern Ireland , as well as other countries within the Commonwealth , has been dropped from the Commonwealth Games . Northern Irish athletes receive their gold medals to the tune of the `` Londonderry Air '' , popularly known as `` Danny Boy '' . In 2006 , English winners heard Elgar 's Pomp and Circumstance March No.", "5": "1 , usually known as `` Land of Hope and Glory '' , but after a poll conducted by the Commonwealth Games Council for England prior to the 2010 Games , `` Jerusalem '' was adopted as England 's new Commonwealth Games anthem . In sports in which the UK competes as one nation , most notably as Great Britain at the Olympics , `` God Save the Queen '' is used to represent anyone or any team that comes from the United Kingdom . Lyrics in the UK ( edit ) The Town Hall , Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire ( built 1767 ) , bearing the painted slogan , `` God Save the King '' . The phrase `` God Save the King '' is much older than the song , appearing , for instance , several times in the King James Bible . A text based on the 1st Book of Kings Chapter 1 : verses 38 -- 40 , `` ... And all the people rejoic 'd , and said : God save the King ! Long live the King ! May the King live for ever , Amen '' , has been sung at every coronation since that of King Edgar in 973 . Scholes says that as early as 1545 `` God Save the King '' was a watchword of the Royal Navy , with the response being `` Long to reign over us '' . He also notes that the prayer read in churches on anniversaries of the Gunpowder Plot includes words which might have formed part of the basis for the second verse `` Scatter our enemies ... assuage their malice and confound their devices '' . In 1745 , The Gentleman 's Magazine published `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' , describing it `` As sung at both Playhouses '' ( the Theatres Royal at Drury Lane and Covent Garden ) . Traditionally , the first performance was thought to have been in 1745 , when it was sung in support of King George II , after his defeat at the Battle of Prestonpans by the army of Charles Edward Stuart , son of James Francis Edward Stuart , the Jacobite claimant to the British throne . It is sometimes claimed that , ironically , the song was originally sung in support of the Jacobite cause : the word `` send '' in the line `` Send him victorious '' could imply that the king was absent .", "6": "However , the Oxford English Dictionary cites examples of `` ( God ) send ( a person ) safe , victorious , etc . '' meaning `` God grant that he may be safe , etc . '' . There are also examples of early eighteenth century Jacobean drinking glasses which are inscribed with a version of the words and were apparently intended for drinking the health of King James II and VII . Scholes acknowledges these possibilities but argues that the same words were probably being used by both Jacobite and Hanoverian supporters and directed at their respective kings . In 1902 , the musician William Hayman Cummings , quoting mid-18th century correspondence between Charles Burney and Sir Joseph Banks , proposed that the words were based on a Latin verse composed for King James II at the Chapel Royal . O Deus optime Salvum nunc facito Regem nostrum ; Sic laeta victoria Comes et gloria Salvum iam facito Tu dominum . Standard version in the United Kingdom ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' ( standard version ) God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save the Queen ! Send her victorious , Happy and glorious , Long to reign over us : God save the Queen ! O Lord our God arise , Scatter her enemies , And make them fall : Confound their politics , Frustrate their knavish tricks , On Thee our hopes we fix : God save us all . Thy choicest gifts in store , On her be pleased to pour ; Long may she reign : May she defend our laws , And ever give us cause , To sing with heart and voice , God save the Queen ! When the monarch of the time is male , `` Queen '' is replaced with `` King '' and all feminine pronouns ( in bold type ) are replaced with their masculine equivalents . There is no definitive version of the lyrics .", "7": "However , the version consisting of the three verses reproduced in the box on the right hand side has the best claim to be regarded as the `` standard '' British version , appearing not only in the 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine , but also in publications such as The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) , National Hymns : How They Are Written and How They Are Not Written ( 1861 ) , Household Book of Poetry ( 1882 ) , and Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version ( 1982 ) . The same version with verse two omitted appears in publications including Scouting for Boys ( 1908 ) , and on the British Monarchy website . At the Queen 's Golden Jubilee Party at the Palace concert , Prince Charles referred in his speech to the `` politically incorrect second verse '' of the National Anthem . According to Alan Michie 's Rule , Britannia , which was published in 1952 , after the death of King George VI but before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , when the first General Assembly of the United Nations was held in London in January 1946 the King , in honour of the occasion , `` ordered the belligerent imperious second stanza of ' God Save the King ' to be rewritten to bring it more into the spirit of the brotherhood of nations . '' In the UK , the first verse is the only verse typically sung , even at official occasions , although the third verse is sung in addition on rare occasions such as during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics , and usually at the Last Night of the Proms . At the Closing Ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics , the fourth verse of the William Hickson alternative lyrics was sung instead of the third verse . Standard version of the music ( edit ) Play media `` God Save the Queen '' sung by the public at St Giles ' Fair , Oxford , 2007 The standard version of the melody and its key of G major are still those of the originally published version , although the start of the anthem is often signalled by an introductory timpani roll of two bars length . The bass line of the standard version differs little from the second voice part shown in the original , and there is a standard version in four - part harmony for choirs .", "8": "The first three lines ( six bars of music ) are soft , ending with a short crescendo into `` Send her victorious '' , and then is another crescendo at `` over us : '' into the final words `` God save the Queen '' . In the early part of the 20th century there existed a Military Band version , usually played in march time , in the higher key of B ♭ , because it was easier for brass instruments to play in that key , though it had the disadvantage of being more difficult to sing : however now most Bands play it in the correct key of G . Since 1953 , the anthem is sometimes preceded by a fanfare composed by Gordon Jacob for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Alternative British versions ( edit ) There have been several attempts to improve the song by rewriting the words . In the nineteenth century there was some lively debate about the national anthem and , even then , verse two was considered to be slightly offensive . Notably , the question arose over the phrase `` scatter her enemies . '' Some thought it placed better emphasis on the respective power of Parliament and the Crown to change `` her '' to `` our '' ; others pointed out that the theology was somewhat dubious and substituted `` thine '' instead . Sydney G.R. Coles wrote a completely new version , as did Canon F.K. Harford . In 1836 , William Edward Hickson wrote four alternative verses . The first , third , and fourth of these verses are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal ( which only includes verses one and three of the original lyrics ) . William Hickson 's alternative version ( edit ) William Hickson 's alternative ( 1836 ) version includes the following verses , of which the first , third , and fourth have some currency as they are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal . The fourth verse was sung after the traditional first verse at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving in 2002 and during the raising of the Union Flag during the closing ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics . God bless our native land ! May heaven 's protecting hand Still guard our shore : May peace her power extend , Foe be transformed to friend , And Britain 's rights depend On war no more .", "9": "O Lord , our monarch bless With strength and righteousness : Long may she reign : Her heart inspire and move With wisdom from above ; And in a nation 's love Her throne maintain May just and righteous laws Uphold the public cause , And bless our isle : Home of the brave and free , Thou land of liberty , We pray that still on thee Kind heaven may smile . Not in this land alone , But be God 's mercies known From shore to shore : Lord make the nations see That men should brothers be , And form one family The wide world over Official peace version ( edit ) A less militaristic version of the song , titled `` Official peace version , 1919 '' , was first published in the hymn book Songs of Praise in 1925 . This was `` official '' in the sense that it was approved by the British Privy Council in 1919 . However , despite being reproduced in some other hymn books , it is largely unknown today . God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save The Queen ! Send her victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the Queen ! One realm of races four Blest more and ever more God save our land ! Home of the brave and free Set in the silver sea True nurse of chivalry God save our land ! Of many a race and birth From utmost ends of earth God save us all ! Bid strife and hatred cease Bid hope and joy increase Spread universal peace God save us all ! Historic alternative verses ( edit ) Around 1745 , anti-Jacobite sentiment was captured in a verse appended to the song , with a prayer for the success of Field Marshal George Wade 's army then assembling at Newcastle . These words attained some short - term use , although they did not appear in the published version in the October 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine . This verse was first documented as an occasional addition to the original anthem by Richard Clark in 1822 , and was also mentioned in a later article on the song , published by the Gentleman 's Magazine in October 1836 .", "10": "Therein , it is presented as an `` additional verse ... though being of temporary application only ... stored in the memory of an old friend ... who was born in the very year 1745 , and was thus the associate of those who heard it first sung '' , the lyrics given being : Lord , grant that Marshal Wade , May by thy mighty aid , Victory bring . May he sedition hush , and like a torrent rush , Rebellious Scots to crush , God save the King . The 1836 article and other sources make it clear that this verse was not used soon after 1745 , and certainly before the song became accepted as the British national anthem in the 1780s and 1790s . It was included as an integral part of the song in the Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse of 1926 , although erroneously referencing the `` fourth verse '' to the Gentleman 's Magazine article of 1745 . On the opposing side , Jacobite beliefs were demonstrated in an alternative verse used during the same period : God bless the prince , I pray , God bless the prince , I pray , Charlie I mean ; That Scotland we may see Freed from vile Presbyt'ry , Both George and his Feckie , Ever so , Amen . In May 1800 , following an attempt to assassinate King George III at London 's Drury Lane theatre , playwright Richard Sheridan immediately composed an additional verse , which was sung from the stage the same night : From every latent foe From the assassins blow God save the King O'er him Thine arm extend For Britain 's sake defend Our father , king , and friend God save the King ! Various other attempts were made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to add verses to commemorate particular royal or national events . For example , according to Fitzroy Maclean , when Jacobite forces bypassed Wade 's force and reached Derby , but then retreated and when their garrison at Carlisle Castle surrendered to a second government army led by King George 's son , the Duke of Cumberland , another verse was added .", "11": "Other short - lived verses were notably anti-French , such as the following , quoted in the book Handel by Edward J. Dent : From France and Pretender Great Britain defend her , Foes let them fall ; From foreign slavery , Priests and their knavery , And Popish Reverie , God save us all . However , none of these additional verses survived into the twentieth century . Updated `` full '' versions including additional verses have been published more recently , including the standard three verses , Hickson 's fourth verse , Sheridan 's verse and the Marshal Wade verse . Performance in the UK ( edit ) The style most commonly heard in official performances was proposed as the `` proper interpretation '' by King George V , who considered himself something of an expert ( in view of the number of times he had heard it ) . An Army Order was duly issued in 1933 , which laid down regulations for tempo , dynamics and orchestration . This included instructions such as that the opening `` six bars will be played quietly by the reed band with horns and basses in a single phrase . Cornets and side - drum are to be added at the little scale - passage leading into the second half of the tune , and the full brass enters for the last eight bars '' . The official tempo for the opening section is a metronome setting of 60 , with the second part played in a broader manner , at a metronome setting of 52 . In recent years the prescribed sombre - paced introduction is often played at a faster and livelier tempo . Until the latter part of the 20th century , theatre and concert goers were expected to stand while the anthem was played after the conclusion of a show . In cinemas this brought a tendency for audiences to rush out while the end credits played to avoid this formality . ( This can be seen in the 1972 Dad 's Army episode A Soldier 's Farewell . ) The anthem continues to be played at some traditional events such as Wimbledon , Royal Variety Performance , the Edinburgh Tattoo , Royal Ascot , Henley Royal Regatta and The Proms . The anthem was traditionally played at closedown on the BBC , and with the introduction of commercial television to the UK this practice was adopted by some ITV companies ( with the notable exception of Granada ) .", "12": "BBC Two never played the anthem at closedown , and ITV dropped the practice in the late 1980s , but it continued on BBC One until the final closedown on 8 November 1997 ( thereafter BBC1 began to simulcast with BBC News after end of programmes ) . The tradition is carried on , however , by BBC Radio 4 , which plays the anthem each night as a transition piece between the end of the Radio Four broadcasting and the move to BBC World Service . Radio 4 and Radio 2 also play the National Anthem at 0700 and 0800 on the actual and official birthdays of the Queen and the birthdays of senior members of the Royal Family . The anthem usually prefaces The Queen 's Christmas Message ( although in 2007 it appeared at the end , taken from a recording of the 1957 television broadcast ) , and important royal announcements , such as of royal deaths , when it is played in a slower , sombre arrangement . Other British anthems ( edit ) Frequently , when an anthem is needed for one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom -- at an international sporting event , for instance -- an alternative song is used : England generally uses `` God Save the Queen '' , but `` Jerusalem '' , `` Rule , Britannia ! '' and `` Land of Hope and Glory '' have also been used . At international test cricket matches , England has , since 2004 , used `` Jerusalem '' as the anthem . At international rugby league matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' and also `` Jerusalem '' . At international rugby union and football matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' . At the Commonwealth Games , Team England uses `` Jerusalem '' as their victory anthem . Scotland uses `` Flower of Scotland '' as their anthem for most sporting occasions . Wales uses Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ( `` Land of My Fathers '' ) for governmental ceremonies and sporting occasions . At official occasions , especially those with royal connections , `` God Save the Queen '' is also played . Northern Ireland uses `` God Save the Queen '' as its national anthem . Northern Ireland also uses `` Londonderry Air '' as its victory anthem at the Commonwealth Games . However , many Irish nationalists feel unrepresented by the unionist anthem and seek an alternative .", "13": "The British and Irish Lions rugby union tour used the song `` The Power of Four '' , but this anthem was especially designed for the 2005 tour and was used only then . In April 2007 there was an early day motion , number 1319 , to the British Parliament to propose that there should be a separate England anthem : `` That this House ... believes that all English sporting associations should adopt an appropriate song that English sportsmen and women , and the English public , would favour when competing as England '' . An amendment ( EDM 1319A3 ) was proposed by Evan Harris that the song `` should have a bit more oomph than God Save The Queen and should also not involve God . '' For more information see also : National anthem of England National anthem of Scotland Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Londonderry Air Use in other Commonwealth countries ( edit ) `` God Save the King / Queen '' was exported around the world via the expansion of the British Empire , serving as each country 's national anthem . Throughout the Empire 's evolution into the Commonwealth of Nations , the song declined in use in most states which became independent . In some countries it remains as one of the official national anthems , such as in New Zealand , or as an official royal anthem , as is the case in Australia , Canada , Jamaica , and Tuvalu , to be played during formal ceremonies involving national royalty or vice-royalty . Australia ( edit ) Further information : Australian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols In Australia , the song has standing through a Royal Proclamation issued by Governor - General Sir Ninian Stephen on 19 April 1984 . It declared `` God Save the Queen '' to be the Royal Anthem and that it is to be played when the Australian monarch or a member of the Royal Family is present , though not exclusively in such circumstances . The same proclamation made `` Advance Australia Fair '' the national anthem and the basis for the `` Vice-Regal Salute '' ( the first four and last two bars of the anthem ) . Prior to 1974 , `` God Save the Queen '' was the national anthem of Australia . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Canadian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols , and Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada By convention , `` God Save the Queen '' is the Royal Anthem of Canada .", "14": "It is sometimes played or sung together with the national anthem , `` O Canada '' , at private and public events organised by groups such as the Government of Canada , the Royal Canadian Legion , police services , and loyal groups . The governor general and provincial lieutenant governors are accorded the `` Viceregal Salute '' , comprising the first three lines of `` God Save the Queen '' , followed by the first and last lines of `` O Canada '' . `` God Save the Queen '' has been sung in Canada since the late 1700s and by the mid 20th century was , along with `` O Canada '' , one of the country 's two de facto national anthems , the first and last verses of the standard British version being used . By - laws and practices governing the use of either song during public events in municipalities varied ; in Toronto , `` God Save the Queen '' was employed , while in Montreal it was `` O Canada '' . Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in 1964 said one song would have to be chosen as the country 's national anthem and , three years later , he advised Governor General Georges Vanier to appoint the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the National and Royal Anthems . Within two months , on 12 April 1967 , the committee presented its conclusion that `` God Save the Queen '' , whose music and lyrics were found to be in the public domain , should be designated as the Royal Anthem of Canada and `` O Canada '' as the national anthem , one verse from each , in both official languages , to be adopted by parliament . The group was then charged with establishing official lyrics for each song ; for `` God Save the Queen '' , the English words were those inherited from the United Kingdom and the French words were taken from those that had been adopted in 1952 for the coronation of Elizabeth II . When the bill pronouncing `` O Canada '' as the national anthem was put through parliament , the joint committee 's earlier recommendations regarding `` God Save the Queen '' were not included . The Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces regulates that `` God Save the Queen '' be played as a salute to the monarch and other members of the Canadian Royal Family , though it may also be used as a hymn , or prayer .", "15": "The words are not to be sung when the song is played as a military royal salute and is abbreviated to the first three lines while arms are being presented . Elizabeth II stipulated that the arrangement in G major by Lieutenant Colonel Basil H. Brown be used in Canada . The authorised version to be played by pipe bands is Mallorca . Lyrics in Canada ( edit ) The first verse of `` God Save the Queen '' has been translated into French , as shown below : Dieu protège la reine De sa main souveraine ! Vive la reine ! Qu'un règne glorieux Long et victorieux , Rende son peuple heureux . Vive la reine ! There is a special Canadian verse in English which was once commonly sung in addition to the two standing verses : Our loved Dominion bless With peace and happiness From shore to shore ; And let our Empire be Loyal , united , free , True to herself and Thee For evermore . New Zealand ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' was the sole official national anthem until 1977 when `` God Defend New Zealand '' was added as a second . `` God Save the Queen '' is now most often only played when the sovereign , governor - general or other member of the Royal Family is present , or on some occasions such as Anzac Day . In New Zealand , the second more militaristic verse is sometimes replaced with Hickson 's verse `` Nor in this land alone ... '' ( often sung as `` Not in this land alone '' ) , otherwise known as a `` Commonwealth verse '' . Rhodesia ( edit ) When Rhodesia issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the UK on 11 November 1965 , it did so while still maintaining loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II as the Rhodesian head of state , despite the non-recognition of the Rhodesian government by the United Kingdom and the United Nations ; `` God Save the Queen '' therefore remained the Rhodesian national anthem . This was supposed to demonstrate the continued allegiance of the Rhodesian people to the monarch , but the retention in Rhodesia of a song so associated with the UK while the two countries were at loggerheads regarding its constitutional status caused Rhodesian state occasions to have `` a faintly ironic tone '' , in the words of The Times .", "16": "Nevertheless , `` God Save the Queen '' remained Rhodesia 's national anthem until March 1970 , when the country formally declared itself a republic . `` Rise , O Voices of Rhodesia '' was adopted in its stead in 1974 and remained in use until the country returned to British control in December 1979 . Since the internationally recognised independence of the Republic of Zimbabwe in April 1980 , `` God Save the Queen '' has had no official status there . Use elsewhere ( edit ) `` God Save the King '' was one of the first songs to successfully be used as a national anthem , only the Dutch Het Wilhelmus ( ~ 1568 ) is older . ( The Spanish La Marcha Real is older as well , but took longer to become popular . Japan 's anthem Kimigayo has lyrics which are older still , but a more recent melody ) . Its success prompted a number of other countries to pen similar anthems to help construct a concrete national identity - many of which used the same tune : The Imperial anthem of Germany , Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( originally the royal anthem of Prussia since 1795 ) , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . In addition , several German states used the tune , including Bavaria ( Heil unserm König , Heil ! - Hail to our King , Hail ! ) , Saxony ( Gott segne Sachsenland - God bless Saxony ) and Liechtenstein , which did not join the German Empire ( see below ) . During the reign of Otto of Greece , the Bavarian royal anthem also served as the Greek anthem . The anthem of the Kingdom of Hanover , Heil dir , Hannover , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . Hanover was in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain and subsequently the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1837 . The national anthem of Imperial Russia from 1816 to 1833 was Molitva russkikh ( `` The Prayer of Russians '' ) , which used the melody of `` God Save the King '' and lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky . In Switzerland ( Rufst Du , mein Vaterland or Ô monts indépendants , until 1961 ) .", "17": "`` God Save the King '' was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaii before 1860 E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua , from 1860 to 1886 the national anthem of Hawaii , was set to the same melody . The American patriotic hymn `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , the lyrics of which were written by Samuel Francis Smith in 1831 . The song is often quoted -- alongside `` Hail , Columbia '' -- as a de facto national anthem for the United States , before the de jure adoption of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in 1931 . Norway 's royal anthem Kongesangen uses the melody . The Swedish royal anthem Bevare Gud vår kung between 1805 and 1880 , used the melody . Liechtenstein 's anthem Oben am jungen Rhein uses the same melody . In consequence , the tune was played twice before a Euro 2004 qualifying match between England and Liechtenstein ; and again before the Euro 96 qualifier between Northern Ireland and Liechtenstein . ( When England plays Northern Ireland , the tune is only played once ) . Iceland 's de facto national anthem in the 19th century was Íslands minni ( `` To Iceland '' , better known as Eldgamla Ísafold ) , a poem by Bjarni Thorarensen set to the melody of `` God Save the King '' . This lasted until the current national anthem was adopted , first by popular consent and later by law . The tune remains a popular one in Iceland and many different texts -- serious , satirical and comical -- have been set to it . The melody is also used as a hymn tune by Christian churches in various countries , including by the United Methodists of the southern United States , Mexico , and Latin America , among other denominations . `` Glory to God on High '' is frequently sung to the tune , as is `` Since I Have My Retreat '' in the Protestant Church of Korea , and the Dutch hymn `` Eeuwig en machtig Heer '' . The Ren & Stimpy Show uses a parody version of the tune for the anthem of the `` Royal Canadian Kilted Yaksmen '' .", "18": "Musical adaptations ( edit ) Classical composers ( edit ) About 140 composers have used the tune in their compositions , including Beethoven , Haydn , Brahms , Clementi , J.C. Bach , Liszt , Britten , Carl Maria von Weber , Niccolò Paganini , Johann Strauss I , and Edward Elgar . Ludwig van Beethoven composed a set of seven piano variations in the key of C major to the theme of `` God Save the King '' , catalogued as WoO. 78 ( 1802 -- 1803 ) . He also quotes it in his orchestral work Wellington 's Victory . Muzio Clementi used the theme to `` God Save the King '' in his Symphony No. 3 in G major , often called the `` Great National Symphony '' , catalogued as WoO. 34 . Clementi paid a high tribute to his adopted homeland ( the United Kingdom ) where he grew up and stayed most of his lifetime . He based the Symphony ( about 1816 -- 1824 ) on `` God Save the King '' , which is hinted at earlier in the work , not least in the second movement , and announced by the trombones in the finale . Symphony No. 3 `` Great National Symphony '' in en sol majeur / G - dur / G major / sol maggiore 1 . Andante sostenuto -- Allegro con brio 2 . Andante un poco mosso 3 . Minuetto . Allegretto 4 . Finale . Vivace Johann Christian Bach composed a set of variations on `` God Save the King '' for the finale to his sixth keyboard concerto ( Op. 1 ) written c. 1763 . Joseph Haydn was impressed by the use of `` God Save the King '' as a national anthem during his visit to London in 1794 , and on his return to Austria composed `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' ( `` God Save Emperor Francis '' ) for the birthday of the last Holy Roman Emperor and Roman - German King , Francis II . It became the anthem of the Austrian Empire after the end of the Holy Roman Empire with revised lyrics , its tune ultimately being used for the German national anthem .", "19": "The tune of `` God Save the King '' was adopted for the Prussian royal anthem `` Heil Dir im Siegerkranz '' . Franz Liszt wrote a piano paraphrase on the anthem ( S. 259 in the official catalogue , c. 1841 ) . Johann Strauss I quoted `` God Save the Queen '' in full at the end of his waltz Huldigung der Königin Victoria von Grossbritannien ( Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain ) Op. 103 , where he also quoted Rule , Britannia ! in full at the beginning of the piece . Siegfried August Mahlmann in the early 19th century wrote alternate lyrics to adapt the hymn for the Kingdom of Saxony , as `` Gott segne Sachsenland '' ( `` God Bless Saxony '' ) . Heinrich Marschner used the anthem in his `` Grande Ouverture solenne '' , op. 78 ( 1842 ) . Gaetano Donizetti used this anthem in his opera `` Roberto Devereux '' . Joachim Raff used this anthem in his Jubelouverture , Opus 103 ( 1864 ) dedicated to Adolf , Herzog von Nassau , on the 25th anniversary of his reign . Gioachino Rossini used this anthem in the last scene of his `` Il viaggio a Reims '' , when all the characters , coming from many different European countries , sing a song which recalls their own homeland . Lord Sidney , bass , sings `` Della real pianta '' on the notes of `` God Save the King '' . Samuel Ramey used to interpolate a spectacular virtuoso cadenza at the end of the song . Fernando Sor used the anthem in his 12 Studies , Op. 6 : No. 10 in C Major in the section marked ' Maestoso . ' Arthur Sullivan quotes the anthem at the end of his ballet Victoria and Merrie England . Claude Debussy opens with a brief introduction of `` God Save the King '' in one of his Preludes , Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq . P.P.M.P.C. The piece draws its inspiration from the main character of the Charles Dickens novel The Pickwick Papers .", "20": "Niccolò Paganini wrote a set of highly virtuosic variations on `` God Save the King '' as his Opus 9 . Max Reger wrote `` Variations and Fugue on ' Heil dir im Siegerkranz ' ( God Save the King ) '' for organ in 1901 after the death of Queen Victoria . It does not have an opus number . A week before the Coronation Ode was due to be premiered at the June 1902 `` Coronation Gala Concert '' at Covent Garden ( it was cancelled , owing to the King 's illness ) , Sir Edward Elgar introduced an arrangement of `` Land of Hope and Glory '' as a solo song performed by Clara Butt at a `` Coronation Concert '' at the Albert Hall . Novello seized upon the prevailing patriotism and requested that Elgar arrange the National Anthem as an appropriate opening for a concert performed in front of the Court and numerous British and foreign dignitaries . This version for orchestra and chorus , which is enlivened by use of a cappella and marcato effects , was also performed at the opening of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on St. George 's Day , 1924 , and recorded under the composer 's Baton in 1928 , with the LSO and the Philharmonic Choir . Elgar also used the first verse of the Anthem as the climax of a short `` Civic Procession and Anthem '' , written to accompany the mayoral procession at the opening of the Hereford Music Festival on 4 September 1927 . This premiere performance was recorded , and is today available on CD ; the score was lost following the festival , and Elgar resorted to reconstructing it by ear from the recording . Carl Maria von Weber uses the `` God Save the King '' theme at the end of his `` Jubel Overture '' Giuseppe Verdi included `` God Save the Queen '' in his `` Inno delle nazioni '' ( Hymn of the Nations ) , composed for the London 1862 International Exhibition . Benjamin Britten arranged `` God Save the Queen '' in 1961 for the Leeds Festival . This version has been programmed several times at the Last Night of the Proms . Charles Ives wrote Variations on `` America '' for organ in 1891 at age seventeen .", "21": "It included a polytonal section in three simultaneous keys , though this was omitted from performances at his father 's request , because `` it made the boys laugh out loud '' . Ives was fond of the rapid pedal line in the final variation , which he said was `` almost as much fun as playing baseball '' . The piece was not published until 1949 ; the final version includes an introduction , seven variations and a polytonal interlude . The piece was adapted for orchestra in 1963 by William Schuman . This version became popular during the bicentennial celebrations , and is often heard at pops concerts . Muthuswami Dikshitar ( 1776 -- 1835 ) , one of the musical trinity in South Indian classical ( Carnatic ) music composed some Sanskrit pieces set to Western tunes . These are in the raga Sankarabharanam and are referred to as `` nottu swaras '' . Among these , the composition `` Santatam Pahimam Sangita Shyamale '' is set to the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' Sigismond Thalberg ( 1812 - 1871 ) Swiss composer and one of the most famous virtuoso pianists of the 19th century wrote a fantasia on `` God Save the Queen '' . Johan Nepomuk Hummel ( 1778 - 1837 ) Variations from God Save the King in D major op10 Adrien - François Servais ( 1807 -- 66 ) and Joseph Ghys ( 1801 -- 48 ) wrote Variations brillantes et concertantes sur l'air `` God Save the King '' , Op. 38 , for violin and cello and performed it in London and St Petersburg . Georges Onslow ( 1784 - 1853 ) used the tune in his String Quartet No. 7 in G Minor , op. 9 , second movement . Rock adaptations ( edit ) The British rock band Family sampled `` God Save the Queen '' at the end of their 1968 debut album , Music in a Doll 's House , following the final track , `` 3 x Time '' . The Beatles performed an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' during their 30 January 1969 rooftop concert , atop the Apple building .", "22": "They had also whistled the melody of the song on their first fan club Christmas record in 1963 . Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience played an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' to open his set at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 . Just before walking onto the stage , he can be seen ( on the DVD ) and heard to ask `` How does it go again ? '' in reference to said UK national anthem . He may have been able to simply hear it mimicked by voice and then perform it , though the same melody was ( and is ) widely known in the United States to the lyrics `` My country , ' tis of thee '' . Hendrix gave the same sort of distortion and improvisation of `` God Save the Queen '' , as he had done with `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' at the Woodstock Festival , 1969 . Gentle Giant performed a version -- titled The Queen -- on their 1970 eponymous debut album . The rock band Queen recorded an instrumental version of `` God Save the Queen '' on their 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It was arranged by guitarist Brian May and features his distinctive layers of overdubbed electric guitars . A tape of this version would be played at the end of almost every concert , with Freddie Mercury walking around the stage wearing a crown and a cloak on their Magic Tour in 1986 . The song was played whilst all the Queen members would take their bows . On 3 June 2002 , during the Queen 's Golden Jubilee , Brian May performed the anthem on his Red Special electric guitar for Party at the Palace , performing from the roof of Buckingham Palace , and features on the 30th Anniversary DVD edition of A Night at the Opera .", "23": "`` God Save the Queen '' Song by Queen from the album A Night at the Opera Released Recorded 1975 at Sarm East Studios Length 1 : 15 Label EMI , Parlophone ( Europe ) Elektra , Hollywood ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Queen , Roy Thomas Baker A Night at the Opera track listing 12 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Death on Two Legs ( Dedicated to ... ) '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' Side two `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Good Company '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` God Save the Queen '' In 1977 , the Sex Pistols recorded a song titled `` God Save the Queen '' in open reference to the National Anthem and the Queen 's Silver Jubilee celebrations that year , with the song intending to stand for sympathy for the working class and resentment of the monarchy . They were banned from many venues , censored by mainstream media , and reached number 2 on the official U.K. singles charts and number 1 on the NME chart . A version of `` God Save the Queen '' by Madness features the melody of the song played on kazoos . It was included on the compilation album The Business -- the Definitive Singles Collection . Composer Steve Ouimette recorded a rock version as downloadable content for the video game Guitar Hero 5 . Canadian rocker Neil Young recorded a rock version of `` God Save the Queen '' , merged with `` America ( My Country ' Tis of Thee ) '' , for his 2012 Americana album with Crazy Horse . Computer music ( edit ) The anthem was the first piece of music played on a computer , and the first computer music to be recorded . Musical notes were first generated by a computer programmed by Alan Turing at the Computing Machine Laboratory of the University of Manchester in 1948 . The first music proper , a performance of the National Anthem was programmed by Christopher Strachey on the Mark II Manchester Electronic Computer at same venue , in 1951 .", "24": "Later that year , short extracts of three pieces , the first being the National Anthem , were recorded there by a BBC outside broadcasting unit : the other pieces being `` Ba Ba Black Sheep , and `` In the Mood '' . Researchers at the University of Canterbury , Christchurch restored the acetate master disc in 2016 and the results may be heard on Soundcloud . Reception ( edit ) The philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham praised `` God Save the King '' in 1796 : `` the melody recommending itself by beauty to the most polished ears , and by its simplicity to the rudest ear . A song of this complexion , implanted by the habit of half a century in the mass of popular sentiment , can not be refused a place in the inventory of the national blessings . '' Ludwig van Beethoven wrote `` I have to show the English a little of what a blessing ' God Save the King ' is '' . Alex Marshall , the British author of Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems , called the anthem `` ludicrous '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . The official website of The British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Man '' . nationalanthems.info . Archived from the original on 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p . I , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom - God Save the Queen '' . NationalAnthems.me . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ cf . the versions in the hymn books English Hymnal , Hymns Ancient and Modern , and Songs of Praise Jump up ^ `` Thatcher funeral : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Prince Philip arrive '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholes , Percy A . The Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition .", "25": "Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Sousa , John Philip ( 1890 ) . National , Patriotic , and Typical Airs of All Lands . ( Remember O Thou Man ) is the air on the ground of which God Save the King Is sometimes claimed for Scotland . It is in two strains of 8 bars each and has the rhythm and melody of the modern tune in the first and third bars of the second strain . But it is in minor . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , John ( 1830 ) . The Literary Correspondence of John Pinkerton , Esq . Remember O thou man is unquestionably the root of God save the King Jump up ^ `` Chap. IV : Souvenirs de mme de Créquy '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Devlieger. , Michiel ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` De Laatste Show '' ( in Dutch ) . VRT ( Flemish National Television ) . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ see the sheet music available online : `` Domine Salvum Fac Regem '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1906 ) . The English Hymnal with Tunes . Oxford University Press . p. 724 . Hymn No. 560 `` National Anthem '' Jump up ^ Dimont , Charles . `` God Save the Queen : the History of the National Anthem '' . historytoday . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National anthems & national songs '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Les Back ; Tim Crabbe ; John Solomos ( 1 November 2001 ) . The Changing Face of Football : Racism , Identity and Multiculture in the English Game . Berg Publishers . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 478 - 0 .", "26": "Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Marina Hyde ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` Race issues ( News ) , FA ( Football Association ) , England football team , Rio Ferdinand , John Terry , Football , Sport , UK news '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Anthem 4 England -- At the 2010 Commonwealth games Blake and Parry 's Jerusalem was used by the England team Land of Hope and Glory Archived 7 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel x . 24 ; 2 Samuel xvi. 16 and 2 Kings xi. 12 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Coronation Service '' , Westminster Abbey website , London , U.K. : Dean and Chapter of Westminster , 2009 , retrieved 20 August 2009 , Meanwhile the choir sings the anthem Zadok the Priest , the words of which ( from the first Book of Kings ) have been sung at every coronation since King Edgar 's in 973 . Since the coronation of George II in 1727 the setting by Handel has always been used . Jump up ^ Wood , William ( 1919 ) . Flag and Fleet : How the British Navy Won the Freedom of the Seas . Macmillan . Jump up ^ `` The Watchword in the Night shall be , ' God save King Henrye ! ' The other shall answer , ' Long to raign over Us ! ' Jump up ^ The Gentleman 's Magazine Vol. 15 , October 1745 , p. 552 ^ Jump up to : Scholes p. 412 Jump up ^ God Save the King , William H. Cummings , Novello and Company Ltd , London 1902 Jump up ^ used to be popish Jump up ^ Mackay , Charles ( 1851 ) . The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century . p. 203 . Jump up ^ White , Richard Grant ( 1861 ) . National Hymns : How They are Written and how They are Not Written . Rudd & Carleton . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1882 ) . Household Book of Poetry . p. 384 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version . SCM - Canterbury Press Ltd. 1982 . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 907547 - 06 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baden - Powell , Robert ( 1908 ) . Scouting for Boys . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Official versions published by Kneller Hall Royal Military School of Music Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards ( 2002 ) . Imperialism And Music : Britain 1876 - 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0719045061 . Jump up ^ Richards p. 91 Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1925 ) . Songs of Praise . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten National Anthem Sung at Halesowen Service '' . Black Country Bugle. 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Source describes it as an `` unusual and little known version of the national anthem ... taken from the order of service for the blessing of Halesowen 's borough charter ... on Sunday , 20 September 1936 . '' Jump up ^ Clark , Richard ( 1822 ) . An Account of the National Anthem Entitled God Save the King ! . London . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey ( 2002 ) . Imperialism and Music : Britain 1876 to 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4506 - 1 . `` A fourth verse was briefly in vogue at the time of the rebellion , but was rapidly abandoned thereafter : God grant that Marshal Wade ... etc '' Jump up ^ `` The history of God Save the King '' : The Gentleman 's Magazine , Vol 6 ( new series ) , 1836 , p. 373 . `` There is an additional verse ... though being of temporary application only , it was but short - lived ... ( but ) ... it was stored in the memory of an old friend of my own ... ' Oh ! grant that Marshal Wade ... etc . ' Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse '' .", "28": "Questia.com . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Groom , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Union Jack : the Story of the British Flag . Atlantic Books . Appendix . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 336 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The horrid assassin Is Hatfield , attempting to shoot the king in Drury Lane theatre - on the 15th of May , 1800 '' . British Museum . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Franklin L. ( 1985 ) . Political Murder : From Tyrannicide to Terrorism . Harvard University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 68636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Fitzroy ( 1989 ) . Bonnie Prince Charlie . Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 568 - 3 . Note that the verse he quotes appears to have a line missing . Jump up ^ See : etext 9089 at project Gutenberg and p35 at FullTextArchive.com Jump up ^ Richards p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` God Save the Queen - lyrics '' . London : The Telegraph . 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Should Welsh Olympics 2012 stars sing God Save the Queen anthem ? '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Percy A Scholes : Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 keeps flying the flag '' . London : The Guardian . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Time , and the Green and Pleasant Land '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Britannia History -- Rule Britannia ! Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Sing Jerusalem for England !", "29": "BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Hubert Parry : The Composer -- Icons of England Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Home nations fans ' back England ' BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2010 : England stars discuss Jerusalem BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Flower of Scotland The Herald ( 13 July 1990 ) Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Land of My Fathers v La Marseillaise : Clash of rugby 's greatest anthems The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Tara Magdalinski , Timothy Chandler ( 2002 ) With God on Their Side : Sport in the Service of Religion p. 24 . Routledge , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Poll : Should God Save the Queen be dropped for Northern Ireland sports events - and what could replace it ? - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sing when you 're winning BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Information Management Services . Early day Motion 1319 '' . Edmi.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Buckingham Palace to the Governor - General of New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . -- Royal assent that the two songs should have equal status Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette ; No . S 142 ; 19 April 1984 Jump up ^ `` National Anthem '' . Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Royal anthem `` God Save the Queen '' `` . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , pp.", "30": "54 , I ^ Jump up to : Kallmann , Helmut , `` The Canadian Encyclopedia '' , in Marsh , James Harley , Encyclopedia of Music in Canada > Musical Genres > National and royal anthems , Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada , archived from the original on 10 October 2011 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . `` History of the Lieutenant Governor > Royal Salute > Royal Salute ( Formerly known as the Vice-Regal Salute ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Nova Scotia . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoiberg , Dale ( ed . ) , `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' , O Canada , Toronto : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Citizenship and Immigration Canada ( 2009 ) . Discover Canada ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 12739 - 2 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Alberta Police and Peace Officers ' Memorial Day 2009 Order of Service , Queen 's Printer for Alberta , 27 September 2009 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The National Flag of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Legion Dominion Command ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` National Remembrance Day Ceremony '' . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs . `` Canada Remembers > Partnering Opportunities > Community Engagement Partnership Fund > Nova Scotia > Community Engagement Partnership Fund : Nova Scotia '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Remembrance Day ( PDF ) , Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation , 11 November 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2011 , retrieved 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Honours and Salutes '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bélanger , Claude . `` The Quebec History Encyclopedia '' . In Marianopolis College . National Anthem of Canada . Montreal : Marianopolis College . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage . `` National Anthem : O Canada > Parliamentary Action '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of National Defence ( 1 April 1999 ) , The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 503 , A-AD - 200 - 000 / AG - 000 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 , retrieved 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hymne royal '' Dieu protège la Reine `` at Government of Canada website '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Max Cryer . `` Hear Our Voices , We Entreat -- The Extraordinary Story of New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Exisle Publishing . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Protocol for using New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , J.R.T. ( April 2008 ) . A matter of weeks rather than months : The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith : Sanctions , Aborted Settlements and War 1965 -- 1969 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 1 -- 8 .", "32": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 4807 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fisher , J.L. ( 2010 ) . Pioneers , settlers , aliens , exiles : the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe . Canberra : ANU E Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921666 - 14 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe athlete sings own anthem '' . London : BBC . 19 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bale , Tim . European Politics : A Comparative Introduction . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 330 . ISBN 9781137105868 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Anthems museum '' Archived 2 October 2010 at Archive - It Jump up ^ Daisy ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . A history of Icelandic literature . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln . pp. 262 , 518 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Granville Bantock ( 1913 ) . Sixty Patriotic Songs of All Nations . Ditson . p. xv . Jump up ^ `` His Music : Orchestral Arrangements and Transcriptions '' . Elgar . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jerrold Northrop Moore , Edward Elgar , a Creative Life , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Britten - The National Anthem '' .", "33": "Boosey.com. 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bederova , Julia ( 2002 ) . Kremerata Baltica : `` Happy Birthday '' ( Media notes ) . New York : Nonesuch Records . 7559 - 79657 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cross , Craig ( 2004 ) Beatles-Discography.com : Day - By - Day Song - By - Song Record - By - Record p. 212 . iUniverse , 2004 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Jerry ( 1998 ) The Jimi Hendrix experience p. 290 . Arcade Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ For the first time ever ... Queen : Ten great hits from the sensational rock band Mail Online Retrieved 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ A Night at the Opera , 30th Anniversary CD / DVD Allmusic Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ God Save the Queen Ultimate Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Fred Vermorel , Judy Vermorel ( 1987 ) Sex Pistols : the inside story p. 83 . Omnibus Press . Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Chart Stats -- The Sex Pistols -- God Save The Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Ska Revival Albums : Bad Manners Albums , Madness ( Band ) Albums , the Beat Albums , the Members Albums , the Specials Albums , the Toasters Albums . General Books , 2010 Jump up ^ Guitar Hero National Anthems Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Steve Ouimette.com Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` First recording of computer - generated music -- created by Alan Turing -- restored '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring the first recording of computer music - Sound and vision blog '' . British Library . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . Quinn , Michael , ed . Writings on the Poor Laws , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0199242321 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . Political Beethoven , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00589 - 1 ( p. 151 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Alex ( 2015 ) . Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems . London : Random House . p. 314 . ISBN 9781847947413 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : God Save the Queen Wikimedia Commons has media related to God Save the Queen . National Anthem at the Royal Family website Streaming audio , lyrics and information about God Save the Queen Department of Canadian Heritage -- Royal anthem page God Save Great George our King : -- article discussing different versions of the lyrics Free sheet music of God Save the Queen from Cantorion.org A Point of View : Is it time for a new British national anthem ? BBC NEWS . Published 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . National anthems of Europe Europe : Anthem of Europe Sovereign states European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Iceland Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Territories , dependencies , other areas United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales British Overseas Territories Gibraltar Crown dependencies Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Counties Cornwall Lincolnshire Yorkshire", "35": "Russia Adygea Arkhangelsk Oblast Bashkortostan Chechen Republic Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay -- Cherkessia Republic of Karelia Khanty -- Mansi Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic Mari El Mordovia Nenets Autonomous Okrug North Ossetia - Alania Rostov Oblast Tatarstan Tambov Oblast Udmurtia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Spain Andalusia Aragon Asturias Basque Country Cantabria Catalonia Galicia Majorca Occitania Valencia Other Flanders ( Belgium ) Wallonia ( Belgium ) Republika Srpska ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Istria ( Croatia ) Moravia ( Czech Republic ) Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Greenland ( Denmark ) Åland ( Finland ) Alsace ( France ) Brittany ( France ) Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur ( France ) Corsica ( France ) Occitania ( France / Italy / Spain / Monaco ) Bavaria ( Germany ) Lusatia ( Germany ) Macedonia ( Greece ) Friesland ( Netherlands ) Azores ( Portugal ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Székely Land ( Romania ) Sami Sardinia ( Italy ) Rîbnița ( Transnistria / Moldova ) Gagauzia ( Moldova ) Disputed Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Luhansk People 's Republic Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Crimea Former states and territories German Democratic Republic ( East Germany", "36": ") Soviet Union / Russian SFSR ( 1944 -- 91 ) Russian Federation ( Russia ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Ukrainian SSR ( Ukraine ) ( 1949 -- 92 ) Byelorussian SSR ( Byelorussia ) ( 1944 -- 91 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1919 -- 41 ) SFR Yugoslavia ( 1977 -- 91 ) FR Yugoslavia ( 1992 -- 2003 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 06 ) Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 39 ) Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S.", "37": "Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( USA ) Cook Islands ( NZ ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( USA ) Hawaii ( USA ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( NZ ) Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( NZ ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( USA ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America Canadian royal symbols Royal Arms of Canada Royal standards Great Seal of Canada St.", "38": "Edward 's Crown Royal cypher Postage stamps : Victoria , Edward VII , Edward VIII , George VI , Elizabeth II Royal anthem Loyal toast Victoria Day Queen 's Birthday Accession Day Jubilees : Golden Jubilee of Victoria , Diamond Jubilee of Victoria , Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II , Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II , Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Monuments Eponyms Royal prefix Royal patronage Awards : federal , provincial , Alberta , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Ontario , Saskatchewan Royal Swans VIAF : 186706449 LCCN : n82039934 GND : 4531996 - 0 BNF : cb14797947m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_Save_the_Queen&oldid=807233025 '' Categories : Australian patriotic songs British monarchy British patriotic songs Canadian anthems New Zealand patriotic songs English Christian hymns Monarchy in Australia Monarchy in Canada Monarchy in New Zealand British anthems National symbols of Anguilla National symbols of England National symbols of New Zealand National symbols of Northern Ireland National symbols of Scotland National symbols of Wales National symbols of the United Kingdom Patriotic songs Rangers F.C. songs Royal anthems 1744 in England 1744 songs Oceanian anthems North American anthems European anthems National anthems Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - 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-6197052503812142206	who has won the most superbowls as a player	[ "Bill Belichick", "Neal Dahlen", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady" ]	{ "0": "Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds .", "1": "The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction .", "2": "In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr.", "3": ", five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C.", "4": "Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr.", "5": "was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J.", "6": "Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 .", "7": "Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg .", "8": "`` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship", "9": "AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 )", "10": "XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1471601930209559051	who used to present i'm a celebrity now	[ "Ant & Dec" ]	{ "0": "I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television , Survival , Game show Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada ) Developed by LWT James Allen , Natalka Znak , Brent Baker and Stewart Morris . Directed by Ian Hamilton ( 2002 ) Chris Power ( 2003 -- ) Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 No. of episodes 182 Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Chris Brogden Becca Walker Location ( s ) Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 60 -- 120 mins ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT / Granada Television ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2002 -- 05 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 08 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( 2002 -- 09 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp External links Website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! ( often shortened to I 'm a Celebrity or I 'm a Celeb ) is a British survival reality television game show , first aired on 25 August 2002 , in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom .", "1": "In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004 . The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12 , 13 and 14 . The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15 . The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019 , taking it to at least 19 series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Bushtucker trial 1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes 2 Filming location 3 Popularity and criticism 3.1 Controversies 4 Series details 5 Main series results 5.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2004 ) 5.5 Series 5 ( 2005 ) 5.6 Series 6 ( 2006 ) 5.7 Series 7 ( 2007 ) 5.8 Series 8 ( 2008 ) 5.9 Series 9 ( 2009 ) 5.10 Series 10 ( 2010 ) 5.11 Series 11 ( 2011 ) 5.12 Series 12 ( 2012 ) 5.13 Series 13 ( 2013 ) 5.14 Series 14 ( 2014 ) 5.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) 5.16 Series 16 ( 2016 ) 5.17 Series 17 ( 2017 ) 5.18 Series 18 ( 2018 ) 5.19 Series records and statistics 6 Series ratings 7 I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp 7.1 History 7.2 Presenters 8 References 9 External links Format This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "2": "( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In return for their appearance on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers , ITV Studios , make donations . The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle . The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities ' contracts private , prompting much speculation from the media . The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone , text message , or the `` red button '' ( a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services ) for the celebrity they would like to complete a `` Bushtucker Trial '' -- a physical task usually involving snakes , spiders or other creepy - crawlies found in the jungle -- and , later in each series , to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show . The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show , and is branded `` King / Queen of the Jungle '' . Bushtucker trial Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp . Bushtucker Trials take two formats : eating trials , or physical / mental tasks . In the eating trials , contestants are required to eat a variety of different `` jungle '' foods . Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star , which equals one meal for camp ( although the number of meals per star can vary ) . These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website . The foods that are required to be eaten can include : crickets ( in a variety of forms , such as cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead ) , green ants , mealworms , witchetty grub , roasted spider or tarantulas , kangaroo testicles , kangaroo penis , kangaroo vaginal parts , crocodile penis , cockroach ( prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks , eaten alive or dead ) . Other past foods include beach worms , bull 's tongues , the anus of various animals , vomit fruits , cooked pigs ' brains , various animal testicles , raw fish eyes , sheep eyes , blended rats or mice tails .", "3": "The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars . These can include searching through dung , going through tunnels , negotiating obstacles on high wires , or performing other tasks . Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general . Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek . Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series . Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the `` Dingo Dollar Challenge '' . This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars . Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved , it is taken to a small woodshack shop , with shopkeeper ' Kiosk Keith ' . They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies . Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia . The `` Celebrity Chest '' was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series , in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge , which involves the celebrities collecting ' dingo dollars ' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp , if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong , Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop , leaving nothing for the camp . Formerly , ' The Celebrity Chest ' had a question with a choice of answers , similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge , the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members . If correct , they would win a treat , if incorrect , they would be told what the treat was . In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats . Filming location On location in the `` Jungle '' in Dungay , north - eastern New South Wales The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia . Since the second series , the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia .", "4": "Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on - site medical facilities , containers for the storage of props , and other back - stage facilities . Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions . From this area , a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then heads down into a valley via four - wheel drive access to the set of the show . Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth , although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open - air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from . While the roof of the main building is bright red , when filming is out of season , this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view . The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges . As they are so close to the celebrities , the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down . Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here ; in fact , some are performed well away from the area . Once out of the jungle , the contestants stay at the five - star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia . The health and well - being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS . McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges . Popularity and criticism The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively -- in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time . The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements , but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras . In one episode , a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles . Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked . In actuality , the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south . In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants , which sparked some criticism . It was also reported that , as a result , cash - strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series , and that the quality of the trials had gone down .", "5": "Controversies ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red - button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run - off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney . The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints , on 23 November 2006 episode , the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed . 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy . Due to late running , seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted , although this did not affect the result . Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7 . Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was . Former Sex Pistols manager , Malcolm McLaren , who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute , alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed , and the trials posed no real danger . He alleged that the show doctor told him that `` ' Things are so safe , I would send my own kids in to do the show ' . There is nothing bad in there . They 're hoodwinking the public '' . ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty . Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show . In 2012 , the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism , which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell , resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards . The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial . Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of ' animal cruelty for entertainment ' .", "6": "ITV also received a further 500 complaints . In January 2016 , it was revealed no further action would be taken . Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew , which saw Ant joke that they get `` paid in ... '' following a word that was construed by many viewers as `` abos '' an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians . A spokesperson later responded , stating that Ant had actually said `` Avo 's which is short for avocados '' . Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series , and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health . There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador , due to her alleged role in the ' bullying ' . On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction , she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp , the ITV2 spin - off series stating that she was she `` under pressure '' , and that they were taken out of context . After his eviction from the camp , Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms , and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show . He latter accused of show of ' editing him ' to look like a bully . Following his third place eviction , Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of ' picking on him ' , stating that he has `` loves them '' and that there 's `` no beef between ( them ) '' . He also addressed claims that he had a `` game plan '' , stating that he was just being himself . Series details Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year . To date , there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Series Start date End date Sponsors Days in camp Campmates Honour places Viewers ( millions ) Winner Second place Third place 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) N / A 15 8 Tony Blackburn Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Christine Hamilton 7.", "7": "58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) V 10 Phil Tufnell John Fashanu Linda Barker 8.55 23 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) First Choice 16 Kerry Katona Jennie Bond Peter Andre 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 1 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 01 ) 18 11 Joe Pasquale Paul Burrell Fran Cosgrave 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12 Carol Thatcher Sheree Murphy Sid Owen 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Iceland 19 Matt Willis Myleene Klass Jason Donovan 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 20 11 Christopher Biggins Janice Dickinson Jason `` J '' Brown 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 21 12 Joe Swash Martina Navratilova George Takei 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 13 Gino D'Acampo Kim Woodburn Jimmy White 9.", "8": "37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) Stacey Solomon Shaun Ryder Jenny Eclair 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) Dougie Poynter Mark Wright Fatima Whitbread 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 12 Charlie Brooks Ashley Roberts David Haye 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 22 Kian Egan David Emanuel Lucy Pargeter 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 23 Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Jake Quickenden Melanie Sykes 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Aunt Bessie 's 22 13 Vicky Pattison George Shelley Ferne McCann 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12 Scarlett Moffatt Joel Dommett Adam Thomas 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Tombola Arcade Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Jamie Lomas Iain Lee 9.", "9": "96 Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com , online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company , Kia . Main series results The first three series of I 'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast . From series 4 onwards , the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November / early December . Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Walked or withdrew Late arrival Series 1 ( 2002 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 1 ) 8 contestants , 25 August -- 8 September 2002 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Tony Blackburn BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Day 1 Day 15 1st Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Socialite , model , columnist & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Christine Hamilton Author & public speaker Day 1 Day 14 3rd Nell McAndrew Glamour model & television presenter Day 1 Day 13 4th Rhona Cameron Comedian Day 1 Day 12 5th Darren Day Actor , singer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 6th Nigel Benn Former Middleweight champion boxer Day 1 Day 10 7th Uri Geller Magician , television personality & self - proclaimed psychic Day 1 Day 9 8th Series 2 ( 2003 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "10": "( UK series 2 ) 10 contestants , 28 April -- 12 May 2003 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Phil Tufnell Former England left - arm orthodox spin bowler Day 1 Day 15 1st John Fashanu Former England striker & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Linda Barker Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 15 3rd Wayne Sleep Royal Ballet dancer Day 1 Day 14 4th Antony Worrall Thompson Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 13 5th Toyah Willcox Singer - songwriter & actress Day 1 Day 12 6th Catalina Guirado Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 11 7th Chris Bisson Holby City & Prime Suspect actor Day 1 Day 10 8th Danniella Westbrook Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 9 9th Siân Lloyd Television weather reporter Day 1 Day 8 10th Series 3 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "11": "( UK series 3 ) 10 contestants , 26 January -- 9 February 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Kerry Katona Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 16 1st Jennie Bond BBC royal correspondent Day 1 Day 16 2nd Peter Andre Pop singer Day 1 Day 16 3rd Lord Brocket Television presenter Day 1 Day 15 4th Katie Price Glamour model Day 1 Day 14 5th Alex Best Glamour model Day 1 Day 13 6th John Lydon Sex Pistols band member & presenter Day 1 Day 11 7th Neil Ruddock Former England footballer Day 1 Day 11 8th Diane Modahl Olympic middle distance runner Day 1 Day 10 9th Mike Read Radio DJ & journalist Day 1 Day 9 10th Series 4 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "12": "( UK series 4 ) 11 contestants , 21 November -- 6 December 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Pasquale Comedian Day 1 Day 18 1st Paul Burrell Former Royal Household servant Day 1 Day 18 2nd Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager , television personality & bodyguard Day 1 Day 18 3rd Janet Street - Porter Broadcaster & journalist Day 1 Day 17 4th Sophie Anderton Glamour model Day 1 Day 15 5th Antonio Fargas Starsky & Hutch actor Day 1 Day 14 6th Sheila Ferguson The Three Degrees singer Day 1 Day 13 7th Vic Reeves Vic and Bob comedian Day 5 Day 12 8th Nancy Sorrell Model & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 9th Natalie Appleton Former All Saints singer Day 1 Day 10 10th Brian Harvey East 17 singer Day 2 Day 7 11th Series 5 ( 2005 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "13": "( UK series 5 ) 12 contestants , 20 November -- 5 December 2005 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Carol Thatcher Journalist & author Day 1 Day 18 1st Sheree Murphy Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 18 2nd Sid Owen EastEnders actor & singer Day 1 Day 18 3rd Jimmy Osmond Singer , actor & businessman Day 1 Day 17 4th Bobby Ball Cannon and Ball comedian & actor Day 6 Day 16 5th Antony Costa Former Blue singer Day 1 Day 15 6th Jenny Frost Former Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 14 7th David Dickinson Former Bargain Hunt presenter Day 1 Day 12 8th Kimberley Davies Former Neighbours actress Day 1 Day 11 9th Jilly Goolden Wine critic & journalist Day 1 Day 11 10th Tommy Cannon Cannon and Ball comedian Day 6 Day 10 11th Elaine Lordan Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 1 12th Series 6 ( 2006 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "14": "( UK series 6 ) 12 contestants , 13 November -- 1 December 2006 : Team Base Camp Team Snake Rock Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Matt Willis Busted band member Day 1 Day 19 1st Myleene Klass Hear'Say singer Day 1 Day 19 2nd Jason Donovan Stage & screen performer Day 1 Day 19 3rd David Gest Music promoter & television producer Day 1 Day 18 4th Dean Gaffney Former EastEnders actor Day 5 Day 18 5th Jan Leeming Journalist & broadcaster Day 1 Day 17 6th Malandra Burrows Emmerdale actress Day 6 Day 16 7th Phina Oruche Footballer 's Wives actress Day 1 Day 15 8th Lauren Booth Broadcaster , journalist & activist Day 1 Day 14 9th Faith Brown Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 13 10th Scott Henshall Model & fashion designer Day 1 Day 12 11th Toby Anstis Global Radio presenter Day 1 Day 11 12th Series 7 ( 2007 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "15": "( UK series 7 ) 11 contestants , 12 -- 30 November 2007 : Team Croc Creek Team Snake Rock Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Christopher Biggins Film , television & stage actor Day 5 Day 20 1st Janice Dickinson Supermodel Day 1 Day 20 2nd Jason `` J '' Brown Former 5ive singer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Cerys Matthews Singer - songwriter Day 1 Day 19 4th Gemma Atkinson Hollyoaks actress & glamour model Day 1 Day 18 5th Anna Ryder Richardson Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 16 6th Rodney Marsh Retired England footballer Day 1 Day 15 7th John Burton Race Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 14 8th Lynne Franks Spokeswoman & writer Day 1 Day 13 9th Katie Hopkins The Apprentice contestant Day 2 Day 12 10th Marc Bannerman EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 11 11th Series 8 ( 2008 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 8 ) Series 8 : Sunday 16 November -- 5 December 2008 : Home Camp Away Camp Entered after contestants were brought together .", "16": "Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Swash EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 21 1st Martina Navratilova Retired professional tennis player Day 1 Day 21 2nd George Takei Former Star Trek actor Day 1 Day 21 3rd David Van Day Former Dollar singer Day 5 Day 20 4th Simon Webbe Blue singer Day 1 Day 19 5th Nicola McLean Glamour model Day 1 Day 18 6th Brian Paddick Liberal Democrat & retired policeman Day 1 Day 17 7th Esther Rantzen Television presenter & charity campaigner Day 1 Day 16 8th Timmy Mallett Children 's television presenter Day 5 Day 15 9th Carly Zucker Personal trainer & model Day 1 Day 14 10th Dani Behr Television presenter , model & singer Day 1 Day 13 11th Robert Kilroy - Silk Former Labour Party politician & television presenter Day 1 Day 12 12th Series 9 ( 2009 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 9 ) Series 9 : 15 November -- 4 December 2009 Base Camp Camp Exile Left before camp was split Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Gino D'Acampo Chef & television presenter Day 1 Day 21 1st Kim Woodburn How Clean Is Your House ?", "17": "presenter Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jimmy White Professional snooker player Day 1 Day 21 3rd Justin Ryan Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 20 4th Stuart Manning Former Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 19 5th Sabrina Washington Former Mis - Teeq singer Day 1 Day 18 6th George Hamilton Film actor Day 1 Day 17 7th Joe Bugner Heavyweight boxer Day 4 Day 16 8th Samantha Fox Former model & singer Day 1 Day 14 9th Colin McAllister Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 10th Lucy Benjamin Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 10 11th Katie Price Businesswoman & television personality Day 2 Day 9 12th Camilla Dallerup Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer Day 1 Day 4 13th Series 10 ( 2010 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 10 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series , as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the `` Coming Out '' show at the conclusion of series 9 . This is the first series in HD . Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials .", "18": "Series 10 : 14 November -- 4 December 2010 Camp Sheila Camp Bruce Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Stacey Solomon The X Factor contestant Day 1 Day 21 1st Shaun Ryder Former Happy Mondays singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jenny Eclair Comedian & novelist Day 4 Day 20 3rd Dom Joly Comedian Day 4 Day 19 4th Kayla Collins Playboy model Day 1 Day 19 5th Aggro Santos Rapper Day 1 Day 18 6th Linford Christie Retired Olympic sprinter Day 1 Day 17 7th Gillian McKeith Nutritionist , author & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Britt Ekland Actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Alison Hammond This Morning presenter Day 6 Day 15 10th Lembit Öpik Former Liberal Democratic Party MP Day 1 Day 13 11th Sheryl Gascoigne Author Day 1 Day 12 12th Nigel Havers Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 9 13th Series 11 ( 2011 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 11 ) The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011 . The official line - up was confirmed on 9 November 2011 .", "19": "Series 11 : 13 November -- 3 December 2011 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Dougie Poynter McFly bassist Day 1 Day 21 1st Mark Wright The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 21 2nd Fatima Whitbread Olympic javelin thrower Day 1 Day 20 3rd Antony Cotton Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 20 4th Willie Carson Former horse racing jockey Day 1 Day 19 5th Crissy Rock Benidorm actress Day 1 Day 18 6th Emily Scott Swimwear model Day 5 Day 17 7th Jessica - Jane Clement Glamour model , actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Lorraine Chase Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Pat Sharp Television & radio broadcaster Day 3 Day 14 10th Sinitta 80s pop singer Day 3 Day 13 11th Stefanie Powers Stage & screen actress Day 1 Day 12 12th Freddie Starr Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 3 13th Series 12 ( 2012 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 12 ) The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012 . The official line - up was revealed on 7 November 2012 .", "20": "Series 12 : 11 November -- 1 December 2012 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Charlie Brooks EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 21 1st Ashley Roberts Former The Pussycat Dolls singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd David Haye Heavyweight boxer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Eric Bristow Professional darts player Day 1 Day 19 4th Hugo Taylor Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 18 5th Rosemary Shrager Celebrity chef Day 5 Day 17 6th Helen Flanagan Coronation Street actress & model Day 1 Day 16 7th Colin Baker Former Doctor Who actor Day 1 Day 15 8th Linda Robson Birds of a Feather actress Day 1 Day 13 9th Limahl Kajagoogoo band member Day 5 Day 12 10th Nadine Dorries Conservative Party politician Day 1 Day 11 11th Brian Conley Actor & comedian Day 1 Day 9 12th Series 13 ( 2013 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 13 ) The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013 . The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013 . The line - up was confirmed on 13 November 2013 .", "21": "Series 13 : 17 November 2013 -- 8 December 2013 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Kian Egan Former Westlife singer Day 1 Day 22 1st David Emanuel Royal fashion designer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Lucy Pargeter Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 21 3rd Joey Essex The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 20 4th Amy Willerton Miss Universe Great Britain 2013 Day 1 Day 20 5th Rebecca Adlington Former Olympic swimmer Day 1 Day 19 6th Alfonso Ribeiro Sitcom actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Steve Davis Former professional snooker player Day 1 Day 18 8th Matthew Wright The Wright Stuff presenter Day 1 Day 17 9th Vincent Simone Strictly Come Dancing professional Day 5 Day 17 10th Laila Morse EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 16 11th Annabel Giles Television presenter & author Day 5 Day 15 12th Series 14 ( 2014 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 14 ) The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 . On 15 October 2014 , a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website . On 11 November , the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV . On 20 November , a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show .", "22": "Series 14 : 16 November 2014 -- 7 December 2014 Team Croc Creek / Rescuer Team Celebrity Slammer Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Retired World Superbike racer Day 1 Day 23 1st Jake Quickenden The X Factor contestant Day 5 Day 23 2nd Melanie Sykes Television presenter & model Day 1 Day 23 3rd Edwina Currie Former Conservative Party politician & author Day 5 Day 22 4th Tinchy Stryder Rapper Day 1 Day 21 5th Kendra Wilkinson Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 21 6th Vicki Michelle Sitcom actress Day 1 Day 20 7th Michael Buerk Newsreader & war journalist Day 1 Day 19 8th Nadia Forde Model , television personality & singer Day 1 Day 18 9th Jimmy Bullard Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 17 10th Craig Charles Actor , comedian & presenter Day 1 Day 4 11th Gemma Collins The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 15 ( 2015 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 15 ) The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014 .", "23": "Series 15 : 15 November 2015 -- 6 December 2015 Red Team ( Leader : Tony Hadley ) Yellow Team ( Leader : Susannah Constantine ) Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Vicky Pattison Geordie Shore star Day 3 Day 22 1st George Shelley Union J singer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Ferne McCann The Only Way is Essex star Day 3 Day 22 3rd Kieron Dyer Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 21 4th Jorgie Porter Hollyoaks actress Day 1 Day 21 5th Tony Hadley Spandau Ballet singer Day 1 Day 20 6th Duncan Bannatyne Former Dragons ' Den panelist & entrepreneur Day 1 Day 19 7th Lady Colin Campbell Royal biographer & socialite Day 1 Day 17 8th Chris Eubank Retired professional boxer Day 1 Day 17 9th Yvette Fielding Actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 10th Brian Friedman Dancer & The X Factor choreographer Day 1 Day 15 11th Susannah Constantine Fashion journalist Day 1 Day 13 12th Spencer Matthews Made in Chelsea star Day 3 Day 5 13th Series 16 ( 2016 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 16 ) The show returned in 2016 , and is the second in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015 . It began airing on 13 November 2016 .", "24": "Series 16 : 13 November 2016 -- 4 December 2016 Jungle Celebs City Celebs Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Day 1 Day 22 1st Joel Dommett Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 22 2nd Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Day 1 Day 22 3rd Sam Quek Olympic hockey player Day 1 Day 21 4th Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 20 5th Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Day 5 Day 20 6th Larry Lamb Actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Carol Vorderman TV presenter & former Countdown co-host Day 1 Day 18 8th Jordan Banjo Diversity Dance Troupe Member Day 1 Day 17 9th Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer Day 1 Day 16 10th Lisa Snowdon Fashion model & presenter Day 1 Day 15 11th Danny Baker Radio presenter Day 5 Day 13 12th Series 17 ( 2017 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) The show returned in 2017 , and is the third in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016 . It began airing on 19 November 2017 .", "25": "Series 17 : 19 November 2017 -- 10 December 2017 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Left before camp was split Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 22 1st Jamie Lomas Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 22 2nd Iain Lee Comedian Day 5 Day 22 3rd Jennie McAlpine Coronation Street actress Day 1 Day 21 4th Amir Khan Professional boxer Day 1 Day 20 5th Dennis Wise Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 19 6th Stanley Johnson Politician & author Day 1 Day 18 7th Vanessa White The Saturdays singer Day 1 Day 17 8th Rebekah `` Becky '' Vardy Wife of Jamie Vardy Day 1 Day 16 9th Kezia Dugdale Politician & former Scottish Labour leader Day 5 Day 15 10th Shappi Khorsandi Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 13 11th Jack Maynard DJ & YouTube personality Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 18 ( 2018 ) The show will return in 2018 , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017 . It is the first series in a new two - year contract . Series records and statistics This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "26": "( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Biggest winning percentage : 83.42 % -- Gino D'Acampo ( Series 9 ) Closest winning percentage : 50.56 % -- Charlie Brooks ( Series 12 ) Longest stay in camp : 23 days -- Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty & Melanie Sykes ( Series 14 ) Shortest stay in camp : 1 day -- Elaine Lordan ( Series 5 ) Most appearances : 2 series -- Katie Price ( Series 3 and Series 9 ) Most bushtucker trials : 12 trials -- Adam Thomas ( Series 16 ) Most consecutive bushtucker trials : 7 trials -- Helen Flanagan ( Series 12 ) Most refused bushtucker trials : 2 trials -- Lady Colin Campbell ( Series 15 ) Series ratings Series Start date End date No. of shows Highest rating ( millions ) Lowest rating ( millions ) Average rating ( millions ) 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 15 10.95 6.14 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) 12.73 5.15 8.55 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 17 14.99 8.96 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 6 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) 16 11.43 7.04 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12.35 7.69 9.", "27": "32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 17 10.05 6.97 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 19 8.84 5.00 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 20 10.19 7.91 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 19 10.86 7.86 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) 13.48 6.68 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) 11.10 6.98 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 11.51 8.81 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 20 13.05 9.62 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 11.97 9.", "28": "21 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 21 11.32 8.88 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12.66 9.21 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 22 12.69 8.88 9.96 Note for `` Average rating '' : Since 2010 incl . HD viewers and since 2011 incl . `` ITV + 1 '' consumers . I 'm a Celebrity : Extra camp I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp Also known as I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Presented by See presenters below Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 Production Location ( s ) Australia Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Release Original network ITV2 Picture format 576i : SDTV ( 2002 -- 2010 ) 1080p : HDTV ( 2011 -- present ) Original release 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! External links Website I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp ( previously I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ) is a companion show , broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland . It features behind - the - scenes footage of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "29": "and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off . Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5 -- 8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK . Since series 9 , the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London , shown through webcam . History Logo used from 2007 to 2015 In the first series , the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman . In series 2 -- 3 , the show was presented by Mark Durden - Smith and Tara Palmer - Tomkinson . In series 4 , Palmer - Tomkinson was absent and Durden - Smith was the only host . For the fifth series , Palmer - Tomkinson returned to present the show . Durden - Smith did not , as he decided to spend time with his children instead . He was replaced by Matt Brown . Palmer - Tomkinson did not return for series 6 . In series 6 , Brendon Burns initially presented the show , but left after three episodes . This led to Durden - Smith returning for the rest of the series , where he presented from the UK . He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier ( briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over ) , who presented from the jungle in Australia . Also this series , a 5pm teatime programme , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Exclusive , ran each weekday on ITV . It was co-hosted by series 5 runner - up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006 . It did not return for a second series . For series 7 -- 8 , Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts , Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier , in Australia . Because they were having a child in early 2009 , they did not return to present series 9 . Durden - Smith also presented the show , from the UK , for the final time . Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash , email / people reporter Russell Kane , and a panel of celebrity pundits , which changed approximately every three to five days .", "30": "For series 11 , Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show , The Xtra Factor , and was replaced by Laura Whitmore . Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series . On 16 June 2012 , it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! . He was replaced by stand - up comic Rob Beckett . All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show . Due to tour commitments , Beckett did not return for Series 15 . He was replaced by comedian David Morgan . On 14 April 2016 , Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle . On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan , Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments . They were replaced by Vicky Pattison , Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey . On 13 April 2017 , Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017 . It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long - running presenter Joe Swash on the new series . It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup . Presenters Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002 , with Joe Swash having presented the most series , at nine .", "31": "Series Year Presenter ( s ) Comedian 2002 Louise Loughman N / A 2003 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Mark Durden - Smith Mark Durden - Smith 5 2005 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Matt Brown 6 2006 Kelly Osbourne Steve Wilson Jeff Brazier Brendon Burns 7 2007 Emma Willis Matt Willis N / A 8 2008 9 2009 Caroline Flack Joe Swash Russell Kane 10 11 2011 Laura Whitmore Joe Swash 12 2012 Rob Beckett 13 2013 14 2014 15 2015 David Morgan 16 2016 Vicky Pattison Stacey Solomon Joe Swash Chris Ramsey 17 2017 Scarlett Moffatt Joe Swash Joel Dommett Notes : Jump up ^ Durden - Smith later returned for Series 6 , 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show . References ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Jungle Sums ! Ant & Dec sign for three more I 'm A Celeb series '' . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes at the Jungle Camp '' . Official Ant and Dec. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See inside stunning I 'm a Celebrity hotel where stars swap gruelling jungle life for jaw - dropping luxury '' . The Mirror. 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celeb ' bosses ' regret Price return ' '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Pete ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` I 'm a Celeb vote cock - up storm '' . London : The Sun . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83 '' . Ofcom. 23 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 .", "32": "Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin , Issue 108 '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom. 8 May 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bannerman 's ex hopes Cerys ' rots in hell ' '' . RTÉ. 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cerys and Marc criticise ' misleading ' footage '' . RTÉ. 28 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walkout jungle star blasts the show '' . RTÉ . n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ITV apologises for rat killing on I 'm A Celebrity ... '' BBC News . 7 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's D'Acampo and Manning face rat charges '' . BBC . 6 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` David Cameron defends decision to suspend Nadine Dorries '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom to probe ITV after Ferne McCann eats a huge LIVE spider '' . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity 's live spider eating cleared despite nearly 1,500 complaints '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity bosses forced to deny Ant McPartlin said ' racial slur ' during show '' . The Sun . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity celebrities accused of ' bullying ' Iain Lee '' . TellyMix. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's ' Mean Girls ' do n't know the damage they can do to Iain '' . Metro. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Jessica ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rebekah Vardy 's call to be axed as mental health ambassador after ' bullying ' '' . mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's Rebekah Vardy defends herself over bullying claims as she insists she did n't badmouth Iain Lee '' . The Sun . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise interview CUT OFF as he addresses Iain ' bullying ' claims '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Roxanne ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise SLAMS ITV editing ' I looked like a bully ' '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ' return date confirmed by ITV '' . Digital Spy. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Essex boy , a con - artist , a boy band bassist and a former Olympian ... meet this year 's I 'm A Celebrity contestants '' . Daily Mail . 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! Series 12 - Episode 1 '' . Radio Times . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the countdown begins ... '' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . ITV. 4 November 2013 .", "34": "Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! '' . ITV . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Emily Hewett for ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The I 'm A Celeb promo is here and Dec 's got something he needs to get off his chest ... '' Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 2014 : Launch date revealed with Ant and Dec set to '' . 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity lineup confirmed : Michael Buerk , Kendra , Craig Charles '' . Digital Spy. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ITV News on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Timmy Ehegötz ( Hrsg . ) : `` Internationaler Lizenzhandel mit Fernsehformaten . '' Untertitel : Die programmpolitische Relevanz des TV - Formathandels für deutsche Fernsehsender -- analysiert an dem Formatimport `` Ich bin ein Star Holt mich hier raus ! '' . Tredition , Hamburg 2015 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7323 - 2627 - 3 , S. 80 . Jump up ^ I 'm a comic , get me out of here Chortle.co.uk Jump up ^ `` COMIC Russell Kane is leaving ITV2 's I 'm a Celebrity spin - off after three years '' . The Sun . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ' series 12 start date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian . `` Comedian David Morgan replaces Rob Beckett on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here Now ! '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Solomon Insists There 's No Hard Feelings After Being Dropped From ' I 'm A Celeb ' Spin - Off Show '' . HuffPost. 3 October 2017 .", "35": "External links I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! at itv.com I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! on IMDb Coordinates : 28 ° 15 ′ 42.75 '' S 153 ° 21 ′ 1.79 '' E / 28.2618750 ° S 153.3504972 ° E / - 28.2618750 ; 153.3504972 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 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5150934530929664244	who led the conquest of the incas in south america	[ "conquistador Francisco Pizarro", "Francisco Pizarro", "Francisco Pizarro", "Francisco Pizarro", "Francisco Pizarro" ]	{ "0": "Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire - wikipedia Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Jump to : navigation , search Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas Date 1532 -- 1572 Location Western South America Result Spanish victory Territorial changes Former Inca lands incorporated into the Spanish Empire Belligerents Spanish Empire Spanish conquistadors Viceroyalty of Peru Native allies Cañari Huancas Huaylas Chachapoyas Inca Empire Neo-Inca State Commanders and leaders Francisco Pizarro Diego de Almagro Gonzalo Pizarro Hernando Pizarro Juan Pizarro Hernando de Soto Sebastián de Benalcázar Pedro de Alvarado Francisco de Toledo Atahualpa ( POW ) Quizquiz Chalcuchimac Rumiñawi Manco Inca Túpac Amaru I Strength 168 soldiers ( 1532 ) Unknown number of native auxiliaries 100,000 warriors ( 1532 ) Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State Part of a series on the History of Peru By chronology Timeline Pre-Columbian Peru Ancient civilizations Inca Empire Spanish conquest Viceroyalty Independence Peru -- Bolivian Confederation Guano era War of the Pacific Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Internal conflict By political entity History of the Incas History of the Viceroyalty of Peru History of the Republic of Peru By topic Demographic history Economic history Peru portal", "1": "Spanish colonial campaigns Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 ) Guinea ( 1478 ) Morocco ( 1497 ) Orán ( 1509 ) Bugia ( 1510 ) Tripoli ( 1510 ) Djerba ( 1510 ) Algeria ( 1516 ) Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) Djerba ( 1520 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) Petén ( 1618 -- 97 ) El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 ) Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 ) Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) Algeria ( 1529 ) Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) Tunisia ( 1534 ) Tunisia ( 1535 ) Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 ) Algeria ( 1541 ) Tunisia ( 1550 ) Libya ( 1551 ) Algeria ( 1555 ) Algeria ( 1556 ) Algeria ( 1558 ) Tunisia ( 1560 ) Algeria ( 1563 ) Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) Tunisia ( 1574 ) Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) Cuba ( 1596 ) Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) Morocco ( 1614 ) Formosa ( 1626 ) St.", "2": "Kitts ( 1629 ) Philippines ( 1646 ) Hispaniola ( 1655 ) Jamaica ( 1655 ) Canary Islands ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1658 ) North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chiloé ( 1712 ) Bahamas ( 1720 ) Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) Cuba ( 1762 ) Nicaragua ( 1762 ) Philippines ( 1762 ) Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) North America ( 1779 -- 83 ) Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Ecuador ( 1809 ) Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) Florida ( 1810 ) Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) El Salvador ( 1811 ) Uruguay ( 1811 ) Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) Balanguingui ( 1848 ) Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) Guam ( 1898 ) Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) Illustration of a typical conquistador . The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas .", "3": "After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes , 180 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro , his brothers , and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru . The conquest of the Inca Empire ( called `` Tahuantinsuyu '' or `` Tawantinsuyu '' in Quechua , meaning `` Realm of the Four Parts '' ) , led to spin - off campaigns into present - day Chile and Colombia , as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin . When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528 , it spanned a considerable area ; by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations . Extending southward from the Ancomayo , which is now known as the Patía River , in southern present - day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile , and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles , the empire covered some of the most mountainous terrain on Earth . In less than a century , the Inca had expanded their empire from about 400,000 km2 ( 155,000 sq mi ) in 1448 , to 1,800,000 km2 ( 690,000 sq mi ) in 1528 , just before the arrival of the Spanish . This vast area of land varied greatly in cultures and in climate . Because of the diverse cultures and geography , the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders , who were watched and monitored by Inca officials . However , under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca , all parts of the empire answered to , and were ultimately under the direct control of , the Emperor . Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire numbered more than 16,000,000 . Some scholars , such as Jared Diamond , believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire , it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline .", "4": "In 1528 , Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire . He could trace his lineage back to a `` stranger king '' named Manco Cápac , the mythical founder of the Inca clan , who according to tradition emerged from a cave in a region called Pacariqtambo . Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler , Túpac Inca , and the grandson of Pachacuti , the Emperor who , by conquest , had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cuzco . On his accession to the throne , Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest , taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador . While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign , by the time of his death , his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power . However , expansion had resulted in its own problems . Many parts of the empire maintained distinctive cultures and these were at best resistive participants in the imperial project . The large extent of the empire , the extremely difficult terrain of much of it , and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place on foot or by boat , seems to have caused increasing difficulty in the Incas ' effective administration of the empire . Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign . While he had many legitimate and illegitimate children ( legitimate meaning born of his sister - wife , under the Inca system ) , two sons are historically important . Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa , also known as Huáscar , was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line . The second was Atahualpa , an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of Quitu , one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire . These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire . The Spanish conquistador Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a war of succession between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa .", "5": "Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador . Atahualpa was thus closer to , and had better relations with the army and its leading generals . When both Huayna Capac and his eldest son and designated heir , Ninan Cuyochic , died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably smallpox , a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas , the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open . Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir . At the time of Huayna Capac 's death , Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco , while Atahualpa was in Quitu with the main body of the Inca army . Huáscar had himself proclaimed Sapa Inca ( i.e. `` Only Emperor '' ) in Cuzco , but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa . The resulting dispute led to the Inca Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire 2 Beginning of the conflict 3 Arrival of Pizarro 4 Capture of Atahualpa 5 Rebellion and reconquest 6 Aftermath 7 Effects of the conquest on people of the Empire 8 In fiction 9 Quotes 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 Bibliography 13 External links Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire ( edit ) Conquest of Peru Punta Quemada Puná Cajamarca Vilcaconga 1st Cuzco Maraycalla 2nd Chimborazo 2nd Cuzco Ollantaytambo Abancay Las Salinas Chupas Añaquito Huarina Jaquijahuana Chuquinga Vilcabamba 1526 -- 1529 -- Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro make first contact with Inca Empire at Tumbes , the northernmost Inca stronghold along the coast c. 1528 -- The Inca Emperor Huayna Capac dies from European introduced smallpox .", "6": "Death sets off a civil war between his sons : Atahualpa and Huáscar 1528 -- 1529 -- Pizarro returns to Spain where he is granted by the Queen of Spain the license to conquer Peru 1531 -- 1532 -- Pizarro 's third voyage to Peru , Atahualpa captured by Spanish 1533 -- Atahualpa is executed ; De Almagro arrives ; Pizarro submits Cuzco and installs seventeen - year - old Manco Inca as new Inca Emperor 1535 -- Pizarro founds the city of Lima ; De Almagro leaves for present - day Chile 1536 -- Gonzalo Pizarro steals Manco Inca 's wife , Cura Olcollo . Manco rebels and surrounds Cuzco . Juan Pizarro is killed , and Inca general Quizo Yupanqui attacks Lima 1537 -- Almagro seizes Cuzco from Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro . Rodrigo Orgóñez sacks Vitcos and captures Manco Inca 's son , Titu Cusi . Manco escapes and flees to Vilcabamba , which became the capital of the Neo-Inca State 1538 -- Hernando Pizarro executes Diego de Almagro 1539 -- Gonzalo Pizarro invades and sacks Vilcabamba ; Manco Inca escapes but Francisco Pizarro executes Manco 's wife , Cura Olcollo 1541 -- Francisco Pizarro is murdered by Diego de Almagro II and other supporters of De Almagro 1544 -- Manco Inca is murdered by supporters of Diego de Almagro . The Inca do not stop their revolt . 1572 -- Viceroy of Peru , Francisco Toledo , declares war on the Neo-Inca State ; Vilcabamba is sacked and Túpac Amaru , the last Inca Emperor , is captured and executed in Cuzco . The Neo-Inca capital of Vilcabamba is abandoned ; the Spanish remove inhabitants and relocate them to the newly established Christian town of San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba . Beginning of the conflict ( edit ) The civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar weakened the empire immediately prior to its struggle with the Spanish .", "7": "Historians are unsure of whether a united Inca Empire could have defeated the Spanish in the long term due to factors such as the high mortality from disease and its related social disruption , and the superior military technology of the conquistadors , who possessed horses , dogs , metal armor , swords , cannons , and primitive , but effective , firearms . Atahualpa appeared to be more popular with the people than his brother , and he was certainly more valued by the army , the core of which was based in the recently conquered northern province of Quitu . At the outset of the conflict , each brother controlled his respective domains , with Atahualpa secure in the north , and Huáscar controlling the capital of Cuzco and the large territory to the south , including the area around Lake Titicaca . This region had supplied large numbers of troops for Huáscar 's forces . After a period of diplomatic posturing and jockeying for position , open warfare broke out . Huáscar seemed poised to bring the war to a rapid conclusion , as troops loyal to him took Atahualpa prisoner , while he was attending a festival in the city of Tumibamba . However , Atahualpa quickly escaped and returned to Quitu . There , he was able to amass what is estimated to be at least 30,000 soldiers . While Huáscar managed to muster about the same number of soldiers , they were less experienced . Atahualpa sent his forces south under the command of two of his leading generals , Challcuchima and Quisquis , who won an uninterrupted series of victories that soon brought them to the very gates of Cuzco . On the first day of the battle for Cuzco , the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage . However , on the second day , Huáscar personally led an ill - advised `` surprise '' attack , of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advance knowledge . In the ensuing battle , Huáscar was captured , and resistance completely collapsed . The victorious generals sent word north by chasqui messenger to Atahualpa , who had moved south from Quitu to the royal resort springs outside Cajamarca .", "8": "The messenger arrived with news of the final victory on the same day that Pizarro and his small band of adventurers , together with some indigenous allies , descended from the Andes into the town of Cajamarca . Arrival of Pizarro ( edit ) The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani Francisco Pizarro and his brothers ( Gonzalo , Juan , and Hernando ) were attracted by the news of a rich and fabulous kingdom . They had left the then impoverished Extremadura , like many migrants after them . `` There lies Peru with its riches ; Here , Panama and its poverty . Choose , each man , what best becomes a brave Castilian . '' -- Francisco Pizarro In 1529 , Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru . According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea , Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word , but Indo - Hispanic or hybrid . Unknown to Pizarro , as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition , his proposed enemy was being devastated by the diseases brought to the American continents during earlier Spanish contacts . When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532 , he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before . Amid the ruins of the city of Tumbes , he tried to piece together the situation before him . From two young local boys whom he had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him , Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire . After four long expeditions , Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru , calling it San Miguel de Piura . Francisco Pizarro meets with Atahualpa , 1532 When first spotted by the natives , Pizarro and his men were thought to be viracocha cuna or `` gods '' . The Indians described Pizarro 's men to the Inca . They said that capito was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing . The Indians described the men 's swords and how they killed sheep with them . The men did not eat human flesh , but rather sheep , lamb , duck , pigeons , and deer , and cooked the meat .", "9": "Atahualpa was fearful of what the white men were capable of . If they were runa quicachac or `` destroyers of peoples , '' then he should flee . If they were viracocha cuna runa allichac or `` gods who are benefactors of the people , '' then he should not flee , but welcome them . The messengers went back to Tangarala , and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara , an Orejon warrior , to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter . After traveling with the Spanish , Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa ; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods . Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat , drink , dress , and have relations with women . He saw them produce no miracles . Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number , about 170 -- 180 men , and had bound the Indian captives with `` iron ropes '' . When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers , Cinquinchara said that they should be killed because they were evil thieves who took whatever they wanted , and were supai cuna or `` devils '' . He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death . At this point , Pizarro had 168 men under his command : 106 on foot and 62 on horses . Pizarro sent his captain Hernando de Soto to invite Atahualpa to a meeting . Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse , an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before . With one of his young interpreters , Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God 's word . He said he was speaking to them so that they might `` lay the foundation of concord , brotherhood , and perpetual peace that should exist between us , so that you may receive us under your protection and hear the divine law from us and all your people may learn and receive it , for it will be the greatest honor , advantage , and salvation to them all . '' Atahualpa responded only after Hernando Pizarro arrived .", "10": "He replied with what he had heard from his scouts , saying that Pizarro and his men were killing and enslaving countless numbers on the coast . Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa , with limited information , reluctantly let the matter go . At the end of their meeting , the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca . Capture of Atahualpa ( edit ) After his victory and the death of his brother Huáscar , Atahualpa was fasting in the Inca baths outside Cajamarca . Pizarro and his men reached that city on 15 November 1532 . Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto and Hernando Pizarro to the Inca leader 's camp . Hernando Pizarro and De Soto explained they were emissaries of Emperor Charles I of Spain , to offer their services , and `` impart to him the doctrines of the true faith . '' Additionally , they invited the Incan leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza . Atahuallpa replied that his fast would end the next day , when he would visit Pizarro . When De Soto noticed Atahualpa 's interest in his horse , he put on a display of `` excellent horsemanship '' in close proximity . Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments . The Inca -- Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead The next morning , Pizarro had arranged an ambuscade around the Cajamarca plaza , where they were to meet . When Atahualpa arrived with about 6,000 unarmed followers , Friar Vincente de Valverde and Felipillo met them and proceeded to `` expound the doctrines of the true faith '' and seek his tribute as a vassal of King Charles . The unskilled translator likely contributed to problems in communication . The friar offered Atahualpa the Bible as the authority of what he had just stated . Atahualpa stated , `` I will be no man 's tributary . '' The friar urged attack , starting the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532 .", "11": "Though the historical accounts relating to these circumstances vary , the true Spanish motives for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat - out impatience . The Inca likely did not adequately understand the conquistadors ' demands . At the signal to attack , the Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action . The effect was devastating , the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a massacre , with the Inca losing 2,000 dead . Pizarro also used cavalry charges against the Inca forces , which stunned them in combination with gunfire . The majority of Atahualpa 's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Rumiñawi , Quisquis and Challcuchima , the two generals he trusted the most . This was a major disadvantage for the Inca . Their undoing also resulted from a lack of self - confidence , and a desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and godlike command of situation . The main view is that the Inca were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons , ' open battle ' tactics , disease , internal unrest , the bold tactics of the Spanish , and the capture of their emperor . While Spanish armour was very effective against most of the Andean weapons , it was not impenetrable to maces , clubs , or slings . However , ensuing hostilities such as the Mixtón Rebellion , Chichimeca War , and Arauco War would require that the conquistadors ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions . The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry `` Santiago ! '' Many of the guns used by the Spaniards were hard to use in the frequent close - combat situations . Most natives adapted in ' guerrilla fashion ' by only shooting at the legs of the conquistadors if they happened to be unarmored . During Atahualpa 's captivity , the Spanish , although greatly outnumbered , forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not . According to the Spanish envoy 's demands , Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver .", "12": "While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up , he had no intention of releasing the Inca ; he needed Atahualpa 's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace . When Atahualpa was captured at the massacre at Cajamarca , he was treated with respect , allowed his wives to join him , and the Spanish soldiers taught him the game of chess . Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to gather gold and silver from the temples in Pachacamac in January 1533 , and on his return in March , captured Chalcuchimac in the Jauja Valley . Francisco Pizzaro sent a similar expedition to Cuzco , bringing back many gold plates from the Temple of the Sun . By February 1533 , Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men with 50 horses . Pizarro held Atahualpa for a ransom of gold and silver ; the treasure began to be delivered from Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on . By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested ; it was melted , refined , and made into bars . One of the main events in the conquest of the Incan Empire was the death of Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533 The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa ; both Pizarro and Soto were against killing him , but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death . False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid . They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area . Soto went with a small army to look for the hidden army , but a trial for Atahualpa was held in his absence . Among the charges were polygamy , incestuous marriage , and idolatry , all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion . The men who were against Atahualpa 's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince .", "13": "Atahualpa agreed to accept baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish ; he was baptized as Francisco . On 29 August 1533 Atahualpa was garrotted and died a Christian . He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca , but was soon disinterred . His body was taken , probably at his prior request , to its final resting place in Quito . Upon de Soto 's return , he was furious ; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa 's warriors . Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward Cuzco , accompanied by Chalcuchimac . The latter was burned alive in the Jauja Valley , accused of secret communication with Quizquiz , and organizing resistance . Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Pizarro after the death of Túpac Huallpa . Pizarro 's force entered the heart of the Tawantinsuyu on 15 November 1533 . Benalcázar , Pizarro 's lieutenant and fellow Extremaduran , had already departed from San Miguel with 140 - foot soldiers and a few horses on his conquering mission to Ecuador . At the foot of Mount Chimborazo , near the modern city of Riobamba ( Ecuador ) he met and defeated the forces of the great Inca warrior Rumiñawi with the aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards . Rumiñahui fell back to Quito , and , while in pursuit of the Inca army , Benalcázar was joined by five hundred men led by Guatemalan Governor Pedro de Alvarado . Greedy for gold , Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown 's authorization , landed on the Ecuadorian coast , and marched inland to the Sierra . Finding Quito empty of its treasures , Almagro soon joined the combined Spanish force . Alvarado agreed to sell his fleet of twelve ships , his forces , plus arms and ammunition , and returned to Guatemala .", "14": "Rebellion and reconquest ( edit ) After Atahualpa 's execution , Pizarro installed Atahualpa 's brother , Túpac Huallpa , as a puppet Inca ruler , but he soon died unexpectedly , leaving Manco Inca Yupanqui in power . He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire , but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa 's generals were amassing troops . Atahualpa 's death meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders . Led by Atahualpa 's generals Rumiñahui , Zope - Zupahua and Quisquis , the native armies were finally defeated , effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire . Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists . The remains of about 70 men , women , and adolescents were found in the path of a planned expressway near Lima in 2007 . Forensic evidence suggests that the natives were killed by European weapons , probably during the uprising in 1536 . Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors . However , in 1535 he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro 's brothers , Juan and Gonzalo , who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled . Under the pretense of recovering a statue of pure gold in the nearby Yucay valley , Manco was able to escape Cuzco . Spaniards executing Túpac Amaru , the last Inca of Vilcabamba , in 1572 Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco starting in Feb. 1536 . The siege of Cuzco was waged until the following spring , and during that time Manco 's armies managed to wipe out four relief columns sent from Lima , but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city .", "15": "The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and furthermore , the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuzco was failing . Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Tambo . After the Spanish regained control of Cuzco , Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo where he , for a time , successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat the Spanish in an open battle . When it became clear that defeat was imminent , Manco Inca retreated further to the mountainous region of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , where Manco Inca and his successors continued to hold some power for several more decades . His son , Túpac Amaru , was the last Inca . After deadly confrontations , he was murdered by the Spanish in 1572 . In total , the conquest took about forty years to complete . Many Inca attempts to regain the empire had occurred , but none had been successful . Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved through relentless force , and deception , aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide . The Spaniards destroyed much of the Incan culture and introduced the Spanish culture to the native population . Aftermath ( edit ) Pizarro and his followers founding Lima A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed . Almagro 's loyal followers and his descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in 1541 . This was done inside the palace of Francisco Pizarro in a fight to the death by these assassins , most of which were former soldiers of Diego de Almagro who were stripped of title and belongings after his death . Despite the war , the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process . Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an Audiencia Real , a type of appellate court . In January 1535 , Lima was founded , from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized .", "16": "In 1542 , the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile , that shortly after would be called Viceroyalty of Peru . Nevertheless , the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572 . Toledo ended the indigenous Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba , executing the Inca Túpac Amaru . He promoted economic development using commercial monopoly and built up the extraction from the silver mines of Potosí , using slavery based on the Inca institution of forced labor for mandatory public service called mita . The integration of Spanish culture into Peru was carried out not only by Pizarro and his other captains , but also by the many Spanish who also came to Peru to exploit its riches and inhabit its land . These included many different kinds of immigrants such as Spanish merchants , peasants , artisans , and Spanish women . Another element that the Spanish brought with them were African slaves to work alongside captive Incas for use in labor with things such as agriculture and mining for silver . These people all brought with them their own pieces of Spanish culture to integrate into Peruvian society . The arrival of the Spanish even had effects on the coastal geography of Peru , since the shores were uninhabited after the Incas that previously lived there were either killed or relocated to another area by the Spanish . Almost nothing was left of the Inca civilizations after the conquest by the Spanish , as culture was not as significant as gold to the new conquerors . The unique indigenous road and communications systems were essentially lost . The only things that persisted of the original culture are the very few artifacts that remained and the minute cultural aspects , such as language , that was left behind by the small percentage of Incas who persisted . Effects of the conquest on people of the Empire ( edit ) The long - term effects of the arrival of the Spanish on the population of South America were simply catastrophic . While this is the case for every group of Native - Americans that encountered Europeans from the fifteenth century onwards , the Incan population suffered a dramatic and quick decline following contact . It is estimated that parts of the empire , notably the Central Andes , suffered a population decline ratio of 58 : 1 during the years of 1520 -- 1571 . The single greatest cause of the decimation of native populations was infectious disease .", "17": "Old World Eurasian diseases , which had long been endemic on the Continent , were carried unknowingly by colonists and conquistadors . As these were new to the natives , they had no acquired immunity and suffered very high rates of death . More died of disease than any army or armed conflict . As the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya , it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest . But , it is apparent that the Inca began to contract the diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region , as it was likely carried to their empire by traders and travelers . The outbreak , believed to be hemorrhagic smallpox , reached the Andes in 1524 . While numbers are unavailable , Spanish records indicate that the population was so devastated by disease that they could hardly resist the foreign forces . Historians differ as to whether the illness of the 1520s was smallpox ; a minority of scholars claim that the epidemic was due to an indigenous illness called Carrion 's disease . In any case , a 1981 study by N.D. Cook the shows that the Andes suffered from three separate population declines during colonization . The first was of 30 -- 50 percent during the first outbreak of smallpox . When a measles outbreak occurred , there was another decline of 25 -- 30 percent . Finally , when smallpox and measles epidemics occurred together , which occurred from 1585 to 1591 , a decline of 30 -- 60 percent occurred . Collectively these declines amounted to a decline of 93 percent from the pre-contact population in the Andes region . Mortality was particularly high among children , ensuring that the impact of the epidemics would extend to the next generation . Beyond the devastation of the local populations by disease , they suffered considerable enslavement , pillaging and destruction from warfare . The Spanish took thousands of women from the local natives to use as servants and concubines . As Pizarro and his men took over portions of South America , they plundered and enslaved countless people . Some local populations entered into vassalage willingly , to defeat the Inca . Native groups such as the Huanca , Cañari and Chachapoya fought alongside the Spanish as they opposed Inca rule .", "18": "The basic policy of the Spanish towards local populations was that voluntary vassalage would yield safety and coexistence , while continued resistance would result in more deaths and destruction . Another significant effect on the people in South America was the spread of Christianity . As Pizarro and the Spanish subdued the continent and brought it under their control , they forcefully converted many to Christianity , claiming to have educated them in the ways of the `` one true religion . '' With the depopulation of the local populations along with the capitulation of the Inca Empire , the Spanish missionary work after colonization began was able to continue unimpeded . It took just a generation for the entire continent to be under Christian influence . In fiction ( edit ) Peter Shaffer 's play The Royal Hunt of the Sun ( 1964 ) dramatizes the conquest of the Incas . In the play , Pizarro , Atahualpa , Valverde and other historical figures appear as characters . Matthew Reilly 's novel Temple , is set at the siege of Cuzco . Many historical figures are mentioned , and a ( fictional ) brother of Pizarro is noted to be in pursuit of the protagonist . The conquest is also used as a `` starting point of the cat . '' The Inca are featured in the third Campaign in Age of Empires 3 , having a Lost City hidden in the Andes . They are also in the Multiplayer , found primarily in the areas making up Chile and Argentina . The conquest is parodied in The Simpsons TV series , in the chapter `` Lost Verizon '' , written by John Frink . Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors feature as antagonists in the 1982 animated serial The Mysterious Cities of Gold . Quotes ( edit ) I wish Your Majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share . For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives . They were so free of crime and greed , both men and women , that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house . So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them , they despised us .", "19": "But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God , owing to the bad example we have set them in all things , that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good ... I beg God to pardon me , for I am moved to say this , seeing that I am the last to die of the Conquistadors . '' -- Mansio Serra Leguizamon When has it ever happened , either in ancient or modern times , that such amazing exploits have been achieved ? Over so many climes , across so many seas , over such distances by land , to subdue the unseen and unknown ? Whose deeds can be compared with those of Spain ? Not even the ancient Greeks and Romans . -- Francisco Xeres , Report on the Discovery of Peru When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future , about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru , I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes . Where have men ever seen the things they have seen here ? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history , unknown to men , and then let it be found , discovered and won all in our own time ! -- Pedro Cieza de León , Chronicles of Peru The houses are more than two hundred paces in length , and very well built , being surrounded by strong walls , three times the height of a man . The roofs are covered with straw and wood , resting on the walls . The interiors are divided into eight rooms , much better built than any we had seen before . Their walls are of very well cut stones and each lodging is surrounded by its masonry wall with doorways , and has its fountain of water in an open court , conveyed from a distance by pipes , for the supply of the house . In front of the plaza , towards the open country , a stone fortress is connected with it by a staircase leading from the square to the fort . Towards the open country there is another small door , with a narrow staircase , all within the outer wall of the plaza .", "20": "Above the town , on the mountain side , where the houses commence , there is another fort on a hill , the greater part of which is hewn out of the rock . This is larger than the other , and surrounded by three walls , rising spirally . -- Francisco Xeres , Massacre , Gold and Civil War See also ( edit ) South America portal Peru portal Spain portal History of Peru Inca Empire Inca society Indian reductions in the Andes Spanish Empire Ransom Room Pambokancha , Inca religious site Ancient Peru Reductions Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish conquest of the Maya Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish conquest of the Muisca Habsburg Spain Paititi Battle of Cajamarca Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gordon Brotherston ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Indigenous Literatures and Cultures in Twentieth - Century Latin America '' . In Leslie Bethell . The Cambridge History of Latin America . X . Cambridge University Press . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49594 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Storey ; Randolph J. Widmer ( 2006 ) . `` The Pre-Columbian Economy '' . In Victor Bulmer - Thomas , John Coatsworth , Roberto Cortes - Conde . The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America : Volume 1 , The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century ( I ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81289 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Kenneth J. Andrien ( 2001 ) . Andean Worlds : Indigenous History , Culture , and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule , 1532 - 1825 . University of New Mexico Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2359 - 0 .", "21": "The largest of these great imperial states was the Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyu -- the empire of the four parts -- which extended from its capital in Cusco to include this entire Andean region of 984,000 square kilometers . Jump up ^ Covey ( 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Means ( 1932 ) . ^ Jump up to : Prescott , W.H. , 2011 , The History of the Conquest of Peru , Digireads.com Publishing , ISBN 9781420941142 ^ Jump up to : MacQuarrie ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Kubler ( 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Betanzos et al. ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Seed ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Innes ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Jolas , Maria ( 1961 ) . The Royal Commentaries of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega . Orion Press . Jump up ^ Jay O. Sanders . `` The Great Inca Rebellion '' . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Jane Penrose ( 2005 ) . Slings in the Iron Age . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 932 - 5 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , James ( 1993 ) . `` Introduction '' . We People Here : Náhuatl accounts of the Conquest of Mexico . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , P. , 1998 , The Discovery and Conquest of Peru , Chronicles of the New World Encounter , edited and translated by Cook and Cook , Durham : Duke University Press , ISBN 9780822321460 Jump up ^ Carroll , Chris ( July 2007 ) . `` Archaeology : Shot by a Conquistador '' . National Geographic . 212 ( 1 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Koch , Peter O . `` The Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire '' , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers , Jefferson , North Carolina , and London , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , James .", "22": "Spanish Peru , University of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Belknap , Daniel F. and Sandweiss , Daniel H. `` Effects of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 111 : 7986 - 7989 . Jump up ^ Newson ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ The Story Of ... Smallpox -- and other Deadly Eurasian Germs Jump up ^ Lovell ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Gibson ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ The Simpsons Archive , Season 20 Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ( 2001 ) . Conquistadors . London : BBC Worldwide . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 55116 - X . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , Brian S. ( 1991 ) . `` Pacariqtambo and the Mythical Origins of the Inca '' . Latin American Antiquity. 2 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 26 . doi : 10.2307 / 971893 . JSTOR 971893 . Betanzos , Juan de ; Hamilton , Roland ; Buchanan , Dana ( 1996 ) . Narrative of the Incas . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 75560 - 0 . Covey , R. Alan ( 2000 ) . `` Inka Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru '' . Latin American Antiquity. 11 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 138 . doi : 10.2307 / 971851 . JSTOR 971851 . Gibson , Charles ( 1978 ) . `` Conquest , Capitulation , and Indian Treaties '' . The American Historical Review . 83 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 1865900 . JSTOR 1865900 . Hemming , John ( 1970 ) . Conquest of the Incas . New York : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 122560 - 5 . Innes , Hammond ( 1969 ) .", "23": "Conquistadors . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Kubler , George ( 1945 ) . `` The Behavior of Atahualpa , 1531 -- 1533 '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 25 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 427 . doi : 10.2307 / 2508231 . JSTOR 2508231 . Kubler , George ( 1947 ) . `` The Neo-Inca State ( 1537 -- 1572 ) '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 203 . doi : 10.2307 / 2508415 . JSTOR 2508415 . Lockhart , James . Spanish Peru , 1532 - 1560 : a social history . Madison , Wis . : University of Wisconsin Press , c1994 . Lockhart , James . The men of Cajamarca ; a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru , Austin , Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press ( 1972 ) Lovell , W. George ( 1992 ) . `` ' Heavy Shadows and Black Night ' : Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82 ( 3 ) : 426 -- 443 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1992. tb01968. x . Macquarrie , Kim ( 2007 ) . The Last Days of the Incas . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6049 - 7 . Means , Philip A. ( 1932 ) . Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru , 1530 -- 1780 . New York : Scribner . Newson , Linda A. ( 1985 ) . `` Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America '' . Latin American Research Review . 20 ( 3 ) : 41 -- 74 . JSTOR 2503469 . Seed , Patricia ( 1991 ) .", "24": "`` ' Failing to Marvel ' : Atahualpa 's Encounter with the Word '' . Latin American Research Review . 26 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 32 . Wachtel , The Vision of the Vanquished : The Spanish Conquest of Peru Through Indian Eyes , 1530 - 1570 , translated by Ben and Sid Reynolds . 1977 . 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century conflicts Viceroyalty of Peru Colonial Peru Inca Empire History of Peru History of Ecuador History of Bolivia 16th century in the Inca civilization 16th century in the Spanish Empire Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 18 . 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5255969991136559330	who sings the pokemon theme song season 1	[ "Jason Paige", "Jason Paige", "Jason Paige", "Jason Paige", "Jason Paige" ]	{ "0": "Jason Paige - wikipedia Jason Paige Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jason Paige ( 1969 - 01 - 06 ) January 6 , 1969 ( age 49 ) Nationality American Alma mater New York University Occupation Singer , writer , record producer , actor Jason Paige ( born January 6 , 1969 ) is an American singer , writer , record producer , stage , film , and television actor . Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 References 4 External links Early life and education ( edit ) He is an alumnus of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and the Experimental Theatre Wing at New York University . Career ( edit ) Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon anime . He also sings `` Viridian City '' and sings as a background vocalist for the Pokémon 2. B.A. Master soundtrack . In an interview with the New York Post in 2016 , Paige did not expect the song to become popular . In fact , he said that he `` did n't really know much about Pokémon when I did the demo , other than ( that ) a scene in the cartoon caused a giant bout of epileptic seizures in Japan '' , referring to the infamous episode `` Dennō Senshi Porygon . '' As a vocalist Paige toured for a year as the lead singer for the band Blood Sweat & Tears . He has sung and beat - boxed with Aerosmith on tour and on the Howard Stern re-mix of the hit single `` Pink '' . Paige sang backgrounds for Michael Jackson and is the rap soloist for the song `` Black or White '' , which was performed at Michael Jackson 's 30th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden .", "1": "His one - man show is filled with socio - political sexual - logical musical parody , con - fessions , and impersonations . He can be heard singing backgrounds on The Art of McCartney tribute CD behind Billy Joel , Roger Daltrey , Kiss , Smokey Robinson and others , On the Elite Beat Agents soundtrack , he sings `` Canned Heat '' and `` Walkie Talkie Man . '' Paige can also be heard on hundreds of various jingles , including Mountain Dew 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' and Pepto - Bismol 's `` Nausea Heartburn Indigestion '' . He has written a number of songs for the TV series Rob & Big . His voice can also be heard in the Disney TV movie , The Color of Friendship , `` The Jersey Boys '' , `` Annie '' with Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy in the last `` Muppet Movie '' and a character or two in `` Sausage Party '' . He has also performed with famous artists such as Foreigner , The Scorpions , Meat Loaf , Frankie Valli , Liza Minnelli , and Enrique Iglesias , Oleta Adams , among many others . He has written and produced for Shoshana Bean , Becky Baeling , Mike Weaver and Suzie McNeil . As an actor , he can be seen as Peter in An Argentinian in New York , as a choir singer in A Walk to Remember , as the voice over for Buttmeister in Meet the Spartans , as a medic in Make Yourself at Home , as a student in Election , and as a parent in The Hustler . From 1995 to 2000 , he produced and starred in his own musical comedy sketch show , The What 's Up Show , which showed on Manhattan cable TV . On the stage , he appeared in the 2010 production of Rent at the Hollywood Bowl , as Joe in Frank Zappa 's Joe 's Garage at the Open Fist Theatre Company , and as Travis in Ty Taylor 's The Existents at the Open Fist Theatre Company . He has also done productions of The Who 's Tommy , Godspell , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Hair .", "2": "He has performed at Scott Nevins and Ryan O'Connor's Musical Mondays in Los Angeles , as well as Rockwell 's For The Record series in the Coen Brothers , Baz Luhrmann , John Hughes , The Marshalls , Quentin Tarantino , Robert Zemeckis , Pau Thomas Anderson and Scorsese shows . He won a Broadwayworld.com award and an Ovation nomination for his portrayal of Frankie in Fortherecordlive 's production of `` Scoresese an American Crime Drama '' produced at The Wallis Annenberg in October 2016 . He has co-written two musicals , `` BOX '' and `` Writing Pictures '' produced at Hartford 's Bushnell Theatre for Black History Month , based on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin . And `` A Tribute To Irwin Price '' Performed at Open Fist Theater . During the 2012 primary election , Paige himself sang a parody of the Pokémon Theme in support of the Republican candidate Ron Paul . In an interview with Spin Magazine in 2016 , Paige said he was inspired by Paul 's message of liberty . Later that year , Paige completed a year - long run as the lead singer for Blood , Sweat & Tears and recorded a rock interpretation of the carol Silent Night for an episode of the YouTube series Hellbenders . He is a long time member of Broadway Inspirational Voices and has appeared at Mandalay Bay 's LIGHT in For The Record Baz named after the director Baz Luhrmann . In response to the massive popularity of the Pokémon Go mobile game , Paige re-recorded the theme during the height of the game 's popularity in July 2016 . Later that month , Paige sang another parody of theme song featuring Dwayne Johnson as a Pokémon . He performed the song in Los Angeles as well . In October 2016 He released his anthem `` a tribute to Pokemon Go '' as a sister theme to the original . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Phull , Hardeep ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` The Pokémon theme 's surprising singer is back in the hot seat '' . New York Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Rockwell '' . Rockwell-la.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Connor ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul 2012 Supporter Remakes ' Pokemon ' Song For Campaign ( VIDEO ) '' . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josephs , Brian ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pokémon Theme ' Singer Jason Paige Still Wants to Be the Very Best '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HELLBENDERS - A Hellbenders Christmas '' . YouTube . 2012 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leach , Robin ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` Cirque takes on cabaret - style show with ' Baz ' at Light in Mandalay Bay '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( 30 June 2015 ) . `` ' Baz ' is an irony - free zone , but a big one to cover '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the Original ' Pokemon ' Theme Singer Give It a Go in 2016 '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dosh , Kristi ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Rock Gets His Own Pokemon Go - Inspired Character '' . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Jason Paige on IMDb Official Website YouTube channel MusicBrainz : fb4aeed3 - 43ad - 4f05 - b01e - d9482d44b96e ( hide ) Blood , Sweat & Tears Dave Gellis Glenn McClelland Jon Ossman Carl Fischer Barry Danielian Charley Gordon Ken Gioffre Joel Rosenblatt Bo Bice Al Kooper Randy Brecker Jerry Weiss Fred Lipsius Dick Halligan Steve Katz Jim Fielder Bobby Colomby David Clayton - Thomas Lew Soloff Dave Bargeron Bobby Doyle Joe Henderson Lou Marini Jr .", "5": "Larry Willis Georg Wadenius Jerry Fisher Tom Malone Ron McClure Luther Kent Jaco Pastorius Steve Khan Mike Stern Don Alias Roy McCurdy Barry Finnerty Neil Stubenhaus Gregory Herbert Steve Conte Dave Panichi Glenn McClelland Jerry Sokolov Franck Amsallem Ted Kooshian Dave Pietro Rob Paparozzi Jason Paige Bernard Purdie Studio albums Child Is Father to the Man Blood , Sweat & Tears Blood , Sweat & Tears 3 Blood , Sweat & Tears 4 New Blood No Sweat Mirror Image New City More Than Ever Brand New Day Nuclear Blues Live albums In Concert Live and Improvised Live Compilation albums Greatest Hits Found Treasures The Collection Super Hits Rare , Rarer & Rarest Soundtracks The Owl and the Pussy Cat Singles `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' `` Spinning Wheel '' `` And When I Die '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Paige&oldid=830268583 '' Categories : American male film actors American male stage actors American male musical theatre actors American record producers New York University alumni Living people 1969 births American male singers American singers Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from July 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 20 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1376719706403766477	where was the rise of the planet of the apes filmed	[ "Vancouver, British Columbia", "San Francisco, California", "Oahu, Hawaii", "Vancouver, British Columbia", "San Francisco, California", "Oahu, Hawaii", "Vancouver, British Columbia", "San Francisco, California", "Oahu, Hawaii" ]	{ "0": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton David Oyelowo Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting .", "1": "A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures an aggressive neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles from him .", "2": "As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . While Caesar ignores Jacobs ' pledges for help , Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will catches up to them and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . ''", "3": "Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Dr. Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who begins a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles .", "4": "Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from being exposed in the womb to ALZ - 112 when the drug is administered to his pregnant mother , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portrays Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother , who was captured in Africa . `` Bright Eyes '' was the name given by chimpanzee scientist Zira to Taylor , the human astronaut in the Planet of the Apes movie . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be .", "5": "So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits .", "6": "After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles .", "7": "To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 258 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars .", "8": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 .", "9": "Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs.", "10": "Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films .", "11": "We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com .", "16": "Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ,", "18": "Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I.", "19": "Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181353993 LCCN : no2011120634 GND : 1057944262 BNF : cb169401537 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=838453519 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Planet of the Apes films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction films American Sign Language films Annie Award winners Dune Entertainment films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about animal rights Films about rebellions Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Rupert Wyatt Films set in Africa Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the future Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Reboot films Techno - thriller films Boom !", "20": "Studios titles Films produced by Peter Chernin Films scored by Patrick Doyle Dystopian films Smart drugs in fiction Science fiction adventure films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8781977407436236434	where does wild caught sockeye salmon come from	[ "Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it", "in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it", "the Northern Pacific Ocean" ]	{ "0": "Sockeye salmon - wikipedia Sockeye salmon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sockeye ( disambiguation ) . Sockeye salmon Male ocean - phase sockeye Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Salmoniformes Family : Salmonidae Genus : Oncorhynchus Species : O. nerka Binomial name Oncorhynchus nerka ( Walbaum , 1792 ) Sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) , also called red salmon , kokanee salmon , or blueback salmon , is an anadromous species of salmon found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it . This species is a Pacific salmon that is primarily red in hue during spawning . They can grow up to 84 cm ( 2 ft 9 in ) in length and weigh 2.3 to 7 kg ( 5.1 -- 15.4 lb ) . Juveniles remain in freshwater until they are ready to migrate to the ocean , over distances of up to 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) . Their diet consists primarily of zooplankton . Sockeye salmon are semelparous , dying after they spawn . Some populations , referred to as kokanee , do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives in freshwater . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification and name origin 2 Description 3 Range and habitat 3.1 Landlocked populations 4 Diet 5 Life cycle 6 Reproduction 6.1 Sexual selection and natural selection 6.2 Energy cost 7 Competition 8 Fisheries and consumption 9 Conservation status 9.1 United States 9.2 Canada 10 References 11 Technical reports 12 External links Classification and name origin ( edit ) Sockeye salmon is the third-most common Pacific salmon species , after pink and chum salmon .", "1": "Oncorhynchus comes from the Greek ὄγκος ( onkos ) meaning `` barb '' , and ῥύγχος ( rhynchos ) meaning `` snout '' . Nerka is the Russian name for the anadromous form . The name `` sockeye '' is an anglicization of suk - kegh ( sθə́qəy̓ ) , its name in Halkomelem , the language of the indigenous people along the lower reaches of the Fraser River ( one of British Columbia 's many native Coast Salish languages ) . Suk - kegh means `` red fish '' . Description ( edit ) The sockeye salmon is sometimes called red or blueback salmon , due to its color . Sockeye are blue tinged with silver in color while living in the ocean . When they return to spawning grounds , their bodies become red and their heads turn green . Sockeye can be anywhere from 60 to 84 cm ( 2 ft 0 in -- 2 ft 9 in ) in length and weigh from 2.3 to 7 kg ( 5.1 -- 15.4 lb ) . Two distinguishing features are their long , serrated gill rakers that range from 30 to 40 in number , and their lack of a spot on their tail or back . Range and habitat ( edit ) Sockeye salmon range as far south as the Columbia River in the eastern Pacific ( although individuals have been spotted as far south as the 10 Mile River on the Mendocino Coast of California ) and in northern Hokkaidō Island in Japan in the western Pacific . They range as far north as the Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Arctic in the east and the Anadyr River in Siberia in the west . The farthest inland sockeye salmon travel is to Redfish Lake , Idaho , over 900 miles ( 1,400 km ) from the ocean and 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) in elevation . Landlocked populations ( edit ) Male spawning - phase sockeye Completely landlocked populations of the same species also are known .", "2": "Some sockeye live and reproduce in lakes and are commonly called kokanee , which is red - fish name in the Sinixt Interior Salish language and silver trout in the Okanagan language . They are much smaller than the anadromous variety and are rarely over 35 cm ( 14 in ) long . In the Okanagan Lake and many others , there are two kinds of kokanee populations -- one spawns in streams and the other near lake shores . Landlocked populations occur in the Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada , as well as , in Alaska , Washington , Oregon , California , New York , Utah , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Colorado , New Mexico , and Wyoming in the United States . Nantahala Lake is the only place in North Carolina where kokanee salmon are found . The fish , which is native to western North America , was stocked in Nantahala Lake in the mid-1960s by the NC Wildlife Resources Commission in an attempt to establish the species as a forage fish for other predator fishes in the lake . This stock has remained and become a favorite target for anglers . In Japan , a landlocked variety termed black kokanee , or `` kunimasu '' in Japanese , was deemed to be extinct after 1940 , when a hydroelectric project made its native lake in northern Akita Prefecture more acidic . The species seems to have been saved by transferring eggs to Saiko Lake , 500 kilometers to the south , however . This fish has been treated as a subspecies of sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae , or even an independent species Oncorhynchus kawamurae . Diet ( edit ) Sockeye salmon use patterns of limnetic feeding behavior , which encompasses vertical movement , schooling , diel feeding chronology , and zooplankton prey selectivity . They can change their position in the water column , timing and length of feeding , school formation , and choice of prey to minimize the likelihood of predation . This also ensures they still get the minimum amount of food necessary to survive . All of these behaviors contribute to the survivability , and therefore fitness of the salmon . Depending on location and threat of predation , the levels of aggressive feeding behavior can vary .", "3": "Sockeye salmon , unlike other species of Pacific salmon , feed extensively on zooplankton during both freshwater and saltwater life stages . They also tend to feed on small aquatic organisms such as shrimp . Insects are part of their diets at the juvenile stage . Life cycle ( edit ) See also : Salmon run Sockeye salmon exhibit many different life histories with the majority being anadromous where the juvenile salmon migrate from freshwater lakes and streams to the ocean before returning as adults to their natal freshwater to spawn . Similar to most Pacific salmon , sockeye salmon are semelparous , meaning they die after spawning once . Some sockeye , called kokanee , do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives in freshwater lakes . The majority of sockeye spawn in rivers near lakes and juveniles will spend one to two years in the lake before migrating to the ocean , although some populations will migrate to saltwater in their first year . Adult sockeye will spend two to three years in the ocean before returning to freshwater . Females will spawn in 3 - 5 redds over a period of a several days . The eggs usually hatch within six to nine weeks and the fry typically rear in lakes before migrating to the ocean . Reproduction ( edit ) Spawning sockeye salmon Males partake in competitive and sneaking tactics , formation of hierarchies , and non-hierarchical groupings around females who are ready to mate . Reproductive success varies more in males than females . The greater variability in male reproduction is associated with the greater average size and exaggerated shape of males . Reproductive success in females is determined by the number of eggs she lays , her body size , and the survival of the eggs , which is due in part to the quality of the nest environment . Male spatial distribution depends on shifts in reproductive opportunities , physical traits of breeding sites , as well as the operational sex ratio ( OSR ) of the environment . Non-dominant males adopt a subordinate behavior , acting as a satellite to mated pairs . During spawning , a subordinate male will move quickly into the redd and release their sperm . Nearby dominant males from other redds will also do this . Male social status is positively correlated to length and dorsal hump size . Larger females tend to spawn in shallower water , which is preferred over deeper water .", "4": "A male ( near ) and female ( far ) sockeye salmon spawning in the Adams River of British Columbia , Canada . There is a dramatic sexual dimorphism at maturity . Males go through numerous morphological changes at maturation including , an increase in body depth , hump height , and snout length . Snout size also increases in females , but hump height and adipose fin length do not increase . This could mean that longer snout sizes are sexually selected , but hump height and adipose fin length are not . Females develop large gonads that are about 25 % of the body mass . Females are responsible for parental care . They select , prepare , and defend a nest site until they die or are displaced . Males do not participate in parental care at all , and they move between females after egg deposition . Sexual selection and natural selection ( edit ) Sexual selection favors large males and females . Males choose females based on their readiness to spawn and their size in order to maximize their breeding opportunities . Larger bodies allow females to reproduce larger and more numerous eggs , better nest choice and ability to defend it , and the ability to bury eggs deeper and provide more protection . Females vary their breeding rate depending on the size of the courting male , mating more quickly with larger males . This increases the likelihood that larger males will displace attending , smaller males . Male sockeye salmon social status and greater reproductivity are directly associated with larger body size and more extreme body shapes ; Larger bodies provide males with advantages when it comes to intrasexual competition and being selected for by females during reproduction . Males preferentially spawn with females who are red , which is the usual color of females . Even small changes in wavelength , saturation , and brightness can affect preference . Both sexually naïve males and experienced males showed the same preferences , which illustrates that preference for a red hue may be innate . Some traits that lead to reproductive success , such as body size and sexual dimorphism can affect one 's survival . This leads to opposing pressures of natural selection and sexual selection . Larger males are favored , unless the risk of predation is very high . Sockeye salmon that die prematurely from predation are typically the larger ones in a population . This shows natural selection against large bodies .", "5": "Populations with higher levels of predation tend to evolve smaller body size . Without the threat of predation , salmon that breed early in the season live longer than those that breed late in the season . Other ecological factors like stranding effect select for smaller body size in sockeye salmon when present in a habitat . Stranding is when salmon swim into dry land or shallow water during their migration for spawning and die from suffocation . In fact , studies show that the Sockeye salmon with the largest bodies are most susceptible to stranding mortality . Energy cost ( edit ) Reproduction is marked by depletion in energy stores . Fat , protein , and somatic energy stores decrease from the final moments in marine migration through freshwater entry , spawning , and death . Sockeye salmon do not feed during reproduction . Feeding ends once they enter into freshwater , which can be several months before spawning . Embryos are maintained with only endogenous food supplies for about 3 -- 8 months . Reproduction in the sockeye salmon has to be accomplished with the energy stores brought to the spawning grounds . How the salmon use their energy during migration and spawning affects how successful they will be reproductively ; energy used for migration can not also be used for courtship . If they waste too much energy , they might not be able to spawn . Males must also make the decision whether to invest energy in fighting for a female or for longevity on the spawning grounds . Competition ( edit ) Aggressive behavior displayed by dominant males is predominantly directed towards intruding dominant males . Sometimes sockeye salmon males behave aggressively towards subordinate males . These encounters are short , with the intruding male leaving after one or two aggressive interactions . Spawning females direct their aggression primarily towards intruding females or other spawning females that are close by . However , they may also direct aggression towards intruding or subordinate males . Aggressive interactions between females only last one or two charges and / or chases . The intruder retreats and the spawning female settles back in her redd . These acts of aggression are important in terms of reproductive success , because they determine the quality of the nest site the female obtains and access to males . Competition for food or space while the salmon are in their lake residence period can exist . This happens when there is a more populous class of young sockeye or when there are multiple classes present .", "6": "It can also happen when resources are in short supply . Interspecific competition can also occur and can lead to interactive segregation , which is when species emphasize their differences in diet and habitat to avoid competition . Interspecific competition can affect the growth rates of the salmon if their access to resources is limited . Fisheries and consumption ( edit ) See also : Salmon ( food ) The total registered fisheries harvest of the sockeye in 2010 was some 170,000 tonnes , of which 115,000 tonnes were from the United States and the rest was equally divided between Canada and Russia . This corresponds to some 65 million fish in all , and to some 19 % of the harvest of all Pacific salmon species by weight . Smoked sockeye salmon ready for consumption Commercial fishermen in Alaska net this species using seines and gillnets for fresh or frozen fillet sales and canning . The annual catch can reach 30 million fish in Bristol Bay , Alaska , which is the site of the world 's largest sockeye harvest . Sockeye salmon have long been important in the diet and culture of the Coast Salish people of British Columbia . The largest spawning grounds in Asia are located on the Kamchatka Peninsula of the Russian Far East , especially on the Ozernaya River of the Kurile Lake , which accounts for nearly 90 % of all Asian sockeye salmon production , and is recognized as the largest spawning ground outside of Alaska . Illegal fishing in Kamchatka is subject to environmental concern . Sockeye is almost never farmed . A facility in Langley , BC harvested its first salmon in March 2013 , and continues to harvest farmed salmon from its inland facility . Conservation status ( edit ) See also : Salmon conservation and Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments United States ( edit ) Spawning Kokanee salmon in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho , United States United States sockeye salmon populations are currently listed under the US Endangered Species Act by the National Marine Fisheries Service as an endangered species in the Snake River and as a threatened species in Lake Ozette , Washington . The Snake River sockeye salmon was listed as endangered in November 1991 , after the Shoshone - Bannock Tribe at Fort Hall Indian Reservation petitioned the National Marine Fisheries Service .", "7": "Other sockeye populations in the upper Columbia River and in Puget Sound are not listed under the Act . Sockeye is an exception to 2010 's forecast resurgence of Oregonian fish stocks . Spring Chinook , summer steelhead , and Coho are forecast to increase by up to 100 % over 2008 populations . The sockeye population peaked at over 200,000 in 2008 and were forecast to decline to just over 100,000 in 2010 . As an early indication of the unexpectedly high sockeye run in 2010 , on July 2 , 2010 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers reported over 300,000 sockeye had passed over Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River . Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton , which , along with greater outflows of Columbia River water , fed the resurgent populations . Proposed legislative efforts , such as the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act , are attempting to protect the headwaters of the sockeye salmon by preventing industrial development in roadless areas . Record numbers of a once - waning population of sockeye salmon have been returning to the Northwest 's Columbia Basin ( as of June 2012 ) , with thousands more crossing the river 's dams in a single day than the total numbers seen in some previous years . Canada ( edit ) See also : Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids Sockeye salmon jumping over a beaver dam , Aleknagik Lake , Alaska , United States The conservation status of sockeye populations in Canada is under review by Fisheries and Oceans Canada as part of its Wild Salmon Policy strategy to standardize monitoring of wild salmon status . Salmon runs of particular note are the Skeena and Nass river runs , and the most famous is the Fraser River sockeye run . The Fraser River salmon run has experienced declines in productivity since the 1990s , mirroring a similar decline in the 1960s . The return abundance ( population ) of Fraser River sockeye in 2009 was estimated at a very low 1,370,000 , 13 % of the pre-season forecast of 10,488,000 . That represented a decline from the recent ( 1993 ) historical cycle peak of 23,631,000 and the return abundance was the lowest in over 50 years .", "8": "The reasons for this ( former ) decline remain speculative . According to a consortium of scientists assembled to review the problem , the decline highlights the uncertainty in forecasting salmon returns . After the low returns , the Government of Canada launched a formal inquiry into the decline , the Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River . The Commission has been tasked with investigating all the factors which may affect Fraser River sockeye salmon throughout their life cycle . According to the terms of reference , the subjects of investigation are `` the impact of environmental changes along the Fraser River , marine environmental conditions , aquaculture , predators , diseases , water temperature and other factors that may have affected the ability of sockeye salmon to reach traditional spawning grounds or reach the ocean . '' During the commission , hundreds of thousands of documents and scientific research papers were reviewed . Twelve technical reports were published using that information , looking at the possible impacts of diseases and parasites , hatchery diseases , contaminants , marine ecology , salmon farms , fisheries , predators , climate change and government management on the productivity of Fraser River sockeye runs . The commission submitted its final report on October 29 , 2012 . While the commission was holding public hearings , in the late summer of 2010 , the largest run of sockeye since 1913 returned to the Fraser River system . Final counts show that approximately 30 million salmon returned to the Fraser River and its tributaries in 2010 . In total , approximately 11,591,000 Fraser sockeye were caught by Canadian fishers and 1,974,000 Fraser sockeye were caught by American fishers . The final projected escapement ( fish which were not caught ) was 15,852,990 fish . Recent unpredictable fluctuations in runs are speculated to be due to changing water temperatures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iucnredlist.org '' . iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sockeye Salmon '' . NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oncorhynchus nerka '' . Fishbase . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) .", "9": "Native American placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3598 - 4 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` nationalgeographic.com '' . Animals.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sockeye Salmon '' . Alaska Department of Fish and Game . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kokanee Lake '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ `` Fish Resources - Salmon / Steelhead '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fish for Kokanee Salmon at Lake Nantahala '' . Reflection Lake Nantahala . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Scientist says he found Japan fish thought extinct Bay Ledger , December 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Oncorhynchus kawamurae '' . Fishbase . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Eggers , Douglas M. ( 3 April 1978 ) . `` Limnetic feeding behavior of juvenile sockeye salmon in Lake Washington and predator avoidance '' . ASLO. 23 ( 6 ) : 1114 -- 1125 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 1978.23. 6.1114 . Jump up ^ Clark , Colin W. ; David A. Levy ( February 1988 ) . `` Diel Vertical Migrations by Juvenile Sockeye Salmon and the Antipredation Window '' . The American Naturalist. 131 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 290 . doi : 10.1086 / 284789 . Jump up ^ Alaska Department of Fish and Game . `` Sockeye salmon '' . adfg.state.ak.us . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Burgner , RL ( 1991 ) . Life history of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) . Pacific salmon life histories : Vancouver , British Columbia : University of British Columbia Press .", "10": "pp. 3 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joseph S. ( 1968 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Distribution and Nomenclature of North American Kokanee , Oncorhynchus nerka '' . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada . 25 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 414 . doi : 10.1139 / f68 - 032 . ISSN 0015 - 296X . Jump up ^ `` Life history variation and population structure in sockeye salmon - ScienceBase - Catalog '' . www.sciencebase.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Thomas P. ; Adkison , Milo D. ; Ward , Michael B. ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` Behavioral Tactics of Male Sockeye Salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) under Varying Operational Sex Ratios '' . Ethology. 102 ( 2 ) : 304 -- 322 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1996. tb01127. x . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Thomas P. ; Chris J. Foote ( 1 October 1994 ) . `` The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon , Oncorhynchus nerka '' . Animal Behaviour. 48 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 761 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1994.1300 . ^ Jump up to : Healey , M.C. ; R. Lake ; S.G. Hinch ( 1 February 2003 ) . `` Energy expenditures during reproduction by sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) '' . Behaviour. 140 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 182 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853903321671488 . ^ Jump up to : Hendry , Andrew P. ; Ole K. Berg ( 1999 ) .", "11": "`` Secondary sexual characters , energy use , senescence , and the cost of reproduction in sockeye salmon '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 : 1663 -- 1675 . doi : 10.1139 / cjz - 77 - 11 - 1663 . ^ Jump up to : Foote , Chris J ; Brown , Gayle S ; Hawryshyn , Craig W ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Female colour and male choice in sockeye salmon : implications for the phenotypic convergence of anadromous and nonanadromous morphs '' . Animal Behaviour. 67 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2003.02. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Thomas P. ; Andrew P. Hendry ; Gregory B. Buck ( 2001 ) . `` Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon : interactions between body size , reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears '' . Evolutionary Ecology Research . 3 : 917 -- 937 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Thomas P. ; Foote , Chris J. `` The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon , Oncorhynchus nerka '' . Animal Behaviour. 48 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 761 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1994.1300 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Stephanie M. ; Hilborn , Ray ; Hendry , Andrew P. ; Quinn , Thomas P. ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Predation by Bears Drives Senescence in Natural Populations of Salmon '' . PLOS ONE . 2 ( 12 ) : e1286 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001286 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Thomas P. ; Buck , Gregory B. ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Size - and Sex - Selective Mortality of Adult Sockeye Salmon : Bears , Gulls , and Fish Out of Water '' .", "12": "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society . 130 ( 6 ) : 995 -- 1005 . doi : 10.1577 / 1548 - 8659 ( 2001 ) 1302.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0002 - 8487 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Stephanie M. ; Quinn , Thomas P. ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Ten Years of Varying Lake Level and Selection on Size - at - Maturity in Sockeye Salmon '' . Ecology. 88 ( 10 ) : 2620 -- 2629 . doi : 10.1890 / 06 - 1171.1 . ISSN 1939 - 9170 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Thomas P. ; Andrew P. Hendry ; Lisa A. Wetzel ( December 1995 ) . `` The Influence of Life History Trade - Offs and the Size of Incubation Gravels on Egg Size Variation in Sockeye Salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) '' . Oikos. 74 : 425 -- 438 . doi : 10.2307 / 3545987 . Jump up ^ Groot , C. ; Margolis , L. ( 1991 ) . Pacific salmon life histories . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0359 - 2 . Jump up ^ Annual Statistics 2010 : Commercial salmon catch by species and country North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Statistical Yearbook . Retrieved 2015 March 16 . The statistics do not include fish taken in Russian waters by non-Russian fleet . Jump up ^ `` Species profile : Sockeye Salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) '' . ADF&G Home . Alaska Department of Fish and Game . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , R.G. , T.C. Wainwright , G.A. Winans , F.W. Waknitz , L.T. Parker , and R.S. Waples. 1997 . Status review of sockeye salmon from Washington and Oregon . U.S. Dept . Commer.", "13": ", NOAA Tech . Memo . NMFS - NWFSC - 33 , 282 p . Life History of Oncorhynchus nerka Jump up ^ `` Discovering Kamchatka : Terrestrial and aquatic fauna '' . The Royal Geographical Society . 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dronova , Natalia ; Spiridonov , Vassily ( 2008 ) . `` Illegal , Unreported , and Unregulated Pacific Salmon Fishing in Kamchatka '' ( PDF ) . WWF Russia , IUCN . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bland , Alastair ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Can Salmon Farming Be Sustainable ? Maybe , If You Head Inland '' . NPR . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shore , Randy ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` World 's first land - based - farm sockeye salmon ready for harvest in B.C. '' Vancouver Sun . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ nmfs.noaa.gov , U.S. Endangered Species Act Jump up ^ `` Fish Boom Makes Splash in Oregon '' . Wall Street Journal . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sockeye Salmon rebounding in Oregon 's Columbia Basin '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Salmon Policy 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Speaking for the Salmon proceedings : Summit of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon : Understanding Stock Declines and Prospects for the Future March 30 - 31 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NewsRelease10 '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Salmon Commission News Releases . Sep 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved Sep 2009 .", "14": "Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NewsRelease01 '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Salmon Commission News Releases . July 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved Jul 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fraser River Annual Report to the Pacific Salmon Commission on the 2005 Fraser River sockeye and pink salmon fishing season '' ( PDF ) . Fraser River Panel reports to the Pacific Salmon Commission : 26 . October 2009 . Retrieved Oct 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Managing Fraser sockeye in the face of declining productivity and increasing uncertainty : Statement from Think Tank of Scientists '' ( PDF ) . December 2009 . Retrieved Dec 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Terms of Reference for the Commission of Inquiry into Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River '' . November 2009 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved Nov 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Terms of Reference '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cohen Commission technical reports '' . Jump up ^ I. , Cohen , Bruce ( 2012 ) . The uncertain future of Fraser River sockeye . Volume 1 , The sockeye fishery . Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River . ISBN 9780660202143 . OCLC 798416074 . Jump up ^ `` Cohen Commission to submit final report by October 29 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Consumers catch a deal in record sockeye run '' . August 27 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Surveillance Report British Columbia Commercial Sockeye Salmon Fisheries . November 2011 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Record number of sockeye salmon return in B.C. '' August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 7 , 2010 . `` Oncorhynchus nerka '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 30 January 2006 . Technical reports ( edit ) Bristol Bay sockeye salmon inriver test fishing , 2004 / by Frederick W. West . Hosted by the Alaska State Publications Program . Hetta and Eek Lakes subsistence sockeye salmon project : 2004 annual report / by Jan M. Conitz ... et al ... Hosted by Alaska State Publications Program . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oncorhynchus nerka . NOAA Fisheries sockeye salmon web page FishBase entry for Oncorhynchus nerka Animal Diversity Web entry for Oncorhynchus nerka Species Profile National Geographic Sockeye salmon Watershed Watch Salmon Society A British Columbia advocacy group for wild salmon Salmon / Steelhead page of the USDA Forest Service , Pacific - Northwest Fisheries Program .", "16": "( hide ) Salmon Groups and species Salmon Salmonidae Atlantic salmon Black Sea salmon Pacific salmon Chum salmon Chinook salmon Coho salmon Masu salmon Pink salmon Steelhead Sockeye salmon Taiwanese salmon Danube salmon Sabertooth salmon Genetically modified salmon Fisheries and management Aquaculture of salmon Fly fishing bibliography Environmental issues with salmon Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon Puget Sound salmon Putcher Putcher fishing Alaska salmon fishery Salmon conservation Salmon run June hogs As food Salmon as food Cured salmon Gravlax Lohikeitto Lomi salmon Lox Rui - be Salmon burger Salmon cannery Salmon tartare Smoked salmon Images Diseases and parasites Diseases and parasites in salmon Amoebic gill disease Ceratomyxa shasta Gyrodactylus salaris Henneguya zschokkei Infectious salmon anemia virus M74 syndrome Myxobolus cerebralis Nanophyetus salmincola Salmon louse Sea louse Salmon tapeworm Sphaerothecum destruens Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Organisations Atlantic Salmon Federation Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization Pacific Salmon Commission Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association Wild Salmon Center Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project Related Ceasg H.", "17": "Forman and Son ( salmon smokehouse ) Salmon ( color ) Salmon of Knowledge Salmon Fishing in the Yemen The Salmon Fly The Big Fish Taxon identifiers Wd : Q44064 ADW : Oncorhynchus_nerka ARKive : oncorhynchus - nerka EoL : 205251 EPPO : ONCRNE FishBase : 243 GBIF : 5204039 iNaturalist : 69922 ITIS : 161979 IUCN : 135301 NCBI : 8023 NZOR : ae287c25 - 4d49 - 484c - 9541 - 3a4e9dbafc19 uBio : 2299536 WoRMS : 254569 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=Sockeye_salmon&oldid=837256191 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Salmon Oncorhynchus Euryhaline edible fish Fish of the Pacific Ocean Fish of North America Fish of East Asia Fish of Japan Fish of the Western United States Cold water fish Fly fishing target species Fish described in 1792 Taxa named by Johann Julius Walbaum Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5898293246250067104	what is the latest version of microsoft office 2010	[ "14.0.7182.5000", "14.0.7182.5000 Click-to-Run" ]	{ "0": "Microsoft Office 2010 - wikipedia Microsoft Office 2010 Jump to : navigation , search Microsoft Office 2010 Microsoft Office 2010 programs on Windows 10 clockwise from top left : Word , Excel , OneNote , PowerPoint ; together , these four programs make up the Home and Student edition . Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release June 15 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) Stable release 14.0. 7182.5000 Click - to - Run / June 13 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) Development status Mainstream support ended on October 13 , 2015 . Extended support ends on October 13 , 2020 . Operating system Windows XP SP3 -- Windows 10 ; Windows Server 2003 -- Windows Server 2012 Platform IA - 32 and x64 Available in 38 languages ( show ) List of languages English , Arabic , Bulgarian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Estonian , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hindi , Hungarian , Italian , Japanese , Kazakh , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian ( Bokmål ) , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Serbian , Slovak , Slovenian , Spanish , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian Type Office suite License Trialware Website products.office.com/office-2010 Microsoft Office 2010 ( codenamed Office 14 ) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite for Microsoft Windows . Office 2010 was released to manufacturing on April 15 , 2010 , and was later made available for retail and online purchase on June 15 , 2010 . It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2007 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2013 . Research and development of Office 2010 began in 2006 , before the release of its predecessor . Office 2010 introduces user interface enhancements including a Backstage view interface that consolidates document management commands into a single location .", "1": "The ribbon introduced as part of Access , Excel , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word in Office 2007 is the primary user interface for all apps and is fully customizable in Office 2010 . Other new features include extended file format support ; co-authoring features that allow multiple users to share and simultaneously edit documents ; integration with SharePoint and OneDrive ; and security improvements such as the introduction of Protected View , a new read - only , isolated sandbox environment to protect users from potentially malicious content . Office 2010 is the first version of the productivity suite to ship in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions , but the 64 - bit version is not officially compatible with Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 . It is also the first version to require product activation for volume license editions . It is the last version of Office compatible with Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 , Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 as its successor , Office 2013 , does not support these operating systems . Office 2010 marks the debut of Office Online ( formerly Office Web Apps ) , a collection of free web - based versions of Excel , OneNote , PowerPoint , and Word . Office Starter 2010 , a new edition of Office , replaced the low - end Microsoft Works home productivity software . Office Mobile 2010 , an update to Microsoft 's mobile productivity suite , was released on May 12 , 2010 as a free upgrade from the Windows Phone Store for Windows Mobile 6.5 devices with a previous version of Office Mobile . Reception to Office 2010 was generally positive , with critics praising the new Backstage view interface , the new customization options for the ribbon , and the incorporation of the ribbon into all apps . While sales were initially lower than those of its predecessor , Office 2010 was a success for Microsoft , surpassing the company 's previous records related to adoption , deployment , and revenue . Microsoft sold approximately 200 million licenses of Office 2010 as of December 31 , 2011 , before its discontinuation on January 31 , 2013 . Mainstream support for Office 2010 ended on October 13 , 2015 ; extended support will end on October 13 , 2020 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 1.1 Service packs 2 New features 2.1 User interface 2.1. 1 Backstage view 2.1. 2 File tab 2.1. 3 Pasting options gallery 2.1. 4 Ribbon customization 2.1. 5 Other UI changes 2.2 File formats 2.3 Document co-authoring 2.4 Installation and deployment 2.5 Security 2.5. 1 Office File Validation 2.5. 2 Protected View 2.5. 3 Trusted documents 2.5. 4 Other security features 2.6 Graphics 2.6. 1 Artistic effects 2.6. 2 Background removal 2.6. 3 Cropping improvements 2.6. 4 Font effects and enhancements 2.6. 5 Hardware acceleration 2.6. 6 Screenshot capture 2.6. 7 SmartArt improvements 2.7 Accessibility 2.7. 1 Accessibility Checker 2.7. 2 Language preferences 2.7. 3 Text - to - speech improvements 3 New app - specific features 4 Removed features 5 Editions 5.1 Comparison 5.2 Starter edition 5.3 Office Online 5.4 Office Mobile 2010 5.5 System requirements 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Sales 6.3 Enterprise adoption 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and development ( edit ) Development started in 2007 while Microsoft was finishing work on Office 12 , released as Microsoft Office 2007 . The version number 13 was skipped because of the fear of the number 13 . It was previously thought that Office 2010 ( then called Office 14 ) would ship in the first half of 2009 . On April 15 , 2009 , Microsoft confirmed that Office 2010 would be released in the first half of 2010 .", "3": "They announced on May 12 , 2009 , at a Tech Ed event , a trial version of the 64 - bit edition . The Technical Preview 1 ( Version : 14.0. 4006.1010 ) was leaked on May 15 , 2009 . An internal post-beta build was leaked on July 12 , 2009 . This was newer than the official preview build and included a `` Limestone '' internal test application ( note : the EULA indicates Beta 2 ) . On July 13 , 2009 , Microsoft announced Office 2010 at its Worldwide Partner Conference 2009 . On July 14 , 2009 , Microsoft started to send out invitations on Microsoft Connect to test an official preview build of Office 2010 . On August 30 , 2009 , the beta build 4417 was leaked on the internet via torrents . The public beta was available to subscribers of TechNet , MSDN and Microsoft Connect users on November 16 , 2009 . On November 18 , 2009 , the beta was officially released to the general public at the Microsoft Office Beta website , which was originally launched by Microsoft on November 11 , 2009 to provide screenshots of the new office suite . Office 2010 Beta was a free , fully functional version and expired on October 31 , 2010 . In an effort to help customers and partners with deployment of Office 2010 , Microsoft launched an Office 2010 application compatibility program with tools and guidance available for download . On February 5 , 2010 , the official release candidate build 4734.1000 was available to Connect and MSDN testers . It was leaked to torrent sites . A few days after , the RTM Escrow build was leaked . Microsoft announced the RTM on April 15 , 2010 , and that the final version was to have speech technologies for use with text to speech in Microsoft OneNote , Microsoft PowerPoint , Microsoft Outlook , and Microsoft Word . Office 2010 was to be originally released to business customers on May 12 , 2010 , however it was made available to Business customers with Software Assurance on April 27 , 2010 , and to other Volume Licensing Customers on May 1 .", "4": "MSDN and TechNet subscribers have been able to download the RTM version since April 22 , 2010 . The RTM version number is 14.0. 4763.1000 . On June 15 , 2010 , Office 2010 reached general availability . Service packs ( edit ) Service pack Version number Release date Service Pack 1 ( SP1 ) 14.0. 6029.1000 November 17 , 2010 Service Pack 2 ( SP2 ) 14.0. 7015.1000 April 8 , 2013 Microsoft released a total of two service packs for Office 2010 that were primarily intended to address software bugs . Both Service Pack 1 ( SP1 ) and Service Pack 2 ( SP2 ) were released concurrently with updates for Office Online , PowerPoint Viewer , Project , SharePoint , SharePoint Designer , Visio , Visio Viewer , and Word Viewer . On November 17 , 2010 , Microsoft sent out invitations to a select number of testers at the Microsoft Connect web portal to test the beta release of SP1 . SP1 was officially released by Microsoft on June 27 , 2011 and included compatibility , performance , security , and stability improvements . SP1 is a cumulative update that includes all previous updates , as well as exclusive fixes . A list of exclusive fixes in was released by Microsoft . SP1 also introduced additional features for Access , Excel , OneNote , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word . As examples , OneNote 2010 SP1 introduced the ability to open notebooks stored in OneDrive directly from within the app itself , while Outlook 2010 SP1 introduced support for Office 365 . With its release , the use of Office Online in the Google Chrome web browser was officially supported by Microsoft for the first time . On April 8 , 2013 , a beta build of Office 2010 SP2 was released . SP2 was a cumulative update officially released on July 16 , 2013 and included all of the previous fixes for compatibility , performance , stability , and security issues , as well as numerous exclusive fixes . As was the case with SP1 , a list of fixes exclusive to SP2 was released by Microsoft .", "5": "Microsoft claimed that , with the release of SP2 , Office 2010 would feature improved compatibility with its Internet Explorer 10 , Office 2013 , SharePoint 2013 , and Windows 8 products . Because SP2 is cumulative , SP1 is not a prerequisite for its installation . New features ( edit ) User interface ( edit ) In both its client apps and its Internet implementation , the design of Office 2010 incorporates features from SharePoint and borrows from Web 2.0 ideas . Office 2010 is also more `` role - based '' than previous versions , with specific features tailored to employees in `` roles such as research and development professionals , sales people , and human resources . '' Backstage view ( edit ) The Info tab on the navigation pane of the Backstage view displaying an overview of the current document alongside file management tasks in Microsoft Word 2010 . A new interface referred to as the Backstage view is included in all Office 2010 apps and replaces the Office menu that was introduced in Office 2007 . The Backstage view is designed to facilitate access to file management tasks , including compatibility , metadata , permission , printing , and sharing tasks , and to consolidate them within a single location . The term `` backstage '' refers to the area behind the stage in a theatre where behind the scenes activities and preparations commence -- accordingly , the backstage view in Office is an interface dedicated to document activities and preparations prior to saving or sharing . The Backstage view consists of both a left - hand navigation pane and an adjacent main pane . The navigation pane includes a series of vertically arranged common commands such as commands to open or save files , and tabs that , when opened , expose file management tasks and contextual information within the main pane . A customizable number of recently opened documents can also be displayed within the navigation pane . Tasks that are accessed via tabs in the main Backstage view pane are categorized into separate groups that display contextual information related to app configurations , files , and tasks ; each tab displays contextual information relevant to that tab . On the Info tab in Word , for example , document metadata details are displayed within the Prepare for Sharing group to inform users of potentially personal information before the file is shared with other users , whereas the Help tab displays Office version information and product licensing status . In Office 2007 , this information was included within separate user interface locations .", "6": "Users can access revisions of currently open Excel , PowerPoint , and Word documents , as well as the latest unsaved version of a document that was previously closed , from the Info tab of the Backstage view . Additionally , the Backstage view combines the previously separate print and print preview features by displaying printer tasks and settings , and a zoomable preview of the currently opened document , within the Print tab . The Backstage view , like the ribbon , is extensible ; developers can add their own commands , tabs , tasks , and related information . File tab ( edit ) The new File tab replaces the Office button introduced in Office 2007 and offers similar functionality . The previous Office button -- a round button adorned with the Microsoft Office logo -- had a different appearance from the ribbon tabs in the Office 2007 interface and was positioned away from them , with a target that extended toward the upper left corner of the screen in accordance with Fitts 's law . Microsoft has stated that this button enhanced the usability of Office , but many users saw it as `` branding decoration , rather than a functional button . '' As a result , in Office 2010 it was replaced with a File tab that appears next to the other tabs in the ribbon instead of the upper left - hand corner of the screen . The File tab is colored on a per - app basis ( e.g. , it is colored orange in Outlook ) . Opening the File tab displays the new Backstage view . Pasting options gallery ( edit ) Office 2010 introduces a pasting options gallery on the ribbon , in the context menu , and in the object - oriented user interface that replaces the Paste Special dialog box and Paste Recovery feature seen in previous versions of Office . The gallery introduces Live Preview effects to the paste process when users position the mouse cursor over an option in the gallery so that the result of the process can be previewed before it is applied to the document ; a tooltip with an associated description and keyboard shortcut for that option will also appear . If users position the mouse cursor over a gallery option in the context menu , the rest of the context menu becomes transparent so that it does not obstruct preview results within the document . To facilitate keyboard - based paste operations , users can navigate the gallery by using the arrow keys on a keyboard . Users can also press Ctrl after pressing Ctrl + V to display gallery options .", "7": "Gallery options are contextual and change based on the content in the clipboard and the app into which the content is pasted . Ribbon customization ( edit ) The ribbon interface , introduced in Office 2007 , is fully customizable and included in all apps in Office 2010 . Users can add or rename custom ribbon tabs and groups , add additional commands to the default tabs , and hide tabs that are not used . Users can also export or import any customization changes made to the ribbon ( to facilitate backups , deployment , or sharing ) or reset all ribbon customizations . After the launch of Office 2010 , Microsoft provided free downloads for customized ribbons with a new `` Favorites '' tab that consolidated various commands based on customer feedback in regards to the most frequently used commands in Office ; the customized ribbons were available as separate downloads for Access , Excel , InfoPath , OneNote , Outlook , PowerPoint , Project , Publisher , Visio , and Word . Other ui Changes ( edit ) The default color scheme in Office 2010 is silver instead of blue as in Office 2007 . To improve accessibility and readability , the silver color scheme has been updated to feature a 5 : 1 contrast ratio . All app icons have been redesigned in Office 2010 . The new icons are based on colors that correspond to their respective apps , as per previous releases , with an increased emphasis on app letters . The Office 2010 splash screen has been redesigned from the one seen in Office 2007 and animates when an app is launched . OneNote and PowerPoint support mathematical equations through an Equation Tools contextual tab on the ribbon . PowerPoint and Publisher include alignment guides so users can align objects to a grid . File formats ( edit ) Microsoft Office 2010 includes updated support for ISO / IEC 29500 : 2008 , the International Standard version of Office Open XML ( OOXML ) file format . Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA - 376 , read / write support for ISO / IEC 29500 Transitional , and read support for ISO / IEC 29500 Strict . In its pre-release form , however , Office 2010 only supported the Transitional variant , and not the Strict .", "8": "Microsoft Office 2010 also continued support for OpenDocument Format ( ODF ) 1.1 , which is a joint OASIS / ISO / IEC standard ( ISO / IEC 26300 : 2006 / Amd 1 : 2012 -- Open Document Format for Office Applications ( OpenDocument ) v1. 1 ) . Document co-authoring ( edit ) Office 2010 introduces co-authoring functionality in the Excel Web App , the OneNote Web App , and in the client versions of OneNote , PowerPoint , and Word for documents stored on SharePoint 2010 sites and for documents stored in shared folders by OneDrive . A co-authoring session is automatically initiated when two or more users open the same document . From the Backstage view users can also save documents directly to remote locations within Excel , OneNote , PowerPoint , and Word to facilitate remote access and co-authoring sessions . A Microsoft account is required to use Office 2010 functionality related to OneDrive . Office 365 is also supported . In the Excel Web App , the OneNote Web App , and OneNote , edits to a shared document in a co-authoring session occur on a sequential basis , and appear in near real - time as a shared document automatically saves itself each time a co-author edits it . In PowerPoint and Word , users must upload changes to the server by manually saving the shared document . During a co-authoring session , the Excel Web App , PowerPoint , and Word denote how many co-authors are editing a document at a given time through an icon on the status bar . Clicking this icon in PowerPoint and Word displays contact information including presence information about co-authors ; similar information can be accessed through the Info tab of the Backstage view . When co-authors click the name of another co-author , they can send an e-mail message with an email client or start instant messaging conversations with each other if a supported app such as Skype for Business is installed on each machine . If a conflict between multiple changes occurs in PowerPoint or Word , sharers can approve or reject changes before uploading them to the server . In both the OneNote Web App and OneNote , co-authors can optionally view the names of co-authors alongside their respective edits to the content in a shared notebook , or create separate versions of pages for individual use .", "9": "Edits made since a notebook was last opened are automatically highlighted and the initials of the co-author who made an edit are automatically displayed . In the client version of OneNote , co-authors can also search for all edits to a notebook made by a specific co-author . OneNote 2010 notebooks can be shared with Office Mobile 2010 users on Windows Phone 7 . OneNote 2007 users can participate in a co-authoring session with OneNote 2010 users if shared notebooks use the older OneNote 2007 file format ; however , the aforementioned co-author search and page versioning features , as well as compatibility with the OneNote Web App , will be unavailable . Installation and deployment ( edit ) Office 2010 introduces a new Click - to - Run installation process based on Microsoft App - V streaming and virtualization technology as an alternative to the traditional Windows Installer - based installation process for the Office 2010 Home and Student and Home and Business editions , and as a mandatory installation process for the Starter edition . Office 2010 Click - to - Run products install in a virtualized environment , or Q : partition , that downloads product features in the background after the apps themselves already been installed so that users can immediately begin using the apps . The download process is optimized for broadband connections . Volume license versions of Office 2010 require product activation . In Office 2007 product activation was only required for OEM or retail versions of the product . Security ( edit ) Office file Validation ( edit ) Office File Validation , previously included only in Publisher 2007 for PUB files , has been incorporated into Excel , PowerPoint , and Word in Office 2010 to validate the integrity of proprietary binary file formats ( e.g. , DOC , PPT , and XLS ) that were introduced in previous versions of Microsoft Office . When users open a document , the structure of its file format is scanned to ensure that it conforms with specifications defined by XML schema ; if a file fails the validation process it will , by default , be opened in Protected View , a new read - only , isolated sandbox environment to protect users from potentially malicious content . this design allows users to visually assess potentially unsafe documents that fail validation . Microsoft has stated that it is possible for documents to fail validation as a false positive .", "10": "To improve Office File Validation , Office 2010 collects various information about files that have failed validation and also creates copies of these files for optional submission to Microsoft through Windows Error Reporting . Users are prompted approximately every two weeks from the date of a failed validation attempt to submit copies of files or other information for analysis ; prompts include a list of files that will be submitted to Microsoft and require explicit user consent prior to data submission . Administrators can disable data submission . On December 14 , 2010 , Microsoft announced its intent to backport the Office File Validation feature to Office 2003 and Office 2007 . On April 12 , 2011 , Office File Validation was backported as an add - in for Office 2003 Service Pack 3 and Office 2007 Service Pack 2 , and was later made available through Microsoft Update on June 28 , 2011 . Office File Validation in Office 2003 and Office 2007 differs from the version in Office 2010 as these two releases do not include the Protected View feature . When users attempt to open a document that fails validation , they must first agree to a warning prompt before it can be opened . Additionally , the configuration options in these two releases are only made available through the Windows Registry , whereas Office 2010 also provides Group Policy options . Protected view ( edit ) Protected View , an isolated sandbox environment for Excel , PowerPoint , and Word , replaces the Isolated Conversion Environment update available for previous versions of Microsoft Office . When a document is opened from a potentially unsafe location such as the Internet or as an e-mail attachment , or if a document does not comply with File Block policy or if it fails the file validation process , it is opened in Protected View , which prohibits potentially unsafe documents from modifying components , files , and other resources on a system ; users can also manually open documents in Protected View . When a document is opened in Protected View , users are allowed to view , copy , and paste the contents of the document , but there are no options to edit , save , or print contents , and all active document content including ActiveX controls , database connections , hyperlinks , and macros is disabled . Users can open documents outside of Protected View by clicking on the `` Enable Editing '' button that appears on a message bar within the Office user interface .", "11": "As a precautionary measure , active content within a potentially unsafe document is still disabled when a user reopens it after exiting Protected View -- content remains disabled until a user clicks the `` Enable Content '' button on the message bar , which designates the document as a trusted document so that users are not prompted when it is opened in the future . Protected View is implemented as a separate child process instance of Excel , PowerPoint , and Word . The main process of each app is assigned the current user 's access token and hosts the Office user interface elements such as the ribbon , whereas the Protected View process consists of the document viewing area , parses and renders the document content , and operates with reduced privileges ; the main process serves as a mediator for requests initiated by the separate process . In Windows Vista and later versions of Windows , Mandatory Integrity Control and User Interface Privilege Isolation further restrict the separate process . Protected View is also available in Office 2010 when installed on Windows XP , but it is not as robust due to the absence of these security features . Trusted documents ( edit ) Office 2010 allows users to designate individual documents as trusted , which allows all active content to operate each time a specific document is opened ; trusted documents do not open in Protected View . Documents residing in either local or remote directories can be trusted , but users are warned if an attempt is made to trust a document from a remote resource . To increase security , documents in Temporary Internet Files and the TEMP directory can not be trusted . Trusted document preferences , referred to as trust records , are stored within the Windows Registry on a per - user basis ; trust records contain the full path to trusted documents and other information to protect users from social engineering attacks . Other security features ( edit ) Office 2010 is the first version of Office to natively support Data Execution Prevention ( DEP ) . Office 2010 apps comply with DEP policies defined by an administrator and provide an option to disable DEP within the interface or Group Policy .", "12": "A new Office ActiveX kill bit provides options to configure ActiveX controls within Office 2010 without affecting the operation of these controls within Internet Explorer Additional Group Policy settings for File Block functionality in Excel , PowerPoint , and Word Cryptography improvements , including support for Cryptography API : Next Generation in Access , Excel , InfoPath , OneNote , PowerPoint , and Word ; Suite B support ; and integrity validation of encrypted files Document time stamping of digital signatures Domain - based password complexity and enforcement policies Graphics ( edit ) Artistic effects ( edit ) Excel , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word include a variety of artistic effects such as glass , paint stroke , pastel , and pencil sketch effects that users can apply to inserted images . Background removal ( edit ) A new background removal feature based on Microsoft Research technology is included in Excel , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word to remove the backgrounds of images inserted into documents . It is exposed as a Remove Background command that appears on the Picture Tools contextual tab on the ribbon when an image is selected . When activated this command displays a separate Background Removal contextual tab and places a selection rectangle and magenta color over portions of the selected image . The selection rectangle determines , based on an algorithm , which area of the selected image will be retained once the background removal process is complete , whereas the magenta color indicates the areas that will be removed . Users can manually adjust the position and size of the selection rectangle and also mark individual areas of an image to keep or remove ; it is also possible to delete a mark after an inadvertent selection or if it produces an undesired result . After the background has been removed , users can apply various visual effects to the result image or wrap text in a document around it ; users can also crop the image since removing the background does not reduce its original size . Cropping improvements ( edit ) Office 2010 introduces improvements to the image crop process in Excel , Outook , PowerPoint , Word . The crop selection rectangle now grays out the portions of an image to be removed during a crop process and displays the result area in color , instead of completely removing all portions of an image outside of the selection rectangle from view as in previous versions of Office ; images can now be repositioned underneath the selection rectangle while it is active .", "13": "A new Aspect Ratio option under the Crop command on the ribbon presents a drop - drop down menu with options for both landscape and portrait page orientations to customize the aspect ratio of the selection rectangle before users crop an image , which automatically resizes the selection rectangle when users start the crop process ; users can manually resize the selection rectangle and simultaneously preserve its aspect ratio by resizing it from its corners while pressing the ⇧ Shift key . The aforementioned cropping improvements are also available in Publisher . The Picture Shape command in previous versions of Office has been replaced with a new Crop to Shape command that allows users to resize and move the selected shape during the crop process . By default , Office 2010 , like previous versions , automatically resizes images that are inserted into shapes , which can negatively affect their aspect ratio . To address this , images in shapes can now be cropped or resized after being inserted , and individual Fit and Fill options have been incorporated . The former option resizes the selected image so that the entire area of the crop selection rectangle or shape is filled , whereas the latter option resizes the image so that it is displayed within the selection rectangle or within a shape in its entirety ; both options maintain the original aspect ratio of the selected image . Images inserted into SmartArt diagrams can also be cropped , resized , or repositioned . Font effects and enhancements ( edit ) Excel , PowerPoint , and Word support text effects such as bevels , gradient fills , glows , reflections , and shadows . Publisher and Word support OpenType features such as kerning , ligatures , stylistic sets , and text figures with fonts such as Calibri , Cambria , Corbel , and Gabriola . Hardware acceleration ( edit ) Office 2010 apps including Excel , PowerPoint , and Word support hardware accelerated graphics when installed on a machine with a DirectX 9.0 c - compliant GPU that has at least 64 MB of video memory . Excel supports hardware accelerated chart drawing , and PowerPoint supports hardware accelerated animations , transitions , and video playback and effects ; slideshow elements are now rendered as sprites , which are then composited with additional effects such as fades and wipes implemented using Pixel Shader 2.0 . All Office 2010 apps support hardware accelerated SmartArt and WordArt object and text rendering through Direct3D . Additionally , the background removal feature and image adjustments such as brightness and contrast are all accelerated when used on capable hardware .", "14": "Screenshot capture ( edit ) Excel , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word allow users to immediately insert a screenshot of open app windows or a selection of content on the screen into documents without saving the image as a file . The functionality is exposed through a new Screenshot command on the Insert tab of the ribbon that , when clicked , presents individual options to capture either app windows or selections of content . The former option presents open windows as thumbnails in a gallery on the ribbon that insert a screenshot of the selected window into the active app , while the latter option minimizes the currently active app , dims the screen , and presents a selection rectangle for users to create a screenshot by holding the main mouse button , dragging the selection rectangle to a desired area of the screen , and then releasing the button to automatically insert the selection as an image into the document . Only windows that have not been minimized to the taskbar can be captured . After a screenshot has been inserted , various adjustments can be made . SmartArt improvements ( edit ) SmartArt , a set of diagrams introduced in Office 2007 for Excel , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word , has been updated with new effects , options , and interface improvements . The SmartArt text pane now allows users to insert , modify , and reorder images and their associated text within a diagram , and new Move Up and Move Down commands on the ribbon facilitate the reordering of content . Images are automatically cropped when inserted into shapes within SmartArt diagrams to preserve their aspect ratio ; users can also manually reposition images . During the crop process , the layout of shapes in SmartArt diagrams is locked to prevent users from inadvertently modifying its position while making adjustments to an image . Approximately 50 new diagrams have been introduced . Of these , a new Picture category dedicated to the presentation of images includes over 30 diagrams , and the Organization Chart category includes 3 new diagrams . A new Convert command on the SmartArt contextual tab on the ribbon includes additional features for Excel and PowerPoint . The Convert to Shapes command , a feature introduced in Office 2007 SP2 as a context menu option that turned SmartArt into a group of customizable shapes , is now featured as on option on the ribbon in both apps . Additionally , in PowerPoint , it is possible to convert SmartArt diagrams into bulleted lists through a new Convert to Text option .", "15": "Accessibility ( edit ) Accessibility Checker ( edit ) Office 2010 introduces an Accessibility Checker feature in Excel , PowerPoint , and Word that inspects documents for issues that could negatively affect visually impaired readers . Accessibility Checker can be accessed through the `` Check for Issues '' button on the Prepare for Sharing group on the Info tab of the Backstage view . Clicking the button opens a task pane with a list of accessibility issues discovered in the document and also provides suggestions to address these issues . The Backstage view also reports accessibility issues in the Prepare for Sharing group so that they can be addressed before the document is shared with other users . Administrators can configure how prominently this information is displayed within the interface through Group Policy . Language preferences ( edit ) A Language Preferences interface in Access , Excel , OneNote , Outlook , PowerPoint , Project , Publisher , Visio , and Word is accessible in the Backstage view and replaces the language customization interface seen in previous versions of Office . The new interface provides information about currently installed language packs and their related components , hyperlinks to download additional content , and a new ScreenTip Language feature that allows users to customize the language of tooltips . Text - to - speech improvements ( edit ) A new Mini Translator feature allows users to translate selected text in OneNote , Outlook , PowerPoint , and Word . Translations for phrases or words are displayed within a tooltip , from which users can hear an audio pronunciation of the selected text provided by one of the Microsoft text - to - speech voices installed on a machine , copy the translation to the clipboard so that it can be inserted into another document , or view a definition provided by an online service if the selected text is a word . The audio pronunciations are made available through a Speak feature , which can be accessed separately from the Mini Translator ( e.g. , added to the ribbon ) , but it can only be activated if a text - to - speech engine that matches the language of the selected text is installed . Users can download various text - to - speech engines from Microsoft . The Speak feature is not available when Office 2010 is installed on Windows XP . New app - specific features ( edit ) New features in Word 2010 A new navigation pane replaces the document map in previous versions of Word and allows users to drag and drop headings within the pane to rearrange pages in a document .", "16": "Additionally , the navigation pane replaces the Find dialog box in previous versions and automatically highlights document search results . Windows Live Writer integration . New features in Excel 2010 Excel 2010 includes a redesigned calculation engine to improve performance in response to feedback from users related to previous versions of Excel . As part of the new calculation engine , a new version of the Solver add - in and new versions of statistical functions were introduced . Graphing features including Sparklines , miniature graphics that represent trends among data ; and Slicers , which allow users to quickly filter data results . Macro recording support for chart elements . Rule - based cell formatting . The number of data points in a data series is limited only by available memory in Excel 2010 , compared with a maximum of 32,000 data points in a data series for 2D charts in Excel 2007 . New features in PowerPoint 2010 A new Reading View allows presentations to be displayed and advanced within a window . An Animation Painter allows users to select and copy an animation and apply it to another slide . Audio editing and playback functionality is included , allowing users to fade audio , bookmark specific audio points which then play during a specific slide , or trim audio . PowerPoint 2010 supports the modification and playback video inserted within presentations ; local videos are now embedded within slides by default so that they can be played regardless of whether users have access to the original source . Video editing options include the ability to add various visual effects , to bookmark specific scenes for playback when advancing slides , to fade in or out , and to trim the duration of videos . Online videos can also be inserted into presentations , and presentations themselves can be saved as videos . Presentation sections allow users to visually customize the organization of slides in a presentation . Support for custom shapes . The ability to remotely broadcast a slide show ( `` Broadcast Slide Show '' ) with the use of a Microsoft account ; local broadcasts through SharePoint are supported . Users can simulate a laser pointer with a mouse cursor by holding down the Ctrl key and primary mouse button while a presentation is active . New features in OneNote 2010 A native 64 - bit printer driver for 64 - bit operating systems . A new docked mode enables OneNote to be displayed alongside next to another app window to eliminate the need to switch between OneNote and another app while taking notes .", "17": "A notebook recycle bin , which stores for 60 days any notebooks , pages , sections , and section groups that were previously deleted . A Quick Filing feature allows users to choose which location in a notebook to quickly send information to from within other apps . Linked Notes reference specific sections of a source document or web page so that clicking a note that was taken while the source was open will automatically return users to that content ; Internet Explorer 6 and later versions , PowerPoint 2010 , and Word 2010 support Linked Notes . Incremental search has been incorporated and future search results are prioritized based on previous search queries . Multi-touch pan and pinch gestures when installed on a multi-touch capable operating system such as Windows 7 . Outlook tasks can be created directly from OneNote . Page versioning , which allows multiple versions of a single page to exist in a notebook . Sections can be copied or merged . Style galleries , similar to those in Word , have been included in OneNote to provide basic formatting options . Support for automatic text wrapping . XPS documents protected by information rights management can be inserted as printouts . The ability to sync notebooks with a Microsoft account ; SP1 introduced the ability to open notebooks from OneDrive . The Format Painter in Word is available in OneNote . Wiki - style bracket syntax can be used to link to pages , sections , and section groups from other locations in a notebook . New features in Outlook 2010 A new Search Tools contextual tab is displayed on the ribbon when users perform a search and provides commands to filter results based on different criterion . An improved Conversation View groups messages by their subjects regardless of their originating folders . Additionally , a new Ignore command deletes all messages in a conversation and sends all future replies to the Deleted Items folder , while a new Clean Up command deletes all messages but the most recent . Outlook 2010 notifies users before an e-mail message is sent without a subject . Outlook 2010 introduces a Social Connector that aggregates content from users ' social network contacts and displays related information such as activity feeds , appointments , communication history , and file attachments . Quick Steps , individual collections of commands that allow users to perform multiple actions simultaneously . Users can create their own Quick Steps and optionally assign keyboard shortcuts or customize tooltips for each of them .", "18": "Spell check is available in more areas of the Outlook interface including subject lines in e-mail messages , tasks , and meeting requests . Support for multiple Exchange accounts within a single Outlook profile . The default size limit for Unicode . ost and . pst files in Outlook 2010 is 50 GB instead of 20 GB as it was in Outlook 2007 . The To - Do Bar introduced in Outlook 2007 includes additional customization options . Users can adjust the zoom level of Outlook . New features in Publisher 2010 A new Page Navigation pane presents thumbnails of each page in a document ; clicking a thumbnail opens that page , while dragging it rearranges pages . Live Preview effects for formatting , objects , and text . Options to share building blocks and templates to the online Publisher user communities . The scratch area can now be hidden . New features in Access 2010 A Navigation Form interface allows database elements to be customized via drag - and - drop . An Image Gallery stores previously used images so that users can quickly reuse them in a database . Application Parts , predefined database templates . Data bars offer gradient fill options . Databases can be shared on the web via Access Services in Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010 . Quick Start fields provide predefined groups . Web services can be used as external data sources . Removed features ( edit ) Removed from the entire suite Document workspaces . InterConnect support . Microsoft Office Document Imaging Microsoft Office Document Scanning Office Startup Assistant . Office Diagnostics . Research and Reference pane for Internet Explorer . Special symbol input add - in for East Asia versions . Support for MSXML version 5 . Insert Clip Art task pane and various Clip Organizer features . Features removed from Word AutoSummary feature . Person Name smart tag . Smart tag auto - recognition . Support for Word Add - in Libraries ( WLL ) . Features removed from Excel The Conditional Sum and Lookup wizards have been deprecated ; a new Function wizard offers similar functionality . Smart tags have been deprecated in favor of an `` additional actions '' option when text within cells is selected . Features removed from PowerPoint The maximum sound file size option has been replaced by the ability to embed files of any size , which provides similar options . The ability to save a presentation as a web page .", "19": "Features removed from OneNote Live Session functionality , including the ability to start and join a live session ; Microsoft touts the new Shared Notebook functionality as a replacement . List and Document task panes are no longer available Options to create Outlook appointments or contacts . Outlining toolbar . SimpleImporter API . Features removed from Outlook ANSI offline Outlook data files (. ost ) for Exchange synchronization . Business Contact Manager ; Microsoft later released the add - in as a download for consumers who purchased either a retail edition of Office 2003 or 2007 that included the Business Contact Manager or a standalone version of Outlook 2003 or 2007 , and also a retail version of Office 2010 Home and Business , Office 2010 Professional , or Outlook 2010 . Calendar rebasing tool DAV connectivity for HTTP account types Exchange 2000 connectivity . Exchange Message Security feature support . Postmarks . Photo resize options for 640 x 480 and 800 x 600 display resolutions . Search toolbar add - in . Features removed from Publisher The ability to create new web publications or websites ; users can still edit publications or websites created in earlier versions of Publisher . Various outdated publication settings . Features removed from Access Calendar control . Replication Conflict Viewer . Reports can no longer be exported as individual SNP files ; Microsoft recommends that users export to PDF or XPS files . Data access pages . ISAM for Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 . Paradox versions 3 - 7 , Access 1.0 , and Access 2.0 ( Red 2 or Jet 2.0 ) . Features removed from Project Custom forms support . Office Web Components resource availability graphs . Save as Excel Pivot Table has been deprecated ; the ability to save directly into a Pivot Table is no longer available . Various add - ins have been removed . Features removed from Visio Find Shape feature ; users can instead search for new content online . ShapeStudio , available in previous versions of the Visio software development kit ( SDK ) , has been removed from the Visio 2010 SDK . Stencil docking no longer allows users to dock to the top or bottom of the interface . Various status bar items .", "20": "Editions ( edit ) Comparison ( edit ) Comparison of Microsoft Office 2010 editions Suites As an individual product Starter Office Online Personal Home and Student Home and Business Standard Professional Professional Academic University Professional Plus Licensing scheme Varies OEM Free Retail and OEM Retail Retail Retail and Volume Academic and Retail Retail and Volume Word Yes Starter edition Basic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Excel Yes Starter edition Basic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PowerPoint Yes Viewer ( Separate ) Basic Viewer ( Separate ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes OneNote Yes No Basic No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Outlook Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Publisher Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Access Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes InfoPath Yes No No No No No No No Yes SharePoint Workspace Yes No No No No No No No Yes SharePoint Designer Yes No No No No No No No No Project Yes No No No No No No No No Visio Yes Viewer ( Separate ) No Viewer Viewer Viewer Viewer ( Separate ) Viewer Viewer Lync Yes No No No No No No No Volume channel only Office Customization Tool ( OCT ) No No No No No No Volume channel only No Volume channel only Remarks Office 2010 Personal was made available for distribution only in Japan . The retail version of Office 2010 Home and Student can be installed on up to three machines in a single household for non-commercial use only . The Product Key Card version only allows a single installation on a single machine .", "21": "The retail versions of Office 2010 Home and Business and Office 2010 Professional can be installed on two devices including a primary machine , and a portable device such as a laptop , for use by a single user . The Product Key Card version only allows a single installation on a single machine . On February 1 , 2012 , Office 2010 University replaced the previous Office 2010 Professional Academic edition in an effort to curtail fraudulent product use . Office 2010 Professional Plus is only available for Volume License customers . The retail version is offered through MSDN or TechNet . The Office Customization Tool is used to customize the installation of Office by creating a Windows Installer Patch (. MSP ) file , and replaces the Custom Installation Wizard and Custom Deployment Wizard included in 2003 and earlier versions of the Office Resource Kit . It is only available in Volume License editions . Starter edition ( edit ) Office Starter 2010 was an ad - supported product that was discontinued in June 2012 , prior to the release of Office 2013 and Windows 8 . It included Word Starter and Excel Starter , reduced - functionality versions for viewing , editing , and creating documents . Office Starter 2010 was only available to original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ) to preload on Windows PCs and was intended as a replacement for Microsoft Works ; it is only compatible with Windows Vista and Windows 7 . Office Starter 2010 omits several features available in the retail editions of Microsoft Office . Word Starter can not insert footnotes , endnotes , citations , indexes , captions , equations , or SmartArt , and does not support customizations , macros , change tracking , full screen reading , or digital rights management . Excel Starter does not support PivotTables , PivotCharts , custom views , external data connections , error checking , calculation steps , or circular references . Advertisements are displayed in the lower right area of the Office interface . Office Starter 2010 is the only edition to offer a To - Go Device Manager feature , which allows users to install the productivity suite on to a USB flash drive and run it temporarily on any computer with Windows Vista SP1 or Windows 7 installed to which the USB drive is connected .", "22": "Office online ( edit ) Main article : Office Online Office Online is a collection of free web - based versions of Excel , OneNote , PowerPoint , and Word that offers fewer features than its client counterparts . It was released to OneDrive users before the general availability of Office 2010 . Office Mobile 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Microsoft Office mobile apps Office Mobile 2010 was released prior to the general availability of the Office 2010 client as a free upgrade for users of Windows Mobile 6.5 devices with a previous version of Office Mobile installed . Some of the new features in Office Mobile 2010 include : Presentation Companion : The add - on to PowerPoint Mobile allows users to control a presentation through their Windows Phone and display speaker notes . Conversation View : Outlook Mobile threads related emails into a group for easier reading and management SharePoint Workspace Mobile : The new application allows users to sync documents from SharePoint servers directly to their Windows Phone for offline viewing and editing .", "23": "Support for New Content in Office 2010 : SmartArt graphics and charts can be displayed in Office Mobile System requirements ( edit ) ( hide ) Office 2010 system requirements Minimum Recommended Microsoft Windows Operating system Windows XP SP3 ( excluding x64 editions ) , Windows Server 2003 SP2 with MSXML 6.0 ( excluding x64 editions ) Windows Vista SP1 , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 10 ; Windows Server 2008 , Windows Server 2008 R2 , Windows Server 2012 CPU 500 MHz ( 1 GHz for Outlook with Business Contact Manager ) Memory 256 MB ( 1 GB for Outlook with Business Contact Manager ) 512 MB Hard drive 3 GB of free space ( 3.5 GB for Professional , Professional Academic , Professional Plus ) Graphics hardware 1024 × 768 ( XGA ) ( 1024x576 ( WSVGA ) for Home and Student , Home and Business ) DirectX 9.0 c graphics processor and 64 MB video memory Network Internet access is required for product activation and online functionality Input device ( s ) Mouse and keyboard Camcorder , scanner , or TWAIN - compatible digital camera for certain OneNote features Microphone for speech recognition Touchscreen for certain inking features Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Office 2010 received mostly positive reviews upon its release , with particular praise devoted to the modified ribbon and the new Backstage view . Laptop Mag rated the suite 4 out of 5 stars , referring to it as `` the best Office suite yet '' because of the new customization options provided by the ribbon , the new multimedia editing capabilities , a new option to share presentations online via PowerPoint , and app response times ; Microsoft 's decision to include OneNote in all retail versions of Office 2010 also received high praise . PC Magazine also rated the suite 4 out of 5 stars for similar reasons ; the inclusion of the ribbon in all apps was viewed favorably because it enhances consistency and usability , and the Backstage view was praised for simplifying access to file management and printing options . However , PC Magazine expressed dissatisfaction with the `` intrusive '' default auto formatting options in Word ; the lack of an upgrade edition or pricing for users of a previous version of Office ; and the stability of Office apps .", "24": "Nevertheless , Office 2010 was regarded as a `` dazzlingly attractive upgrade '' that received the magazine 's Editors ' Choice and Best of the Year 2010 accolades . Office 2010 also received positive reviews from Alphr , PC Advisor , PC World , and TechRadar . Not all assessments and reviews were positive . Randall C. Kennedy , writing for InfoWorld considered the modified Ribbon in Office 2010 to be a `` disorganized mess . '' Additionally , the Backstage view was criticized for `` containing a schizophrenic array of buttons , button menus , and hyperlink - like text labels '' and for being presented as a full - screen interface , instead of as a drop - down menu similar to the versions of Paint and WordPad in Windows 7 . Sluggish performance was also a subject of criticism , though the review was written before development of the product had completed . Reactions to the various product versions , including the 64 - bit version of Office 2010 , were mixed . Emil Protalinski , writing for Ars Technica , believed that Microsoft 's transition to a 64 - bit version of the productivity suite would facilitate the industry 's adoption of 64 - bit software . However , concerns about backward compatibility and performance issues were raised . After the product 's launch , Microsoft stated that `` the 64 - bit version of Office 2010 is likely to introduce compatibility issues '' and recommended the 32 - bit version for most users ; the Office 2010 setup program installs the 32 - bit version by default unless a 64 - bit version is already installed on the target machine . In a departure from previous versions of Office , Microsoft did not offer an upgrade version of Office 2010 -- a move that was criticized for effectively increasing the cost of the productivity suite for users already running a previous version . While the new Product Key Card program was considered to be an affordable alternative to an upgrade version because of its affordability when compared with a full retail purchase , it presented a limitation not seen with a full retail version in that its license prohibited the software from being transferred to another machine .", "25": "The Starter edition of Office 2010 received mostly positive reviews ; a feature omitted from other editions of Office 2010 that received praise was To - Go Device Manager , which allowed users to copy Office 2010 Starter installation files to a USB flash drive and use its programs on another PC , even one where a version of Office was not installed . However , criticism was directed at the edition 's lack of functionality and its mandatory advertisements . Sales ( edit ) The initial two - week sales of Office 2010 were lower than those previously observed with the suite 's predecessor , Office 2007 , a fact considered by Stephen Baker of NPD Group to be `` disappointing . '' Baker attributed this lack of sales to `` a seasonally slow period for PC purchases '' and an `` increasingly saturated installed base . '' Free alternatives to the productivity suite such as Google Docs were not regarded as detrimental to the adoption of Office 2010 ; however , this view was not shared by all journalists . In spite of initial sales that were lower than expected , sales of Office 2010 -- particularly consumer sales -- contributed to a record first - quarter profit for Microsoft during its 2011 fiscal year . While other products contributed to this record , Microsoft Business Division , the division responsible for Office , earned the highest percentage of total revenue during this time period . As of November 1 , 2010 , over six million copies of Office 2010 were sold , a figure that represented `` more than 30 copies being sold every minute . '' Details related to Microsoft 's second - quarter earnings during the company 's 2011 fiscal year were posted on January 27 , 2011 , showing that the company had set a record for second - quarter revenue of $19.95 billion . The Microsoft Business Division grew by 24 % year - over-year , with Office 2010 becoming the fastest - selling consumer version of Office in history ; license sales of Office 2010 were also `` over 50 % ahead of Office 2007 over an equivalent period following launch . '' Results during the company 's third - quarter 2011 fiscal year were later strong , with Microsoft 's Business division expecting to see `` Office sales exceed PC demand in fiscal 2011 . ''", "26": "On June 15 , 2011 , a year after Office 2010 's general availability , Microsoft Office corporate vice president Takeshi Numoto stated that deployment of the productivity suite among business customers was `` five times faster '' than that of its predecessor , Office 2007 , and that the latest version was `` the fastest - selling consumer version of Office ever '' with a copy being sold every second since the product launched ; the claim was previously made by Microsoft in January during the Consumer Electronics Show . Based on this claim , Network World estimated that an approximate 31.5 million licenses were sold since Office 2010 's launch . Office Online proved to be popular as well , with Nuoto stating that it had seen over 50 million unique visitors since its launch . By July 2011 , over 100 million licenses were sold , which contributed to record Q4 earnings and annual revenue . However , year - over-year consumer revenue for Office had declined by 8 percent , though revenue from Microsoft 's Business Division had increased by 27 percent during the same period . During the second quarter of Microsoft 's 2012 fiscal year , the company reported a revenue of $20.9 billion -- another record for the company -- with Office 2010 being a contributing factor , having sold nearly 200 million licenses as of December 31 , 2011 , in spite of declining Windows sales . Microsoft reportedly discontinued sales of Office 2010 on January 31 , 2013 , just two days after its successor , Office 2013 , reached general availability . Enterprise adoption ( edit ) According to a survey conducted by market research company Forrester Research in 2011 with a sample consisting of 150 North American and European enterprise executives , Office 2010 was in use by 52 % of respondents , behind Office 2003 or earlier and Office 2007 at 74 % and 72 % , respectively . In a 2013 survey , Office 2010 was the dominant productivity suite when compared to previous versions and competitors ' offerings with a total of 85 % usage share among the 155 enterprise survey respondents . See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 List of office suites References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Nicholas ( April 19 , 2010 ) .", "27": "`` Microsoft Office 2010 Released to Manufacturing '' . eWeek . QuinStreet . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 Build Numbers '' . Support . Microsoft . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Microsoft . `` Microsoft Support Lifecycle - Office 2010 '' . 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Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shinder , Deb ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` 10 cool features to look forward to in Office 2010 '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gralla , Preston ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 : A Complete Overview of What 's New '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krieger , Stephanie ( December 20 , 2010 ) .", "28": "Webb , Lonnie , ed . `` MVPs for Office and SharePoint 2010 : Using co-authoring features in Office 2010 , Office Web Apps , and Office for Mac 2011 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Security overview for Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding 64 - Bit Office '' . TechNet . Microsoft . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Protalinski , Emil ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Confirmed : Office 2010 comes in 32 - bit , 64 - bit flavors '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 64 - bit editions of Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Why Office 2010 wo n't support Windows XP 64 - bit '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volume activation overview for Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plan volume activation of Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System requirements for Office 2013 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` XP and Vista users , no Office 2013 for you '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Office 2013 drops support for Windows XP and Windows Vista '' . The Verge .", "29": "Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDougall , Patrick ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Office 2013 Wo n't Run On Windows XP , Vista '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Office Web Apps '' . TechNet . Microsoft . February 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Jason ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 Boosts Core Features , Brances Out onto the Web '' . eWeek . QuinStreet . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finley , Klint ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Rolls Out Office Web Apps '' . ReadWrite . SAY Media . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foley , Mary Jo ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Office Starter 2010 : The fine print on Microsoft 's Works replacement '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Nick . `` Office Starter 2010 to replace Microsoft Works '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keizer , Gregg ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft to put free Office Starter 2010 on new PCs '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free Office Mobile 2010 for Windows Phones '' . News Center . Microsoft . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Office Mobile 2010 released , free upgrade for WinMo 6.5 users '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Office Mobile 2010 for Windows Mobile 6. x '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Piltch , Avram ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 Review '' . Laptop Mag . Purch Group . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Edward ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Albanesius , Chloe ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` NPD : Initial Sales of Microsoft Office 2010 ' Disappointing ' '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brodkin , Jon ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Who needs a cloud ? Microsoft sold 31 million copies of Office 2010 '' . Network World . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earnings Release FY11 Q1 '' . Investor Relations . Microsoft . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Reports Record Revenue of $20.9 Billion in Second Quarter '' . News Center . Microsoft . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keizer , Gregg ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft discontinues Office 2010 sales , some retailers jack up prices '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo. `` Office 14 : Think first half of 2009 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Fried , Ina ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 preview program coming in July '' . CNET . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Confirmed : Office 2010 will come in 32 - bit , 64 - bit flavors '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Symons , Sam ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Sign up for the Office 2010 Technical Preview , due in July '' . Neowin.net . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 Build 14.0. 4302.1000 Leaked '' . July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft kicks off Office 2010 Technical Preview '' . July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office 2010 Build 4417 Leaks '' . The Technopath . August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Asad , Taimur ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 Beta Available for Download via MSDN and TechNet '' . Redmond Pie . Redmond Pie . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft Opens Up the Office 2010 Beta '' . Technologizer . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Office Products -- Microsoft Office '' . Microsoft.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing the Office 2010 Application Compatibility Program -- Gray Matter -- Site Home -- TechNet Blogs '' . Blogs.technet.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 RC Build 4734.1000 Released -- To testers -- Softpedia '' . News.softpedia.com .", "32": "February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 Reaches RTM ! -- Microsoft Office 2010 Engineering -- Site Home -- TechNet Blogs '' . Blogs.technet.com. April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Niccolai , James ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 Clears Last Hurdle to Release '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ How to determine the service pack level of your Office 2010 suite Jump up ^ `` Description of Office 2010 Service Pack 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office 2010 Now Available for Customers Worldwide '' . News Center . Microsoft . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaelin , Mark ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 released to the retail market but does it matter ? '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to determine the service pack level of your Office 2010 suite '' . Support . Microsoft . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office 2010 and SharePoint 2010 Service Pack 1 Availability '' . TechNet . Microsoft . June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office 2010 and SharePoint 2010 Service Pack 2 Availability '' . TechNet . Microsoft . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiveash , Kelly ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft pings first Office 2010 service pack beta at testers '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foley Jo , Mary ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft releases Beta 1 of Office 2010 SP1 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive .", "33": "Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Description of Office 2010 SP1 '' . Support . Microsoft . June 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Issues Fixed by Service Pack 1 ( SP1 ) in the Office 2010 Desktop Applications '' . Microsoft . 2011 . Archived from the original ( XLSX ) on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jo Foley , Mary ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft Office Web Apps to officially support Chrome with Office 2010 Service Pack 1 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 SP2 Beta Now Available for Download '' . TechNet . Microsoft . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Issues Fixed by Service Pack 2 ( SP2 ) in Office and SharePoint 2010 '' ( XLSX ) . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft ships Office 2010 SP2 , starts upgrade clock '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Office 2010 Service Pack 2 '' . Support . Microsoft . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terkaly , Bruno ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 -- Innovation is alive and well '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Microsoft 's Office 2007 team wants in on Web 2.0 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .", "34": "^ Jump up to : Krill , Paul ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Microsoft eyes ' people - ready ' software '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2006 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Satterfield , Clay ( July 15 , 2009 ) . Shaff , Reed , ed . `` Microsoft Office Backstage ( Part 1 - Backstory ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 delivers Backstage pass '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Katherine ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` 10 ways Backstage view helps streamline tasks in Office 2010 '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolving the Backstage View '' . TechNet . Microsoft . August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Office Backstage ( Part 3 -- The Info tab ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Justin ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft Office Backstage ( Part 4 - The Help Tab ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Helping You Recover Your Work in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordner , Jon ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Save Some Time -- Save Some Trees '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Office 2010 Backstage View for Developers '' . MSDN . Microsoft .", "35": "November 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Customizing the Office 2010 Backstage View for Developers '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandic , Mirko ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` UI Extensibility in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jensen ( August 22 , 2006 ) . `` Giving You Fits '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vandeberghe , Keri ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 : Visuals and Branding '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandic , Mirko ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Live Preview Paste -- Get the Results You Want Quickly '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harkins , Susan ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Five tips for customizing the Office 2010 Ribbon '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Download free customized ribbons '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft OneNote 2010 Product Guide '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 Product Guide '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Publisher 2010 Product Guide '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the XML file formats in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ryan ( April 2 , 2010 ) .", "36": "`` ISO OOXML convener : Microsoft 's format ' heading for failure ' '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office 365 and Microsoft Office 2010 : Better together '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Co-authoring overview ( SharePoint Foundation 2010 ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Click - to - Run : Delivering Office in the 21st Century '' . TechNet . Microsoft . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heise , David ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Office 2010 File Validation '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Security in Microsoft Office 2010 '' . Safety & Security Center . Microsoft . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan Office File Validation settings for Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Improve your Microsoft Office security with Office File Validation coming to Office 2003 and Office 2007 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft to boost Office 2003 , 2007 security '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Security Advisory 2501584 - Release of Microsoft Office File Validation for Microsoft Office '' . TechNet . Microsoft . April 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Office File Validation for Office 2003 and Office 2007 '' . TechNet . Microsoft .", "37": "Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Malhotra , Mike ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Protected View in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan Protected View settings for Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dandige , Maithili ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Trusted Documents '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft struts Office 2010 ' sandbox ' security '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malhotra , Mikas ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Data Execution Prevention in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Word 2010 Product Guide '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Tucker ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Magic of Background Removal '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Tucker ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` More About Background Removal in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hatfield , Tucker ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 Improvements for Cropping Pictures '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crop pictures in Publisher 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under the Hood Investments for Hardware and Performance '' . Microsoft .", "38": "October 2010 . Archived from the original ( DOCX ) on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yam , Marcus ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 to Make Itself Faster With Your GPU '' . Tom 's Hardware . Purch Group . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Insert a screenshot or screen clipping '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SmartArt Diagram Improvements '' . TechNet . Microsoft . May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Larry ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 : Accessibility Investments & Document Accessibility '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan for accessibility in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Add a language or set language preferences in Office 2010 and later '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Office 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Using the New Mini Translator in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kate ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Hear In Your Own Language in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Using the Speak feature with Multilingual TTS '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 .", "39": "^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Word 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Excel 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in OneNote 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's new in Microsoft Outlook 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Katherine ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Five tips for creating Quick Steps to manage mail in Outlook 2010 '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The file size limits of . pst and . ost files are larger in Outlook 2010 and Outlook 2013 '' . Support . Microsoft . September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Access 2010 Product Guide '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Access 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Install MODI for use with Microsoft Office 2010 '' . Support . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in PowerPoint 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Outlook 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Jerry ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Outlook 2010 with Business Contact Manager : You Spoke , We Listened '' . MSDN . Microsoft .", "40": "Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Publisher 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Project 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in Visio 2010 ( for IT pros ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 : Which suite is right for you ? '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office 2010 Volume License Suites Comparison '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office Professional Academic 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office University 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office suites '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foley , Jo Mary ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft to offer a small - business version of Office 2010 , after all '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office 2010 Frequently Asked Questions '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foley , Jo Mary ( February 10 , 2012 ) .", "41": "`` New Microsoft Office University product comes with tougher verification rules '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office Professional Plus 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Office Professional Plus 2010 is available through Volume Licensing only . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft releases Office 2010 , SharePoint 2010 to TechNet , MSDN '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office Customization Tool in Office 2010 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . The OCT is available only with volume licensed versions of Office 2010 and the 2007 Office system . To determine whether an Office 2010 installation is a volume licensed version , check the Office 2010 installation disk to see whether it contains a folder named Admin . If the Admin folder exists , the disk is a volume license edition . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Microsoft begins phasing out Starter edition of its Office suite '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Learn more about Office 2010 Click - to - Run '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Word features that are not fully supported in Word Starter '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Excel Starter features that are not fully supported in Excel Starter '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Office Starter 2010 private beta , with ' Office to GO , ' goes to testers '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive .", "42": "Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 benefits of Office Mobile 2010 '' . Office Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office 2010 review '' . Alphr . Dennis Publishing . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hattersley , Rosemary ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 Review '' . PC Advisor . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arar , Yardena ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 Review : Inside Microsoft 's Newest Suite '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branscombe , Mary ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randall ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Why I hate Microsoft Office 2010 '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shinder , Deb ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` The 10 biggest Office 2010 annoyances '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhard , Woody ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Beware of Office 2010 's 64 - bit Shortcomings '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tip : Office 2010 64 - bit or 32 - bit ? Four Questions to Ask when Choosing '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft dumps upgrade pricing for Office 2010 '' . ComputerWorld .", "43": "IDG . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lai , Eric ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` New Microsoft Office price list : Winners and losers '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Protalinski , Emil ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Why Microsoft killed upgrade versions for Office 2010 '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Product Key Cards ' are Office 2010 's hidden catch '' . APC . Future plc . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Microsoft Office Starter 2010 '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office Starter 2010 reviews '' . Channel Pro . Dennis Publishing . October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Office Starter 2010 drops the crapware , adds ads '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradford , K.T. ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 Starter Is Not Worth The Price '' . Laptop Magazine . Purch Group . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bort , Julie ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft offers many versions of Office 2010 . Here 's a chart '' . NetworkWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TechTarget ( April 29 , 2010 ) . Garmon , Jay , ed . `` Microsoft Office 2010 Starter Edition Review -- Introducing Word Starter and Excel Starter '' . Notebook Review . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Stephen ( July 13 , 2010 ) .", "44": "`` Fighting The Installed Base Battle '' . NPD Group Blog . NPD Group . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yarow , Jay ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Uh Oh : Microsoft Office 2010 Sales ' Disappointing ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Seth ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office sales down , but do n't blame Google Docs ? '' . Fortune Magazine . Time Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jared ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Office 2010 Sales Are Lagging , Says NPD '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Ian ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` PC demand pushes Microsoft to record sales '' . Computer Weekly . TechTarget . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft profits from record first - quarter sales '' . BBC News . BBC . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Nick ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft profit jumps 51 percent with record Q1 revenue '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sales of Office 2010 help Microsoft beat predictions '' . The Spokesman - Review . Cowles Publishing Company . January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Office 2010 sales power record Microsoft quarter '' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Sean ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 : A Six - Month Performance Appraisal '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis .", "45": "Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY11 Q2 '' . Investor Relations . Microsoft . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowensohn , Josh ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft earnings get boost from Xbox , Office '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goss , Patrick ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Kinect and Office boost Microsoft as Windows sales fall '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dignan , Larry ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft 's third quarter : Office , Kinect pick up Windows slack '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update from CES : Office 2010 Finds Success in People and Numbers '' . TechNet . Microsoft . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yegulalp , Serdar ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2010 takes on all corners '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oiaga , Marius ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Million Office 2010 Licenses Sold '' . Softpedia . Softpedia . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY11 Q4 '' . Investor Relations . Microsoft . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Nick ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Office drives Microsoft to record Q4 , annual revenue '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jay ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Microsoft earnings meet expectations as Windows sales dip '' . CNET .", "46": "CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackie , Kurt ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Office 2010 , A Year Later '' . MCP Mag. 1105 Media Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Office 2003 is a bigger threat to Microsoft than Google Docs '' . Network World . IDG . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Office 2010 product guides Downloads for Office 2010 Microsoft Office History Office suites ( Office 365 ) Windows 3.0 95 97 2000 XP 2003 2007 2013 2016 2019 Mac 98 X 2008 2011 2016 Mobile Office Mobile Applications ( List ) Desktop Access Excel OneNote Outlook PowerPoint Project Publisher Skype for Business Teams Visio Word Server Skype for Business Server SharePoint Excel Services Project Server Search Server Mobile Outlook Groups Outlook Mobile Lens Remote Online Bookings Calendar Delve Docs.com Forms People OneDrive Outlook.com Outlook Web App Planner Sway Tasks Teams Video Office tools Shared tools Ribbon Hero Ribbon Hero 2 Discontinued Discontinued shared tools Accounting Entourage FrontPage InfoPath InterConnect Liquid Motion Live Meeting Mail Classroom Office Assistant Office Live OneDrive Groups PerformancePoint Server Picture Manager PhotoDraw Photo Editor Project Portfolio Server Schedule+ SharePoint Designer SharePoint Workspace Snapshot Viewer for Access Vizact Word Viewer Technologies Information Bridge Framework Object Linking and Embedding Office Open XML Office XML formats Smart tags Visual Basic for Applications Other topics Microsoft Product Activation Office Genuine Advantage Office filename extensions Microsoft Office password protection Category Commons Book Wikiversity Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W.", "47": "Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com TechNet Windows Store Conferences Build MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Inspire Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy iLoo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows ME XP Vista 10 Litigation Alcatel - Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs.", "48": "MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat : Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi LinkedIn Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Office_2010&oldid=807155084 '' Categories : 2010 software Microsoft Office Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano मराठी Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 07 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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349164000093084738	what does the yellow section of the erg contain	[ "references the material in order of its assigned 4-digit ID number/UN/NA number", "the material in order of its assigned 4-digit ID number/UN/NA number (which is often placarded with the other hazardous materials placards)", "the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section)" ]	{ "0": "Emergency response Guidebook - wikipedia Emergency response Guidebook Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emergency Response Guidebook 2016 ERG Author United States Department of Transportation Subject Hazardous Materials Published Every four years Publication date 04 / 2016 Website http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/erg The Emergency Response Guidebook : A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods / Hazardous Materials Transportation Incident ( ERG ) is used by emergency response personnel ( such as firefighters , Paramedics and police officers ) in Canada , Mexico , and the United States when responding to a transportation emergency involving hazardous materials . First responders in Argentina , Brazil , and Colombia have recently begun using the ERG as well . It is produced by the United States Department of Transportation , Transport Canada , and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation ( Mexico ) . The principal authors of the ERG are Transport Canada 's Michel Cloutier and U.S. DOT 's George Cushmac . Contents ( hide ) 1 Guidebook Contents 2 White Section ( front ) 3 Yellow Section 4 Blue Section 5 Orange Section 6 Green Section 7 White Section ( back ) 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Guidebook contents ( edit ) The ERG is primarily applicable for hazardous materials transported by highway and railway , but also is applicable for materials transported by air or waterway , as well as by pipeline . It was first issued by the US Department of Transportation in 1973 , but later became a joint publication of the Department of Transportation ( US DOT ) , Transport Canada ( TC ) , and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation ( SCT ) of Mexico , with collaboration with the Chemistry Information Center for Emergencies ( CIQUIME ) of Argentina . The ERG is issued every 4 years , with editions now being published in Spanish ( Guía de Respuesta en Caso de Emergencia ) .", "1": "In 1996 it was published as the North American Emergency Response Guidebook , but by the next publication in 2000 `` North American '' was removed due to its use by several South American countries ) . The ERG `` is primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of the material ( s ) involved in the incident , and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident '' and should only be used for the `` initial response phase '' ( `` that period following arrival at the scene of an incident during which the presence and / or identification of dangerous goods is confirmed , protective actions and area securement are initiated , and assistance of qualified personnel is requested . '' ) of an incident . It is divided into six color - coded sections ( white ( uncolored ) , yellow , blue , orange , green , and a second white ( uncolored ) ) . The ERG includes 62 `` Guides '' ( found in the Orange Section ) that identify the primary hazards associated with the applicable general category of hazardous material and general guidance on how to respond to incidents involving that general category of hazardous material . The primary purpose of ERG is to direct the emergency responders to the most appropriate of these guides , based on the incident . The ERG also provides guidance regarding recommended evacuation distances , if applicable , in the Green Section . White section ( front ) ( edit ) The first section , with white page ( uncolored ) borders , provides the following : Information regarding shipping documents Instructions on how to use the guidebook General guidance for responding to any hazardous material incident Basic information on the hazard classification system and the associated placards / labels Recommendations the proper guides based transporting vehicle types and / or placards ( when the material in question can not be further identified otherwise ) General safety precautions Specific guidance for incidents involving pipelines Yellow section ( edit ) The second section , with yellow page borders , references the material in order of its assigned 4 - digit ID number / UN / NA number ( which is often placarded with the other hazardous materials placards ) and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section ) . Items highlighted in green in this section will have evacuation distances included in the Green Section .", "2": "Blue section ( edit ) The third section , with blue page borders , references the material in alphabetical order of its name and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section ) . Items highlighted in green in this section will also have evacuation distances included in the Green Section . Orange section ( edit ) The fourth section , with orange page borders , includes the actual response guides . Each of the 62 guides provides safety recommendations and directions on how to proceed during the initial response phase ( first thirty minutes ) of the incident . It includes `` health '' and `` fire or explosion '' potential hazard information ( with the more dangerous hazard listed first ) . For example , `` the material gives off irritating vapors , easily ignited by heat , reactive with water '' ; `` highly toxic , may be fatal if inhaled , swallowed or absorbed through skin '' ; etc . Next this section includes information for responders on appropriate protective clothing and possible evacuation information for either spill or fire is given . It also includes information on fighting fires ( example , do not apply water to sodium ) , warnings for spills or leaks , and special directions for first aid ( example , not to give mouth - to - mouth resuscitation if the materials are toxic ) . In the event of an unknown material , Guide # 111 should be followed until more information becomes available . Green section ( edit ) The fifth section , with green page borders , suggests initial evacuation or shelter in place distances ( protective action distances ) for spills of materials that are Toxic - by - Inhalation ( TIH ) . These distances vary based on the size of the spill ( small or large ) and whether the incident occurs during the day or at night . Only materials that were highlighted in green in the Yellow and Blue Sections are included in the Green Section . This section also includes information regarding toxic gases that are produced when certain materials are spilled in water ( as identified previously in this section ) . Finally , this section includes some very specific evacuation details for six common materials .", "3": "White section ( back ) ( edit ) The sixth section , with white page ( uncolored ) borders , provides the following : Additional instructions on how to use the guidebook Information regarding protective clothing and equipment Instructions on fire and spill control BLEVE ( boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion ) safety precautions Beginning with the 2004 edition , information specifically for hazardous materials being used for terrorism Glossary of terms used in the ERG Contact information for the various countries See also ( edit ) Emergency management Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/ERG2016.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/ERG2012.pdf 2012 Emergency Response Guide , page 356 External links ( edit ) Downloadable version of book : 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook 4.9 MB PDF file Online version of 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook Information Press release announcing 2016 edition ERG release Dangerous goods portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Response_Guidebook&oldid=776546214 '' Categories : 1973 books 1996 books 2000 books 2004 books 2008 books 2012 books Handbooks and manuals Firefighting Emergency management Firefighting in the United States Hazardous materials Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4565661977175862394	who added a press room to the white house	[ "President Richard Nixon", "President Richard Nixon", "Richard Nixon", "Richard Nixon", "President Richard Nixon" ]	{ "0": "James S. Brady press briefing Room - Wikipedia James S. Brady press briefing Room Jump to : navigation , search President George W. Bush participates in the unveiling of the new Brady Briefing Room on July 11 , 2007 . Map of the West Wing with James S. Brady Press Briefing Room in blue The James S. Brady Press Briefing Room is a small theater in the West Wing of the White House where the White House Press Secretary gives briefings to the news media and the President of the United States sometimes addresses the press and the nation . It is located between the workspace assigned to the White House press corps and the office of the Press Secretary . History ( edit ) Between the presidency of Woodrow Wilson to 1969 , communications from the President and general press news conferences took place in the Indian Treaty Room , the State Department auditorium and the White House East Room . In 1969 , to accommodate the growing number of reporters assigned to the White House , President Richard Nixon had the indoor swimming pool , which had been installed by the March of Dimes for Franklin D. Roosevelt , covered and turned into press offices and a lounge that could double as a briefing room . In 2000 , the room was renamed the `` James S. Brady Press Briefing Room '' in honor of James Brady , the press secretary who was shot and permanently disabled during an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981 . Renovation ( edit ) In December 2005 , the White House announced the intention to renovate the aging Press Briefing Room and cramped press corps offices . On August 2 , 2006 , the final briefing was held , and President George W. Bush hosted several previous press secretaries at a closing ceremony and there was some hesitation and concern about whether the press would be allowed to return to the White House . In the interim the White House Conference Center was used as temporary location for press conferences . President Bush reopened the renovated room in a ribbon - cutting ceremony on the morning of July 11 , 2007 . He held his first formal press conference in the new briefing room the next day , following the release of a report on the progress of the Iraqi government . The modernization cost nearly $8.5 million . Of that sum , $2.5 million was funded by the media , and the remainder was funded by tax dollars .", "1": "Each correspondent 's seat was priced at $1,500 . Beneath the current press room lies the former White House swimming pool that has since become a computer server room . The most noticeable change to the briefing room is a different backdrop for the press conferences , now featuring a softly lit screen flanked by mock columns instead of the previous blue curtain . The new podium also contains video screens for teleconferencing and multimedia displays . For safety reasons , the trapdoor that provided access to the old swimming pool ( a popular stop for visitors ) was replaced by a discreet staircase . Despite complaints about the previous briefing room 's lack of space , the current briefing room has only one more press seat than it did prior to renovation . Seating chart ( edit ) The seating assignments are organized by the White House Correspondents ' Association , not by the White House press staff . Current White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room seating chart Row Podium 6 7 NBC Wall Street Journal Agence France - Presse MSNBC Bloomberg BNA Washington Examiner Talk Media News / Univision Fox News CBS Radio AP Radio Foreign Pool Time Yahoo ! News Dallas Morning News CBS News Bloomberg McClatchy Washington Times SiriusXM Salem Radio Globe / Roll Call AP NPR AURN The Hill Regionals Newsmax CBN ABC News Washington Post Politico Fox News Radio CSM / NY Post Daily Mail BBC / OAN Reuters NY Times Chicago Tribune VOA RealClearPolitics HuffPost / NY Daily News BuzzFeed / Daily Beast CNN USA Today ABC Radio National Journal Al Jazeera / PBS Westwood One Financial Times / Guardian The seating chart as of July 10 , 2017 . White House Correspondents ' Association References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Press Conferences '' . whitehousehistory.org . Jump up ^ Collins , Dan ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` Bush , Media Bid Press Room Farewell '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Robert P. ( 2004 ) . Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House . SUNY Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9780791460986 -- via Google Books .", "2": "Jump up ^ Vande Hei , Jim ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` White House Press Room To Be Closed For Makeover '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yellin , Jessica ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` White House Press Briefing Room Redo '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( August 3 , 2006 ) . `` White House Evicts Press , Temporarily . No , Really '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spetalnick , Matt ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Bush to Press : Welcome back . No questions , Please '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Bradley Hawkes ( 2002 ) . The White House Staff : Inside the West Wing and Beyond . Brookings Institution Press . p. 144 . ISBN 9780815769514 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W. ( 2005 ) . Worse Than Watergate : The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush . Hardie Grant Publishing . p. 69 . ISBN 9781740662222 . Jump up ^ Shafer , Jack ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Blow Up the White House Briefing Room '' . Slate . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to James S.", "3": "Brady Press Briefing Room at Wikimedia Commons Official website White House Complex White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 08 '' W / 38.89771 ° N 77.03567 ° W / 38.89771 ; - 77.03567 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_S.", "4": "_Brady_Press_Briefing_Room&oldid=798359982 '' Categories : Media in the United States White House Rooms in the White House Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Français Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5306300389470118812	what was the religion in persia before islam	[ "the Zoroastrian religion", "Zoroastrian", "Zoroastrian", "the Zoroastrian religion", "Zoroastrian" ]	{ "0": "Muslim conquest of Persia - wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia Jump to : navigation , search Muslim conquest of Persia Part of the Muslim conquests Map of Persia and its surrounding regions on the eve of the Muslim invasions Date 633 -- 654 Location Mesopotamia , Caucasus , Persia , and Greater Khorasan Result Decisive Rashidun victory Territorial changes Fall of the Sasanian Empire Rise of several dynasties in Tabaristan Belligerents Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania ( 633 -- 636 ) Arab Christians ( 633 -- 637 ) Kanārangīyāns ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Ispahbudhan ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Mihran ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Karen ( 633 -- 654 ) Dabuyids ( 642 -- 651 ) Hephthalites ( 651 -- 654 ) Rashidun Caliphate Kanārangīyāns ( after 651 ) Commanders and leaders See list ( show ) Yazdegerd III Rostam Farrokhzad † Mahbudhan Huzail ibn Imran Hormozd Jadhuyih Anoshagan † Andarzaghar Bahman Jadhuyih † Piruz Khosrow † Jaban Mihran Bahram - i Chubin Hormuzan ( POW ) Mardanshah † Bahram Isfandiyar Jalinus † Mihran Razi † Nakhiragan Azadbeh Farrukhzad Siyavakhsh † Shahriyar bin Kanara † Busbuhra ( DOW ) Shahriyar of Derbent † Farrukbandadh † Grigor † Mihran - i Hamadani † Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih † Karin † Mushegh III † Varaztirots † Muta † Narsi Tiruyih Kanadbak Ruzbih † Shirzad Mardanshah of Damavand Javanshir Burzin Shah Mahoe", "1": "Suri Shahriyar Siyah al - Uswari Aparviz Shahrag † Faylakan Yazdanfar See list ( show ) Abu Bakr ( 633 - 634 ) Umar I Ali Ibn Abi Talib Khalid ibn al - Walid ( 633 - 634 ) al - Muthanna ibn Haritha ( WIA ) Abu Ubayd † Saad ibn Abi Waqqas Zuhra ibn Al - Hawiyya Hashim ibn Uthba Qa'qa ibn Amr Abu Musa Ashaari Ammar ibn Yasir Nouman ibn Muqarrin Hudhayfah ibn al - Yaman Mugheera ibn Shuba Usman ibn Abi al - Aas Asim ibn Amr Ahnaf ibn Qais Abdullah ibn Aamir Bukayr ibn Abdallah Kanadbak ( after 651 ) Busbuhra ( briefly ) Farrukhzad ( only at Ray ) Muslim conquest of Persia Mesopotamia Chains River Walaja Ullais Hira Al - Anbar Ayn al - Tamr Muzayyah Saniyy Zumail Firaz 1st Babylon Namaraq Kaskar Bridge Buwaib al - Qādisiyyah Burs 2nd Babylon Ctesiphon Jalula Khuzestan Hormizd - Ardashir Susa Ram - Hormizd Shushtar Gundishapur Central Persia Nahavand Spahan Waj Rudh Ray Northern Persia Tabaristan Armenia Azerbaijan Caucasian Albania Iberia Pars Bishapur Darabgerd 1st Estakhr Gor 2nd Estakhr Kerman Sirjan Qeshm", "2": "Sakastan Zaranj Khorasan Oxus River Nishapur Herat Badghis Early Muslim expansion Byzantine ( East Roman ) Empire Syria Armenia Egypt North Africa Cyprus Constantinople Georgia Crete Sicily Southern Italy Sassanid Persian Empire Armenia Caucasian Albania Georgia Afghanistan Indus Valley Rasil Caucasus Georgia Khazar Khaganate Transoxiana Visigothic Kingdom ( Hispania ) Frankish Empire ( Gaul ) The Muslim conquest of Persia , also known as the Arab conquest of Iran , , led to the end of the Sasanian Empire in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia . The rise of Muslims coincided with an unprecedented political , social , economic and military weakness in Persia . Once a major world power , the Sasanian Empire had exhausted its human and material resources after decades of warfare against the Byzantine Empire . The internal political situation quickly deteriorated after the execution of King Khosrow II in 628 AD . Subsequently , ten new claimants were enthroned within the next four years . With conflict erupting between Persian and Parthian factions , the empire was no longer centralized . Arab Muslims first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633 , when general Khalid ibn Walid invaded Mesopotamia ( Sassanid province of Asōristān ; what is now Iraq ) , which was the political and economic center of the Sassanid state . Following the transfer of Khalid to the Byzantine front in the Levant , the Muslims eventually lost their holdings to Sassanian counterattacks . The second invasion began in 636 under Saad ibn Abi Waqqas , when a key victory at the Battle of al - Qādisiyyah led to the permanent end of Sasanian control west of Iran . The Zagros mountains then became a natural barrier and border between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Empire .", "3": "Due to continuous raids by Persians into the area , Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian empire in 642 , which led to the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651 . Directing from Medina , a few thousand kilometres from the battlefields of Iran , Caliph Umar 's quick conquest of Iran in a series of well - coordinated , multi-pronged attacks became his greatest triumph , contributing to his reputation as a great military and political strategist . Iranian historians have defended their forebears vis a vis Arab sources to illustrate that `` contrary to the claims of some historians , Iranians , in fact , fought long and hard against the invading Arabs . '' By 651 , most of the urban centers in Iranian lands , with the notable exception of the Caspian provinces ( Tabaristan ) and Transoxiana , had come under the domination of the Arab armies . Many localities fought against the invaders ; ultimately , none were successful . In fact , although Arabs had established hegemony over most of the country , many cities rose in rebellion by killing the Arab governor or attacking their garrisons . Eventually , military reinforcements quashed the insurgency and imposed Islamic control . The violent subjugation of Bukhara is a case in point : Conversion to Islam was gradual , partially as the result of this violent resistance ; however , Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many priests were executed . However , the Persians began to reassert themselves by maintaining Persian language and culture . Islam would become the dominant religion late in the medieval ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiography and recent scholarship 2 Sassanid Empire before the Conquest 2.1 Revolt of the Arab client states ( 602 ) 2.2 Byzantine -- Sassanid War ( 612 -- 629 ) 2.2.", "4": "1 Execution of Khosrau II 2.3 During Muhammad 's life 3 Rise of the Caliphate 4 First invasion of Mesopotamia ( 633 ) 5 Second invasion of Mesopotamia ( 634 -- 636 ) 5.1 Battle of the Bridge 5.2 Battle of Qadisiyyah 6 Conquest of Mesopotamia ( 636 -- 638 ) 6.1 Raids of Persians in Mesopotamia ( 638 -- 641 ) 7 Battle of Nahavand ( 642 ) 8 Conquest of Persia ( 642 -- 651 ) 8.1 Strategic planning for the conquest of Persia 8.2 Conquest of Central Iran 8.3 Conquest of Fars 8.3. 1 First Muslim invasion and the successful Sasanian counter-attack 8.3. 2 Second and last Muslim invasion 8.4 Conquest of Southeastern Persia ( Kerman and Makran ) 8.5 Conquest of Sakastan 8.6 Conquest of Azerbaijan 8.7 Conquest of Armenia 8.8 Conquest of Khorasan 9 Persian rebellion and reconquest 10 End of the Sassanid dynasty 11 Persia under Muslim rule 11.1 Administration 11.2 Religion 12 Language of Persia 13 Urbanisation 14 See also 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Historiography and recent scholarship ( edit ) When Western academics first investigated the Muslim conquest of Persia , they only had to rely on the accounts of the Armenian Christian bishop Sebeos , and accounts in Arabic that were written some time after the events they describe . The most significant work was probably that of Arthur Christensen , and his L'Iran sous les Sassanides , published in Copenhagen and Paris in 1944 . However recent scholarship , both Iranian and Western , has begun to question the traditional narrative .", "5": "Parvaneh Pourshariati , in her Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire : The Sasanian - Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran , published in 2008 , provides both a detailed overview of the problematic nature of trying to establish exactly what happened , and a great deal of original research that questions fundamental facts of the traditional narrative , including the timeline and specific dates . Pourshariati 's central thesis is that contrary to what was commonly assumed , the Sassanian Empire was highly decentralized , and was in fact a `` confederation '' with the Parthians , who themselves retained a high level of independence . Despite their recent victories over the Byzantine Empire , the Parthians unexpectedly withdrew from the confederation , and the Sassanians were thus ill - prepared and ill - equipped to mount an effective and cohesive defense against the Muslim armies . Moreover , the powerful northern and eastern Parthian families , the kust - i khwarasan and kust - i adurbadagan , withdrew to their respective strongholds and made peace with the Arabs , refusing to fight alongside the Sassanians . Another important theme of Pourshariati 's study is a re-evaluation of the traditional timeline . Pourshariati argues that the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia `` took place , not , as has been conventionally believed , in the years 632 -- 634 , after the accession of the last Sasanian king Yazdgerd III ( 632 -- 651 ) to power , but in the period from 628 to 632 . '' An important consequence of this change in timeline means that the Arab conquest started precisely when the Sassanians and Parthians were engaged in internecine warfare over succession to the Sassanian throne . Sassanid Empire before the conquest ( edit ) Since the 1st century BC , the border between the Roman ( later Byzantine ) and Parthian ( later Sassanid ) empires had been the Euphrates River . The border was constantly contested . Most battles , and thus most fortifications , were concentrated in the hilly regions of the north , as the vast Arabian or Syrian Desert ( Roman Arabia ) separated the rival empires in the south . The only dangers expected from the south were occasional raids by nomadic Arab tribesmen .", "6": "Both empires therefore allied themselves with small , semi-independent Arab principalities , which served as buffer states and protected Byzantium and Persia from Bedouin attacks . The Byzantine clients were the Ghassanids ; the Persian clients were the Lakhmids . The Ghassanids and Lakhmids feuded constantly , which kept them occupied , but that did not greatly affect the Byzantines or the Persians . In the 6th and 7th centuries , various factors destroyed the balance of power that had held for so many centuries . Revolt of the Arab client states ( 602 ) ( edit ) Ancient Iranians attached great importance to music and poetry , as they still do today . This 7th century plate depicts Sassanid era musicians . The Byzantine clients , the Arab Ghassanids , converted to the Monophysite form of Christianity , which was regarded as heretical by the established Byzantine Orthodox Church . The Byzantines attempted to suppress the heresy , alienating the Ghassanids and sparking rebellions on their desert frontiers . The Lakhmids also revolted against the Persian king Khusrau II . Nu'man III ( son of Al - Monder IV ) , the first Christian Lakhmid king , was deposed and killed by Khusrau II in 602 , because of his attempt to throw off the Persian tutelage . After Khusrau 's assassination , the Persian Empire fractured and the Lakhmids were effectively semi-independent . It is now widely believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid kingdom was one of the main factors behind the Fall of Sassanid dynasty , to the Muslim Arabs and the Islamic conquest of Persia , as the Lakhmids agreed to act as spies for the Muslims after being defeated in the Battle of Hira by Khalid ibn al - Walid . Byzantine -- Sassanid war ( 612 -- 629 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine - Sassanid War of 602 -- 628 and Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars See also : Fall of Sassanid dynasty The Persian ruler Khosrau II ( Parviz ) defeated a dangerous rebellion within his own empire , the Bahram Chobin 's rebellion .", "7": "He afterward turned his energies towards his traditional Byzantine enemies , leading to the Byzantine - Sassanid War of 602 -- 628 . For a few years , he succeeded gloriously . From 612 to 622 , he extended the Persian borders almost to the same extent that they were under the Achaemenid dynasty ( 550 -- 330 BC ) , capturing Western states as far as Egypt , Palestine ( the conquest of the latter being assisted by a Jewish army ) , and more . The Byzantines regrouped and pushed back in 622 under Heraclius . Khosrau was defeated at the Battle of Nineveh in 627 , and the Byzantines recaptured all of Syria and penetrated far into the Persian provinces of Mesopotamia . In 629 , Khosrau 's general Shahrbaraz agreed to peace , and the border between the two empires was once again the same as it was in 602 . Execution of Khosrau II ( edit ) See also : Sasanian civil war of 628 - 632 Sassanid King Khosrau II submitting to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius , from a plaque on a 12th - century French cross Khosrau II was executed in 628 and as a result , there were numerous claimants to the throne ; from 628 to 632 there were ten kings and queens of Persia . The last , Yazdegerd III , was a grandson of Khosrau II and was said to be a mere child aged 8 years . During Muhammad 's life ( edit ) After the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 , Islamic tradition holds that Prophet Muhammad sent many letters to the princes , kings , and chiefs of the various tribes and kingdoms of the time , preaching them to convert to Islam and bow to the order of Allah . These letters were carried by ambassadors to Persia , Byzantium , Ethiopia , Egypt , Yemen , and Hira ( Iraq ) on the same day . This assertion has been brought under scrutiny by some modern historians of Islam -- notably Grimme and Caetani .", "8": "Particularly in dispute is the assertion that Khosrau II received a letter from Muhammad , as the Sassanid court ceremony was notoriously intricate , and it is unlikely that a letter from what at the time was a minor regional power would have reached the hands of the Shahanshah . With regards to Persia , Muslim histories further recount that at the beginning of the seventh year of migration , Muhammad appointed one of his officers , Abdullah Huzafah Sahmi Qarashi , to carry his letter to Khosrau II inviting him to convert : In the name of Allah , the Beneficent , the Merciful . From Muhammad , the Messenger of Allah , to the great Kisra of Iran . Peace be upon him , who seeks truth and expresses belief in Allah and in His Prophet and testifies that there is no god but Allah and that He has no partner , and who believes that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet . Under the Command of Allah , I invite you to Him . He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum . Embrace Islam so that you may remain safe . And if you refuse to accept Islam , you will be responsible for the sins of the Magi . There are differing accounts of the reaction of Khosrau II . Nearly all assert that he destroyed the letter in anger ; the variations concentrate on the extent and detail of his response. . Rise of the Caliphate ( edit ) Prophet Muhammad died in June 632 , and Abu Bakr took the title of Caliph and political successor at Medina . Soon after Abu Bakr 's succession , several Arab tribes revolted , in the Ridda Wars ( Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy ) . The Ridda Wars preoccupied the Caliphate until March 633 , and ended with the entirety of the Arab Peninsula under the authority of the Caliph at Medina . Whether Abu Bakr actually intended a full - out imperial conquest or not is hard to say .", "9": "He did , however , set in motion a historical trajectory ( continued later on by Umar and Uthman ) that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history , beginning with a confrontation with the Sassanid Empire under the general Khalid ibn al - Walid . First invasion of Mesopotamia ( 633 ) ( edit ) Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid 's conquest of Mesopotamia After the Ridda Wars , a tribal chief of north eastern Arabia , Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha , raided the Persian towns in Mesopotamia ( what is now Iraq ) . Abu Bakr was strong enough to attack the Persian Empire in the north - east and the Byzantine Empire in the north - west . There were three purposes for this conquest : 1 . Along the borders between Arabia and these two great empires were numerous Arab tribes leading a nomadic life and forming a buffer - like state between the Persians and Romans . Abu Bakr hoped that these tribes might accept Islam and help their brethren in spreading it . 2 . The Persian and Roman populations suffered with very high taxation laws ; Abu Bakr believed that they might be persuaded to help the Muslims , who agreed to release them from the excessive tributes. 3 . Two gigantic empires surrounded Arabia , and it was unsafe to remain passive with these two powers on its borders . Abu Bakr hoped that by attacking Iraq and Syria he might remove the danger from the borders of the Islamic State . With the success of the raids , a considerable amount of booty was collected . Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha went to Medina to inform Caliph Abu Bakr about his success and was appointed commander of his people , after which he began to raid deeper into Mesopotamia . Using the mobility of his light cavalry he could easily raid any town near the desert and disappear again into the desert , into which the Sassanid army was unable to chase them . Al - Muthanna 's acts made Abu Bakr think about the expansion of the Rashidun Empire .", "10": "To be certain of a victory , Abu Bakr made two decisions concerning the attack on Persia : first , the invading army would consist entirely of volunteers ; and second , to put in command of the army his best general : Khalid ibn al - Walid . After defeating the self - proclaimed prophet Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama , Khalid was still at Al - Yamama when Abu Bakr sent him orders to invade the Sassanid Empire . Making Al - Hirah the objective of Khalid , Abu Bakr sent reinforcements and ordered the tribal chiefs of north eastern Arabia , Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha , Mazhur bin Adi , Harmala and Sulma to operate under the command of Khalid along with their men . Around the third week of March 633 ( first week of Muharram 12th Hijrah ) Khalid set out from Al - Yamama with an army of 10,000 . The tribal chiefs , with 2,000 warriors each , joined Khalid ; so he entered the Persian Empire with 18,000 troops . After entering Mesopotamia with his army of 18,000 , Khalid won decisive victories in four consecutive battles : the Battle of Chains , fought in April 633 ; the Battle of River , fought in the third week of April 633 AD ; the Battle of Walaja , fought in May 633 ( where he successfully used a double envelopment manoeuvre ) , and the Battle of Ullais , fought in the mid of May , 633 AD . The Persian court , already disturbed by internal problems , was thrown into chaos . In the last week of May 633 , the important city of Hira fell to the Muslims after their victory in the Siege of Hira . After resting his armies , in June 633 Khalid laid siege to the city of Al Anbar , which surrendered in July 633 after a siege lasting a few weeks . Khalid then moved towards the south , and conquered the city of Ein ul Tamr after the Battle of Ein ut Tamr in the last week of July . At this point , most of what is now Iraq was under Islamic control .", "11": "Khalid got a call of help from northern Arabia at Daumat - ul - Jandal , where another Muslim Arab general , Iyad ibn Ghanm , was trapped among the rebel tribes . Khalid went to Daumat - ul - jandal and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Daumat - ul - jandal in the last week of August 633 . Returning from Arabia , he got news of the assembling of a large Persian army . He decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of being defeated by a large unified Persian army . Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz , Zumiel , Sanni and Muzieh . Khalid divided his army in three units , and attacked the Persian forces in well coordinated attacks from three different sides at night , starting from the Battle of Muzieh , then the Battle of Sanni , and finally the Battle of Zumail during November 633 . These devastating defeats ended Persian control over Mesopotamia , and left the Persian capital Ctesiphon unguarded and vulnerable to Muslim attack . Before attacking the Persian capital , Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces in the south and west . He accordingly marched against the border city of Firaz , where he defeated the combined forces of the Sassanid Persians , the Byzantines and Christian Arabs in the Battle of Firaz in December 633 . This was the last battle in his conquest of Mesopotamia . While Khalid was on his way to attack Qadissiyah ( a key fort in the way to the Persian capital Ctesiphon ) , he received a letter from Caliph Abu Bakr and was sent to the Roman front in Syria to assume the command of the Muslim armies to conquer Roman Syria . Second invasion of Mesopotamia ( 634 -- 636 ) ( edit ) Battle of the Bridge ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Bridge According to the will of Abu Bakr , Umar was to continue the conquest of Syria and Mesopotamia . On the northeastern borders of the Empire , in Mesopotamia , the situation was deteriorating day by day . During Abu Bakr 's era , Khalid ibn al - Walid had been sent to the Syrian front to command the Islamic armies there .", "12": "As soon as Khalid had left Mesopotamia with half his army of 9000 soldiers , the Persians decided to take back their lost territory . The Muslim army was forced to leave the conquered areas and concentrate on the border areas . Umar immediately sent reinforcements to aid Muthanna ibn Haritha in Mesopotamia under the command of Abu Ubaid al - Thaqafi . At that time , a series of battles between the Persians and Arabs occurred in the region of Sawad , such as Namaraq , Al - Saqqattiah , Baqusiatha and Kaskar in which Arabs managed to push back and maintain presence in the area . Later on , the Persian forces defeated Abu Ubaid in the Battle of the Bridge . However , later Persian forces were defeated by Muthanna bin Haritha in the Battle of Buwayb . In 635 Yazdgerd III sought alliance with Emperor Heraclius of the Eastern Roman Empire . Heraclius married his daughter ( or , according to some traditions , his granddaughter ) to Yazdegerd III , an old Roman tradition to show alliance . While Heraclius prepared for a major offence in the Levant , Yazdegerd , meanwhile , ordered the concentration of massive armies to push back the Muslims from Mesopotamia for good . The goal was well - coordinated attacks by both emperors , Heraclius in the Levant and Yazdegerd in Mesopotamia , to annihilate the power of their common enemy , Caliph Umar . Battle of Qadisiyyah ( edit ) The site of the Battle of Qadisiyyah , showing Muslim army ( in red ) and Sassanid army ( in blue ) Main article : Battle of Qadisiyyah Umar ordered his army to retreat to the bordering areas of Mesopotamia near the Arabian desert and began raising armies for another campaign into Mesopotamia . The Arab armies were concentrated near Medina , and owing to the critical situation Umar wished to command the army in person . This idea was opposed by the members of Majlis ash - Shura at Medina , who claimed that the two - front war required Umar 's presence in Madinah . Umar appointed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas as commander for the campaign in Mesopotamia .", "13": "Even though Saad was suffering from sciatica , yet still Umar thought this important invasion should be commanded by someone who is senior and respected in military chain of command . Saad left Medina with his army in May 636 and arrived at Qadisiyyah in June . While Heraclius launched his offensive in May 636 , Yazdegerd was unable to muster his armies in time to provide the Byzantines with Persian support . Umar , allegedly aware of this alliance , capitalized on this failure : not wanting to risk a battle with two great powers simultaneously , he quickly moved to reinforce the Muslim army at Yarmouk to engage and defeat the Byzantines . Meanwhile , Umar ordered Saad to enter into peace negotiations with Yazdegerd III and invite him to Islam to prevent Persian forces from taking the field . Heraclius instructed his general Vahan not to engage in battle with the Muslims before receiving explicit orders ; however , fearing more Arab reinforcements , Vahan attacked the Muslim army in the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636 . Heraclius 's Imperial army was routed . With the Byzantine threat ended , the Sassanid Empire was still a formidable power with vast manpower reserves , and the Arabs soon found themselves confronting a huge Persian army with troops drawn from every corner of the empire and commanded by its foremost generals . Among the troops were fearsome war elephants that the Persian commander brought with him for the sole purpose of vanquishing the Muslims . Within three months , Saad defeated the Persian army in the Battle of al - Qādisiyyah , effectively ending Sassanid rule west of Persia proper . This victory is largely regarded as a decisive turning point in Islam 's growth : with the bulk of Persian forces defeated , Saad with his companions later conquered Babylon ( Battle of Babylon ( 636 ) ) , Kūthā , Sābāṭ ( Valashabad ) and Bahurasīr ( Veh - Ardashir ) . Ctesiphon , the Imperial capital of the Sassanid Empire , fell in March 637 after a siege of three months .", "14": "Conquest of Mesopotamia ( 636 -- 638 ) ( edit ) After the conquest of Ctesiphon , several detachments were immediately sent west to capture Qarqeesia and Heet the forts at the border of the Byzantine Empire . Several fortified Persian armies were still active north - east of Ctesiphon at Jalula and north of the Tigris at Tikrit and Mosul . After withdrawal from Ctesiphon , the Persian armies gathered at Jalaula north - east of Ctesiphon . Jalaula was a place of strategic importance because from here routes led to Mesopotamia , Khurasan and Azerbaijan . The Persian forces at Jalula were commanded by General Mihran . His deputy was General Farrukhzad , a brother of General Rustam , who had commanded the Persian forces at the Battle of al - Qadisiyyah . As instructed by the Caliph Umar , Saad reported everything to Umar . The Caliph decided to deal with Jalula first . His plan was first to clear the way to the north before taking any decisive action against Tikrit and Mosul . Umar appointed Hashim ibn Utbah to the expedition of Jalula and Abdullah ibn Muta'am to conquer Tikrit and Mosul . In April 637 , Hashim led 12,000 troops from Ctesiphon to win a victory over the Persians at the Battle of Jalula . He then laid siege to Jalula for seven months . After seizing a victory at Jalula , Abdullah ibn Muta'am marched against Tikrit and captured the city after fierce resistance and with the help of Christians . He next sent an army to Mosul which surrendered on the terms of the Jizya . With victory at Jalula and occupation of the Tikrit - Mosul region , Muslim rule in Mesopotamia was established . After the conquest of Jalula , a Muslim force under Qa'qa marched in pursuit of the Persians . The Persian army that escaped from Jalaula took its position at Khaniqeen 25 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Jalula on the road to Iran , under the command of General Mihran . Qa'qa defeated the Persian forces in the Battle of Khaniqeen and captured the city of Khaniqeen .", "15": "The Persians withdrew to Hulwan . Qa'qa moved to Hulwan and laid siege to the city which was captured in January 638 . Qa'qa sought permission for operating deeper into Persian land , i.e. mainland Iran , but caliph Umar did n't approve the proposal and wrote a historic letter to Saad saying : I wish that between the Suwad and the Persian hills there were walls which would prevent them from getting to us , and prevent us from getting to them . The fertile Suwad is sufficient for us ; and I prefer the safety of the Muslims to the spoils of war . Raids of Persians in Mesopotamia ( 638 -- 641 ) ( edit ) By February 638 there was a lull in the fighting on the Persian front . The Suwad , the Tigris valley , and the Euphrates valley were now under the complete control of the Muslims . The Persians had withdrawn to Persia proper , east of the Zagros mountains . The Persians continued raiding Mesopotamia , which remained politically unstable . Nevertheless , it appeared as if this was going to be the dividing line between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanids . In the later part of the year 638 Hormuzan , who commanded one of the Persian corps at the Battle of Qadisiyyah and was one of the seven great chiefs of Persia , intensified his raids in Mesopotamia , Saad according to Umar 's instructions undertook offensive actions against Hormuzan and Utbah ibn Ghazwan aided by Nouman ibn Muqarin attacked Ahvaz and forced Hormuzan to enter into a peace treaty with the Muslims according to which Ahvaz would remain in Hormuzan 's possession and he would rule it as a vassal of the Muslims and would pay tribute . Hormuzan broke the treaty and revolted against the Muslims . Umar sent Abu Musa Ashaari , governor of Busra to deal with Hormuzan . Hormuzan was defeated and sought once again for peace . Umar accepted the offer and Hormuzan was again made vassal of the Muslims .", "16": "This peace also proved short - lived once Hormuzan was reinforced by the fresh Persian troops sent by Emperor Yazdgerd III in late 640 . The troops concentrated at Tuster north of Ahvaz . Umar sent Governor of Kufa , Ammar ibn Yasir , governor of Busra Abu Musa , and Nouman ibn Muqarin towards Tustar where Hormuzan was defeated , captured and sent to Madinah to Caliph Umar , where he apparently converted to Islam . He remained a useful adviser of Umar throughout the campaign of conquest of Persia . He is also considered to be the mastermind behind the assassination of Caliph Umar in 644 . After the victory at Tustar , Abu Musa marched against Susa , a place of military importance , in January 641 , which was captured after a siege of a couple of months . Next Abu Musa marched against Junde Sabur , the only place left of military importance in the Persian province of Khuzistan which surrendered to the Muslims after a siege of a few weeks . Battle of nahavand ( 642 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Nahavand After the conquest of Khuzistan , the Caliph Umar wanted peace . Though considerably weakened , the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated in the minds of the newly - ascendant Arabs , and Umar was wary of unnecessary military engagement with the Iranians . He wanted to leave the rest of Persia to the Iranians . Umar said : I wish there was a mountain of fire between us and the Iranians , so that neither they could get to us , nor we to them . However , the pride of the imperial Persians had been hurt by the conquest of their land by the Arabs . They could not acquiesce in the occupation of their lands by the Arabs . A Sassanid army helmet . After the defeat of the Persian forces at the Battle of Jalula in 637 , Emperor Yazdgerd III went to Rey and from there moved to Merv where he set up his capital . From Merv , he directed his chiefs to conduct continuous raids in Mesopotamia to destabilize the Muslim rule .", "17": "Within the next four years , Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge the Muslims once again for the throne of Mesopotamia . The Emperor sent a call to his people to drive away the Muslims from their lands . In response to the call , hardened veterans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia marched in large numbers to join the imperial standard and marched to Nihawand for the last titanic struggle between the forces of the Caliphate and Sassanid Persia . 100,000 Persian fighters assembled , commanded by Mardan Shah . The Governor of Kufa , Ammar ibn Yasir , received intelligence of the Persian movements and concentration at Nihawand . He reported the matter to Umar . Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his easternmost frontier , he felt compelled to act given the concentration of the Persian army at Nihawand . He believed that as long as Persia proper remained under Sassanid rule , Persian forces would continue raiding Mesopotamia with a view to one day recapturing the region . Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa , and was ordered to march to Nihawand . Governor of Busra Abu Musa , was to march to Nihawand commanding his forces of Busra Nouman ibn Muqarrin marched from Ctesiphon to Nihawand while Umar decided to lead the army concentrated at Madinah in person and command the Muslims at the battle . Umar 's decision to command the army in person was not well received by the members of Majlis al Shura at Madinah . It was suggested that Umar should command the campaign from Madinah , and should appoint an astute military commander to lead the Muslims at Nihawand . Umar appointed Mugheera ibn Shuba as commander of the forces concentrated at Madinah and appointed Nouman ibn Muqarrin as commander in chief of the Muslims at Nihawand . The Muslim army left for Nihawand and first concentrated at Tazar , and then moved to Nihawand and defeated the Persian forces at the Battle of Nihawand in December 642 .", "18": "Nouman died in action , and as per Umar 's instructions Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman became new commander in chief . After the victory at Nihawand , the Muslim army captured the whole district of Hamadan after feeble resistance by the Persians . Conquest of Persia ( 642 -- 651 ) ( edit ) After several years , Caliph Umar adopted a new offensive policy , preparing to launch a full - scale invasion of what remained of the Sassanid Empire . The Battle of Nihawand was one of the most decisive battles in Islamic history and proved to be the key to Persia . After the devastating defeat at Nihawand , the last Sassanid emperor , Yazdegerd III , fled to different parts of Persia to raise a new army , with limited degrees of success , with Umar trying to capture him . Strategic planning for the conquest of Persia ( edit ) Umar decided to strike the Persians immediately after their defeat at Nihawand , when he had gained a psychological advantage over them . Umar had to decide which of the following three to conquer first : Fars in the south , Azerbaijan in the north or Isfahan in the center . Umar chose Isfahan , as it was the heart of the Persian Empire and a conduit for supply and communication lines between Sassanid garrisons in various Persian provinces . In other words , capturing Isfahan would isolate Fars and Azerbaijan from Khurasan . After having captured the heartland of Persia , that is Fars and Isfahan , the next attacks would be simultaneously launched against Azerbaijan , the North Western province , and Sistan , the most eastern province of the Persian Empire . The conquest of those provinces would leave Khorasan , the stronghold of Emperor Yazdegerd III , isolated and vulnerable . In the last phase of this campaign , Khorasan was to be attacked , completing the conquest of Sassanid Persia . The plan was formulated and preparations were completed by January 642 . The success of plan depended upon how effectively Umar would be able to coordinate these attacks from Madinah , about 1500 kilometers from the battlefields in Persia and upon the skills and abilities of his field commanders .", "19": "Umar appointed his best field commanders to conquer the Sassanid Empire and bring down his most formidable foe , Yazdegerd III . The campaign saw a different pattern in command structure . Instead of appointing a single field commander to campaign across the Persian lands , Umar appointed several commanders , each assigned a different mission . Once the mission would end the commander would become an ordinary soldier under the command of the new field commander for the latter 's mission . The purpose of this strategy was to allow commanders to mix in with their soldiers and to remind them that they are like everyone else ; command is only given to those most competent , and once the battle is over , the commander returns to his previous position . In 638 , Caliph Umar dismissed Khalid , who chose not to rebel against the dismissal . In 642 at the eve of the conquest of Persia , Umar , wanting to give a moral boost to his troops , decided to reinstall Khalid as new field commander against Persia . Khalid 's reputation as the conqueror of Eastern Roman provinces demoralized the Persian commanders , most of whom had already been defeated by him during his conquest of Mesopotamia in 633 . Umar wanted a decisive victory early in the campaign to boost the morale of his troops , while demoralizing the Persians . Before Umar could issue orders of reappointment , Khalid , residing in Emesa , died . In various campaigns in Persia , Umar even appointed the commanders of the wings , the center and the cavalry of the army . Umar strictly instructed his commanders to consult him before making any decisive move in Persia . All the commanders , before starting their assigned campaigns , were instructed to send a detailed report of the geography and terrain of the region and the position of the Persian garrisons , forts , cities and troops in it . Umar then would send them a detailed plan of how he wanted this region to be captured . Only the tactical issues were left to the field commanders to be tackled in accordance with the situation they faced at their fronts . Umar appointed the best available and well reputed commanders for the campaign . Conquest of Central Iran ( edit ) The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan The preparation and planning of the conquest of the Persian Empire was completed by early 642 .", "20": "Umar appointed Abdullah ibn Uthman , commander of the Muslim forces , to invade Isfahan . From Nihawand , Nu'man marched to Hamadan , which was already in Muslim hands . Once Hamadan was captured , Nu'man marched 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) southeast against the city Isfahan and defeated an Sasanian army under the command of Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih and other notable Sasanian generals . Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih , along with another Sasanian general was killed during the battle . After his victory at Isfahan , he laid siege to the city ; there the Muslim army was reinforced by fresh troops from Busra and Kufa under the command of Abu Musa Ashaari and Ahnaf ibn Qais . The siege continued for a few months and finally the city surrendered . In 651 , Nu'aym marched northeast to Rey , Iran , about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) from Hamadan , and laid siege to the city , which surrendered after fierce resistance . Nu'aym then marched 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) northeast towards Qom , which was captured without much resistance . This was the outermost boundary of the Isfahan region . Further northeast of it was Khurasan , and southeast of it lay Sistan . Meanwhile , Hamadan and Rey had rebelled . Umar sent Nu'aym ibn Muqaarin , brother of late Nu'man ibn Muqaarin , who was the Muslim commander at Nihawand , to crush the rebellion and to clear the westernmost boundaries of Isfahan . Nu'aymm marched towards Hamadan from Isfahan . A bloody battle was fought and Hamadan was recaptured by the Muslims . Nu'aym next moved to Rey . There too the Persians resisted and were defeated outside the fort , and the city was recaptured by the Muslims . The Persian citizens sought for peace and agreed to pay the Jizya . From Rey , Nu'aym moved north towards Tabaristan , which lay south of the Caspian Sea . The ruler of Tabaristan then signed a peace treaty with the Caliphate .", "21": "Conquest of Fars ( edit ) First Muslim invasion and the successful Sasanian counter-attack ( edit ) The Muslim invasion of Fars began in 638 / 9 , when the Rashidun governor of Bahrain , al - ' Ala ' ibn al - Hadrami , after having defeated some rebellious Arab tribes , seized an island in the Persian Gulf . Although al - ' Ala ' and the rest of the Arabs had been ordered to not invade Fars or its surrounding islands , he and his men continued their raids into the province . Al - ' Ala quickly prepared an army which was divided into three groups , one under al - Jarud ibn Mu'alla , the second under al - Sawwar ibn Hammam and the third under Khulayd ibn al - Mundhir ibn Sawa . When the first group entered Fars , it was quickly defeated and al - Jarud was killed . The same thing soon happened to the second group . However , things proved to be more fortunate with the third group ; Khulayd managed to keep them on bay , but was unable to withdraw back to Bahrain as the Sassanians were blocking his way at the sea . Umar , founding out about al - ' Ala 's invasion of Fars , had him replaced with Sa 'd ibn Abi Waqqas as the governor of Bahrain . Umar then ordered Utbah ibn Ghazwan to send reinforcements to Khulayd . When the reinforcements arrived , Khulayd and some of his men managed successfully to withdraw back to Bahrain , while the rest withdrew to Basra . Second and last Muslim invasion ( edit ) In ca . 643 , Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As seized Bishapur , and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of the city . In 644 , al - ' Ala ' once again attacked Fars from Bahrain , reaching as far as Estakhr , until he was repelled by the governor ( marzban ) of Fars , Shahrag . Some time later , Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As managed to establish a military base at Tawwaj , and shortly defeated and killed Shahrag near Rew - shahr ( however other sources states that it was his brother who did it ) .", "22": "A Persian convert to Islam , Hormoz ibn Hayyan al - ' Abdi , was shortly sent by Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As to attack a fortress known as Senez on the coast of Fars . After the accession of Uthman ibn Affan as the new Rashidun Caliph on 11 November , the inhabitants of Bishapur under the leadership of Shahrag 's brother declared independence , but were defeated . However the date for this revolt mains disputed , as the Persian historian al - Baladhuri states that it occurred in 646 . In 648 , ' Abd - Allah ibn al - ' Ash'ari forced the governor of Estakhr , Mahak , to surrender the city . However , this was not the final conquest of Estakhr , as the inhabitants of the city would later rebel in 649 / 650 while its newly appointed governor , ' Abd - Allah ibn ' Amir was trying to capture Gor . The military governor of the province , ' Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar , was defeated and killed . In 650 / 651 , Yazdegerd went to Estakhr and tried to plan an organized resistance against the Arabs , and after some time he went to Gor , but Estakhr failed to put up a strong resistance , and was soon sacked by the Arabs , who killed over 40,000 defenders . The Arabs then quickly seized Gor , Kazerun and Siraf , while Yazdegerd III fled to Kerman . This ended the Muslim conquest of Pars , although the inhabitants of the province would later rebel several times against the Arabs . Conquest of southeastern Persia ( Kerman and Makran ) ( edit ) Sassanid era horse head found in Kerman The expedition to Kerman was sent roughly at the same time when the expeditions to Sistan and Azerbaijan were sent . Suhail ibn Adi was given command of this expedition . Suhail marched from Busra in 643 ; passing from Shiraz and Persepolis he joined with other Muslim armies and marched against Kerman , which was subdued after a pitched battle with local garrisons . Conquest of Sakastan ( edit ) Map of Sakastan under the Sasanians Already during the reign of Umar , Sakastan suffered from raids by the Arabs .", "23": "However , the first real invasion took place in 650 , when Abd - Allah ibn Amir , after having secured his position in Kerman , sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud to Sakastan . After having crossed the Dasht - i Lut desert , Mujashi ibn Mas'ud arrived to Sakastan . However , he suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat . One year later , Abd - Allah ibn Amir sent an army under Rabi ibn Ziyad Harithi to Sakastan . After some time , he reached Zaliq , a border town between Kirman and Sakastan , where he forced the dehqan of the town to acknowledge Rashidun authority . He then did the same at the fortress of Karkuya , which had a famous fire temple , which is mentioned in the Tarikh - i Sistan . He then continued to seize more land in the province . He thereafter besieged the capital Zrang , and after a heavy battle outside the city , its governor Aparviz surrendered . When Aparviz went to Rabi ibn Ziyad to discuss about the conditions of a treaty , he saw that he was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair . This horrified Aparviz , who in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs , made peace with them in return for a heavy tribute of 1 million dirhams , including 1,000 slave boys ( or girls ) bearing 1,000 golden vessels . Rabi ibn Ziyad was then appointed as the governor of province . 18 months later , Rabi was summoned to Basra , and was replaced by ' Abd al - Rahman ibn Samura as governor . The inhabitants of Sakastan used this opportunity to rebel and defeat the Muslim garrison of Zrang . When ' Abd al - Rahman ibn Samura reached Sakastan , he suppressed the rebellion and defeated the Zunbils of Zabulistan , seizing Bust and a few cities in Zabulistan . Conquest of Azerbaijan ( edit ) Sassanid fortress in Derbent . It fell to the Muslims in 643 . The conquest of Iranian Azerbaijan started in 651 .", "24": "It was part of a simultaneous attack launched against the north , south and east of Persia , after capturing Isfahan and Fars . These coordinated multi-pronged attacks by Caliph Umar paralyzed the whole of what then remained of the Persian Empire . Expeditions were sent against Kerman and Makran in the southeast , against Sistan in the northeast and against Azerbaijan in the northwest . Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander to conquer Azerbaijan . Hudheifa marched from Rey in central Persia to Zanjan , a stronghold of the Persians in the north . Zanjan was a well defended fortified town . The Persians came out of the city and gave battle . Hudheifa defeated the Persian garrison and captured the city , and according to Caliph Umar 's order , the civilians who sought for peace were given peace on the usual terms of the Jizya . From Zanjan , Hudheifa marched to Ardabil which surrendered peacefully and Hudheifa continued his march north along the western coast of the Caspian Sea and captured Bab al - Abwab by force . At this point Hudheifa was recalled by Caliph Umar , with Bukair ibn Abdullah and Utba ibn Farqad succeeding him . They were sent to carry out a two pronged attack against Azerbaijan : Bukair was to march north along the western coast of the Caspian Sea while Uthba was to march directly into the heart of Azerbaijan . On his way north Bukair was halted by a large Persian force under Isfandiyar , the son of Farrukhzad . A pitched battle was fought , after which Isfandiyar was defeated and captured . In return for the safety of his life , he agreed to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and persuade others toward submission to Muslim rule . Uthba ibn Farqad then defeated Bahram , brother of Isfandiyar . He too sought for peace . A pact was drawn according to which Azerbaijan was surrendered to Caliph Umar on usual terms of paying the annual Jizya . The expedition commenced some time in late 651 . Conquest of Armenia ( edit ) View of Tbilisi , which fell to the Rashidun Caliphate in 644 .", "25": "See also : Muslim conquest of Armenia , Persian Armenia , and Marzpanate Armenia Byzantine Armenia was already conquered in 638 -- 639 . Persian Armenia lay north of Azerbaijan . By now , except for Khurasan and Armenia , the whole of the Persian Empire was under Umar 's control and Emperor Yazdegred III was on the run . However , Umar refused to take any chances ; he never perceived the Persians as being weak and weary . The fact that Umar did n't underestimate the Persians is the secret behind the brilliant and speedy conquest of the Persian Empire . Again Umar decided to send simultaneous expeditions to the far north - east and north - west of the Persian Empire . An expedition was sent to Khurasan in late 643 and at the same time an expedition was launched against Armenia . Bukair ibn Abdullah , who had recently subdued Azerbaijan , was assigned a mission to capture Tiflis . From Bab at the western coast of the Caspian Sea , Bukair continued his march north . Umar decided to practice his traditional and successful strategy of multi-pronged attacks . While Bukair was still kilometres away from Tiflis , Umar instructed him to divide his army into three corps . Umar appointed Habib ibn Muslaima to capture Tiflis , Abdulrehman to march north against the mountains and Hudheifa to march against the southern mountains . Habib captured Tiflis and the region up to the eastern coast of the Black Sea . Abdulrehman marched north to the Caucasus Mountains and subdued the tribes . Hudheifa marched south - west to the mountainous region and subdued the local tribes . The advance into Armenia came to an end with the death of Caliph Umar in November 644 . By then almost the whole of the South Caucasus was captured . Conquest of Khorasan ( edit ) Further information : Islamic conquest of Turkestan , Islamic conquest of Afghanistan , and History of Arabs in Afghanistan Khorasan was the second largest province of the Sassanid Empire . It stretched from what is now northeastern Iran , northwestern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan . Its capital was Balkh , in northern Afghanistan . In 651 the mission of conquering Khurasan was assigned to Ahnaf ibn Qais .", "26": "Ahnaf marched from Kufa and took a short and less frequented route via Rey and Nishapur . Rey was already in Muslim hands and Nishapur surrendered without resistance . From Nishapur Ahnaf marched to Herat which is in western Afghanistan . Herat was a fortified town , the Siege of Herat lasted for a few months before surrendering . With the surrender of Herat , the whole of southern Khurasan came under Muslim control . With Herat under his firm control , Ahnaf marched north directly to Merv , in present Turkmenistan . Merv was the capital of Khurasan and here Yazdegred III held his court . On hearing of the Muslim advance , Yazdegred III left for Balkh . No resistance was offered at Merv , and the Muslims occupied the capital of Khurasan without firing a shot . Ahnaf stayed at Merv and waited for reinforcement from Kufa . Meanwhile , Yazdgird had also gathered considerable power at Balkh and also sought alliance with the Khan of Farghana , who personally led the Turkish contingent to help Yazdegred III . Umar ordered that Yazdgird 's allied forces should be weaken by breaking up the alliance with the Turks . Ahnaf successfully broke up the alliance and the Khan of Farghana pulled back his forces realizing that fighting against the Muslims was not a good idea and that it might endanger his own kingdom . Yazdgird 's army was defeated at the Battle of Oxus River and retreated across the Oxus to Transoxiana . Yazdegred III had a narrow escape and fled to China . Balkh was occupied by the Muslims , and with this occupation the Persian war was over . The Muslims had now reached the outermost frontiers of Persia . Beyond that lay the lands of the Turks and still further lay China . The old mighty empire of the Sassanids had ceased to exist . Ahnaf returned to Marv and sent a detail report of operations to Umar , a historic letter Umar was anxiously waiting for , subject of which was the downfall of the Persian Empire , and with which permission was sought to cross the Oxus river and invade Transoxiana . Umar ordered Ahnaf to desist and instead to consolidate his power south of Oxus .", "27": "Persian rebellion and reconquest ( edit ) Caliph Umar was assassinated in November 644 by a Persian slave named Piruz Nahavandi . The assassination is often seen by various historians as a Persian conspiracy against Umar . Hormuzan is said to have masterminded this plot . Caliph Uthman ibn Affan ( 644 -- 656 ) succeeded Umar . During his reign almost the whole of the former Sassanid empire 's territory rebelled from time to time until 651 , until the last Sassanid emperor was assassinated near Merv ending the Sassanid dynasty and Persian resistance to the Muslims . Caliph Uthman therefore had to send several military expeditions to crush the rebellions and recapture Persia and their vassal states . The Empire expanded beyond the borders of the Sassanid Empire in Transoxiana , Baluchistan and the Caucasus . The main rebellion was in the Persian provinces of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Fars , Sistan ( in 649 ) , Khorasan ( 651 ) , and Makran ( 650 ) . End of the Sassanid dynasty ( edit ) Yazdegerd III , after being defeated in several battles , was unable to raise another army and became a hunted fugitive . He kept fleeing from one district to another until a local miller killed him for his purse at Merv in 651 . For many decades to come , this was the easternmost limit of Muslim rule . Persia under Muslim rule ( edit ) Rashidun Empire at its peak under the third Rashidun Caliph , Uthman , in 654 Dominion of the Rashidun Caliphate . See also : Islamization of Iran and Islam in Iran According to Bernard Lewis : Arab Muslims conquests have been variously seen in Iran : by some as a blessing , the advent of the true faith , the end of the age of ignorance and heathenism ; by others as a humiliating national defeat , the conquest and subjugation of the country by foreign invaders . Both perceptions are of course valid , depending on one 's angle of vision ... Iran was indeed Islamized , but it was not Arabized . Persians remained Persians .", "28": "And after an interval of silence , Iran reemerged as a separate , different and distinctive element within Islam , eventually adding a new element even to Islam itself . Culturally , politically , and most remarkable of all even religiously , the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance . The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor , including Arabic poetry , to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution . In a sense , Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself , a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam - i Ajam . It was this Persian Islam , rather than the original Arab Islam , that was brought to new areas and new peoples : to the Turks , first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey , and of course to India . The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna . Administration ( edit ) Under Umar and his immediate successors , the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered . The Arabs initially settled in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates . The new non-Muslim subjects were protected by the state and known as dhimmi ( meaning protected ) , and were to pay a special tax , the jizya ( tribute ) , which was calculated per individual at varying rates , usually two dirhams for able bodied men of military age , in return for their exemption from military services . Women and children were exempted from the jizya . Mass conversions were neither desired nor allowed , at least in the first few centuries of Arab rule Caliph Umar had liberal policies towards dhimmis . These policies were adopted to make the conquered less prone to rise up against their new masters and thus making them more receptive to Arab colonization . Umar is reported to have issued the following instructions about the protected people : Make it easy for him , who can not pay tribute ; help him who is weak , let them keep their titles , but do not give them our kuniyat ( Arabic traditional nicknames or titles ) . Umar 's liberal policies were continued by at least his immediate successors .", "29": "In his dying charge to his successor he is reported to have said : I charge the caliph after me to be kind to the dhimmis , to keep their covenant , to protect them and not to burden them over their strength . Practically the jizya replaced poll taxes imposed by the Sassanids , which tended to be much higher than the jizya . In addition to the jizya the old Sassanid land tax ( Known in Arabic as Kharaj ) was also adopted . Caliph Umar is said to have occasionally set up a commission to survey the taxes in order to check that they would n't be more than the land could bear . It is narrated that Zoroastrians were subjected to humiliation and ridicule when paying the jizya in order to make them feel inferior . For at least under Rashiduns and early Ummayads , the administrative system of the late Sassanid period was largely retained . This was a pyramidal system where each quarter of the state was divided into provinces , the provinces into districts , and the districts into sub-districts . Provinces were called ustan ( Middle Persian ostan ) , the districts shahrs , centered upon a district capital known as shahristan . The subdistricts were called tasok in Middle Persian , which was adopted as tassuj ( plural tasasij ) into Arabic . Religion ( edit ) See also : Islamization of Iran , Persecution of Zoroastrians , and Islamic Missionary Activity After the Muslim conquest of Persia , Zoroastrians were given dhimmi status and subjected to persecutions ; discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence . Zoroastrians were made to pay an extra tax called jizya , failing which they were either killed , enslaved or imprisoned . Those paying jizya were subjected to insults and humiliation by the tax collectors . Zoroastrians who were captured as slaves in wars were given their freedom if they converted to Islam . Muslim leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the Quran to be recited in Persian instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all .", "30": "Islam was readily accepted by Zoroastrians who were employed in industrial and artisan positions because , according to Zoroastrian dogma , such occupations that involved defiling fire made them impure . Moreover , Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians , as there were many similarities between the faiths . According to Thomas Walker Arnold , for the Persian , he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis . In Afghanistan , Islam was spread due to Umayyad missionary efforts particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz . There were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities , along with smaller numbers of Buddhists and other groups . However , there was a slow but steady movement of the population towards Islam . The nobility and city - dwellers were the first to convert . Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans , or landed gentry . By the late 10th century , the majority of the Persians had become Muslim . Until the 15th century , most Persian Muslims were Sunni Muslims , though today Iran is known as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith , recognizing Islam as their religion and the prophet 's son in law , Ali as an enduring symbol of justice . According to Amoretti in Cambridge History of Islam , the Arab conquerors brought with them a new religion and a new language , but they did not use force to spread it . While giving freedom of choice , however , the Arab conquerors designated privileges for those who converted . Language of Persia ( edit ) During the Rashidun Caliphate , the official language of Persia ( including Mesopotamia ) remained Middle Persian ( Pahlavi ) , just as the official languages of Syria and Egypt remained Greek and Coptic . However , during the Ummayad Caliphate , the Ummayads imposed Arabic as the primary language of their subjected people throughout their empire , displacing their indigenous languages . Particularly , Al - Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ( 661 - 714 ) officially changed the administrative language of Iraq from Middle Persian ( Pahlavi ) to Arabic . Although an area from Iraq to Morocco speaks Arabic - based dialects to this day , Middle Persian proved to be much more enduring .", "31": "Most of its structure and vocabulary survived , evolving into the New Persian . However , Persian did incorporate a certain amount of Arabic vocabulary , especially words pertaining to religion , and it switched from the Pahlavi scripts to a modified version of the Arabic alphabet . Today Persian is spoken officially in Iran , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan . Urbanisation ( edit ) The Arab conquest of Persia led to a period of extreme urbanisation in Iran , starting with the ascension of the Abbasid dynasty and ending in the 11th century CE . This was particularly true for the eastern parts of the country , for regions like Khorasan and Transoxiana . During this period , Iran saw the development of massive metropolises , some reaching population numbers of up to 200,000 people . Before this period , the important Persian cities had been situated outside of Persia proper , especially in Mesopotamia . This period of extreme urbanisation was followed in the 11th century by a collapse of the Iranian economy , which led to large scale emigrations of Iranians into Central Asia , India , the rest of the Middle East , and Anatolia . This catastrophe has been cited by some as reason for the Persian language becoming widespread throughout Central Asia and large parts of the Middle East . See also ( edit ) Book : Muslim conquests Islamization of Iran Arab rule in Georgia Emirate of Tbilisi Arab - Byzantine Wars History of Arabs in Afghanistan History of Iran Military history of Iran Fall of Sassanid dynasty Muslim conquests Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Spread of Islam Islam in Iran References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pourshariati ( 2008 ) , pp. 469 Jump up ^ `` ʿARAB ii . Arab conquest of Iran '' . iranicaonline.org . ^ Jump up to : The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 1 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Between Memory and Desire '' . google.nl . Jump up ^ Milani A. 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Paris : UNESCO Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103211 - 9 A.K.S. , Lambton ( 1999 ) . `` FĀRS iii . History in the Islamic Period '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol . IX , Fasc. 4 . pp. 337 -- 341 . Daryaee , Touraj . `` Collapse of Sasanian Power in Fars '' . Fullerton , California : California State University . pp. 3 -- 18 https://www.academia.edu/956827/Collapse_of_Sasanian_Power_in_Fars . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) History of Iran : Islamic Conquest from the Iran Chamber Society . The Arab conquests at History World . 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1225 ) Ilkhanate ( 1256 -- 1335 ) Kurt dynasty ( 1231 -- 1389 ) Muzaffarid dynasty ( 1314 -- 1393 ) Chobanid dynasty ( 1337 -- 1357 ) Jalairid Sultanate dynasty ( 1339 -- 1432", "42": ") 1370 -- 1925 Timurid Empire ( 1370 -- 1507 ) Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans ( 1375 -- 1468 ) Ag Qoyunlu Turcomans ( 1378 -- 1508 ) Safavid Empire ( 1501 -- 1722 / 1736 ) Afsharid dynasty ( 1736 -- 50 ) Zand Dynasty ( 1750 -- 94 ) Qajar Dynasty ( 1794 -- 1925 ) Khanates of the Caucasus ( 18th century -- 20th century ) Modern 1925 -- 1979 Pahlavi dynasty ( 1925 -- 1979 ) Iran Constituent Assembly , 1949 1953 coup d'état Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) Interim Government Islamic Republic History ( 1979 -- ) Arab separatism in Khuzestan Embassy siege ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 88 ) Iranian pilgrim massacre ( 1987 ) Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown ( 1988 ) PJAK insurgency Balochistan conflict Syrian Civil War Military intervention against ISIL See also Ancient Iran Greater Iran Iranic peoples ( languages ) Kura -- Araxes culture Jiroft culture Aryans Persian people Azerbaijanis Caucasian peoples Kings of Persia Heads of state Cities Military history History of democracy List of years in Iran Geography Cities ( list ) Earthquakes Iranian Azerbaijan Iranian Balochistan Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests Caucasus Iranian Kurdistan Iranian Plateau Lake Urmia Islands Mountains Provinces Wildlife", "43": "Politics General Censorship Constitution ( Persian Constitutional Revolution ) Elections ( 2009 presidential Green Revolution ) Foreign relations Human rights ( LGBT ) Judicial system Military ( Army Air Force Navy ) Ministry of Intelligence and National Security Cyberwarfare Nuclear program ( UN Security Council Resolution 1747 ) Political parties Principlists Propaganda Reformists Terrorism ( state - 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4492088526674104172	why does kerosene oil rise up in the wick of lantern	[ "capillary action" ]	{ "0": "Kerosene lamp - wikipedia Kerosene lamp Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swiss flat - wick kerosene lamp . The knob protruding to the right adjusts the wick , and hence the flame size . A kerosene lamp ( usually called a paraffin lamp in some countries ) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene ( paraffin ) as a fuel . Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source , protected by a glass chimney or globe ; lamps may be used on a table , or hand - held lanterns may be used for portable lighting . Like oil lamps , they are useful for lighting without electricity , such as in regions without rural electrification , in electrified areas during power outages , at campsites , and on boats . There are three types of kerosene lamp : flat - wick , central - draught ( tubular round wick ) , and mantle lamp . Kerosene lanterns meant for portable use have a flat wick and are made in dead - flame , hot - blast , and cold - blast variants . Pressurized kerosene lamps have a gas generator and gas mantle ; these are known as Petromax , Tilley lamps , or Coleman lamps , among other manufacturers . They produce more light per unit of fuel than wick - type lamps , but are more complex and expensive in construction and more complex to operate . A hand - pump pressurizes air , which forces liquid fuel from a reservoir into a gas generator . Vapor from the gas generator burns , heating a mantle to incandescence and also providing heat to the gas generator . The first description of a simple lamp using crude mineral oil was provided by Persian alchemist al - Razi ( Rhazes ) in 9th century Baghdad , who referred to it as the `` naffatah '' in his Kitab al - Asrar ( Book of Secrets ) . In 1846 Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a substitute for whale oil for lighting , distilled from coal . Later made from petroleum , kerosene became a popular lighting fuel .", "1": "Modern versions of the kerosene lamp were later constructed by the Polish inventor Ignacy Łukasiewicz in 1853 in Lviv . Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Africa and Asia , where electricity is not distributed or is too costly . Kerosene lamps consume an estimated 77 billion litres of fuel per year , equivalent to 1.3 million barrels of oil per day , comparable to annual U.S. jet - fuel consumption of 76 billion litres per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Flat - wick lamp 1.2 Central - draft ( tubular round wick ) lamp 1.3 Mantle lamp 1.4 Kerosene lantern 2 Fuels 3 Performance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types ( edit ) Flat - wick lamp ( edit ) NZR lamp on the Weka Pass Railway A flat - wick lamp is a simple type of kerosene lamp , which burns kerosene drawn up through a wick by capillary action . If this type of lamp is broken , it can easily start a fire . A flat - wick lamp has a fuel tank ( fount ) , with the lamp burner attached . Attached to the fuel tank , four prongs hold the glass chimney , which acts to prevent the flame from being blown out and enhances a thermally induced draft . The glass chimney needs a `` throat '' , or slight constriction , to create the proper draft for complete combustion of the fuel ; the draft carries more air ( oxygen ) past the flame , helping to produce a smokeless light , which is brighter than an open flame would produce . The lamp burner has a flat wick , usually made of cotton . The lower part of the wick dips into the fount and absorbs the kerosene ; the top part of the wick extends out of the wick tube of the lamp burner , which includes a wick - adjustment mechanism . Adjusting how much of the wick extends above the wick tube controls the flame . The wick tube surrounds the wick and ensures that the correct amount of air reaches the lamp burner .", "2": "Adjustment is usually done by means of a small knob operating a cric , which is a toothed metal sprocket bearing against the wick . If the wick is too high , and extends beyond the burner cone at the top of the wick tube , the lamp will produce smoke and soot ( unburned carbon ) . When the lamp is lit , the kerosene that the wick has absorbed burns and produces a clear , bright , yellow flame . As the kerosene burns , capillary action in the wick draws more kerosene up from the fuel tank . All kerosene flat - wick lamps use the dead - flame burner design , where the flame is fed cold air from below , and hot air exits above . This type of lamp was very widely used by railways , both on the front and rear of trains and for hand signals , due to its reliability . At a time when there were few competing light sources at night outside major towns , the limited brightness of these lamps was adequate and could be seen at sufficient distance to serve as a warning or signal . Central - draft ( tubular round wick ) lamp ( edit ) Main article : Argand lamp `` Central - draught '' tubular - wick kerosene lamp A central - draught lamp , or Argand lamp , works in the same manner as the flat - wick lamp . The burner is equipped with a tall glass chimney , of around 12 inches ( 300 mm ) tall or taller , to provide the powerful draft this lamp requires to burn properly . The burner uses a wick , usually made of cotton , that is made of a wide , flat wick rolled into a tube , the seam of which is then stitched together to form the complete wick . The tubular wick is then mounted into a `` carrier '' , which is some form of a toothed rack that engages into the gears of the wick - raising mechanism of the burner and allows the wick to be raised and lowered . The wick rides in between the inner and outer wick tubes ; the inner wick tube ( central draft tube ) provides the `` central draft '' or draft that supplies air to the flame spreader . When the lamp is lit , the central draft tube supplies air to the flame spreader that spreads out the flame into a ring of fire and allows the lamp to burn cleanly .", "3": "Mantle lamp ( edit ) Main article : Gas mantle A 85 mm Chance Brothers Incandescent Petroleum Vapour Installation , which produced the light for the Sumburgh Head lighthouse until 1976 . The lamp ( made around 1914 ) burned vaporized kerosene ( paraffin ) ; the vaporizer was heated by a denatured alcohol ( methylated spirit ) burner to light . When lit , some of the vaporised fuel was diverted to a Bunsen burner to keep the vaporizer warm and the fuel in vapor form . The fuel was forced up to the lamp by air ; the keepers had to pump the air container up every hour or so . This in turn pressurized the paraffin container to force the fuel to the lamp . The `` white sock '' is in fact an unburnt mantle , on which the vapor burned . A variation on the `` central - draught '' lamp is the mantle lamp . The mantle is a roughly pear - shaped mesh made of fabric placed over the burner . The mantle typically contains thorium or other rare - earth salts ; on first use the cloth burns away , and the rare - earth salts are converted to oxides , leaving a very fragile structure , which incandesces ( glows brightly ) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame . Mantle lamps are considerably brighter than flat - or round - wick lamps , produce a whiter light and generate more heat . Mantle lamps typically use fuel faster than a flat - wick lamp , but slower than a center - draught round - wick , as they depend on a small flame heating a mantle , rather than having all the light coming from the flame itself . Mantle lamps are nearly always bright enough to benefit from a lampshade , and a few mantle lamps may be enough to heat a small building in cold weather . Mantle lamps , because of the higher temperature at which they operate , do not produce much odor , except when first lit or extinguished . Like flat - and round - wick lamps , they can be adjusted for brightness ; however , caution must be used , because if set too high , the lamp chimney and the mantle can become covered with black areas of soot .", "4": "A lamp set too high will burn off its soot harmlessly if quickly turned down , but if not caught soon enough , the soot itself can ignite , and a `` runaway lamp '' condition can result . One popular model of mantle lamp uses only a wick and is unpressurized . Pressurized mantle lamps contain a gas generator and require preheating the generator before lighting . An air pump is used to deliver fuel under pressure to the gas generator . Large fixed pressurized kerosene mantle lamps were used in lighthouse beacons for navigation of ships , brighter and with lower fuel consumption than oil lamps used before . Kerosene lantern ( edit ) Dead - flame Hot - blast Cold - blast A kerosene lantern , also known as a `` barn lantern '' or `` hurricane lantern '' , is a flat - wick lamp made for portable and outdoor use . They are made of soldered or crimped - together sheet - metal stampings , with tin - plated sheet steel being the most common material , followed by brass and copper . There are three types : dead - flame , hot - blast , and cold - blast . Both hot - blast and cold - blast designs are called tubular lanterns and are safer than dead - flame lamps , as tipping over a tubular lantern cuts off the oxygen flow to the burner and will extinguish the flame within seconds . The earliest portable kerosene `` glass globe '' lanterns , of the 1850s and 1860s , were of the dead - flame type , meaning that it had an open wick , but the airflow to the flame was strictly controlled in an upward motion by a combination of vents at the bottom of the burner and an open topped chimney . This had the effect of removing side - to - side drafts and thus significantly reducing or even eliminating the flickering that can occur with an exposed flame . Later lanterns , such as the hot - blast and cold - blast lanterns , took this airflow control even further by partially enclosing the wick in a `` deflector '' or `` burner cone '' and channeling the airflow through that restricted area , creating a brighter and even more stable flame . The hot - blast design , also known as a `` tubular lantern '' due to the metal tubes used in its construction , was invented by John Irwin and patented on January 12 , 1868 .", "5": "The hot - blast design collected hot air from above the globe and fed it through metal side tubes to the burner , to make the flame burn brighter . The cold - blast design is similar to the hot - blast , except that cold fresh air is drawn in from around the top of the globe and is then fed though the metal side tubes to the flame , making it burn brighter . This design produces a brighter light than the hot - blast design , because the fresh air that is fed to the flame has plenty of oxygen to support the combustion process . Fuels ( edit ) Generic lamp oil is available clear or in a choice of several colors and in scented and unscented forms . Although more expensive , lamp oil is highly refined and burns more cleanly and with less odor than kerosene . `` Lamp oil '' must not be liquid paraffin . `` Water - clear '' K - 1 kerosene is the next grade of preferred fuel for kerosene wick lamps . In some locations `` red kerosene '' is sold , which is dyed red and is slightly less expensive than K - 1 kerosene , as no motor - fuel taxes are collected on it . Red kerosene is not recommended because the dye will gradually clog the lantern wick , causing odor and reduced performance . `` Klean - Heat '' brand is another highly refined , cleaner - burning , nicer - smelling kerosene substitute sold at many hardware stores during winter . Citronella - scented lamp oil containing lemongrass oil is sold for its insect repellent properties . Citronella fuels should only be used outdoors . Liquid paraffin - based `` lamp oil '' should only be used in round - wick lamps with a wick diameter of less than ⁄ inch ( 16 mm ) . Used in larger wicks , this fuel causes the wicks to clog . Flat - wick kerosene lamps should only be operated with kerosene , lamp oil or Klean - Heat , but alternative fuels can be used in an emergency . Such fuels may produce additional smoke and odor and may not be usable indoors . Tractor vaporizing oil is made from kerosene with some additive to make a motor fuel for tractors . No.", "6": "1 diesel fuel ( also called winter diesel ) is about the same as kerosene but with the additives to make it a motor fuel . Jet A jet - engine fuel is essentially kerosene with a few additives . RP - 1 ( Rocket Propellant - 1 ) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel , used as rocket fuel . Round - wick center - draft lamps must only burn either Klean - Heat or low - odor mineral spirits . Any liquid with a low flash point presents a high risk of fire or explosion if used in a kerosene wick lamp . Such liquids are dangerous and should not be used in a kerosene lamp or lantern . Examples include : charcoal lighter fluid , gasoline ( petrol ) , naphtha , white gas or Coleman fuel , mineral spirits , paint thinner , white spirit ( Stoddard solvent ) , other hydrocarbon solvents such as turpentine , benzene , xylene , toluene , acetone , camphene , lacquer thinner , denatured alcohol . Contamination of lamp fuel with even a small amount of gasoline results in a lower flash point and higher vapor pressure for the fuel , with potentially dangerous consequences . Vapors from spilled fuel may ignite ; vapor trapped above liquid fuel may lead to excess pressure and fires . Kerosene lamps are still extensively used in areas without electrical lighting ; the cost and dangers of combustion lighting are a continuing concern in many countries . Performance ( edit ) Flat - wick lamps have the lowest light output , center - draft round - wick lamps have 3 -- 4 times the output of flat - wick lamps , and pressurized lamps have higher output yet ; the range is from 8 to 100 lumens . A kerosene lamp producing 37 lumens for 4 hours per day consumes about 3 litres of kerosene per month .", "7": "Oil lamp output in candlepower ( CP ) , lumens and incandescent electric watts equivalent Flat - wick width Candlepower Lumens Watts 3 / 8 '' 50 3.3 1 / 2 '' 7 88 5.9 5 / 8 '' 9 113 7.5 3 / 4 '' 10 125 8.3 7 / 8 `` -- 1 '' 12 151 10.1 1 - 1 / 2 '' 20 251 16.7 2 × 1 `` , 1 - 1 / 16 '' , 1 - 1 / 8 '' 30 377 25 2 × 1 - 1 / 2 '' 50 628.5 42 1 - 1 / 4 '' round `` Dressel Belgian '' 67 842 56 1 - 1 / 2 '' round `` Rayo '' 80 1000 66.6 2 - 1 / 2 '' round `` Firelight '' or `` store '' lamp 300 3771 251 12.57 lumens = 1 CP Lumen - to - watt calculator : http://www.rapidtables.com/calc/light/lumen-to-watt-calculator.htm See also ( edit ) Candles List of light sources Robert Edwin Newbery Safe bottle lamp References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zayn Bilkadi ( University of California , Berkeley ) , `` The Oil Weapons '' , Saudi Aramco World , January -- February 1995 , pp. 20 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Bolay , Alexandre Schmid , Gabriela Tejada Technologies and Innovations for Development : Scientific Cooperation for a Sustainable Future , Springer , 2012 ISBN 2 - 8178 - 0267 - 5 page 308 . Jump up ^ ^ Energy Information Administration . `` U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products '' . Jump up ^ Dennis L. Noble Lighthouses & Keepers : The U.S.", "8": "Lighthouse Service and Its Legacy , Naval Institute Press , 2004 ISBN 1 - 59114 - 626 - 7 , page 34 . Jump up ^ `` Tubular Oil Lanterns -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . W.T. Kirkman Lanterns , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www2.galcit.caltech.edu/EDL/publications/reprints/KeroseneLampCookstove.pdf Joseph E. Shepherd , Frank A. Perez , Kerosene Lamps and Cookstoves -- the Hazards of Gasoline Contamination 2007 retrieved 2012 Feb 12 . Jump up ^ Narasimha Desirazu Rao Distributional Impacts of Energy Policies in India : Implications for Equity Stanford University , 2011 page 36 . Jump up ^ `` Lumens to watts ( W ) conversion calculator '' . www.rapidtables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kerosene lamps . International Guild of Lamp Researchers Making and Repairing Kerosene Lamps Information concerning kerosene burners ( German ) by Gerhard Bruder Oil Lamp Basics for Survivalists Information on Dietz Kerosene Lamps and Lanterns How to Assemble a Kerosene Lamp - Antique Lamp Supply Information on blinking kerosene lamps ( hide ) Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent", "9": "Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting", "10": "Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerosene_lamp&oldid=805811824 '' Categories : Austrian inventions History of the petroleum industry Fireplaces Polish inventions Rural society Types of lamp Iranian inventions Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 19 : 55 . 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-4373262132142058334	mention the chemical change that proinsulin undergo to be able to act as mature insulin	[ "post translational modification" ]	{ "0": "Proinsulin - wikipedia Proinsulin Jump to : navigation , search insulin Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway . Production and secretion are largely independent ; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion . Both C - peptide and mature insulin are biologically active . Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale . Identifiers Symbol INS Entrez 3630 HUGO 6081 OMIM 176730 RefSeq NM_000207 UniProt P01308 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p15. 5 Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans , specialized regions of the pancreas . In humans , proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene . The islets of Langerhans only secrete between 1 % and 3 % of proinsulin intact . However , because proinsulin has a longer half life than insulin , it can account for anywhere from 5 -- 30 % of the insulin - like structures circulating in the blood . There are higher concentrations of proinsulin after meals and lower levels when a person is fasting . Additionally , while proinsulin and insulin have structural differences , proinsulin does demonstrate some affinity for the insulin receptor . Due to the relative similarities in structure , proinsulin can produce between 5 % and 10 % of the metabolic activity similarly induced by insulin . Proinsulin is the final single chain protein structure secreted by cells before cleavage into mature insulin . Proinsulin was discovered by Professor Donald F. Steiner of the University of Chicago in 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Synthesis and Post-translational Modification 3 Immunogenicity 4 Medical Relevance 4.1 Diabetes Mellitus 4.2 Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) Proinsulin is made up of 81 residues and formed by three distinct chains . The A chain , B , chain , and the area connecting the two named the C peptide .", "1": "The correct structure of proinsulin is crucial for the correct folding of mature insulin , as the placement of the C peptide sets the molecule up to create correctly positioned disulfide bonds in and between the A and B chains . There are three disulfide bonds that are necessary for mature insulin to be the correct structure . Two of these disulfide bonds are between the A and B chains , and one is an intra-A chain bond . The disulfide bonds occur between the seventh residues of the A and B chain , the 19th residue of the A chain and the 20th residue of the B chain , and the 6th and 11th residues of the A chain . The C peptide is between the A and B chains of proinsulin . The connection between the A chain and C peptide is much more stable than the junction between the C peptide and B chain , with alpha helical features being exhibited near the C peptide - A chain connection . The C peptide - A chain junction occurs between residues 64 and 65 of proinsulin . These are lysine and arginine molecules , respectively . The C peptide - B chain connection is between two arginine residues at positions 31 and 32 of proinsulin . There is conservation of much of the structure of proinsulin among mammalian species , with much of the residue changes seen from one species to another present in the C peptide . That said , the residues of the C peptide that are conserved across species interact with similarly conserved residues on the A and B chains . Thus , it is hypothesized that these conserved residues are important for the functionality of mature insulin . Synthesis and posttranslational modification ( edit ) Proinsulin is synthesized on membrane associated ribosomes found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum , where it is folded and its disulfide bonds are oxidized . It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is packaged into secretory vesicles , and where it is processed by a series of proteases to form mature insulin . Mature insulin has 35 fewer amino acids ; 4 are removed altogether , and the remaining 31 form the C - peptide . The C - peptide is abstracted from the center of the proinsulin sequence ; the two other ends ( the B chain and A chain ) remain connected by disulfide bonds .", "2": "The post translational modification of proinsulin to mature insulin only occurs in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans . When proinsulin is transported through the Golgi apparatus the C - peptide is cleaved . This cleavage occurs with the aid of two endoproteases . Type I endoproteases , PC1 and PC3 , disrupt the C peptide - B chain connection . PC2 , a type II endoprotease , cleaves the C peptide - A chain bond . The resulting molecule , now mature insulin , is stored as a hexamer in secretory vesicles and is stabilized with Z n 2 + ( \\ displaystyle Zn ^ ( 2 + ) ) molecules until it is secreted . Immunogenicity ( edit ) When insulin was originally purified from bovine or porcine pancreata , all the proinsulin was not fully removed . When some people used these insulins , the proinsulin may have caused the body to react with a rash , to resist the insulin , or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin was injected . This can be described as an iatrogenic injury due to slight differences between the proinsulin of different species . Since the late 1970s , when highly purified porcine insulin was introduced , and the level of insulin purity reached 99 % , this ceased to be a significant clinical issue . It should also be noted that in respect of their influence on insulin pharmacokinetics , moderate concentrations of certain insulin antibodies may , in fact , be of positive advantage to all diabetics without endogenous insulin secretion ( e.g. people with type 1 diabetes ) because insulin binding antibodies effectively increase the insulin 's clearance rate and distribution space and therefore helps to prolong its pharmacological and biological half lives . Medical relevance ( edit ) Historically , the focus of many insulin related metabolic diseases has focused on mature insulin . However , in recent years the importance of studying the structure and function of proinsulin in relation to these diseases has become increasingly clear . Diabetes mellitus ( edit ) Increased levels of proinsulin in the circulatory system relative to mature insulin concentrations can indicate impending insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes .", "3": "Additional problems with proinsulin that can lead to diabetes include mutations in the number of cysteines present , which could affect correct folding . If the mutation causes only a mild change it could simply stress the endoplasmic reticulum 's ability to properly fold the protein . This stress , after a while , would lead to a decrease in the number of β - cells producing mature insulin , and would then lead to diabetes mellitus . Neonatal diabetes mellitus ( edit ) Postnatal proinsulin is crucial for metabolic regulation . However , proinsulin in neonates is important for normal development of the nerves of the eye , development of the heart , and general survival of embryonic cells . Regulation of the concentration of proinsulin during embryonic development is crucial , as too much or too little of the peptide can cause defects and death of the fetus . Thus far in the study of neonatal diabetes mellitus , only amino acid change mutations found in the B domain lead to the disease . See also ( edit ) insulin preproinsulin signal peptide signal peptide peptidase proprotein convertase 1 ( PC1 ) proprotein convertase 2 ( PC2 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Entrez Gene : INS insulin '' . Jump up ^ Bell GI , Pictet RL , Rutter WJ , Cordell B , Tischer E , Goodman HM ( March 1980 ) . `` Sequence of the human insulin gene '' . Nature . 284 ( 5751 ) : 26 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / 284026a0 . PMID 6243748 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interpretation for 80908 Proinsulin , Plasma '' . www.mayomedicallaboratories.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hernandez - Sanchez , Catalina ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Autocrine / paracrine role of insulin - related growth factors in neurogenesis : Local expression and effects on cell proliferation and differentiation in retina '' . Physiology. 92 : 9834 -- 9838 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.21. 9834 -- via PNAS .", "4": "CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Philipson , Louis ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Donald F. Steiner MD , 1930 -- 2014 : Discoverer of proinsulin '' ( PDF ) . Retrospective. 112 : 940 -- 941 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1423774112 -- via PNAS . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Nolan , Chris ; Margoliash , E. ; Peterson , James D. ; Steiner , Donald F. ( 1971 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The Structure of Bovine Proinsulin '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 246 ( 9 ) : 2780 -- 2795 . ISSN 0021 - 9258 . PMID 4928892 . ^ Jump up to : Snell , C.R. ; Smyth , D.G. ( 1975 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Proinsulin : a proposed three - dimensional structure '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 250 ( 16 ) : 6291 -- 6295 . ISSN 0021 - 9258 . PMID 808541 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Michael A. ( 2009 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Proinsulin and the Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 284 ( 29 ) : 19159 -- 19163 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R109. 009936 . ISSN 0021 - 9258 . PMC 2740536 . PMID 19395706 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Yanwu ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Solution Structure of Proinsulin : Connecting domain flexibility and prohormone processing '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 : 7847 -- 7851 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. c109. 084921 -- via JBC . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al.", "5": "( link ) Jump up ^ Bell , G.I. ; et al. ( 1980 ) . `` Sequence of the human insulin gene '' . Nature . 284 : 26 . doi : 10.1038 / 284026a0 . PMID 6243748 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Groskreutz , Debyra ( 1993 ) . `` Genetically Engineered Proinsulin Constitutively Processed and Secreted as Mature , Active Insulin '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 8 : 6241 -- 6245 -- via JBC . ^ Jump up to : Kaufmann , Jocelyn ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Sequence requirements for proinsulin processing at the B - chain / C - peptide junction '' ( PDF ) . Biochemistry . 310 : 869 -- 874 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100869 . PMC 1135976 . PMID 7575420 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Wilson RM , Douglas CA , Tattersall RB , Reeves WG ( September 1985 ) . `` Immunogenicity of highly purified bovine insulin : a comparison with conventional bovine and highly purified human insulins '' . Diabetologia. 28 ( 9 ) : 667 -- 70 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00291973 . PMID 3905477 . Jump up ^ Tanyolac S , Goldfine ID , Kroon L. `` Insulin Pharmacology , Type of Regimens and Adjustments '' . Endotext.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Home PD , Alberti KG ( November 1982 ) . `` The new insulins . Their characteristics and clinical indications '' . Drugs . 24 ( 5 ) : 401 -- 13 . doi : 10.2165 / 00003495 - 198224050 - 00003 . PMID 6756879 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Gray RS , Cowan P , di Mario U , Elton RA , Clarke BF , Duncan LJ ( June 1985 ) . `` Influence of insulin antibodies on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of recombinant human and highly purified beef insulins in insulin dependent diabetics '' . Br Med J ( Clin Res Ed ) . 290 ( 6483 ) : 1687 -- 91 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 290.6483. 1687 . PMC 1416075 . PMID 3924216 . Jump up ^ Mykkänen , Leena ; Haffner , Steven M. ; Hales , C. Nick ; Rönnemaa , Tapani ; Laakso , Markku ( 1997 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The Relation of Proinsulin , Insulin , and Proinsulin - to - Insulin Ratio to Insulin Sensitivity and Acute Insulin Response in Normoglycemic Subjects '' . Diabetes. 46 ( 12 ) : 1990 -- 1995 . doi : 10.2337 / diab. 46.12. 1990 . ISSN 0012 - 1797 . PMID 9392485 . ^ Jump up to : Hernández - Sánchez , C. ; Mansilla , A. ; de la Rosa , E.J. ; de Pablo , F. ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Proinsulin in development : New roles for an ancient prohormone '' . Diabetologia. 49 ( 6 ) : 1142 -- 1150 . doi : 10.1007 / s00125 - 006 - 0232 - 5 . ISSN 0012 - 186X . PMID 16596360 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proinsulin&oldid=830182359 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 11 Peptides Diabetes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al .", "7": "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 07 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5298560410953979569	where does the sweetness of fruit come from	[ "Fructose", "Fructose", "Fructose", "Fructose", "Fructose, or fruit sugar" ]	{ "0": "Fructose - wikipedia Fructose Jump to : navigation , search D - Fructose D - Fructofuranose D - Fructose ( open - chain form ) Haworth projection of β - D - Fructofuranose Ball - and - stick model of D - fructose Names IUPAC name ( 3S , 4R , 5R ) - 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 - Pentahydroxyhexan - 2 - one Other names Fruit sugar , levulose , D - fructofuranose , D - fructose , D - arabino - hexulose Identifiers CAS Number 57 - 48 - 7 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 28645 ChEMBL ChEMBL604608 ChemSpider 388775 ECHA InfoCard 100.000.", "1": "303 EC Number 200 - 333 - 3 KEGG C02336 PubChem CID 5984 UNII 6YSS42VSEV InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C6H12O6 / c7 - 1 - 3 - 4 ( 9 ) 5 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 , 2 - 8 ) 12 - 3 / h3 - 5 , 7 - 11H , 1 - 2H2 / t3 - , 4 - , 5 + , 6 - / m1 / s1 Key : RFSUNEUAIZKAJO - ARQDHWQXSA - N SMILES ( show ) O ( C@H ) 1 ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) ( O ( C @ ) 1 ( O ) CO ) CO Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 180.16 g mol Density 1.694 g / cm Melting point 103 ° C ( 217 ° F ; 376 K ) Solubility in water ~ 4000 g / L ( 25 ° C ) Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 102.60 × 10 cm / mol Pharmacology ATC code V06DC02 ( WHO ) Hazards Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 15000 mg / kg ( intravenous , rabbit ) Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Fructose , or fruit sugar , is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants , where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose . It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides , along with glucose and galactose , that are absorbed directly into blood during digestion . Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin - Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847 .", "2": "The name `` fructose '' was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller . Pure , dry fructose is a sweet , white , odorless , crystalline solid , and is the most water - soluble of all the sugars . Fructose is found in honey , tree and vine fruits , flowers , berries , and most root vegetables . Commercially , fructose is derived from sugar cane , sugar beets , and maize . Crystalline fructose is the monosaccharide , dried , ground , and of high purity . High - fructose corn syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides . Sucrose is a compound with one molecule of glucose covalently linked to one molecule of fructose . All forms of fructose , including fruits and juices , are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement , and for browning of some foods , such as baked goods . About 240,000 tonnes of crystalline fructose are produced annually . As for any sugar , excessive consumption of fructose may contribute to insulin resistance , obesity , elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides , leading to metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease . The European Food Safety Authority stated that fructose is preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar - sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels , and also noted that `` high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia , insulin resistance , and increased visceral adiposity '' . Further , the UK 's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of fructose causing metabolic disorders , stating that `` there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that fructose intake leads to adverse health outcomes independent of any effects related to its presence as a component of total and free sugars . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Chemical properties 2.1 Reactions 2.1. 1 Fructose and fermentation 2.1. 2 Fructose and Maillard reaction 2.1.", "3": "3 Dehydration 3 Physical and functional properties 3.1 Sweetness of fructose 3.2 Fructose solubility and crystallization 3.3 Fructose hygroscopicity and humectancy 3.4 Freezing point 3.5 Fructose and starch functionality in food systems 4 Food sources 4.1 Carbohydrate content of commercial sweeteners ( percent on dry basis ) 4.2 Nutritional information 5 Fructose digestion and absorption in humans 5.1 Capacity and rate of absorption 5.2 Malabsorption 6 Fructose metabolism 6.1 Fructolysis 6.2 Metabolism of fructose to DHAP and glyceraldehyde 6.3 Synthesis of glycogen from DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate 6.4 Synthesis of triglyceride from DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate 7 Potential health effects 7.1 Weight gain 7.2 Cardiometabolic diseases 7.3 Compared with sucrose 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` fructose '' was coined in 1857 from the Latin for fructus ( fruit ) and the generic chemical suffix for sugars , - ose . It is also called fruit sugar and levulose . Chemical properties ( edit ) Figure 1 : Relationship between the acyclic and the cyclic ( hemiketal ) isomers of fructose D - and L - isomers of fructose ( open - chain form ) Fructose is a 6 - carbon polyhydroxyketone . Crystalline fructose adopts a cyclic six - membered structure owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen - bonding . This form is formally called D - fructopyranose . In solution , fructose exists as an equilibrium mixture of 70 % fructo pyranose and about 22 % fructo furanose , as well as small amounts of three other forms , including the acyclic structure . Reactions ( edit ) Fructose and fermentation ( edit ) Fructose may be anaerobically fermented by yeast or bacteria .", "4": "Yeast enzymes convert sugar ( glucose , or fructose ) to ethanol and carbon dioxide . The carbon dioxide released during fermentation will remain dissolved in water , where it will reach equilibrium with carbonic acid , unless the fermentation chamber is left open to the air . The dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid produce the carbonation in bottled fermented beverages . Fructose and Maillard reaction ( edit ) Fructose undergoes the Maillard reaction , non-enzymatic browning , with amino acids . Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open - chain form than does glucose , the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occur more rapidly than with glucose . Therefore , fructose has potential to contribute to changes in food palatability , as well as other nutritional effects , such as excessive browning , volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation , and formation of mutagenic compounds . Dehydration ( edit ) Fructose readily dehydrates to give hydroxymethylfurfural ( `` HMF '' ) . This process , in the future , may become part of a low - cost , carbon - neutral system to produce replacements for petrol and diesel from plants . Physical and functional properties ( edit ) Sweetness of fructose ( edit ) See also : Sweetness § Examples of sweet substances The primary reason that fructose is used commercially in foods and beverages , besides its low cost , is its high relative sweetness . It is the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates . The relative sweetness of fructose has been reported in the range of 1.2 -- 1.8 times that of sucrose . However , it is the 6 - membered ring form of fructose that is sweeter ; the 5 - membered ring form tastes about the same as usual table sugar . Warming fructose leads to formation of the 5 - membered ring form . Therefore , the relative sweetness decreases with increasing temperature . However it has been observed that the absolute sweetness of fructose is identical at 5 ° C as 50 ° C and thus the relative sweetness to sucrose is not due to anomeric distribution but a decrease in the absolute sweetness of sucrose at lower temperatures .", "5": "Figure 2 : Relative sweetness of sugars and sweeteners The sweetness of fructose is perceived earlier than that of sucrose or glucose , and the taste sensation reaches a peak ( higher than that of sucrose ) and diminishes more quickly than that of sucrose . Fructose can also enhance other flavors in the system . Fructose exhibits a sweetness synergy effect when used in combination with other sweeteners . The relative sweetness of fructose blended with sucrose , aspartame , or saccharin is perceived to be greater than the sweetness calculated from individual components . Fructose solubility and crystallization ( edit ) Fructose has higher solubility than other sugars as well as other sugar alcohols . Fructose is , therefore , difficult to crystallize from an aqueous solution . Sugar mixes containing fructose , such as candies , are softer than those containing other sugars because of the greater solubility of fructose . Fructose hygroscopicity and humectancy ( edit ) Fructose is quicker to absorb moisture and slower to release it to the environment than sucrose , glucose , or other nutritive sweeteners . Fructose is an excellent humectant and retains moisture for a long period of time even at low relative humidity ( RH ) . Therefore , fructose can contribute a more palatable texture , and longer shelf life to the food products in which it is used . Freezing point ( edit ) Fructose has a greater effect on freezing point depression than disaccharides or oligosaccharides , which may protect the integrity of cell walls of fruit by reducing ice crystal formation . However , this characteristic may be undesirable in soft - serve or hard - frozen dairy desserts . Fructose and starch functionality in food Systems ( edit ) Fructose increases starch viscosity more rapidly and achieves a higher final viscosity than sucrose because fructose lowers the temperature required during gelatinizing of starch , causing a greater final viscosity . Although some artificial sweeteners are not suitable for home - baking , many traditional recipes use fructose . Food sources ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "6": "( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crystalline fructose Natural sources of fructose include fruits , vegetables ( including sugar cane ) , and honey . Fructose is often further concentrated from these sources . The highest dietary sources of fructose , besides pure crystalline fructose , are foods containing table sugar ( sucrose ) , high - fructose corn syrup , agave nectar , honey , molasses , maple syrup , fruit and fruit juices , as these have the highest percentages of fructose ( including fructose in sucrose ) per serving compared to other common foods and ingredients . Fructose exists in foods either as a free monosaccharide or bound to glucose as sucrose , a disaccharide . Fructose , glucose , and sucrose may all be present in a food ; however , different foods will have varying levels of each of these three sugars . The sugar contents of common fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 1 . In general , in foods that contain free fructose , the ratio of fructose to glucose is approximately 1 : 1 ; that is , foods with fructose usually contain about an equal amount of free glucose . A value that is above 1 indicates a higher proportion of fructose to glucose , and below 1 a lower proportion . Some fruits have larger proportions of fructose to glucose compared to others . For example , apples and pears contain more than twice as much free fructose as glucose , while for apricots the proportion is less than half as much fructose as glucose . Apple and pear juices are of particular interest to pediatricians because the high concentrations of free fructose in these juices can cause diarrhea in children . The cells ( enterocytes ) that line children 's small intestines have less affinity for fructose absorption than for glucose and sucrose . Unabsorbed fructose creates higher osmolarity in the small intestine , which draws water into the gastrointestinal tract , resulting in osmotic diarrhea . This phenomenon is discussed in greater detail in the Health Effects section . Table 1 also shows the amount of sucrose found in common fruits and vegetables . Sugarcane and sugar beet have a high concentration of sucrose , and are used for commercial preparation of pure sucrose .", "7": "Extracted cane or beet juice is clarified , removing impurities ; and concentrated by removing excess water . The end - product is 99.9 % - pure sucrose . Sucrose - containing sugars include common table white granulated sugar and powdered sugar , as well as brown sugar . Table 1 . Sugar content of selected common plant foods ( g / 100g ) Food Item Total Carbohydrate including `` dietary fiber '' Total Sugars Free Fructose Free Glucose Sucrose Fructose / Glucose Ratio Sucrose as a % of Total Sugars Fruits Apple 13.8 10.4 5.9 2.4 2.1 2.0 19.9 Apricot 11.1 9.2 0.9 2.4 5.9 0.7 63.5 Banana 22.8 12.2 4.9 5.0 2.4 1.0 20.0 Fig , dried 63.9 47.9 22.9 24.8 0.9 0.93 0.15 Grapes 18.1 15.5 8.1 7.2 0.2 1.1 Navel orange 12.5 8.5 2.25 2.0 4.3 1.1 50.4 Peach 9.5 8.4 1.5 2.0 4.8 0.9 56.7 Pear 15.5 9.8 6.2 2.8 0.8 2.1 8.0 Pineapple 13.1 9.9 2.1 1.7 6.0 1.1 60.8 Plum 11.4 9.9 3.1 5.1 1.6 0.66 16.", "8": "2 Vegetables Beet , Red 9.6 6.8 0.1 0.1 6.5 1.0 96.2 Carrot 9.6 4.7 0.6 0.6 3.6 1.0 77 Red Pepper , Sweet 6.0 4.2 2.3 1.9 0.0 0.0 Onion , Sweet 7.6 5.0 2.0 2.3 0.7 0.9 14.3 Sweet Potato 20.1 4.2 0.7 1.0 2.5 0.9 60.3 Yam 27.9 0.5 tr tr tr na tr Sugar Cane 13 -- 18 0.2 -- 1.0 0.2 -- 1.0 11 -- 16 1.0 high Sugar Beet 17 -- 18 0.1 -- 0.5 0.1 -- 0.5 16 -- 17 1.0 high Grains Corn , Sweet 19.0 6.2 1.9 3.4 0.9 0.61 15.0 ^ A The carbohydrate figure is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars , the starch , and the `` dietary fiber '' . All data with a unit of g ( gram ) are based on 100 g of a food item . The fructose / glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus half sucrose . Fructose is also found in the manufactured sweetener , high - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) , which is produced by treating corn syrup with enzymes , converting glucose into fructose .", "9": "The common designations for fructose content , HFCS - 42 and HFCS - 55 , indicate the percentage of fructose present in HFCS . HFCS - 55 is commonly used as a sweetener for soft drinks , whereas HFCS - 42 is used to sweeten processed foods , breakfast cereals , bakery foods , and some soft drinks . Carbohydrate content of commercial sweeteners ( percent on dry basis ) ( edit ) Sugar Fructose Glucose Sucrose ( Fructose + Glucose ) Other sugars Granulated sugar 0 0 100 0 Caramel 97 HFCS - 42 42 53 0 5 HFCS - 55 55 41 0 HFCS - 90 90 5 0 5 Honey 50 44 5 Maple syrup 95 0 Molasses 23 21 53 Tapioca Syrup 55 45 0 0 Corn syrup 0 35 0 0 Data obtained from Kretchmer , N. & Hollenbeck , CB ( 1991 ) . Sugars and Sweeteners , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press , Inc. for HFCS , and USDA for fruits and vegetables and the other refined sugars . Cane and beet sugars have been used as the major sweetener in food manufacturing for centuries . However , with the development of HFCS , a significant shift occurred in the type of sweetener consumption in certain countries , particularly the United States . Contrary to the popular belief , however , with the increase of HFCS consumption , the total fructose intake relative to the total glucose intake has not dramatically changed . Granulated sugar is 99.9 % - pure sucrose , which means that it has equal ratio of fructose to glucose . The most commonly used forms of HFCS , HFCS - 42 , and HFCS - 55 , have a roughly equal ratio of fructose to glucose , with minor differences . HFCS has simply replaced sucrose as a sweetener . Therefore , despite the changes in the sweetener consumption , the ratio of glucose to fructose intake has remained relatively constant .", "10": "Figure 3 : Adjusted consumption of refined sugar per capita in the US Nutritional information ( edit ) Providing 368 kcal per 100 grams of dry powder ( table ) , fructose has 95 % the caloric value of sucrose by weight . Fructose powder is 100 % carbohydrates and supplies no nutrients in significant content ( table ) . Fructose , dry powdered Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 368 kcal ( 1,540 kJ ) Carbohydrates 100 g Fat 0 g Protein 0 g Minerals Calcium ( 0 % ) 0 mg Iron ( 1 % ) 0.1 mg Phosphorus ( 0 % ) 0 mg Potassium ( 0 % ) 0 mg Sodium ( 1 % ) 12 mg Full Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Fructose digestion and absorption in humans ( edit ) Figure 4 : Hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by sucrase Figure 5 : Intestinal sugar transport proteins Fructose exists in foods either as a monosaccharide ( free fructose ) or as a unit of a disaccharide ( sucrose ) . Free fructose is absorbed directly by the intestine . When fructose is consumed in the form of sucrose , it is digested ( broken down ) and then absorbed as free fructose . As sucrose comes into contact with the membrane of the small intestine , the enzyme sucrase catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to yield one glucose unit and one fructose unit , which are then each absorbed . After absorption , it enters the hepatic portal vein and is directed toward the liver . The mechanism of fructose absorption in the small intestine is not completely understood . Some evidence suggests active transport , because fructose uptake has been shown to occur against a concentration gradient . However , the majority of research supports the claim that fructose absorption occurs on the mucosal membrane via facilitated transport involving GLUT5 transport proteins .", "11": "Since the concentration of fructose is higher in the lumen , fructose is able to flow down a concentration gradient into the enterocytes , assisted by transport proteins . Fructose may be transported out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or GLUT5 , although the GLUT2 transporter has a greater capacity for transporting fructose , and , therefore , the majority of fructose is transported out of the enterocyte through GLUT2 . Capacity and rate of absorption ( edit ) The absorption capacity for fructose in monosaccharide form ranges from less than 5 g to 50 g ( per individual serving ) and adapts with changes in dietary fructose intake . Studies show the greatest absorption rate occurs when glucose and fructose are administered in equal quantities . When fructose is ingested as part of the disaccharide sucrose , absorption capacity is much higher because fructose exists in a 1 : 1 ratio with glucose . It appears that the GLUT5 transfer rate may be saturated at low levels , and absorption is increased through joint absorption with glucose . One proposed mechanism for this phenomenon is a glucose - dependent cotransport of fructose . In addition , fructose transfer activity increases with dietary fructose intake . The presence of fructose in the lumen causes increased mRNA transcription of GLUT5 , leading to increased transport proteins . High - fructose diets ( > 2.4 g / kg body wt ) increase transport proteins within three days of intake . Malabsorption ( edit ) Main article : Fructose malabsorption Several studies have measured the intestinal absorption of fructose using the hydrogen breath test . These studies indicate that fructose is not completely absorbed in the small intestine . When fructose is not absorbed in the small intestine , it is transported into the large intestine , where it is fermented by the colonic flora . Hydrogen is produced during the fermentation process and dissolves into the blood of the portal vein . This hydrogen is transported to the lungs , where it is exchanged across the lungs and is measurable by the hydrogen breath test . The colonic flora also produces carbon dioxide , short - chain fatty acids , organic acids , and trace gases in the presence of unabsorbed fructose .", "12": "The presence of gases and organic acids in the large intestine causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating , diarrhea , flatulence , and gastrointestial pain Exercise immediately after consumption can exacerbate these symptoms by decreasing transit time in the small intestine , resulting in a greater amount of fructose emptied into the large intestine . Fructose metabolism ( edit ) All three dietary monosaccharides are transported into the liver by the GLUT2 transporter . Fructose and galactose are phosphorylated in the liver by fructokinase ( K = 0.5 mM ) and galactokinase ( K = 0.8 mM ) . By contrast , glucose tends to pass through the liver ( K of hepatic glucokinase = 10 mM ) and can be metabolised anywhere in the body . Uptake of fructose by the liver is not regulated by insulin . However , insulin is capable of increasing the abundance and functional activity of GLUT5 in skeletal muscle cells . Fructolysis ( edit ) Main article : Fructolysis The initial catabolism of fructose is sometimes referred to as fructolysis , in analogy with glycolysis , the catabolism of glucose . In fructolysis , the enzyme fructokinase initially produces fructose 1 - phosphate , which is split by aldolase B to produce the trioses dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) and glyceraldehyde ( 1 ) . Unlike glycolysis , in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group . A third enzyme , triokinase , is therefore required to phosphorylate glyceraldehyde , producing glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . The resulting trioses are identical to those obtained in glycolysis and can enter the gluconeogenic pathway for glucose or glycogen synthesis , or be further catabolized through the lower glycolytic pathway to pyruvate . Metabolism of fructose to DHAP and glyceraldehyde ( edit ) The first step in the metabolism of fructose is the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose 1 - phosphate by fructokinase , thus trapping fructose for metabolism in the liver .", "13": "Fructose 1 - phosphate then undergoes hydrolysis by aldolase B to form DHAP and glyceraldehydes ; DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate by triosephosphate isomerase or undergo reduction to glycerol 3 - phosphate by glycerol 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase . The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or further converted to glycerol 3 - phosphate by glycerol 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase . The metabolism of fructose at this point yields intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis as well as fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis . Synthesis of glycogen from DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( edit ) The resultant glyceraldehyde formed by aldolase B then undergoes phosphorylation to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . Increased concentrations of DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate in the liver drive the gluconeogenic pathway toward glucose and subsequent glycogen synthesis . It appears that fructose is a better substrate for glycogen synthesis than glucose and that glycogen replenishment takes precedence over triglyceride formation . Once liver glycogen is replenished , the intermediates of fructose metabolism are primarily directed toward triglyceride synthesis . Figure 6 : Metabolic conversion of fructose to glycogen in the liver Synthesis of triglyceride from DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( edit ) Carbons from dietary fructose are found in both the free fatty acid and glycerol moieties of plasma triglycerides . High fructose consumption can lead to excess pyruvate production , causing a buildup of Krebs cycle intermediates . Accumulated citrate can be transported from the mitochondria into the cytosol of hepatocytes , converted to acetyl CoA by citrate lyase and directed toward fatty acid synthesis . In addition , DHAP can be converted to glycerol 3 - phosphate , providing the glycerol backbone for the triglyceride molecule . Triglycerides are incorporated into very - low - density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) , which are released from the liver destined toward peripheral tissues for storage in both fat and muscle cells .", "14": "Figure 7 : Metabolic conversion of fructose to triglyceride in the liver Potential Health effects ( edit ) Weight gain ( edit ) In a meta - analysis of clinical trials with controlled feeding -- where test subjects were fed a fixed amount of energy rather than being allowed to choose the amount they ate -- fructose was not an independent factor for weight gain ; however , fructose consumption was associated with weight gain when the fructose provided excess calories . Cardiometabolic diseases ( edit ) An expert panel of the European Food Safety Authority concluded that fructose is preferred in food and beverage manufacturing to replace sucrose and glucose due to the lower effect of fructose on blood glucose levels following a meal . However , as a common sweetening agent for foods and beverages , fructose has been associated with increased risk of obesity , diabetes , and cardiovascular disorders that are part of metabolic syndrome . Clinical research has provided no or only limited direct evidence that fructose itself is associated with elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides leading to metabolic syndrome , but rather indicates that excessive consumption of sugar - sweetened foods and beverages , and the concurrent increase in calorie intake , underlies metabolic syndrome . Similarly , increased consumption of sweetened foods and beverages raises risk of cardiovascular disease , including hypertension , but there is no direct cause and effect relationship in humans showing that fructose is the causative factor . Compared with sucrose ( edit ) Fructose is often recommended for diabetics because it does not trigger the production of insulin by pancreatic β cells , probably because β cells have low levels of GLUT5 , For a 50 gram reference amount , fructose has a glycemic index of 23 , compared with 100 for glucose and 60 for sucrose . Fructose is also 73 % sweeter than sucrose at room temperature , allowing diabetics to use less of it per serving . Fructose consumed before a meal may reduce the glycemic response of the meal . Fructose - sweetened food and beverage products cause less of a rise in blood glucose levels than do those manufactured with sucrose or glucose . See also ( edit ) Hereditary fructose intolerance Inverted sugar syrup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fructose -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Mw4.m-w.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 .", "15": "Retrieved 10 December 2014 . 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( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Energy and fructose from beverages sweetened with sugar or high - fructose corn syrup pose a health risk for some people '' . Advances in Nutrition ( Bethesda , Md . ) . 4 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 225 . doi : 10.3945 / an. 112.002816 . ISSN 2156 - 5376 . PMC 3649102 . PMID 23493538 . Jump up ^ A.M. Grant ; M.R. Christie ; S.J. Ashcroft ( August 1980 ) . `` Insulin Release from Human Pancreatic Islets in Vitro '' . Diabetologia. 19 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 117 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00421856 . PMID 6998814 . Jump up ^ D.L. Curry ( 1989 ) . `` Effects of Mannose and Fructose on the Synthesis and Secretion of Insulin '' . Pancreas. 4 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006676 - 198902000 - 00002 . PMID 2654926 . Jump up ^ Y . Sato ; T. Ito ; N. Udaka ; et al. ( December 1996 ) . `` Immunohistochemical Localization of Facilitated - Diffusion Glucose Transporters in Rat Pancreatic Islets '' . Tissue Cell. 28 ( 6 ) : 637 -- 643 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 8166 ( 96 ) 80067 - X . 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External links ( edit ) Fructose and galactose metabolic intermediates Fructose Fructose - 1 - phosphate → DHAP / Glyceraldehyde → Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate Galactose Galactose - 1 - phosphate → Glucose 1 - phosphate → Glucose 6 - phosphate → Fructose 6 - phosphate Uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine diphosphate glucose Galactitol Iditol Mannose Mannose - 6 - phosphate → Fructose 6 - phosphate Inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism : monosaccharide metabolism disorders ( E73 -- E74 , 271 ) Including glycogen storage diseases ( GSD ) Sucrose , transport ( extracellular ) Disaccharide catabolism Congenital alactasia Sucrose intolerance Monosaccharide transport Glucose - galactose malabsorption Inborn errors of renal tubular transport ( Renal glycosuria ) Fructose malabsorption Hexose → glucose Monosaccharide catabolism Fructose : Essential fructosuria Fructose intolerance Galactose / galactosemia : GALK deficiency GALT deficiency / GALE deficiency Glucose ⇄ glycogen Glycogenesis GSD type 0 ( glycogen synthase deficiency ) GSD type IV ( Andersen 's disease , branching enzyme deficiency ) Adult polyglucosan body disease ( APBD ) Glycogenolysis Extralysosomal : GSD type III ( Cori 's disease ,", "25": "debranching enzyme deficiency ) GSD type VI ( Hers ' disease , liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency ) GSD type V ( McArdle 's disease , myophosphorylase deficiency ) GSD type IX ( phosphorylase kinase deficiency ) Lysosomal ( LSD ) : GSD type II ( Pompe 's disease , glucosidase deficiency ) Glucose ⇄ CAC Glycolysis MODY 2 / HHF3 GSD type VII ( Tarui 's disease , phosphofructokinase deficiency ) Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency Pyruvate kinase deficiency Gluconeogenesis PCD Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency GSD type I ( von Gierke 's disease , glucose 6 - phosphatase deficiency ) Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Transaldolase deficiency 6 - phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency Other Hyperoxaluria Primary hyperoxaluria Pentosuria Aldolase A deficiency Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism fructose and galactose enzymes Fructose / Fructolysis Hepatic fructokinase Aldolase B Triokinase Sorbitol Sorbitol dehydrogenase Aldose reductase Galactose / Galactolysis Galactokinase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase / UDP - glucose 4 - epimerase Aldose reductase Lactose Lactose synthase Lactase Mannose Mannose phosphate isomerase Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose", "26": "Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Isomaltulose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose", "27": "Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Xylose Monosaccharide Disaccharide Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle", "28": "Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S.", "29": "Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production GND : 4155521 - 1 NDL : 01214659 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fructose&oldid=838075082 '' Categories : Ketohexoses Nutrition Sugar substitutes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans", "30": "Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "31": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7640456808747041665	how does the continental divide affect the flow of rivers in the western united states	[ "separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean", "separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean (including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea) and, along the northernmost reaches of the Divide, those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean" ]	{ "0": "Continental Divide of the Americas - wikipedia Continental Divide of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The Continental Divide in North America in red , among other major hydrological divides The Continental Divide in Central America and South America The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) and , along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean . Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the primary Continental Divide ( Great Divide ) is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Triple points 1.2 Hiking trail 2 Exceptions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geography ( edit ) The Continental Divide in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado , taken from the International Space Station on October 28 , 2008 The Continental Divide of the Americas begins at Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska , the westernmost point on the mainland of the Americas . The Divide crosses northern Alaska into the Yukon , then zig - zags south into British Columbia via the Cassiar Mountains and Omineca Mountains and northern Nechako Plateau to Summit Lake , north of the city of Prince George and just south of the community of McLeod Lake . From there the Divide traverses the McGregor Plateau to the spine of the Rockies , following the crest of the Canadian Rockies southeast to the 120th meridian west , from there forming the boundary between southern British Columbia and southern Alberta . Grays Peak , here in mid-June 2007 , at 14,278 ft it is the highest point of the Continental Divide in North America . Historically , the Continental Divide was the line between British and US land possession and the disputed Oregon Country .", "1": "The Divide crosses into the United States in northwestern Montana , at the boundary between Waterton Lakes National Park and Glacier National Park . In Canada , it forms the western boundary of Waterton Lakes National Park , and in the US bisects Glacier National Park . Further south , the Divide forms the backbone of the Rocky Mountain Front ( Front Range ) in the Bob Marshall Wilderness , heads south towards Helena and Butte , then west past the namesake community of Divide , Montana through the Anaconda - Pintler Wilderness to the Bitterroot Range , where it forms the eastern third of the state boundary between Idaho and Montana . The Divide crosses into Wyoming within Yellowstone National Park and continues southeast into Colorado where it reaches its highest point in North America at the summit of Grays Peak at 4,352 m ( 14,278 feet ) . It crosses US Hwy 160 in southern Colorado at Wolf Creek Pass , where a line symbolizes the division . The Divide then proceeds south into western New Mexico , passing along the western boundary of the endorheic Plains of San Agustin . Although the Divide represents the height of land between watersheds , it does not always follow the highest ranges / peaks within each state or province . In Mexico , it passes through Chihuahua , Durango , Zacatecas , Aguascalientes , Jalisco , Guanajuato , Querétaro , México , the Federal District , Morelos , Puebla , Oaxaca , and Chiapas . In Central America , it continues through southern Guatemala , southwestern Honduras , western Nicaragua , western / southwestern Costa Rica , and southern Panama . The divide reaches its lowest point in Central America at the Isthmus of Rivas at 47 m ( 154 feet ) in Nicaragua . The Divide continues into South America , where it follows the peaks of the Andes Mountains , traversing western Colombia , central Ecuador , western and southwestern Peru , and eastern Chile ( essentially conforming to the Chile - Bolivia and Chile - Argentina boundaries ) , southward to the southern end of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego . In North America , another , mainly non-mountainous divide , the Laurentian Divide ( or Northern Divide ) , further separates the Hudson Bay - Arctic Ocean drainage region from the Atlantic watershed region .", "2": "Secondary divides separate the watersheds that flow into the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River ( ultimately into the Atlantic ) from watersheds that flow to the Atlantic via the Missouri - Mississippi complex . Another secondary divide follows the Appalachian chain , which separates those streams and rivers that flow directly into the Atlantic Ocean from those that exit via the Mississippi River . Triple points ( edit ) Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park , Montana , is the point where two of the principal continental divides in North America converge , the primary Continental Divide and the Northern or Laurentian Divide . From this point , waters flow to the Pacific Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico , and the Arctic Ocean via Hudson Bay . Most geographers , geologists , meteorologists , and oceanographers consider this point the hydrological apex of North America , as Hudson Bay is generally considered part of the Arctic . For example , the International Hydrographic Organization ( in its current unapproved working edition only of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) defines the Hudson Bay , with its outlet extending from 62.5 to 66.5 degrees north ( just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle ) as being part of the Arctic Ocean , specifically `` Arctic Ocean Subdivision 9.11 . '' This hydrological apex of North America status of Triple Divide Peak is the main reason behind the designation of Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park as the `` Crown of the Continent '' of North America . The summit of the peak is the world 's only oceanic triple divide point . Discounting Antarctica and its ice sheets , only one other continent ( Asia ) borders three oceans , but the inward - draining Endorheic basin area of Central Asia from western China to the Aral and Caspian Seas is so vast that any Arctic and Indian Ocean tributaries are never within proximity of each other . Thus , North America 's status of having a single location draining into three oceans is unique in the world . Sources differ , however , on whether Hudson Bay , entirely south of the Arctic Circle , is part of the Atlantic or Arctic Ocean . Hudson Bay 's water budget connects to the Atlantic more than to the Arctic Ocean . The channels to the north of Hudson Bay are largely cut off by Baffin Island from the Arctic , so much of the water that enters it mixes with the Atlantic to the east via Hudson Strait rather than north into the Arctic .", "3": "The result is that most of the ice flowing down the Saskatchewan Glacier eventually ends up as water in the Atlantic Ocean . If Hudson Bay is considered part of the Atlantic , then the triple point is at an unimportant - looking , permanently snow and ice covered hump on the border between Alberta and British Columbia , on the southern slope of Snow Dome at 3,456 metres ( 11,300 ft ) . The exact location of this potential triple point is somewhat indeterminate because the Columbia Icefield and the snow on top of it shifts from year to year . The snow that falls on it ( about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) per year ) does n't actually flow downhill as water , but creeps downhill in the form of glacial ice . That ice flows down the Athabasca Glacier to the Arctic Ocean via the Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers . Ice flowing west goes to the Pacific Ocean via Bryce Creek and the Bush and Columbia Rivers . Ice flowing down the Saskatchewan Glacier goes via the North Saskatchewan , Saskatchewan , and Nelson Rivers into Hudson Bay . While Triple Divide Peak ( or , alternatively , Snow Dome ) is the world 's only oceanic triple divide , there are secondary triple divide points wherever any two continental divides meet . North America could be considered to have five major drainage systems : into the Pacific , Atlantic and Arctic Oceans , plus Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . Other sources such as the International Hydrographic Organization add a sixth : Canada 's Northwest Passage basin . Using just the five , there are four secondary continental divides and three secondary triple points , the two mentioned previously and a third near Hibbing , Minnesota where the Northern Divide intersects the Saint Lawrence Seaway divide . Since there is no true consensus on what a continental divide is , there is no real agreement on where the secondary triple points are located . However , the main Continental Divide described in this article is a far more distinctive geological feature than the others and its two main triple points are much more prominent . Hiking Trail ( edit ) The Continental Divide Trail often remains above the treeline and on the Divide , providing spectacular vistas along its route . The Continental Divide Trail ( CDT ) follows the Divide through the U.S. from the Mexico -- US border to the Canada -- US border . The trail itself is a corridor of pathways - i.e.", "4": "dedicated footpaths or back roads , either on or near the Continental Divide . A less - developed Canadian extension called the Great Divide Trail continues through five national parks and six provincial parks , ending at Kakwa Lake in east - central British Columbia . Exceptions ( edit ) Many endorheic regions in North and South America complicate the simple view of east or west , `` ocean - bound '' water flow . Several endorheic basins straddle or adjoin the Continental Divide , notably the Great Divide Basin in Wyoming , the Plains of San Agustin and the Animas Valley in New Mexico , the Guzmán Basin in New Mexico and Chihuahua , Mexico , and both the Bolsón de Mapimí and the Llanos el Salado in Mexico . Such basins can be , and routinely are , assigned to one side of the Divide or the other by their lowest perimeter pass ; in other words , an assignment is made by determining how the drainage would occur if the basin were to be progressively filled with water until it overflowed . Large - scale maps , such as those on this page , often show double divide lines when endorheic basins are involved . However , the detailed USGS topographic maps of the United States generally show only the main Divide as determined by the overflow rule . Among other things , this eliminates the need to trace out the boundary for a basin that is very shallow and has a nebulous rim , such as the San Luis Closed Basin in Colorado and the sink of the lost streams of Idaho . Another rare exception occurs when a stream near a divide splits and flows in both directions , or a lake straddling the divide overflows in both directions . Examples of these are , respectively , North Two Ocean Creek and Isa Lake , both located on the Continental Divide in Wyoming . The Panama Canal has this same feature , but is man - made . Both the Chagres and Gatun rivers flow into Gatun Lake , which empties to both oceans . Several small lakes along the Divide in the Rocky Mountains between Alberta and British Columbia flow into both provinces and thus into both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . An example is the `` Committee Punch Bowl '' , a small lake located in the Athabasca Pass named by Sir George Simpson , governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company , while touring his vast Canadian fur - trading empire in 1825 .", "5": "According to historical sources , `` The small circular basin of water at the summit , twenty yards in diameter , is dignified with the name of the ' Committee 's Punch Bowl ' in honour of which the Governor treated them ( his fur traders ) to a bottle of wine as they had ' neither time nor convenience to make a bowl of punch , although a glass of it would have been acceptable . ' '' The reference is to the governing committee of the Hudson 's Bay Company in London , England . The Alpine Club of Canada 's Abbot Pass Hut sits directly astride the Divide in Abbot Pass on the boundary between Banff National Park and Yoho National Park , and thus rainwater falling on the eastern half of the roof flows via Lake Louise into Hudson Bay , while rain falling on the western half flows via Lake O'Hara into the Pacific Ocean . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Continental divide Eastern Continental Divide Great Divide Trail Great Divide Mountain Bike Route Laurentia Laurentian Divide ( Northern Divide ) List of railroad crossings of the North American continental divide Cromwell Dixon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IHO Publication S - 23 Limits of Oceans and Seas ; Chapter 9 : Arctic Ocean '' . International Hydrographic Organization . 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` State of Flathead Lake '' . University of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ocean Triple Divide Points '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sanford , Robert W. ( 2010 ) . Our World 's Heritage : Creating a Culture Worthy of Place in Canada 's Western Mountain Parks . Athabasca University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897425 - 57 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward Lyn ; Jones , E. Peter ; et al. , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean . Springer . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 6439 - 9 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Timmer , Henry ( 2006 ) . `` Snow Dome - The Hydrological Apex of North America '' . Snow Dome . climbwild.net . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Timmer , Henry . `` The Columbia Icefield '' . climbwild.net . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Snow Dome - South Slope , British Columbia '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ monica driscollian rivers atlas ( 2006 ) . `` Minnesota Rivers Map '' . Minnesota State Map Collection . Geology.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . `` Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America '' ( PDF ) . NGDS Newsletter . North Dakota Geological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lynx , Dustin ( 2000 ) . Hiking Canada 's Great Divide Trail . Rocky Mountain Books . ISBN 0 - 921102 - 79 - 8 . Jump up ^ GeoBC ( 2013 ) . `` Committee Punch Bowl '' . http://www2.gov.bc.ca/ . Copyright © 2013 , Province of British Columbia . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutContinental Divideat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity A detailed map of watersheds in North America A detailed overview of isolated wetlands from the USFWS Detailed article , maps , and boundary data from The National Atlas of the United States Parting of the Waters : a creek that flows to two oceans U.S.", "7": "Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Continental Divide ( New Mexico , Colorado , Wyoming , Idaho , Montana ) U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Continental Divide ( Alaska ) ( hide ) Physical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas&oldid=818326395 '' Categories : Geography of North America Water divides Great Divide of North America Drainage basins of North America Geography of the United States History of the Rocky Mountains Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4344648368832551136	an object that moves around an external axis is said to be	[ "revolution or orbital revolution", "orbit" ]	{ "0": "Rotation - wikipedia Rotation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about movement of a physical body . For other uses , see Rotation ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A sphere rotating about an axis A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center ( or point ) of rotation . A three - dimensional object can always be rotated around an infinite number of imaginary lines called rotation axes ( / ˈæksiːz / AK - seez ) . If the axis passes through the body 's center of mass , the body is said to rotate upon itself , or spin . A rotation about an external point , e.g. the Earth about the Sun , is called a revolution or orbital revolution , typically when it is produced by gravity . The axis is called a pole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematics 2 Astronomy 2.1 Rotation and revolution 2.2 Retrograde rotation 3 Physics 3.1 Cosmological principle 3.2 Euler rotations 4 Flight dynamics 5 Amusement rides 6 Sports 7 Fixed axis vs. fixed point 8 Axis of 2 dimensional rotations 9 Rotation axis in 3 dimensions 10 Rotation plane 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Rotation ( mathematics ) Rotation of a planar figure around a point Rotational Orbit v Spin Relations between rotation axis , plane of orbit and axial tilt ( for Earth ) . Mathematically , a rotation is a rigid body movement which , unlike a translation , keeps a point fixed . This definition applies to rotations within both two and three dimensions ( in a plane and in space , respectively . ) All rigid body movements are rotations , translations , or combinations of the two . A rotation is simply a progressive radial orientation to a common point . That common point lies within the axis of that motion . The axis is 90 degrees perpendicular to the plane of the motion . If the axis of the rotation lies external of the body in question then the body is said to orbit .", "1": "There is no fundamental difference between a `` rotation '' and an `` orbit '' and or `` spin '' . The key distinction is simply where the axis of the rotation lies , either within or outside of a body in question . This distinction can be demonstrated for both `` rigid '' and `` non rigid '' bodies . If a rotation around a point or axis is followed by a second rotation around the same point / axis , a third rotation results . The reverse ( inverse ) of a rotation is also a rotation . Thus , the rotations around a point / axis form a group . However , a rotation around a point or axis and a rotation around a different point / axis may result in something other than a rotation , e.g. a translation . Rotations around the x , y and z axes are called principal rotations . Rotation around any axis can be performed by taking a rotation around the x axis , followed by a rotation around the y axis , and followed by a rotation around the z axis . That is to say , any spatial rotation can be decomposed into a combination of principal rotations . In flight dynamics , the principal rotations are known as yaw , pitch , and roll ( known as Tait -- Bryan angles ) . This terminology is also used in computer graphics . See also : curl ( mathematics ) , cyclic permutation , Euler angles , rigid body , rotation around a fixed axis , rotation group SO ( 3 ) , rotation matrix , axis angle , quaternion , and isometry Astronomy ( edit ) Star trails caused by the Earth 's rotation during the camera 's long exposure time . In astronomy , rotation is a commonly observed phenomenon . Stars , planets and similar bodies all spin around on their axes . The rotation rate of planets in the solar system was first measured by tracking visual features . Stellar rotation is measured through Doppler shift or by tracking active surface features . This rotation induces a centrifugal acceleration in the reference frame of the Earth which slightly counteracts the effect of gravity the closer one is to the equator . One effect is that an object weighs slightly less at the equator . Another is that the Earth is slightly deformed into an oblate spheroid . Another consequence of the rotation of a planet is the phenomenon of precession . Like a gyroscope , the overall effect is a slight `` wobble '' in the movement of the axis of a planet .", "2": "Currently the tilt of the Earth 's axis to its orbital plane ( obliquity of the ecliptic ) is 23.44 degrees , but this angle changes slowly ( over thousands of years ) . ( See also Precession of the equinoxes and Pole star . ) Rotation and revolution ( edit ) Main article : Orbital revolution While revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation , in many fields , particularly astronomy and related fields , revolution , often referred to as orbital revolution for clarity , is used when one body moves around another while rotation is used to mean the movement around an axis . Moons revolve around their planet , planets revolve about their star ( such as the Earth around the Sun ) ; and stars slowly revolve about their galaxial center . The motion of the components of galaxies is complex , but it usually includes a rotation component . Retrograde rotation ( edit ) Main article : Retrograde motion Most planets in our solar system , including Earth , spin in the same direction as they orbit the Sun . The exceptions are Venus and Uranus . Uranus rotates nearly on its side relative to its orbit . Current speculation is that Uranus started off with a typical prograde orientation and was knocked on its side by a large impact early in its history . Venus may be thought of as rotating slowly backwards ( or being `` upside down '' ) . The dwarf planet Pluto ( formerly considered a planet ) is anomalous in this and other ways . Physics ( edit ) Further information : Angular momentum See also : Speed § Tangential Speed , rotational energy , angular velocity , Centrifugal force ( fictitious ) , centripetal force , circular motion , circular orbit , Coriolis effect , spin ( physics ) , rotational spectroscopy , and Rigid body dynamics § Linear and angular momentum The speed of rotation is given by the angular frequency ( rad / s ) or frequency ( turn / s , turns per minute ) , or period ( seconds , days , etc . ) . The time - rate of change of angular frequency is angular acceleration ( rad / s2 ) , This change is caused by torque . The ratio of the two ( how heavy is it to start , stop , or otherwise change rotation ) is given by the moment of inertia . The angular velocity vector ( an axial vector ) also describes the direction of the axis of rotation .", "3": "Similarly the torque is an axial vector . The physics of the rotation around a fixed axis is mathematically described with the axis -- angle representation of rotations . According to the right - hand rule , the direction away from the observer is associated with clockwise rotation and the direction towards the observer with counterclockwise rotation , like a screw . Cosmological principle ( edit ) The laws of physics are currently believed to be invariant under any fixed rotation . ( Although they do appear to change when viewed from a rotating viewpoint : see rotating frame of reference . ) In modern physical cosmology , the cosmological principle is the notion that the distribution of matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale , since the forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe and have no preferred direction , and should , therefore , produce no observable irregularities in the large scale structuring over the course of evolution of the matter field that was initially laid down by the Big Bang . In particular , for a system which behaves the same regardless of how it is oriented in space , its Lagrangian is rotationally invariant . According to Noether 's theorem , if the action ( the integral over time of its Lagrangian ) of a physical system is invariant under rotation , then angular momentum is conserved . Euler rotations ( edit ) Main article : Euler angles Euler rotations of the Earth . Intrinsic ( green ) , Precession ( blue ) and Nutation ( red ) Euler rotations provide an alternative description of a rotation . It is a composition of three rotations defined as the movement obtained by changing one of the Euler angles while leaving the other two constant . Euler rotations are never expressed in terms of the external frame , or in terms of the co-moving rotated body frame , but in a mixture . They constitute a mixed axes of rotation system , where the first angle moves the line of nodes around the external axis z , the second rotates around the line of nodes and the third one is an intrinsic rotation around an axis fixed in the body that moves . These rotations are called precession , nutation , and intrinsic rotation . Flight dynamics ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft principal axes The principal axes of rotation in space In flight dynamics , the principal rotations described with Euler angles above are known as pitch , roll and yaw .", "4": "The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch ( nose moves up ) of an aircraft , particularly when starting the climb after takeoff . Principal rotations have the advantage of modelling a number of physical systems such as gimbals , and joysticks , so are easily visualised , and are a very compact way of storing a rotation . But they are difficult to use in calculations as even simple operations like combining rotations are expensive to do , and suffer from a form of gimbal lock where the angles can not be uniquely calculated for certain rotations . Amusement rides ( edit ) Many amusement rides provide rotation . A Ferris wheel has a horizontal central axis , and parallel axes for each gondola , where the rotation is opposite , by gravity or mechanically . As a result , at any time the orientation of the gondola is upright ( not rotated ) , just translated . The tip of the translation vector describes a circle . A carousel provides rotation about a vertical axis . Many rides provide a combination of rotations about several axes . In Chair - O - Planes the rotation about the vertical axis is provided mechanically , while the rotation about the horizontal axis is due to the centripetal force . In roller coaster inversions the rotation about the horizontal axis is one or more full cycles , where inertia keeps people in their seats . Sports ( edit ) `` Spin move '' redirects here . For other uses , see Spin move ( disambiguation ) . Rotation of a ball or other object , usually called spin , plays a role in many sports , including topspin and backspin in tennis , English , follow and draw in billiards and pool , curve balls in baseball , spin bowling in cricket , flying disc sports , etc . Table tennis paddles are manufactured with different surface characteristics to allow the player to impart a greater or lesser amount of spin to the ball . Rotation of a player one or more times around a vertical axis may be called spin in figure skating , twirling ( of the baton or the performer ) in baton twirling , or 360 , 540 , 720 , etc. in snowboarding , etc . Rotation of a player or performer one or more times around a horizontal axis may be called a flip , roll , somersault , heli , etc.", "5": "in gymnastics , waterskiing , or many other sports , or a one - and - a-half , two - and - a-half , gainer ( starting facing away from the water ) , etc. in diving , etc . A combination of vertical and horizontal rotation ( back flip with 360 ° ) is called a möbius in waterskiing freestyle jumping . Rotation of a player around a vertical axis , generally between 180 and 360 degrees , may be called a spin move and is used as a deceptive or avoidance maneuver , or in an attempt to play , pass , or receive a ball or puck , etc. , or to afford a player a view of the goal or other players . It is often seen in hockey , basketball , football of various codes , tennis , etc . Fixed axis vs. fixed point ( edit ) The end result of any sequence of rotations of any object in 3D about a fixed point is always equivalent to a rotation about an axis . However , an object may physically rotate in 3D about a fixed point on more than one axis simultaneously , in which case there is no single fixed axis of rotation - just the fixed point . However , these two descriptions can be reconciled - such a physical motion can always be re-described in terms of a single axis of rotation , provided the orientation of that axis relative to the object is allowed to change moment by moment . Axis of 2 dimensional rotations ( edit ) 2 dimensional rotations , unlike the 3 dimensional ones , possess no axis of rotation . This is equivalent , for linear transformations , with saying that there is no direction in the place which is kept unchanged by a 2 dimensional rotation , except , of course , the identity . The question of the existence of such a direction is the question of existence of an eigenvector for the matrix A representing the rotation .", "6": "Every 2D rotation ( of an angle θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) can be quite simply represented by the following matrix : A = ( cos ⁡ θ sin ⁡ θ − sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ ) ( \\ displaystyle A = ( \\ begin ( bmatrix ) \\ cos \\ theta & \\ sin \\ theta \\ \\ - \\ sin \\ theta & \\ cos \\ theta \\ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) A standard eigenvalue determination leads to the characteristic polynomial λ 2 − 2 λ cos ⁡ θ + 1 = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \\ lambda \\ cos \\ theta + 1 = 0 ) , which has cos ⁡ θ ± i sin ⁡ θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ cos \\ theta \\ pm i \\ sin \\ theta ) as it 's eigenvalues . Therefore , there is no real eigenvalue , meaning that no real vector in the plane is kept unchanged by A . Rotation axis in 3 dimensions ( edit ) Every rotation in 3D space has an axis of rotation , that is , a line which is , as a whole , kept unchanged by the rotation . The direction of this axis corresponds to an eigenvector of the rotation matrix A ( \\ displaystyle A ) . Therefore , the existence of such an axis corresponds to the existence of an eigenvalue of value 1 . We shall prove that there is one and only one such direction . The starting point of the proof it the fact that any n - dimensional matrix has n eigenvalues . It remains to determine whether these eigenvalues are distinct or not . The fact that A has only real coefficients imply that the complex conjugate of every complex eigenvalue is another ( different ) eigenvalue .", "7": "This happens because , taking the hermitian conjugate of the eigenvalue equation A v = λ v ( \\ displaystyle Av = \\ lambda v ) , we have v _̄ T A † = λ ∗ v _̄ T ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) A ^ ( \\ dagger ) = \\ lambda ^ ( * ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) ) , but A † ( \\ displaystyle A ^ ( \\ dagger ) ) is just the transpose A T ( \\ displaystyle A ^ ( T ) ) , so v _̄ T A T = λ ∗ v _̄ T ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) A ^ ( T ) = \\ lambda ^ ( * ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) ) and we can transpose to obtain A v _̄ = λ ∗ v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle A ( \\ bar ( v ) ) = \\ lambda ^ ( * ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) So λ ∗ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ^ ( * ) ) is an eigenvalue and v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) an eigenvector . Therefore , for every complex ( non-real ) eigenvalue , there corresponds another distinct complex eigenvalue ; it 's complex conjugate . The number of complex eigenvalue of a real matrix must then be pair . Since the rotation matrix in 3 dimensions has 3 eigenvalues , one of them must be real . Now , by the above discussion , we know that , if v is the eigenvector corresponding to this real eigenvalue , v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) must also be an eigenvector corresponding to the same eigenvalue , and therefore their sum , v + b _̄ ( \\ displaystyle v+ ( \\ bar ( b ) ) ) , is necessarily a real eigenvector . Finally , the fact that a rotation matrix is orthogonal reads , in matrix form A A T = I ( \\ displaystyle AA ^ ( T ) = I ) .", "8": "Then , if we take the scalar product of A v ( \\ displaystyle Av ) with itself , we have A v 2 = ( A v ) T A v = v T A T A v = v T v = v 2 ( \\ displaystyle Av ^ ( 2 ) = ( Av ) ^ ( T ) Av = v ^ ( T ) A ^ ( T ) Av = v ^ ( T ) v = v ^ ( 2 ) ) But A v = λ v ( \\ displaystyle Av = \\ lambda v ) implies A v 2 = λ 2 v T v = λ 2 v 2 ( \\ displaystyle Av ^ ( 2 ) = \\ lambda ^ ( 2 ) v ^ ( T ) v = \\ lambda ^ ( 2 ) v ^ ( 2 ) ) Hence , λ 2 = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ^ ( 2 ) = 1 ) . If we choose λ = − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda = - 1 ) , this corresponds to an orthogonal matrix of determinant - 1 , that is , a rotation followed by a reflection . Choosing λ = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda = 1 ) corresponds to a rotation . Therefore , the line in this direction v is unchanged by the rotation ; it is a rotation axis . Rotation plane ( edit ) As much as every tridimensional rotation has a rotation axis , also every tridimensional rotation has a plane , which is perpendicular to the rotation axis , and which is left invariant by the rotation . The rotation , restricted to this plane , is an ordinary 2D rotation . The proof proceeds similarly to the above discussion . First , suppose that all eigenvalues of the 3D rotation matrix A are real . This means that there is an orthogonal basis , made by the corresponding eigenvectors ( which are necessarily orthogonal ) , over which the effect of the rotation matrix is just stretching it . If we write A in this basis , it is diagonal ; but a diagonal orthogonal matrix is made of just + 1 's and - 1 's in the diagonal entries . Therefore , we do n't have a proper rotation , but either the identity or the result of a sequence of reflections . It follows , then , that a proper rotation has some complex eigenvalue .", "9": "Let v be the corresponding eigenvector . Then , as we showed in the previous topic , v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) is also an eigenvector , and v + v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle v+ ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) and i ( v − v _̄ ) ( \\ displaystyle i ( v - ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) ) are such that their scalar product vanishes : i ( v T + v _̄ T ) ( v − v _̄ ) = i ( v T v − v _̄ T v _̄ + v _̄ T v − v T v _̄ ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle i ( v ^ ( T ) + ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) ) ( v - ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) = i ( v ^ ( T ) v - ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) + ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) v-v ^ ( T ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) = 0 ) because , since v _̄ T v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) is real , it equals it 's complex conjugate v T v ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( T ) v ) , and v _̄ T v ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ^ ( T ) v ) and v T v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( T ) ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) are both representations of the same scalar product between v ( \\ displaystyle v ) and v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) . This means v + v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle v+ ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) and i ( v − v _̄ ) ( \\ displaystyle i ( v - ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) ) are orthogonal vectors . Also , they are both real vectors by construction .", "10": "These vectors span the same subspace as v ( \\ displaystyle v ) and v _̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) , which is an invariant subspace under the application of A. Therefore , they span an invariant plane . This plane is orthogonal to the invariant axis , which corresponds to the remaining eigenvector of A , with eigenvalue 1 , because of the orthogonality of the eigenvectors of A . See also ( edit ) Absolute rotation Attitude ( geometry ) Balancing machine Circular motion Mach 's principle Rolling Rotation around a fixed axis Rotation formalisms in three dimensions Rotating locomotion in living systems Top Truck bolster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Oasis , or a Secret Lair ? '' . ESO Picture of the Week . Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Rotation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Product of Rotations at cut - the - knot . cut-the-knot.org When a Triangle is Equilateral at cut - the - knot . cut-the-knot.org Rotate Points Using Polar Coordinates , howtoproperly.com Rotation in Two Dimensions by Sergio Hannibal Mejia after work by Roger Germundsson and Understanding 3D Rotation by Roger Germundsson , Wolfram Demonstrations Project .", "11": "demonstrations.wolfram.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotation&oldid=835678172 '' Categories : Euclidean geometry Classical mechanics Orientation ( geometry ) Rotation Kinematics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "12": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-724426540432437711	what was the name of the plant on little shop of horrors	[ "Audrey II", "Audrey II", "Audrey II", "Audrey II", "Audrey II" ]	{ "0": "Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) - wikipedia Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1986 film . For other uses , see Little Shop of Horrors . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Little Shop of Horrors Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Oz Produced by David Geffen Screenplay by Howard Ashman Based on Little Shop of Horrors by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman The Little Shop of Horrors by Roger Corman Starring Rick Moranis Ellen Greene Vincent Gardenia Steve Martin Jim Belushi John Candy Christopher Guest Bill Murray Narrated by Stanley Jones Music by Miles Goodman Cinematography Robert Paynter Edited by John Jympson Production company The Geffen Company Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 19 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 19 ) Running time 94 minutes ( Theatrical Cut ) 103 minutes ( Director 's Cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $38.7 million Little Shop of Horrors is a 1986 American rock musical horror comedy film directed by Frank Oz . It is a film adaptation of the off - Broadway musical comedy of the same name by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman about a geeky florist shop worker who finds out his venus fly trap can speak . Menken and Ashman 's Off - Broadway musical was based on the low - budget 1960 film The Little Shop of Horrors , directed by Roger Corman . The 1986 film stars Rick Moranis , Ellen Greene , Vincent Gardenia , Steve Martin , and Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II . The film also featured special appearances by Jim Belushi , John Candy , Christopher Guest , and Bill Murray . It was produced by David Geffen through The Geffen Company and released by Warner Bros. on December 19 , 1986 .", "1": "Little Shop of Horrors was filmed on the Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage at the Pinewood Studios in England , where a `` downtown '' set , complete with overhead train track , was constructed . The film was produced on a budget of $25 million , in contrast to the original 1960 film , which , according to Corman , only cost $30,000 . The film 's original 23 - minute finale , based on the musical 's ending , was rewritten and reshot after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it . For years only available as black - and - white workprint footage , the original ending was fully restored in 2012 by Warner Home Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Original ending 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Operating the plant 4.5 The finale 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A three - girl `` Greek chorus '' -- Crystal , Ronnette , and Chiffon -- introduce the movie , warning the audience that some horror is coming their way ( `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' ) . Seymour Krelborn ( Rick Moranis ) and his colleague , Audrey ( Ellen Greene ) , work at Mushnik 's Flower Shop in a run - down , rough neighborhood referred to as `` Skid Row '' in the slums of New York City . They lament that they can not escape the neighborhood ( `` Skid Row '' ( Downtown ) `` ) . Struggling from a lack of customers , Mr. Mushnik ( Vincent Gardenia ) decides to close the store , but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns . Immediately attracting a customer , Seymour explains he bought the plant , which he dubbed `` Audrey II '' , from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse ( `` Da - Doo '' ) . Attracting business to Mushnik 's shop , the plant soon starts dying , worrying Seymour .", "2": "Accidentally pricking his finger , he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive ( `` Grow for Me '' ) . Seymour takes Audrey II and is interviewed on the radio , and Audrey misses the broadcast due to being `` hand - cuffed a little '' by her sadistic , mean - spirited boyfriend Orin Scrivello ( Steve Martin ) . The three girls suggest Audrey dump Orin and get another man to protect her , like Seymour , but Audrey states she does n't deserve a nice guy . Despite this , Audrey has feelings for Seymour and secretly dreams of running off with him to the suburbs ( `` Somewhere That 's Green '' ) . Audrey II continues to grow rapidly and Seymour becomes a local celebrity ( `` Some Fun Now '' ) . Seymour soon attempts to ask Audrey out , but she turns him down because she has a date with her boyfriend , revealed to be a dentist ( `` Dentist ! '' ) . After Seymour closes up shop , Audrey II begins to talk to Seymour , demanding more blood than Seymour can give . The plant proposes that Seymour murder someone in exchange for fame and fortune : Seymour initially refuses , but agrees after witnessing Orin beating Audrey ( `` Feed Me ( Get It ) '' ) . After Orin finishes with his masochistic patient , Arthur Denton ( Bill Murray ) , who requested `` a long , slow , root canal '' , Seymour books an appointment with Orin and arms himself with a revolver ; however , he can not bring himself to use it . Orin , who abuses nitrous oxide , puts on a type of venturi mask to receive a constant flow of the gas . Accidentally breaking an intake valve and unable to remove the mask , Orin begs Seymour for help removing it , but Seymour does nothing . When Orin asks Seymour what he ever did to him , Seymour coldly replies , `` Nothing , it 's what you did to her . '' Orin dies from asphyxiation and Seymour drags his body back to Audrey II . While dismembering the body to feed to the plant , Seymour is unknowingly witnessed by Mushnik , who flees in fear . After feeding Orin 's parts to Audrey II , which has grown to enormous size , Seymour discovers the police investigating Orin 's disappearance .", "3": "Audrey , feeling guilty about wishing Orin would disappear , is comforted by Seymour and the two admit their feelings for each other ( `` Suddenly , Seymour '' ) . That night , Mushnik confronts Seymour about what he saw and holds Seymour at gunpoint , threatening to report him to the police . Mushnik then changes his mind , saying that since Seymour was `` like a son '' to him , he 'll allow Seymour to leave town , leaving the plant to Mushnik . With no choice , Seymour steadily backs him towards the plant , which swallows Mushnik whole ( `` Suppertime '' ) . Despite widespread success , Seymour worries about Audrey II 's growth and unbridled appetite ( `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' ) . Offered money and a contract for a botany TV show , Seymour plans to escape Skid Row with Audrey using the money , leaving the plant to starve . After Audrey accepts Seymour 's marriage proposal , Audrey II catches Seymour leaving and demands another meal : Seymour agrees , but insists on meat from a butcher . While Seymour is gone , the plant telephones Audrey , coaxes her into the shop , and then tries to eat her . Seymour , returning in time to save Audrey , escapes the store with her . Explaining that he fed the plant to become successful and win Audrey 's heart , Seymour discovers she has always loved him . Approached by an executive from a botanical company named Patrick Martin ( Jim Belushi ) , Seymour is offered a contract to breed Audrey II and sell the saplings worldwide . Horrified by the idea , Seymour drives Martin away , and realizes he must destroy Audrey II for the sake of humanity . Returning to the shop , Seymour learns that Audrey II is actually an alien from outer space ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' ) . Audrey II traps Seymour and destroys the shop , but Seymour grabs an exposed electrical cable and electrocutes Audrey II . Leaving the destroyed shop , Seymour safely reunites with Audrey . The two wed and move to the suburbs : arriving at their new home , which is the one seen in Audrey 's daydreams , a smiling Audrey II bud can be seen among the flowers in their front yard . Original ending ( edit ) During production , director Oz shot a 23 - minute ending based on the off - Broadway musical 's ending .", "4": "However , after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it , the ending had to be rewritten and re-shot for the theatrical release with a `` happier ending . '' In the original ending , when Audrey is attacked by the plant , Seymour pulls her from its jaws but is too late to save her , as she is mortally wounded . As she is dying she tells him what the plant said about Orin and Mushnik , and then Seymour confesses that he fed them to the plant . Audrey requests that Seymour feed her to the plant too so that it will live and Seymour can earn the success he deserves ( `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' ) . After fulfilling her dying wish , he attempts suicide by jumping off the roof of a building , only to be stopped by Patrick Martin . Martin offers to reproduce and sell Audrey IIs and has already grown a smaller Audrey II from one of the clippings that he harvested earlier . He also warns Seymour that his consent is n't necessary , as plants are considered to be in the public domain . Realizing Audrey II is planning global domination , Seymour climbs down from the roof with the resolution to destroy the plant . Returning to the shop , he confronts and tries to kill Audrey II , who tears down the shop , fishes him from the rubble and eats him alive . The plant then spits out Seymour 's glasses and laughs victoriously ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space ) '' . The three chorus girls appear in front of a large American flag and tell how although Audrey II buds became a worldwide consumer craze , the buds grew into an army of monstrous plants who begin to take over the Earth . Giant Audrey II plants are shown destroying cities , toppling buildings , as well as eating people . The United States Army attempts to fight the buds as they ascend the Statue of Liberty and Audrey II eventually bursts through the movie screen and presumably eats the viewers ( `` Finale ( Do n't Feed The Plants ) '' ) . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis as Seymour Krelborn , a nerdy florist who loves `` strange and interesting '' plants . He is nice and well - intentioned , but is easily influenced : the plant , Audrey II , tricks him into feeding it humans .", "5": "Ellen Greene as Audrey , a kind , shy , friendly , and awkward coworker who is the object of Seymour 's affections , but who is dating the sadistic Orin Scrivello . Vincent Gardenia as Mr. Mushnik , the grumpy , stingy owner of Mushnik 's Flower Shop . Steve Martin as Orin Scrivello , DDS , a sadistic , nitrous oxide - addicted dentist and Audrey 's violent , abusive boyfriend . Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II , an evil and boisterous flytrap - like extraterrestrial plant with plans to take over the planet . Tichina Arnold , Michelle Weeks , and Tisha Campbell as Crystal , Ronette , and Chiffon , the three mysterious girls who act as a Greek chorus and often provide back - up to the songs throughout the film . Jim Belushi as Patrick Martin , a Licensing and Marketing executive from World Botanical Enterprises who offers Seymour a proposal to sell Audrey IIs worldwide . Belushi appears in the theatrical release after re-shoots , as actor Paul Dooley ( who played Martin in the original ending ) was unavailable to reprise his scenes . John Candy as Wink Wilkinson , the DJ for WSKID who puts on a radio show about `` weird stuff '' called `` Wink Wilkinson 's Weird World '' . Christopher Guest as The First Customer , the first customer to enter the flower shop and notice Audrey II . Bill Murray as Arthur Denton , a hyperactive masochist who visits Orin the dentist for `` a long , slow root canal . '' Miriam Margolyes as a Dental Nurse , Orin 's cynical nurse / secretary who Orin frequently appears to enjoy hurting . Stanley Jones as the Narrator , whose voice is heard reading the opening words . Mak Wilson , Danny John - Jules , Danny Cunningham , Gary Palmer , and Paul Swaby as the doo - wop backup singers . Jim Henson 's daughter Heather Henson cameos as one of Orin 's patients .", "6": "Vincent Wong as the Chinese Florist Kerry Shale as Life magazine assistant Audrey II was operated by John Alexander , Anthony Asbury , Don Austen , David Barclay , Michael Barclay , James Barton , Michael Bayliss , Marcus Clarke , Sue Dacre , Graham Fletcher , Brian Henson , Terry Lee , Christopher Leith , Toby Philpott , Mike Quinn , Paul Springer , William Todd - Jones , Ian Tregonnian , Robert Tygner , and Mak Wilson . Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Skid Row ( Downtown ) '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Mushnik , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company `` Da - Doo '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Grow for Me '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal ( off - screen ) `` Somewhere That 's Green '' -- Audrey `` Some Fun Now '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Dentist ! '' -- Orin , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Feed Me ( Git It ) '' -- Audrey II , Seymour `` Suddenly , Seymour '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Suppertime '' -- Audrey II , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company `` Suppertime ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey II , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette and Crystal ( off screen ) `` Suddenly , Seymour ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods `` Little Shop of Horrors medley '' ( end credits ) -- Company Original ending `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods `` Finale ( Do n't Feed the Plants ) '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) David Geffen was one of the original producers of the off - Broadway show and he began planning to produce a feature film adaptation . He originally wanted Steven Spielberg to executive produce the film and Martin Scorsese to direct .", "7": "Scorsese wanted to shoot the film in 3 - D , but plans fell through and Scorsese 's first 3 - D film would be Hugo 25 years later . John Landis was also attached to the project for a time . Geffen then offered the film to Frank Oz , who was finishing work on The Muppets Take Manhattan around the same time . Oz initially rejected it , but he later had an idea that got him into the cinematic aspect of the project , which he did not figure out before . Oz spent a month and a half to restructure the script which he felt was stage - bound . Geffen and Ashman liked what he had written and decided to go with what he did . Oz was also studying the Off - Broadway show and how it was thematically constructed , all in order to reconstruct it for a feature film . The film differs only slightly from the stage play . The title song is expanded to include an additional verse to allow for more opening credits . The song `` Ya Never Know '' was re-written into a calypso - style song called `` Some Fun Now '' , although some of the lyrics were retained . Four other songs ( `` Closed for Renovation '' , `` Mushnik and Son '' , `` Now ( It 's Just the Gas ) '' , as well as `` Call Back in the Morning '' ) were cut from the original production score . An original song written by Ashman and Menken , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' , was created for the film . Casting ( edit ) Greene was not the first choice for the role of Audrey . The studio wanted Cyndi Lauper , who turned it down . Barbra Streisand was also rumored to have been offered the part . Since Greene was the original off - Broadway Audrey , the role was given to her . `` She 's amazing , '' Oz said . `` I could n't imagine any other Audrey , really . She nailed that part for years off - Broadway . '' The character of the masochistic dental patient , Arthur Denton , played in the original film by Jack Nicholson under the name `` Wilbur Force '' , and cut from the stage version , was added back to the story and played by Bill Murray , who improvised all of his dialogue .", "8": "It supposedly took Steve Martin six weeks to film all his scenes as Orin . He contributed ideas such as socking the nurse in the face ( originally he was to knock her out using his gas mask ) and ripping off the doll head . Filming ( edit ) All the scenes were filmed at Pinewood Studios in England , making use of every sound stage there , including the 007 Stage . Oz and his crew did not want to shoot on location as it would tamper with the fantastical mood of the film . Part of the giant 007 stage was used to film the ' Suddenly Seymour ' number . But because of its size , the stage was impractical to heat properly and thus caused breath condensation to appear from the actor 's lips . This was countered by having Ellen Greene and Rick Moranis put ice cubes in their mouths . This would be the first time Moranis and Martin starred in a film together , and they would later appear together in three more films : Parenthood , My Blue Heaven and L.A. Story . As mentioned , additional sequences and songs from the original off - Broadway show were dropped or re-written in order for the feature version to be paced well . The notable change was for the `` Meek Shall Inherit '' sequence . As originally filmed , it detailed through a dream sequence Seymour 's rising success and the need to keep the plant fed and impress Audrey . In the final cut , the dream sequence and much of the song is cut out . Oz said , `` I cut that because I felt it just did n't work and that was before the first preview in San Jose . It was the right choice , it did n't really add value to the entire cut . '' The full version of the song was included on the film 's soundtrack album , as were the songs from the original ending . The sequence was deemed to be lost until in 2012 when it was rediscovered on a VHS workprint that contained alternate and extended takes and sequences . Operating the plant ( edit ) The film 's version of Audrey II was an extremely elaborate creation , using puppets designed by Lyle Conway . While developing the mouth of the plant for the dialogue scenes and musical numbers , Oz , Conway and his crew were struggling to figure out how to make the plant move convincingly .", "9": "`` We kept trying and trying and it did n't work . '' The solution presented itself while reviewing test footage of the puppet . When the film was run backwards or forward at a faster than normal speed , the footage looked much more convincing and lifelike . They realized they could film the puppet at a slower speed , making it appear to move faster when played back at normal speed . `` By slowing it down it looked it was talking real fast . We then went ' holy cow , look at that . We can do it . ' '' The frame rate for filming the plant was slowed to 12 or 16 frames per second , depending on the scene , and frequent screen cuts were used to minimize the amount of screen time the puppet spent with human actors , and when interaction was totally necessary , the actors ( usually Moranis ) would pantomime and lip sync in slow motion . The film was then sped up to the normal 24 frames per second and voices were reinserted in post-production . Levi Stubbs ' recordings were run through a harmonizer when slowed down so that they were coherent for Moranis or Ellen Greene . There are no blue screens or opticals involved in any of Audrey II 's scenes , with the exception of the reshot ending where the plant is electrocuted , designed by Visual Effects supervisor Bran Ferren , and in some shots during the rampage in the original ending . The plant was made in six different stages of growth and there were three different versions of Mushnik 's shop , making it possible for two units to work with different sized plants at the same time . Each of the talking plants had to be cleaned , re-painted and patched up at the end of each shooting day , which would take up to three hours depending on the size . The `` Suppertime '' number uses two different sizes of Audrey II . When the plant is singing all alone in the shop , it is actually a smaller size : the same size as when it sang `` Feed Me '' , but now standing on a scaled down set to make it look larger . The full size one that is seen to interact with Seymour and Mushnik was not provided with lip movement , but was built to swallow Mushnik 's ( mechanical ) legs . During Audrey II 's final stage of growth , 60 technicians were necessary to operate the one - ton puppet .", "10": "The finale ( edit ) Audrey II on top of the Statue of Liberty in the film 's planned ending , shown here in its unfinished state as taken from an early - stage black - and - white workprint . The visual effects were completed for the Director 's Cut of the film . Oz and Ashman wanted to retain the ending of the musical where Seymour and Audrey die and the plant succeeds and takes over the city of New York , but Geffen was actually against it . `` He said you ca n't do that , '' Oz recounts . `` But again he knew what Howard and I wanted to do , so he supported us . '' A special effects team skilled in working with miniatures , and Special Visual Effects team , went to great lengths to create the finale . The model department was supervised by Richard Conway , known for his model work on Flash Gordon and Brazil . `` It was all model stuff , that was the brilliant thing . He created the bridge , the buildings , several Audrey IIs and created all of it , all on tabletop . It 's all old - fashioned , tabletop animation '' ( although no stop motion animation was used in the film or in the ending ) . The Visual Effects work was supervised by Bran Ferren ( Altered States ) . Reportedly the entire planned climax cost about $5 million to produce , and included elaborate special and visual effects . Oz said in an interview , `` this was , I think , the most expensive film Warner Bros. had done at the time . '' As the film was nearing completion , the excited studio set up a test screening in San Jose . Oz said , `` For every musical number , there was applause , they loved it , it was just fantastic ... until Rick and Ellen died , and then the theatre became a refrigerator , an ice box . It was awful and the cards were just awful . You have to have a 55 percent `` recommend '' to really be released and we got a 13 . It was a complete disaster . '' Oz insisted on setting another test screening in L.A. to see if they would get a different reaction . Geffen agreed to this , but they received the same negative reaction as before .", "11": "Oz later recounted , `` I learned a lesson : in a stage play , you kill the leads and they come out for a bow -- in a movie , they do n't come out for a bow , they 're dead . They 're gone and so the audience lost the people they loved , as opposed to the theater audience where they knew the two people who played Audrey and Seymour were still alive . They loved those people , and they hated us for it . '' Oz and Ashman scrapped Audrey and Seymour 's grim deaths and the finale rampage , and Ashman rewrote a happier ending , with Jim Belushi replacing Paul Dooley ( who was unavailable for the re-shoot ) as Patrick Martin . The musical number `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' was left mostly intact from the original cut , with new shots of Audrey observing from a window added in . A brief sequence from the `` Mean Green Mother '' number was also removed in which Seymour fires his revolver at Audrey II , only to discover that the bullets ricochet harmlessly off of the plant . In the happy ending , Audrey II is destroyed and Seymour , Audrey , and humanity survive . This happy ending is made somewhat ambiguous , however , with a final shot of a smiling Audrey II bud in Seymour and Audrey 's front yard . Tisha Campbell was unavailable for the final appearance of the chorus girls in the yard and was replaced with a lookalike seen only from the waist down . `` We had to do it , '' Oz recounted. `` ( and do it ) in such a manner that the audience would enjoy the movie . It was very dissatisfying for both of us that we could n't do what we wanted . So creatively , no , it did n't satisfy us and being true to the story . But we also understood the realities that they could n't release the movie if we had that ending . '' `` We had to take ( the workprint ) apart , and we never made a dupe of ( the original ending ) . '' At the time , the only copies of it that were made to be viewed were VHS workprint tapes given to few crew members . The scene in which Seymour proposes to Audrey originally contained the reprise of `` Suddenly , Seymour '' . This scene was re-shot and the reprise was placed later in the new ending .", "12": "In the final theatrical cut , the only miniatures that are retained are the New York City streets passing behind Steve Martin 's motorcycle ride at the beginning of `` Dentist ! '' `` When we did re-shoot the ending , the crowd reaction went over 50 percent in our favor . Before it was a point where they hated it so much , Warner probably would n't even release the movie , '' Oz said . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Little Shop of Horrors , after a delay needed to complete the revised ending , was released on December 19 , 1986 and was anticipated to do strong business over the 1986 holiday season . The film grossed $38 million at the box office , which , from the view point of the studio , was considered an underperformer . However , it became a smash hit upon its home video release in 1987 on VHS and Beta . Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews to give it a score of 90 % based on reviews from 48 critics , the general consensus states : `` Remixing Roger Corman 's B - movie by way of the Off - Broadway musical , Little Shop of Horrors offers camp , horror and catchy tunes in equal measure -- plus some inspired cameos by the likes of Steve Martin and Bill Murray . '' On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics ' reviews , the film has an 81 % rating based on 15 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' ( 14 positive reviews , 1 mixed , and no negative ) . Richard Corliss of Time magazine said , `` You can try not liking this adaptation of the Off - Broadway musical hit -- it has no polish and a pushy way with a gag -- but the movie sneaks up on you , about as subtly as Audrey II . '' In The New York Times , Janet Maslin called it `` a full - blown movie musical , and quite a winning one '' . Roger Ebert said in his review : `` All of the wonders of Little Shop of Horrors are accomplished with an offhand , casual charm . This is the kind of movie that cults are made of , and after Little Shop finishes its first run , I would n't be at all surprised to see it develop as one of those movies that fans want to include in their lives '' .", "13": "Oz 's friend and Muppet colleague Jim Henson praised the film and said `` the lip sync on the plant in that film is just absolutely amazing '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was also nominated for two Academy Awards , one for Best Visual Effects ( Lyle Conway , Bran Ferren , Martin Gutteridge ) , the other for Best Original Song ( Alan Menken , Howard Ashman ) for Audrey II 's new number , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' . `` Mean Green '' was the first Oscar - nominated song to contain profanity in the lyrics and thus had to be slightly censored for the show . It 's also the first of only two songs sung by a villain to be nominated , the other being `` Blame Canada '' from South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . It lost to `` Take My Breath Away '' from Top Gun . It was also nominated for Best Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical ( it lost to Hannah and Her Sisters ) and Best Original Score ( Miles Goodman ) during the 44th Golden Globe Awards . The Score went to Ennio Morricone for The Mission . Home Media ( edit ) Little Shop of Horrors was the first DVD to be recalled for content . In 1998 , Warner Bros. released a special edition DVD that contained approximately 23 minutes of unfinished footage from Oz 's original ending , although it was in black and white and was missing some sound , visual , and special effects . Producer and rights owner David Geffen was not aware of this release until it made it to the stores . Geffen said , `` They put out a black - and - white , un-scored , un-dubbed video copy of the original ending that looked like shit . '' As a result , the studio removed it from shelves in a matter of days and replaced it with a second edition that did not contain the extra material . Geffen wanted to re-release the film to theaters with the original ending intact . Geffen also claimed to have a color copy of the original ending , while the studio had lower quality , black and white duplicates as their own color print was destroyed in a studio fire years earlier . But Geffen had not known , until after the DVD was pulled , that the studio did not know there was a colored copy of the original ending in existence .", "14": "In November 2011 , Oz held a Q&A session at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria , Queens during a Henson themed exhibit . During the talk , he announced that the film would be released as a new special edition with the original ending restored . Warner Bros. reconstructed and restored the ending in an alternate edit , with re-discovered color negatives of the sequence and the help of production notes from Frank Oz and others on the film 's creative team . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 9 , 2012 with features returning from the original DVD . It was initially subtitled as `` The Intended Cut '' , but changed to `` The Director 's Cut '' once Oz began to support the release . The new edit was screened at the 50th New York Film Festival in the `` Masterwork '' line - up on September 29 , 2012 , alongside titles such as Laurence Olivier 's Richard III and Heaven 's Gate . Frank Oz worried that the audience would give a negative reaction at the 2012 screening , however , `` the audience accepted Audrey and Seymour 's deaths with applause and roared in glee during the plant rampage , '' says Oz . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring eclipses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS ( PG ) '' . Columbia - Cannon - Warner . British Board of Film Classification . January 27 , 1987 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Corman interview '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Oz : Muppets maestro discusses ' Little Shop of Horrors ' and the remaking of his classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Shop of Reshoots '' . DVD Savant . November 20 , 1999 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Howard Ashman '' . Unknown Baltimore Publication. 1984 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Little Shop - Deleted Scenes FOUND '' . Justn Hoskie . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Oz DVD commentary , Little Shop of Horrors ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . Review , Little Shop of Horrors , Reelviews.net , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Oz Interview '' . ^ Jump up to : `` An Evening with Jim Henson and Frank Oz '' . Aleza Makayla on YouTube . 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( December 24 , 1986 ) . `` ' Kong Lives ' Dies At Box Office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Green and Red for Christmas '' . Time Magazine . 1986 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Screen : ' Little Shop of Horrors ' '' . The New York Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Shop of Horrors '' by Roger Ebert `` . Chicago Sun - Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Horror of ' Horrors ' ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ryan Dosier ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Muppet Mindset : Frank Oz Visits The Museum of Moving Image '' . Themuppetmindset.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` ' Little Shop of Horrors ' Makes Blu - ray Debut '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Latest MPAA Ratings Bulletin No. 2205 by Brad Brevet January 12 2012 Jump up ^ Little Shop Movie to Screen at New York Film Festival with Original Violent Ending External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 film ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Little Shop of Horrors on IMDb Little Shop of Horrors at Box Office Mojo Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic Little Shop of Horrors Films The Little Shop of Horrors ( 1960 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Musicals Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Television Little Shop ( 1991 ) Films directed by Frank Oz The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Dirty Rotten Scoundrels ( 1988 ) What About Bob ? ( 1991 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) The Indian in the Cupboard ( 1995 ) In & Out ( 1997 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) The Score ( 2001 ) The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) Death at a Funeral ( 2007 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr.", "17": "Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr.", "18": "Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(film)&oldid=820778744 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films 1980s comedy horror films 1980s musical films 1980s science fiction films American films American black comedy films American comedy horror films American comedy science fiction films American musical comedy films American rock musicals Films directed by Frank Oz Films about dentistry Films based on musicals Films based on musicals based on films Films featuring puppetry Films set in the 1960s Films set in New York City Films shot at Pinewood Studios The Geffen Film Company films Musical film remakes Science fiction musicals Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2014 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 15 : 28 . 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-6267746560439390778	who do you play as in star wars battlefront 2	[ "Iden Versio, leader of an Imperial Special Forces group known as Inferno Squad", "Iden Versio, leader of an Imperial Special Forces group known as Inferno Squad" ]	{ "0": "Star Wars Battlefront II ( 2017 video game ) - wikipedia Star Wars Battlefront II ( 2017 video game ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 video game . For the 2005 video game of the same name , see Star Wars : Battlefront II ( 2005 video game ) . Star Wars Battlefront II Developer ( s ) EA DICE Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Director ( s ) Bernd Diemer Producer ( s ) Paul Keslin Craig McLeod James Salt Designer ( s ) Niklas Fegraeus Linus Josephson Programmer ( s ) Jonas Kjellström Artist ( s ) Andrew Hamilton Writer ( s ) Walt Williams Mitch Dyer Composer ( s ) Gordy Haab Series Star Wars : Battlefront Engine Frostbite 3 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release November 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter , third - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise . It is the fourth major installment of the Star Wars : Battlefront series and seventh overall , and a sequel to the 2015 reboot of the series . It was developed by EA DICE , in collaboration with Criterion Games and Motive Studios , and published by Electronic Arts . The game was released worldwide on November 17 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . Upon release , Battlefront II received mixed reviews from critics . The game was also subject to widespread criticism regarding the status of loot boxes , which could give players substantial gameplay advantages if purchased with real money . A response from EA 's community team on Reddit on the topic became the single most downvoted comment in the site 's history -- and in response , EA decided to temporarily remove microtransactions from the game until a later date . In January 2018 , EA announced that the micro-transactions will return `` in the next few months '' . These returning micro-transactions will be purely cosmetic , will not affect gameplay , and will also be available for purchase through in - game currency .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 2 Campaign 2.1 Plot 2.2 Resurrection 3 Development and marketing 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 4.2 Accolades 5 Microtransactions controversy 5.1 Government responses 6 References 7 External links Gameplay Star Wars Battlefront II features gameplay from the Star Wars prequel films , a feature absent in the game 's predecessor . Star Wars Battlefront II features a single - player story mode , a customizable character class system , and content based on The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi movies . It also features vehicles and locations from the original , prequel , and sequel Star Wars movie trilogies . It also features heroes and villains that can be played based on characters from the Star Wars movies ; the hero roster includes Luke Skywalker ( Matthew Mercer ) , Leia Organa ( Misty Lee ) , Han Solo ( John Armstrong ) , Chewbacca , Lando Calrissian ( Billy Dee Williams ) , Yoda ( Tom Kane ) , and Rey ( Daisy Ridley ) , while the villain roster includes Darth Vader ( Matt Sloan ) , Emperor Palpatine ( Sam Witwer ) , Boba Fett ( Temuera Morrison ) , Bossk ( Dee Bradley Baker ) , Iden Versio ( Janina Gavankar ) , Darth Maul ( Sam Witwer ) , and Kylo Ren ( Matthew Wood / Roger Craig Smith ) at launch . The game features a full campaign story mode unlike 2015 's Battlefront . The game 's single player protagonist , Iden Versio , leader of an Imperial Special Forces group known as Inferno Squad , participates in multiple events in the 30 years leading up to The Force Awakens . There will be segments in the campaign where the player will be able to control other characters such as Luke Skywalker and Kylo Ren . Players can also play in arcade mode -- an offline single player or local co-op where players can choose which side to play on and which battle to play in . Battles vary from team battles to onslaughts . Alternatively , players can choose to do a custom match , where they can change some of the settings and location .", "2": "Instead of the paid Season Pass downloadable content ( DLC ) seen in the 2015 predecessor , this game is expanded with free DLC provided to all players with a free EA account . The DLC is free to all players , using a seasonal structure similar to Overwatch and Rainbow Six Siege , according to Gavankar . The first season , released in December 13 , 2017 , was based on the movie Star Wars : The Last Jedi , and included Finn ( John Boyega ) and Captain Phasma ( Gwendoline Christie ) as heroes , the planet Crait as a ground map , and a space map above D'Qar . Multiplayer Star Wars Battlefront II features five multiplayer game modes with the largest supporting up to 40 simultaneous players . Galactic Assault is centered around unique set pieces set across the eleven planets and locations featuring all three Star Wars eras involving a team of 20 attackers against 20 defenders . In Starfighter Assault , battles take place in space and planetary atmospheres involving 12 attackers against 12 defenders , both teams being reinforced with an additional 20 AI ships . Strike has players battling in close quarter scenarios involving a team of eight attackers aiming to capture a unique objective from a team of eight defenders ; essentially one team capture the flag . Heroes vs. Villains is an `` attack the target mode '' involving the heroes and villains in Star Wars Battlefront II based off Star Wars characters , where four light side heroes fight four dark side villains . One of the four heroes and one of the four villains are selected to be the target to attack . Blast , the final mode , is standard team deathmatch between two teams of 10 players in which teams try to reach 100 total combined eliminations before the enemy team can . Alongside an update released on February 19 , 2018 , a new temporary game mode , Jetpack Cargo , was released , in which two teams of eight battle to capture cargo while all players are equipped with a jet - pack . Campaign The single - player story mode campaign in Star Wars Battlefront II takes place in the Star Wars galaxy , beginning around the time of Return of the Jedi , but largely between it and Star Wars : The Force Awakens .", "3": "Emperor Palpatine plots to lure an unsuspecting Rebel Alliance fleet into a trap using himself and the second Death Star , being constructed above the Forest Moon of Endor , as bait , seeking to crush the Rebellion against his Galactic Empire once and for all . The Imperial Special Forces commando unit Inferno Squad , led by Commander Iden Versio , daughter of Admiral Garrick Versio , and made up of Agents Gideon Hask and Del Meeko , is crucial to the success of this planned Battle of Endor , but the Empire underestimates the strength of the Rebellion as its fleet gathers at Sullust . Plot Iden Versio ( Janina Gavankar ) is being interrogated for the codes to unlock an Imperial transmission aboard a Rebel Mon Calamari Star Cruiser . She activates her droid , which sneaks to her cell and frees her . Iden had allowed herself to be captured in order to erase the Imperial transmission , which would reveal the Emperor 's plan at Endor . She successfully erases it , then escapes the ship by launching herself into space where she is intercepted by the Corvus , the flagship of Inferno Squad . Iden confirms the mission 's success to Gideon Hask ( Paul Blackthorne ) and Del Meeko ( TJ Ramini ) , other members of her squad . Later on Endor , Iden , Hask , and Meeko secure the perimeter around the ruined shield generator , and watch with shock and horror as the second Death Star explodes . Vice Admiral Sloane orders a full retreat , and Inferno Squad recovers TIE fighters to escape the moon , which is being overrun by Rebel forces . The Corvus is attacked during their escape , but Inferno fends off Rebel bombers . Iden meets with her father , Admiral Garrick Versio ( Anthony Skordi ) , on his Star Destroyer Eviscerator . Admiral Versio confirms to Iden that the Emperor has died . A messenger droid displays a hologram of the late Emperor issuing his last command : to begin Operation : Cinder . Admiral Versio sends Iden to an Imperial shipyard to protect Moff Raythe and his Star Destroyer Dauntless , which hosts experimental satellites vital to the success of Operation : Cinder .", "4": "The Dauntless comes under attack from a Rebel Star Cruiser , but Iden is able to board it with Hask and disable its ion cannons . Afterwards , they are ordered to attack the Imperial shipyard in order to free the Star Destroyer from the locked clamps . Afterwards , the Dauntless opens fire on the Rebel cruiser , destroying it . Meeko is sent to Pillio and ordered to destroy one of the Emperor 's hidden bases . He encounters Luke Skywalker ( Matthew Mercer ) , who helps him disarm the base 's defenses and fend off the local wildlife . They discover that the base contains the Emperor 's spoils of conquest . Meeko and Luke part amicably , and Meeko begins to question the Empire 's goals and motives . Following this , Iden and Inferno Squad are sent to the Imperial - controlled world of Vardos , in order to retrieve Protectorate Gleb . As the satellites for Operation Cinder begin destroying the planet with terrible storms , Iden and Meeko try to evacuate the civilians in addition to Gleb , causing Agent Hask to betray them . Disillusioned by the Empire 's attack on Vardos , Iden and Meeko escape off world , now traitors to the Empire . They seek out the Rebel Alliance and are taken to General Lando Calrissian ( Billy Dee Williams ) , who gives them the choice to help stop Operation : Cinder , or to escape and make new lives for themselves . Choosing to help , they aid Leia Organa ( Misty Lee ) in protecting Naboo , destroying the satellites for Operation : Cinder and reactivating the planet 's defenses . After Naboo is liberated , Inferno Squad joins the New Republic . Iden and Inferno Squad are then sent to Takodana to find Han Solo ( John Armstrong ) , who was extracting an Imperial defector carrying critical data in hopes of liberating Kashyyyk and freeing the Wookiees . The data also reveals that Admiral Versio is commanding Imperial operations on Bespin and Sullust . Iden and Del infiltrate Bespin with the intent of capturing Admiral Versio , but he and Hask manage to escape . Meanwhile , Lando investigates the hidden Imperial weapons cache on Sullust , only to find a weapons factory which he destroys .", "5": "These operations cripple the Imperial fleet , which makes a last stand at Jakku . During the battle , Iden shoots down Hask and boards the Eviscerator , intending to rescue her father . Admiral Versio decides to go down with his ship , feeling obligated to die with the Empire he fought to protect . He instead urges Iden to escape and live a new life , commending her for seeing the weakness of the Empire . Iden takes an escape pod and reunites with Del at the end of the battle . The two embrace and kiss , as the battle marks the end of the Galactic Empire . Many decades later , Del is captured on Pillio by Protectorate Gleb , who hands him over to Kylo Ren and the First Order . Ren uses the Force to interrogate Del about the location of the map leading to Luke Skywalker . Once Ren succeeds , he leaves Del in the custody of Hask , who survived getting shot down at Jakku . Hask expresses disgust at Del choosing to father a daughter with Iden instead of becoming a soldier and kills him , but not before Del warns him not to confront Iden . Hask then warns Gleb that the Republic can not find out about `` Project Resurrection '' and orders her to leave the Corvus on Pillio as bait to lure Iden out of hiding . Resurrection Shriv Suurgav ( Dan Donohue ) , now an agent for the Resistance , discovers the abandoned Corvus and informs Iden and her daughter , Zay ( Brittany Volcy ) . Shriv also reveals that Del had been helping the Resistance investigate rumors of mass disappearances that may be connected to Project Resurrection before disappearing himself . They head to Athulla , where Del was last seen , to investigate . However , they are ambushed by a Jinata Security fleet . Iden and Zay destroy the fleet and capture the flagship . The surviving Jinata Security crew admit that they had been kidnapping children on the behalf of the First Order , and that Project Resurrection had been moved to Vardos . Iden , Zay , and Shriv return to Vardos . Iden has Zay stay behind on the Corvus while she and Shriv investigate the surface , where they see a bright red light appear in the sky .", "6": "Iden and Shriv discover Gleb 's dead body and are then captured by Hask , who taunts them by telling them that he killed Gleb and Del and the First Order has already destroyed the Senate and the Hosnian System - the red lights from earlier ( as seen in The Force Awakens ) . He then orders his Star Destroyer the Retribution to destroy the Corvus along with Zay . Jinata Security personnel , angry at the First Order betraying them , attack Hask 's men , giving Iden and Shriv an opportunity to escape . They rescue Zay who managed to eject in an escape pod before the Corvus was destroyed , and they board the Retribution . Iden fights her desire to get revenge on Hask and instead focuses on stealing any useful data from the ship to aid the Resistance . They hack a computer terminal and discover that Project Resurrection is an operation by the First Order to kidnap children from across the galaxy and indoctrinate them into stormtroopers . In addition , they discover that the First Order has built up a massive fleet large enough to retake the galaxy . Finally , they find the plans for a First Order Dreadnought and steal them . Shriv then goes to secure an escape craft while Iden and Zay plant explosive charges on the Retribution 's hyperspace generators . Hask ambushes them but is killed by Iden . The destruction of the hyperspace generators pulls the Retribution out of hyperspace near Starkiller Base right as the Resistance destroys it . Iden reveals that she had been mortally wounded during the battle with Hask . She gives the Dreadnought plans to Zay and orders her to escape without her before dying . Zay and Shriv link up with the Resistance and hand over the Dreadnought plans to Leia . She then orders them to head to the Outer Rim to gather more allies for the Resistance . Development and marketing On May 10 , 2016 , the development of Star Wars Battlefront II was announced , led by EA DICE in collaboration with Criterion Games and Jade Raymond 's Motive Studios . The sequel to 2015 's rebooted Star Wars Battlefront features content from the sequel trilogy of films .", "7": "Creative director Bernd Diemer has stated that the company has replaced the Season Pass system of paid expansion of content , because that system was determined to have `` fragmented '' the player community of the 2015 predecessor game . The new expansion system is designed to allow all players `` to play longer '' . Executive producer Matthew Webster announced on April 15 , 2017 at Star Wars Celebration that the worldwide release of the game would be November 17 , 2017 . The Battlefront II beta test period started on October 4 , 2017 , for players who pre-ordered the game . It was expanded to an open beta on October 6 , and ran until October 11 . A 10 - hour trial version was made available to EA Access and Origin Access subscribers on November 9 , 2017 . A tie - in novel , Star Wars Battlefront II : Inferno Squad , was released on July 25 , 2017 . Written by Christie Golden , it serves as a direct prelude to the game and follows the exploits of the Galactic Empire 's titular squad as it seeks to eliminate what was left of Saw Gerrera 's rebel cell after the events of the 2016 film Rogue One . On November 10 , 2017 , Electronic Arts announced the first in a series of free downloadable content for the game , featuring the planets D'Qar and Crait and the playable hero characters Finn and Captain Phasma . This content is a direct tie - in to December 's Star Wars : The Last Jedi . On March 22 , 2018 , Electronic Arts unlocked all hero characters and hero vehicles for all players , and removed game - play altering drops from Crates , which now only contain cosmetic items and credits .", "8": "Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS4 ) 68 / 100 ( XONE ) 66 / 100 ( PC ) 65 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 5 / 10 Edge 4 / 10 EGM 7 / 10 Game Informer 6.5 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 6 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 6.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 63 / 100 Star Wars Battlefront II received `` mixed or average '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Metacritic user reviews for the PlayStation 4 version reached a low rating of 0.8 / 10 , labelled as `` overwhelming dislike '' , due to the controversies and review bombing . In his 4 / 5 star review for GamesRadar+ , Andy Hartup praised the multiplayer but criticized the single player modes , saying the game has a `` very strong multiplayer offering tarnished by overly complicated character progression , and a lavish , beautiful story campaign lacking in substance or subtlety . '' Game Revolution felt the campaign started strong but weakened as it progressed , praising the multiplayer gameplay while criticizing the micro-transactions , loot box progression system , and locking of heroes . For EGM 's review , Nick Plessas praised the multiplayer combat , balancing , and variety , but criticized the game 's sustained focus around loot crates . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer gave the game 6.5 / 10 , writing `` Answering the call for more content , Star Wars Battlefront II offers a full campaign and more than enough multiplayer material , but the entire experience is brought down by microtransactions . '' IGN 's Tom Marks also gave the game 6.5 / 10 , saying `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 has great feeling blasters , but its progression system makes firing them an unsatisfying grind . '' The game was nominated for `` Best Shooter '' , `` Best Graphics '' and `` Best Multiplayer '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , and was a runner - up for `` Most Disappointing Game '' in Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards .", "9": "In Game Informer 's Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , fewer readers voted for the game for `` Best Co-op Multiplayer '' . The website also awarded the game for `` Best Graphics '' , `` Best Audio '' and `` Biggest Disappointment '' in their 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards . Ben `` Yahtzee '' Croshaw of Zero Punctuation ranked the game at # 1 on his list of the Five Blandest Games of 2017 . Sales In the U.S. , Star Wars Battlefront II was the second best - selling title in November behind , Call of Duty : WWII . Within its first week on sale in Japan , the PlayStation 4 version sold 38,769 copies , placing it at number four on the all format sales chart . In January 2018 , EA announced that the game missed their sales target due to the loot crate controversy . Accolades Year Award Result Ref 2017 Game Critics Awards Best Action Game Nominated Best Online Multiplayer Won Gamescom 2017 Best Action Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Nominated 2018 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Iden Versio ) Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Convergence Won 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards Audio of the Year Nominated Music of the Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Interactive Score Nominated Best Cinematic / Cutscene Audio Nominated Best Audio Mix Nominated Nickelodeon 's 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Video Game Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Audio Achievement Nominated ASCAP Composers ' Choice Awards 2017 ASCAP Video Game Score of the Year Pending Microtransactions controversy During pre-release beta trials , the game 's publisher EA was criticized by gamers and the gaming press for introducing a loot box monetization scheme that gives players substantial gameplay advantages through items purchased in - game with real money .", "10": "Although such items could also be purchased with in - game currency , players would on average have to `` grind '' for approximately 40 hours to unlock a single player character such as Darth Vader . Responding to the controversy , developers had adjusted the number of in - game items a player receives through playing the game . However , after the game went into pre-release a number of players and journalists who received the pre-release copy of the game reported various controversial gameplay features , such as rewards being unrelated to the player 's performance in the game . The poorly weighed reward system combined with a weak inactivity detection allowed many players to use rubber bands to tightly tie their game controllers for automatically farming points during multiplayer battles , ruining the experience of other active online players . On November 12 , 2017 , a Reddit user complained that although they spent US $80 to purchase the Deluxe Edition of the game , Darth Vader remained inaccessible for play , and the use of this character required a large amount of in - game credits . Players estimated that it would take 40 hours of gameplay to accumulate enough credits to unlock a single hero . In response to the community 's backlash , EA 's Community Team defended the controversial changes by saying their intent to make users earn credits to unlock heroes was to give users a sense of `` pride and accomplishment '' after unlocking a hero . This led to many Reddit users becoming frustrated at the response , which generated more than 668,000 downvotes , making it the most downvoted comment in the site 's history . In response to the community 's outrage , EA lowered the cost of credits to unlock heroes by 75 % . However , the credits rewarded for completing the campaign were also reduced . On the day before release , EA disabled micro-transactions entirely , citing players ' concerns that they gave buyers unfair advantages . They stated their intent to reintroduce them at a later date after unspecified changes had been made . The uproar from social media and poor press reception on its microtransactions had a negative impact on EA 's share price which dropped by 2.5 % on the launch day of the game . Analysts in Wall Street also lowered their expectation of the game 's financial prospect .", "11": "A Wall Street analyst writing for CNBC noted how video games are still the cheapest entertainment medium per hour of use , and even with the added microtransactions , playing Battlefront II was still notably cheaper than paying to see the theatrical release of a film . By the end of November 2017 , EA had lost $3 billion in stock value since the launch of the game . On March 16 , 2018 , developer DICE announced an overhaul for the progression and economic system . Loot crates will only contain credits , one of the in - game currencies , and cosmetic items while crystals , the other in - game currency , can be bought solely for the purpose of purchasing cosmetic items for characters in the game . Progression for player abilities , or `` Star Cards , '' is now linear as players must play a certain class or hero in order to unlock a `` Skill Point '' for that trooper or hero , which can then be used to purchase a new card or upgrade one the player already owns . The first part of this update was released on March 21 while the second part will be released in April . Government responses On November 15 , two days before release , the Belgian gambling regulator announced that it was investigating the game , alongside Overwatch , to determine whether loot boxes constituted unlicensed gambling . In response to the investigation , EA claimed that Battlefront II 's loot boxes do not constitute gambling . The Minister of Justice of Belgium Koen Geens expressed that if they prove loot boxes violate gambling laws he would start working on banning loot boxes in any future video games sold in the entire European Union . Reacting to the conclusion of the Belgian gambling regulator 's investigation , the head of Dutch Gambling commission announced a start of their own investigation of Battlefront II and the issue in general , and asked parents `` to keep an eye at the games their children play '' . Chris Lee , a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives , called Star Wars : Battlefront II `` an online casino designed to trap little kids '' and announced his intention to ban such practices in the state of Hawaii . Another representative compared playing Battlefront II to smoking cigarettes , saying : `` We did n't allow Joe Camel to encourage your kids to smoke cigarettes , and we should n't allow Star Wars to encourage your kids to gamble . ''", "12": "Singapore 's National Council on Problem Gambling are monitoring the situation following the uproar on the game , as loot boxes do not fall under the Remote Gambling Act . Authorities in Australia are also investigating the situation . References ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 's Writers Revealed '' . gamespot.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salinis , Sara ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` EA 's new Star Wars game is so unpopular a developer is apparently getting death threats '' . CNBC . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` What EA is and is n't saying about microtransactions returning to Star Wars Battlefront 2 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Star Wars : Battlefront 2 Update Restores Microtransactions , Changes Progression '' . Gamespot . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walton , Mark ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront 2 : Free DLC , better weapons , and new character classes '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EA Star Wars ( April 15 , 2017 ) . Star Wars Battlefront II : Full Length Reveal Trailer . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Strawhun , Aiden ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 's DLC Plans Hinted In Origin Store Page '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Adam . `` It looks like ' Star Wars : Battlefront II ' will ditch the Season Pass '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Star Wars : Battlefront 2 's DLC Maps , Modes , And Characters Are Free '' . GameSpot .", "13": "Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars - O-Rama : Battlefront 2 And Beyond '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Confirmed , Features Content From `` The New Movies '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( April 15 , 2017 ) . Star Wars Celebration Orlando 2017 Live Stream -- Day 3 The Star Wars Show LIVE ! . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 beta hits in October with ground and space battles '' . Polygon . July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Beta Extended For PS4 , Xbox One , And PC ; Here 's When It Ends '' . Gamespot . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Origin / EA Access Trial Gives You 10 Hours Of Playtime On Xbox One And PC '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick . `` Star Wars : Battlefront 2 's Campaign Is Set Up In A New Novel '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 's free The Last Jedi DLC gets a release date '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Makes Big Changes In New Update '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars Battlefront II for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars Battlefront II for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars Battlefront II for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.destructoid.com/review-star-wars-battlefront-ii-473576.phtml Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront II '' . Edge . No. 314 . Future . December 8 , 2017 . pp. 104 -- 106 . ISSN 1350 - 1593 . ^ Jump up to : Plessas , Nick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront II review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Side Of Gaming - Star WarBattlefront II - Xbox One '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Jason ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review -- Born to Lose , Pay - to - Win '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartup , Andy ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront II Review '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fillari , Alessandro ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront II Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Tom ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Tyler ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( November 18 , 2017 ) .", "15": "`` Star Wars Battlefront 2 news : Fans score HUGE loot box victory after review backlash '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grill , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars Battlefront 2 ' Community Wins , DICE Turns Off Microtransactions After Massive Backlash '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Shooter '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Graphics '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Multiplayer '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day One : Old , Disappointing , Shopkeepers , and Looks '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bertz , Matt ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Escapist ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Best , worst , and blandest games of 2017 ( Zero Punctuation ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 20 Best - Selling Games In The US For November 2017 '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 11 / 13 / 17 -- 11 / 19 / 17 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 sales miss targets , EA blames loot crate controversy ( update ) '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2017 ( 2017 Nominees ) '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2017 ( 2017 Winners ) '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zubi ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 Award Nominees '' . CGM . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Awards '' . Game Audio Network Guild . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NICKELODEON ANNOUNCES 2018 KIDS ' CHOICE AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' . Nick.com . Viacom . February 26 , 2018 .", "17": "Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vote in the 2018 ASCAP Composers ' Choice Awards ! '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` The price and state of Star Wars Battlefront 2 loot crates at launch '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 heroes come at a substantial cost '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Star Wars Battlefront 2 's progression will work : levels , loot crates , and Star Cards '' . gamesradar . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Battlefront 2 players are using elastic bands to cheat their way to credits '' . Eurogamer.net . November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gach , Ethan . `` Unlocking Heroes In Star Wars Battlefront II Could Take A Long Time ( Update ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( November 11 , 2017 ) .", "18": "`` Star Wars Battlefront 2 heroes come at a substantial cost '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matney , Lucas . `` EA response to ' Battlefront II ' complaint is the most downvoted comment in Reddit history '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seriously ? I paid 80 $ to have Vader locked ? r / StarWarsBattlefront '' . reddit . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EA 's defense of Star Wars : Battlefront II is now Reddit 's most downvoted comment GamesBeat '' . venturebeat.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EA Now Has Most Downvoted Comment in Reddit History After Defending Battlefront 2 - GameRevolution '' . GameRevolution . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salinis , Sara ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` EA 's new Star Wars game is so unpopular a developer is apparently getting death threats '' . CNBC . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arts , Electronic ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Change will be a Constant in Star Wars Battlefront II '' . ea.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Matt ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` EA Lowers the Cost of Unlocking Star Wars Battlefront 2 Heroes by 75 Percent '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , James ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 has reduced the credits awarded for finishing the campaign '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront 2 Removes Microtransactions , But They 're Coming Back Later '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street is freaking out as EA caves again to social media outrage over its ' Star Wars ' game '' .", "19": "CNBC . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Tae ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Gamers are overreacting to EA 's ' Star Wars ' controversy ; publishers should raise prices : Analyst '' . CNBC . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Electronic Arts stock sheds $3 billion in value after Battlefront 2 '' . PCGamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revamped Progression is Coming Soon '' . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dustin ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Dutch Gaming Authority is investigating whether online loot boxes constitute gambling '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Geens wil gokken in games verbieden '' . VTM NIEUWS . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium says loot boxes are gambling , wants them banned in Europe '' . pcgamer . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen ? '' . Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen ? ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( November 21 , 2017 ) . Highlights of the predatory gaming announcement . Honolulu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` Hawaii Wants To Fight The `` Predatory Behavior '' Of Loot Boxes `` . Kotaku . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Legislators Weigh Law to Block Sale of ' Battlefront II ' to Children '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hio , Lester ( December 10 , 2017 ) .", "20": "`` Loot boxes in video games : Cool rewards or gambling trap ? '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video games could fall foul of anti-gambling laws '' . The Economist . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars : Battlefront II ( 2017 ) . Official website ( hide ) Star Wars video games List Action Return of the Jedi : Ewok Adventure ( cancelled ) Jedi Arena Star Wars ( 1987 ) Droids Shadows of the Empire Masters of Teräs Käsi Demolition Episode I : Battle for Naboo The Clone Wars Bounty Hunter Flight of the Falcon Kinect Attack Squadrons ( cancelled ) Star Wars ( Atari ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi : Death Star Battle Star Wars ( NES ) Star Wars ( 1991 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1992 ) Super Star Wars Super Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back ( 1993 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Rebel Assault Rebel Assault II : The Hidden Empire Star Wars : Rogue Squadron Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader III : Rebel Strike Star Wars : Starfighter Starfighter Jedi Starfighter Star Wars ( GBA ) The New Droid Army Flight of the Falcon Apprentice of the Force Star Wars : Battlefront Battlefront ( 2004 ) II ( 2005 ) Renegade Squadron Elite Squadron Battlefront ( 2015 ) II ( 2017 ) Action - adventure Yoda Stories", "21": "Episode I : Jedi Power Battles Episode I : Obi - Wan 's Adventures Obi - Wan Lethal Alliance 1313 ( cancelled ) Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Star Wars : The Clone Wars Jedi Alliance Lightsaber Duels Republic Heroes Star Wars : The Force Unleashed The Force Unleashed II Arcade Star Wars Return of the Jedi The Empire Strikes Back Arcade Trilogy Arcade Racer Arcade Battle Pod Pinball The Empire Strikes Back Star Wars Star Wars Trilogy Star Wars Episode I Racing Star Wars Episode I : Racer Racer Arcade Super Bombad Racing Racer Revenge Role - playing Galaxies Jump to Lightspeed Uprising Galaxy of Heroes Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic Knights of the Old Republic II : The Sith Lords The Old Republic Simulation X-Wing series X-Wing TIE Fighter X-Wing vs.", "22": "TIE Fighter X-Wing Alliance Droid Works Strategy Rebellion Force Commander Galactic Battlegrounds Empire at War Forces of Corruption Force Arena Rise to Power First - person shooter Jedi Knight Dark Forces Dark Forces II : Jedi Knight Mysteries of the Sith II : Jedi Outcast Jedi Academy Republic Commando Crossovers Lego Star Wars The Video Game II : The Original Trilogy The Complete Saga III : The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Angry Birds Angry Birds Star Wars Angry Birds Star Wars II Disney Infinity 3.0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars_Battlefront_II_(2017_video_game)&oldid=838364394 '' Categories : 2017 video games Asymmetrical multiplayer video games Digital Illusions CE games Electronic Arts games First - person shooters Frostbite ( game engine ) games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 4 games Science fiction video games Space opera video games Split - screen multiplayer games Star Wars : Battlefront video games Third - person shooters Video game controversies Video game reboots Video games containing loot boxes Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in Sweden Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video game sequels Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 10 . 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-5541610970112826260	who signed the declaration of independence for maryland	[ "Samuel Chase", "William Paca", "Thomas Stone", "Charles Carroll of Carrollton", "Thomas Stone", "William Paca", "Samuel Chase", "Charles Carroll of Carrollton" ]	{ "0": "Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence - wikipedia Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence . The signatures on the Declaration of Independence The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2 , 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House , Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the `` United States of America , '' and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign , independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire . The signers ' names are grouped by state , with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock ; the states are arranged geographically from north to south . The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4 , although the date of its signing has long been disputed . Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2 , 1776 , nearly a month after its adoption , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Date of signing 2 List of signers 3 Signer details 4 Stories and legends 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Date of signing ( edit ) The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America , by Armand - Dumaresq ( c. 1873 ) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 , with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining . The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate . Within a decade after the event , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4 , 1776 . That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration , which is dated July 4 .", "1": "Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress , the official public record of the Continental Congress . The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777 , and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date ( the official copy was handwritten ) . In 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . `` ( N ) o person signed it on that day nor for many days after '' , he later wrote . His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821 . The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration . On July 15 , New York 's delegates heard that they 'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration . The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads : Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America '' & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress . The entry for August 2 states : The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members . In 1884 , historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution , and had not been signed by Congress until August 2 . Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4 , and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2 . Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4 , yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams : `` No such scene , with all the delegates present , ever occurred at Philadelphia . '' The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and that the others signed on or after August 2 .", "2": "Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4 , as Jefferson , Adams , and Franklin had stated , and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken . Ritz believed that McKean 's testimony was questionable , and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution . According to Ritz , this resolution did not call for a new document to be created , but rather for the existing one to be given a new title , which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence . Ritz reasoned that the phrase `` signed by every member of Congress '' in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so . List of signers ( edit ) Fifty - six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence : President of Congress 1 . John Hancock ( Massachusetts Bay ) New Hampshire 2 . Josiah Bartlett 3 . William Whipple 4 . Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Bay 5 . Samuel Adams 6 . John Adams 7 . Robert Treat Paine 8 . Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 9 . Stephen Hopkins 10 . William Ellery Connecticut 11 . Roger Sherman 12 . Samuel Huntington 13 . William Williams 14 . Oliver Wolcott New York 15 . William Floyd 16 . Philip Livingston 17 . Francis Lewis 18 . Lewis Morris New Jersey 19 . Richard Stockton 20 . John Witherspoon 21 . Francis Hopkinson 22 . John Hart 23 . Abraham Clark Pennsylvania 24 . Robert Morris 25 . Benjamin Rush 26 . Benjamin Franklin 27 . John Morton 28 . George Clymer 29 . James Smith 30 . George Taylor 31 . James Wilson 32 . George Ross Delaware 33 . Caesar Rodney 34 . George Read 35 . Thomas McKean Maryland 36 . Samuel Chase 37 .", "3": "William Paca 38 . Thomas Stone 39 . Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia 40 . George Wythe 41 . Richard Henry Lee 42 . Thomas Jefferson 43 . Benjamin Harrison 44 . Thomas Nelson , Jr . 45 . Francis Lightfoot Lee 46 . Carter Braxton North Carolina 47 . William Hooper 48 . Joseph Hewes 49 . John Penn South Carolina 50 . Edward Rutledge 51 . Thomas Heyward , Jr . 52 . Thomas Lynch , Jr . 53 . Arthur Middleton Georgia 54 . Button Gwinnett 55 . Lyman Hall 56 . George Walton Signer details ( edit ) Eight delegates never signed the Declaration , out of the approximately 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776 : John Alsop , George Clinton , John Dickinson , Charles Humphreys , Robert R. Livingston , John Rogers , Thomas Willing , and Henry Wisner . Clinton , Livingston , and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place . Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing . Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2 . Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document . Dickinson refused to sign , believing the Declaration premature , but he remained in Congress . George Read had voted against the resolution of independence , and Robert Morris had abstained -- yet they both signed the Declaration . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) the oldest . John Hancock 's now - iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches ( 13 cm ) long .", "4": "Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated , including William Hooper and Samuel Chase , but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2 . Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2 , including Lewis Morris , Oliver Wolcott , Thomas McKean , and possibly Elbridge Gerry . Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August , but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October , respectively . New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign . Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4 : Matthew Thornton , William Williams , Benjamin Rush , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , George Ross , and Charles Carroll of Carrollton . Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November . By the time that he signed it , there was n't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates , so he placed his signature at the end of the document . The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside . The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson , and those names were printed rather than signatures . The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18 , 1777 , when the Congress ordered that an `` authenticated copy '' be sent to each of the 13 states , including the names of the signers . This copy is called the Goddard Broadside ; it was the first to list all the signers except for Thomas McKean , who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published . Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration , and his name does n't appear on the Goddard Broadside , even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside . Stories and legends ( edit ) Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin 's death .", "5": "References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 242 -- 43 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 246 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 302 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 243 -- 45 Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 245 -- 46 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , p. 341 Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` What you know about July 4th is wrong '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 194 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 190 -- 200 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation and Analysis , p. 143 ) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4 , and that another four might have been . Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) gives the number of non-signers as seven , not counting Dickinson , who absented himself for the final votes . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 525 -- 26 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 209 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p.", "6": "90 Jump up ^ Fradin , The Signers , 112 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p , 148 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) lists seven men ; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton , who had been working as an emissary for Congress . He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4 , and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18 . ( Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 529 , 587 ) Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 150 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 247 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 284 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 , where the date is misprinted as January 8 , but correct on page 150 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p. 91 Sources ( edit ) Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 printing available on Google Book Search Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 .", "7": "ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . The Story of the Declaration of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1975 . A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . United States Continental Congress . Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress , from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation , vol. 1 , p. 46 . Boston : Thomas B. Wait , 1820 . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths . '' The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . 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-86997217831791339	when does wonder woman come out on blue ray	[ "September 19, 2017", "September 19, 2017", "September 19, 2017", "September 19, 2017", "September 19, 2017" ]	{ "0": "Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $821.9 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a live - action , theatrically released comic book superhero film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict .", "1": "While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , with praise for its performances ( particularly those of Gadot and Pine ) , direction , action sequences , and musical score . The film set numerous box office records ; it is the fifth - highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th - highest - grossing film in the United States . It grossed over $821 million worldwide , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the fourteenth - highest - grossing film franchise of all time . As of October 2017 , Rotten Tomatoes has listed the movie as # 1 on its list of the `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' , and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 Movies of the Year . The film received three nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards . A sequel is set to be released on November 1 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1.", "2": "2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Feminist debate 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Diana Prince , in modern Paris , receives a photographic plate of herself and four men taken during World War I , prompting her to recall her past . Daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction . When the other gods attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat ( thus dying in the process ) . Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Initially forbidding Diana to train as a warrior , Hippolyta allows her sister Antiope to train Diana , only more rigorously than any other warrior . In 1918 , Diana , now a young woman , rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast . The island is soon invaded by a German ship pursuing Trevor . The Amazons kill the crew , but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana ( by taking the bullet fired from a German marine that was meant to target Diana ) . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia , and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire . Believing Ares to be responsible for the war , Diana arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso , and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and destroy Ares for good . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany .", "3": "Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front . Although forbidden by his commander to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . The team reaches the front in Belgium . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana separately infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it , while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing his mission , but this allows Ludendorff to unleash the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff , but is confused and disillusioned when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process , it is ultimately their decision to resort to violence as they are inherently corrupt . When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the `` Godkiller '' sword , he destroys it , then reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta . He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , Steve 's team destroys Maru 's laboratory . Steve hijacks and pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself in the process . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but the memories of her experiences with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war .", "4": "In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve and reaffirms her new mission to fight and give on the world 's behalf . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon warrior goddess , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said , `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said , `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated , `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated , `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said , `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said , `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspell was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana .", "5": "On his role for the film , Pine said , `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated , `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said , `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting , `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said , `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said , `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta .", "6": "They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said , `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' The message of the film , Wright stated , `` is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said , `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said , `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said , `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . ''", "7": "David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares : The Greek God of War , Zeus 's treacherous son and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said , `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said , `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said , `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated , `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' .", "8": "Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : The chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said , `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said , `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated , `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said , `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' .", "9": "Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said , `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded , `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said , `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A secret agent and ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated , `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A sharpshooter and ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said , `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' .", "10": "On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented , `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said , `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Kongsli stated , `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , Mayling Ng , Florence Kasumba , Madeleine Vall Beijner , Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana , Acantha , Egeria , Aella and Artemis , respectively , all of whom are Amazons . James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell , and Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonian , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier .", "11": "Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero '' . The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . In 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online .", "12": "Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins 's version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film .", "13": "While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable .", "14": "Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a `` bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' .", "15": "As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent .", "16": "Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent , featured in the scenes in which Princess Diana arrives in the Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack .", "17": "Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 15 , 2017 in Shanghai . It premiered on May 25 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week .", "18": "They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 - months - later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home Media ( edit ) Wonder Woman was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top spot of both the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart and the Blu - ray Disc sales chart . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , is Israeli .", "19": "The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . An Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX .", "20": "It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third - biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second - best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends .", "21": "It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends , respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest - earning superhero origin film -- supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings -- surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest - earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice .", "22": "The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The chemistry and performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were particularly praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews from film critics , with some calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins 's direction , performances , chemistry of Gadot and Pine and musical score . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 363 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance of the titular character and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O.", "23": "Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood .", "24": "Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' .", "25": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Feminist debate ( edit ) Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general , and of female action heroes in particular since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics , as she was created to document `` the growth in the power of women '' , while wearing `` a golden tiara , a red bustier , blue underpants and knee - high , red leather boots . '' She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the `` Publications Disapproved for Youth '' because , the group behind the list argued , she was `` not sufficiently dressed '' . A few decades later , second - wave feminist Gloria Steinem 's Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover . Historian Tim Hanley suggested that this move shifted `` the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality , essentially making her a mascot of the women 's movement '' . This perception shifted over the years , however , as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of `` honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls '' which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months before , in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her ( Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot ) .", "26": "The title was dropped in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume , described as a `` shimmery , thigh - baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee - high boots '' . The petition stated that `` it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls '' . Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N. 's decision by stating that she thinks `` that that 's sexist . I think it 's sexist to say you ca n't have both . I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero '' . The debate continued with the release of Jenkins ' 2017 film , Wonder Woman , which according to the BBC had `` some thinking it 's too feminist and others thinking it 's not feminist enough '' . Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as `` a warrior '' whom , she states , is also highly sexualized . Killian thus suggests that these elements `` should not be the focus of a kickass heroine -- her beauty , bone structure , and sexiness -- if she is to be a feminist icon '' . Theresa Harold concurred , comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen ( of The Hunger Games ) , who `` did n't have to wear a teenager 's wet dream of a costume to fight in '' . Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman 's ability to be considered a `` feminist antidote '' was undermined by her `` sex appeal '' . Other critics refer to the construction of Wonder Woman in the film as `` an implausible post-feminist hero '' . Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique , however . She has stated that she was raised by a second - wave `` feminist mother '' , who taught her to be `` both super aware that there had been sexism but also : ' Congratulations -- thank you , now I get to do whatever I want , Mom ! ' '' Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman 's costume .", "27": "When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman 's `` Gladiator '' re-design of the outfit ( in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman ( as well as the other Amazons ) `` should n't be dressed in armor like men ( ... ) It should be different ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time -- the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body . '' Jenkins also notes that she is `` frustrated '' by the critique of Wonder Woman 's appearance , stating `` when people get super critical about her outfit , who 's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears ? That 's who she is ; that 's Wonder Woman . '' Gal Gadot concurred with Jenkins , arguing that the character `` is a feminist '' as `` feminism is about equality and choice and freedom . And the writers , Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles . She has no gender boundaries . To her , everyone is equal . '' Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins ' vision . Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze , stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods , including third - wave feminism ( which reflects Jenkins ' approach ) . Zoe Williams offers a similar argument , stating that while Wonder Woman `` is sort of naked a lot of the time , '' that is not , at the same time , `` objectification so much as a cultural reset : having thighs , actual thighs you can kick things with , not thighs that look like arms , is a feminist act '' . Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor , Ellen Ripley , and Lara Croft , whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze , in which a `` female warrior becomes a sex object '' , ( a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film ) . Gloria Steinem thought that the film `` was very good '' as it made Wonder Woman 's `` Amazon origin story clear ; she was stopping war , not perpetuating it . ''", "28": "Steinem also noted that she knew `` some women were disappointed by all the makeup , but I may be desperate -- I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair ! '' Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were `` so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject '' . Steinem also gave Hillary Clinton the first Wonder Woman Award in October 2017 during the Women 's Media Center 's `` Speaking Truth to Power Awards '' ( an organization created by Steinem , Jane Fonda , and Robin Morgan ) . Upon receiving the award , Clinton noted that she had seen Jenkins ' Wonder Woman film and that she `` loved the outfit '' . She also said that as her granddaughter was `` really keen '' on Wonder Woman , Clinton `` thought maybe I could borrow something from her for the night . It did n't quite work for me , but I will say that this award means a lot to me because as a little girl , and then as a young woman , and then as a slightly older woman , I always wondered when Wonder Woman would have her time , and now that has happened . '' Clinton had previously praised Jenkins ' film , in a public August 2017 message , stating that `` it was just as inspirational as I 'd suspected a movie about a strong , powerful woman in a fight to save the world from international disaster would be . '' Director James Cameron continued this debate , through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins ' film . In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian , Cameron qualifies Jenkins ' vision of Wonder Woman as `` an objectified icon '' and called the film `` a step backwards '' . In contrast , he states , his character Sarah Connor ( from his Terminator films ) `` was not a beauty icon . She was strong , she was troubled , she was a terrible mother , and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit . '' Jenkins stated in response that Cameron 's `` inability to understand what ' Wonder Woman ' is , or stands for , to women all over the world is unsurprising as , though he is a great filmmaker , he is not a woman '' .", "29": "She further argued `` there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman '' because `` if women have to always be hard , tough and troubled to be strong , and we are n't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving , then we have n't come very far have we . '' Reaction to this debate was mixed . Julie Miller sided with Cameron , whom she states refers to himself as `` a pretty hardcore feminist '' and who told Vulture that `` I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females , which is what happens in Aliens ( ... ) It 's up to Ripley to win the day . '' In contrast , Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as `` a woman who exuded both femininity and strength , along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men '' . Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron , describing Jenkins ' Wonder Woman as `` a Playmate with a lasso '' and `` female power with no balls '' . Others were more critical of Cameron 's critique . An article in Newsweek suggested that Cameron 's films include `` lot of objectification '' , and included quotes from Hollywood celebrities such as Jesse McLaren who commented that `` James Cameron 's just confused there 's a female hero whose motivations are n't centered around motherhood . '' Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins , stating that while Cameron 's objection is `` an old point that 's been made over and over for decades '' , Jenkins ' film is not `` solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience '' . A few weeks later in September , Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter . He compared Gal Gadot 's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s , and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton 's portrayal of Sarah Connor . He argued that Connor was `` if not ahead of its time , at least a breakthrough in its time '' because though she `` looked great '' , she `` was n't treated as a sex object '' .", "30": "He also stated that he while he `` applaud ( s ) Patty directing the film and Hollywood , uh , ' letting ' a woman direct a major action franchise , I did n't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman . I thought it was a good film . Period . '' Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron 's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to `` Stop dissing WW . '' Like Jenkins , she suggests that while Cameron does `` not understand the character '' , she does . She also refers to Cameron 's critiques as `` thuggish jabs at a brilliant director '' that are as `` ill advised '' as the `` movie was spot on . '' Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has `` embodied this character for more than 40 years '' . A month later , Jenkins responded to Cameron 's comments once again in an interview with Variety , stating that she `` was not upset at all '' , as `` everybody is entitled to their own opinion . But if you 're going to debate something in a public way , I have to reply that I think it 's incorrect . '' Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron 's statements , arguing that `` while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women , ( he ) is not very good at it '' as being an ally means using his position of privilege `` without silencing the voices of those you 're trying to help '' . She also states that it `` is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist . It 's not even enough to create a strong female character ( ... ) You have to bring women to the table . You have to let them speak . You can not speak for them . But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ( ... ) Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year Wonder Woman Won Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Aline Bonetto Pending Artios Awards January 18 ,", "31": "2018 Big Budget Drama Lora Kennedy , Kristy Carlson , Lucinda Syson , Jeanette Benzie ( Associate ) Pending Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Awards December 30 , 2017 Impact Awards Patty Jenkins Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie Wonder Woman Pending Best Costume Design Lindy Hemming Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Breakthrough Gal Gadot Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle December 13 , 2017 Best Director Patty Jenkins Runner - up EDA Awards TBA Best Woman Director Patty Jenkins Pending Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer Nominated Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Film Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) July 29 , 2017 Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Sound Mixing Best Original Song `` To Be Human '' -- Sia and Labrinth Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Female Director Patty Jenkins Nominated Best Stunt Work Wonder Woman Best Action / War Best Blockbuster Won Best Visual Effects Nominated Memphis Online Film Critics Awards December 11 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Won National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Spotlight Award Patty Jenkins Won Gal Gadot North Texas Film Critics Association December 17 ,", "32": "2017 Best Actress Gal Gadot Nominated Best Director Patty Jenkins Best Cinematography Matthew Jensen Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Rising Star Award -- Actress Gal Gadot Won Philadelphia Film Critics Circle Awards December 10 , 2017 Steve Friedman Award Patty Jenkins Won Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Nominated Best Visual Effects Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Zack Snyder , and Deborah Snyder Pending Santa Barbara Film Festival February 3 , 2018 Virtuosos Award Gal Gadot Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs Pending Best Original Score Rupert Gregson - Williams Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Pending Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Action Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Action Gal Gadot Choice Movie : Ship Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Choice Movie : Summer Wonder Woman Choice Movie Actor : Summer Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Summer Gal Gadot Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Production Design Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards December 17 , 2017 Women 's Work : Best Ensemble Wonder Woman Nominated Best Female Action Hero Won Best Equality of the Sexes Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' .", "33": "At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 ; the date was later moved up to November 1 , 2019 to avoid competition with Star Wars : Episode IX . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie '' . The Mercury News .", "34": "Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review roundup -- Critics conclude Patty Jenkins ' film better than Batman v Superman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Trey ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . AFI . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Release Date Moves Up 6 Weeks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McBeth , Susie ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot Dishes on the New ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Gal Gadot on Creating a Superhero That Young Girls Can Admire '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNiece , Mia ( May 31 , 2017 ) .", "35": "`` Gal Gadot felt ' privileged ' to play Wonder Woman : ' I adore this character ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` What it 's like to be a real - life Amazon on the set of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot , Robin Wright , Connie Nielsen first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glock , Allison ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` No Small Wonder : Gal Gadot Takes Summer by Storm '' . Marie Claire . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Young Diana Finds Her Power '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Young Wonder Woman Emily Carey Set for ' Anastasia : Once Upon a Time ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine Closes Deal to Star Opposite Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wonder Woman ' Debuts First Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 .", "36": "Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , William ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Wonder Woman 's Chris Pine talks ' living the dream ' '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Pine Debuts Shocking New Buzz Cut , Spills on Getting in ' Incredible Shape ' for ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright Says Wonder Woman Is About ' Equality and Justice ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' : ' It 's About Love and Justice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Robin Wright Shares Her Favorite Part Of The Movie '' . DC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ; Shiro , Faryn ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 .", "37": "Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , S.C. ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David Thewlis Cast As Comic Book Accurate Ares in Wonder Woman '' . moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Who Is Really Playing the Villain Ares ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Ares Factors into the Wonder Woman Movie '' . comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : David Thewlis Reveals Surprising Details About His Role '' . DC . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Casts Wonder Woman 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis Talks Etta Candy In ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Onenewspapge.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis on Her Top - Secret ' Wonder Woman ' Audition and Etta Candy 's Future on Screen '' . Cosmopolitan . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 .", "39": "Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Lucy Davis Explains Etta Candy 's Relationship With Steve Trevor '' . DC . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast : Charlie , Sameer , and Chief '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman Feature Film '' . Business Wire . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saïd Taghmaoui Talks WONDER WOMAN Role ; Is He Playing A Superhero ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's who T2 Trainspotting 's Ewen Bremner is playing in Wonder Woman '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewen Bremner webchat -- your questions answered on Trainspotting , Wonder Woman and sunglasses '' . The Guardian . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actor Confirms A Major Character Twist '' . Cinemablend.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Eugene Brave Rock , actor from Kainai First Nation , to appear in DC 's Wonder Woman '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 .", "40": "Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morin , Brandi ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta stars in Wonder Woman '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta on bringing his language to ' Wonder Woman ' '' . National Observer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidunderlige Lisa '' . Film Magasinet . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Brekken , Thor ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Norske Lisa om Wonder Woman - rollen : Jeg kunne drept deg ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dybfest Dahl , Ingvill ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lisa Loven Kongsli med Hollywood - avtale for fire superhelt - filmer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grønneberg , Anders ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' med norske Lisa setter rekorder '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Boon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Singapore 's connection to Wonder Woman '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Maddy ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Florence Kasumba , Who Played Black Panther 's Security Chief in Civil War , Just Joined the Wonder Woman Cast '' .", "41": "The Mary Sue . 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Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's Wonder Woman fantasy : Angelina Jolie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Read Joss Whedon 's Rejected Wonder Woman Script '' . comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's leaked Wonder Woman script labelled ' sexist ' by DC fans '' . The Independent .", "44": "Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jenavieve ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Women of Twitter Roast Joss Whedon 's Ridiculous ' Wonder Woman ' Script '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` This Unfinished ' Wonder Woman ' Script by Joss Whedon Is Getting Crucified on Twitter '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Min , Lilian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Twitter Is Tearing Apart That Old Wonder Woman Script by Joss Whedon '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Whedon 's Sexist Wonder Woman Script Was Leaked and the Women of Twitter Are Going In '' . ELLE . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` This Is What Director Patty Jenkins Has Learned Since ' Wonder Woman ' Destroyed The Box Office '' . Buzzfeed News . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Director Discourages Comparisons to Joss Whedon 's Script '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ; Douglas , Edward ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Joel Silver 's Wonder Woman Update '' . SuperHeroHype.com .", "45": "Archived from the original on March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephanie ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Wonder Woman Still in Development says Joel Silver '' . IESB . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce wants to lasso the role of Wonder Woman '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros. sets ' Sherlock ' sequel date ; ' Flash ' close to greenlight '' . Heatvisionblog.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ; Lang , Brent ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Man of Steel ' Holds the Key to Warner Bros . ' Future Franchises '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` DC Entertainment Chief Reveals What 's Next for Superman , Wonder Woman and 5 Superheroes Who Deserve Movies ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handel , Jonathan . `` Warner Bros . ' Kevin Tsujihara Talks ' Gravity , ' J.K. Rowling and Tentpole Strategy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Bridesmaids and The Heat Director Paul Feig Pitched a Wonder Woman Movie to Warner Bros '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 21 , 2016 ) .", "46": "`` How Powerful Will Wonder Woman Be in ' Batman v Superman ' ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ; Kit , Borys ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` 29 Superhero Movies Through 2020 : A Breakdown of What 's Coming '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren in Talks to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren Signs to Develop and Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Lassoes ' Pan ' Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Loses Director Michelle MacLaren '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Finds a New Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Producer Charles Roven on the Many Writers That Tried to Tackle the Script '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Superman and Batman Film Casts Its Wonder Woman '' . DC Comics . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jodie B. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Why Placing ' Wonder Woman ' In World War I Could Work Wonders '' . Moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex . `` Wonder Woman Director Reveals Comic Book Influences '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Subtle Genius of Wonder Woman 's Cinematic Origin '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Being Inspired by Richard Donner 's ' Superman ' '' . Collider.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Might Finally End Marvel 's Chokehold on Hollywood '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Actresses Test for ' Batman vs. Superman ' ... as Wonder Woman ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 .", "48": "Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawksley , Rupert ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman to be first female - led superhero film since 2005 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Defends ' Wonder Woman ' Casting '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' . Filmink . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot : Wonder Woman ' not there because of a love story ' in Batman v Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman star Gal Gadot says that her solo movie has ' moments of humour ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Teddy ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot '' . Interview . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Gal Gadot Transformed Her Body to Play Wonder Woman '' . Yahoo !.", "49": "Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Gal Gadot Had Turned Down a Role in Man of Steel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` No , Gal Gadot Is n't Making 46 Times Less Than Henry Cavill '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine in Talks to Co-Star in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) .", "50": "`` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production Weekly -- Issue 960 -- Thursday , August 27 , 2015 / 211 Listings -- 44 Pages '' . Production Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Movie to Begin Production in November '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Aodhan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Lower Halstow features in new Wonder Woman trailer '' . kentonline . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lisa ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Australia House 's 900 - year - old ' holy well ' in basement holds water fit to drink '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) .", "51": "Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly .", "52": "Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Wonder Woman Article '' . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) .", "53": "`` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot glitters at the ' Wonder Woman ' world premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack ; Ariana Grande Tour Dates Shelved '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book ' to 2018 , ' Wonder Woman ' Gets New Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 .", "54": "Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .", "55": "Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2017 ) , ' Wonder Woman ' Tickets on Sale Everywhere ; 92 % Of All Moviegoers Want To See Female Superhero Movie , Deadline.com , archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 , retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Danica Patrick will have a ' Wonder Woman ' paint scheme for two races '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is coming soon to a living room near you , with one sweet extra '' . Mashable.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Flies to Top of DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bearak , Max ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon bans ' Wonder Woman ' in protest against Israeli actress Gal Gadot '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety .", "56": "Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 .", "57": "Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2017 ) .", "58": "`` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps to $11 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $103 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Five Ways ' Wonder Woman ' Has Already Made History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $100.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' .", "59": "The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi Passes Wonder Woman at U.S. Box Office '' . ScreenRant . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com .", "60": "August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 .", "61": "Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire .", "62": "Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) .", "63": "`` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkenny , Katie ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` HOW A MAGAZINE COVER FROM THE 1970S HELPED WONDER WOMAN WIN OVER FEMINISTS '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( October 2014 ) . `` The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Unwinnable War '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Road Warrior : After fifty years , Gloria Steinem is still at the forefront of the feminist cause '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Breaks Through '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman at 75 : How the Superhero Icon Inspired a Generation of Feminists '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` One less woman in politics : Wonder Woman loses job as UN ambassador '' .", "64": "The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The U.N. hires Wonder Woman to fight for gender equality . But not everyone is happy about it '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patty Jenkins wants to be a great director -- not a great female director '' . CBS This Morning . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman is a feminist , and society is n't ready for her '' . BBC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Killian , Kyle ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Wonder Woman Is and Is n't a Feminist Superheroine Movie '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Harold , Theresa ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is n't the feminist fantasy we 've been told it is '' . Metro . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauterucci , Christina ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` I Wish Wonder Woman Were as Feminist as It Thinks It Is '' . Slate . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Complex Gender Politics of the ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavna , Michael ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' director Patty Jenkins cracked the superhero - movie glass ceiling '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` The world needs Wonder Woman . Director Patty Jenkins explains why '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Solis , Marie ( June 7 , 2017 ) .", "65": "`` Wonder Woman 's skimpy clothing is no match for the movie 's feminist statement '' . Mic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Producers on Everything We Can Expect From Her 2017 Movie '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot : ' Of course ' Wonder Woman is a feminist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulcas , Roslyn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can Gal Gadot Make Wonder Woman a Hero for Our Time ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is the Feminist Hero We 've Been Waiting For '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why millions of teenage girls need ' Wonder Woman ' now more than ever '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Zoe ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is a masterpiece of subversive feminism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Gloria Steinem Saved Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Benjamin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Read Hillary Clinton 's Full Speech Accepting the Wonder Woman Award '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brounstein , Laura ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins and Lucy Davis Respond to Hillary Clinton 's Wonder Woman Praise '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 .", "66": "Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to Hillary Clinton 's praise of Wonder Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Hillary ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Email from Hillary Clinton : August 22 , 2017 '' . still4hill.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron : ' The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they do n't need you ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins hits back at James Cameron : ' He does n't understand Wonder Woman ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Responds to James Cameron 's Unsolicited Wonder Woman Criticism '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breslin , Susannah ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` What James Cameron Gets Right About The ' Wonder Woman ' Feminism Debate ( Forbes ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to James Cameron 's Wonder Woman diss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bort , Ryan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Women in film : ' Wonder Woman ' criticism latest example of James Cameron 's questionable feminism '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's comments on Wonder Woman completely ignore her history of sex appeal '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 .", "67": "^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron Doubles Down on ' Wonder Woman ' Critique , Details the ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter attacks ' thuggish ' James Cameron over Wonder Woman jibes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter to James Cameron : ' Stop Dissing ' ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter calls out James Cameron over ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Equal Pay , Hollywood Sexism and James Cameron 's Nasty Words '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Tricia ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron , Wonder Woman , and the Problem With Bad Feminist Allies '' . Syfy . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Make AFI Awards Lists '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees '' . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Nominations -- ' Get Out ' Leads the Way '' .", "68": "December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 CIFCC AWARDS '' . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards , 2017 '' . The M0vie Blog . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) .", "69": "`` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( AW Halfways 2017 ) Winners Ceremony '' . awardswatch.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Announces Their Inaugural Year Award Winners '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Memphis Online Film Critics Awards Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Winners : ' The Post ' Comes Up Strong With Best Pic , Best Actress Meryl Streep , Best Actor Tom Hanks '' . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 from the NTFCA '' . North Texas Film Critics Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Star Award -- 2018 Film Awards Gala '' . Palm Springs International Film Festival . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 PFCC Inaugural Awards '' . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS '' . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards WINNERS '' . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 .", "70": "Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot , Kumail Nanjiani , Timothee Chalamet Among Recipients for Virtuosos Award at Santa Barbara Film Festival '' . Variety . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Nominations '' . Washington DC Area Film Critics Association . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' .", "71": "Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ; Shanley , Patrick . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G.", "72": "Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc .", "73": "Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs.", "74": "Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Justice League See also Cast Book Category Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red", "75": "2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Patty Jenkins Monster ( 2003 ) Five ( 2011 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 )", "76": "Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)&oldid=819445033 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Superheroine films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s war films American war drama films American 3D films American action films American coming - of - age films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American superhero films Action adventure films Atlas Entertainment films Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Cruel and Unusual Films films DC Extended Universe films Fantasy war films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films based on DC Comics Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films directed by Patty Jenkins Films set in 1918 Films set in Belgium Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in London Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set in the Ottoman Empire Films set on islands Films shot in London Films shot in Matera Films using computer - generated imagery Greek gods in fiction IMAX films Performance capture in film Prequel films Science fantasy films War adventure films Western Front films ( World War I ) Wonder Woman films Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk", "77": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar მარგალური مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 11 : 59 . 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-8062812506672279762	what nba team did derrick rose play for	[ "Chicago Bulls", "New York Knicks", "Cleveland Cavaliers", "Minnesota Timberwolves", "Chicago Bulls", "New York Knicks", "Cleveland Cavaliers", "Minnesota Timberwolves" ]	{ "0": "Derrick Rose - wikipedia Derrick Rose Jump to : navigation , search Derrick Rose Rose with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 25 -- Minnesota Timberwolves Position Point guard League NBA ( 1988 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Chicago , Illinois Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school Simeon Career Academy ( Chicago , Illinois ) College Memphis ( 2007 -- 2008 ) NBA draft 2008 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Chicago Bulls Playing career 2008 -- present Career history 2008 -- 2016 Chicago Bulls 2016 -- 2017 New York Knicks 2017 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Minnesota Timberwolves Career highlights and awards NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Star ( 2010 -- 2012 ) All - NBA First Team ( 2011 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2009 ) Third - team All - American -- AP , NABC ( 2008 ) McDonald 's All - American ( 2007 ) Illinois Mr. Basketball ( 2007 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA World Cup 2010 Turkey Team 2014 Spain Team Derrick Martell Rose ( born October 4 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played one year of college basketball for the Memphis Tigers before being drafted first overall by his hometown Chicago Bulls in the 2008 NBA draft . After being named the NBA Rookie of the Year , Rose , at age 22 , became the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2011 . Rose was born and raised in the Chicago area , and attended Simeon Career Academy .", "1": "He was highly recruited by NCAA scouts and coaches , eventually choosing to join the University of Memphis under coach John Calipari . Rose led the Memphis Tigers to the most wins in NCAA history ( a 38 -- 2 record ) , their first number one ranking in 25 years , and an appearance in the NCAA championship game . In 2009 , an NCAA investigation revealed that Rose 's SAT scores had been invalidated , and as a result , the NCAA vacated Memphis ' entire 2007 -- 08 season . Rose has struggled with significant knee injuries since his 2010 -- 11 MVP campaign . In the first round of the 2012 NBA Playoffs against the Philadelphia 76ers , Rose tore his ACL in his left knee . Rose required surgery and was subsequently sidelined for the entire 2012 -- 13 season . Rose returned to play in 2013 -- 14 . However , on November 22 , 2013 , during a regular season game against the Portland Trail Blazers , Rose injured his right meniscus which caused him to miss the remainder of the season . Rose returned once again the following season , but knee injuries continued to riddle him , causing him to miss 30 games . In June 2016 , he was traded to the New York Knicks . After one season with the Knicks , Rose joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2017 , but was traded and subsequently released by the Utah Jazz the following February . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 3.1 Grading controversy 3.2 College statistics 4 NBA career 4.1 Chicago Bulls ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 4.1. 1 2008 -- 09 season : Rookie of the Year 4.1. 2 2009 -- 10 season : First All - Star season 4.1. 3 2010 -- 11 season : MVP / Number one seed 4.1. 4 2011 -- 12 season : Playoff appearance / ACL tear 4.1. 5 2012 -- 13 season : Year absence 4.1. 6 2013 -- 14 season : Return / Torn meniscus 4.1.", "2": "7 2014 -- 15 season : Back to the playoffs 4.1. 8 2015 -- 16 season : Final season with the Bulls 4.2 New York Knicks ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 4.3 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 4.4 Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2018 -- present ) 5 National team career 6 Player profile 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 7.3 Career highs 7.3. 1 Regular season 7.3. 2 Playoffs 8 Accomplishments and awards 8.1 NBA 8.2 College 8.3 High school 9 Personal life 10 Endorsements 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Early life Rose was born and raised in the Englewood area , one of the most dangerous neighborhoods on Chicago 's South Side . He is the youngest son of Brenda Rose after Dwayne , Reggie , and Allan . All three were talented basketball players who taught Rose the in and outs of basketball on nearby courts . As his talent for the sport grew , Rose began to attract much more outside attention in Chicago 's basketball circles , leading his mother and brothers to restrict outside contact to him . She feared he would be exploited and his path to the NBA diverted by outside parties like street agents , similar to what happened to former Chicago prospect Ronnie Fields . High school career By the time Rose enrolled at Simeon Career Academy in 2003 , he was a hot commodity for collegiate coaches . Despite his reputation , he played freshmen and JV basketball for the Wolverines . He wore No. 25 in honor of Ben `` Benji '' Wilson , a promising player who was murdered by a gang member during his senior year in 1984 . Rose was not allowed on varsity due to a long - standing tradition that head coach Bob Hambric , who had been with the school since 1980 had no freshmen on the varsity team .", "3": "That rule did not lessen Rose 's play , and he went on to put up 18.5 points , 6.6 assists , 4.7 rebounds and 2.1 steals per game and led both the freshmen and sophomores to city championships with a 24 -- 1 record . Hambric softened his stance and allowed the freshman a chance to play on varsity in the state tournament , but Rose declined , wanting the players to get due credit . The next year Hambric retired and Robert Smith was hired , opening the path to varsity . In Rose 's debut , he had 22 points , 7 rebounds and 5 steals over Thornwood High School in a sold - out game filled with college scouts and coaches . He led the Wolverines to a 30 -- 5 mark while averaging 19.8 points , 5.1 rebounds , 8.3 assists and 2.4 steals but the season ended after a loss in state regionals . Rose 's play garnered him his first national award : a Parade All - American third team spot . During Rose 's junior year in 2006 , the Simeon Wolverines broke through and won the Chicago Public League championship held at the United Center , where Rose starred with 25 points and crowd pleasing dunks . The team advanced through the playoffs and earned a berth in the Class AA state championship against Richwoods High School , where a fourth quarter buzzer beater by Richwood forced overtime . The score was knotted at 29 late in the extra period when Rose stole the ball and buried the game winning jumper as time expired , giving Simeon its first state title since the Wilson - led Wolverines won in 1984 . The team finished 33 -- 4 and ranked nationally , and Rose was awarded with an All - State Illinois mention , EA Sports All - American Second Team pick and another Parade All - American selection . Entering his senior year , Rose was ranked the fifth best prospect in the nation by Sports Illustrated . In January 2007 , Simeon traveled to Madison Square Garden to play Rice High School and star guard Kemba Walker . The Wolverines lost 53 -- 51 . The season 's highlight was a nationally televised contest on ESPN against Virginia perennial power Oak Hill Academy two weeks later .", "4": "Matched up with hyped junior guard Brandon Jennings , Rose had 28 points , 9 assists , and 8 rebounds and in a 78 -- 75 win . For his performance , USA Today named him their high school player of the week . Simeon went on to repeat as Public League champions and defended their state championship , defeating O'Fallon High School 77 -- 54 . In doing so , Simeon became the first Chicago Public League school to win two straight state championships . In his final high school game , Rose scored 2 points , but pulled down 7 rebounds and totaled 8 assists , while Simeon big man Tim Flowers scored 35 points . The Wolverines ended the season 33 -- 2 and ranked first in the nation by Sports Illustrated and 6th on USA Today 's Super 25 . Rose averaged 25.2 points , 9.1 assists , 8.8 rebounds and 3.4 steals . Overall , Simeon 's record while Rose played was 120 -- 12 . After his senior year , Rose was again All - State after being named Illinois Mr. Basketball and was named to the McDonald 's All - American team . He was also awarded with First Team honors by Parade selection and USA Today and USA Today First Team All - American . Rose was selected to play in the Jordan Brand All - Star Game and Nike Hoop Summit . In 2009 , Rose was named the decade 's third greatest high school point guard by ESPN RISE magazine behind Chris Paul and T.J. Ford , and had his jersey number ( # 25 ) retired along with Ben Wilson . College career Rose while playing at the University of Memphis Rose accepted a scholarship to play for the University of Memphis Tigers under John Calipari , who recruited him after seeing him play in an AAU game . Strong efforts were made by Indiana University and in - state University of Illinois to sign Rose to their own programs . Illinois in particular planned to pair Rose and their five - star recruit Eric Gordon , who had played AAU basketball with Rose . Gordon , however , retracted his verbal commitment from the Fighting Illini , opting to play for Indiana , and Rose subsequently gave his verbal commitment before the start of his senior season .", "5": "Rose chose Memphis because of the school 's history of putting players in the NBA and the prospect of Rod Strickland , a 17 - year veteran of the league , mentoring him . Rose switched to # 23 , due to the fact that # 25 had been retired by the school in honor of Penny Hardaway . With the addition of Rose and led by veteran upperclassmen Joey Dorsey and Chris Douglas - Roberts , the Tigers started out the season ranked third in the nation . Memphis sprinted to a 26 -- 0 start and claimed the number one ranking in the country for the first time in over 25 years before falling to the University of Tennessee Volunteers 66 -- 62 in February . Memphis was able to bounce back and capture the Conference USA Tournament to qualify for the `` Big Dance '' with a 33 -- 1 record . Rose averaged 14.9 points per game , 4.7 assists and 4.5 rebounds per game during the regular season and earned All - American Third Team honors among others . He finished as a finalist for the Bob Cousy Award as well as the John R. Wooden Award . Memphis was seeded No. 1 in the South Region . Rose earned high praise for his increased focus on defense , hounding Texas Longhorn guard D.J. Augustin into a low - percentage game in the Elite Eight . In a match - up against UCLA in the Final Four , Rose finished with 25 points and 9 rebounds to lead the Tigers to an 85 -- 67 win and a trip to the NCAA championship game against the Kansas Jayhawks . The win set a NCAA mark for most wins in a season ( 38 ) . Against Kansas , Rose scored 17 points on 7 -- of -- 17 shooting , along with six rebounds and seven assists , but missed a critical free throw at the end of the second half as Memphis fell in overtime , 75 -- 68 . Memphis concluded the season 38 -- 2 . Rose was named to the All - Final Four team after averaging 20.8 points , 6.5 rebounds and 6.0 assists per game . On April 15 , Rose announced he would forgo his final three seasons at Memphis and declared for the 2008 NBA draft .", "6": "Grading controversy According to Sheri Lipman of the University of Memphis legal counsel , a month after the loss to Kansas , the NCAA sent a letter to the school stating that Rose had `` an invalidated standardized test score the previous year at Chicago 's Simeon High School . '' The next January , the NCAA sent another letter , charging Memphis with knowing that Rose had someone else take his SAT for him . Memphis started its own investigation and sent its response back on April 24 . On May 28 , 2009 , the Memphis Commercial Appeal obtained the letter through the Freedom of Information Act and released it . Although the player 's name was redacted due to privacy laws , process of elimination , and sources revealed the player as Derrick Rose . The next day , in a separate investigation , James Sullivan , Inspector General of the Chicago Public Schools district 's Board of Education , released a report of his investigation stating that four student - athletes of a CPS school had one - month grade boosts to alter their college transcripts . The Chicago Sun - Times revealed the school as Simeon Career Academy and that three of the four were Rose and his former teammates Kevin Johnson and Tim Flowers , prominent members of the back - to - back championship teams . The newspaper claimed that Rose 's grade was changed from a D to a C. Another part of the report stated that `` high school staff lost the original permanent records for three of the above mentioned students athletes '' ( including the unknown four ) . Sullivan started the investigation because `` none of the grade changes were supported by any documentation . '' He also failed to find a suspect as `` at least seven people at Simeon had the ability to access student grades and records . '' Illinois High School Association ( IHSA ) executive director Marty Hickman reacted by saying , `` It is obvious that this is worth taking a look into . '' Robert Smith , who coached the Wolverines from 2004 to 2007 , denied any wrongdoing . District spokeswoman Monique Bond said the students involved probably did not know about the grade change . Allegations surfaced that Rose 's brother , Reggie , had been allowed to travel with the team for free on several occasions . Memphis contended that it had learned of the allegations about Rose 's SAT score shortly after he enrolled at the school . It conducted its own investigation , in which Rose was questioned by four school officials .", "7": "Ultimately , Memphis was unable to find any evidence that Rose had cheated based on what was available at the time and cleared him to play . Rose released a statement through his lawyer Daniel E. Reidy : `` Mr. Rose is aware of the allegations reported in the press . Mr. Rose cooperated fully with the University of Memphis ' athletic and legal departments ' investigation of this issue when he was a student , and that investigation uncovered no wrongdoing on his part . '' On August 20 , 2009 , the NCAA vacated Memphis ' 2007 -- 08 season . It took the position that because the Educational Testing Service voided Rose 's SAT score after Rose 's freshman year at Memphis , strict liability required that Rose be retroactively declared ineligible . It also determined that even without the questions about his test score , Rose would have lost his eligibility in December 2007 due to Reggie Rose being allowed to travel for free . On May 28 , 2010 , Rose , former Memphis basketball coach John Calipari , and Memphis athletic director R.C. Johnson reached a $100,000 out - of - court settlement with three attorneys who represented Memphis season ticket holders and threatened a lawsuit over the vacated 2007 -- 08 season . The Memphis Commercial Appeal first reported on this settlement in October 2011 . College statistics Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2007 -- 08 Memphis 40 40 29.2 . 477 . 337 . 712 4.5 4.7 1.2 . 4 14.9 NBA career Chicago Bulls ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 2008 -- 09 season : Rookie of the year Derrick Rose during his rookie season Rose was selected with the first overall pick in the 2008 draft by the Chicago Bulls . He was selected to the U.S. Select Team to scrimmage against and prepare the National Team for the Olympics in Beijing . In mid-July , he played two games in the Orlando Pro Summer League until forced out by tendinitis in his right knee , ending his summer , but returned in October to play all eight preseason games .", "8": "Rose became the first Bulls draftee to score 10 points or more in his first 10 games since Michael Jordan , and earned Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month honors for November and December . During the All - Star Weekend , Rose played in the Rookie Challenge , and won the Skills Challenge , where he beat out several All - Stars to become the first rookie to claim the trophy . Overcoming a January and February slump , Rose returned to form and won monthly rookie honors in March . Meanwhile , the Bulls , re-energized by the trade deadline acquisitions of John Salmons and Brad Miller , finished the regular season on a 12 -- 4 spurt to qualify as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference . Rose won Rookie of the Year , joining Michael Jordan ( 1985 ) and Elton Brand ( 2000 ) as the only Bulls to do so . He was also the first number - one draft pick since LeBron James to win the award . He averaged 16.8 points on 47.5 % field goal shooting , 6.3 assists ( leading all rookies ) and 3.9 rebounds per game and was also named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . In his playoff debut against the defending champion Boston Celtics , Rose recorded 36 points ( tying Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's NBA record for points scored by a rookie in his playoff debut , set in 1970 ) , 11 assists , and 4 rebounds as the Bulls prevailed in a 105 -- 103 overtime win on the road . Rose became the second player in NBA history to record 35 points and 10 assists in his playoff debut , after Chris Paul . Rose averaged 19.7 points on 47.5 % shooting , 6.3 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game in his first playoff series , as the Bulls were defeated by the Celtics in seven games . 2009 -- 10 season : first All - Star season Rose 's sophomore season started off with an ankle injury in his first preseason game . Rose would go on to miss the rest of the preseason . Rose started the Bulls ' season opener against the San Antonio Spurs but played limited minutes . Rose 's ankle bothered him for most of November , but as his ankle healed , his game improved .", "9": "On January 28 , 2010 , Rose was elected to his first career All - Star Game as a reserve for the Eastern Conference , making him the first Bulls player to be selected since Michael Jordan in 1998 . Rose ended up with eight points , four assists and three steals in the game . The Bulls once again made the playoffs in the 2009 -- 10 season , finishing with a 41 -- 41 record . In the playoffs Rose averaged 26.8 points and 7.2 assists , but the Bulls lost in five games to the Cleveland Cavaliers . On April 13 , 2010 , Rose scored 39 points against the Celtics , making 15 -- 22 field goals and 9 -- 10 free throws . According to a January 2010 report by ESPN , Rose had the fourth best selling jersey in the league . 2010 -- 11 season : MVP / number one seed Rose led the Bulls to 62 wins , and the best record overall , during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . On October 30 , 2010 , in the Bulls ' second game of the season , Rose scored 39 points in a 101 -- 91 win against the Detroit Pistons . Two days after , Rose contributed 13 assists , helping Luol Deng score a career high 40 points in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . On December 10 , Rose scored 29 points and had 9 assists , leading the Bulls to their first victory over the Los Angeles Lakers since December 19 , 2006 . On January 17 , 2011 , Rose recorded his first career triple - double with 22 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 96 -- 84 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . On January 27 , he was announced as a starting guard on the 2011 NBA All - Star Team for the East squad . On February 17 , in the Bulls ' last game before the All - Star break , Rose set a career - high with 42 points , while also recording 8 assists and 5 rebounds , as the Bulls beat the San Antonio Spurs 109 -- 99 . On March 26 , Rose had a career high 17 assists , along with 30 points , in a 95 -- 87 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks .", "10": "At the end of the 2010 -- 11 NBA season the Bulls finished with a league leading record of 62 -- 20 . Their 60 + wins was the Bulls ' first such season since 1997 -- 98 and sixth 60 + win in franchise history . At season 's end , Rose became only the third player since the 1972 -- 73 NBA season to record 2,000 points and 600 assists in a single season . The other two players were LeBron James and Michael Jordan . On May 3 , Rose was named the NBA Most Valuable Player , joining Michael Jordan as the only players to receive the award in Chicago Bulls history . At 22 years and 6 months old , Rose also became the youngest player to receive the award ( Wes Unseld , formerly the youngest MVP , won the award in 1968 -- 69 at age 23 years , 2 months ) . In the 2011 NBA Playoffs , the Bulls defeated the Indiana Pacers and Atlanta Hawks in the first two rounds . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Bulls faced the Miami Heat , led by LeBron James , Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh . The Bulls lost the series in five games . During the 2011 playoffs , Rose averaged 27.1 points per game , but only shot 39 % from the field and 24 % for three - pointers . 2011 -- 12 season : playoff appearance / ACL tear In December 2011 , Rose signed a five - year contract extension with the Bulls for $94.8 million . The contract was 30 percent of the Bulls ' salary cap , the maximum allowed under a rule dubbed the `` Derrick Rose Rule '' from the 2011 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . Rose was voted as an All - Star Game starter for the second consecutive year . He was the second leading vote getter behind Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard . He averaged 21.8 ppg , along with a career high 7.9 apg in 35.3 mpg , but played a career low 39 games due to injuries . He helped Luol Deng become an All - Star for the first time in his career . During Game 1 of the first round of the playoffs against the Philadelphia 76ers , Rose injured his left knee while trying to jump . He was immediately helped off the court .", "11": "The injury occurred when the Bulls were leading by 12 points with 1 : 22 left to play . Rose came up just short of a triple - double , finishing with 23 points , 9 assists , and 9 rebounds in 37 minutes of action . An MRI later revealed that Rose tore the ACL in his left knee and would miss the rest of the playoffs . Rose had surgery performed on May 12 , 2012 , with an estimated recovery period of 8 -- 12 months . 2012 -- 13 season : year absence Rose returned to full contact practice in January 2013 , and was cleared by doctor to play that March , but he did not appear in a game during the 2012 -- 13 NBA season . Despite Rose 's absence , the Bulls advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals , where they lost to the eventual champions , the Miami Heat . 2013 -- 14 season : return / torn meniscus Rose 's much awaited return came on October 5 , 2013 , in a pre-season game against the Indiana Pacers . He had a slow start but scored his first point in the first quarter . He finished the game with 13 points in 20 minutes of play . On October 16 , 2013 , Rose returned to play in Chicago for the first time , scoring 22 points against the Detroit Pistons . `` I think I 'm way more explosive now . Like getting to the rim . I think I can take contact a little bit better . And as far as jumping-wise , I think I can jump even higher . They tested my vertical -- I increased it by 5 inches '' , Rose said after the win . During the pre-season , Rose averaged 20.7 points and 5 assists . His first official game was in 107 -- 95 loss against the defending champions Miami Heat on October 29 . Rose was limited to 12 points , while having 4 assists in 34 minutes of play . He played his usual minutes , but was inefficient from the field , shooting 4 -- 15 . Two days later , he played his first official home game against the New York Knicks where he hit the game - winning floater in an 82 -- 81 win . He had 18 points , 6 rebounds and 3 assists .", "12": "On November 3 , 2013 , Rose scored 13 points and committed 8 turnovers in the loss against the Philadelphia 76ers . He struggled in his return , shooting 28.8 % from the field and averaging 5.7 turnovers in his first three games . On November 22 , Rose injured his right knee during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers . An MRI the next day confirmed that Rose tore his right knee meniscus and that surgery was required . At the time , Rose was averaging 15.9 points and 4.3 assists in 31.1 minutes per game . On November 25 , Rose underwent surgery on the torn meniscus in his right knee . The same day , the Bulls announced Rose was out for the season , after a successful surgery . 2014 -- 15 season : back to the playoffs Rose during a timeout in 2015 Rose returned from injury to play in the Bulls ' season opener against the New York Knicks on October 29 , 2014 and recorded 13 points and 5 assists in 21 minutes of action . He went on to score a season - high 32 points on January 14 against the Washington Wizards , before being ruled out again with another knee injury a month later . He appeared in 51 games , the most he 'd played since the 2010 -- 11 season . On February 24 , it was announced Rose required another round of surgery on his right knee and was ruled out indefinitely . An exam and subsequent MRI confirmed a medial meniscus tear of the right knee , the same injury he sustained on November 22 , 2013 against the Portland Trail Blazers . On February 27 , he was deemed a possibility of returning toward the end of the season after he underwent successful surgery and was ruled out for just four to six weeks . Rose returned to action on April 8 after a 20 - game absence , and working on a minutes restriction , he was 3 - of - 9 from the field and finished with nine points in 19 minutes as the Bulls lost to the Orlando Magic . On April 18 , Rose played in his first playoff game since Game 1 of the 2012 playoffs ( the game where he tore his left ACL ) . Rose finished with 23 points and 7 assists on 9 - of - 16 shooting .", "13": "During the Bulls ' first round series against the Bucks , Rose averaged 21.5 points per game . On May 8 , Rose banked in a three - pointer at the buzzer and scored 30 points to give the Bulls a 99 - 96 victory over the Cleveland Cavaliers and a 2 - 1 lead in the Eastern Conference semi-finals . However , the Cavaliers won the final three games to take the series in six games . 2015 -- 16 season : Final season with the Bulls A preseason left orbital bone fracture saw Rose begin the regular season wearing a face mask . On November 5 , 2015 , Rose scored a then season - high 29 points on 12 - of - 25 shooting in a 104 -- 98 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder . He showed signs of his old MVP self as he scored 10 points over the final three and a half minutes to lift the Bulls after they blew a 10 - point lead in the fourth quarter . On December 18 , he scored a season - high 34 points in a 147 -- 144 quadruple overtime loss to the Detroit Pistons . On February 5 , 2016 , he had a season - best game with 30 points , 9 rebounds and 8 assists in a 115 -- 110 loss to the Denver Nuggets . New York Knicks ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Rose defending Kyrie Irving in 2016 On June 22 , 2016 , Rose was traded , along with Justin Holiday and a 2017 second - round draft pick , to the New York Knicks in exchange for future teammate José Calderón , Jerian Grant and Robin Lopez . He made his debut for the Knicks in the team 's season opener on October 25 against the Cleveland Cavaliers . In 29 minutes of action , he scored 17 points on 7 - of - 17 shooting in a 117 -- 88 loss . On November 4 , Rose returned to Chicago for the first time as a member of the Knicks , recording 15 points and 11 assists in a 117 -- 104 win over the Bulls . On November 17 , he scored a season - high 27 points in a 119 -- 112 loss to the Washington Wizards .", "14": "He topped that mark on November 28 , scoring 30 points in a 112 -- 103 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder . On January 10 , 2017 , Rose was fined an undisclosed amount after he reportedly flew to Chicago to be with his mother but did not notify team officials ahead of their game against the New Orleans Pelicans on January 9 . Eight days later , he matched his season high with 30 points in a 117 -- 106 win over the Boston Celtics . On April 2 , 2017 , he was ruled out for the rest of the season after tearing the meniscus in his left knee , necessitating a fourth round of knee surgery for Rose in his nine - year career . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) On July 25 , 2017 , Rose signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers . In his debut for the Cavaliers in their season opener against the Boston Celtics on October 17 , 2017 , Rose scored 14 points in a 102 -- 99 win . On November 24 , 2017 , Rose left the team to re-evaluate his future in the NBA . His increasing frustration with injuries caused him to question his desire to continue playing . He returned to working with the Cavaliers ' medical staff in early December in hopes of recovering from a sprained left ankle and bone spurs . On January 18 , 2018 , Rose returned to the line - up after missing more than two months with ankle injuries and scored nine points in 13 minutes in a 104 -- 103 win over the Orlando Magic . On February 8 , 2018 , Rose was acquired by the Utah Jazz in a three - team trade that also involved the Cavaliers and the Sacramento Kings . Two days later , he was waived by the Jazz . Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2018 -- present ) On March 8 , 2018 , Rose signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves , reuniting him with Tom Thibodeau , Jimmy Butler and Taj Gibson . National team career Rose was a member of the United States men 's national basketball teams that won gold medals at the 2010 and 2014 FIBA World Cup respectively .", "15": "Player Profile Standing at 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) , Rose plays mostly at point guard . He averages 19.9 points per game for his career . He has never been a knock - down shooter from the arc , shooting 30 percent for his career . He developed into a bank - shot shooter during the 2015 -- 16 season after struggling with his jump shot due to what he attributes to depth perception issues following eye surgery in 2015 . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008 -- 09 Chicago 81 80 37.0 . 475 . 222 . 788 3.9 6.3 . 8 . 2 16.8 2009 -- 10 Chicago 78 78 36.8 . 489 . 267 . 766 3.8 6.0 . 7 . 3 20.8 2010 -- 11 Chicago 81 81 37.4 . 445 . 332 . 858 4.1 7.7 1.0 . 6 25.0 2011 -- 12 Chicago 39 39 35.3 . 435 . 312 . 812 3.4 7.9 . 9 . 7 21.8 2013 -- 14 Chicago 10 10 31.1 . 354 . 340 .", "16": "844 3.2 4.3 . 5 . 1 15.9 2014 -- 15 Chicago 51 51 30.0 . 405 . 280 . 813 3.2 4.9 . 7 . 3 17.7 2015 -- 16 Chicago 66 66 31.8 . 427 . 293 . 793 3.4 4.7 . 7 . 2 16.4 2016 -- 17 New York 64 64 32.5 . 471 . 217 . 874 3.8 4.4 . 7 . 3 18.0 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 16 7 19.3 . 439 . 250 . 854 1.8 1.6 . 2 . 3 9.8 2017 -- 18 Minnesota 9 0 12.4 . 426 . 167 1.000 0.7 1.2 . 4 . 0 5.8 Career 495 476 33.8 . 451 . 296 . 822 3.6 5.7 . 8 . 4 18.9 All - Star 21.0 . 517 . 667 . 500 1.3 4.0 1.3 . 0 11.0 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2009 Chicago 7 7 44.7 . 492 . 000 . 800 6.3 6.4 . 6 . 7 19.7 Chicago 5 5 42.4 .", "17": "456 . 333 . 818 3.4 7.2 . 8 . 0 26.8 2011 Chicago 16 16 40.6 . 396 . 248 . 828 4.3 7.7 1.4 . 7 27.1 2012 Chicago 37.0 . 391 . 500 1.000 9.0 9.0 1.0 1.0 23.0 2015 Chicago 12 12 37.8 . 396 . 348 . 897 4.8 6.5 1.2 . 5 20.3 2018 Minnesota 5 0 23.8 . 509 . 700 . 857 1.8 2.6 . 4 . 0 14.2 Career 46 41 38.8 . 423 . 311 . 838 4.5 6.6 1.0 . 5 22.7 Career highs Regular season Stat High Opponent Date Points 42 vs. San Antonio Spurs vs. Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2011 Field goals made 18 vs. San Antonio Spurs 000000002011 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2011 Field goal attempts 33 vs.", "18": "Washington Wizards at Phoenix Suns 000000002010 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2010 3 - point field goals made 6 at Atlanta Hawks 000000002011 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2011 3 - point field goal attempts 11 vs. Utah Jazz 000000002011 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2011 Free throws made 18 ( OT ) vs. Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2011 Free throw attempts 21 ( OT ) vs. Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2011 Rebounds 12 at Phoenix Suns at Detroit Pistons 000000002010 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2010 Assists 17 at Milwaukee Bucks 000000002011 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2011 Steals 6 at New York Knicks 000000002010 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2010 Blocks Multiple times Playoffs Stat High Opponent Date Points 44 at Atlanta Hawks 000000002011 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2011 Field goals made 16 at Atlanta Hawks 000000002011 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2011 3 - point field goals made 5 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000002015 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2015 Free throw attempts 19 vs.", "19": "Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2011 Rebounds 11 vs. Boston Celtics 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2009 Assists 12 at Atlanta Hawks 000000002011 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2011 Steals at Indiana Pacers at Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2011 Blocks vs. Indiana Pacers 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2011 Accomplishments and awards NBA NBA Most Valuable Player : 2011 NBA All - Star Selection : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 All - NBA First Team : 2011 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2009 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2009 Skills Challenge Champion : 2009 Conference Rookie of the Month : November , December , March Conference Player of the Month : April 2010 , March 2011 College Freshman year ( 2007 -- 08 ) NCAA Tournament All - Final Four Team NCAA Tournament South Region MVP NABC 3rd Team All - American NABC All - District 7 First Team All - Conference USA First Team Conference USA Freshman of the Year Conference USA All Freshman Team 1st Team Sporting News All - Freshman Team Conference USA Player of the Week for games between December 17 through the 23rd 2K Sports College Hoops Classic MVP 2K Sports College Hoops Classic All - Tournament Team High school Senior year ( 2006 -- 07 ) Class AA State Championship Class AA Tournament MVP Illinois Mr.", "20": "Basketball 2007 2007 McDonald 's All - American USA Today 2007 All - USA First Team 2007 First - team Parade All - American EA Sports 2007 All - American First Team All State Illinois 2007 MaxPreps.com All - America First Team Slam Magazine 2007 First Team MidStateHoops.com 2007 Class AA Player of the Year Junior year ( 2005 -- 06 ) Class AA State Championship Class AA Tournament MVP 2006 Parade All - American Fourth Team All State Illinois 2006 EA Sports 2006 All - American Second Team Sophomore year ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2005 Parade All - American Third Team Chicago Sun - Times All - Area Personal life His agent is former Bulls guard B.J. Armstrong . Rose is a Christian . Rose has spoken about his faith saying , `` ... God does everything for a reason . '' Rose wears a wristband that says `` In Jesus Name I Play '' and has several tattoos about his faith . On October 9 , 2012 , Rose 's girlfriend , Mieka Reese , gave birth to their son , Derrick Jr . In 2016 , Rose was involved in a federal civil lawsuit to `` assess whether he and two friends raped his former girlfriend . '' On October 19 of that year , he was cleared by an eight - member jury and absolved of wrongdoing . Endorsements Rose was the cover athlete of NBA 2K13 alongside fellow NBA players Kevin Durant and Blake Griffin . Rose was the lone cover athlete for the 2K Sports Downloadable Content game , NBA 2K10 Draft Combine , which was released on Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3 . Rose is a part - owner and spokesman for the Chicago - based Giordano 's Pizzeria . In 2008 , Rose signed a shoe deal with Adidas for $1 million per year . He has also signed with Wilson Sporting Goods . Other endorsement deals include Skullcandy headphones , Powerade , Force Factor sports drinks and a suburban Chicago Nissan dealership .", "21": "In 2011 , Rose was estimated by Crain 's Chicago Business to earn $1.5 -- $2.5 million annually in endorsements , ranking just outside the top 10 NBA players in that category . In December 2011 , it was reported that Rose was nearing a contract extension with Adidas , worth $250 million over 10 years . See also National Basketball Association portal 2006 high school boys basketball All - Americans References ^ Jump up to : `` Bulls go with native Chicagoan Rose over Beasley '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garci , Marlen ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` NCAA vacates Memphis ' ' 07 -- 08 season record , Final Four run '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls Derrick Rose getting knee examined by Dr. James Andrews '' . ESPN . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulls ' Rose is likely out for season '' . ChicagoTribune.com . November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Sean ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Derrick Rose keeps tough Englewood area close to his heart '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Well - guarded Guard '' . Jump up ^ George Dohrmann ( November 21 , 2006 ) . `` The Well - Guarded Guard '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scoop Jackson ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Spirit of former Chicago high school star lives on in Rose '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 NBA Draft Player Profile : : Derrick Rose '' . Bulls.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jon Mahoney ( January 25 , 2005 ) . `` Believe The Hype '' . Scout . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Flashback : Rose 's debut '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O'Shea ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` Meet PARADE 's All - America ... Team '' . Parade.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jon Mahoney ( April 6 , 2006 ) . `` Final Top 25 Poll '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 EA SPORTS Boys All American Team '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - America Teams '' . Parade Magazine . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lawlor ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Chicago standout Rose takes stage in New York '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lawlor ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` N.Y. 's Rice topples No. 14 Simeon 53 -- 51 despite Rose 's 22 '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Armstrong ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Garden Party '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodger Bohn and Mike Schmidt ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Chicago Simeon vs. Oak Hill Academy Breakdown '' . Draft Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jon Mahoney ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Chicago Simeon vs. Oak Hill Academy Breakdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Various ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Teams shuffle positions in newest Super 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Ted Cox ( March 2 , 2007 ) . `` Reaching the Heights '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniel Poneman ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` 2007 -- March 17 - Simeon Wins State '' . Illinois HS Basketball.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simply The Best '' . Jump up ^ Jon Mahoney ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Simeon wins Illinois state title , takes top ranking '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Super 25 : Virginia 's Oak Hill Academy finishes on top ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` Super 25 : Virginia 's Oak Hill Academy finishes on top '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Sakamoto ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Mr. Basketball of Illinois , 2007 : Derrick Rose '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 McDonald 's All American High School Basketball Team '' ( PDF ) . McDonald 's All American . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O'Shea ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet PARADE 's 2007 All - America High School Boys Basketball Team '' . PARADE Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canner - O'Mealy , Ryan ; Mahoney , Jon ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` ESPN Big names make cut for all - decade team '' . ESPN RISE . ESPN , Inc . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simeon Career Academy retires No. 25 worn by Ben Wilson and Derrick Rose '' . www.chicagobulls.com . November 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andy Katz ( June 30 , 2008 ) .", "24": "`` Rose ' chases greatness ' with a passion for winning '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Which school will Derrick Rose choose on Saturday ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keegan : Chicagoan targeted by Self '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jerry Meyer ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Rose commitment highlights busy week '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Penny Hardaway Sets Record With Assist To Tiger Athletics '' . Memphis Tigers Official Athletic Site . August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 2 Tennessee likely next No. 1 as Memphis leaves with close loss '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Wolken ( March 16 , 2008 ) . `` Tigers earn second No. 1 seed in two seasons '' . Commercial Appeal . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Duke Sports Information ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Nelson Named NABC Third Team All - American '' . Go Duke . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas - Roberts , Rose Named Wooden Award Finalists '' . Memphis Tigers . March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steve Wieberg ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Freshman Rose blooming at the right time for Memphis '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger Rubin ( April 5 , 2008 ) . `` Derrick Rose puts on dazzling show , leads Memphis past UCLA , 78 -- 63 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis ' Derrick Rose would look great planted at the Garden '' .", "25": "New York Daily News . April 5 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` After 20 - year drought , Kansas rallies to beat Memphis for NCAA title '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA All - Tournament Team , Tournament Leaders '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis freshman Rose says he 's leaving , will enter NBA draft '' . ESPN.com. April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolken , Dan ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` NCAA alleges major violations in Memphis basketball program under John Calipari : GoMemphisTigers : Your leading source for The University of Memphis Tigers '' . Commercial Appeal . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Memphis works to resolve dispute '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Rosalina ; O'Brien , Michael ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Derrick Rose 's grade was changed at Simeon High '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Michael ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` IHSA Looks at Simeon Grade - Change Revelation '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dana . Memphis also gets 3 years ' probation . ESPN , August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Tigers found guilty by NCAA ; must vacate 2007 -- 08 basketball season , will appeal '' `` . Jump up ^ `` NCAA : Memphis must vacate all 2007 - 08 wins '' . ESPN.com . August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` University of Memphis public infractions report '' . NCAA .", "26": "August 20 , 2009 . pp. 1 , 15 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . In addition to issues surrounding the academic eligibility of ( Derrick Rose ) , the investigation also revealed that ( Rose ) 's brother ( `` the brother '' ) had received impermissible benefits in the form of cost - free airline transportation and lodging while traveling with the institution 's men 's basketball team to road games during the 2007 -- 08 season ... the violations involving ( Rose ) 's brother would also have rendered ( Rose ) ineligible , beginning in mid-December 2007 . Jump up ^ Veazey , Kyle ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Threat of lawsuit brings bonus repayment from John Calipari , R.C. Johnson , donation from Derrick Rose '' . Memphis Commercial Appeal . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls to pick first in draft ; Heat , Wolves round out Top 3 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clyde Travis and John Jackson ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Select - ive service good for Bulls ' Rose , U.S. '' Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Ganter ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Hefty praise for Rose '' . slam.canoe.ca . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clyde Travis ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Bulls ' Rose learns on the go '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls top pick Rose out with injury '' . Northwest Herald . Associated Press . July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marty Burns ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Ahead of schedule ? No. 1 pick Rose already turning heads with Bulls '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mike Dodd ( December 15 , 2008 ) .", "27": "`` Early bloomer : Rose already a quiet leader for young Bulls '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Information ( December 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rose , Mayo earn NBA rookie honors '' . Sports Network . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Press Release ( January 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bulls ' Rose , Thunder 's Westbrook named Rookies of the Month '' . NBA . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` Rose , Mayo top list on Rookie Challenge rosters '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Jacksons ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Rose shows off mad skills '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls ' Derrick Rose named NBA Rookie of the Year '' . Chicago Tribune . April 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulls ' Derrick Rose a unanimous selection to the 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Rookie First Team '' . Chicago Tribune . April 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Mannix ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Rose , Rondo put on Game 1 show '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Mannix ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Rose testing Celtics ' ailing defense '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steve Aschburner ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Rose testing Celtics ' ailing defense '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ nba.com , Derrick Rose Career Stats Page , accessed October 29 , 2009 .", "28": "Jump up ^ Bulls ' Rose selected to All - Star team , accessed January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official NBA bio of Derrick Rose - NBA.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Rose cracks top five in NBA jersey sales '' . ESPN.com . January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls at Grizzlies '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com - 2011 All - Star Events '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Standings -- 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls Power Rankings -- 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Scaletta , Kelly . `` Derrick Rose : The Surprisingly Historic Numbers of His MVP Season '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago 's Derrick Rose Wins 2010 -- 11 Kia NBA MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls - Miami Heat recap '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : New deal for Derrick Rose '' . ESPNChicago.com . December 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Modrowski , Roman ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Thibodeau defends decision '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls ' Derrick Rose tears ACL '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Derrick Rose taking full contact '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Melissa ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Source : Derrick Rose cleared to play '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( October 5 , 2013 ) . `` Derrick Rose agrressive in return '' . ESPN Internet Ventures .", "29": "Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Derrick Rose : I 'm more explosive now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Heat get championship rings , spoil Derrick Rose 's return '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Jon ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Derrick Rose 's floater lifts Bulls over Knicks in home opener '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers ( 3 - 0 ) stun Bulls to continue surprising start to season '' . ESPN.com . November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bulls ' Rose unfazed by his slow start '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose out indefinitely '' . ESPN.com . November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ K.C. Johnson , `` Bulls ' Derrick Rose out for season after knee surgery '' , Chicago Tribune , November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards vs. Bulls - Game Recap - January 14 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose 2014 - 15 Game Log - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jay ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bulls ' Rose to have surgery on torn meniscus '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose to have knee repaired '' . ESPN.com . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Bulls expect Derrick Rose back this season after successful surgery '' .", "30": "ChicagoTribune.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Oladipo spoil Rose 's return in 105 - 103 win over Bulls '' . NBA.com. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rose scores 23 , Bulls beat Bucks 103 - 91 '' . NBA.com. April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rose banks in 3 at buzzer to lift Bulls over Cavaliers 99 - 96 '' . NBA.com . May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose injury update - Chicago Bulls '' . Jump up ^ `` Thunder vs Bulls '' . Jump up ^ `` Drummond leads way , Pistons beat Bulls 147 - 144 in 4 OT '' . NBA.com . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets rally for win after Bulls lose Butler to injury '' . NBA.com . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Acquire Derrick Rose '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James has triple - double as Cavs rout Knicks 117 - 88 in opener '' . ESPN.com . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks rally past Bulls 117 - 104 in Rose , Noah homecoming '' . ESPN.com . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks ' Derrick Rose : Sets season high with 27 points '' . cbssports.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook with another triple - double as Thunder stop Knicks '' . ESPN.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Derrick Rose : Missed Knicks game to tend to Chicago family issue '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose powers slumping Knicks past Celtics 117 - 106 '' . ESPN.com . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carbaugh , Dane ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Knicks G Derrick Rose tears meniscus in knee , will miss rest of the season '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Sign Derrick Rose '' . NBA.com . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hayward breaks ankle , Cavs hold off Celtics 102 - 99 in opener '' . ESPN.com . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose away from Cavs , evaluating future in NBA '' . ESPN.com . November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose thinks he will be OK to play Thursday vs. Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers blow big lead , hang on to beat Magic 104 - 103 '' . ESPN.com . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Jae Crowder and Derrick Rose in Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Waive Derrick Rose '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES SIGN DERRICK ROSE '' . NBA.com . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose Career statistics Page '' . NBA.com. 1988 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Dan ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Derrick Rose shooting problems begin at the rim '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerha , Matthew ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Derrick Rose has found a go - to move in his bank shot '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Dan ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Derrick Rose is shooting 70 percent on bank shots '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : Nowitzki leads parade of reserves to Dallas Archived January 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Heat , LA teams fill All - Star starting rosters '' . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Derrick Rose highlight 2010 -- 11 All - NBA squad '' . NBA.com . May 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Rookies of the Month - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Players of the Month - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Jaime Aron ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Memphis Rolls Past Texas Into Final Four '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Information ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Memphis ' Derrick Rose Selected No. 1 In 2008 NBA Draft By Chicago Bulls '' . conferenceusa.cstv.com/ . Conference USA Official Athletic Website . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Douglas - Roberts Named To Sporting News , Sports Illustrated All - America teams '' . gotigersgo.cstv.com . Memphis Tigers Official Athletic Website . March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas - Roberts Named To Sporting News , Sports Illustrated All - America teams '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Wright ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Sooners will take on several star freshmen '' . NewsOK . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Various ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Love leads way on 2007 All - USA boys hoops team '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 EA SPORTS Boys All American Team '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose unanimous selection to AP 's All - State team '' . Mt . Vernon Register News . Associated Press . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pat Benninger ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` MidStateHoops.com 2006 -- 2007 Class A All - State Team '' . MidStateHoops . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago all - area players '' . High School Elite . March 5 , 2005 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose 's Agent a Big Assist Man Then and Now '' . New York Times . April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rose rallies Bulls , then beats self up for not finishing job '' . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves ' Tolliver keeps faith with business venture '' . Jump up ^ `` Lin 's rise sparks Active Faith 's success '' . Jump up ^ `` Tattoo U : Inking of the Chicago Bulls ' Derrick Rose '' .", "34": "Jump up ^ Jeff Zillgitt ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Derrick Rose : From agony of injury to joy of fatherhood '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Knicks ' Derrick Rose Expected in Court as Civil Trial in Rape Case Begins '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Jury Clears Knicks ' Derrick Rose of Liability in Rape Suit '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jon . `` ' NBA 2K13 ' cover features 3 superstars '' . espn.go.com . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2K Sports Signs the Chicago Bulls ' Derrick Rose as Spokesman for the NBA 2K10 : Draft Combine Downloadable Game '' . 2K Sports . August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose buys stake in Chicago Pizza company , will have his own pie '' . CBS Sports . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose signs Adidas Shoe Deal Accessed 2009 - 02 - 2009 Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin Is Severely Underpaid by Nike in His Shoe Deal '' . March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rose signs with Wilson Accessed 2009 - 02 - 2009 Jump up ^ `` Is There Anyone Better Than Derrick Rose ? `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com. 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Can Derrick Rose Shape Off - Court Brand To Mirror On - Court Success ? Jump up ^ Stein , Marc . `` Rose nearing lucrative adidas extension -- Chicago Bulls Blog -- ESPN Chicago '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Derrick Rose .", "35": "Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website Derrick Rose at gotigersgo.com Minnesota Timberwolves current roster 0 Teague 1 Jones 3 Brown ( TW ) 5 Dieng 8 Bjelica 10 Jefferson 11 Crawford 13 Georges - Hunt 22 Wiggins 23 Butler 24 Patton 25 Rose 30 Brooks 32 Towns 45 Aldrich 67 Gibson Head coach : Thibodeau Assistant coaches : Brunson Greer Legarza Pinckney Saunders Links to related articles Preceded by Jon Scheyer Illinois Mr. Basketball 2007 Succeeded by Kevin Dillard 2008 NBA draft First round Derrick Rose Michael Beasley O.J. Mayo Russell Westbrook Kevin Love Danilo Gallinari Eric Gordon Joe Alexander D.J. Augustin Brook Lopez Jerryd Bayless Jason Thompson Brandon Rush Anthony Randolph Robin Lopez Marreese Speights Roy Hibbert JaVale McGee JJ Hickson Alexis Ajinça Ryan Anderson Courtney Lee Kosta Koufos Serge Ibaka Nicolas Batum George Hill Darrell Arthur Donté Greene D.J. White J.R. Giddens Second round Nikola Peković Walter Sharpe Joey Dorsey Mario Chalmers DeAndre Jordan Ömer Aşık Luc Mbah a Moute Kyle Weaver Sonny Weems Chris Douglas - Roberts Nathan Jawai Sean Singletary Patrick Ewing Jr .", "36": "Ante Tomić Goran Dragić Trent Plaisted Bill Walker Malik Hairston Richard Hendrix DeVon Hardin Shan Foster Darnell Jackson Tadija Dragićević Maarty Leunen Mike Taylor Sasha Kaun James Gist Joe Crawford Deron Washington Semih Erden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K.", "37": "Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin", "38": "2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997", "39": ": Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski VIAF : 103469097 LCCN : n2009078168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "40": "php?title=Derrick_Rose&oldid=838360347 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players at the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players from Illinois Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players Cleveland Cavaliers players College basketball controversies in the United States McDonald 's High School All - Americans Memphis Tigers men 's basketball players Minnesota Timberwolves players National Basketball Association All - Stars New York Knicks players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Point guards Sportspeople from Chicago United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 39 . 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7933002036740390435	where did the term liberal arts come from	[ "the Roman Empire", "those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person", "Latin: liberalis, \"worthy of a free person\"", "Latin: liberalis, free and ars, art or principled practice" ]	{ "0": "Liberal arts education - wikipedia Liberal arts education Jump to : navigation , search `` Liberal arts '' redirects here . For the corporation , see Liberal Arts , Inc . For the 2012 film , see Liberal Arts ( film ) . Philosophia et septem artes liberales , The seven liberal arts -- Picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg ( 12th century ) Liberal arts education ( Latin : liberalis , free and ars , art or principled practice ) can claim to be the oldest programme of higher education in Western history . It has its origin in the attempt to discover first principles -- ' those universal principles which are the condition of the possibility of the existence of anything and everything ' . The liberal arts are those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person ( Latin : liberalis , `` worthy of a free person '' ) to know in order to take an active part in civic life , something that ( for Ancient Greece ) included participating in public debate , defending oneself in court , serving on juries , and most importantly , military service . Grammar , logic , and rhetoric were the core liberal arts ( the Trivium ) , while arithmetic , geometry , the theory of music , and astronomy also played a ( somewhat lesser ) part in education ( as the Quadrivium ) . Liberal arts education can refer to academic subjects such as literature , philosophy , mathematics , and social and physical sciences , or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program . For both interpretations , the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern usage 3 Secondary school 4 In the United States 5 In Europe 6 In Asia 7 In Australia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Page from Marriage of Mercury and Philology Rooted in the basic curriculum -- the enkuklios paideia or `` education in a circle '' -- of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece , the `` liberal arts '' or `` liberal pursuits '' ( Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire .", "1": "The first recorded use of the term `` liberal arts '' ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero , but it is unclear if he created the term . Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistle 88 . The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times , and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology , that they took on canonical form . The four ' scientific ' artes -- music , arithmetic , geometry and astronomy ( or astrology ) -- were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium . After the 9th century , the remaining three arts of the ' humanities ' -- grammar , logic , and rhetoric -- were classed as well , as the Trivium . It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university . During the Middle Ages , logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the Trivium . In the Renaissance , the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts , despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages , reversed that process . Re-christening the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name : Studia humanitatis , and also increasing its scope , they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric , and added to them history , Greek , and moral philosophy ( ethics ) , with a new emphasis on poetry as well . The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites , the functionaries of political administration , the clergy of the various legally recognized churches , and the learned professions of law and medicine . The ideal of a liberal arts , or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature , persisted until the middle of the twentieth century . Modern usage ( edit ) Some subsections of the liberal arts are in the trivium -- the verbal arts : grammar , logic , and rhetoric ; and in the quadrivium -- the numerical arts : arithmetic , geometry , music , and astronomy . Analyzing and interpreting information is also included .", "2": "Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include : Arts ( fine arts , music , performing arts , literature ) Mathematics Natural science ( biology , chemistry , physics , astronomy , earth science ) Philosophy Religious studies Social science ( anthropology , economics , geography , history , jurisprudence , linguistics , political science , psychology , sociology ) For example , the core courses for Georgetown University 's Doctor of Liberal Studies program cover philosophy , theology , history , art , literature , and the social sciences . Wesleyan University 's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts , art history , creative and professional writing , literature , history , mathematics , film , government , education , biology , psychology , and astronomy . Secondary school ( edit ) The liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university . They are thus meant for the more academically minded students . In addition to the usual curriculum , students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek . Some liberal arts education provide general education , others have a specific focus . ( This also differs from country to country . ) The four traditional branches are : humanities education ( specializing in classical languages , such as Latin and Greek ) modern languages ( students are required to study at least three languages ) mathematical - scientific education economical and social - scientific education ( students are required to study economics , world history , social studies and business informatics ) Curricula differ from school to school , but generally include language , mathematics , informatics , physics , chemistry , biology , geography , art ( as well as crafts and design ) , music , history , philosophy , civics / citizenship , social sciences , and several foreign languages . Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects , but on producing well - rounded individuals , so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory , even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent . For example , the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state , so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory , students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all . Today , a number of other areas of specialization exist , such as gymnasiums specializing in economics , technology or domestic sciences .", "3": "In some countries , there is a notion of progymnasium , which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium , with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium . Here , the prefix `` pro '' is equivalent to `` pre '' . In the United States ( edit ) Main article : Liberal arts college Further information : Liberal arts colleges in the United States and Great books In the United States , liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts . The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic , typically with small classes , and often has a lower student - to - teacher ratio than at large universities ; professors teaching classes are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than primary research professors or graduate student teaching assistants in universities . In addition , most four - year colleges that are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees also offer those degrees , and students not majoring in liberal arts take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts . Traditionally , a bachelor 's degree either in liberal arts in general or in one particular area within liberal arts , with substantial study outside that main area , is earned over four years of full - time study . However , some universities such as Saint Leo University , Pennsylvania State University , Florida Institute of Technology and New England College have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts . Colleges like New Saint Andrews College in Moscow , Idaho , offer a unique program with only one degree offering , a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies , and colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies offers an online , part - time option for adult and nontraditional students . Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a Bachelor of Science degree ; on completing undergraduate study , students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional school ( public administration , engineering , business , law , medicine , theology ) . In Europe ( edit ) In most parts of Europe , liberal arts education is deeply rooted . In Germany , Austria and countries influenced by their education system , e.g. it is called `` humanistische Bildung '' ( humanistic education ) . The term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording . Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a `` Gymnasium '' ( high school , grammar school ) .", "4": "They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education ( Bildung ) in order to form personality with regard to a pupil 's own humanity as well as his / her innate intellectual skills . Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe , education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of enlightenment . In particular , Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard . Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at grammar schools , very often , the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate education at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system . Students are expected to use their skills received at the grammar school in order to further develop their personality in their own responsibility , e.g. in universities ' music clubs , theatre groups , language clubs etc . Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university 's curriculum . Thus , on the level of higher education , despite the European origin of the liberal arts college , the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States . With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland ( formerly known as Franklin College ) , established as a Europe - based , US - style liberal arts college in 1969 , only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically `` re-import '' liberal arts education to continental Europe , as with Leiden University College The Hague , University College Utrecht , University College Maastricht , Amsterdam University College , Roosevelt Academy ( now University College Roosevelt ) , ATLAS University College , Erasmus University College , University College Groningen , Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts , and Bard College Berlin , formerly known as the European College of Liberal Arts . As well as the colleges listed above , some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences ( Tilburg University ) . Liberal arts ( as a degree program ) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe . For example , University College Dublin offers the degree , as does St. Marys University College Belfast , both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland . In the Netherlands , universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the late 1990s . The four - year bachelor 's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany .", "5": "It started in October 2012 with 78 students . The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011 , followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University 's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013 . The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American - Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education ( AGILE ) , an NGO . In collaboration with AGILE , Ilia State University became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program . In France , Chavagnes Studium , a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures , and based in a former Catholic seminary , is launching a two - year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts , with a distinctively Catholic outlook . It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom , Ireland and other European countries . In 1999 , the European College of Liberal Arts ( now Bard College Berlin ) was founded in Berlin and in 2009 it introduced a four - year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English , leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities . In England , the first institution to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at undergraduate level was The University of Winchester with their BA ( Hons ) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010 . In 2012 , University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree ( which has kinship with the liberal arts model ) with 80 students . King 's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts , which has a slant towards arts , humanities and social sciences subjects . The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme . The University of Nottingham has a Liberal Arts BA that provides an interdisciplinary approach , study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees . In 2016 , the University of Warwick launched a three / four - year liberal arts BA degree , which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and Problem - based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways . And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes . In Scotland , the four - year undergraduate Honours degree , specifically the Master of Arts , has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus .", "6": "In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years ( third and fourth year ) . The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow ( at its Crichton Campus ) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named ' Liberal Arts ' degree . In Asia ( edit ) The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher education institutions ; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects , including history , art appreciation , and ethics , plus interdisciplinary electives . Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula ; most notably , the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy , theology , literature , history , and the social sciences . Forman Christian College ( A Chartered University ) is a liberal arts education institution in Lahore , Pakistan . It is one of the oldest institutions in Indo - Pakistan subcontinent . It is a chartered university recognized by Higher Education Commission Pakistan . Habib University in Karachi , Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students . The Underwood International College of Yonsei University , Korea , has compulsory liberal arts course for all the student body . Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune , Ahmedabad University , Ashoka University , Lingnan University and University of Liberal Arts - Bangladesh ( ULAB ) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia . International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan . In Australia ( edit ) Main article : Campion College Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college , located in the western suburbs of Sydney . Founded in 2006 , it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia . Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree . The key disciplines studied are history , literature , philosophy , and theology .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Education portal Artes Mechanicae -- `` The Mechanical Arts '' Bachelor of General Studies Bachelor of Liberal Arts Bachelor of Liberal Studies College of Arts and Sciences Doctor of Liberal Studies Education reform § Reforms of classical education Four Arts Great books Great Books programs in Canada Humanitas Liberal arts college Liberal education List of liberal arts colleges Transcendentalism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nigel. , Tubbs , . Philosophy and modern liberal arts education : freedom is to learn . Houndmills , Basingstoke , Hampshire . ISBN 9781137358912 . OCLC 882530818 . Jump up ^ Ernst Robert Curtius , European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages ( 1948 ) , trans . Willard R. Trask ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1973 ) , p. 37 . The classical sources include Cicero , De Oratore , I. 72 -- 73 , III. 127 , and De re publica , I. 30 . Jump up ^ E.B. Castle , Ancient Education and Today ( 1969 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionary '' . The Oxford Dictionary . Jump up ^ Kimball , Bruce . Orators and Philosophers . New York : College Entrance Examination Board , 1995 . p. 13 Jump up ^ Cicero . De Inventione . Book 1 , Section 35 Jump up ^ Ben Schneider . `` Seneca Epistle 88 '' . Stoics.com . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : H. Lausberg , Handbook of Literary Rhetoric ( 1998 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Helen Waddell , The Wandering Scholars ( 1968 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ `` James Burke : The Day the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Above '' . Jump up ^ Wagner , David Leslie ( 1983 ) . The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages . Indiana University Press . ISBN 9780253351852 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 .", "8": "at Questia ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Helen Waddell , The Wandering Scholars ( 1968 ) pp. 141 -- 3 Jump up ^ G. Norton ed. , The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3 ( 1999 ) p. 46 and pp. 601 -- 4 Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller , Renaissance Thought II : Papers on Humanism and the Arts ( New York : Harper Torchbooks , 1965 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Charles G. Nauert , Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe ( New Approaches to European History ) ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , pp. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Bod , Rens ; A New History of the Humanities , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2014 . Jump up ^ Georgetown University Doctor of Liberal Studies curriculum http://scs.georgetown.edu/departments/6/doctor-of-liberal-studies/about-the-program/curriculum#curriculum Jump up ^ http://www.wesleyan.edu/masters/index.html Jump up ^ this subject has different names in the different states of Germany . See de : Gemeinschaftskunde Jump up ^ `` Defining Liberal Arts Education '' ( PDF ) . Wabash College . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Online Liberal Arts Associate Degree '' . Saint Leo University . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Associate in Arts in Letters , Arts , and Sciences Overview '' . Penn State University . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associate 's Degree in Liberal Arts -- Liberal Arts Degree Online '' . Florida Institute of Technology . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associates in Liberal Studies '' . New England College . Jump up ^ For example , Georgia Institute of Technology 's bachelor of science degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu Jump up ^ Harriman , Philip L. ( 1935 ) . `` Antecedents of the Liberal - Arts College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 6 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 71 .", "9": "doi : 10.2307 / 1975506 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1975506 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` About Franklin '' . Franklin University Switzerland Official Web Site. Franklin University Switzerland . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts and Sciences Program ( LAS ) '' . University College Freiburg . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts , Gothenburg University '' . Flov.gu.se. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts Programme at Uppsala University '' Jump up ^ `` Agile '' . Agile.ge . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ილიაუნი - მთავარი '' . Iliauni.edu.ge . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor Degree '' . Iliauni . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.chavagnes.org/studium Jump up ^ `` Berlin 's sturdiest ivory tower '' . Expatica.com . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : New approach to liberal studies '' . Universityworldnews.com. 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's the breadth that matters '' . 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Sciences ( BASc ) programmes '' . University College London . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KCL -- About Liberal Arts '' . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts programme -- BA Hons Y002 -- The University of Nottingham '' .", "10": "www.nottingham.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/la99/ Jump up ^ `` UCAS Search tool -- Venue Results '' . search.ucas.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2014/12/liberal-classes/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Barzun , Jacques . The House of Intellect , Reprint Harper Perennial , 2002 . Blaich , Charles , Anne Bost , Ed Chan , and Richard Lynch . `` Defining Liberal Arts Education . '' Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts , 2004 . Blanshard , Brand . The Uses of a Liberal Education : And Other Talks to Students . ( Open Court , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9429 - 5 ) Friedlander , Jack . Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington 's Community Colleges . Los Angeles : Center for the Study of Community Colleges , 1982a . ( ED 217 918 ) Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine . From Humanism to the Humanities : The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth - and Sixteenth - century Europe , Harvard University Press , 1987 . Guitton , Jean . A Student 's Guide to Intellectual Work , The University of Notre Dame Press , 1964 . Highet , Gilbert . The Art of Teaching , Vintage Books , 1950 . Joseph , Sister Miriam . The Trivium : The Liberal Arts of Logic , Grammar , and Rhetoric . Paul Dry Books Inc , 2002 . Kimball , Bruce A . The Liberal Arts Tradition : A Documentary History . University Press Of America , 2010 . Kimball , Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers : A History of the Idea of Liberal Education . College Board , 1995 . T. Kaori Kitao ; William R. Kenan , Jr.", "11": "( 27 March 1999 ) . The Usefulness Of Uselessness ( PDF ) . Keynote Address , The 1999 Institute for the Academic Advancement of Youth 's Odyssey at Swarthmore College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 October 2008 . McGrath , Charles . `` What Every Student Should Know '' , New York Times , 8 January 2006 . Parker , H. `` The Seven Liberal Arts , '' The English Historical Review , Vol . V , 1890 . Pfnister , Allan O. ( 1984 ) . `` The Role of the Liberal Arts College : A Historical Overview of the Debates '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 55 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 70 . doi : 10.2307 / 1981183 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1981183 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Reeves , Floyd W. ( 1930 ) . `` The Liberal - Arts College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 1 ( 7 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1974170 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1974170 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Saint - Victor , Hugh of . The Didascalicon , Columbia University Press , 1961 . Schall , James V. Another Sort of Learning , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Seidel , George J. ( 1968 ) . `` Saving the Small College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 39 ( 6 ) : 339 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1979916 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1979916 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Sertillanges , A.G. The Intellectual Life , The Catholic University of America Press , 1998 . Tubbs , N.", "12": "( 2011 ) `` Know Thyself : Macrocosm and Microcosm '' in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume 30 no. 1 David L. Wagner , The Seven Liberal Arts in Middle Ages , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1983 . Winterer , Caroline . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . Wriston , Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal College . Lawrence University Press , 1937 . Zakaria , Fareed . In Defense of a Liberal Education . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Liberal education Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberal arts . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven liberal arts . `` Arts , Liberal '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Definition and short history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905 . Fr . Herve de la Tour , `` The Seven Liberal Arts '' , Edocere , a Resource for Catholic Education , February 2002 . Thomas Aquinas 's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education . Otto Willmann . `` The Seven Liberal Arts '' . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . `` ( Renaissance ) Humanists , over-fond of change , unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts as barbarous . It is no more barbarous than the Gothic style , a name intended to be a reproach . The Gothic , built up on the conception of the old basilica , ancient in origin , yet Christian in character , was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences , and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of taste ... That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood , recognized , and adapted to our own needs , is surely to be desired . '' `` The Aim of Liberal Education '' , Andrew Chrucky , 1 September 2003 . `` The content of a liberal education should be moral problems as provided by history , anthropology , sociology , economics , and politics .", "13": "And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions , i.e. , through a study of rhetoric and logic . Since discussion takes place in language , an effort should be made to develop a facility with language . '' Philosophy of Liberal Education A bibliography , compiled by Andrew Chrucky , with links to essays offering different points of view on the meaning of a liberal education . Mark Peltz , `` The Liberal Arts and Leadership '' , College News ( The Annapolis Group ) , 14 May 2012 . A defense of liberal education by the Associate Dean of Grinnell College ( first appeared in Inside Higher Ed ) . `` Liberal Arts at the Community College '' , an ERIC Fact Sheet . ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA . `` A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum '' . ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts . Website about The Wabash Study ( for improving liberal education ) . Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College ( Indiana ) , the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 -- scheduled to end in 2013 . Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities . Academic Commons . An online platform in support of the liberal education community . It is a forum for sharing practices , outcomes , and lessons learned of online learning . Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts , The Academic Commons is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education ( `` NITLE '' . ) . The Liberal Arts Advantage -- for Business . Website dedicated to `` Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts '' . `` A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think , reason , analyze , decide , discern , and evaluate . That 's in contrast to a professional or technical education ( business , engineering , computer science , etc . ) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations . ''", "14": "Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University , UK ... `` Liberal arts education ( Latin : liberalis , free , and ars , art or principled practice ) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities , the social and natural sciences , and fine arts . The degree combines compulsory modules covering art , religion , literature , science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules . This enables students to have flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments . '' Trivium Education . A website featuring online lectures in the liberal arts .", "15": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&oldid=837593754 '' Categories : Liberal arts education Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2991400700385487821	who heads the executive department of west virginia government	[ "Jim Justice", "the governor of West Virginia", "Democrat Jim Justice was elected governor in 2016", "the Governor of West Virginia" ]	{ "0": "Government of West Virginia - wikipedia Government of West Virginia Jump to : navigation , search West Virginia Capitol Building . The Government of West Virginia is modeled after the Government of the United States , with three branches : the executive , consisting of the Governor of West Virginia and the other elected constitutional officers ; the legislative , consisting of the West Virginia Legislature which includes the Senate and the House of Delegates ; and the judicial , consisting of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and lower courts . The capital and seat of government in West Virginia is the city of Charleston , located in the southwest area of the state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative branch 2 Executive branch 3 Judicial branch 4 Political history 5 Local government 6 See also 7 External links Legislative branch ( edit ) Like all states except Nebraska , West Virginia has a bicameral state legislature , the West Virginia Legislature . The lower house is the West Virginia House of Delegates and the upper house is the Senate . The West Virginia Legislature is a citizen 's legislature or part - time legislature . The West Virginia Constitution imposes a limit of 60 calendar days the length of the regular session . Regular sessions of the Legislature commence on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; following the election of a new governor , the session starts in January with the governor 's address but then adjourns until February . The session may be extended by concurrent resolution adopted by a two - thirds vote of each house . The governor may also call legislators to convene in special sessions whenever the governor deems one or more issues of state government in need of timely action by the Legislature . The final day of the regular session usually includes last - minute legislation in order to meet a constitutionally - imposed deadline of midnight . Legislators usually do not make it a full - time occupation , but frequently hold a full - time job in their community of residence . This differs from neighboring states such as Pennsylvania and Ohio , who have professional full - time legislatures . The House of Delegates has 100 members . All delegates are elected to two - year terms and are up for election in even - numbered years , elected from 67 districts that elect a varying number of members .", "1": "Executive branch ( edit ) The chief executive of West Virginia is the governor of West Virginia , who is elected to a four - year term at the same time as presidential elections . The governor is sworn in the January following the November election . A governor may only serve two consecutive terms . A governor may run for a third term , but an interceding election must occur . Democrat Jim Justice was elected governor in 2016 , defeating Bill Cole in the general election . In addition to the governor , there are five other directly elected executive offices : Secretary of State of West Virginia ( currently Republican Mac Warner ) West Virginia Attorney General ( currently Republican Patrick Morrisey ) West Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture ( currently Republican Kent Leonhardt ) Auditor ( currently Republican John McCuskey ) Treasurer ( currently Democrat John Perdue ) Regular elections are held concurrently with the election for governor every four years , but unlike the governor these offices have no term limits . See also : List of West Virginia state agencies Judicial branch ( edit ) The state trial courts of general jurisdiction are the West Virginia Circuit Courts , There are 31 judicial circuits , each made up of one or more counties , with a total of 70 Circuit Judges . Domestic cases are handled by Family Courts . There are 27 Family Court Circuits with a total of 45 judges . Local judges are elected in partisan elections to serve eight - year terms on a partisan basis . Small claims and misdemeanor case are heard by magistrates elected for four years , with between two and ten in each county , based on population . Magistrates are not lawyers . The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals is the state supreme court . It purports itself to be the busiest appellate court of its type in the United States , in part because West Virginia is one of only 11 states to not have an intermediate appellate court . ( The West Virginia Constitution allows for the creation of an intermediate court of appeals , but the Legislature has never done so . ) The Supreme Court of Appeals has five justices . Justices must have practiced law for at least ten years . The five justices are elected in partisan elections to 12 - year terms . The current justices are Justice Brent Benjamin , Justice Robin Davis , Justice Margaret Workman , Justice Allen Loughry , and Justice Menis Ketchum .", "2": "By tradition , the position of `` Chief Justice '' rotates yearly . It primarily brings extra administrative duties . Political history ( edit ) Main article : Politics of West Virginia From the 1930s through the 1990s , West Virginia 's politics were largely dominated by the Democratic Party , and Democrats still dominate most local and state offices . West Virginia also has a very strong tradition of trade union membership . In presidential elections , the state 's electoral votes went to Democratic tradition by supporting Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 , who won the state by large margins , but the state 's five electoral votes went to George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 ( when Bush won by 13 percentage points ) and to John McCain in 2008 . The most consistent support for Democrats is found in the coal fields of southern West Virginia ( especially McDowell , Mingo , Logan , Wyoming , and Boone counties ) , while Republicans find greatest success to the east of the Allegheny Mountains , especially in the state 's Eastern Panhandle , and in the suburbs near Charleston and Huntington . Local government ( edit ) As in Virginia , the county is the unit of government , although an unsuccessful attempt to introduce the township system was made in West Virginia 's first constitution . Each of the state 's 55 counties have a county commission , consisting of three commissioners elected for six years but with terms so arranged that one retires every two years , which is the legislative and fiscal authority . The county commissions were originally called county courts before legal reform stripped the commissions of their judicial powers in 1976 . The county commission still retains the judicial function as the probate court , however . Other officers are the County Clerk , whose primary duties are as recorder of deeds and voter 's registrar ; and a Circuit Clerk , who records acts of the Family and Circuit courts , both elected for six year terms on a partisan basis ; the sheriff , who has law enforcement and tax collection authority ; the Prosecuting Attorney , who must be a lawyer and who not only handles criminal cases buy also does the civil litigation for the county ; an Assessor ( the Constitution provides for a possibility of two , but no county has ever adopted that system ) , who determines the value of land for tax purposes and a surveyor of lands .", "3": "All of the non-clerk jobs are elected on a partisan basis for four year terms . The sheriff is term limited to two consecutive terms . In addition , there are boards appointed or elected by various authorities and charged with specific duties . They include the local board of health and the board of jury commissioners . There is also a Board of Education , which is elected on a non-partisan basis , consisting of five members elected with overlapping terms similar to the county commission . See also ( edit ) Mountain Party List of Governors of West Virginia U.S. Congressional Delegations from West Virginia Elections in West Virginia External links ( edit ) State of West Virginia Government West Virginia Legislature Homepage Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Homepage Constitution of West Virginia West Virginia Code State of West Virginia Charleston ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Villages Census - designated places History Environment People Government Governors Delegations Colleges and universities Tourist attractions Seal of West Virginia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Media Newspapers Radio TV Insignia Coat of arms Flag Motto Seal Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Plateau Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Blue Ridge Charleston Metropolitan Area Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Mountains Eastern Panhandle Huntington Metropolitan Area North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley Southern West Virginia Western West Virginia Metro areas Charleston Huntington Morgantown Martinsburg Parkersburg - Vienna Wheeling Winchester Weirton Largest cities Beckley Charleston Fairmont Huntington", "4": "Martinsburg Morgantown Parkersburg Wheeling Weirton Counties Barbour Berkeley Boone Braxton Brooke Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier Hampshire Hancock Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson Kanawha Lewis Lincoln Logan Marion Marshall Mason McDowell Mercer Mineral Mingo Monongalia Monroe Morgan Nicholas Ohio Pendleton Pleasants Pocahontas Preston Putnam Raleigh Randolph Ritchie Roane Summers Taylor Tucker Tyler Upshur Wayne Webster Wetzel Wirt Wood Wyoming State governments of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.", "5": "Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_West_Virginia&oldid=776480676 '' Categories : Government of West Virginia State governments of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2017 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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635457267182415008	who is entitled to a trial by jury	[ "Every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months", "Every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months" ]	{ "0": "Jury trial - wikipedia Jury trial Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the form of trial . For the jury itself , see Petit jury . `` Trial by jury '' redirects here . For other uses , see Trial by Jury ( disambiguation ) . The Jury ( 1861 ) by John Morgan , Buckinghamshire County Museum Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts A jury trial , or trial by jury , is a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact . It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions . Jury trials are used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in almost all common law lawful systems ( Singapore , for example , is an exception ) , and juries or lay judges have been incorporated into the legal systems of many civil law countries for criminal cases . Only the United States makes routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases . Other common law legal jurisdictions use jury trials only in a very select class of cases that make up a tiny share of the overall civil docket ( like defamation suits in England and Wales ) , but true civil jury trials are almost entirely absent elsewhere in the world . Some civil law jurisdictions , however , have arbitration panels where non-legally trained members decide cases in select subject - matter areas relevant to the arbitration panel members ' areas of expertise . The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies .", "1": "Because the United States legal system separated from that of the English one at American Revolution , the types of proceedings that use juries depends on whether such cases were tried by jury under English common law at that time rather than the methods used in English courts now . For example , at the time , English `` courts of law '' tried cases of torts or private law for monetary damages using juries , but `` courts of equity '' that tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief did not . As a result , this practice continues in American civil laws , but in modern English law , only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury . The use of jury trials , which evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems , has had a profound impact on the nature of American civil procedure and criminal procedure rules , even if a bench trial is actually contemplated in a particular case . In general , the availability of a jury trial if properly demanded has given rise to a system in which fact finding is concentrated in a single trial rather than multiple hearings , and appellate review of trial court decisions is greatly limited . Jury trials are of far less importance ( or of no importance ) in countries that do not have a common law system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Greece 1.2 Rome 1.3 Holy Roman Empire 1.4 England and Wales 2 Role 3 Pros and cons 4 In various jurisdictions 4.1 Australia 4.1. 1 Challenging potential jurors 4.1. 2 Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belgium 4.4 Canada 4.5 France 4.6 Greece 4.7 Gibraltar 4.8 Hong Kong 4.9 India 4.10 Ireland 4.11 Italy 4.12 Japan 4.13 New Zealand 4.14 Norway 4.15 Russia 4.16 Singapore 4.17 South Africa 4.18 Sweden 4.19 Switzerland 4.20 United Kingdom 4.20. 1 England and Wales 4.20. 2 Scotland 4.20.", "2": "3 Northern Ireland 4.21 United States 4.21. 1 Civil trial procedure 4.21. 2 Waiver of jury trial 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Greece ( edit ) Ancient Athens had a mechanism , called dikastaí , to assure that no one could select jurors for their own trial . For normal cases , the courts were made up of dikastai of up to 500 citizens . For capital cases -- those that involved death , loss of liberty , exile , loss of civil rights , or seizure of property -- the trial was before a jury of 1,001 to 1,501 dikastai . In such large juries , the unanimity rule would be unrealistic , and verdicts were reached by majority . Juries were appointed by lot . Jurists cast a ceramic disk with an axle in its middle : the axle was either hollow or solid . Thus the way they voted was kept secret because the jurists would hold their disk by the axle by thumb and forefinger , thus hiding whether its axle was hollow or solid . Since Periclean times , jurists were compensated for their sitting in court , with the amount of one day 's wages . The institution of trial by jury was ritually depicted by Aeschylus in the Eumenides , the third and final play of his Oresteia trilogy . In the play , the innovation is brought about by the goddess Athena , who summons twelve citizens to sit as jury . The god Apollo takes part in the trial as the advocate for the defendant Orestes and the Furies as prosecutors for the slain Clytaemnestra . In the event the jury is split six to six , and Athena dictates that in such a case , the verdict should henceforth be for acquittal . Rome ( edit ) From the beginning of the republic and in the majority of civil cases towards the end of the empire , there were tribunals with the characteristics of the jury , the Roman judges being civilian , lay and not professional . Capital trials were held in front of juries composed of hundreds or thousands of people in the commitias or centuries , the same as in Roman trials .", "3": "Roman law provided for the yearly selection of judices , who would be responsible for resolving disputes by acting as jurors , with a praetor performing many of the duties of a judge . High government officials and their relatives were barred from acting as judices , due to conflicts of interest . Those previously found guilty of serious crimes ( felonies ) were also barred as were gladiators for hire , who likely were hired to resolve disputes through trial by combat . The law was as follows : `` The peregrine praetor ( literally , traveling judge ) within the next ten days after this law is passed by the people or plebs shall provide for the selection of 450 persons in this State who have or have had a knight 's census ... provided that he does not select a person who is or has been plebeian tribune , quaestor , triumvir capitalis , military tribune in any of the first four legions , or triumvir for granting and assigning lands , or who is or has been in the Senate , or who has fought or shall fight as a gladiator for hire ... or who has been condemned by the judicial process and a public trial whereby he can not be enrolled in the Senate , or who is less than thirty or more than sixty years of age , or who does not have his residence in the city of Rome or within one mile of it , or who is the father , brother , or son of any above - described magistrate , or who is the father , brother , or son of a person who is or has been a member of the Senate , or who is overseas . '' Holy Roman empire ( edit ) A Swabian ordinance of 1562 called for the summons of jurymen ( urtheiler ) , and various methods were in use in Emmendingen , Oppenau , and Oberkirch . Hauenstein 's charter of 1442 secured the right to be tried in all cases by 24 fellow equals , and in Friburg the jury was composed of 30 citizens and councilors . The modern jury trial was first introduced in the Rhenish provinces in 1798 , with a court consisting most commonly of 12 citizens ( Bürger ) .", "4": "The system whereby citizens were tried by their peers chosen from the entire community in open court was gradually superseded by an `` engine of tyranny and oppression '' in Germany , in which the process of investigation was secret and life and liberty depended upon judges appointed by the state . In Constance the jury trial was suppressed by decree of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1786 . The Frankfurt Constitution of the failed Revolutions of 1848 called for jury trials for `` the more serious crimes and all political offenses '' , but was never implemented after the Frankfurt Parliament was dissolved by Württemberg dragoons . An 1873 draft on criminal procedure produced by the Prussian Ministry of Justice proposed to abolish the jury and replace it with the mixed system , causing a significant political debate . In the Weimar Republic the jury was abolished by the Emminger Reform of 4 January 1924 . Between 1948 and 1950 in American - occupied Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany , Bavaria returned to the jury trial as it had existed before the emergency decrees , but they were again abolished by the 1950 Unification Act ( Vereinheitlichungsgesetz ) for the Federal Republic . In 1979 , the United States tried the East German LOT Flight 165 hijacking suspects in the United States Court for Berlin in West Berlin , which declared the defendants had the right to a jury trial under the United States Constitution , and hence were tried by a West German jury . England and Wales ( edit ) W.S. Gilbert 's Bab Ballads ( 1920 ) Main article : Juries in England and Wales According to George Macaulay Trevelyan in A Shortened History of England , during the Viking occupation : `` The Scandinavians , when not on the Viking warpath , were a litigious people and loved to get together in the ' thing ' to hear legal argument . They had no professional lawyers , but many of their farmer - warriors , like Njal , the truth - teller , were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure . A Danish town in England often had , as its main officers , twelve hereditary ' law men . '", "5": "The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court , which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans . '' The English king Æthelred the Unready set up an early legal system through the Wantage Code of Ethelred , one provision of which stated that the twelve leading thegns ( minor nobles ) of each wapentake ( a small district ) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias . These juries differed from the modern sort by being self - informing ; instead of getting information through a trial , the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves . In the 12th century , Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system . Henry II set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries . A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes . As with the Saxon system , these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court . Henry II also introduced what is now known as the `` grand jury '' through his Assize of Clarendon . Under the assize , a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a `` justice in eyre '' , a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit . A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal . The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215 . Without the legitimacy of religion , trial by ordeal collapsed . The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations . The same year , trial by jury became an explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta . Article 39 of the Magna Carta read : Nullus liber homo capiatur , vel imprisonetur , aut desseisetur de libero tenemento , vel libertatibus , vel liberis consuetudinibus suis , sut utlagetur , aut exuletur , aut aliquo modo destruatur , nec super eum ibimus , nec super eum mittemus , nisi per legale judicium parium suorum , vel per legem terrae .", "6": "It is translated thus by Lysander Spooner in his Essay on the Trial by Jury : `` No free man shall be captured , and or imprisoned , or disseised of his freehold , and or of his liberties , or of his free customs , or be outlawed , or exiled , or in any way destroyed , nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms , but by the lawful judgment of his peers , and or by the law of the land . '' Although it says and or by the law of the land , this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law , made by the king , to be able to proceed legally against a citizen . The law of the land was the consuetudinary law , based on the customs and consent of John 's subjects , and since they did not have Parliament in those times , this meant that neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people . According to some sources , in the time of Edward III , by the law of the land had been substituted by due process of law , which in those times was a trial by twelve peers . The Magna Carta of 1215 further secured trial by jury by stating that For a trivial offence , a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence , and for a serious offence correspondingly , but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood . In the same way , a merchant shall be spared his merchandise , and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry , if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court . None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood . Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals , and in proportion to the gravity of their offence . To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands , castles , liberties , or rights , without the lawful judgement of his equals , we will at once restore these . If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands , liberties , or anything else in England or in Wales , without the lawful judgement of their equals , these are at once to be returned to them . A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals .", "7": "English law shall apply to holdings of land in England , Welsh law to those in Wales , and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches . The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way . During the mid-14th Century , persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury ( i.e. , in modern parlance , the Grand Jury ) were forbidden to sit on the trial jury for that crime . 25 Edward III stat 5. , c3 ( 1353 ) . Medieval juries were self - informing , in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts , or they had the duty to discover them . This spared the government the cost of fact - finding . Over time , English juries became less self - informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case . Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century . The Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns ( or , more probably , reigns limited by the jury and the barons , and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable ) , the kings , through the royal judges , began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom . In David Hume 's History of England , he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after the Magna Carta , the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted : One of the most ancient and most established instruments of power was the court of Star Chamber , which possessed an unlimited discretionary authority of fining , imprisoning , and inflicting corporal punishment , and whose jurisdiction extended to all sorts of offenses , contempts , and disorders , that lay not within reach of the common law . The members of this court consisted of the privy council and the judges ; men who all of them enjoyed their offices during pleasure : And when the prince himself was present , he was the sole judge , and all the others could only interpose with their advice . There needed but this one court in any government , to put an end to all regular , legal , and exact plans of liberty .", "8": "For who durst set himself in opposition to the crown and ministry , or aspire to the character of being a patron of freedom , while exposed to so arbitrary a jurisdiction ? I much question , whether any of the absolute monarchies in Europe contain , at present , so illegal and despotic a tribunal . While so many terrors hung over the people , no jury durst have acquitted a man , when the court was resolved to have him condemned . The practice also , of not confronting witnesses to the prisoner , gave the crown lawyers all imaginable advantage against him . And , indeed , there scarcely occurs an instance , during all these reigns , that the sovereign , or the ministers , were ever disappointed in the issue of a prosecution . Timid juries , and judges who held their offices during pleasure , never failed to second all the views of the crown . And as the practice was anciently common of fining , imprisoning , or otherwise punishing the jurors , merely at the discretion of the court , for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges ; it is obvious , that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject . The first paragraph of the Act that abolished the Star Chamber repeats the clause on the right of a citizen to be judged by his peers : Abolition of the Star Chamber July 5 , 1641 An act for the regulating of the privy council , and for taking away the court commonly called the star - chamber . WHEREAS by the great charter many times confirmed in parliament , it is enacted , That no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned , or disseised of his freehold or liberties , or free customs , or be outlawed or exiled or otherwise destroyed , and that the King will not pass upon him , or condemn him ; but by lawful judgment of his peers , or by the law of the land ... In 1670 two Quakers charged with unlawful assembly , William Penn and William Mead , were found not guilty by a jury . The judge then fined the jury for contempt of court for returning a verdict contrary to their own findings of fact and removed them to prison until the fine was paid . Edward Bushel , a member of the jury , nonetheless refused to pay the fine . Bushel petitioned the Court of Common Pleas for a writ of habeas corpus .", "9": "The ruling in the Bushel 's Case was that a jury could not be punished simply on account of the verdict it returned . Many British colonies , including the United States , adopted the English common law system in which trial by jury is an important part . Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original United States Constitution and the Fifth , Sixth , and Seventh Amendments of the U.S. Constitution extend the rights to trial by jury to include the right to jury trial for both criminal and civil matters and a grand jury for serious cases . Role ( edit ) In most common law jurisdictions , the jury is responsible for finding the facts of the case , while the judge determines the law . These `` peers of the accused '' are responsible for listening to a dispute , evaluating the evidence presented , deciding on the facts , and making a decision in accordance with the rules of law and their jury instructions . Typically , the jury only judges guilt or a verdict of not guilty , but the actual penalty is set by the judge . An interesting innovation was introduced in Russia in the judicial reform of Alexander II : unlike in modern jury trials , jurors decided not only whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty , but they had the third choice : `` Guilty , but not to be punished , '' since Alexander II believed that justice without morality was wrong . In France and some countries organized in the same fashion , the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first . Then , if guilt is determined , they decide the appropriate penalty . Some jurisdictions with jury trials allow the defendant to waive their right to a jury trial , thus leading to a bench trial . Jury trials tend to occur only when a crime is considered serious . In some jurisdictions , such as France and Brazil , jury trials are reserved , and compulsory , for the most severe crimes and are not available for civil cases . In Brazil , for example , trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life , such as first and second degree murder , forced abortion and instigation of suicide , even if only attempted . In others , such as the United Kingdom , jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases ( defamation , malicious prosecution , civil fraud and false imprisonment ) . In the United States , jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases .", "10": "In Canada , an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court , by judge alone in a superior court , or by judge and jury in a superior court ; summary offences can not be tried by jury . In the United States , because jury trials tend to be high profile , the general public tends to overestimate the frequency of jury trials . Approximately 150,000 jury trials are conducted in state courts annually , and an additional 5,000 jury trials are conducted in federal courts . Two - thirds of jury trials are criminal trials , while one - third are civil and `` other '' ( e.g. , family , municipal ordinance , traffic ) . Nevertheless , the vast majority of criminal cases are settled by plea bargain , which removes the need for a jury trial . Some commentators contend that the guilty - plea system unfairly coerces defendants into relinquishing their right to a jury trial . Others contend that there never was a golden age of jury trials , but rather that juries in the early nineteenth century ( before the rise of plea bargaining ) were `` unwitting and reflexive , generally wasteful of public resources and , because of the absence of trained professionals , little more than slow guilty pleas themselves '' , and that the guilty - plea system that emerged in the latter half of the nineteenth century was a superior , more cost - effective method of achieving fair outcomes . Pros and cons ( edit ) In countries where jury trials are common , juries are often seen as an important check against state power . Other common assertions about the benefits of trial by jury is that it provides a means of interjecting community norms and values into judicial proceedings and that it legitimizes the law by providing opportunities for citizens to validate criminal statutes in their application to specific trials . Alexis de Tocqueville also claimed that jury trials educate citizens about self - government . Many also believe that a jury is likely to provide a more sympathetic hearing , or a fairer one , to a party who is not part of the government -- or other establishment interest -- than would representatives of the state . This last point may be disputed . For example , in highly emotional cases , such as child rape , the jury may be tempted to convict based on personal feelings rather than on conviction beyond reasonable doubt .", "11": "In France , former attorney , then later minister of Justice Robert Badinter , remarked about jury trials in France that they were like `` riding a ship into a storm '' , because they are much less predictable than bench trials . Another issue with jury trials is the potential for jurors to be swayed by prejudice , including racial considerations . Infamous cases include the Scottsboro Boys , a group of nine African American teenagers accused of raping two White American women on a train in 1931 , for which they were indicted by an all - white jury , the acquittal of two white men Roy Bryant and J.W. Milan by an all - white jury for the murder of 14 year old Emmett Till in 1955 ( they admitted killing him in a magazine interview a year later ) , and the 1992 trial in the Rodney King case in California , in which white police officers were acquitted of excessive force in the violent beating of a black man by a jury consisting mostly of whites without any black jurors . The positive belief about jury trials in the U.K. and the U.S. contrasts with popular belief in many other nations , in which it is considered bizarre and risky for a person 's fate to be put into the hands of untrained laymen . Consider Japan , for instance , which used to have optional jury trials for capital or other serious crimes between 1928 and 1943 . The defendant could freely choose whether to have a jury or trial by judges , and the decisions of the jury were non-binding . During the Tōjō - regime this was suspended , arguably stemming from the popular belief that any defendant who risks his fate on the opinions of untrained laymen is almost certainly guilty . Jury trials in multi-cultural countries with a history of ethnic tensions may be problematic , and lead to juries being unduly biased and partial . A major issue in jury trials is the secretive nature of the process . While proponents may say that secrecy allows the jury to remain impartial by protecting it from undue pressure or attention , opponents contend that this prevents there from being a transparent trial . The fact that juries do not often have to give a reason for their verdict is also criticized , since opponents argue it is unfair for a person to be deprived of life , liberty or property without being told why it is being done so .", "12": "In contrast where there is a decision by a judge or judges , they are required to provide often detailed reasons of both fact and law as to why their decision was made . One issue that has been raised is the ability of a jury to fully understand statistical or scientific evidence . It has been said that the expectation of jury members as to the explanatory power of scientific evidence has been raised by television in what is known as the CSI effect . In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction . In various jurisdictions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian Constitution provides that : `` 80 . The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury , and every such trial shall be held in the State where the offence was committed , and if the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall be held at such place or places as the Parliament prescribes . '' The first trials by civilian juries of 12 in the colony of New South Wales were held in 1824 , following a decision of the NSW Supreme Court on 14 October 1824 . The NSW Constitution Act of 1828 effectively terminated trial by jury for criminal matters . Jury trials for criminal matters revived with the passing of the Jury Trials Amending Act of 1833 ( NSW ) ( 2 William IV No 12 ) . Challenging potential jurors ( edit ) The voir dire system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors . Therefore , though it exists , the right to challenge for cause during jury selection can not be employed much . Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them . All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection , however , the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same . Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each side where the offence was murder , and eight for all other cases . In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side , the same amount allowed in South Australia . Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland . Victoria , Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six .", "13": "Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side . Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials ( edit ) See also : Hung jury In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia , Victoria , Western Australia , Tasmania , the Northern Territory , New South Wales and Queensland , while the ACT require unanimous verdicts . Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11 : 1 , and 10 : 1 or 9 : 1 where the jury has been reduced , in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict can not be reached in four hours . They are accepted in all cases except for `` guilty '' verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason . Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994 , though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made . Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence . A 10 : 2 verdict is accepted . Majority verdicts of 10 : 2 have been allowed in Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours . Since 1943 verdicts of `` not guilty '' for murder and treason have also been included , but must be discussed for six hours . The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10 : 2 , 10 : 1 and 9 : 1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not . Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict . The Queensland Jury Act 1995 ( s 59F ) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other offences that carry a life sentence , although only 11 : 1 or 10 : 1 majorities are allowed . Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006 . In New South Wales , a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case .", "14": "Additionally , the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath , that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further deliberation were to occur . Austria ( edit ) Austria , in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions , retains elements of trial by jury in serious criminal cases . Belgium ( edit ) Belgium , in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions , retains the trial by jury through the Court of Assize for serious criminal cases and for political crimes and for press delicts ( except those based on racism or xenophobia ) , and for crimes of international law , such as genocide and crime against humanity . Canada ( edit ) Under Canadian law , a person has the constitutional right to a jury trial for all crimes punishable by five years of imprisonment or more . The Criminal Code also provides for the right to a jury trial for most indictable offences , including those punishable by less than five years imprisonment , though the right is only constitutionally enshrined for those offences punishable by five years imprisonment or more . Generally , it is the accused person who is entitled to elect whether their trial will proceed by judge alone or by judge and jury ; however , for the most severe criminal offences -- murder , treason , alarming Her Majesty , intimidating Parliament , inciting to mutiny , sedition , and piracy -- trial by jury is mandatory unless the prosecution consents to trial by judge alone . See also : Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms § Right to trial by jury Jury panel exhaustion Criminal Code Section 642 ( 1 ) : If a full jury and alternate jurors can not be provided , the court may order the sheriff or other proper officer , at the request of the prosecutor , to summon without delay as many people as the court directs for the purpose of providing a full jury and alternate jurors . Section 642 ( 2 ) : Jurors may be summoned under subsection ( 1 ) by word of mouth , if necessary . Section 642 ( 3 ) : The names of the people who are summoned under this Section shall be added to the general panel for the purposes of the trial , and the same proceedings with respect to calling , challenging , excusing and directing them shall apply to them .", "15": "According to the case of R v Mid-Valley Tractor Sales Limited ( 1995 CarswellNB 313 ) , there are limitations on the powers granted by Section 642 . These powers are conferred specifically upon the judge , and the section does not confer a further discretion to delegate that power to others , such as the sheriff 's officer , even with the consent of counsel . The Court said that to hold otherwise would nullify the rights of the accused and the prosecution to object to a person being excused inappropriately , and may also interfere with the rights of the parties to challenge for cause . The selection of an impartial jury is the basis of a fair trial . The Supreme Court of Canada also held in Basarabas and Spek v The Queen ( 1982 SCR 730 ) that the right of an accused to be present in court during the whole of his trial includes the jury selection process . In Tran v The Queen ( 1994 2 SCR 951 ) , it was held that an accused only has to show that they were excluded from a part of the trial that affected their vital interests , they do not have to demonstrate actual prejudice , just the potential for prejudice . As well , a valid waiver of such a right must be clear , unequivocal and done with full knowledge of the rights that the procedure was enacted to protect , as well as the effect that the waiver will have on those rights . France ( edit ) In France , a defendant is entitled to a jury trial only when prosecuted for a felony ( crime in French ) that is an offence which may bring least 15 years ' imprisonment ( for natural persons ) or a fine of € 75,000 ( for legal persons ) . The only court that tries by jury is the cour d'assises , in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors . Conviction requires a two - thirds majority ( six or eight votes ) . Greece ( edit ) The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form . Serious crimes in Greece are tried by a panel of three professional judges and four lay jurors who decide the facts , and the appropriate penalty if they convict .", "16": "Gibraltar ( edit ) Being a Common Law jurisdiction , Gibraltar retains jury trial in a similar manner to that found in England and Wales , the exception being that juries consist of nine lay people , rather than twelve . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong , as a former British colony has a common law legal system . Article 86 of Hong Kong 's Basic Law , which came into force on 1 July 1997 following the handover of Hong Kong from Britain to China provides : `` The principle of trial by jury previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained . '' Criminal trials in the High Court are by jury . The juries are generally made of seven members , who can return a verdict based on a majority of five . There are no jury trials in the District Court , which can impose a sentence of up to seven years imprisonment . This is despite the fact that all court rooms in the District Court have jury boxes . The lack of juries in the District Court has been severely criticized . Clive Grossman SC in a commentary in 2009 said conviction rates were `` approaching those of North Korea '' . Many complex commercial cases are prosecuted in the District Court rather than before a jury in the High Court . In 2009 , Lily Chiang , former chairwoman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce , lost an application to have her case transferred from the District Court to the High Court for a jury trial . Justice Wright in the Court of First Instance held that there was no absolute right to a trial by jury and that the `` decision as to whether an indictable offence be tried in the Court of First Instance by a judge and jury or in the District Court by a judge alone is the prerogative of the Secretary for Justice . '' Chiang issued a statement at the time saying `` she was disappointed with the judgment because she has been deprived of a jury trial , an opportunity to be judged by her fellow citizens and the constitutional benefit protected by the Basic Law '' . In civil cases in the Court of First Instance jury trials are available for defamation , false imprisonment , malicious prosecution or seduction unless the court orders otherwise . A jury can return a majority verdict in a civil case .", "17": "India ( edit ) The first case decided by an English jury in India happened in Madras in 1665 , for which Ascentia Dawes ( probably a British woman ) was charged by a grand jury with the murder of her slave girl , and a petty jury , with six Englishmen and six Portuguese , found her not guilty . With the development of the East India Company empire in India , the jury system was implemented inside a dual system of courts : In Presidency Towns ( Calcutta , Madras , Bombay ) , there were Crown Courts and in criminal cases juries had to judge British and European people ( as a privilege ) and in some cases Indian people ; and in the territories outside the Presidency Towns ( called `` moffussil '' ) , there were Company Courts ( composed with Company officials ) without jury to judge most of the cases implying indigenous people . After the Crown Government of India ( Raj ) adopted the Indian Penal Code ( 1860 ) and the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure ( 1861 , amended in 1872 , 1882 , 1898 ) , the criminal jury was obligatory only in the High Courts of the Presidency Towns ; elsewhere , it was optional and rarely used . According sections 274 and 275 of the Code of Criminal Procedure , the jury was composed from 3 ( for smaller offences judged in session courts ) to 9 ( for severe offences judges in High Courts ) men ; and when the accused were European or American , at least half of the jurors had to be European or American men . The jury found no place in the 1950 Indian Constitution , and it was ignored in many Indian states . The Law Commission recommended its abolition in 1958 in its 14th Report . Jury trials were abolished in India in most courts except for Matrimonial Disputes of Parsis by a very discrete process during the 1960s , finishing with the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure , which is still in force today . Parsis in India can LEGALLY use Jury System to decide divorces wherein randomly selected members called ` delegates ` from the community decide the fact of the matrimonial disputes of Parsis . Jury system for Parsi Matrimonial dispute cases is a mix of Panchayat system and Jury system found in US etc. countries .", "18": "The law which governs this is ` The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act , 1936 ` as amended in 1988 . Without any proper study comparing existing judicial systems and without any effort to improve the system , it was claimed that the 8 : 1 acquittal of Kawas Nanavati in K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra , which was overturned by higher courts on the grounds that the jury was misled by the presiding judge and were susceptible to media and public influence , was the reason . A study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many `` perverse verdicts '' were delivered by white juries in trial of `` European British subjects '' charged with murder , assault , confinement of Indians . Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , a common law jurisdiction , jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court , Central Criminal Court and defamation cases , consisting of twelve jurors . Juries only decide questions of fact ; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases . It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict . In civil cases , a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members . In a criminal case , a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time . Juries are selected from a jury panel , which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register . The principal statute regulating the selection , obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2008 , which scrapped the upper age limit of 70 . Juries are not paid , nor do they receive travel expenses . They do receive lunch for the days that they are serving ; however , for jurors in employment , their employer is required to pay them as if they were present at work . For certain terrorist and organised crime offences the Director of Public Prosecutions may issue a certificate that the accused be tried by the Special Criminal Court composed of three judges instead of a jury , one from the District Court , Circuit Court and High Court .", "19": "Italy ( edit ) The Corte d'Assise is composed of 2 judges and 6 laypersons chosen at random among Italian citizens 30 to 65 years old . Only serious crimes like murder can be tried by the Corte d'Assise . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Lay judges in Japan On May 28 , 2004 , the Diet of Japan enacted a law requiring selected citizens to take part in criminal court trials of certain severe crimes to make decisions together with professional judges , both on guilt and on the sentence . These citizens are called saiban - in ( 裁判員 `` lay judge '' ) . The saiban - in system was implemented in May 2009 . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously , but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury ( that is an 11 - 1 or a 10 - 1 majority ) under certain circumstances . Norway ( edit ) Norway has a system where the lower courts ( tingrett ) is set with a judge and two lay - judges , or in bigger cases two judges and three lay - judges . All of these judges convict or acquit , and set sentences . Simple majority is required in all cases , which means that the lay - judges are always in control . In the higher court / appellate court ( lagmannsrett ) there is a jury ( lagrette ) of 10 members , which need a minimum of seven votes to be able to convict . The judges have no say in the jury deliberations , but jury - instructions are given by the chief - judge ( lagmann ) in each case to the jury before deliberations . The voir - dire is usually set with 16 prospective jurors , which the prosecution and defense may dismiss the 6 persons they do not desire to serve on the jury .", "20": "This court ( lagmannsretten ) is administered by a three - judge panel ( usually 1 lagmann and 2 lagdommere ) , and if 7 or more jury members want to convict , the sentence is set in a separate proceeding , consisting of the three judges and the jury foreman ( lagrettens ordfører ) and three other members of the jury chosen by ballot . This way the laymen are in control of both the conviction and sentencing , as simple majority is required in sentencing . The three - judge panel can set aside a jury conviction or acquittal if there has been an obvious miscarriage of justice . In that event , the case is settled by three judges and four lay - judges . In May 2015 , the Norwegian Parliament asked the government to bring an end to jury trials , replacing them with a bench trial ( meddomsrett ) consisting of two law - trained judges and three lay judges ( lekdommere ) . This has not been fully implemented yet as of February 2016 , but is expected soon . Russia ( edit ) In the judiciary of Russia , for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors . The number of jury trials remains small , at about 600 per year , out of about 1 million trials . A juror must be 25 years old , legally competent , and without a criminal record . The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30 -- 40 eligible candidates . The Constitution of Russia stipulates that , until the abolition of the death penalty , all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial . Lawmakers are continuously chipping away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial . They are similar to common law juries , and unlike lay judges , in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law . They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation , but may return majority verdicts after that , with 6 jurors being enough to acquit . They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing . Juries have granted acquittals in 15 -- 20 % of cases , compared with less than 1 % in cases decided by judges .", "21": "Juries may be dismissed and skeptical juries have been dismissed on the verge of verdicts , and acquittals are frequently overturned by higher courts . Trial by jury was first introduced in the Russian Empire as a result of the Judicial reform of Alexander II in 1864 , and abolished after the October Revolution in 1917 . They were reintroduced in the Russian Federation in 1993 , and extended to another 69 regions in 2003 . Its reintroduction was opposed by the Prosecutor General . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the jury system was abolished in 1969 . Jury trials for all had been earlier abolished in 1959 , except for capital offenses with the death penalty . As Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew described to the BBC and in his memoirs , due to his experiences as a trial lawyer , `` I had no faith in a system that allowed the superstition , ignorance , biases , and prejudices of seven jurymen to determine guilt or innocence . '' South Africa ( edit ) The jury system was abolished in South Africa in 1969 by the Abolition of Juries Act , 1969 . The last jury trial to be heard was in the District of Kimberley . Some judicial experts had argued that a system of whites - only juries ( as was the system at that time ) was inherently prejudicial to ' non-white ' defendants ( the introduction of nonracial juries would have been a political impossibility at that time ) . More recently it has been argued that , apart from being a racially divided country , South African society was , and still is , characterized by significant class differences and disparities of income and wealth that could make re-introducing the jury system problematic . Arguments for and against the re-introduction of a jury system have been discussed by South African constitutional expert Professor Pierre de Vos in the article `` Do we need a jury system ? '' On 28 March 2014 , the Oscar Pistorius trial was adjourned due to the illness of one of the two assessors that assist the judge on questions of fact ( rather than law ) , in place of the jury , to reach a verdict . The legal system in the UK sees no reason to block extradition on this , as witnessed in the Shrien Dewani case .", "22": "Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , juries are uncommon ; the public is represented in the courts by means of lay judges ( nämndemän ) . However , the defendant has the right to a jury trial in the lower court ( tingsrätt ) when accused of an offense against the fundamental laws on freedom of expression and freedom of the press . If a person is accused of e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred , in a medium covered by the fundamental laws ( e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme ) , she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors . This applies also in civil ( tort ) cases under the fundamental laws . A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime . If it does not , the defendant is acquitted or , in a civil case , held not liable . If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed , this finding is not legally binding for the court ; thus , the court ( three judges ) can still acquit the defendant or find him / her not liable . A jury acquittal may not be overruled after appeal . In Swedish civil process , the `` English rule '' applies to court costs . Earlier , a court disagreeing with a jury acquittal could , when deciding on the matter of such costs , set aside the English rule , and instead use the American rule , that each party bears its own expense of litigation . This practice was declared to violate the rule of presumption of innocence according to article 6.2. of the European Convention on Human Rights , by the Supreme Court of Sweden , in 2012 . Switzerland ( edit ) As of 2008 , only the code of criminal procedure of the Canton of Geneva provides for genuine jury trials . Several other cantons -- Vaud , Neuchâtel , Zürich and Ticino -- provide for courts composed of both professional judges and laymen ( Schöffengerichte / tribunaux d'échevins ) . Because the unified Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure ( set to enter into force in 2011 ) does not provide for jury trials or lay judges , however , they are likely to be abolished in the near future .", "23": "United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom consists of three separate legal jurisdictions , but there are some features common to all of them . In particular there is seldom anything like the U.S. voir dire system ; jurors are usually just accepted without question . Controversially , in England there has been some screening in sensitive security cases , but the Scottish courts have firmly set themselves against any form of jury vetting . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Juries in England and Wales In England and Wales ( which have the same legal system ) , everyone accused of an offence which carries more than six months imprisonment has a right to trial by jury . Minor ( `` Summary only '' ) criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates ' Courts . Middle - ranking ( `` triable either way '' ) offences may be tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court . Serious ( `` indictable '' ) offences , however , must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court . Juries sit in a few civil cases , in particular , defamation and cases involving the state . Juries also sit in coroner 's courts for more contentious inquests . All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors , those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner 's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members . Jurors must be between 18 -- 75 years of age , and are selected at random from the register of voters . In the past a unanimous verdict was required . This has been changed so that , if the jury fails to agree after a given period , at the discretion of the judge they may reach a verdict by a 10 - 2 majority . This was designed to make it more difficult for jury tampering to succeed . In 1999 the then Home Secretary Jack Straw introduced a controversial bill to limit the right to trial by jury . This became the Criminal Justice Act 2003 , which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud . The provision for trial without jury to circumvent jury tampering succeeded and came into force in 2007 , the provision for complex fraud cases was defeated .", "24": "Lord Goldsmith , the then Attorney General , then pressed forward with the Fraud ( Trials Without a Jury ) Bill in Parliament , which sought to abolish jury trials in major criminal fraud trials . The Bill was subject to sharp criticism from both sides of the House of Commons before passing its second Commons reading in November 2006 , but was defeated in the Lords in March 2007 . The trial for the first serious offence to be tried without a jury for 350 years was allowed to go ahead in 2009 . Three previous trials of the defendants had been halted because of jury tampering , and the Lord Chief Justice , Lord Judge , cited cost and the additional burden on the jurors as reasons to proceed without a jury . Previously in cases where jury tampering was a concern the jurors were sometimes closeted in a hotel for the duration of the trial . However , Liberty director of policy Isabella Sankey said that `` This is a dangerous precedent . The right to jury trial is n't just a hallowed principle but a practice that ensures that one class of people do n't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system . The trial started in 2010 , with the four defendants convicted on the 31st of March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Trial by jury in Scotland In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences , in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials , with verdicts by simple majority . Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales , except that jury trials have been replaced in cases of alleged terrorist offences by courts where the judge sits alone , known as Diplock courts . Diplock courts are common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism . Diplock courts were created in the 1970s during The Troubles , to phase out Operation Demetrius internments , and because of the argument that juries were intimidated , though this is disputed . The Diplock courts were shut in 2007 , but between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2009 , 13 non-jury trials were held , down from 29 in the previous year , and 300 trials per year at their peak .", "25": "United States ( edit ) Main article : Juries in the United States The most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous . Every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutionally protected right to a trial by jury , which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` The Trial of all Crimes ... shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed . '' The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed . '' Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment . Most states ' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters , though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only . The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less , trial by jury is not required , meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases . Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial , he may waive his right to have a jury , but both the government ( prosecution ) and court must consent to the waiver . Several states require jury trials for all crimes , `` petty '' or not . In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 ( 2000 ) , and Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence , but any fact used to increase the defendant 's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines . This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on `` a preponderance of evidence '' , where enhancement could be based on the judge 's findings alone . Depending upon the state , a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision .", "26": "A hung jury results in the defendants release , however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses . Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers ' license lists . A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship , disabilities , ability to understand the English language , and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror . If they are deemed qualified , a summons is issued . English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury . In the United States , it is understood that juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact , while judges usually rule on questions of law , although the dissenting justices in the Supreme Court case Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 ( 1895 ) , generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury , declared : `` It is our deep and settled conviction , confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities that the jury , upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case , have the right , as well as the power , to decide , according to their own judgment and consciences , all questions , whether of law or of fact , involved in that issue . '' Jury determination of questions of law , sometimes called jury nullification , can not be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy . Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence , a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant . It was established in Bushel 's Case that a judge can not order the jury to convict , no matter how strong the evidence is . In civil cases a special verdict can be given , but in criminal cases a general verdict is rendered , because requiring a special verdict could apply pressure to the jury , and because of the jury 's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case . For this reason , Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases .", "27": "There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system , the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact - finders , and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer . The jury has been described by one author as `` an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs '' . Because they are fact - finders , juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector , especially when presented with testimony from witnesses . A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons . In a civil case , the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial , to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff , and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be . A criminal jury is usually made up of 12 members , though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses . Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged . The sentence may be set by either the jury or the judge ; generally , in felony cases the jury sets punishment while in lesser offenses it may be set by the judge . Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous , with the following exceptions : Currently , two states , Oregon and Louisiana , do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases . Each requires a 10 -- 2 majority for conviction , except for capital crimes : Oregon requires at least 11 votes and Louisiana requires all 12 . In civil cases , the law ( or the agreement of the parties ) may permit a non-unanimous verdict . A jury 's deliberations are conducted in private , out of sight and hearing of the judge , litigants , witnesses , and others in the courtroom . Not every case is eligible for a jury trial . In the majority of U.S. states , there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights , such as divorce and custody modifications . Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation ( Colorado , Georgia , Illinois , Louisiana , Maine , Nevada , New York , North Carolina , Tennessee , Texas and Wisconsin ) . Most of these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only . Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly , including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody .", "28": "However , anyone who is charged with a criminal offense , breach of contract or federal offence has a Constitutional right to a trial by jury . Civil trial Procedure ( edit ) In the United States , a civil action is a lawsuit ; civil law is the branch of common law dealing with non-criminal actions . It should not be confused with legal system of civil law . The right to trial by jury in a civil case in federal court is addressed by the Seventh Amendment . Importantly , however , the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to a civil jury trial in state courts ( although most state constitutions guarantee such a right ) . The Seventh Amendment provides : `` In Suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . '' In Joseph Story 's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States , he wrote , `` ( I ) t is a most important and valuable amendment ; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases , a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases , which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty . '' The Seventh Amendment does not guarantee or create any right to a jury trial ; rather , it preserves the right to jury trial in the federal courts that existed in 1791 at common law . In this context , common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England . In England in 1791 , civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity . Actions at law had a right to a jury , actions in equity did not . Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says `` ( t ) here is one form of action -- the civil action '' , which abolishes the legal / equity distinction . Today , in actions that would have been `` at law '' in 1791 , there is a right to a jury ; in actions that would have been `` in equity '' in 1791 , there is no right to a jury . However , Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39 ( c ) allows a court to use one at its discretion .", "29": "To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791 , one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered `` legal '' or `` equitable '' at that time . Next , the relief being sought must be examined . Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy , and thus entitled to a jury . Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions , rescission , and specific performance were all equitable remedies , and thus up to the judge 's discretion , not a jury . In Beacon Theaters v. Westover , 359 U.S. 500 ( 1959 ) , the US Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury , holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought , the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim , which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim . There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts , but in practice , almost every state except Louisiana , which has a civil law legal tradition , permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court . The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states , except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right , of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part . The court determines the right to jury based on all claims by all parties involved . If the plaintiff brings only equitable claims but the defendant asserts counterclaims of law , the court grants a jury trial . In accordance with Beacon Theaters , the jury first determines the facts , then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims . Following the English tradition , U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors , and the jury 's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous . However , in many jurisdictions , the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number ( such as five or six ) by legislative enactment , or by agreement of both sides . Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one , two , or three jurors . Waiver of jury trial ( edit ) The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict , but rather by plea bargain .", "30": "Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain . If the defendant waives a jury trial , a bench trial is held . For civil cases , a jury trial must be demanded within a certain period of time per Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 38 . In United States Federal courts , there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial . Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23 ( a ) , only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant waive a jury trial for criminal cases . However , most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial , and it has become commonplace to find such a waiver in routine contracts as a 2004 Wall Street Journal Article states : ' For years , in an effort to avoid the slow - moving wheels of the U.S. judicial system , many American companies have forced their customers and employees to agree to settle disputes outside of the courts , through private arbitration ... but the rising cost of arbitration proceedings has led some companies to decide they might be better off in the court system after all ( so long as ) they do n't have to tangle with juries . The new tactic ( is to ) let disputes go to court , but on the condition that they be heard only by a judge . ' The article goes on to claim ' The list includes residential leases , checking - account agreements , auto loans and mortgage contracts . Companies that believe juries are biased toward plaintiffs hope this approach will boost their chances of winning in court . Critics say that unfairly denies citizens ' access to the full range of legal options guaranteed by the Constitution . ' In the years since this 2004 article , this practice has become pervasive in the US and , especially in online agreements , it has become commonplace to include such waivers to trial by jury in everything from user agreements attached to software downloads to merely browsing a website .", "31": "This practice , however , means that while such waivers may have legal force in one jurisdiction -- in this case the United States -- in the jurisdiction where a verdict is sought in the absence of jury trial ( or indeed the presence of a defendant , or any legal representation in absentia ) may well run directly counter to law in the jurisdiction -- such as the United Kingdom -- where the defendant resides , thus : The Judgment on Regina v Jones issued by the United Kingdom 's Court of Appeal 's ( Criminal Division ) states , ( in part , in Item 55 ) ' ... the issue has to be determined by looking at the way in which the courts handled the problem under English criminal procedure and by deciding whether , in the result , the appellant can be said to have had a fair hearing . ' See also ( edit ) Bench trial History of trial by jury in England Rights of Englishmen Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution Sparf v. United States Summary jury trial Trial by combat Trial by ordeal Trial by peers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samons , Loren J. ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge companion to the Age of Pericles . Cambridge University Press . pp. 244 , 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80793 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Acilian Law on the Right to Recovery of Property Officially Extorted , 122 B.C. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/acilian_law.asp ^ Jump up to : Forsyth 1852 , p. 369 . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth 1852 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , William ( 2010 ) . History of Trial by Jury . Nabu Press . ISBN 1141968266 . Jump up ^ Forsyth 1852 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Casper & Zeisel 1972 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Casper & Zeisel 1972 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Kahn - Freund 1974 , footnote 73 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Casper & Zeisel 1972 , p. 141 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Vogler 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ `` Narrative History of England '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Magna Carta of 1215 - http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html Jump up ^ NS Marder ( 2000 ) , Juries and Technology : Equipping Jurors for the Twenty - First Century , Brooklyn Law Review Jump up ^ Vouin , Robert ( 1956 ) . `` The Protection of the Accused in French Criminal Procedure '' . International and Comparative Law Quarterly . 5 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 173 . doi : 10.1093 / iclqaj / 5.2. 157 . Jump up ^ Barkan , S. ; Bryjak , G. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of Criminal Justice : A Sociological View . Jones & Bartlett Learning . ISBN 9780763754242 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Newman , D. ( 1966 ) Conviction : The Determination of Guilt or Innocence without Trial 3 . Ref. in Alschuler , Albert W. ( January 1979 ) . `` Plea Bargaining And Its History '' . Columbia Law Review . 79 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 ... roughly ninety percent of the criminal defendants convicted in state and federal courts plead guilty rather than exercise their right to stand trial before a court or jury . Jump up ^ ( Bikel , Ofra ) ( June 17 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Judge Michael McSpadden '' . FRONTLINE : The Plea . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Those few cases being tried set the standard for everybody in determining what to do with the 95 percent , 96 percent of the plea bargain cases . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Timothy ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Case Against Plea Bargaining '' ( PDF ) . Regulation .", "33": "Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . 23 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 27 . SSRN 511222 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . The overwhelming majority of individuals who are accused of crime forgo their constitutional rights and plead guilty . Jump up ^ McConville , Mike ; Chester Mirsky ( December 1995 ) . `` The Rise of Guilty Pleas : New York , 1800 - 1865 '' . Journal of Law and Society . Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Cardiff University . 22 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 474 . JSTOR 1410610 . Jump up ^ `` THE POLICE VERDICT ; Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cot deaths ; Munchausen by Proxy , Sir Roy Meadow '' . Mth.kcl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/chapter3.htm Jump up ^ `` Democracy - Faculty Projects : : SETIS '' . setis.library.usyd.edu.au . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Oct 1824 - TRIAL BY JURY IN THE COURTS OF SESSIONS '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jury Trials XII '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Criminal Procedure Act 2004 ( WA ) s 104 Jump up ^ `` Smith v The Queen ( 2015 ) HCA 27 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jury Act 1977 ( NSW ) , s 55F ^ Jump up to : http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ja197791/s55f.html Jump up ^ Ss.", "34": "3 and 24 Jury Oridnance Jump up ^ `` The Hong Kong legal system takes China 's road to justice '' . The Australian . 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CHIANG LILY v. SECRETARY FOR JUSTICE ( 2009 ) HKCFI 100 ; HCAL 42 / 2008 ( 9 February 2009 ) '' . hklii.hk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` - '' . thestandard.com.hk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ . Ss 24 and 33A , High Court Ordinance ^ Jump up to : Jean - Louis Halpérin ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Lay Justice in India '' ( PDF ) . École Normale Supérieure . Jump up ^ `` Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes '' . Facebook , RIGHT TO RECALL AGAINST CORRUPTION . August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` s46C Juries Act 1981 '' . Jump up ^ `` Stortinget fjerner juryen fra rettssalen ( Norwegian ) '' . Aftenposten . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Terrill 2009 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Barry , Ellen ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` In Russia , Jury Is Something to Work Around '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Terrill 2009 , pp. 438 - 439 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judiciary ' , Singapore - A Country Study '' . Jump up ^ George P. Landow. `` Lee Kuan Yew 's Opposition to Trial by Jury '' . Jump up ^ Constitutionally Speaking , 9 September 2009 -- http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/do-we-need-a-jury-system/ Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 .", "35": "Jump up ^ G + M : `` Pistorius murder trial adjourned until April 7 '' ( Reuters ) 28 Mar 2014 ( in print one day later ) Jump up ^ `` Honeymoon murder : Timeline of events for Shrien Dewani - BBC News '' . bbc.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ NJA 2012 s . 940 Archived 2013 - 12 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 13 Jump up ^ Mansour , Fati ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Le jury populaire à l'agonie '' ( in French ) . Le Temps . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Justice Act 1967 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Straw on trial over jury reform '' . BBC News . 1999 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` No - jury trial plan ' presses on ' '' . London : BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Non-jury trial plans under fire '' . London : BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commons passes jury-less trials '' . London : BBC News . 2006 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lords defeat no - jury trials plan '' . BBC News . 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` First trial without jury approved '' . BBC News . 2009 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` First no - jury crime trial begins '' . BBC News . 2010 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Armed raiders jailed after trial without jury '' . London : The Independent ( UK ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Two jailed for life for killing policeman Stephen Carroll '' . ITV News . 30 March 2012 . They were tried in a ' diplock court ' by a judge with no jury ; common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism . Jump up ^ `` Non-jury trial option ' essential ' says Goggins '' . BBC News . 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Clawans , 300 U.S. 617 ( 1937 ) and Baldwin v. New York , 399 U.S. 66 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Landry v. Hoepfner , 818 F. 2d 1169 ( 1989 ) , dissenting Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` Jury Nullification : History , questions and answers about nullification , links '' . law.umkc.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Maura ( May 8 , 2001 ) , Justices Say Jurors May Not Vote Conscience , archived from the original on December 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Spock , 416 F. 2d 165 ( 1st Cir . July 11 , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Forston , Robert F. ( 1975 ) , Sense and Non-Sense : Jury Trial Communication , 1975 , BYU L. Rev. , p. 601 Jump up ^ Kalven , Harry Jr. ( 1964 ) , Dignity of the Civil Jury , The , 50 , Va . L. Rev. , p. 1055 Jump up ^ George Fisher ( 1997 ) , The Jury 's Rise as Lie Detector , 107 , Yale Law Journal Jump up ^ `` Jury Service '' . United States Courts . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case Law Development : Jury Trial in Divorce Actions '' .", "37": "^ Jump up to : `` JURY TRIAL '' . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America '' . Gpoaccess.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.ecasebriefs.com/blog/law/civil-procedure/civil-procedure-keyed-to-yeazell/identifying-the-trier/amoco-oil-co-v-torcomian/ Jump up ^ Allan , Arbman , ; James , McConnell , ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Trial by Jury : The New Irrelevant Right '' . SMU Law Review . 27 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1066 - 1271 . Jump up ^ Leney HC. ( 1991 ) . Civil Procedure - White v. McGinnis : The Ninth Circuit Expands Civil Jury Trial Waiver . Golden Gate University Law Review . Jump up ^ HOUSE OF LORDS Lord Bingham of Cornhill Lord Nolan Lord Hoffmann Lord Hutton Lord Rodger of Earlsferry OPINIONS OF THE LORDS OF APPEAL FOR JUDGMENT IN THE CAUSE REGINA v JONES ( APPELLANT ) ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL ( CRIMINAL DIVISION ) 20th February 2002 UKHL5 Casper , Gerhard ; Zeisel , Hans ( January 1972 ) . `` Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 1 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 724014 . Jehle , Jörg - Martin ; German Federal Ministry of Justice ( 2009 ) . Criminal Justice in Germany . Forum - Verl . ISBN 978 - 3 - 936999 - 51 - 8 . Delmas - Marty , Mireille ( 2002 ) . European Criminal Procedures . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59110 - 2 . Bell , John ( 2006 ) .", "38": "Judiciaries Within Europe : A Comparative Review . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86072 - 7 . Wolfe , Nancy Travis ( December 1994 ) . `` Lay Judges in German Criminal Courts : The Modification of an Institution '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc. 138 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 986849 . Malsch , Marijke ( 2009 ) . Democracy in the Courts : Lay Participation in European Criminal Justice Systems . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7405 - 4 . Vogler , Richard ( 2005 ) . A World View of Criminal Justice . International and Comparative Criminal Justice . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 2467 - 7 . Kahn - Freund , Otto ( January 1974 ) . `` On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law '' . Modern Law Review . 37 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 1094713 . Wolff , Hans Julius ( June 1944 ) . `` Criminal Justice in Germany '' . Michigan Law Review . 42 ( 6 ) . footnote 7 , pp. 1069 -- 1070 . JSTOR 1283584 . Bauer , Franz J. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Volksgerichte , 1918 - 1924 '' . Historisches Lexikon Bayerns . Der Hitler - Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München ( The Hitler Trial Before the People 's Court in Munich ) . 1924 . Fulda , Bernhard ( 2009 ) . Press and politics in the Weimar Republic . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954778 - 4 . Mulligan , William ( 2005 ) . The Creation of the Modern German Army : General Walther Reinhardt and the Weimar Republic , 1914 - 1930 . Monographs in German History . 12 . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 908 - 6 .", "39": "Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 . Case , Nelson ( 1902 ) . European Constitutional History . Jennings & Pye . OCLC 608806061 . Forsyth , William ( 1852 ) . History of Trial by Jury . J.W. Parker . OCLC 29739821 . Terrill , Richard J. ( 2009 ) . World Criminal Justice Systems : A Survey ( 7 ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59345 - 612 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Brill , Steven . Trial by Jury . ( New York : American Lawyer Books / TOUCHSTONE , 1989 ) . Burns , Robert . The Death of the American Trial . University of Chicago Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 08126 - 7 Irvine , Andrew David ( 2008 ) . Socrates on Trial : A play based on Aristophanes ' Clouds and Plato 's Apology , Crito , and Phaedo , adapted for modern performance . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9783 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9538 - 1 ( paper ) Lehman , Godfrey D . We the jury ... ( New York : Prometheus Books , 1997 ) . Sadakat Kadri , The Trial : A History from Socrates to O.J. Simpson . HarperCollins , 2005 .", "40": "ISBN 0 - 00 - 711121 - 5 American Bar Association 's History of the Jury Aristotle 's Athenian Constitution External links ( edit ) Canadian Criminal Procedure Information Pages ( hide ) Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Coroner 's jury Grand jury ( Indictment ) Petit jury Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jury_trial&oldid=822331489 '' Categories : Types of trials Criminal procedure Juries Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Nederlands Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 30 . 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-9186689755642837558	how long is the bridge between new brunswick and prince edward island	[ "12.9-kilometre (8 mi)", "12.9-kilometre (8 mi)", "12.9-kilometre", "12.9-kilometre (8 mi)", "12.9-kilometre (8 mi)" ]	{ "0": "Confederation bridge - wikipedia Confederation bridge Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Confederation Bridge Confederation Bridge in 2008 , New Brunswick side Coordinates 46 ° 12 ′ 55 '' N 63 ° 44 ′ 45 '' W / 46.21528 ° N 63.74583 ° W / 46.21528 ; - 63.74583 Coordinates : 46 ° 12 ′ 55 '' N 63 ° 44 ′ 45 '' W / 46.21528 ° N 63.74583 ° W / 46.21528 ; - 63.74583 Carries 2 lanes of NB Route 16 / PEI Route 1 ( Trans - Canada Highway ) Crosses Northumberland Strait Locale Borden - Carleton , Prince Edward Island Cape Jourimain , New Brunswick Official name Confederation Bridge / Pont de la Confédération Other name ( s ) The Fixed Link Maintained by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited ( SCBL ) Characteristics Design Multi -- span post-tensioned concrete box girder Total length 12.9 km ( 8 mi ) Longest span 250 m ( 820 ft ) ( 43 segments ) History Opened May 31 , 1997 Statistics Daily traffic about 4000 Toll C $ 46.50 two - axle automobile $8.50 per extra axle $18.50 motorcycle $8.75 bicycle ( transported by shuttle vehicle ) $4.25 pedestrian ( transported by shuttle vehicle ) ( Paid westbound - only : leaving PEI ) The Confederation Bridge ( French : Pont de la Confédération ) spans the Abegweit Passage of Northumberland Strait . It links Prince Edward Island with mainland New Brunswick , Canada . Before its official naming , Prince Edward Islanders often referred to the bridge as the `` Fixed Link '' . Construction took place from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost C $ 1.3 billion .", "1": "The 12.9 - kilometre ( 8 mi ) bridge opened on May 31 , 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Tolls 3 History 3.1 Water transportation links 3.2 Early proposals 3.3 1988 plebiscite 4 Bridge development 4.1 Constitutional amendment 4.2 Construction 4.3 Naming 4.4 Finishing 4.5 Official opening 4.6 Operation 5 Effect 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Heading northbound with Prince Edward Island in view . The bridge is a two - lane toll bridge that carries the Trans - Canada Highway between Borden - Carleton , Prince Edward Island ( at Route 1 ) and Cape Jourimain , New Brunswick ( at Route 16 ) . It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure . Most of the curved bridge is 40 metres ( 131 ft ) above water with a 60 m ( 197 ft ) navigation span for ship traffic . The bridge rests on 62 piers , of which the 44 main piers are 250 m ( 820 ft ) apart . The bridge is 11 m ( 36 ft ) wide . The speed limit on the bridge is 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) but can vary with wind and weather conditions . When travelling at the speed limit , it takes about 12 minutes to cross the bridge . Tolls ( edit ) Tolls only apply when leaving Prince Edward Island ( when traveling westbound ) . The toll rates as of January 2017 are $46.50 for a two - axle automobile and $8.00 for each additional axle . Motorcycles are charged $18.50 . While pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross the bridge , a shuttle service is available . Before 2006 , the shuttle was free but since January 1 , 2015 , the service has charged $4.25 per pedestrian or $8.75 per cyclist when leaving Prince Edward Island .", "2": "The other major Northumberland Strait crossing , Wood Islands Ferry from Wood Islands , Prince Edward Island to Caribou , Nova Scotia , currently charges $72.00 per car ( including passengers ) when leaving Prince Edward Island . Other ferry fares include $19.00 per adult pedestrian , $40.00 per motorcycle , and $20.00 per bicycle . Travellers , whether entering the island by bridge and leaving by ferry or vice versa only pay for leaving the island . History ( edit ) Various proposals for a fixed link across the Northumberland Strait can be traced as far back as the 1870s when the province 's railway system was developed . Subsequent proposals arose during federal elections in the late 1950s and early 1960s . The ebb and flow of public support for a fixed link was indirectly tied to the varying levels of federal investment in ferry and steamship connections to the province over the years , finally culminating in a proposal in the mid-1980s which resulted in the current bridge being constructed . Water transportation links ( edit ) As a part of Prince Edward Island 's admission into the Dominion of Canada in 1873 , the Canadian government was obligated to provide ... `` efficient steam service for the conveyance of mails and passengers to be established and maintained between the Island and the mainland of the Dominion , winter and summer , thus placing the Island in continuous communication with the Intercolonial Railway and the railway system of the Dominion ... '' Following Confederation , early steamship services across Northumberland Strait connected the Island ports of Charlottetown and Georgetown with railway facilities at Pictou , Nova Scotia . Similar services operated from Summerside connected with railway facilities at Shediac , New Brunswick . The most direct route across the Northumberland Strait , however , was at the 13 - kilometre ( 8.1 mi ) wide Abegweit Passage . Infrequent winter service provided by underpowered steamships incapable of breaking sea ice ensured the survival of a passenger and mail service across Abegweit Passage using iceboats until a permanent ferry service was established in the 1910s . The unsatisfactory winter steamship service and reliance upon primitive iceboats provoked complaints from the Island government until the federal government decided to implement a railcar ferry service across Abegweit Passage between new ports at Port Borden and Cape Tormentine .", "3": "In 1912 , the federal government promised to open a car ferry between the `` Capes '' ( Cape Traverse , PEI to Cape Tormentine , NB ) . The privately owned New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway from Sackville , New Brunswick to Cape Tormentine was purchased by the federal government and an order was made with a shipyard in England for an icebreaking railcar ferry , to be called the Prince Edward Island . Ports were developed at Carleton Point , several kilometres west of Cape Traverse , and the existing harbour at Cape Tormentine ; the new port at Carleton Point would be named Borden in honour of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden . The new ferry entered service in 1915 and operated on the former steamship routes until port facilities were opened in October 1917 . Automobile service was added in 1938 and other vessels followed as the ferry service expanded in the post-war years . This ferry service was initially the responsibility of Canadian Government Railways ( 1917 -- 1918 ) and later Canadian National Railway ( 1918 -- 1983 ) , then a CNR subsidiary CN Marine ( 1977 -- 1986 ) . In 1986 , CN Marine was renamed when all federal government ferry services in Atlantic Canada were transferred to the new Crown corporation Marine Atlantic . Ferry service years Scotia I ( various years 1917 -- 1957 ) Scotia II ( various years 1937 -- 1968 ) Charlottetown ( 1931 -- 1941 ) Abegweit ( 1947 -- 1982 ) , renamed Abby ( 1986 -- 1983 ) Confederation ( 1962 -- 1976 ) John Hamilton Gray ( 1968 -- 1997 ) Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Holiday Island ( 1971 -- 1997 ) Vacationland ( 1971 -- 1997 ) Abegweit ( 1982 -- 1997 ) Early proposals ( edit ) The bridge viewed from Prince Edward Island Discussion of a fixed link can be traced to George Howlan , who called for construction of a railway tunnel beneath Abegweit Passage at the same time as the Prince Edward Island Railway was being built across the province in the 1870s .", "4": "Howlan also raised the issue as a member of the provincial Legislative Assembly , and in March 1891 , as a Senator and member of a delegation to meetings on the subject , conducted at the British Parliament . The idea lost favour following his death in 1901 . Talk of a fixed link was revived in the 1950s and 1960s , coinciding with federal election campaigns . The topic was raised in 1957 , only two years following the opening of the Canso Causeway , and at the same time as another mega-project , the St. Lawrence Seaway was being constructed . A rockfill causeway was proposed to cross Abegweit Passage , with a 300 m ( 984 ft ) bridge / tunnel to accommodate shipping . This plan was rejected for navigational reasons but was raised again in 1962 , and in 1965 , the federal government , ignoring concerns of the shipping industry , called for tenders for a $148 million fixed link featuring a tunnel / causeway / bridge . Approach roads and railway lines were constructed at Borden and Jourimain Island but the project was formally abandoned in 1969 upon scientific recommendation in favour of improved ferry services . Due to the extremely complex tidal regime in the Northumberland Strait consisting of diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles , any attempt to close Abegweit Passage would be next to impossible since the tidal cycles on each side of a causeway would be placed at opposites to each other . It is estimated by tidal experts at the Canadian Hydrographic Service , that tidal currents through a gap in such a causeway would be in excess of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ) , powerful enough to counter most commercial ships and to sweep away boulders the size of houses . 1988 plebiscite ( edit ) Consideration of a fixed link was renewed in the 1980s by an unsolicited proposal from a Nova Scotia businessman . The federal government favoured the construction of a fixed link chiefly because of the rising costs of providing ferry service ( a constitutional requirement dating from PEI 's accession to Confederation ) and the increasing deficits being incurred by the railway system on PEI ( run as part of Canadian National , then a Crown corporation ) .", "5": "The federal government proposed to provide a fixed subsidy for the construction and operation of a fixed link , in return for the province agreeing to the abandonment of the ferry service and the railway system . Following the election of the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney , with its agenda for regional development through so - called `` mega-projects , '' Public Works Canada called for formal proposals in 1987 and received three offers . These proposals included a tunnel , a bridge , and a combined tunnel - causeway - bridge . These developments sparked an extremely divisive debate on the Island , and Premier Joe Ghiz promised a plebiscite to gauge public support , which was held on January 18 , 1988 . During the plebiscite debate , the anti-link group Friends of the Island cited potential ecological damage from the construction , as well as concerns about the impact on Prince Edward Island 's lifestyle in general , and noted that the `` mega-project '' model has had limited success in other areas of the world , and rarely enriched the local population . The Friends of the Island believed that a fixed link was being pressured by a federal government not willing to shoulder the cost of constitutional obligations for funding an efficient ferry service , and that a link would be built largely for the benefit of mainland tourists and businesses waiting to exploit the Island . The pro-link group Islanders for a Better Tomorrow noted transportation reliability would result in improvements for exporters and the tourism industry . The result was 59.4 % ( in total percentage ) in favour of the fixed link . Bridge Development ( edit ) The debate did not end with the 1988 plebiscite and the federal government faced numerous legal challenges and a lengthy environmental impact assessment for the project . The developer of the single bridge proposal , Strait Crossing Development Inc. , was selected and an announcement that the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project would be built was finally made on December 2 , 1992 ; the developer being required to privately finance all construction through bond markets . Shareholders of Strait Crossing Development Inc. include : OMERS , an Ontario public servant pension fund ( under the OMERS subsidiary BPC Maritime Corporation ) VINCI Concessions Canada Inc. , Montreal , Quebec Strait Crossing Inc. , Calgary , Alberta ( at one time part of the W.A.", "6": "Stephenson / Stephenson Construction International ( SCI ) Engineers & Constructors Group of Companies ) Constitutional amendment ( edit ) As mentioned , the Schedule to the Prince Edward Island Terms of Union in the Constitution of Canada required steamship service to connect the Island 's railway system with that of mainland North America . A dedicated ferry service replaced the steamships in 1917 but no changes were made to the constitution . The fixed crossing , however , required a constitutional amendment ( see Amendments to the Constitution of Canada ) . The Constitution Amendment Proclamation , 1993 ( Prince Edward Island ) dealt with this issue , as well as the issue of tolls on the crossing . It made clear that the government ( or a private body ) could charge a toll ( an essential part of the government 's financing plans ) for the crossing without violating the terms of union : `` That a fixed crossing joining the Island to the mainland may be substituted for the steam service referred to in this Schedule ... That , for greater certainty , nothing in this Schedule prevents the imposition of tolls for the use of such a fixed crossing between the Island and the mainland , or the private operation of such a crossing ; '' Construction ( edit ) Bridge segment on display . The construction , which was carried out by a construction joint venture of Ballast Nedam , GTMI ( Canada ) , Northern Construction and Strait Crossing Inc. , started in the fall of 1993 , beginning with preparation of staging facilities . Bridge components were built year - round from 1994 to the summer of 1996 , and placement of components began in the fall of 1994 until the fall of 1996 . Approach roads , toll plazas , and final work on the structure continued until the spring of 1997 , at an estimated total cost of $1 billion . All bridge components were constructed on land , in purpose - built staging yards located on the shoreline at Amherst Head , fronting on Borden Harbour just east of the town and ferry docks , and an inland facility located at Bayfield , New Brunswick about 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) west of Cape Tormentine . The Amherst Head staging facility was where all large components were built , including the pier bases , ice shields , main spans , and drop - in spans .", "7": "The Bayfield facility was used to construct components for the near - shore bridges which were linked using a launching truss extending over shallow waters almost 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) from the New Brunswick shore , and . 5 km ( 0.3 mi ) from the Prince Edward Island shore . Diagram of the major parts of the bridge . Extremely durable high - grade concrete and reinforcing steel were used throughout construction of the pre-cast components , with the estimated lifespan of the bridge being in excess of 100 years . Their sheer size and weight required strengthening of the soil base during the design and preparation work for the Amherst Head staging facility , as well as the use of a crawler transport system to move pieces from fabrication to storage , and onto a nearby pier . These crawler transports , using specially designed teflon - coated concrete rails , earned the nickname lobsters from workers . All major components were lifted from the Amherst Head staging facility , transported , and placed in Abegweit Passage using the HLV Svanen , a Dutch - built heavy lift catamaran , which during the construction of the fixed link was reportedly the tallest man - made structure in the province . HLV Svanen was custom - built for use on the Great Belt Bridge in the early 1990s , Denmark 's largest construction project , and was modified at a French shipyard before working on the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project . Following the placement of the final major component and completion of the bridge structure in Abegweit Passage on November 19 , 1996 , HLV Svanen returned to Denmark for use in construction of the Øresund Bridge . Construction of the fixed link required over 5,000 workers ranging from labourers and specialty trades , to engineers , surveyors , and managers . The economic impact of construction on Prince Edward Island was substantial , with the provincial GDP rising over 5 % during the construction , providing a short - term economic boom for the Island . It neared completion in April 1997 . Naming ( edit ) The bridge from ground level on the New Brunswick side Since the Island - coined nickname `` Fixed Link '' was not considered appropriate , and the federal government - coined project name `` Northumberland Strait Crossing Project '' was deemed awkward , there was a need for a formal name for the structure .", "8": "Throughout construction , the federal government received suggestions for names and on September 27 , 1996 , the name `` Confederation Bridge '' was chosen . This name is not without controversy as many Islanders feel the word `` Confederation '' is overused throughout the province , finding use in the name of a Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel ( M / V Confederation ) , a performing arts centre and art gallery ( Confederation Centre of the Arts ) , a shopping centre ( Confederation Court Mall ) , and the province - wide rails to trails system ( Confederation Trail ) , as well as in tourism promotions ( e.g. , `` Birthplace of Confederation '' ) . The preference of Islanders was reportedly to use the name `` Abegweit Crossing '' which would pay homage to the Abegweit Passage , the vessel M / V Abegweit which the bridge would replace , and to the Mi'kmaq traditional name for the province . However , at a time when national unity had just been challenged in the razor - thin results of the 1995 Quebec referendum , the federal government opted for a bilingually appropriate and nationally accepted , politically correct name for Canada 's longest bridge connecting the mainland portion of the country to the province where the first meetings at the Charlottetown Conference in September 1864 led to the Confederation of British North America . The President of Ireland , Mary McAleese , during a state visit to Canada in 1998 , referred to the bridge as the `` Span of Green Gables '' . Finishing ( edit ) After completing the structure on November 19 , 1996 , SCI worked throughout the winter , paving the bridge deck , placing protective walls which act as wind barriers , placing bridge deck and navigational lighting , constructing the Borden - Carleton toll plaza , and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads . In separate construction , the federal and provincial governments built a new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden - Carleton , with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as `` Gateway Village '' . New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine , which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history , although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre was opened on Jourimain Island near the western end of the bridge .", "9": "Official opening ( edit ) The official opening for the bridge took place on May 31 , 1997 , with the first traffic crossing at approximately 5 : 00 p.m. ADT following a nationally televised ceremony which aired on CBC and included a sailpast of the schooner Bluenose II and several Canadian Coast Guard ships , a flyover by the Snowbirds , and an emotional farewell to the beloved ferries which made their final crossings that evening . It is estimated that almost 75,000 people participated in a `` Bridge Walk '' and `` Bridge Run '' during the hours immediately prior to the opening for traffic . In the days following the opening of the bridge , ferry operator Marine Atlantic disposed of its four vessels . The ferry terminals and docks in both ports were removed over the summer of 1997 . Operation ( edit ) The bridge is operated by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited ( SCBL ) , a subsidiary of the Strait Crossing Development Inc. consortium which built the structure . SCBL will privately manage , maintain , and operate the bridge until 2032 , when these operations will transfer to the Government of Canada . The Government of Canada agreed to pay about $44 million a year for 33 years to Strait Crossing Development Inc. , this being the subsidy which was formerly paid to Marine Atlantic to cover operating losses of the ferry system . These payments are in effect a mortgage and are being used by the developer to pay off construction costs . In 2032 , the bridge 's ownership will revert to the federal government . All tolls charged by SCBL are revenue for the consortium . Toll increases are indexed to inflation and regulated by the federal government . The consortium has rarely commented upon the profitability of the bridge , but during the structure 's 10th anniversary , it was revealed that there had been a 30 % cost overrun in construction ( $330 million ) , The consortium is forced to cover this out of toll revenue since the federal government ferry subsidy is used to pay for the original tendered price ( $1 billion ) . Operating costs for the bridge have also proven expensive , with warranty repairs for asphalt adherence and the complete replacement of all bridge deck lighting cutting into profits . Toll revenues have fallen over 30 % since the bridge opened , largely because of declining tourism traffic and domestic travel and currently range from $25 to $30 million annually .", "10": "After expenses in 2003 , the consortium received a year - end dividend of $2.6 million . Effect ( edit ) Confederation Bridge at Point Confederation The number of tourists visiting Prince Edward Island increased from 740,000 in 1996 ( the year before the bridge opened ) to 1,200,000 in 1997 , but this dropped back to about 900,000 visitors annually . The number of visitors staying in overnight accommodations in the province actually fell below pre-1996 levels , as many visitors now tour Prince Edward Island in `` day trips '' out of Moncton or Halifax . Prince Edward Island has responded by building high - end attractions such as golf courses to encourage increased spending by tourists during their shorter stays . The link has made a difference in the export of food from Prince Edward Island . Potato production has increased dramatically , with industrial farming techniques being used to meet the demand . An increased number of food processing plants , creating items such as french fries and potato chips , have also benefitted from access to the increased potato crop and the ease of transporting off the island . Time - critical seafood has also increased exports from Prince Edward Island since 1997 . There has been a revolution in the island 's retail sector since the opening of the Confederation Bridge . Before 1997 , big box stores were rare and mostly found in larger centres in the Maritimes such as Halifax , Moncton , or Saint John . Prince Edward Island had a larger number of smaller , family - owned retail stores than other provinces , with few shopping malls and less selection of consumer goods . The opening of the Confederation Bridge was viewed with concern by government and the retail sector alike , as many thought Islanders would use the quicker transportation connection to drive to Moncton for many large - item purchases . While there was a small increase in the number of off - Island shoppers , the provincial government established a program of encouraging big box retailers to establish in the province . This included the elimination of provincial sales tax on clothing and footwear , resulting in a plethora of chains such as Walmart , Sears , Future Shop , Staples , and The Home Depot building stores on the Island . However , many smaller locally owned stores have gone out of business . This is one of the more visible impacts since the opening of the Confederation Bridge .", "11": "As a way of further promoting the island 's new accessibility , the province issued vehicle licence plates from 1997 to 2006 that featured a likeness of the Confederation Bridge between the serial number . With valid registration , these plates remain visible on the road today . See also ( edit ) Prince Edward Island portal New Brunswick portal Canada Roads portal List of bridges List of bridges by length Newfoundland - Labrador fixed link , a similar proposal to connect the island of Newfoundland to the Canadian mainland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Transportation Act ( 2000 ) . `` Fact sheet '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Take the High Road : Construction '' . Strait Crossing Bridge Limited . 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ CBC Digital Archives . `` The Confederation Bridge : P.E.I. Connects '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of Canada , Joseph Edwin Crawford Munroe , 1889 . Jump up ^ Dalton , F.K. `` Tampering With the Tides '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 55 : 176 -- 188 . Bibcode : 1961JRASC ... 55 ... 176D . Jump up ^ structurae.info : `` Confederation Bridge '' Jump up ^ * dePalma , Anthony ( April 27 , 1997 ) . `` Canada Paves the Way To Prince Edward Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ President of Ireland ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Speech By President Of Ireland , Mary Mc Aleese , At A Lunch / Reception Hosted By A Federal Minister , Charlottetown '' . President.ie . 53.359407 ; - 6.317439 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ CBC ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Bridge business not booming in 10th year '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 1997 ) .", "12": "`` Bridge to Prince Edward Island '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Prince Edward Island Licence plates Further reading ( edit ) Macdonald , Copthorne ( 1997 ) . Bridging the Strait : the story of the Confederation Bridge project . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 281 - 4 . Baldacchino , Godfrey ( 2007 ) . Bridging Islands : the impact of fixed links . Acorn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894838 - 24 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confederation Bridge . Confederation Bridge Confederation Bridge ( SC Infrastructure ) Confederation Bridge at Structurae ( hide ) Portions of the Trans - Canada Highway British Columbia Highway 1 Highway 5 Highway 16 Alberta Highway 1 Highway 16 Saskatchewan Highway 1 Highway 16 Manitoba Highway 1 Highway 16 Highway 100 Ontario Highway 17 Highway 69 Highway 400 Highway 12 Highway 7 Highway 71 Highway 11 Highway 66 Highway 417 Quebec Autoroute 40 Autoroute 25 Autoroute 20 Autoroute 85 Route 185 Route 117 Autoroute 15 New Brunswick Route 2 Route 16 Confederation Bridge Prince Edward Island Route 1 Nova Scotia Highway 104 Highway 105 Highway 106 Newfoundland Route 1 Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederation_Bridge&oldid=806838826 '' Categories : Bridges completed in 1997 Road bridges in New Brunswick Road bridges in Prince Edward Island Bridges on the Trans - Canada Highway OMERS Transport in Prince County , Prince Edward Island Toll bridges in Canada Viaducts in Canada Transport in Westmorland County ,", "13": "New Brunswick Public -- private partnership projects in Canada Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using Infobox bridge with extra Articles containing French - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 13 : 37 . 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8029901619424338449	when did the uk and us become allies	[ "1940", "1940", "1940", "Since 1940" ]	{ "0": "United Kingdom -- United States relations - wikipedia United Kingdom -- United States relations Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom -- United States relations United Kingdom United States Diplomatic Mission United Kingdom Embassy , Washington , D.C. United States Embassy , London Envoy Ambassador Sir Kim Darroch Ambassador Woody Johnson A view towards the British Virgin Islands from the US Virgin Islands . British -- American relations , also referred to as Anglo - American relations , encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets . Since 1940 they have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies , and NATO partners . The two nations are bound together by shared history , an overlap in religion and a common language and legal system , and kinship ties that reach back hundreds of years , including kindred , ancestral lines among English Americans , Scottish Americans , Welsh Americans , Scotch - Irish Americans and American Britons respectively . Today large numbers of expatriates live in both countries . Through times of war and rebellion , peace and estrangement , as well as becoming friends and allies , Britain and the US cemented these deeply rooted links during World War II into what is known as the `` Special Relationship . '' In long - term perspective , the historian Paul Johnson has called it the `` cornerstone of the modern , democratic world order '' . In the early 20th century , the United Kingdom affirmed its relationship with the United States as its `` most important bilateral partnership '' in the current British foreign policy , and the American foreign policy also affirms its relationship with Britain as its most important relationship , as evidenced in aligned political affairs , mutual cooperation in the areas of trade , commerce , finance , technology , academics , as well as the arts and sciences ; the sharing of government and military intelligence , and joint combat operations and peacekeeping missions carried out between the United States Armed Forces and the British Armed Forces . Canada has historically been the largest importer of U.S. goods and the principal exporter of goods to the USA . As of January 2015 the UK was fifth in terms of exports and seventh in terms of import of goods . The two countries also have had a significant impact of the cultures of many other countries . They are the two main nodes of the Anglosphere , with a combined population of around 385 million in 2015 .", "1": "Together , they have given the English language a dominant role in many sectors of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 Special Relationship 3 History 3.1 Origins 3.2 Migration 3.3 Religion 3.4 American Revolution 3.5 Peace treaty 3.6 End of the Revolution 3.7 1783 -- 1807 : Role of Jay Treaty 3.8 War of 1812 3.9 Disputes 1815 -- 60 3.10 American Civil War 3.11 Late 19th century 3.12 Venezuelan and Alaska border disputes 3.13 The Great Rapprochement 3.14 World War I 3.15 Inter-war years 3.16 World War II 3.16. 1 India 3.17 Cold War 3.18 1960s 3.19 1970s 3.20 1980s 3.21 Post-Cold War 3.22 War on Terror and Iraq War 3.23 Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi 3.24 Deepwater Horizon oil spill 3.25 Present status 3.25. 1 Obama administration 3.25.", "2": "2 Trump administration 4 Trade , investment and the economy 5 Tourism 6 Transportation 6.1 Air Transportation 7 State and official visits 8 Diplomacy 9 Common memberships 9.1 Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group 9.2 UK - USA Security Agreement 10 Sister - Twinning cities 10.1 England and the United States 10.2 Scotland and the United States 10.3 Wales and the United States 10.4 Northern Ireland and the United States 10.5 Friendship links 11 Heritage 12 Culture and media 12.1 Literature 12.2 Press 12.3 Film 12.4 Theatre 12.5 Television 12.6 Radio 12.7 Music 13 Sport 13.1 Football ( soccer ) 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 17.1 Special Relationship 17.2 Primary sources 18 External links Country comparison ( edit ) United Kingdom show United States Coat of Arms Flag Population 65,110,000 324,894,500 Area 243,610 km ( 94,060 sq mi ) 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) Population density 255.6 / km ( 98.7 / sq mi ) 34.2 / km ( 13.2 / sq mi ) Capital city London Washington , D.C. Largest city London -- 8,630,000 ( 14,614,409 Metro ) New York City -- 8,491,079 ( 20,092,883 Metro ) Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Federal presidential constitutional republic First head of state George III George Washington First head of government William Pitt the Younger Current head of state Elizabeth II Donald Trump Current head of government Theresa May Governing political party Conservative Party Republican Party Current chief justice Baroness Hale of Richmond , President of the Supreme Court John Roberts ,", "3": "Chief Justice of the United States Main language English English Main religions 60 % Christian 30 % Non-Religious 10 % Other 71 % Christian 23 % Non-Religious 6 % Other Ethnic groups As of 2011 87.1 % White British 7.0 % British Asian 3.0 % Black British 2.0 % Multiracial 0.9 % Other As of 2010 77.1 % White American 13.3 % African American 2.6 % Multiracial American 5.6 % Asian American 1.4 % Native or Pacific Islander American above including : 17.6 % Hispanic and Latino Americans GDP ( nominal ) US $3.001 trillion $17.528 trillion GDP ( nominal ) per capita US $43,830 $54,980 GDP ( PPP ) $2.897 trillion $17.528 trillion GDP ( PPP ) per capita US $37,711 $54,980 Real GDP growth rate 2.5 % 1.9 % Human Development Index 0.909 ( Very high ) 0.920 ( Very high ) Military expenditure $72.9 billion $640.0 billion Military personnel 300,000 2,927,754 English speakers 60,895,000 294,469,560 Labor force 30,643,000 156,080,000 Expatriates 197,355 American Britons 40,234,652 British Americans Mobile phones 75,750,000 327,577,529 Leaders of United Kingdom and United States from 1940 Special relationship ( edit ) See also : Special Relationship Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta in 1945 The Special Relationship characterises the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the two countries . It is specially used for relations since 1940 . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Mayflower transported the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620 , as depicted in William Halsall 's The Mayflower in Plymouth Sound , 1882 .", "4": "See also : Thirteen Colonies After several failed attempts , the first permanent English settlement in mainland North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown in the Colony and Dominion of Virginia . By 1624 , the Colony and Dominion of Virginia ceased to be a charter colony administered by the Virginia Company of London and became a crown colony . The Pilgrims were a small Protestant sect based in England and Amsterdam ; they sent a group of settlers on the Mayflower . After drawing up the Mayflower Compact by which they gave themselves broad powers of self - governance , they established the small Plymouth Colony in 1620 . In 1630 the Puritans established the much larger Massachusetts Bay Colony ; they sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new and `` more pure '' church in the New World . Other colonies followed in Province of Maine ( 1622 ) , Province of Maryland ( 1632 ) , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ( 1636 ) and Connecticut Colony ( 1636 ) . Later came the founding of Province of Carolina ( 1663 ) ( divided in 1729 into the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina ) . The Province of New Hampshire was founded in 1691 . Next came the Province of Georgia in 1732 . The Province of New York was formed from the conquered Dutch colony of New Netherland . In 1674 , the Province of New Jersey was split off from New York . In 1681 William Penn was awarded a royal charter by King Charles II to found Province of Pennsylvania . The colonies each reported separately to London . There was a failed effort to group the colonies into the Dominion of New England , 1686 - 89 . Migration ( edit ) During the 17th century , an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived as permanent residents in the Thirteen Colonies . In the century after the Acts of Union 1707 this was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants . During British settler colonization , liberal administrative , juridical , and market institutions were introduced , positively associated with socioeconomic development .", "5": "At the same time , colonial policy was also quasi-mercantilist , encouraging trade within the Empire , discouraging trade with other powers , and discouraging the rise of manufacturing in the colonies , which had been established to increase the trade and wealth of the mother country . Britain made much greater profits from the sugar trade of its commercial colonies in the Caribbean . The introduction of coercive labor institutions was another feature of the colonial period . All of the Thirteen Colonies were involved in the slave trade . Slaves in the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies typically worked as house servants , artisans , laborers and craftsmen . Early on , slaves in the Southern Colonies worked primarily in agriculture , on farms and plantations growing indigo , rice , cotton , and tobacco for export . The French and Indian War , fought between 1754 and 1763 , was the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War . The conflict , the fourth such colonial war between France and Britain in North America , resulted in the British acquisition of New France , with its French Catholic population . Under the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763 , the French ceded control of French Louisiana east of the Mississippi River to the British , which became known as the Indian Reserve . Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in early Virginia and History of the Religious Society of Friends The religious ties between the metropole and the colonies were pronounced . Most of the churches were transplants from England ( or Germany ) . The Puritans of New England seldom kept in touch with nonconformists in England . Much closer were the transatlantic relationships maintained by the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania . The Methodists also maintained close ties . The Anglican Church was officially established in the Southern colonies , which meant that local taxes paid the salary of the minister , the parish had civic responsibilities such as poor relief , and the local gentry controlled the parish . The church was disestablished during the American Revolution . The Anglican churches in America were under the authority of the Bishop of London , and there was a long debate over whether to establish an Anglican bishop in America . The other Protestants blocked any such appointment . After the Revolution the newly formed Episcopal Church selected its own bishop and kept its distance from London .", "6": "Data from the US Census in 2000 Proportions of English ancestry Proportions of Scots ancestry Proportions of Scots - Irish ancestry Proportions of Welsh ancestry American Revolution ( edit ) John Trumbull 's painting depicting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , 1775 . See also : American Revolution and American Revolutionary War The Thirteen Colonies gradually obtained more , albeit limited , self - government . British mercantilist policies became more stringent , benefiting the mother country which resulted in trade restrictions , thereby limiting the growth of the colonial economy and artificially constraining colonial merchants ' earning potential . The American Colonies were expected to help repay debt that had accrued during the French and Indian War . Tensions escalated from 1765 to 1775 over issues of taxation without representation and control by King George III . Stemming from the Boston Massacre of 1770 when British Redcoats opened fire on civilians , rebellion consumed the outraged colonists . The British Parliament had imposed a series of taxes such as the Stamp Act of 1765 , and later the Tea Act of 1773 , against which an angry mob of colonists protested in the Boston Tea Party by dumping chests of tea into Boston Harbor . The British Parliament responded to the defiance of the colonists by passing what the colonials called the Intolerable Acts in 1774 . This course of events ultimately triggered the first shots fired in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the beginning of the American War of Independence . A British victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 agitated tensions even further . While the goal of attaining independence was sought by a majority known as Patriots , a minority known as Loyalists wished to remain as British subjects indefinitely . When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in May 1775 , deliberations conducted by notable figures such as Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , John Hancock , Samuel Adams , and John Adams eventually resulted in seeking full independence from the mother country . Thus , the Declaration of Independence , unanimously ratified on July 4 , 1776 , was a radical and decisive break . The United States of America became the first colony in the world to successfully achieve independence in the modern era . In early 1775 the Patriots forced all the British officials and soldiers out of the new nation .", "7": "The British returned in force in August 1776 , and captured New York City , which became their base until the war ended in 1783 . The British , using their powerful navy , could capture major ports , but 90 % of the Americans lived in rural areas where they had full control . After the Patriots captured a British invasion force moving down from Canada in the Saratoga campaign of 1777 , France entered the war as an ally of the US , and added the Netherlands and Spain as French allies . Britain lost naval superiority and had no major allies and few friends in Europe . The British strategy was then refocused on the South , where they expected large numbers of Loyalists would fight alongside the redcoats . Far fewer Loyalists took up arms than Britain needed ; royal efforts to control the countryside in the South failed . When the British army tried to return to New York , its rescue fleet was turned back by the French fleet and its army was captured by combined French - American forces under General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 . That effectively ended the fighting . Peace Treaty ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1783 on terms quite favourable to the new nation . The key events were in September 1782 , when the French Foreign Minister Vergennes proposed a solution that was strongly opposed by his ally the United States . France was exhausted by the war , and everyone wanted peace except Spain , which insisted on continuing the war until it captured Gibraltar from the British . Vergennes came up with a deal that Spain would accept instead of Gibraltar . The United States would gain its independence but be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . Britain would take the area north of the Ohio River . In the area south of that would be set up an independent Indian state under Spanish control . It would be an Indian barrier state . The Americans realised that French friendship was worthless during these negotiations : they could get a better deal directly from London . John Jay promptly told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them , cutting off France and Spain . The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed . He was in full charge of the British negotiations and he now saw a chance to split the United States away from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner .", "8": "The western terms were that the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Canada . The northern boundary would be almost the same as today . The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favourable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Shelburne foresaw a highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , which indeed came to pass . End of the Revolution ( edit ) The treaty was finally ratified in 1784 . The British evacuated their soldiers and civilians in New York , Charleston and Savannah in late 1783 . Over 80 percent of the half - million Loyalists remained in the United States and became American citizens . The others mostly went to Canada , and referred to themselves as the United Empire Loyalists . Merchants and men of affairs often went to Britain to reestablish their business connections . Rich southern Loyalists , taking their slaves with them , typically headed to plantations in the West Indies . The British also took away about 3000 free blacks , former slaves who fought the British army ; they went to Nova Scotia . Many found it inhospitable and went to Sierra Leone , the British colony in Africa . The new nation gained control of nearly all the land east of the Mississippi and south of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes . The British colonies of East and West Florida were given to Spain as its reward . The Native American tribes allied with Britain struggled in the aftermath ; the British ignored them at the Peace conference , and most came under American control unless they moved to Canada or to Spanish territory . The British kept forts in the American Midwest ( especially in Michigan and Wisconsin ) , where they supplied weapons to Indian tribes . 1783 -- 1807 : role of Jay Treaty ( edit ) Privately printed pamphlet containing the text of the Jay Treaty Trade resumed between the two nations when the war ended . The British allowed all exports to America but forbade some American food exports to its colonies in the West Indies . British exports reached £ 3.7 million , compared with imports of only £ 750,000 . The imbalance caused a shortage of gold in the US .", "9": "In 1785 , John Adams became the first American plenipotentiary minister , now known as an ambassador , to the Court of St James 's . King George III received him graciously . In 1791 , Great Britain sent its first diplomatic envoy , George Hammond , to the United States . When Great Britain and France went to war in 1793 , relations between the United States and Great Britain also verged on war . Tensions were subdued when the Jay Treaty was signed in 1794 , which established a decade of peace and prosperous trade relations . The historian Marshall Smelser argues that the treaty effectively postponed war with Britain , or at least postponed it until the United States was strong enough to handle it . Bradford Perkins argued that the treaty was the first to establish a special relationship between Britain and the United States , with a second installment under Lord Salisbury . In his view , the treaty worked for ten years to secure peace between Britain and America : `` The decade may be characterised as the period of `` The First Rapprochement . '' As Perkins concludes , `` For about ten years there was peace on the frontier , joint recognition of the value of commercial intercourse , and even , by comparison with both preceding and succeeding epochs , a muting of strife over ship seizures and impressment . Two controversies with France ... pushed the English - speaking powers even more closely together . '' Starting at swords ' point in 1794 , the Jay treaty reversed the tensions , Perkins concludes : `` Through a decade of world war and peace , successive governments on both sides of the Atlantic were able to bring about and preserve a cordiality which often approached genuine friendship . '' Historian Joseph Ellis finds the terms of the treaty `` one - sided in Britain 's favor '' , but asserts a consensus of historians agrees that it was `` a shrewd bargain for the United States . It bet , in effect , on England rather than France as the hegemonic European power of the future , which proved prophetic . It recognised the massive dependence of the American economy on trade with England . In a sense it was a precocious preview of the Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) , for it linked American security and economic development to the British fleet , which provided a protective shield of incalculable value throughout the nineteenth century .", "10": "Mostly , it postponed war with England until America was economically and politically more capable of fighting one . '' The US proclaimed its neutrality in the wars between Britain and France ( 1793 -- 1815 ) , and profited greatly by selling food , timber and other supplies to both sides . Thomas Jefferson had bitterly opposed the Jay Treaty because he feared it would strengthen anti-republican political enemies . When Jefferson became president in 1801 , he did not repudiate the treaty . He kept the Federalist minister , Rufus King in London to negotiate a successful resolution to outstanding issues regarding cash payments and boundaries . The amity broke down in 1805 , as relations turned increasingly hostile as a prelude to the War of 1812 . Jefferson rejected a renewal of the Jay Treaty in the Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty of 1806 as negotiated by his diplomats and agreed to by London ; he never sent it to the Senate . The legal international slave trade was largely suppressed after Great Britain passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 . At the urging of President Jefferson , the United States passed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in 1807 , to take effect 1 January 1808 . War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : War of 1812 and Origins of the War of 1812 An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at the Battle of Baltimore in 1814 , which inspired Francis Scott Key to write the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The United States imposed a trade embargo , namely the Embargo Act of 1807 , in retaliation for Britain 's blockade of France , which involved the visit and search of neutral merchantmen , and resulted in the suppression of Franco - United States trade for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars . The Royal Navy also boarded American ships and impressed sailors suspected of being British deserters . Western expansion into the American Midwest ( Ohio to Wisconsin ) was hindered by Indian tribes given munitions and support by British agents . Indeed , Britain 's goal was the creation of an independent Indian state to block American expansion . After diplomacy and the boycott had failed , the issue of national honour and independence came to the fore .", "11": "Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also vindication of American identity . '' Finally in June 1812 President James Madison called for war , and overcame the opposition of Northeastern business interests . The American strategy called for a war against British shipping and especially cutting off food shipments to the British sugar plantations in the West Indies . Conquest of Canada was a tactic designed to give the Americans a strong bargaining position . The main British goal was to defeat France , so until that happened in 1814 the war was primarily defensive . To enlist allies among the Indians , led by Tecumseh , the British promised an independent Indian state would be created in American territory . Repeated American invasions of Canada were fiascoes , because of inadequate preparations , very poor generals , and the refusal of militia units to leave their home grounds . The Americans took control of Lake Erie in 1813 and destroyed the power of the Indian allies of the British in the Northwest and Southeast . The British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay in 1814 culminated in the `` Burning of Washington '' , but the subsequent British attack on Baltimore was repelled . The British invasion of New York state in 1814 was defeated at the Battle of Plattsburgh , and the invasion of Louisiana that launched before word of a ceasefire had reached General Andrew Jackson was decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 . Negotiations began in 1814 and produced the Treaty of Ghent , which restored the status quo ante bellum . No territorial gains were made by either side , and the British plan to create an Indian nation was abandoned . The United Kingdom retained the theoretical right of impressment , but stopped impressing any sailors , while the United States dropped the issue for good . The US celebrated the outcome as a victorious `` second war of independence . '' The British , having finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo , celebrated that triumph and largely forgot the war with America . Tensions between the US and Canada were resolved through diplomacy .", "12": "The War of 1812 marked the end of a long period of conflict ( 1775 -- 1815 ) and ushered in a new era of peace between the two nations . Disputes 1815 -- 60 ( edit ) The Monroe Doctrine , a unilateral response in 1823 to a British suggestion of a joint declaration , expressed American hostility to further European encroachment in the Western hemisphere . Nevertheless , the United States benefited from the common outlook in British policy and its enforcement by the Royal Navy . In the 1840s several states defaulted on bonds owned by British investors . London bankers avoided state bonds afterwards , but invested heavily in American railroad bonds . In several episodes the American general Winfield Scott proved a sagacious diplomat by tamping down emotions and reaching acceptable compromises . Scott handled the Caroline affair in 1837 . Rebels from British North America ( now Ontario ) fled to New York and used a small American ship called the Caroline to smuggle supplies into Canada after their rebellion was suppressed . In late 1837 , Canadian militia crossed the border into the US and burned the ship , leading to diplomatic protests , a flare - up of Anglophobia , and other incidents . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted Tensions on the vague Maine -- New Brunswick boundary involved rival teams of lumberjacks in the bloodless Aroostook War of 1839 . There was no shooting but both sides tried to uphold national honor and gain a few more miles of timber land . Each side had an old secret map that apparently showed the other side had the better legal case , so compromise was easily reached in the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty of 1842 , which settled the border in Maine and Minnesota . In 1859 , the bloodless Pig War determined the position of the border in relation to the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands . But the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty proved an important step in improving relations . Relations with the United States were often strained , and even verged on war when Britain almost supported the Confederacy in the early part of the American Civil War .", "13": "British leaders were constantly annoyed from the 1840s to the 1860s by what they saw as Washington 's pandering to the democratic mob , as in the Oregon boundary dispute in 1844 - 46 . However British middle - class public opinion sensed a `` special relationship '' between the two peoples based on language , migration , evangelical Protestantism , liberal traditions , and extensive trade . This constituency rejected war , forcing London to appease the Americans . During the Trent affair of late 1861 , London drew the line and Washington retreated . In 1844 - 48 the two nations had overlapping claims to Oregon . The area was largely unsettled , making it easy to end the crisis in 1848 by a compromise that split the region evenly , with British Columbia to Great Britain , and Washington , Idaho , and Oregon to America . The US then turned its attention to Mexico , which threatened war over the annexation of Texas . Britain tried without success to moderate the Mexicans , but when the war began it remained neutral . The US gained California , in which the British had shown only passing interest . American Civil war ( edit ) See also : Britain in the American Civil War and Trent Affair In the American Civil War a major Confederate goal was to win recognition from Britain and France , which it expected would lead them to war with the US and enable the Confederacy to win independence . Because of astute American diplomacy , no nation ever recognised the Confederacy and war with Britain was averted . Nevertheless , there was considerable British sentiment in favour of weakening the US by helping the South win . At the beginning of the war Britain issued a proclamation of neutrality . The Confederate States of America had assumed all along that Britain would surely enter the war to protect its vital supply of cotton . This `` King Cotton '' argument was one reason the Confederates felt confident in the first place about going to war , but the Southerners had never consulted the Europeans and were tardy in sending diplomats . Even before the fighting began in April 1861 Confederate citizens ( acting without government authority ) cut off cotton shipments in an effort to exert cotton diplomacy . It failed because Britain had warehouses filled with cotton , whose value was soaring ; not until 1862 did shortages become acute . The Trent Affair in late 1861 nearly caused a war . A warship of the U.S.", "14": "Navy stopped the British civilian vessel RMS Trent and took off two Confederate diplomats , James Murray Mason and John Slidell . Britain prepared for war and demanded their immediate release . President Lincoln released the diplomats and the episode ended quietly . Britain realised that any recognition of an independent Confederacy would be treated as an act of war against the United States . The British economy was heavily reliant on trade with the United States , most notably cheap grain imports which in the event of war , would be cut off by the Americans . Indeed , the Americans would launch all - out naval war against the entire British merchant fleet . Despite outrage and intense American protests , London allowed the British - built CSS Alabama to leave port and become a commerce raider under the naval flag of the Confederacy . The war ended in 1865 ; arbitration settled the issue in 1871 , with a payment of $15.5 million in gold for the damages caused . In January 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which was strongly supported by liberal elements in Britain . The British government predicted that emancipation of the slaves would create a race war , and that intervention might be required on humanitarian grounds . There was no race war , and the declining capabilities of the Confederacy -- such as loss of major ports and rivers -- made its likelihood of success smaller and smaller . Late 19th century ( edit ) Relations were chilly during the 1860s as Americans resented British and Canadian roles during the Civil War . After the war American authorities looked the other way as Irish `` Fenians '' plotted and even attempted an invasion of Canada . The Fenians proved a failure but Irish American politicians , a growing power in the Democratic Party demanded more independence for Ireland and made anti-British rhetoric -- called `` twisting the lion 's tail '' -- a staple of election campaign appeals to the Irish vote . Britain persisted in its free trade policy even as its major rivals , the US and Germany , turned to high tariffs ( as did Canada ) . American heavy industry grew faster than Britain , and by the 1890s was crowding British machinery and other products out of the world market . London , however , remained the world 's financial center , even as much of its investment was directed toward American railways . The Americans remained far behind the British in international shipping and insurance .", "15": "The American `` invasion '' of the British home market demanded a response . Tariffs , although increasingly under consideration , were not imposed until the 1930s . Therefore , British businessmen were obliged to lose their market or else rethink and modernise their operations . The boot and shoe industry faced increasing imports of American footwear ; Americans took over the market for shoe machinery . British companies realised they had to meet the competition so they re-examined their traditional methods of work , labour utilisation , and industrial relations , and to rethink how to market footwear in terms of the demand for fashion . Venezuelan and Alaska border disputes ( edit ) President Cleveland twists the tail of the British Lion regarding Venezuela -- a policy hailed by Irish Catholics in the United States ; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe , 1895 In 1895 the Venezuela Crisis with the United States erupted . A border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela caused a major Anglo - American crisis when the United States intervened to take Venezuela 's side . Propaganda sponsored by Venezuela convinced American public opinion that the British were infringing on Venezuelan territory . The United States demanded an explanation and Prime Minister Salisbury refused . The crisis escalated when President Grover Cleveland , citing the Monroe Doctrine , issued an ultimatum in late 1895 . Salisbury 's cabinet convinced him he had to go to arbitration . Both sides calmed down and the issue was quickly resolved through arbitration which largely upheld the British position on the legal boundary line . Salisbury remained angry but a consensus was reached in London , led by Lord Landsdowne , to seek much friendlier relations with the United States . By standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of the British , the US improved relations with the Latin Americans , and the cordial manner of the procedure improved diplomatic relations with Britain . The Olney - Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes . Despite wide public and elite support , the treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate , which was jealous of its prerogatives , and never went into effect . Arbitration was used to settle the dispute over the boundary between Alaska and Canada , but the Canadians felt betrayed by the result .", "16": "The Alaska Purchase of 1867 drew the boundary between Canada and Alaska in ambiguous fashion . With the gold rush into the Yukon in 1898 , miners had to enter through Alaska and Canada wanted the boundary redrawn to obtain its own seaport . Canada rejected the American offer of a long - term lease on an American port . The issue went to arbitration and the Alaska boundary dispute was finally resolved by an arbitration in 1903 . The decision favoured the US when the British judge sided with the three American judges against the two Canadian judges on the arbitration panel . Canadian public opinion was outraged that their interests were sacrificed by London for the benefit of British - American harmony . The Great Rapprochement ( edit ) This 1898 depiction of the Great Rapprochement shows Uncle Sam embracing John Bull , while Columbia and Britannia sit together and hold hands . The Great Rapprochement is a term used to describe the convergence of social and political objectives between the United Kingdom and the United States from 1895 until World War I began in 1914 . The large Irish Catholic element in the US provided a major base for demands for Irish independence , and occasioned anti-British rhetoric , especially at election time . The most notable sign of improving relations during the Great Rapprochement was Britain 's actions during the Spanish -- American War ( started 1898 ) . Initially Britain supported the Spanish Empire and its colonial rule over Cuba , since the perceived threat of American occupation and a territorial acquisition of Cuba by the United States might harm British trade and commercial interests within its own imperial possessions in the West Indies . However , after the United States made genuine assurances that it would grant Cuba 's independence ( which eventually occurred in 1902 under the terms dictated in the Platt Amendment ) , the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States , unlike most other European powers who supported Spain . In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War , although many Americans favoured the Boers . Victory in the Spanish -- American War had given the United States its own rising empire . This new status was demonstrated in 1900 -- 01 , when the US and Britain , as part of the Eight - Nation Alliance , suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions ( colonies ) in Qing Dynasty China .", "17": "The naval blockade of several months ( 1902 - 1903 ) imposed against Venezuela by Britain , Germany and Italy over President Cipriano Castro 's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in a recent failed civil war . Castro assumed that the Monroe Doctrine would see the U.S. prevent European military intervention , but at the time President Theodore Roosevelt saw the Doctrine as concerning European seizure of territory , rather than intervention per se . Roosevelt also was concerned with the threat of penetration into the region by Germany and Britain . With Castro failing to back down under U.S. pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair , President Roosevelt persuaded the blockading nations agreed to a compromise , but maintained the blockade , during negotiations over the details of refinacial the debt on Washington Protocols . This incident was a major driver of the Roosevelt Corollary and the subsequent U.S. Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America . In 1907 -- 09 , President Theodore Roosevelt sent the `` Great White Fleet '' on an international tour , to demonstrate the power projection of the United States ' blue - water navy , which had become second only to the Royal Navy in size and firepower . World war I ( edit ) See also : American entry into World War I and Diplomatic history of World War I An American doughboy receiving an award from King George V . The United States had a policy of strict neutrality . The United States was willing to export any product to any country . Germany could not import anything due to the British blockade , so the American trade was with the Allies . It was financed by the sale of American bonds and stocks owned by the British . When that was exhausted the British borrowed heavily from New York banks . When that credit ran dry in late 1916 , a financial crisis was at hand for Britain . American public opinion moved steadily against Germany , especially in the wake of the Belgian atrocities in 1914 and the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915 . The large German American and Irish Catholic element called for staying out of the war , but the German Americans were increasingly marginalised . The Germans renewed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 knowing it would lead to war with the US .", "18": "Germany 's invitation to Mexico to join together in war against the US in the Zimmermann Telegram was the last straw , and the US declared war in April 1917 . The Balfour Mission in April and May tried to promote cooperation between the UK and US . The Americans planned to send money , food and munitions , but it soon became clear that millions of soldiers would be needed to decide the war on the Western Front . The US sent two million soldiers to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing , with more on the way as the war ended . Many of the Allied forces were skeptical of the competence of the American Expeditionary Force , which in 1917 was severely lacking in training and experience . By summer 1918 , the American doughboys were arriving at 10,000 a day , as the German forces were shrinking because they had run out of manpower . Although Woodrow Wilson had wanted to wage war for the sake of humanity , the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles underlined in his Fourteen Points for Peace made it plainly clear that his diplomatic position had weakened with victory . The borders of Europe were redrawn on the basis of national self - determination , with the exception of Germany under the newly formed Weimar Republic . Financial reparations were imposed on the Germans , despite British reservations and American protests , largely because of France 's desire for punitive peace and , in what many at the time deemed revenge , for previous conflicts with Germany in the 19th century . Inter-war years ( edit ) Further information : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) By 1921 a cardinal principle of British foreign - policy was to `` cultivate the closest relations with the United States . '' As a result , Britain decided not to renew its military alliance with Japan , which was becoming a major rival to the United States in the Pacific . The US sponsored a successful Washington Naval Conference in 1922 that largely ended the naval arms race for a decade . World War I marked the end of the Royal Navy 's superiority , an eclipse acknowledged in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , when the United States and Britain agreed to equal tonnage quotas on warships . By 1932 , the 1922 treaty was not renewed and Britain , Japan and the US were again in a naval race .", "19": "In the 1920s , bilateral relations were generally friendly . In 1923 London renegotiated its ₤ 978 million war debt to the U.S. Treasury by promising regular payments of ₤ 34 million for ten years then ₤ 40 million for 52 years . The idea was for the US to loan money to Germany , which in turn paid reparations to Britain , which in turn paid off its loans from the US government . In 1931 all German payments ended , and in 1932 Britain suspended its payments to the US . The debt was finally repaid after 1945 . The US refused to join the League of Nations , but its absence made little difference to British policy . While the United States participated in functional bodies of the League -- to the satisfaction of Britain -- it was a delicate issue linking the US to the League in public . Thus , major conferences , especially the Washington Conference of 1922 occurred outside League auspices . The US refused to send official delegates to League committees , instead sending unofficial `` observers . '' During the Great Depression , the United States was preoccupied with its own internal affairs and economic recovery , espousing an isolationist policy . When the US raised tariffs in 1930 , the British retaliated by raising their tariffs against outside countries ( such as the US ) while giving special trade preferences inside the Commonwealth . The US demanded these special trade preferences be ended in 1946 in exchange for a large loan . The overall world total of all trade plunged by over two - thirds , while trade between the US and Britain shrank from $848 million in 1929 to $288 million in 1932 , a decline of almost two - thirds ( 66 % ) . When Britain in 1933 called a worldwide London Economic Conference to help resolve the depression , President Franklin D. Roosevelt killed it by refusing to cooperate . Tensions over the Irish question faded with the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . The American Irish had achieved their goal , and in 1938 its leader Joseph P. Kennedy became ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . He moved in high London society and his daughter married into the aristocracy . Kennedy supported the Neville Chamberlain policy of appeasement toward Germany , and when the war began he advised Washington that prospects for Britain 's survival were bleak .", "20": "When Winston Churchill came to power in 1940 , Kennedy lost all his influence in London and Washington . World war II ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom - United States relations in World War II and Diplomatic history of World War II Although many of the American people were sympathetic to Britain during the war with Nazi Germany , there was widespread opposition to American intervention in European affairs . This was reflected in a series of Neutrality Acts ratified by the United States Congress in 1935 , 1936 , and 1937 . However , President Roosevelt 's policy of cash - and - carry still allowed Britain and France to order munitions from the United States and carry them home . Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 Churchill , who had long warned against Germany and demanded rearmament , became prime minister after Chamberlain 's policy of appeasement had totally collapsed and Britain was unable to reverse the German invasion of Norway in April 1940 . After the fall of France in June 1940 , Roosevelt gave Britain and ( after June 1941 ) the Soviet Union all aid short of war . The Destroyers for Bases Agreement which was signed in September 1940 , gave the United States a 99 - year rent - free lease of numerous land and air bases throughout the British Empire in exchange for the Royal Navy receiving 50 old destroyers from the United States Navy . Beginning in March 1941 , the United States enacted Lend - Lease in the form of tanks , fighter airplanes , munitions , bullets , food , and medical supplies . Britain received $31.4 billion out of a total of $50.1 billion sent to the Allies . Roosevelt insisted on avoiding the blunder that Wilson had made in the First World War of setting up the financing as loans that had to be repaid by the recipients . Lend lease aid was freely given , with no payments . Also cash loans that were repaid at low rates over a have century . In December 1941 at the important Arcadia Conference in Washington , top British and American leaders agreed on strategy . They set up the Combined Chiefs of Staff to plot and coordinate strategy and operations . Military cooperation was close and successful .", "21": "Technical collaboration was even closer , as the two nations shared secrets and weapons regarding the proximity fuze ( fuse ) and radar , as well as airplane engines , Nazi codes , and the atomic bomb . Millions of American servicemen were based in Britain during the war . Americans were paid five times more than comparable British servicemen , which led to a certain amount of friction with British men and intermarriage with British women . In 1945 Britain sent a portion of the British fleet to assist the planned October invasion of Japan by the USA , but this was cancelled when Japan was forced to surrender unconditionally in August . India ( edit ) Serious tension erupted over American demands that India be given independence , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism , practical concern for the outcome of the war , and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India movement , the British authorities immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi ) . Meanwhile , India became the main American staging base for aid to China . Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pushed too hard , so Roosevelt backed down . Cold war ( edit ) See also : Cold War In the aftermath of the war Britain faced a financial crisis , whereas the United States was in the midst of an economic boom . The process of de-colonization accelerated with the independence Britain granted to India , Pakistan and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) in 1947 . The Labour government , which was alarmed at the threat of Communism in the Balkans , implored the US to take over the British role in Greece , which led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947 , with financial and military aid to Greece and Turkey as Britain withdrew from the region . The US provided financial aid in the form of the Anglo - American loan of 1946 , a 50 - year loan with a low 2 % interest rate starting in 1950 . A more permanent solution was the Marshall Plan of 1948 -- 51 , which poured $13 billion into western Europe , of which $3.3 billion went to Britain to help modernise its infrastructure and business practices .", "22": "The aid was a gift and carried requirements that Britain balance its budget , control tariffs and maintain adequate currency reserves . The need to form a united front against the Soviet threat compelled the US and Britain to cooperate in helping to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with their European allies . NATO is a mutual defence alliance whereby an attack on one member country is deemed an attack on all members . The United States had an anti-colonial and anti-communist stance in its foreign policy throughout the Cold War . Military forces from the United States and the United Kingdom were heavily involved in the Korean War , fighting under a United Nations mandate . Military forces withdrew when a stalemate was implemented in 1953 . When the Suez Crisis erupted in October 1956 , the United States feared a wider war , after the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Thus the United States applied sustained econo - financial pressure to encourage and ultimately force the United Kingdom , Israel and France to end their invasion of Egypt . British post-war debt was so large that economic sanctions could have caused a devaluation of sterling . This was something the UK government intended to avoid at all costs , and when it became clear that the international sanctions were serious , the British and their French allies withdrew their forces back to pre-war positions . The following year saw the resignation of Sir Anthony Eden . Anglo - American cooperation during Eisenhower 's presidency was troubled , approaching in 1956 a complete breakdown that represented the lowest point in the relations between the two countries since the 1920s . 1960s ( edit ) Through the US - UK Mutual Defence Agreement signed in 1958 , the United States assisted the United Kingdom in their own development of a nuclear arsenal . The British , however , were financially unable to develop their own delivery systems for nuclear weapons . In April 1963 , the Polaris Sales Agreement called for the U.S. to sell the UGM - 27 Polaris ballistic missile for use in the Royal Navy 's submarine fleet starting in 1968 . The American containment policy called for military resistance to the expansion of communism , and Vietnam became the main battlefield in the 1950s down to the communist victory in 1975 .", "23": "Harold Wilson , the Prime Minister ( 1964 - 1970 ) believed in a strong `` Special Relationship '' and wanted to highlight his dealings with the White House to strengthen his own prestige as a statesman . President Lyndon Johnson disliked Wilson , and ignored any `` special '' relationship . He agreed to provide financial help but he strongly opposed British plans to devalue the pound and withdraw military units east of Suez . Vietnam was the sore point . As the American military involvement deepened after 1964 , Johnson repeatedly asked for British ground units to validate international support for American intervention . Wilson never sent troops , but he did provide help with intelligence , and training in jungle warfare , as well as verbal support . He also took the initiative in attempting numerous mediation schemes , typically involving Russian intervention , none of which gained traction . Wilson 's policy Divided the Labour Party ; the Conservative opposition generally supported the American position on Vietnam . Issues of foreign policy were rarely salient in general elections . Wilson and Johnson also differed sharply on British economic weakness and its declining status as a world power . Historian Jonathan Colman concludes it made for the most unsatisfactory `` special '' relationship in the 20th century . 1970s ( edit ) Edward Heath ( Prime minister 1970 - 74 ) and Richard Nixon ( President 1969 - 74 ) maintained a close working relationship . Heath deviated from his predecessors by supporting Nixon 's decision to bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in Vietnam in April 1972 . Nevertheless , relations deteriorated noticeably during the early 1970s . Throughout his premiership , Heath insisted on using the phrase `` natural relationship '' instead of `` special relationship '' to refer to Anglo - American relations , acknowledging the historical and cultural similarities but carefully denying anything special beyond that . Heath was determined to restore a measure of equality to Anglo - American relations which the USA had increasingly dominated as the power and economy of the United Kingdom flagged in the post-colonial era . Heath 's renewed push for British admittance to the European Economic Community ( EEC ) brought new tensions between the United Kingdom and the United States . French President Charles De Gaulle , who believed that British entry would allow undue American influence on the organisation , had vetoed previous British attempts at entry .", "24": "Heath 's final bid benefited from the more moderate views of Georges Pompidou , De Gaulle 's successor as President of France , and his own Eurocentric foreign policy schedule . The Nixon administration viewed this bid as a pivot away from close ties with the United States in favour of continental Europe . After Britain 's admission to the EEC in 1973 , Heath confirmed this interpretation by notifying his American counterparts that the United Kingdom would henceforth be formulating European policies with other EEC members before discussing them with the United States . Furthermore , Heath indicated his potential willingness to consider a nuclear partnership with France and questioned what the United Kingdom got in return for American use of British military and intelligence facilities worldwide . In return , Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger briefly cut off the Anglo - American intelligence tap in August 1973 . Kissinger then attempted to restore American influence in Europe with his abortive 1973 `` Year of Europe '' policy plan to update the NATO agreements . Members of the Heath administration , including Heath himself in later years , regarded this announcement with derision . In 1973 , American and British officials disagreed in their handling of the Arab - Israeli Yom Kippur War . While the Nixon administration immediately increased military aid to Israel , Heath maintained British neutrality in the conflict and imposed a British arms embargo on all combatants , which mostly hindered the Israelis by preventing them obtaining spares for their Centurion tanks . Anglo - American disagreement intensified over Nixon 's unilateral decision to elevate American forces , stationed at British bases , to DEFCON 3 status on October 25 in response to the breakdown of the United Nations ceasefire . Heath disallowed American intelligence gathering , resupplying , or refueling from British bases in Cyprus , which greatly limited the effective range of American reconnaissance planes . In return , Kissinger imposed a second intelligence cutoff over this disagreement and some in the administration even suggested that the United States should refuse to assist in the British missile upgrade to the Polaris system . Tensions between the United States and United Kingdom relaxed as the second ceasefire took effect . Wilson 's return to power in 1974 helped to return Anglo - American relations to normality .", "25": "On July 23 , 1977 , officials from the United Kingdom and the United States renegotiated the previous Bermuda I Agreement , and signed the Bermuda II Agreement under which only four airlines , two from the United Kingdom and two from the United States , were allowed to operate flights between London Heathrow Airport and specified `` gateway cities '' in the United States . The Bermuda II Agreement was in effect for nearly 30 years until it was eventually replaced by the EU - US Open Skies Agreement , which was signed on April 30 , 2007 and entered into effect on March 30 , 2008 . 1980s ( edit ) Ronald Reagan with close ally and personal friend , Margaret Thatcher at Aspen Lodge , Camp David , 1984 . Throughout the 1980s , Margaret Thatcher was strongly supportive of Ronald Reagan 's unwavering stance towards the Soviet Union . Often described as `` political soulmates '' and a high point in the `` Special Relationship '' , Reagan and Thatcher met many times throughout their political careers , speaking in concert when confronting Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev . In 1982 , the British Government made a request to the United States , which the Americans agreed upon in principle , to sell the Trident II D5 ballistic missile , associated equipment , and related system support for use on four Vanguard class nuclear submarines in the Royal Navy . The Trident II D5 ballistic missile replaced the United Kingdom 's previous use of the UGM - 27 Polaris ballistic missile , beginning in the mid-1990s . In the Falklands War in 1982 , the United States initially tried to mediate between the United Kingdom and Argentina , but ended up supporting the United Kingdom 's counter-invasion . The U.S. supplied the British military with equipment as well as logistical support . In October 1983 , the United States and a coalition of Caribbean nations undertook Operation Urgent Fury , codename for the invasion of the Commonwealth to the island nation of Grenada . A bloody Marxist coup had overrun Grenada , and neighboring countries in the region asked the United States to intervene militarily , which it did successfully despite having made assurances to a deeply resentful British Government .", "26": "On April 15 , 1986 , the United States Air Force with elements of naval and marine forces launched Operation El Dorado Canyon from RAF Fairford , RAF Upper Heyford , RAF Lakenheath , and RAF Mildenhall in England . Despite firm opposition from within the Conservative Party , Margaret Thatcher allowed Ronald Reagan to use Royal Air Force stations in the United Kingdom during the bombings of Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya , a counter-attack by the United States in response to Muammar Gaddafi 's export of state - sponsored terrorism directed towards civilians and American servicemen stationed in West Berlin . On December 21 , 1988 , Pan American Worldways ' Flight 103 from London Heathrow Airport to New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport exploded over the town of Lockerbie , Scotland , killing 169 Americans and 40 Britons on board . The motive that is generally attributed to Libya can be traced back to a series of military confrontations with the United States Navy in the 1980s in the Gulf of Sidra , the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters . Despite a guilty verdict on January 31 , 2001 by the Scottish High Court of Justiciary which ruled against Abdelbaset al - Megrahi , the bomber , on charges of murder and conspiracy to commit murder , Libya never formally admitted carrying out the 1988 bombing over Scotland until 2003 . During the Soviet war in Afghanistan , the United States and the United Kingdom throughout the 1980s provided arms to the Mujahideen rebels in Afghanistan until the last troops from the Soviet Union left Afghanistan on February 15 , 1989 . Post-cold war ( edit ) See also : Gulf War , Kosovo War , and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia When the United States became the world 's lone superpower after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , new threats emerged which confronted the United States and its NATO allies . With military build - up beginning in August 1990 and the use of force beginning in January 1991 , the United States , followed at a distance by Britain , provided the two largest forces respectively for the coalition army which liberated Kuwait from Saddam Hussein 's regime during the Persian Gulf War . In 1997 , the British Labour Party was elected to office for the first time in eighteen years .", "27": "The new prime minister , Tony Blair , and Bill Clinton both used the expression `` Third Way '' to describe their centre - left ideologies . In August 1997 , the American people expressed solidarity with the British people , sharing in their grief and sense of shock on the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , who perished in a car crash in Paris , France . Throughout 1998 and 1999 , the United States and Britain sent troops to impose peace during the Kosovo War . War on terror and Iraq war ( edit ) Tony Blair and George W. Bush seen shaking hands after a press conference in the East Room of the White House on November 12 , 2004 . See also : War on Terror , September 11 attacks , 7 July 2005 London bombings , and Iraq War 67 Britons were among the 2,977 victims killed during the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City , the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , and in an open field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , on September 11 , 2001 , which were orchestrated by Al - Qaeda . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , there was an enormous outpouring of sympathy from the United Kingdom for the American people , and Tony Blair was one of George W. Bush 's strongest international supporters for bringing al - Qaeda and the Taliban to justice . Indeed , Blair became the most articulate spokesman . He was the only foreign leader to attend an emergency joint session of Congress called immediately after the attacks ( and remains the only foreign leader ever to attend such a session ) , where he received two standing ovations from members of Congress . During this session of Congress , President George W. Bush stated matter - of - factly that `` America has no truer friend than Great Britain '' . The United States declared a War on Terror following the attacks . British forces participated in NATO 's war in Afghanistan . Blair took the lead ( against the opposition of France , Canada , Germany , China , and Russia ) in advocating the invasion of Iraq in 2003 . Again Britain was second only to the US in sending forces to Iraq . Both sides wound down after 2009 , and withdrew their last troops in 2011 . President Bush and Prime Minister Blair provided sustained mutual political and diplomatic support and won votes in Congress and parliament against their critics at home .", "28": "During this period Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld said that `` America has no finer ally than the United Kingdom . '' The July 7 , 2005 London bombings emphasised the difference in the nature of the terrorist threat to both nations . The United States concentrated primarily on global enemies , like the al - Qaeda network and other Islamic extremists from the Middle East . The London bombings were carried out by homegrown extremist Muslims , and it emphasised the United Kingdom 's threat from the radicalisation of its own people . By 2007 , support amongst the British public for the Iraq war had plummeted . Despite Tony Blair 's historically low approval ratings with the British people , mainly due to allegations of faulty government intelligence of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction , his unapologetic and unwavering stance for the British alliance with the United States can be summed up in his own words . He said , `` We should remain the closest ally of the US ... not because they are powerful , but because we share their values . '' The alliance between George W. Bush and Tony Blair seriously damaged the prime minister 's standing in the eyes of many British citizens . Tony Blair argued it was in the United Kingdom 's interest to `` protect and strengthen the bond '' with the United States regardless of who is in the White House . A perception that the relationship was unequal led to use of the term `` Poodle - ism '' in the British media , that Britain and its leaders were lapdogs to the Americans . All British servicemen were withdrawn with the exception of 400 who remained in Iraq until July 31 , 2009 . On June 11 , 2009 , the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda accepted four Chinese Uighurs from the United States ' detainment facility known as Guantanamo Bay detention camp located on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba . At the request of the United States Government , Bermudan officials agreed to host Khaleel Mamut , Hozaifa Parhat , Salahidin Abdulahat , and Abdullah Abdulqadirakhun as guest workers in Bermuda who seven years ago , were all captured by Pakistani bounty hunters during the United States - led invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001 .", "29": "This decision agreed upon by American and Bermudan officials drew considerable consternation and contempt by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as it was viewed by British officials in London that they should have been consulted on whether or not the decision to take in four Chinese Uighurs was a security and foreign issue of which the Bermudian government does not have delegated responsibility over . Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi ( edit ) See also : Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi On August 20 , 2009 , The Scottish government headed by Alex Salmond announced that it would release Abdelbaset al - Megrahi on medical grounds . He was the only person convicted of the terrorist plot which killed 169 Americans and 40 Britons on Pan American Worldways ' Flight 103 over the town of Lockerbie , Scotland on December 21 , 1988 . He was sentenced to life in prison in 2001 , but was released after being diagnosed with terminal cancer , with around three months to live . Americans said the decision was uncompassionate and insensitive to the memory of the victims of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing . President Barack Obama said that the decision was `` highly objectionable . '' U.S. Ambassador Louis Susman said that although the decision made by Scotland to release Abdelbaset al - Megrahi was seen by the United States as extremely regrettable , relations with the United Kingdom would remain fully intact and strong . The British government led by Gordon Brown was not involved in the release and Gordon Brown stated at a press conference that they had played ' no role ' in the decision . Abdelbaset al - Megrahi died May 20 , 2012 at the age of 60 . Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( edit ) In April 2010 , the explosion , sinking and resultant oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig led to diplomatic friction and populist anti-British sentiment , even though the rig was owned and operated by the Swiss company Transocean and the cement work carried out by the US company Halliburton . Commentators referred to `` British Petroleum '' even though the company had been known as `` BP '' since 1998 . UK politicians expressed concerns about anti-British rhetoric in the US . BP 's CEO Tony Hayward was called `` the most hated man in America '' .", "30": "Conversely , the widespread public demonisation of BP and the effects on the company and its image , coupled with Obama 's statements with regard to BP caused a degree of anti-American sentiment in the UK . This was particularly evidenced by the comments of the Business Secretary Vince Cable , who said that `` It 's clear that some of the rhetoric in the US is extreme and unhelpful '' , for reasons of British pension funds , loss of revenues for the exchequer and the adverse effect such the rhetoric was having on the share price of one of the UK 's largest companies . The meeting between Barack Obama and David Cameron in July somewhat helped strained diplomatic relations , and President Obama stated that there lies a `` truly special relations '' between the two countries . The degree to which anti-British or anti-American hostilities continue to exist , remains to be seen . Present status ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II welcomed President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama to Buckingham Palace on April 1 , 2009 British policy is that the relationship with the United States represents the United Kingdom 's `` most important bilateral relationship '' in the world . United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton paid tribute to the relationship in February 2009 by saying , `` it stands the test of time '' . Obama administration ( edit ) On March 3 , 2009 , Gordon Brown made his first visit to the Obama White House . During his visit , he presented the president a gift in the form of a pen holder carved from HMS Gannet , which served anti-slavery missions off the coast of Africa . Barack Obama 's gift to the prime minister was a box of 25 DVDs with movies including Star Wars and E.T. The wife of the prime minister , Sarah Brown , gave the Obama daughters , Sasha and Malia , two dresses from British clothing retailer Topshop , and a few unpublished books that have not reached the United States . Michelle Obama gave the prime minister 's sons two Marine One helicopter toys . During this visit to the United States , Gordon Brown made an address to a joint session of the United States Congress , a privilege rarely accorded to foreign heads of government . In March 2009 , a Gallup poll of Americans showed 36 % identified Britain as their country 's `` most valuable ally '' , followed by Canada , Japan , Israel , and Germany rounding out the top five .", "31": "The poll also indicated that 89 % of Americans view the United Kingdom favourably , second only to Canada with 90 % . According to the Pew Research Center , a global survey conducted in July 2009 revealed that 70 % of Britons who responded had a favourable view of the United States . In 2010 , Obama stated `` the United States has no closer friend and ally than the United Kingdom , and I reiterated my deep and personal commitment to the special relationship between our two countries . '' Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama talk during the 39th G8 summit in June 2013 In February 2011 , The Daily Telegraph , based on evidence from Wikileaks , reported that the United States had tendered sensitive information about the British Trident nuclear arsenal ( whose missile delivery systems are manufactured and maintained in the United States ) to the Russian Federation as part of a deal to encourage Russia to ratify the New START Treaty . Professor Malcolm Chalmers of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies speculated that serial numbers could undermine Britain 's non-verification policy by providing Russia `` with another data point to gauge the size of the British arsenal '' . On May 25 , 2011 , during his official visit to the UK , Obama reaffirmed the relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States of America in an address to Parliament at Westminster Hall . Amongst other points , Obama stated : `` I 've come here today to reaffirm one of the oldest ; one of the strongest alliances the World has ever known . It 's long been said that the United States and the United Kingdom share a special relationship . '' In the final days before the Scottish independence referendum in September 2014 , Obama announced in public the vested interest of the United States of America in enjoying the continued partnership with a ' strong and united ' UK which he described as `` one of the closest allies we will ever have . '' During a joint press conference with Prime Minister Theresa May , Obama stated `` The bottom line is , is that we do n't have a stronger partner anywhere in the world than the United Kingdom . '' Trump administration ( edit ) Prime Minister Theresa May and President Donald Trump at the White House on January 27 , 2017 President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Theresa May are continuing the United Kingdom - United States special relationship .", "32": "May was the first foreign leader Trump hosted in Washington after taking office , and UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage was the first foreign politician Trump met with after winning the presidential election , when he was still President - elect of the United States . However , Trump was the subject of popular protests in Britain even before he took office , particularly because of his anti-immigration proposals and perceived racism . During his presidency there were protests when he was inaugurated , when he announced his first immigration ban on citizens from certain Muslim countries , and when he said he would recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . On 4 June 2017 , Trump responded to a terror attack on London Bridge by attacking London Mayor Sadiq Khan for saying that there `` was no reason to be alarmed '' . The comments were condemned by Khan who stated that his remarks were deliberately taken out of context in that he was referring to an increased police presence in the days after the attack , which should not alarm the public . Trump also suggested that , `` we must stop being politically correct and get down to the business of security for our people '' . On 29 November 2017 , Trump re-tweeted three videos posted by Jayda Fransen , deputy leader of the far - right nationalist Britain First party . One of the videos , titled ' Muslim immigrant beats up Dutch boy on crutches ' , was subsequently discredited by the Dutch embassy in the United States . The spokesperson for the Prime Minister said that what the President had done was ' wrong ' and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said that ' hate speech had no place in the UK ' . In response , Trump tweeted at the Prime Minister suggesting that she worry about immigration in her own country rather than whom he chose to retweet . White House spokeswoman Sarah Sanders said that the President attempted to start a conversation about immigration . May was the first foreign leader to visit Trump after his inauguration , and she invited him to make a return visit . More than 1.8 million U.K citizens signed a petition to rescind the invitation , and Parliament debated a nonbinding resolution to that effect in February 2017 . The visit was tentatively planned for late February 2018 , and would include a ceremonial opening of the new American embassy in Nine Elms .", "33": "However , on 11 January 2018 he cancelled the visit and denounced the new embassy in a tweet saying Reason I canceled my trip to London is that I am not a big fan of the Obama Administration having sold perhaps the best located and finest embassy in London for `` peanuts , '' only to build a new one in an off location for 1.2 billion dollars . Bad deal . Wanted me to cut ribbon - NO ! This was despite the official reason for relocating the embassy due to the security , as the Grosvenor Square site could n't accommodate the requirements for being 100 ft ( 30.5 m ) away from the street , and the fact that the move was decided by Obama 's predecessor Bush , who approved the relocation in 2008 . It was speculated that the real reason for cancelling the visit was due to Trump 's unpopularity and the possibility of large protests against him in London . Trade , investment and the economy ( edit ) The United States accounts for the United Kingdom 's largest single export market , buying $57 billion worth of British goods in 2007 . Total trade of imports and exports between the United Kingdom and the United States amounted to the sum of $107.2 billion in 2007 . The United States and the United Kingdom share the world 's largest foreign direct investment partnership . In 2005 , American direct investment in the United Kingdom totaled $324 billion while British direct investment in the United States totaled $282 billion . In a press conference that made several references to the special relationship , US Secretary of State John Kerry , in London with UK Foreign Secretary William Hague on 9 September 2013 , said `` We are not only each other 's largest investors in each of our countries , one to the other , but the fact is that every day almost one million people go to work in America for British companies that are in the United States , just as more than one million people go to work here in Great Britain for American companies that are here . So we are enormously tied together , obviously . And we are committed to making both the U.S. - UK and the U.S. - EU relationships even stronger drivers of our prosperity . '' Tourism ( edit ) More than 4.5 million Britons visit the United States every year , spending approximately $14 billion .", "34": "Around 3 million people from the United States visit the United Kingdom every year , spending approximately $10 billion . Transportation ( edit ) Air transportation ( edit ) Two of the three major American airlines , American Airlines & United fly directly between the US and the UK , principally between London and New York . While the third major US carrier Delta , code - shares with the UK 's Virgin Atlantic which it owns a 49 % stake in . Low - cost carriers JetBlue & Southwest fly between the eastern US and the British overseas territories of Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands . The British flag carrier British Airways flies to over twenty destinations in the US . Also two main British charter airlines , Thomas Cook Airlines and TUI Airways fly to the US although principally to the holiday destinations of Florida and California . While long - haul low - cost carrier Norwegian Air Shuttle flies from Gatwick , Edinburgh & Belfast to fifteen American airports . Both American Airlines and BA are founders of the airline alliance , Oneworld . Both BA and TUI Airways are major purchasers of American - made Boeing aircraft . New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport is the most popular international destination for people flying out of London Heathrow Airport . Approximately 2,802,870 people on multiple daily non-stop flights flew from Heathrow to JFK in 2008 . Concorde , British Airways flagship supersonic airliner , began trans - Atlantic service to Washington Dulles International Airport in the United States on May 24 , 1976 . The trans - Atlantic route between London 's Heathrow and New York 's JFK in under 31⁄2 hours , had its first operational flight between the two hubs on October 19 , 1977 and the last being on October 23 , 2003 . State and official visits ( edit ) See also : United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom Reciprocal state and official visits have been made over the years by four Presidents of the United States as well as two British monarchs . Throughout her lifetime , Queen Elizabeth II has met a total of eleven presidents ( Truman , Eisenhower , Kennedy , Nixon , Ford , Carter , Reagan , Bush Sr. , Clinton , Bush Jr , and Obama ) , with the notable exception of Lyndon B. Johnson . She also met ex-President Herbert Hoover in 1957 .", "35": "In addition , the Queen made three private visits in 1984 , 1985 , and 1991 to see stallion stations and stud farms in the US state of Kentucky . Queen Elizabeth II and the 43rd President of the United States , George W. Bush , share a toast during a 2007 state dinner held at the White House in celebration of British - American relations . Queen Elizabeth II and the 40th President of the United States , Ronald Reagan , riding on horseback in Windsor Great Park during President Reagan 's 1982 official visit to the United Kingdom . Queen Elizabeth II and the 38th President of the United States , Gerald Ford , dancing in the East Room at the White House during Her Majesty 's state visit to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976 . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh leaving National Presbyterian Church after attending a worship service with the 34th President of the United States , Dwight Eisenhower and First Lady Mamie Eisenhower during their state visit to the United States in 1957 . State and official visits to the United States by the British Monarch Dates Monarch and Consort Locations Itinerary June 7 -- 11 , 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Washington D.C. , New York City , and Hyde Park ( New York ) Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , stayed at the White House , laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery , visited George Washington 's Virginian plantation Mount Vernon , made an appearance at the 1939 World 's Fair in New York City , and made a private visit to Franklin Roosevelt 's upstate New York retreat , Springwood Estate . October 17 -- 20 , 1957 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Jamestown and Williamsburg ( Virginia ) , Washington D.C. , and New York City Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , attended the official ceremonies of the 350th anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown , Virginia , and made a brief stop - over in New York City to address the United Nations General Assembly before sailing to the United Kingdom . July 6 -- 9 , 1976 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Philadelphia , Washington D.C.", "36": ", New York City , Charlottesville ( Virginia ) , Newport and Providence ( Rhode Island ) , and Boston Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. and toured the United States East Coast in conjunction with the United States Bicentennial celebrations aboard HMY Britannia . February 26 -- March 7 , 1983 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip San Diego , Palm Springs , Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , San Francisco , Yosemite National Park ( California ) , and Seattle ( Washington ) Made an official visit to the United States , toured the United States West Coast aboard HMY Britannia , and made a private visit to Ronald Reagan 's retreat in the Santa Ynez Mountains , Rancho del Cielo . May 14 -- 17 , 1991 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Washington D.C. , Baltimore ( Maryland ) , Miami and Tampa ( Florida ) , Austin , San Antonio , and Houston ( Texas ) , and Lexington ( Kentucky ) Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , addressed a joint session of the United States Congress , made a private visit to Kentucky , and toured the Southern United States . May 3 -- 8 , 2007 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Richmond , Jamestown , and Williamsburg ( Virginia ) , Louisville ( Kentucky ) , Greenbelt ( Maryland ) , and Washington D.C. Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , addressed the Virginia General Assembly , attended the official ceremonies of the 400th anniversary of the establishment of Jamestown , toured NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center , visited the National World War II Memorial on the National Mall , and made a private visit to Kentucky to attend the 133rd Kentucky Derby . July 6 , 2010 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip New York City Made a one - day official visit to the United States to address the United Nations General Assembly , visited the World Trade Center site to pay respects to the victims of the September 11 attacks , and paid homage to British victims of the terrorist attack at the Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden in Hanover Square .", "37": "State and official visits to the United Kingdom by the President of the United States Dates Administration Locations Itinerary December 26 -- 28 , 1918 Woodrow Wilson and Edith Wilson London , Carlisle , and Manchester Made an official visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , attended an official dinner , had an audience with King George V and Queen Mary , and made a private visit called the ' pilgrimage of the heart ' to the ancestral home of his British - born mother , Janet Woodrow . June 7 -- 9 , 1982 Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan London and Windsor Made an official visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Windsor Castle , attended a state banquet , and addressed the Parliament of the United Kingdom . November 28 -- December 1 , 1995 Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton London , Belfast , and Londonderry Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom and addressed the Parliament of the United Kingdom . November 18 -- 21 , 2003 George W. Bush and Laura Bush London and Sedgefield Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , attended a state banquet , laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey , and made a private visit to Tony Blair 's constituency in County Durham , North East England . May 24 -- 26 , 2011 Barack Obama and Michelle Obama London Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , welcomed during an arrival ceremony in Buckingham Palace Gardens , dined at a state banquet , addressed Parliament in Westminster Hall , presented wedding gifts to Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge ( donation of MacBook notebook computers to Peace Players International ) ; met with Queen Elizabeth II , Prince Philip , and Prime Minister David Cameron .", "38": "Diplomacy ( edit ) See also : United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States Of United States London ( Embassy ) Edinburgh ( Consulate General ) Belfast ( Consulate General ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( Consulate General ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( Consular agent attached to embassy in Kingston , Jamaica ) Providenciales , Turks and Caicos Islands ( Consulate office attached to embassy in Nassau , Bahamas ) Of United Kingdom Washington , D.C. ( Embassy ) Atlanta ( Consulate - General ) Boston ( Consulate - General ) Chicago ( Consulate - General ) Denver ( Consulate - General ) Houston ( Consulate - General ) Los Angeles ( Consulate - General ) Miami ( Consulate - General ) New York City ( Consulate - General ) San Francisco ( Consulate - General ) Common memberships ( edit ) Bank for International Settlements British - American Project Food and Agriculture Organization Group of Eight Group of Ten Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors International Atomic Energy Agency International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Justice International Electrotechnical Commission International Energy Agency International Monetary Fund International Olympic Committee International Renewable Energy Agency International Telecommunication Union Interpol North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Pilgrims Society Rim of the Pacific Exercise UKUSA Community United Nations United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Security Council Universal Postal Union World Bank World Health Organization World Trade Organization Strategic alliance cyber crime working group ( edit ) Map showing member countries of the Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group and their respective lead agencies . ( Note : This map refers to SOCA , this body is now the National Crime Agency ) UKUSA Community Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States The Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group is an initiative by Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and headed by the United States as a `` formal partnership between these nations dedicated to tackling larger global crime issues , particularly organised crime . ''", "39": "The cooperation consists of `` five countries from three continents banding together to fight cyber crime in a synergistic way by sharing intelligence , swapping tools and best practices , and strengthening and even synchronising their respective laws . '' Within this initiative , there is increased information sharing between the United Kingdom 's National Crime Agency and the United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation on matters relating to serious fraud or cyber crime . UK - USA security Agreement ( edit ) The UK - USA Security Agreement is an alliance of five English - speaking countries ; Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , and the United States , for the sole purpose of sharing intelligence . The precursor to this agreement is essentially an extension of the historic BRUSA Agreement which was signed in 1943 . In association with the ECHELON system , all five nations are assigned to intelligence collection and analysis from different parts of the world . For example , the United Kingdom hunts for communications in Europe , Africa , and Russia west of the Ural Mountains whereas the United States has responsibility for gathering intelligence in Latin America , Asia , Asiatic Russia , and northern mainland China . Sister - Twinning cities ( edit ) England and the United States ( edit ) Ashby - de-la - Zouch and Evans , Colorado Ashford and Hopewell , Virginia Barnet , London and Barnet , Vermont Barnet , London and Montclair , New Jersey Barnstaple and Barnstable , Massachusetts Belper and Pawtucket , Rhode Island Berwick - upon - Tweed and Berwick , Pennsylvania Billericay and Billerica , Massachusetts Billericay and Fishers , Indiana Birmingham and Chicago , Illinois Bodmin and Grass Valley , California Boston , Lincolnshire and Boston , Massachusetts Brentwood and Brentwood , Tennessee Burton upon Trent and Elkhart , Indiana Bury and Woodbury , New Jersey Calne and Caln Township , Pennsylvania Canterbury and Bloomington , Illinois Cheltenham and Cheltenham , Pennsylvania Chester and Lakewood , Colorado Cleveland , England , UK and Cleveland , Ohio Cornwall and Cornwall , New York County Durham and Durham County , North Carolina Coventry and Coventry , Connecticut Coventry and Coventry , New York Coventry and Coventry , Rhode Island Dalton - in - Furness and Dalton , Pennsylvania Doncaster and Wilmington ,", "40": "North Carolina Dover and Huber Heights , Ohio Durham and Durham , North Carolina Evesham and Evesham Township , New Jersey Fleetwood and Fleetwood , Pennsylvania Gravesend and Chesterfield , Virginia Hartlepool and Muskegon , Michigan Haverhill and Haverhill , Massachusetts Haworth and Haworth , New Jersey Hertford and Hartford , Connecticut Hinckley and Midland , Ohio Keighley and Myrtle Beach , South Carolina Kettering and Kettering , Ohio Kingston upon Hull and Raleigh , North Carolina Leeds , City of and Louisville , Kentucky Lincoln and Lincoln , Nebraska Lambeth , London and Brooklyn , New York London and New York City , New York Manchester and Los Angeles , California Mansfield and Mansfield , Massachusetts Mansfield and Mansfield , Ohio Middlesbrough and Middlesborough , Kentucky Newcastle upon Tyne and Atlanta , Georgia Newmarket and Lexington , Kentucky Norfolk and Norfolk , Virginia Northampton and Easton , Pennsylvania Northampton and Northampton , Pennsylvania Oakham and Dodgeville , Wisconsin Oxford and Oxford , Michigan Penzance and Nevada City , California Plymouth and Plymouth , Massachusetts Portsmouth and Portsmouth , New Hampshire Reading and Reading , Pennsylvania Redruth and Mineral Point , Wisconsin Richmond , London and Richmond , Virginia Rochester and Rochester , New York Rugeley and Western Springs , Illinois Runnymede and Herndon , Virginia Rye and Rye , New Hampshire Salisbury and Salisbury , Maryland Salisbury and Salisbury , North Carolina Sefton , Metropolitan Borough of and Fort Lauderdale , Florida Sheffield and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Shrewsbury and Shrewsbury , Massachusetts Southampton and Hampton , Virginia Stafford and Stafford County , Virginia Swindon and Chattanooga , Tennessee Southwark , London and Cambridge , Massachusetts Stourbridge and Sturbridge , Massachusetts Stratford - upon - Avon and Stratford , Connecticut Stroud and Stroud , Oklahoma Sunderland and Washington , D.C.", "41": "Taunton and Taunton , Massachusetts Truro and Truro , Massachusetts Warrington and Lake County , Illinois Warwick and Warwick , New York Warwick and Warwick , Rhode Island Watford and Wilmington , Delaware Whitby and Anchorage , Alaska Whitby and Waimea , Hawaii Winchester and Winchester , Virginia Wirral , Metropolitan Borough of and Midland , Texas Wolverhampton and Buffalo , New York Worcester and Worcester , Massachusetts Scotland and the United States ( edit ) Aberdeen and Aberdeen , Washington Blairgowrie and Pleasanton , California Dundee and Alexandria , Virginia Dunfermline and Sarasota , Florida Edinburgh and San Diego , California Inverness and Inverness , Florida Livingston and Grapevine , Texas Midlothian and Midlothian , Chicago Prestwick and Vandalia , Ohio Stirling and Dunedin , Florida Stornoway and Pendleton , South Carolina Dull , Perth and Kinross and Boring , Oregon Wales and the United States ( edit ) Brecon and Saline , Michigan Machynlleth and Belleville , Michigan Nantyglo and Nanty Glo , Pennsylvania Newport , Pembrokeshire , and Annapolis , Maryland Northern Ireland and the United States ( edit ) Ballymena and Morehead , Kentucky Bangor , County Down and Virginia Beach , Virginia Belfast and Belfast , Maine Belfast and Boston , Massachusetts Belfast and Nashville , Tennessee Carrickfergus and Anderson , South Carolina Carrickfergus and Jackson , Michigan Castlereagh and Kent , Washington Craigavon and LaGrange , Georgia Derry and Buffalo , New York Larne and Clover , South Carolina Newtownabbey and Gilbert , Arizona Friendship links ( edit ) Liverpool and Memphis , Tennessee Liverpool and New Orleans , Louisiana Newcastle upon Tyne and Little Rock , Arkansas Wellingborough and Willingboro , New Jersey Heritage ( edit ) See also : Anglo - America and British - American The Resolute desk as seen in the Oval Office at the White House during the Carter Administration , was hand - crafted from barque - timbers of the decommissioned HMS Resolute , and then presented by Queen Victoria as a gift to the United States on November 23 , 1880 .", "42": "The United States and Britain share many threads of cultural heritage . Since English is the main language of both the British and the Americans , both nations belong to the English - speaking world . Their common language comes with ( relatively minor ) differences in spelling , pronunciation , and the meaning of words . The American legal system is largely based on English common law . The American system of local government is rooted in English precedents , such as the offices of county courts and sheriffs . Although the US , unlike Britain , remains highly religious , the largest Protestant denominations emerged from British churches brought across the Atlantic , such as the Baptists , Methodists , Congregationalists and Episcopalians . Britain and the United States practise what is commonly referred to as an Anglo - Saxon economy in which levels of regulation and taxes are relatively low , and government provides a low to medium level of social services in return . Independence Day , July 4 , is a national celebration which commemorates the July 4 , 1776 adoption of the Declaration of Independence from the British Empire . American defiance of Britain is expressed in the American national anthem , `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , written during the War of 1812 to the tune of a British celebratory song as the Americans beat off a British attack on Baltimore . It is estimated that between 40.2 million and 72.1 million Americans today have British ancestry , i.e. between 13 % and 23.3 % of the US population . In the 1980 US Census , 61,311,449 Americans reported British ancestry reaching 32.56 % of the US population at the time which , even today , would make them the largest ancestry group in the United States . Particular symbols of the close relationship between the two countries are the JFK Memorial and the American Bar Association 's Magna Carta Memorial , both at Runnymede in England . Culture and media ( edit ) Both the U.S. and UK are considered `` cultural superpowers '' , with both countries having a large scale influence around the world in film , cuisine , music , literature , and television . Literature ( edit ) Literature is transferred across the Atlantic Ocean , as evidenced by the appeal of British authors such as William Shakespeare , Charles Dickens , J.R.R. Tolkien , Jackie Collins , and J.K.", "43": "Rowling in the United States , and American authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe , Mark Twain , Ernest Hemingway , Stephen King and Dan Brown in Britain . Henry James moved to Britain and was well known in both countries , as was T.S. Eliot . Eliot moved to England in 1914 and became a British subject in 1927 . He was a dominant figure in literary criticism and greatly influenced the Modern period of British literature . In the UK , many noted American novels including The Catcher in the Rye , Roll of Thunder , Hear my Cry , Of Mice & Men , To Kill a Mockingbird , The Great Gatsby & The Color Purple are frequently used texts for British secondary - level education English and English Literature exams as set by the main examination boards . Press ( edit ) In area of press , connections between the US and the UK in terms of print content there is slight , however it is strong in online content . Until 2016 , a condensed version of The New York Times was inside The Observer newspaper . In some newsagents in the UK , you can find international editions of USA Today , The New York Times International Edition , The Wall Street Journal Europe , the Europe edition of Time , Newsweek , The New Yorker , New York magazine and Foreign Affairs . While in the US you would be able to find the international edition of The Economist and in New York City , the Financial Times . After Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of the New York Post in November 1976 , he redesigned the newspaper into a populist right - wing tabloid , likewise his earlier relaunch of the British Sun newspaper as a down - market tabloid from 1969 . In magazine publishing , the three big American magazine publishing houses of Time , Hearst and Condé Nast have operations in the UK , with British editions of Good Housekeeping , GQ , Men 's Health , Cosmopolitan , Vogue , National Geographic and Wired among others . On occasions , some of the American editions are also available for purchase usually next to the local edition or in the international section . In British magazines in the US , Northern & Shell has since 2005 created an American version of OK ! magazine . There are a number of Americans and British in each other countries ' press corp , including editors , correspondents , journalists and columnists .", "44": "Individuals born in the United States active in the British press corp include the FT 's news editor Peter Spiegel , Daily Telegraph columnist Janet Daley , and Guardian columnists Tim Dowling and Hadley Freeman . Originally from the UK were Christopher Hitchens ( 1949 -- 2011 ) and the current editor of Vogue , Anna Wintour . The current CEO of The New York Times Company is the former Director - General of the BBC ( effectively a CEO ) , Mark Thompson . The current editor - in - chief of the London - based Guardian since 2015 , Katharine Viner was previously the editor of The Guardian 's American website between 2014 and 2015 . In terms of online content , three newspaper - online sites have American editions , TheGuardian.com , Mail Online and The Independent . BBC News Online is a frequently visited by Americans . The American online news sites BuzzFeed , Breitbart News and HuffPost ( formerly The Huffington Post ) all possess British - based editions . Film ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Hollywood and the United Kingdom There is much crossover appeal in the modern entertainment culture of the United Kingdom and the United States . For example , Hollywood blockbuster movies made by Steven Spielberg and George Lucas have had a large effect on British audiences in the United Kingdom , while the James Bond and Harry Potter series of films have attracted high interest in the United States . Also , the animated films of Walt Disney as well as those of Pixar , DreamWorks , Don Bluth , Blue Sky , Illumination and others have continued to make an indelible mark and impression on British audiences , young and old , for almost 100 years . Films by Alfred Hitchcock continuously make a lasting impact on a loyal fan base in the United States , as Alfred Hitchcock himself influenced notable American film makers such as John Carpenter , in the horror and slasher film genres . Production of films are often shared between the two nations , whether it be a concentrated use of British and American actors or the use of film studios located in London or Hollywood .", "45": "Theatre ( edit ) Broadway theatre in New York City has toured London 's West End theatre over the years , with notable performances such as The Lion King , Grease , Wicked , and Rent . British productions , such as Mamma Mia ! and several of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's musicals , including Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Cats and The Phantom of the Opera have found success on Broadway . For over 150 years , Shakespeare 's plays have been overwhelmingly popular with upscale American audiences . Television ( edit ) See also : Television in the United States and Television in the United Kingdom Both the United Kingdom and the United States have television shows which are similar , as they are either carried by the other nations ' networks , or are re-created for distribution in their own nations . Some popular British television shows that were re-created for the American market in more recent years include House of Cards , The Office , Pop Idol ( American Idol ) , Strictly Come Dancing ( Dancing with the Stars ) , Top Gear , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , and The X Factor . Some American television shows re-created for the British market in more recent years include The Apprentice and Deal or No Deal . Popular American television shows that are currently popular in the United Kingdom include The Big Bang Theory , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation series , Family Guy , Friends , Modern Family , Scrubs , The Simpsons , and South Park . The BBC airs two networks in the United States , BBC America and BBC World News . The American network PBS collaborates with the BBC and rebroadcasts British television shows in the United States such as Doctor Who , Keeping Up Appearances , Masterpiece Theatre , Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Nova . The BBC also frequently collaborates with American network HBO , showing recent American mini-series in the United Kingdom such as Band of Brothers , The Gathering Storm , John Adams , and Rome . Likewise , the American network Discovery Channel has partnered with the BBC by televising recent British mini-series in the United States such as Planet Earth and The Blue Planet , the latter popularly known as The Blue Planet : Seas of Life in the American format . The United States ' public affairs channel C - SPAN , broadcasts Prime Minister 's Questions every Sunday .", "46": "On some British digital television platforms , it is also possible to watch American television channels direct from the United Kingdom , such as Fox News Channel , as well as American television channels tailored for British audiences such as CNBC Europe , CNN International , ESPN Classic , Comedy Central , and Fox . The Super Bowl , the National Football League 's championship tournament of American football which occurs every February , has been broadcast in the United Kingdom since 1982 . Conversely , the Premier League has been shown on NBC Sports Network in the United States . Radio ( edit ) See also : Radio in the United Kingdom and Radio in the United States Compared to music and television broadcasting , radio broadcasting is very limited between both sides of the pond . There are several reasons for this . The major one the majority of radio broadcasting in the US is commercial and funded by advertising and the small public radio stations are supported by donations , compared to the UK where the national public broadcaster is the major player which funded by the television licence . This leads to a completely different structure of radio stations and schedules . Other factors include differing technical standards of radio broadcasting . This is influenced by their countries ' broadcasting authorities which shapes over-the - air radio . In the UK , it is influenced by authorities of Ofcom and the EBU which are working towards DAB and DRM . While in the United States , it influenced by FCC which is working towards satellite radio and HD radio . Due to broadcasting rights , the internet radio feeds of American and British radio stations are sometimes blocked or on restricted bandwidth . For example , BBC Radio 2 is on a 128 kbit / s AAC domestic stream , while internationally it 's on a 48 kbit / s AAC+ stream . However both the American and the British international broadcasters Voice of America and the BBC World Service is fully accessible online . The BBC World Service is sometimes syndicated on various major city public radio stations in the United States such as WNYC , and on SiriusXM satellite radio . From 2005 to 2011 , a time - shifted version of BBC Radio 1 was available on Sirius satellite radio . There has been attempts in the past to bring British formats to American audiences , such as the News Quiz USA .", "47": "While in the UK , A Prairie Home Companion ( called Garrison Keillor 's Radio Show ) was available weekly until 2016 on BBC Radio 4 Extra and the joint - produced BBC and WGBH factual programme Boston Calling is available on the domestic feed of the World Service . The radio programme Democracy Now ! is available on the WRN station , which is accessible on channel 0122 on Sky satellite radio and online . There has been a number of American personalities that have been on British airwaves included music journalist Paul Gambaccini , disc jockey Suzi Quattro and comedians Rich Hall and Greg Proops . While New Zealand - born disc jockey Zane Lowe , who spent much of career in the UK was recruited to Apple 's Beats 1 station . A special mention should be made to the factual programme `` Letter from America '' presented by Alistair Cooke , which was broadcast from 1946 to 2004 initially on the BBC Home Service and later on BBC Radio 4 , plus on the BBC World Service . It was one of the BBC 's longest running radio programmes . Which in itself was based on a similar programme by Alistair Cooke in the 1930s for American listeners about life in the UK on NBC Red Network . Music ( edit ) The arrival of The Beatles in the United States and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 marked the beginning of the `` British Invasion . '' See also : British Invasion and Anglo - American music American artists such as Whitney Houston , Madonna , Tina Turner , Cher , Michael Jackson , Bing Crosby , Elvis Presley , Bob Dylan , Jimi Hendrix , Diana Ross , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Frank Sinatra , Lady Gaga , Taylor Swift and Beyoncé , are popular in the United Kingdom . British artists such as The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Rolling Stones , Sting , The Who , Queen , Shirley Bassey , Tom Jones , David Bowie , Pink Floyd , the Spice Girls , the Bee Gees , Amy Winehouse , KT Tunstall , Leona Lewis , Elton John ( Elton John recorded `` Candle in the Wind '' which , to date , is the best ever selling single worldwide ) , Coldplay and Adele have achieved much success in the large American market . Undoubtedly , the popular music of both nations has had a strong sway on each other .", "48": "In the United Kingdom , many Hollywood films as well as Broadway musicals are closely associated and identified with the musical scores and soundtracks created by famous American composers such as George Gershwin , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Henry Mancini , John Williams , Alan Silvestri , Jerry Goldsmith , and James Horner . The Celtic music of the United Kingdom has had a dynamic effect upon American music . In particular , the traditional music of the Southern United States is descended from traditional Celtic music and English folk music of the colonial period , and the musical traditions of the South eventually gave rise to country music and , to a lesser extent , American folk . The birth of jazz , swing , big band , and especially rock and roll , all developed and originating in the United States , had greatly influenced the later development of rock music in the United Kingdom , particularly British rock bands such as The Beatles and Herman 's Hermits , The Rolling Stones , while its American precursor , the blues , greatly influenced British electric rock . Sport ( edit ) See also : Sport in the United Kingdom and Sports in the United States Despite sports being a major cultural interest in both the United States and the United Kingdom . The most popular team sports in each country , which are in the UK : football ( soccer ) , rugby union , rugby league and cricket and the US : ( American ) football , baseball , ice hockey and basketball are considered minor sports in either other country . However , there is a growing interest the other countries sports in each other country . Another area of differing tastes in sports between the UK and the US is motorsport , In the UK : Formula 1 , rallying and speedway are popular . While in the US , the main popular motorsports are NASCAR and the Indianapolis 500 . Football ( soccer ) ( edit ) A picture of the last time England and USA played together , at 2010 FIFA World Cup There are currently three Americans in the FA 's Premier League : Geoff Cameron , Danny Williams & DeAndre Yedlin . All play for the national team . While there are 14 English and two Scottish players currently playing in the Major League Soccer . None of the English or Scottish players play for their national teams .", "49": "The most noted Briton that is currently playing MLS is Ashley Cole , and the most noted former player is David Beckham who played from 2007 to 2012 , both players played for LA Galaxy . The last match between the national teams of England and the USA , was at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa . The match ended in a draw 1 - 1 . The Premier League can be watched in the United States on NBC Sports , while a few MLS games can be watched in the UK on Sky Sports . Gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King George VI and Queen Elizabeth with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in London , 1942 . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , Princess Alice , Countess of Athlone , and Clementine Churchill at the Second Quebec Conference , 1944 . Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Yalta Conference , 1945 . President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan at Key West , 1961 . President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Edward Heath , 1970 . President Richard Nixon with Prince Edward , Duke of Windsor and Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , 1970 . President Gerald Ford dancing with Queen Elizabeth II at the White House , 1976 . President Jimmy Carter and Prime Minister James Callaghan in the Oval Office , 1978 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at Rancho del Cielo , 1983 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Charles , Prince of Wales and Diana , Princess of Wales at the White House during the Waleses ' official visit to the United States , 1985 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Denis Thatcher at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 1988 . President George H.W. Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 1991 .", "50": "President George H.W. Bush and Prime Minister John Major conducting a press conference at Camp David , 1992 . First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana , Princess of Wales chatting in the Map Room , 1997 . President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Tony Blair embracing each other at a conference in Florence , Italy , 1999 . Prime Minister Tony Blair and President George W. Bush conducting a press conference at Camp David , 2001 . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush with Charles , Prince of Wales and Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall at the White House during the Waleses ' official visit to the United States , 2005 . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 2007 . Prime Minister Gordon Brown and President George W. Bush having their first meeting at Camp David , 2007 . Prime Minister Gordon Brown and President Barack Obama in the Oval Office , 2009 . President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Queen Elizabeth II in the Buckingham Palace , 2009 . Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama at the bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit in Toronto , Canada , 2010 . President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge in the Buckingham Palace , 2011 . Prime Minister Theresa May and President Donald Trump conducting a press conference at the East Room , 2017 . First Lady Melania Trump and Prince Harry at the Invictus Games in Toronto , Canada , 2017 . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal United States portal International relations portal Anglophobia Timeline of British diplomatic history Timeline of United States diplomatic history Foreign policy of the United States Foreign relations of the United States Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Transatlantic relations UKUSA Agreement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Johnson , The Birth of the Modern : World Society 1815 - 1830 , ( 1991 ) Preface , p. xix . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Chris ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` / Home UK / UK -- Ties that bind : Bush , Brown and a different relationship '' . Financial Times .", "51": "Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . 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( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) .", "64": "`` Reason I canceled my trip to London is that I am not a big fan of the Obama Administration having sold perhaps the best located and finest embassy in London for `` peanuts , '' only to build a new one in an off location for 1.2 billion dollars . Bad deal . Wanted me to cut ribbon - NO ! `` . @ realDonaldTrump . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) . `` ' As usual , he 's dead wrong ' : Former U.S. ambassadors explain London Embassy move after Trump criticism '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First Steps Toward Embassy Relocation '' . U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom . 2008 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Jamie ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Debunked : Trump reasons for cancelling London visit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . 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Jump up ^ American Community Survey Total British ancestry reported as a collective group Archived November 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ British - American ancestry ACS 2009 . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .", "66": "Jump up ^ 100 MILLION IMMIGRATION RECORDS GO ONLINE Jump up ^ United States 1980 Census Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/c20d03e2-2fa6-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153 Jump up ^ http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/617807/British-culture-world-only-global-power Jump up ^ John Worthen , T.S. Eliot : A Short Biography ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Pilgrim , Imelda ( 1997 - 07 - 04 ) . Roll of Thunder , Hear My Cry : York Notes for GCSE ( 2 edition ed . ) . Harlow : Longman . ISBN 9780582314559 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` GCSE English Text Guide - Of Mice & Men - CGP Books '' . www.cgpbooks.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A-level English Text Guide - The Great Gatsby - CGP Books '' . www.cgpbooks.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Deirdre ( November 20 , 1976 ) . `` Dorothy Schiff Agrees to Sell Post To Murdoch , Australian Publisher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Clive ( August 11 , 2003 ) . `` What if Rupert Murdoch had n't bought The Sun ? '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Patrick ( October 11 , 1982 ) . `` Citizen Murdoch '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Katharine Viner appointed editor - in - chief of the Guardian '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Perlberg , Steven ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` How The Guardian Lost America '' . Buzz Feed . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 .", "67": "Jump up ^ `` The Guardian - US Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Mail Online - USA '' . Jump up ^ `` The Independent - US Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` BuzzFeed - UK Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` HuffPost - United Kingdom '' . Jump up ^ Kim C. Sturgess ( 2004 ) . Shakespeare and the American Nation . Cambridge University Press , ch 1 . Jump up ^ `` American Football : The whole nine yards : The NFL comes to Wembley '' . The Independent . London . October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/sports/soccer/nbc-retains-rights-to-premier-league-in-six-year-deal.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - A GUIDE TO LISTENING IN ENGLISH MARCH -- OCTOBER 2017 '' ( PDF ) . BBC World Service . 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Press Office - Sirius Satellite Radio to broadcast BBC 's Radio 1 '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Radio 4 pilots US version of News Quiz '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Garrison Keillor 's Radio Show - BBC Radio 4 Extra '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Calling - BBC World Service '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome page at WRN '' . www.wrn.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Celtic Music 's Contributions to American Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Country Music '' . Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Jump up ^ `` Pop and Rock Music in the 60s A Brief History '' . Spectropop .", "68": "Jump up ^ Although the paper is edited in Paris , it is effectively a version of the New York paper Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , H.C. Great Britain and the United States : A History of Anglo - American Relations , 1783 -- 1952 ( 1954 ) , 1032pp . online Bartlett , Christopher John . The Special Relationship : A Political History of Anglo - American Relations Since 1945 ( 1992 ) Burt , Alfred L. The United States , Great Britain , and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) , detailed history by Canadian scholar ; online Campbell , Charles S. Anglo - American Understanding 1898 -- 1903 ( 1957 ) John Charmley . Churchill 's Grand Alliance : The Anglo - American Special Relationship 1940 -- 57 ( 1996 ) Crawford , Martin . The Anglo - American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century : The Times and America , 1850 -- 1862 ( 1987 ) Dobson , Alan P. Anglo - American Relations in the Twentieth Century ( 1995 ) Dumbrell , John . A special relationship : Anglo - American relations from the cold war to Iraq ( 2006 ) Edwards , Jill . Anglo - American Relations and the Franco Question , 1945 -- 1955 ( 1999 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198228714.001. 0001 Ellis , Sylvia . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations ( 2009 ) and text search Foreman , Amanda . A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( Random House , 2011 ) , 958 pp . Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy , '' New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30 , 2011 online Hollowell ; Jonathan . Twentieth - Century Anglo - American Relations ( 2001 ) Hitchens , Christopher . Blood , Class and Empire : The Enduring Anglo - American Relationship ( 2004 ) Lane , Ann .", "69": "Strategy , Diplomacy and UK Foreign Policy ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 ) Louis , William Roger ; Imperialism at Bay : The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire , 1941 -- 1945 ( 1978 ) Louis , William Roger , and Hedley Bull . The `` Special Relationship '' : Anglo - American Relations since 1945 ( 1987 ) Perkins ; Bradford . The First Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1795 -- 1805 ( 1955 ) Perkins , Bradford . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 ( 1961 ) full text online free Perkins , Edwin J. Financing Anglo - American trade : The House of Brown , 1800 -- 1880 ( 1975 ) Peskin , Lawrence A. `` Conspiratorial Anglophobia and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American History 98 # 3 ( 2011 ) : 647 - 669 . online Reynolds , David . From World War to Cold War : Churchill , Roosevelt , and the International History of the 1940s ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Shawcross , William . Allies : The U.S. , Britain , Europe and the War in Iraq ( 2004 ) Tuffnell , Stephen . `` '' Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed `` : Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth - Century Politics and Culture . '' American Nineteenth Century History 12 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 77 - 99 . Williams , Paul . British Foreign Policy under New Labour ( 2005 ) Williams , Andrew J. France , Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900 -- 1940 ( 2014 ) . 133 - 171 . Woods , Randall Bennett . Changing of the Guard : Anglo - American Relations , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1990 ) Woodward , David R. Anglo - American Relations . 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) complete book online Special relationship ( edit ) Coker , Christopher .", "70": "`` Britain and the new world order : the special relationship in the 1990s , '' International Affairs ( 1992 ) : 407 - 421 . in JSTOR Colman , Jonathan . A ' Special Relationship ' ? : Harold Wilson , Lyndon B. Johnson and Anglo - American Relations ' at the Summit , 1964 - 8 ( Manchester University Press , 2004 ) Dobson , Alan and Steve Marsh . `` Anglo - American Relations : End of a Special Relationship ? '' International History Review 36 : 4 ( August 2014 ) : 673 - 697 . DOI : 10.1080 / 07075332.2013. 836124 . online review argues it is still in effect Dobson , Alan J. The Politics of the Anglo - American Economic Special Relationship ( 1988 ) Dobson , Alan . `` The special relationship and European integration . '' Diplomacy and Statecraft ( 1991 ) 2 # 1 79 - 102 . Dumbrell , John . A Special Relationship : Anglo - American Relations in the Cold War and After ( 2001 ) Dumbrell , John . `` The US -- UK Special Relationship : Taking the 21st - Century Temperature . '' The British Journal of Politics & International Relations ( 2009 ) 11 # 1 pp : 64 - 78 . online Glancy , Mark . `` Temporary American citizens ? British audiences , Hollywood films and the threat of Americanisation in the 1920s . '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television ( 2006 ) 26 # 4 pp 461 -- 484 . Hendershot , Robert M. Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship ( 2008 ) Lyons , John F. America in the British Imagination : 1945 to the Present ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) . Malchow , H.L. Special Relations : The Americanization of Britain ?", "71": "( Stanford University Press ; 2011 ) 400 pages ; explores American influence on the culture and counterculture of metropolitan London from the 1950s to the 1970s , from `` Swinging London '' to black , feminist , and gay liberation . excerpt and text search Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 2011 ) online pp 493 -- 516 , covers FDR 's policies Reynolds , David . Rich relations : the American occupation of Britain , 1942 - 1945 ( 1995 ) Reynolds , David . `` A ' special relationship ' ? America , Britain and the international order since the Second World War . '' International Affairs ( 1985 ) : 1 - 20 . Rofe , J. Simon and Alison R. Holmes , eds . The Embassy in Grosvenor Square : American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom , 1938 - 2008 ( 2012 ) , essays by scholars how the ambassadors promoted a special relationship Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . Primary sources ( edit ) Blair , Tony . A Journey : My Political Life ( 2010 ) , memoir by UK prime minister Loewenheim , Francis L. et al. eds . Roosevelt and Churchill , their secret wartime correspondence ( 1975 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of the United Kingdom and the United States . History of United Kingdom -- United States relations from U.S. State Dept . Atlantic Archive : UK - US Relations in an Age of Global War 1939 -- 1945 John Bull and Uncle Sam : Four Centuries of British American Relations An analysis of the Special Relationship from a British perspective . From the Second World War to the latest global problems facing the United States .", "72": "Lecture : Anti-Americanism and American Exceptionalism Goldwin Smith , `` The Hatred of England , '' ( 1890 ) essay by Canadian scholar British Embassy in the United States of America Embassy of the United States of America in the United Kingdom The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents , oral history interviews and other empirical sources . 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Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom -- United_States_relations&oldid = 838209157 '' Categories : United Kingdom -- United States relations Bilateral relations of the United States Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom Relations of colonizer and former colony Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text Use mdy dates from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本語 Português Русский ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 11 . 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4828649525820722736	who sang the theme song for the man with the golden gun	[ "Lulu", "Lulu", "Lulu", "Lulu", "Lulu" ]	{ "0": "The Man with the Golden Gun ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Man with the Golden Gun ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Man with the Golden Gun Soundtrack album by John Barry Released Recorded Length 42 : 17 Label EMI Producer Frank Collura ( Reissue ) John Barry chronology The Dove ( 1974 ) The Dove1974 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) King Kong ( 1976 ) King Kong1976 James Bond soundtrack chronology Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) Live and Let Die 1973 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Man with the Golden Gun1974 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Alternative cover Re-release cover Singles from The Man with the Golden Gun `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' Released : 1974 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Man with the Golden Gun is the soundtrack for the ninth James Bond film of the same name . The theme tune was performed by Lulu , composed by John Barry , and the lyrics to the song were written by Don Black . Alice Cooper claims his song `` The Man With The Golden Gun '' was to be used by the film 's producers until it was dropped for Lulu 's song instead . Cooper 's song appears on his album Muscle of Love . Barry considered the theme tune -- the only Bond film title track not to chart as a single in either the U.K. or U.S. -- and score to be among the weakest of his contributions to the series : `` It 's the one I hate most ... it just never happened for me . '' Certainly the title song is notable for having suggestive lyrics , and during a TV celebration for the series ' 40th anniversary , Lulu 's performance was introduced with reference to its being the raunchiest of all Bond songs .", "1": "For the first time , the song 's end theme is not a straight reprise of the opener , as it begins with different lyrics ( subsequent films followed suit with variations in arrangement , ahead of a new practice of using a different song altogether ) . Some Bond music fans consider Lulu 's brassy vocal to be effective in setting the tone for the film 's female characters . The film was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the Bond theme heard over the gun barrel sequence - in all subsequent John Barry James Bond scores , this theme would be heard on strings and trumpet . Not present on the album but heard in the film is a brief reprise , for recognition purposes , of the song `` Live and Let Die '' when a character ( Sheriff JW Pepper ) from the previous film reappears . The next three Bond films would wittily feature excerpts from the familiar music of other films , too ( though classics rather than Bond films ) , while On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had included a janitor character whistling the theme from Goldfinger as an in - joke . The popular song `` Mindfields '' by The Prodigy ( released on The Fat of the Land ) features a specific part of `` Hip 's Trip '' . Barry gave the band permission to do so . Track listing ( edit ) Composer , except as noted , is John Barry . `` The Man with the Golden Gun ( Main Title ) '' ( J. Barry / D. Black ) -- Lulu `` Scaramanga 's Fun House '' `` Chew Me in Grisly Land '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun ( Jazz Instrumental ) '' `` Getting the Bullet '' `` Goodnight Goodnight '' `` Let 's Go Get ' Em '' `` Hip 's Trip '' `` Kung Fu Fight '' `` In Search of Scaramanga 's Island '' `` Return to Scaramanga 's Fun House '' `` The Man With the Golden Gun ( End Title ) '' ( J. Barry / D. Black ) -- Lulu ^ Jump up to : contains the `` James Bond Theme '' , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AllMusic review Jump up ^ Barry , John ( interviewee ) ( 2006 ) .", "2": "James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . U.K. : North One Television . Jump up ^ The Man With The Golden Gun ( Vinyl back cover ) . Various Artists . United Artists Records , Inc. 1975 . UA - LA358 - G . James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? ''", "3": "`` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(soundtrack)&oldid=789945836 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films The Man with the Golden Gun ( film ) Film soundtracks 1974 soundtracks EMI Records soundtracks John Barry ( composer ) soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk About Wikipedia ქართული Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 16 : 49 . 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-7924663090486742985	american horror story freak show girl kidnapped by clown	[ "Bonnie Lipton (portrayed by Skyler Samuels)", "Bonnie Lipton (portrayed by Skyler Samuels)", "Bonnie Lipton" ]	{ "0": "List of American Horror Story : freak show characters - wikipedia List of American Horror Story : freak show characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Horror Story : Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story . The season focuses on discrimination , particularly of `` freaks '' , people who have physical or mental abnormalities , who live in 1952 Jupiter during the dawning era of television , and struggle to survive economically as the public lose interest in circus freaks shows . Money becomes the least of their problems when a duo of vengeful clowns become abnormally fixated on the freaks , but are unable to go to the police after they murder a cop . Veteran cast members include Evan Peters , Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson , Angela Bassett , Emma Roberts , Kathy Bates , Denis O'Hare , and Frances Conroy , with Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock making their debuts . Special guest stars who made appearances include Celia Weston , Wes Bentley , Neil Patrick Harris , and Matt Bomer . Other returning cast members who made appearances in a limited capacity include Jamie Brewer , Gabourey Sidibe , Danny Huston , Lily Rabe , Grace Gummer , Ben Woolf , Mare Winningham , Naomi Grossman , and James Cromwell . This is the first season to not be strictly anthological , with Lily Rabe , Naomi Grossman , and John Cromwell portraying the same characters they played in American Horror Story : Asylum , as Sister Mary Eunice McKee , Pepper , and Arthur Arden , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.1. 1 Bette and Dot Tattler 2.1. 2 Jimmy Darling 2.1. 3 Dell Toledo 2.1. 4 Gloria Mott 2.1. 5 Stanley 2.1. 6 Maggie Esmerelda 2.1. 7 Dandy Mott 2.1.", "1": "8 Desiree Dupree 2.1. 9 Ethel Darling 2.1. 10 Elsa Mars 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Minor characters Cast members ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Sarah Paulson as Bette and Dot Tattler Evan Peters as Jimmy Darling Michael Chiklis as Dell Toledo Frances Conroy as Gloria Mott Denis O'Hare as Stanley Emma Roberts as Maggie Esmeralda Finn Wittrock as Dandy Mott Angela Bassett as Desiree Dupree Kathy Bates as Ethel Darling Jessica Lange as Elsa Mars Supporting cast ( edit ) Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve ( recurring ) Mat Fraser as Paul ( recurring ) Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite ( recurring ) Naomi Grossman as Pepper ( recurring ) Grace Gummer as Penny ( recurring ) Christopher Neiman as Salty ( recurring ) Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse ( recurring ) Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings ( special guest star ) John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown ( recurring ) Chrissy Metz as Barbara / `` Ima Wiggles '' ( recurring ) Major Dodson as Corey Bachman ( recurring ) Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton ( recurring ) Patti LaBelle as Dora ( recurring ) Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake ( special guest star ) Gabourey Sidibe as Regina Ross ( special guest star ) Danny Huston as Massimo Dolcefino ( special guest star ) P.J. Marshall as Jack Colquitt ( recurring ) Ben Woolf as Meep ( recurring ) Lee Tergesen as Vince ( recurring ) Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Angus T. Jefferson ( recurring ) Neil Patrick Harris as Chester Creb ( special guest star ) Jerry Leggio as Dr.", "2": "Bonham ( recurring ) Jamie Brewer as Marjorie ( recurring ) Angela Sarafyan as Alice ( recurring ) Dalton E. Gray as Mike ( recurring ) Matt Bomer as Andy ( special guest star ) Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee ( special guest star ) Shauna Rappold as Lucy Creb ( recurring ) Kathy Deitch as Young Ethel Darling ( recurring ) Edward Gelhaus as Young Dell Toledo ( recurring ) Mare Winningham as Rita Gayheart ( recurring ) John Cromwell as Hans Grüper / Arthur Arden ( recurring ) ^ 1 Young Regina Ross is portrayed by Nya Auzenne Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Bette and Dot Tattler ( edit ) Bette and Dot Tattler ( portrayed by Sarah Paulson ) also known as The Siamese Sisters are conjoined sisters recruited by Elsa to join the freak show . They have dicephalic parapagus : their conjoined body consists of a single torso with one pair of arms , one pair of legs , but two distinct heads and necks . Bette is the left side and Dot is on the right ( from their own perspective ) . Bette , the more innocent and friendly of the two , loves Hollywood glamor and movies and perceives their new life to be like show business , whereas Dot , the more cynical twin , distrusts everyone and remembers their old , sheltered life as one of safety . They are found at their farmhouse injured alongside their dead mother who Bette stabbed in revenge for sheltering them away from society thus causing Dot to stab both her sister and self . They are rushed to hospital and their discovery becomes controversial attracting Elsa who brings them back to the show . Bette becomes jealous when Dot 's singing makes her a star at the freak show and is encouraged by Elsa to kill her , which she never does . A jealous Elsa attempts to get rid of them by selling them to Gloria Mott , but they are rescued by Jimmy . Upon returning to the freak show , they attempt to blackmail Elsa to get money for a surgical separation so they can each live out their dreams . After they are tricked into believing that they can be separated for free , they realize how much they love each other and decide not to go through with the risky operation .", "3": "Dot then professes her love to a drunken Jimmy , with Bette insisting that she can `` look the other way '' so that her sister can be happy ; they are heartbroken when he turns them down . Both twins later turn their affections toward magician Chester Creb until Dandy informs them of his criminal past . After Dandy massacres their friends , Bette marries him as a ruse so that they , Desiree , and Jimmy can enact their revenge against him . In 1960 , it is revealed that they are married to Jimmy and expecting a child with him . For her performance , Paulson won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Miniseries , the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actress , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . The performance of both twins was achieved using CGI to merge Paulson 's dual performances together . According to showrunner Ryan Murphy , every scene Paulson had to shoot took almost twelve hours , compared to a regular scene which Murphy says takes five . Jimmy Darling ( edit ) Jimmy Darling ( portrayed by Evan Peters ) also known as Lobster Boy is the son of Ethel and Dell , though , at first , he is unaware that Dell is his father . Born with severe syndactyly , he performs as the `` Lobster Boy '' in the freak show . He dreams of being able to leave the freak show and live a normal life . In `` Monsters Among Us '' , he kills a policeman who tried to threaten the freaks and arrest Bette and Dot . He felt extremely guilty when Meep was arrested for the murder , breaking down when Meep 's dead body was dumped at the freak show 's camp . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , Jimmy and Maggie come across Twisty and his captives and they help them escape . The two begin a relationship soon after and plan to run away together . In `` Test of Strength '' , Jimmy tearfully reveals to Dell that he knows that Dell is his father , a revelation that ends up saving his life . After losing Ethel , he becomes unstable and later breaks up with Maggie .", "4": "He becomes a drunk , and is later arrested for a mass murder committed by Dandy . Stanley , under the pretense of helping Jimmy buy a lawyer to prove his innocence , severs Jimmy 's hands and sells them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . The amputation causes him to fall into a depression ; when he learns the truth about Stanley and Maggie , his affection for her sours . They are unable to reconcile before Maggie is killed by Chester Creb . At the end of `` Show Stoppers '' , Jimmy receives wooden prosthetics resembling his claw hands from Elsa 's former lover , Massimo Dolcefino . After finding his friends massacred at the hands of Dandy , he , Desiree and Bette and Dot enact their revenge by drowning him in a water tank . In 1960 , it is revealed that he has married Bette and Dot and is expecting a child with them . Dell Toledo ( edit ) Dell Toledo ( portrayed by Michael Chiklis as adult Dell , Edward Gelhaus as young Dell ) also known as The Strongman , is the father of Jimmy , ex-husband of Ethel , husband of Desiree and the strongman of the freak show . He and Desiree come to Elsa desperate for work after all the other traveling shows have closed . Dell is also on the run from the law due to his involvement in a series of disastrous events , including the murder of a man Desiree had an affair with . His marriage to Ethel ended when he tried to kill Jimmy after he was born . His relationship with Jimmy is heated . In `` Massacres and Matinees '' , when Jimmy takes the carnies to a local diner , Dell beats him , claiming that they 're giving the other customers a `` free show '' . He later frames Meep for the murder of the policeman by planting the officer 's badge in Meep 's trailer . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' it is revealed that Dell has been seeing a hustler at a gay bar on the side . After finding out that Desiree is n't really a hermaphrodite and that she is planning to have her third breast removed so she can leave him and the freak show for good , Dell breaks the hands of her doctor so he ca n't perform the surgery .", "5": "In `` Test of Strength '' , he is blackmailed by Stanley to murder one of the freaks so Stanley can sell them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . Dell attempts to kill Amazon Eve , but is unsuccessful . He then murders Ma Petite by smothering her . Afterwards , confused over his sexuality and guilty over the horrible things he has done , he attempts to hang himself , but is saved by Desiree . In `` Magical Thinking '' , after confessing to Desiree that he murdered Ma Petite , he is shot in the head from behind by a vengeful Elsa . Gloria Mott ( edit ) Gloria Mott ( portrayed by Frances Conroy ) , a wealthy society widow from Palm Beach . She is delusional and smothering when it comes to her son , Dandy , and will go to any lengths to placate him . She hires Twisty and later buys Dot and Bette to entertain Dandy after she fears he is bored . In `` Blood Bath '' , Gloria visits a therapist , seeking help with her situation concerning Dandy . She later attempts to get Dandy to see a psychiatrist , pretending that the sessions are testing Dandy 's intelligence . He sees through the facade and , as a result , Gloria is shot and killed by Dandy , after she professes she could n't live without him if he killed himself . Later , Dandy attaches the head of one of his murder victims to his mother 's corpse , making his own twisted version of Bette and Dot . Stanley ( edit ) Stanley ( portrayed by Denis O'Hare ) is a con artist working with Maggie . He goes to the freak show under the guise of being a talent scout ( named `` Richard Spencer '' ) in an attempt to murder or capture some of the performers to sell them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . He is enormously well - endowed and is gay . At the end of `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he arrives at the freak show , posing as a Hollywood talent agent , and introduces himself to Elsa . In `` Test of Strength '' , he blackmails Dell to get him to murder the freaks . He later conspires with a jealous Elsa to kill the twins under the pretense of a separation surgery , so he can obtain their heads , although their plan ultimately fails .", "6": "He later sells the severed head of Salty to the museum . He then visits a confused and hungover Jimmy at the jailhouse , where he successfully convinces Jimmy to have his hands amputated to get the money for a lawyer . In `` Show Stoppers '' , after Maggie exposes his lies to the freaks , they savagely attack him and mutilate his body to resemble their late friend Meep . His fate is left undisclosed at the end of the season . For his performance , O'Hare was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . Maggie Esmerelda ( edit ) Maggie Esmerelda ( portrayed by Emma Roberts ) is a con artist working with Stanley . She poses as a fortune teller with a crystal ball and infiltrates the freak show . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , while Jimmy and Maggie are hiding due to the curfew , they come across Twisty and his captives and they help them escape . She later tries to placate Stanley by taking Ma Petite to a barn and preparing to drown her , but can not make herself kill the innocent young woman . Maggie is later revealed to be in a relationship with Jimmy , pressuring him to escape the freak show ( and Stanley , though she does n't mention this ) with her . After sinking into a state of depression after Jimmy 's arrest , Maggie is confronted by a suspicious Desiree who believes that she had something to do with all the deaths that have occurred . After being yelled at by the twins , Maggie decides to tell Desiree the truth and the two women head to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities to confront Stanley , where she faints upon discovering Jimmy 's severed claw hands . In `` Show Stoppers '' , Maggie volunteers herself to be sawed in half by Chester Creb , believing that it would help redeem herself in the eyes of Jimmy and the others . Unbeknownst to her , the illusion is real , and she dies when her body is severed , while Chester descends into a psychotic episode .", "7": "Dandy Mott ( edit ) Dandy Mott ( portrayed by Finn Wittrock as adult Dandy , Brinon Kruithof and Julian Kruithof as 12 - year - old and 8 - year - old Dandy , respectively ) is the spoiled , psychopathic son of Gloria . Being born of inbreeding between his mother and her second cousin , his family said to have exhibited madness since the time of his ancestor Edward Phillippe Mott , Dandy expresses antisocial behavior that borders on sadism as he secretly murdered neighborhood animals and was responsible for the disappearance of a boy in his childhood . Dandy expressed a sense of boredom with his upper class life and aspires to join the freak show as he feels like he identifies with them . But after being rejected , Dandy ends up meeting Twisty and helps the clown before his death . Following that , Dandy developed a god complex as he reaches an apathy and commits murders , with his maid Dora being the first victim . He also developed an obsession for Dot and Bette , the former correctly suspicious before he read her diary . Combined with Jimmy getting the twins to safety , Dandy loses his sanity as he murdered his mother to bathe in her blood before later turning her corpse into a puppet with the head of another victim sewn onto it . He also gets his revenge on Jimmy by murdering the housewives that he was servicing in `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' , enlisting a detective he hired to frame Jimmy . In `` Show Stoppers '' , saving the twins from ending up victims of Chester Creb 's act , Dandy buys the freak show from Else for the sum of $10,000 . Dandy advertises himself as the headlining act ( as a singer of Cole Porter standards ) , blaming the freaks for not selling tickets for his debut and methodically killing all the performers present for turning against him save the twins , whom he intended to marry , and Desiree . After being drugged , Dandy is chained by the surviving freaks in a water tank and deem him `` the biggest freak of all '' before watching him slowly drown as the tank fills with water .", "8": "For his performance , Wittrock was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries , the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Supporting Actor , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . Desiree Dupree ( edit ) Desiree Dupree ( portrayed by Angela Bassett ) also known as The Three Breasted Woman is a woman born with an oversized clitoris , mistaken by herself and her family for a male until puberty reveals the growth of not only two , but a third breast . She is married to Dell and struggles for work after other traveling shows closed down . Before arriving at Elsa 's freak show , she had sex with a man and Dell killed him out of jealousy . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' , it is revealed that she is 100 % female and that her supposed penis is nothing more than an enlarged clitoris . It is also revealed that she suffered a miscarriage . Realizing that she has a chance to be truly happy , Desiree moves in with Ethel and plans on divorcing Dell and starting over . She becomes good friends with Maggie and several other women from the troupe . Despite despising Dell , she saves him from his suicide attempt and comforts him . When Maggie confesses the truth about her and Stanley working together , stopping just as she is about to reveal their intent to murder the freaks , Desiree becomes suspicious and warns her that if she finds out that Maggie and Stanley are responsible for the deaths of the other freaks , Desiree would surely kill her . After Maggie later confesses her and Stanley 's true intentions , Desiree sees her remorse and attempts to help her save the remaining freaks from Stanley . In `` Show Stoppers '' , she murders the curator of the Museum of Morbid Curiosities , Lillian Hemmings , and later wraps her head in a gift box and gives it to Stanley , before the other freaks mutilate him . She then leads the charge against Elsa when the other freaks realize that she murdered Ethel . She survives Dandy 's murderous rampage by hiding in her caravan ; she then teams up with Jimmy and Bette and Dot in order to exact her revenge , which involves drugging him , chaining him inside a water tank , and watching him drown .", "9": "In 1960 , it is revealed that she has married a former lover of hers and is the mother of two children . For her performance , Bassett was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Ethel Darling ( edit ) Ethel Darling ( portrayed by Kathy Bates as adult Ethel , Kathy Deitch as young Ethel ) is a bearded lady , the mother of Jimmy , and the ex-wife of Dell . In the 1920s and 30s , she was a popular vaudeville star before marrying Dell , who convinced her seek more upscale venues . These higher - paying audiences rejected her , ruining her reputation and career . She left Dell after he attempted to kill Jimmy as an infant . She then battled alcohol addiction and was rescued from a drunk tankby Elsa . She then served as Elsa 's second in command at the freak show . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' , she is diagnosed with Cirrhosis of the liver and is given a prognosis of six months to a year . In `` Blood Bath '' , she is killed by Elsa , sustaining a fatal stab wound to the eye following a major confrontation about Elsa 's loyalty to the freaks . The rest of the freaks believe that she was decapitated in a car accident that was , in reality , staged by Elsa and Stanley . She later appears as a hallucination to both Jimmy and Dell . In `` Curtain Call '' , she appears with the other dead freaks in Elsa 's afterlife and appears to forgive Elsa for her sins . For her performance , Bates was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Elsa Mars ( edit ) Elsa Mars ( portrayed by Jessica Lange ) is a German expatriate who manages one of the last remaining freak shows in Jupiter , Florida in 1952 . For 20 years , she rescued her performers from the streets or being shipped away to asylums and became their legal guardian .", "10": "Prior to coming to America after World War II , Elsa was a dominatrix at a brothel in Berlin before she was drugged for a snuff film where she was mutilated into a bilateral below - the - knee amputee when her legs were cut off by Hans Grüper with a chainsaw . Elsa later received prosthetic legs made by Massimo Dolcefino , working as a cabaret performer and chanteuse in Germany . After immigrating to America , she begins singing at a carnival . She realizes how badly the freaks are treated , and decides to start her own `` family '' of freaks . She later becomes crazed with jealousy and anger , killing Ethel and seriously injuring Paul , her secret lover . After Salty dies , Elsa returns Pepper to her sister , and then sells the freak show to the traveling salesman and amateur magician , Chester Creb , in preparation for her Hollywood future -- not realizing that he is mentally ill and hiding a criminal past . When Maggie and Desiree bring her the preserved corpse of Ma Petite , she executes Dell for his crimes against the freak show before turning the freaks on Stanley . Elsa later flees when Bette and Dot tell her the other freaks are plotting to kill her to atone for Ethel 's murder , selling the freak show to Dandy in order to procure $10,000 for her getaway . When she arrives in Hollywood , she is unable to meet with the president of a TV company until an altercation with his receptionist , leading her to meet Michael Beck , the company 's junior vice-president of casting . The two eventually marry and Elsa 's variety show becomes a huge success . In 1960 , however , the marriage falls apart as both Elsa and Michael cheat on one another and Michael learns about the truth of her amputated legs -- something which Hedda Hopper also learns , effectively ruining Elsa 's career . Elsa also learns that her old lover , Massimo Dolcefino , is terminally ill with cancer and that the freaks are all dead . She decides to commit suicide by intentionally performing on Halloween to summon Edward Mordrake to claim her .", "11": "While Mordrake does kills her , Elsa ends up being sent to her own afterlife : a reincarnation of her freak show where she is reunited with the other dead freaks and is able to perform to the full house she always dreamed of . For her performance , Lange was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film , the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress , the Dorian Award for TV Musical Performance of the Year , the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television , the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Supporting characters ( edit ) Twisty the Clown ( portrayed by John Carroll Lynch ) originally was a slow - witted but gentle clown at a freak show in 1943 . Jealous of his popularity , the freaks of the carnival spread rumors that he was a child molester and drove him away . With nowhere else to go , he returned home to Jupiter , Florida , only to find that his mother had died . After failing to support himself by selling toys made of junk to a local toy store , Twisty attempted suicide by putting a shotgun in his mouth . However , the attempt failed -- he succeeded only in mutilating his lower jaw -- and he later began to wear a grinning mask over the lower part of his face . Twisty then tried to perform as a clown at Elsa 's freak show , but was turned away . Twisty then snapped and went on a killing spree , abducting children to be his audience , while murdering their `` mean '' parents . He kidnaps Corey Bachman and murders his parents , after kidnapping Bonnie Lipton to serve as his audience 's babysitter . Gloria hires Twisty to entertain Dandy , who becomes his accomplice . Twisty and Dandy hold a magic show on Halloween , before Jimmy knocks Dandy unconscious and Maggie gets Corey and Bonnie to safety . Twisty then knocks Jimmy out before encountering Edward Mordrake , who was attracted by the noise of the clown 's performance . Twisty tells Mordrake his story , and Mordrake deems the clown suitable to be in his entourage of damned souls and kills him .", "12": "When Elsa summons Mordrake in 1962 , Twisty appears alongside the other freaks and comforts her in her last moments . According to director Ryan Murphy , Lynch was so terrifying as this character that `` half the time , almost a third of the crew left the set when they shot his scenes because they were afraid of him . '' In Cult , a comic book detailing a fictionalized version of Twisty is owned by Oz Mayfair - Richards . Bonnie Lipton ( portrayed by Skyler Samuels ) is a young girl who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty murders her boyfriend Troy . She attacks Twisty and attempts to escape with Corey , but is dragged back to him by Dandy . She escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie in `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' . Regina Ross ( portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe as older Regina , Nya Auzenne as young Regina ) is a student at secretary school hoping to get a position at a law firm after graduation , who returns home to Jupiter when her mother Dora goes MIA . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' , she calls Gloria concerning her mother and why she has n't been returning her calls . The conversation turns strange and Regina feels uncomfortable and hangs up , wary of what happened . She turns up at the Mott Manor in `` Blood Bath '' , very suspicious of where her mother is . She threatens to call the police if she does n't see her mother soon . In `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' , Dandy admits to the murder of Dora and lets Regina escape unharmed , despite her refusal to take a blood bath with him . Upon returning with police detective Jack Colquitt , Dandy admits to the murders and boasts about his family 's wealth , buying off Colquitt for a million dollars . Regina is killed when Dandy orders Colquitt to shoot and bury her . Dora Ross ( portrayed by Patti LaBelle ) is a local townswoman who begins to discover secrets about Dandy . She is the mother of Regina and the put - upon maid to Gloria Mott . In `` Massacres and Matinees '' , she reveals to Gloria that she found dissected animal parts behind the shed , implying they belong to Dandy .", "13": "She dislikes Dandy 's spoiled attitude and did n't get scared of him when he tried to kill her . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , she dies when Dandy slashes her throat and Gloria helps bury her in their backyard . Paul ( portrayed by Mat Fraser ) also known as Paul The Illustrated Seal is a performer in the freak show , who was born with phocomelia of both arms . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he tells Mordrake that he immigrated to the United States from Britain to be in show business . However , he arrived during the Great Depression . In an act of despair , he tattooed his whole body except his face , because he believed that it would have been considered handsome and loveable if it was n't on a freak . It is revealed that he is not only Elsa 's secret lover , but that of Penny too , his true love . He confronts Elsa in `` Bullseye '' about the recent disappearance of Bette and Dot , and she in turn snaps at him for his relationship with Penny . She later becomes angry about a public confrontation with the rest of the troupe and demands one of them place themselves on the spinning wheel , to prove their trust of her . Paul volunteers and it is assumed she purposely threw the last knife into his gut , injuring him badly , leaving him bed ridden . He is then shocked and guilt - stricken later on in `` Test of Strength '' over Penny 's mutilation . In `` Curtain Call '' , after trying to stand up to Dandy , he is the first freak to be shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . He and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where he and Penny have gotten married . Eve ( portrayed by Erika Ervin ) also known as Amazon Eve is a performer in the freak show . She is abnormally large . She is seen as the piano player of the show and is also instrumental with protecting the troupe , along with Jimmy and Paul . In `` Bullseye '' , she becomes concerned over Ma Petite 's disappearance until Maggie turns up with her , healthy and alive . Initially , Eve is somewhat quiet and even - tempered , but in `` Test of Strength '' , Dell attempts to murder her in her caravan .", "14": "Afraid that he is attempting to rape her , Eve defends herself by savagely beating him and throws him out . She goes to Ethel where she cares for her bruised hand . She and the other women of the freak show then plot to kill Dell once and for all . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is the last freak to be killed by Dandy after she tries to overpower him in Desiree 's caravan . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Mahadevi Patel ( portrayed by Jyoti Amge ) also known as Ma Petite , is a performer in the freak show , who also serves as Elsa 's assistant . She is seen playing a miniature violin of sorts and also serves as Elsa 's manicurist and `` cuddle '' toy in the later hours . She was born with achondroplasia which results in an extremely short stature , and is thus deemed the world 's shortest woman . Seen as the baby of the troupe , Ma Petite 's sweet nature and naive innocence leads her to trust almost everyone , with ultimately tragic consequences . Maggie lures her away one night attempts to murder her in `` Bullseye '' for Stanley , but ca n't force herself to go through with it . In `` Test of Strength '' , Dell , under the pretense of gifting her with a new dress , hugs her and then squeezes until her spine snaps and she dies . He gives her body to Stanley and it is later seen being presented by Lillian in her Museum of Morbid Curiosities in a jar of formaldehyde , where her birth name is revealed . The carnies later find her bloody dress in an area full of unidentified bones , and believe that she has been eaten by a wild animal . She later appears to Dell in a hallucination before he attempts suicide by hanging . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where Ma Petite once again helps Elsa to get ready for her performance . Lillian Hemmings ( portrayed by Celia Weston ) is the curator of the Museum of Morbid Curiosities ; she collects and buys strange artifacts for her museum . She catches Stanley and Maggie 's fraudulence but says if she is offered something of real worth from a freak show , she will pay big money .", "15": "Stanley regularly imagines scenarios with her presenting him with money and acclaim for his finds . In `` Test of Strength '' , she unveils her new exhibit to various wealthy people of Ma Petite 's dead body ( presented as Mahadevi Patel , the world 's smallest woman ) , floating in a jar of what is assumed to be formaldehyde . In `` Orphans '' , she is seen revealing Jimmy 's claw hands . In `` Show Stoppers '' , it is revealed that she was murdered by Desiree shortly after Maggie 's fainting spell ; her decapitated and preserved head is given to Stanley before the freaks attack and mutilate him . Penny ( portrayed by Grace Gummer ) is a candy striper at the local hospital . In the first episode , she is drugged and kidnapped by Elsa and taken back with her to the freak show . She is blackmailed by Elsa into staying at the camp because Elsa filmed her in a drug - fueled orgy with the freaks . It is later revealed she is in a relationship with Paul , but her father begins to abuse her over the affair . In `` Test of Strength '' , she attempts to move out but before she can do so , her father Vince hires a man to mutilate her face -- tattooing her with scales , giving her a forked tongue , and shaving half her hair off while she is unconscious . She is accepted by the freak show and takes the name The Astounding Lizard Girl . In `` Blood Bath '' , she and the women of the freak show kidnap her father and feather and tar him for what he did , but she spares his life after being persuaded by Maggie . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where she and Paul have gotten married . Minor characters ( edit ) Edward Mordrake ( portrayed by Wes Bentley ) was in life a 19th - century nobleman who suffered a form of diprosopus , with the second face on the back of his head whispering depraved and evil things to him . Mordrake 's attempts to kill his second face drove him mad and his family committed him to an asylum , only for him to escape and join a sideshow .", "16": "But Mordrake loses his sanity again on one Halloween night , murdering his own troupe and then hanged himself . Despite his death , explaining that he is unable to resist the whims of his other face while expressing regret to his victims , Mordrake 's tormenting spirit is said to appear before sideshow performers should they perform on Halloween to add them to his collection . The character appeared in a two - part Halloween episode , having each of the freaks provide them their life story which his second face judge them as it can tell when people lie and knows a person 's darkest secrets . Mordrake was about to claim Elsa Mars when he was attracted to Twisty , adding the clown to his collection upon hearing his story . Mordrake later appears before a suicidal Elsa in the season finale when she intentionally summons him while performing on her variety show , killing her but sending her to her personal afterlife . Andy ( portrayed by Matt Bomer ) is a hustler working in a gay bar . One of his many clients is Dell , with whom he had been having an affair . He is paid by Dandy to come to Twisty 's abandoned bus , where Dandy stabs him viciously multiple times , and even after having his arm removed by Dandy , he remained alive . Dandy is later seen dissolving Andy 's severed limbs in acid . Corey Bachman ( portrayed by Major Dodson ) is a young boy who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty murders his parents . He is later able to run away after Bonnie attacks Twisty , but is caught again when Twisty chases after him . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie . Meep ( portrayed by Ben Woolf ) is a Geek performer in the freak show with pituitary dwarfism . He was framed for murder of the police officer by Dell and arrested , killed by prisoners in a shared cell with his corpse later dumped near the freak show . Meep appears when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Toulouse ( portrayed by Drew Rin Varick ) is a performer in the freak show . Toulouse is an ex-convict that was saved from working on a chain gang when Elsa bribed a guard for his release .", "17": "He has since served as one of several `` little people '' employed with the troupe . Like most of his fellows , he plays many roles -- from cook , to stagehand , to performer . In `` Curtain Call '' , he is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . He and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Legless Suzi ( portrayed by Rose Siggins ) is a performer in the freak show with sacral agenesis . As her name suggests , she has no legs , because they were amputated shortly after birth . In the past , she killed one of her fellow beggars over jealousy . She helps Penny get revenge on her father , Vince , by breaking into his house and tarring and feathering him . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Salty ( portrayed by Christopher Neiman ) is a microcephalic performer in the freak show , having been brought as a companion to Pepper with Elsa marrying them . Salty eventually died of what is assumed to be a stroke in his sleep , his head is then cut off by Stanley . Barbara ( portrayed by Chrissy Metz ) , also known as Ima Wiggles the Fat Lady , is Elsa 's new star attraction for the freak show , found in `` Blood Bath '' . She is extremely overweight and a former debutante sent to a fitness academy by her rich parents . When Jimmy 's mother dies and after he pushes Maggie away , he finds comfort in Ima , eventually having sex with her . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre , later appearing in Elsa 's vision of the afterlife . Vince ( portrayed by Lee Tergesen ) is Penny 's disapproving father who works as a well respected electrician . In `` Test of Strength '' , he hires a man to mutilate Penny after finding out about her relationship with Paul , a freak . In `` Blood Bath '' , he is captured by Desiree , Penny , Eve , and Legless Suzi and covered in hot tar and feathered while in Dell 's trailer .", "18": "Maggie shows up and talks the women out of going through with the killing , with Penny threatening her father to never come back . Dr. Bonham ( portrayed by Jerry Leggio ) is Ethel 's doctor who diagnoses her with Cirrhosis of the liver in `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' he offers to perform surgery on Desiree to make her normal , but Dell breaks his hands while threatening to do the same to the doctor 's grandchildren should he come near any of the performers again . Ethel and Desiree are later told by Bonham 's daughter that he killed himself . Rita Gayheart ( portrayed by Mare Winningham ) is Pepper 's older sister who is malicious and alcoholic yet classy . Rita sent Pepper away in the orphanage when she wanted to marry and have children . But apparently sterile , Rita is forced to take Pepper back as she helped around the house . But after the sudden birth of her son Lucas , who was born deformed , Rita allows her husband to kill their child and have Pepper be sent to Briarcliff . Chester Creb ( portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris ) is a stage magician who happens to be a traveling salesman and haunted by his ventriloquist dummy Marjorie , who speaks only to him . As it was revealed , Chester was a soldier in World War II who returned home with metal plate put into his head . The head injury causes Chester to have hallucinations of Marjorie being alive while murdering his wife and her lover in a fit of rage . When he arrives at the freak show 's camp , he becomes enamored with Bette and Dot . He attempts to purchase the show from Elsa when she reveals she 's leaving for Hollywood . During preparation for his first performance as the show owner , he inadvertently murdered Maggie by sawing her in half while practicing his act . This causes Chester to snap and he `` kills '' Marjorie and goes to the police station to be arrested . Marjorie ( voiced and portrayed by Jamie Brewer ) is Chester 's ventriloquist dummy who appears to Chester as a living person , taunting him and persuading him to commit acts of violence .", "19": "Mike ( portrayed by Dalton E Gray ) is a young boy who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty sees him trick - r - treating dressed as a clown . He is later able to run away after Bonnie attacks Twisty , but is caught again when Twisty chases after him . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie . Waitress Carol ( portrayed by Mariana Vicente ) is a waitress at a local diner and is seen flirting in the first episode with Jimmy . Once he ( along with his troupe ) returns in `` Massacres and Matinees '' , she is no longer friendly towards him and asks Paul to stop eating someone 's leftover food . Lucy Creb ( portrayed by Shauna Rappold ) is Chester 's wife and Alice ( portrayed by Angela Sarafyan ) is Lucy 's lover . The two women fall in love while their husbands are away at war . When Chester returns , the three are involved in a polyamorous relationship . Alice and Lucy are killed by Chester , who believes that Marjorie actually committed the murders . Massimo Dolcefino ( portrayed by Danny Huston ) a carpenter who crafted Elsa 's wooden legs before going after each of the men responsible for her amputation . However , Dolcefino ends up being captured by Hans Grüper , the Nazi who had cut off Elsa 's legs , and was castrated during his torture for most of the World War . Dolcefino was also the one responsible for crafting a new set of hands for Jimmy , later dying of lung cancer in the series epilogue . Angus T. Jefferson ( portrayed by Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) , an acquaintance of Desiree . In the season finale , it is shown that he and Desiree were married and had children together . Jack Colquitt ( portrayed by P.J. Marshall ) is a police detective who is bought by Dandy when he offers him one million dollars to help cover up his murders , murdering Regina Ross and framing Jimmy for Dandy 's murder of the housewives . Colquitt also uncovers information about Chester when Dandy finds out he is getting closer to Bette and Dot . It is unknown if Colquitt was exposed for working with Dandy .", "20": "( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake ,", "21": "Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show_characters&oldid=836498282 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Horror television characters Lists of drama television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "22": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-360675773049242516	the probability of making a type i error when retaining ho at the .05 level of significance is	[ "5%", "5%", "5%", "5%" ]	{ "0": "Type I and type II errors - wikipedia Type I and type II errors Jump to : navigation , search This article is about erroneous outcomes of statistical tests . For closely related concepts in binary classification and testing generally , see false positives and false negatives . In statistical hypothesis testing , a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false positive '' finding ) , while a type II error is incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false negative '' finding ) . More simply stated , a type I error is to falsely infer the existence of something that is not there , while a type II error is to falsely infer the absence of something that is . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Statistical test theory 2.1 Type I error 2.2 Type II error 2.3 Table of error types 3 Examples 3.1 Example 1 3.2 Example 2 3.3 Example 3 3.4 Example 4 4 Etymology 5 Related terms 5.1 Null hypothesis 5.2 Statistical significance 6 Application domains 6.1 Inventory control 6.2 Computers 6.2. 1 Computer security 6.2. 2 Spam filtering 6.2. 3 Malware 6.2. 4 Optical character recognition 6.3 Security screening 6.4 Biometrics 6.5 Medicine 6.5. 1 Medical screening 6.5. 2 Medical testing 6.6 Paranormal investigation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) In statistics , a null hypothesis is a statement that one seeks to nullify with evidence to the contrary . Most commonly it is a statement that the phenomenon being studied produces no effect or makes no difference . An example of a null hypothesis is the statement `` This diet has no effect on people 's weight . '' Usually , an experimenter frames a null hypothesis with the intent of rejecting it : that is , intending to run an experiment which produces data that shows that the phenomenon under study does make a difference .", "1": "In some cases there is a specific alternative hypothesis that is opposed to the null hypothesis , in other cases the alternative hypothesis is not explicitly stated , or is simply `` the null hypothesis is false '' -- in either event , this is a binary judgment , but the interpretation differs and is a matter of significant dispute in statistics . A type I error ( or error of the first kind ) is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis . Usually a type I error leads one to conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when in fact it does n't . Examples of type I errors include a test that shows a patient to have a disease when in fact the patient does not have the disease , a fire alarm going on indicating a fire when in fact there is no fire , or an experiment indicating that a medical treatment should cure a disease when in fact it does not . A type II error ( or error of the second kind ) is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis . Examples of type II errors would be a blood test failing to detect the disease it was designed to detect , in a patient who really has the disease ; a fire breaking out and the fire alarm does not ring ; or a clinical trial of a medical treatment failing to show that the treatment works when really it does . In terms of false positives and false negatives , a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis , while a negative result corresponds to failing to reject the null hypothesis ; `` false '' means the conclusion drawn is incorrect . Thus a type I error is a false positive , and a type II error is a false negative . When comparing two means , concluding the means were different when in reality they were not different would be a Type I error ; concluding the means were not different when in reality they were different would be a Type II error . Various extensions have been suggested as `` Type III errors '' , though none have wide use . All statistical hypothesis tests have a probability of making type I and type II errors . For example , all blood tests for a disease will falsely detect the disease in some proportion of people who do n't have it , and will fail to detect the disease in some proportion of people who do have it . A test 's probability of making a type I error is denoted by α . A test 's probability of making a type II error is denoted by β .", "2": "These error rates are traded off against each other : for any given sample set , the effort to reduce one type of error generally results in increasing the other type of error . For a given test , the only way to reduce both error rates is to increase the sample size , and this may not be feasible . These terms are also used in a more general way by social scientists and others to refer to flaws in reasoning . This article is specifically devoted to the statistical meanings of those terms and the technical issues of the statistical errors that those terms describe . Statistical test theory ( edit ) In statistical test theory , the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing . The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis , which usually corresponds to a default `` state of nature '' , for example `` this person is healthy '' , `` this accused is not guilty '' or `` this product is not broken '' . An alternative hypothesis is the negation of null hypothesis , for example , `` this person is not healthy '' , `` this accused is guilty '' or `` this product is broken '' . The result of the test may be negative , relative to the null hypothesis ( not healthy , guilty , broken ) or positive ( healthy , not guilty , not broken ) . If the result of the test corresponds with reality , then a correct decision has been made . However , if the result of the test does not correspond with reality , then an error has occurred . Due to the statistical nature of a test , the result is never , except in very rare cases , free of error . Two types of error are distinguished : type I error and type II error . Type I error ( edit ) A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis ( H ) is true , but is rejected . It is asserting something that is absent , a false hit . A type I error may be likened to a so - called false positive ( a result that indicates that a given condition is present when it actually is not present ) . The type I error rate or significance level is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is true . It is denoted by the Greek letter α ( alpha ) and is also called the alpha level . Often , the significance level is set to 0.05 ( 5 % ) , implying that it is acceptable to have a 5 % probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis .", "3": "Type II error ( edit ) A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false , but erroneously fails to be rejected . It is failing to assert what is present , a miss . A type II error may be compared with a so - called false negative ( where an actual ' hit ' was disregarded by the test and seen as a ' miss ' ) in a test checking for a single condition with a definitive result of true or false . A Type II error is committed when we fail to believe a true alternative hypothesis . In terms of folk tales , an investigator may fail to see the wolf ( `` failing to raise an alarm '' ) . Again , H : no wolf . The rate of the type II error is denoted by the Greek letter β ( beta ) and related to the power of a test ( which equals 1 − β ) . Table of error types ( edit ) Tabularised relations between truth / falseness of the null hypothesis and outcomes of the test : Table of error types Null hypothesis ( H ) is True False Decision About Null Hypothesis ( H ) Reject Type I error ( False Positive ) Correct inference ( True Positive ) Fail to reject Correct inference ( True Negative ) Type II error ( False Negative ) Examples ( edit ) Example 1 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding water to toothpaste has no effect on cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary . A type I error occurs when detecting an effect ( adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is not present . The null hypothesis is true ( i.e. , it is true that adding water to toothpaste has no effect on cavities ) , but this null hypothesis is rejected based on bad experimental data . Example 2 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste has no effect on cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary .", "4": "A type II error occurs when failing to detect an effect ( adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is present . The null hypothesis is false ( i.e. , adding fluoride is actually effective against cavities ) , but the experimental data is such that the null hypothesis can not be rejected . Example 3 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` The evidence produced before the court proves that this man is guilty . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` This man is innocent . '' A type I error occurs when convicting an innocent person ( a miscarriage of justice ) . A type II error occurs when letting a guilty person go free ( an error of impunity ) . A positive correct outcome occurs when convicting a guilty person . A negative correct outcome occurs when letting an innocent person go free . Example 4 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` A patient 's symptoms improve after treatment A more rapidly than after a placebo treatment . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` A patient 's symptoms after treatment A are indistinguishable from a placebo . '' A Type I error would falsely indicate that treatment A is more effective than the placebo , whereas a Type II error would be a failure to demonstrate that treatment A is more effective than placebo even though it actually is more effective . Etymology ( edit ) In 1928 , Jerzy Neyman ( 1894 -- 1981 ) and Egon Pearson ( 1895 -- 1980 ) , both eminent statisticians , discussed the problems associated with `` deciding whether or not a particular sample may be judged as likely to have been randomly drawn from a certain population '' : and , as Florence Nightingale David remarked , `` it is necessary to remember the adjective ' random ' ( in the term ' random sample ' ) should apply to the method of drawing the sample and not to the sample itself '' . They identified `` two sources of error '' , namely : ( a ) the error of rejecting a hypothesis that should have been accepted , and ( b ) the error of accepting a hypothesis that should have been rejected .", "5": "In 1930 , they elaborated on these two sources of error , remarking that : ... in testing hypotheses two considerations must be kept in view , ( 1 ) we must be able to reduce the chance of rejecting a true hypothesis to as low a value as desired ; ( 2 ) the test must be so devised that it will reject the hypothesis tested when it is likely to be false . In 1933 , they observed that these `` problems are rarely presented in such a form that we can discriminate with certainty between the true and false hypothesis '' ( p. 187 ) . They also noted that , in deciding whether to accept or reject a particular hypothesis amongst a `` set of alternative hypotheses '' ( p. 201 ) , H , H , ... , it was easy to make an error : ... ( and ) these errors will be of two kinds : ( I ) we reject H ( i.e. , the hypothesis to be tested ) when it is true , ( II ) we accept H when some alternative hypothesis H or H is true . ( There are various notations for the alternative ) . In all of the papers co-written by Neyman and Pearson the expression H always signifies `` the hypothesis to be tested '' . In the same paper they call these two sources of error , errors of type I and errors of type II respectively . Related terms ( edit ) See also : Coverage probability Null hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Null hypothesis It is standard practice for statisticians to conduct tests in order to determine whether or not a `` speculative hypothesis '' concerning the observed phenomena of the world ( or its inhabitants ) can be supported . The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably ( or does not agree ) with the speculated hypothesis . On the basis that it is always assumed , by statistical convention , that the speculated hypothesis is wrong , and the so - called `` null hypothesis '' that the observed phenomena simply occur by chance ( and that , as a consequence , the speculated agent has no effect ) -- the test will determine whether this hypothesis is right or wrong . This is why the hypothesis under test is often called the null hypothesis ( most likely , coined by Fisher ( 1935 , p. 19 ) ) , because it is this hypothesis that is to be either nullified or not nullified by the test .", "6": "When the null hypothesis is nullified , it is possible to conclude that data support the `` alternative hypothesis '' ( which is the original speculated one ) . The consistent application by statisticians of Neyman and Pearson 's convention of representing `` the hypothesis to be tested '' ( or `` the hypothesis to be nullified '' ) with the expression H has led to circumstances where many understand the term `` the null hypothesis '' as meaning `` the nil hypothesis '' -- a statement that the results in question have arisen through chance . This is not necessarily the case -- the key restriction , as per Fisher ( 1966 ) , is that `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free from vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution . '' As a consequence of this , in experimental science the null hypothesis is generally a statement that a particular treatment has no effect ; in observational science , it is that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable , and that of an experimental prediction . Statistical significance ( edit ) If the probability of obtaining a result as extreme as the one obtained , supposing that the null hypothesis were true , is lower than a pre-specified cut - off probability ( for example , 5 % ) , then the result is said to be statistically significant and the null hypothesis is rejected . British statistician Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) stressed that the `` null hypothesis '' : ... is never proved or established , but is possibly disproved , in the course of experimentation . Every experiment may be said to exist only in order to give the facts a chance of disproving the null hypothesis . -- 1935 , p. 19 Application domains ( edit ) Statistical tests always involve a trade - off between : the acceptable level of false positives ( in which a non-match is declared to be a match ) and the acceptable level of false negatives ( in which an actual match is not detected ) . A threshold value can be varied to make the test more restrictive or more sensitive , with the more restrictive tests increasing the risk of rejecting true positives , and the more sensitive tests increasing the risk of accepting false positives .", "7": "Inventory control ( edit ) An automated inventory control system that rejects high - quality goods of a consignment commits a type I error , while a system that accepts low - quality goods commits a type II error . Computers ( edit ) The notions of false positives and false negatives have a wide currency in the realm of computers and computer applications , as follows . Computer security ( edit ) Main articles : computer security and computer insecurity Security vulnerabilities are an important consideration in the task of keeping computer data safe , while maintaining access to that data for appropriate users . Moulton ( 1983 ) , stresses the importance of : avoiding the type I errors ( or false positives ) that classify authorized users as imposters . avoiding the type II errors ( or false negatives ) that classify imposters as authorized users . Spam filtering ( edit ) A false positive occurs when spam filtering or spam blocking techniques wrongly classify a legitimate email message as spam and , as a result , interferes with its delivery . While most anti-spam tactics can block or filter a high percentage of unwanted emails , doing so without creating significant false - positive results is a much more demanding task . A false negative occurs when a spam email is not detected as spam , but is classified as non-spam . A low number of false negatives is an indicator of the efficiency of spam filtering . Malware ( edit ) The term `` false positive '' is also used when antivirus software wrongly classifies a harmless file as a virus . The incorrect detection may be due to heuristics or to an incorrect virus signature in a database . Similar problems can occur with antitrojan or antispyware software . Optical character recognition ( edit ) Detection algorithms of all kinds often create false positives . Optical character recognition ( OCR ) software may detect an `` a '' where there are only some dots that appear to be an `` a '' to the algorithm being used . Security screening ( edit ) Main articles : explosive detection and metal detector False positives are routinely found every day in airport security screening , which are ultimately visual inspection systems . The installed security alarms are intended to prevent weapons being brought onto aircraft ; yet they are often set to such high sensitivity that they alarm many times a day for minor items , such as keys , belt buckles , loose change , mobile phones , and tacks in shoes .", "8": "The ratio of false positives ( identifying an innocent traveller as a terrorist ) to true positives ( detecting a would - be terrorist ) is , therefore , very high ; and because almost every alarm is a false positive , the positive predictive value of these screening tests is very low . The relative cost of false results determines the likelihood that test creators allow these events to occur . As the cost of a false negative in this scenario is extremely high ( not detecting a bomb being brought onto a plane could result in hundreds of deaths ) whilst the cost of a false positive is relatively low ( a reasonably simple further inspection ) the most appropriate test is one with a low statistical specificity but high statistical sensitivity ( one that allows a high rate of false positives in return for minimal false negatives ) . Biometrics ( edit ) Biometric matching , such as for fingerprint recognition , facial recognition or iris recognition , is susceptible to type I and type II errors . The null hypothesis is that the input does identify someone in the searched list of people , so : the probability of type I errors is called the `` false reject rate '' ( FRR ) or false non-match rate ( FNMR ) , while the probability of type II errors is called the `` false accept rate '' ( FAR ) or false match rate ( FMR ) . If the system is designed to rarely match suspects then the probability of type II errors can be called the `` false alarm rate '' . On the other hand , if the system is used for validation ( and acceptance is the norm ) then the FAR is a measure of system security , while the FRR measures user inconvenience level . Medicine ( edit ) Further information : False positives and false negatives Medical screening ( edit ) In the practice of medicine , there is a significant difference between the applications of screening and testing . Screening involves relatively cheap tests that are given to large populations , none of whom manifest any clinical indication of disease ( e.g. , Pap smears ) . Testing involves far more expensive , often invasive , procedures that are given only to those who manifest some clinical indication of disease , and are most often applied to confirm a suspected diagnosis . For example , most states in the USA require newborns to be screened for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism , among other congenital disorders .", "9": "Although they display a high rate of false positives , the screening tests are considered valuable because they greatly increase the likelihood of detecting these disorders at a far earlier stage . The simple blood tests used to screen possible blood donors for HIV and hepatitis have a significant rate of false positives ; however , physicians use much more expensive and far more precise tests to determine whether a person is actually infected with either of these viruses . Perhaps the most widely discussed false positives in medical screening come from the breast cancer screening procedure mammography . The US rate of false positive mammograms is up to 15 % , the highest in world . One consequence of the high false positive rate in the US is that , in any 10 - year period , half of the American women screened receive a false positive mammogram . False positive mammograms are costly , with over $100 million spent annually in the U.S. on follow - up testing and treatment . They also cause women unneeded anxiety . As a result of the high false positive rate in the US , as many as 90 -- 95 % of women who get a positive mammogram do not have the condition . The lowest rate in the world is in the Netherlands , 1 % . The lowest rates are generally in Northern Europe where mammography films are read twice and a high threshold for additional testing is set ( the high threshold decreases the power of the test ) . The ideal population screening test would be cheap , easy to administer , and produce zero false - negatives , if possible . Such tests usually produce more false - positives , which can subsequently be sorted out by more sophisticated ( and expensive ) testing . Medical testing ( edit ) False negatives and false positives are significant issues in medical testing . False negatives may provide a falsely reassuring message to patients and physicians that disease is absent , when it is actually present . This sometimes leads to inappropriate or inadequate treatment of both the patient and their disease . A common example is relying on cardiac stress tests to detect coronary atherosclerosis , even though cardiac stress tests are known to only detect limitations of coronary artery blood flow due to advanced stenosis . False negatives produce serious and counter-intuitive problems , especially when the condition being searched for is common .", "10": "If a test with a false negative rate of only 10 % , is used to test a population with a true occurrence rate of 70 % , many of the negatives detected by the test will be false . False positives can also produce serious and counter-intuitive problems when the condition being searched for is rare , as in screening . If a test has a false positive rate of one in ten thousand , but only one in a million samples ( or people ) is a true positive , most of the positives detected by that test will be false . The probability that an observed positive result is a false positive may be calculated using Bayes ' theorem . Paranormal investigation ( edit ) The notion of a false positive is common in cases of paranormal or ghost phenomena seen in images and such , when there is another plausible explanation . When observing a photograph , recording , or some other evidence that appears to have a paranormal origin , a false positive is a disproven piece of media `` evidence '' ( image , movie , audio recording , etc . ) that actually has a natural explanation . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman -- Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor 's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians ' and engineers ' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In relation to this newborn screening , recent studies have shown that there are more than 12 times more false positives than correct screens ( Gambrill , 2006 . ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Several sites provide examples of false positives , including The Atlantic Paranormal Society ( TAPS ) Archived 28 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine . and Moorestown Ghost Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Type I Error and Type II Error - Experimental Errors '' . explorable.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Sheskin , David ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures . CRC Press . p. 54 .", "11": "ISBN 1584884401 . Jump up ^ Peck , Roxy and Jay L. Devore ( 2011 ) . Statistics : The Exploration and Analysis of Data . Cengage Learning . pp. 464 -- 465 . ISBN 0840058012 . Jump up ^ Cisco Secure IPS -- Excluding False Positive Alarms http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps4077/products_tech_note09186a008009404e.shtml ^ Jump up to : Lindenmayer , David ; Burgman , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring , assessment and indicators '' . Practical Conservation Biology ( PAP / CDR ed . ) . Collingwood , Victoria , Australia : CSIRO Publishing . pp. 401 -- 424 . ISBN 0 - 643 - 09089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schlotzhauer , Sandra ( 2007 ) . Elementary Statistics Using JMP ( SAS Press ) ( 1 ed . ) . Cary , NC : SAS Institute . pp. 166 -- 423 . ISBN 1 - 599 - 94375 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 2 volume set . ABC - CLIO . p. 455 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 653 - 9 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . `` On the Use and Interpretation of Certain Test Criteria for Purposes of Statistical Inference , Part I '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 66 . Jump up ^ David , F.N. ( 1949 ) . Probability Theory for Statistical Methods . Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Pearson , E.S. ; Neyman , J. ( 1967 ) ( 1930 ) . `` On the Problem of Two Samples '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 .", "12": "^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The design of experiments . 8th edition . Hafner : Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Williams , G.O. ( 1996 ) . `` Iris Recognition Technology '' ( PDF ) . debut.cis.nctu.edu.tw . p. 56 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . crossover error rate ( that point where the probabilities of False Reject ( Type I error ) and False Accept ( Type II error ) are approximately equal ) is . 00076 % Betz , M.A. & Gabriel , K.R. , `` Type IV Errors and Analysis of Simple Effects '' , Journal of Educational Statistics , Vol. 3 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1978 ) , pp. 121 -- 144 . David , F.N. , `` A Power Function for Tests of Randomness in a Sequence of Alternatives '' , Biometrika , Vol. 34 , Nos. 3 / 4 , ( December 1947 ) , pp. 335 -- 339 . Fisher , R.A. , The Design of Experiments , Oliver & Boyd ( Edinburgh ) , 1935 . Gambrill , W. , `` False Positives on Newborns ' Disease Tests Worry Parents '' , Health Day , ( 5 June 2006 ) . 34471. html Kaiser , H.F. , `` Directional Statistical Decisions '' , Psychological Review , Vol. 67 , No. 3 , ( May 1960 ) , pp. 160 -- 167 . Kimball , A.W. , `` Errors of the Third Kind in Statistical Consulting '' , Journal of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 52 , No. 278 , ( June 1957 ) , pp. 133 -- 142 . Lubin , A. , `` The Interpretation of Significant Interaction '' , Educational and Psychological Measurement , Vol. 21 , No.", "13": "4 , ( Winter 1961 ) , pp. 807 -- 817 . Marascuilo , L.A. & Levin , J.R. , `` Appropriate Post Hoc Comparisons for Interaction and nested Hypotheses in Analysis of Variance Designs : The Elimination of Type - IV Errors '' , American Educational Research Journal , Vol. 7. , No. 3 , ( May 1970 ) , pp. 397 -- 421 . Mitroff , I.I. & Featheringham , T.R. , `` On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind '' , Behavioral Science , Vol. 19 , No. 6 , ( November 1974 ) , pp. 383 -- 393 . Mosteller , F. , `` A k - Sample Slippage Test for an Extreme Population '' , The Annals of Mathematical Statistics , Vol. 19 , No. 1 , ( March 1948 ) , pp. 58 -- 65 . Moulton , R.T. , `` Network Security '' , Datamation , Vol. 29 , No. 7 , ( July 1983 ) , pp. 121 -- 127 . Raiffa , H. , Decision Analysis : Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty , Addison -- Wesley , ( Reading ) , 1968 . External links ( edit ) Bias and Confounding -- presentation by Nigel Paneth , Graduate School of Public Health , University of Pittsburgh ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency", "14": "distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - 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5819386267283467034	what year did the us hockey team won the olympics	[ "1960 and 1980", "1960", "1980", "1960", "1980" ]	{ "0": "United States men 's national ice Hockey team - wikipedia United States men 's national ice Hockey team Jump to : navigation , search United States Nickname ( s ) Team U.S.A. , Ice Yanks Association USA Hockey General Manager Bill Zito Head coach Jeff Blashill Assistants Dan Bylsma Don Granato Seth Appert Captain Patrick Kane Most games Mark Johnson ( 151 ) Most points Mark Johnson ( 146 ) Team colors IIHF code USA Ranking Current IIHF 6 1 Highest IIHF 4 ( 2016 ) Lowest IIHF 7 ( first in 2003 ) First international United States 29 -- 0 Switzerland ( Antwerp , Belgium ; April 24 , 1920 ) Biggest win United States 31 -- 1 Italy ( St.", "1": "Moritz , Switzerland ; February 1 , 1948 ) Biggest defeat Sweden 17 -- 2 United States ( Stockholm , Sweden ; March 12 , 1963 ) Soviet Union 17 -- 2 United States ( Stockholm , Sweden ; March 15 , 1969 ) IIHF World Championships Appearances 69 ( first in 1920 ) Best result Gold : ( 1933 , 1960 ) World Cup / Canada Cup Appearances 8 ( first in 1976 ) Best result Winner : ( 1996 ) Olympics Appearances 22 ( first in 1920 ) Medals Gold ( 1960 , 1980 ) Silver ( 1920 , 1924 , 1932 , 1952 , 1956 , 1972 , 2002 , 2010 ) Bronze : ( 1936 ) Medal record Olympic Games 1960 Squaw Valley Team 1980 Lake Placid Team 1920 Antwerp Team 1924 Chamonix Team 1932 Lake Placid Team 1952 Oslo Team 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Team 1972 Sapporo Team 2002 Salt Lake City Team 2010 Vancouver Team 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Team Canada Cup / World Cup of Hockey 1996 World Cup of Hockey 1991 Canada Cup World Championship 1933 Czechoslovakia 1931 Poland 1934 Italy 1939 Switzerland 1950 Great Britain 1949 Sweden 1962 United States 1996 Austria 2004 Czech Republic 2013 Sweden / Finland 2015 Czech Republic The United States men 's national ice hockey team is based in Colorado Springs , Colorado , with its U18 and U17 development program in Plymouth , Michigan . The team is controlled by USA Hockey , the governing body for organized ice hockey in the United States . The US team is ranked 6th in the IIHF World Rankings . The current head coach is Tony Granato .", "2": "The United States won gold medals at the 1960 and 1980 Winter Olympics and more recently , silver medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics . The United States won the 1996 World Cup of Hockey . The team 's most recent medal at the World Championships came with a bronze in 2015 . They won the tournament in 1933 and 1960 . Unlike other nations , the United States does n't typically use its best NHL players in the World Championships even when they 're available . Instead , USA Hockey uses this tournament as a platform for young NHLers and college players . United States is a member of the so - called `` Big Six '' , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , and Sweden . As of 2014 , the US has a registered ice hockey population of 611,926 with USA Hockey . USA Hockey is the largest governing body for ice hockey in the United States and is considered the best representation of the number of players playing ice hockey in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tournament record 2.1 Olympic Games 2.2 Canada Cup 2.3 World Cup 2.4 World Championship 2.5 Others 3 Team 3.1 Current roster 3.2 IIHF World Championship directorate awards 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The American ice hockey team 's greatest success was the `` Miracle on Ice '' at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York when American college players defeated the heavily favored professionals from the Soviet Union on the way to a gold medal . Though hockey is not a major sport in most areas of the United States , the `` Miracle '' is often listed as one of the all - time greatest American sporting achievements . The United States also won the gold medal in the 1960 Games at Squaw Valley , California , defeating the Soviet Union , Canada , Czechoslovakia , and Sweden along the way . However , since this victory is not as well known as the 1980 win , it has come to be known as the `` Forgotten Miracle '' . U.S.", "3": "hockey experienced a spike in talent in the 1980s and 1990s , with future National Hockey League ( NHL ) stars including Tony Amonte , Chris Chelios , Derian Hatcher , Brett Hull , Pat LaFontaine , John LeClair , Brian Leetch , Mike Modano , Mike Richter , Jeremy Roenick , Kevin Stevens , Keith Tkachuk , and Doug Weight . Although the United States finished no higher than fourth in any World or Olympic event from 1981 through 1994 ( the US never used its best in these tournaments ) , the Americans did reach the final of the 1991 Canada Cup and did win the 1996 World Cup with a squad of NHL players . Six years later , after the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and NHL arranged to accommodate an Olympic break in the NHL schedule , the United States earned a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics with a roster that included NHL stars Adam Deadmarsh , Chris Drury , Brian Rafalski , and Brian Rolston . But by 2006 , many of these NHL All - Stars had retired or had declined with age . Though the 2006 Olympic team finished a disappointing 8th , it was more of a transitional team , featuring young NHL players like Rick DiPietro , John - Michael Liles , and Jordan Leopold . The 2010 U.S. Olympic team was composed of much younger and faster players than teams of previous years , including David Backes , Dustin Brown , Jack Johnson , Patrick Kane , Phil Kessel , Zach Parise , Joe Pavelski , Bobby Ryan , Paul Stastny , and Ryan Suter . The team also had a solid group of veterans that included top NHL goalie Ryan Miller top defenseman Brian Rafalski and U.S. Olympic Team Captain Jamie Langenbrunner . The U.S. team upset team Canada 5 -- 3 in the round - robin phase of the tournament and went into the single elimination phase of the tournament as the number - one seeded team . After beating Finland 6 -- 1 the United States advanced to the gold medal game , where they lost in overtime 3 -- 2 to Canada to claim the silver medal . The gold medal game between Canada and the United States was watched by an estimated 27.6 million U.S. households .", "4": "This was the most watched hockey game in America since the 1980 `` Miracle on Ice '' game , including any Stanley Cup Final or NHL Winter Classic broadcast . The NHL pulled out of the Olympics for the 2018 competition in a dispute over insurance and the IOC 's ambush marketing restrictions , prohibiting the national teams from inviting any player it held under contract . On January 1 , 2018 , the US roster was announced . Five players both from the Swiss National League and the KHL , four players from the NCAA , three players from the Swedish League and the AHL and two players from the German League made the team . Brian Gionta , the captain , is the lone unsigned free agent in the 25 - men roster ( he was signed to a practice squad contract with an AHL team at the time ) . The team eventually lost in the quarterfinals ; the Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) team , consisting primarily of SKA and CSKA players of a Russia - based KHL and featuring ex-NHL all - stars Pavel Datsyuk , Ilya Kovalchuk and Vyacheslav Voynov ( all SKA ) , won the gold medal , defeating the German national team with a score of 4 : 3 OT in the final . Canada won a bronze medal over the Czech Republic .", "5": "Tournament record ( edit ) Olympic Games ( edit ) Year Result 1920 1924 1928 did not participate 1932 1936 1948 disqualified 1952 1956 1960 1964 5th place 1968 6th place 1972 1976 5th place 1980 1984 7th place 1988 7th place 4th place 8th place 1998 6th place 2002 2006 8th place 2014 4th place 2018 7th place Totals Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 21 8 11 Canada Cup ( edit ) 1976 -- 5th 1981 -- 4th 1984 -- 4th 1987 -- 5th 1991 -- 2nd World Cup ( edit ) 1996 -- 1st 2004 -- 4th 2016 ( 24 and older ) -- 7th World Championship ( edit ) See : Ice Hockey World Championships and List of IIHF World Championship medalists Note : Between 1920 and 1968 , the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year . 1920 -- Won medal 1924 -- Won medal 1931 -- Won medal 1932 -- Won medal 1933 -- Won medal 1934 -- Won medal 1936 -- Won medal 1938 -- Finished in 7th place 1939 -- Won medal 1940 -- 46 -- Not held 1947 -- Finished in 5th place 1948 -- Finished in 4th place 1949 -- Won medal 1950 -- Won medal 1951 -- Finished in 6th place 1952 -- Won medal 1955 -- Finished in 4th place 1956 -- Won medal 1958 -- Finished in 5th place 1959 -- Finished in", "6": "4th place 1960 -- Won medal 1961 -- Finished in 6th place 1962 -- Won medal 1963 -- Finished in 8th place 1964 -- Finished in 5th place 1965 -- Finished in 6th place 1966 -- Finished in 6th place 1967 -- Finished in 5th place 1968 -- Finished in 6th place 1969 -- Finished in 6th place 1970 -- Finished in 7th place ( Won `` Pool B '' ) 1971 -- Finished in 6th place 1972 -- Finished in 8th place ( 2nd in `` Pool B '' ) 1973 -- Finished in 8th place ( 2nd in `` Pool B '' ) 1974 -- Finished in 7th place ( Won `` Pool B '' ) 1975 -- Finished in 6th place 1976 -- Finished in 4th place 1977 -- Finished in 6th place 1978 -- Finished in 6th place 1979 -- Finished in 7th place 1980 -- Not held 1981 -- Finished in 5th place 1982 -- Finished in 8th place 1983 -- Finished in 9th place ( Won `` Pool B '' ) 1984 -- Not held 1985 -- Finished in 4th place 1986 -- Finished in 6th place 1987 -- Finished in 7th place 1988 -- Not held 1989 -- Finished in 6th place 1990 -- Finished in 5th place 1991 -- Finished in 4th place 1992 -- Finished in 7th place 1993 -- Finished in 6th place 1994 -- Finished in 4th place 1995 -- Finished in 6th place 1996 -- Won medal 1997 -- Finished in 6th place 1998 -- Finished in 12th place 1999 -- Finished in 6th", "7": "place 2000 -- Finished in 5th place 2001 -- Finished in 4th place 2002 -- Finished in 7th place 2003 -- Finished in 13th place 2004 -- Won medal 2005 -- Finished in 6th place 2006 -- Finished in 7th place 2007 -- Finished in 5th place 2008 -- Finished in 6th place 2009 -- Finished in 4th place 2010 -- Finished in 13th place 2011 -- Finished in 8th place 2012 -- Finished in 7th place 2013 -- Won medal 2014 -- Finished in 6th place 2015 -- Won medal 2016 -- Finished in 4th place 2017 -- Finished in 5th place Others ( edit ) 1988 Spengler Cup -- Winners 2002 Deutschland Cup -- Finished in 2nd place 2003 Deutschland Cup -- Winners 2004 Deutschland Cup -- Winners 2005 Deutschland Cup -- Finished in 3rd place 2005 TUI Nations Cup -- Finished in 2nd place 2007 Deutschland Cup -- Finished in 2nd place Team ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) The following is the American roster for the men 's ice hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics . view Head coach : Tony Granato Assistant coaches : Keith Allain , Chris Chelios , Scott Young No . Pos . Name Height Weight Birthdate Birthplace 2017 -- 18 team Billins , Chad Chad Billins 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001989 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1989 Marysville , Michigan Linköpings HC ( SHL ) 5 Welch ,", "8": "Noah Noah Welch -- A 6 ft 4 in ( 193 cm ) 7001997903214000000 ♠ 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 000000001982 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1982 Brighton , Massachusetts Växjö Lakers ( SHL ) 7 McCarthy , John John McCarthy 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 7001879969197800000 ♠ 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 000000001986 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1986 Boston , Massachusetts San Jose Barracuda ( AHL ) 9 O'Neill , Brian Brian O'Neill 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 7001780178876400000 ♠ 172 lb ( 78 kg ) 000000001988 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1988 Yardley , Pennsylvania Jokerit ( KHL ) 11 Roe , Garrett Garrett Roe 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 7001821002189700000 ♠ 181 lb ( 82 kg ) 000000001988 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1988 Vienna , Virginia EV Zug ( NL ) 12 Gionta , Brian Brian Gionta -- C 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) 7001811930342300000 ♠ 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 000000001979 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1979 Rochester , New York Free agent 13 Gunderson , Ryan Ryan Gunderson 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001985 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1985 Bensalem , Pennsylvania Brynäs IF ( SHL ) 14 Little ,", "9": "Broc Broc Little 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 7001771107029000000 ♠ 170 lb ( 77 kg ) 000000001988 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1988 Phoenix , Arizona HC Davos ( NL ) 15 Butler , Bobby Bobby Butler 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 7001861825503000000 ♠ 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 000000001987 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1987 Marlborough , Massachusetts Milwaukee Admirals ( AHL ) 16 Donato , Ryan Ryan Donato 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 7001870897350400000 ♠ 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 000000001996 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1996 Scituate , Massachusetts Harvard University ( ECAC ) 17 Bourque , Chris Chris Bourque 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001986 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1986 Boston , Massachusetts Hershey Bears ( AHL ) 18 Greenway , Jordan Jordan Greenway 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) 7002102965467990000 ♠ 227 lb ( 103 kg ) 000000001997 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1997 Canton , New York Boston University ( HE ) 19 Slater , Jim Jim Slater 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 7001861825503000000 ♠ 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 000000001982 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1982 Lapeer , Michigan HC Fribourg - Gottéron ( NL ) 20 Borgen ,", "10": "Will Will Borgen 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 7001848217731900000 ♠ 187 lb ( 85 kg ) 000000001996 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1996 Moorhead , Minnesota St. Cloud State University ( NCHC ) 21 Wisniewski , James James Wisniewski 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 7001920792511100000 ♠ 203 lb ( 92 kg ) 000000001984 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1984 Canton , Michigan Kassel Huskies ( DEL2 ) 22 Sanguinetti , Bobby Bobby Sanguinetti 6 ft 3 in ( 191 cm ) 7001861825503000000 ♠ 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 000000001988 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1988 Trenton , New Jersey HC Lugano ( NL ) 23 Terry , Troy Troy Terry 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001997 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1997 Highlands Ranch , Colorado University of Denver ( NCHC ) 24 Blum , Jonathon Jonathon Blum 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 7001848217731900000 ♠ 187 lb ( 85 kg ) 000000001989 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1989 Long Beach , California HC Sochi ( KHL ) 26 Arcobello , Mark Mark Arcobello 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001988 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1988 Milford , Connecticut SC Bern ( NL ) 30 Zapolski ,", "11": "Ryan Ryan Zapolski 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 7001920792511100000 ♠ 203 lb ( 92 kg ) 000000001986 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1986 Erie , Pennsylvania Jokerit ( KHL ) 31 Maxwell , Brandon Brandon Maxwell 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 7001889041045200000 ♠ 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 000000001991 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1991 Winter Park , Florida BK Mladá Boleslav ( ELH ) 35 Leggio , David David Leggio 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 7001839145884500000 ♠ 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 000000001984 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1984 Williamsville , New York EHC Red Bull München ( DEL ) 42 Kolarik , Chad Chad Kolarik 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 7001830074037100000 ♠ 183 lb ( 83 kg ) 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Abington , Pennsylvania Adler Mannheim ( DEL ) 94 Stoa , Ryan Ryan Stoa 6 ft 3 in ( 191 cm ) 7001961615824400000 ♠ 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 000000001987 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1987 Bloomington , Minnesota HC Spartak Moscow ( KHL ) 97 Gilroy , Matt Matt Gilroy -- A 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 7001920792511100000 ♠ 203 lb ( 92 kg ) 000000001984 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1984 North Bellmore ,", "12": "New York Jokerit ( KHL ) IIHF World Championship directorate awards ( edit ) Main article : List of IIHF World Championship directorate award winners The IIHF has given awards for each year 's championship tournament to the top goalie , defenseman , and forward ( all since 1954 ) , and most valuable player ( since 2004 ) . The following USA team members have won awards . 1955 -- Don Rigazio ( goalie ) 1956 -- Willard Ikola ( goalie ) 1959 -- Bill Cleary ( forward ) 1960 -- Jack McCartan ( goalie ) 1962 -- John Mayasich ( defenseman ) 1967 -- Carl Wetzel ( goalie ) 2004 -- Ty Conklin ( goalie ) 2014 -- Seth Jones ( defenseman ) See also ( edit ) List of United States national hockey team rosters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ World Ranking Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` NHL announces World Cup of Hockey for 2016 '' . The Canadian Press . 2015 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.usahockey.com/page/show/839306-membership-statistics Jump up ^ http://unitedstatesofhockey.com/2014/06/17/u-s-hockey-participation-numbers-for-2013-14/ Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Hockey 's miracle before the ' Miracle ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Morning Skate : The Forgotten Miracle of 1960 '' . New York Times . 2009 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Game Seen by 27.6 Million '' New York Times , 1 March 2010 .", "13": "Retrieved 1 March 2010 Jump up ^ https://www.teamusa.org/News/2018/January/01/New-Look-2018-US-Olympic-Mens-Ice-Hockey-Team-Named-Led-By-2006-Olympian-Brian-Gionta Jump up ^ See : Ice Hockey World Championships . Jump up ^ See Ice Hockey World Championships # 1930 -- 1953 : Canadian dominance . World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics and the world championships from 1941 to 1946 . `` International hockey timeline '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . ( ed . ) Carl Diem ( January 1940 ) . `` The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . Berlin : International Olympic Institute ( 8 ) : 8 -- 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ See : 1972 World Ice Hockey Championships . For the first time , a separate tournament is held for both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . ^ Jump up to : No championships were held during the Olympic years 1980 , 1984 , and 1988 . See : Ice Hockey World Championships # 1976 -- 1987 : First years of open competition and List of IIHF World Championship medalists . Jump up ^ USA Hockey Deutschland Cup Archives Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2003&2004 Deutschland Cup Jump up ^ 2005 Deutschland Cup Jump up ^ USA Hockey Deutschland / TUI Cup results Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey Announces Rosters For 2018 Olympic / Paralympic Teams '' . USAHockey.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Team Roster United States External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States national ice hockey team . Official website IIHF profile Ice hockey", "14": "in the United States National teams : Men 's national team Under - 20 Under - 18 Under - 16 Women 's national team Under - 18 National sledge hockey team Leagues ( Men ) : Major pro : National Hockey League Minor pro : American Hockey League ECHL Federal Hockey League Southern Professional Hockey League College : NCAA Division I Division III Leagues ( Women ) : National Women 's Hockey League NCAA Division I Division III Leagues ( Junior ) : USA Hockey Tier I : United States Hockey League Tier II : North American Hockey League Tier III : Eastern Hockey League North American 3 Hockey League Rocky Mountain Junior Hockey League United Hockey Union Tier II : Western States Hockey League Independent : United States Premier Hockey League Other articles : Hall of Fame Structure Hockey Weekend Across America Miracle on Ice Film : Miracle on Ice ( 1981 ) Miracle ( 2004 ) List of Olympic men List of Olympic women List of men 's national team rosters List of women 's national team rosters National sports teams of the United States A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 M 3x3 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17", "15": "W U16 W 3x3 M Para W Para Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U22 W U18 M Para W Para Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Para Cerebral palsy Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo Para rugby Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics World University Games Men 's national ice hockey teams Africa", "16": "Algeria Morocco * Namibia South Africa Tunisia Americas Argentina * Brazil * Canada Chile * * Colombia Costa Rica Falkland Islands Haiti Jamaica * Mexico United States Multinational North America Asia and Oceania Australia Bahrain China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia * Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lebanon Macau * Malaysia * Mongolia Nepal * New Zealand Oman * Philippines * Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore * Thailand Turkmenistan * United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Europe Andorra * Armenia * Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece * Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein * Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia * Moldova * Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal * Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Multinational Europe Former teams Basque Country Bohemia Catalonia Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Germany England Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia * : IIHF associate members * * : IIHF affiliate members : Non-IIHF members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&oldid=838458516 '' Categories : National ice hockey teams in the Americas United States national ice hockey team Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3916394566028297311	who wrote it's a long long way to pasadena	[ "David Hemmings", "Harry Vanda", "George Young", "David Hemmings, Harry Vanda & George Young", "David Hemmings", "Harry Vanda", "George Young", "John Young", "David Hemmings", "Harry Vanda", "George Young" ]	{ "0": "Pasadena ( song ) - Wikipedia Pasadena ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pasadena '' Single by John Young Released January 1972 ( original ) 1975 ( re-recorded ) Format Vinyl , 7 '' Genre Pop Length 3 : 15 Label Albert Productions Songwriter ( s ) David Hemmings , Harry Vanda & George Young Producer ( s ) Simon Napier - Bell John Young singles chronology `` Pasadena '' ( 1972 ) `` You Drive Me Crazy '' ( 1973 ) `` Pasadena '' ( 1972 ) `` You Drive Me Crazy '' ( 1973 ) `` Pasadena '' is the debut single by Australian pop singer John Young , released in January 1972 and peaking at number 16 on the Australian Go - Set Chart . The single was released under the name John Young . Young 's subsequent releases used `` John Paul Young '' to avoid confusion with Johnny Young ( no relation ) , the 1960s pop star and Young Talent Time ( 1971 -- 1988 TV show ) presenter . Young performed the song on Happening 70 on Channel Ten . `` Pasadena '' was re-recorded in 1975 for Young 's debut studio album Hero .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' ( AP - 9765 ) Side A `` Pasadena '' ( David Hemmings , Harry Vanda & George Young ) - 3 : 15 Side B `` Better Go Back to Bed '' ( Simon Napier - Bell , H. Vanda & G. Young ) - 2 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Position Australian Go - Set Chart 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Position Australian Go - Set Chart 89 Personnel ( edit ) John Paul Young -- Lead vocals Ian `` Willie '' Winter -- Guitar Johnny Dick -- Drums , percussion Warren Morgan -- ( Keyboards , backing vocals ) Ronnie Peel -- Bass , backing vocals ) Ray Goodwin -- Guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pasadena '' . Australian Music Database . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` ARIA Hall of Fame -- John Paul Young '' . The Drum Media . Western Australia : Street Press Australia Pty Ltd. p. 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilmoth , Peter -- Glad All Over -- The Countdown Years 1974 -- 1987 , p 66 - 9 McPhee Gribble / Penguin Books 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86914 - 293 - 6 Jump up ^ `` GO Set Chart w / c 6 February 1971 '' . Pop Archives . 6 February 1971 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) John Paul Young - Pasadena ( 7 '' single ) ( hide ) John Paul Young Discography Studio albums Hero J.P.Y.", "2": "Green Love Is in the Air Heaven Sent The Singer One Foot in Front Now In Too Deep Compilation albums All the Best Love Is in the Air Classic Hits I Hate the Music Singles `` Pasadena '' `` Yesterday 's Hero '' `` The Love Game '' `` I Hate the Music '' `` Keep On Smilin ' '' `` Standing in the Rain '' `` I Wanna Do It With You '' `` Here We Go '' `` Where the Action Is '' `` Love Is in the Air '' `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' `` Lost in Your Love '' `` Fool in Love '' `` Out of Time '' `` Soldier of Fortune '' Related articles Vanda & Young This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasadena_(song)&oldid=788376460 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1972 singles John Paul Young songs Songs written by Harry Vanda Songs written by George Young ( rock musician ) Albert Productions singles 1970s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 01 : 57 . 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-2432292250757146771	who wrote the song i hate you i love you	[ "Garrett Nash", "Olivia O'Brien", "Garrett Nash", "Olivia O'Brien", "Angel Benitez", "Angel Benitez", "Garrett Nash", "Olivia O'Brien" ]	{ "0": "I Hate U , I Love U - wikipedia I Hate U , I Love U Jump to : navigation , search `` I Hate U , I Love U '' Single by Gnash featuring Olivia O'Brien from the album Us Released February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Pop Length 3 : 46 Label Atlantic Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Garrett Nash Olivia O'Brien Producer ( s ) Gnash Gnash singles chronology `` Come Back '' ( 2016 ) `` I Hate U , I Love U '' ( 2016 ) `` Something '' ( 2016 ) `` Come Back '' ( 2016 ) `` I Hate U , I Love U '' ( 2016 ) `` Something '' ( 2016 ) Olivia O'Brien singles chronology `` I Hate U , I Love U '' ( 2016 ) I Hate U , I Love U2016 `` Trust Issues '' ( 2016 ) Trust Issues2016 Music video `` i hate u , i love u '' on YouTube `` I Hate U , I Love U '' ( stylized as `` i hate u , i love u '' ) is a song by American singer and rapper Gnash featuring American singer Olivia O'Brien . It was released on February 17 , 2016 , as the first single from Gnash 's third extended play , Us ( 2016 ) . The song peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , the song topped the charts in Australia , a first for both Gnash and O'Brien , and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Austria , Belgium , Finland , Norway and the United Kingdom . On December 9 , 2016 , O'Brien released her solo version of the song titled `` Hate U Love U '' .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Lyrical interpretation 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Controversy 8 Olivia O'Brien version 8.1 Charts 9 References Background and release ( edit ) Gnash enlisted San Francisco singer - songwriter Olivia O'Brien with the help of Angel Benitez , who originally wrote the song , to provide the vocals for the track . O'Brien had already worked with Gnash , having covered his song `` Disposable '' . Gnash originally released the song on July 26 , 2015 , on his SoundCloud page . It was released commercially on iTunes on February 17 , 2016 , becoming the lead single of Gnash 's extended play , Us ( 2016 ) . Lyrical interpretation ( edit ) The song is a stripped - back piano ballad with minimal beats , and it expresses the aftermath of a sad breakup when both ex-lovers are still missing each other . While O'Brien is still in the same emotional place as when they broke up , Gnash has partly been able to move on . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` I Hate U , I Love U '' premiered on March 7 , 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Time was negative towards `` I Hate U , I Love U '' , labeling it as one of the worst songs of 2016 and writing , `` Forget The Chainsmokers and Halsey 's chart - conquering smash ' Closer ' -- the most depressingly zeitgeist - defining song of 2016 is gnash 's piano ballad ' i hate u , i love u , ' with singer - songwriter Olivia O'Brien , which inexplicably rose to the Top 10 of the Hot 100 this year . The singsongy melody is obnoxious as an ice cream truck jingle , while the lifeless production drains it of any energy . '' In 2017 , the song was nominated for a Radio Disney Music Award for Best Breakup Song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 - 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA )", "2": "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 9 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 39 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) 23 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 32 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 39", "3": "Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 50 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 56 Israel ( Media Forest ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 44 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 42 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Controversy ( edit ) On October 21 2017 , songwriter Angel Benitez requested Gnash for a songwriter credit on the song for the use of his quote `` I 'm always tired , but never of you '' . The following day , Gnash did not comply with Benitez 's request and blocked him on Twitter , resulting in Benitez threatening to sue Gnash for songwriting credit .", "4": "Olivia O'Brien version ( edit ) `` Hate U Love U '' Single by Olivia O'Brien Released December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop Length 2 : 55 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Garrett Nash Olivia O'Brien Angel Benitez Producer ( s ) Gnash Olivia O'Brien singles chronology `` Find What You 're Looking For '' ( 2016 ) `` Hate U Love U '' ( 2016 ) `` Empty '' ( 2017 ) `` Find What You 're Looking For '' ( 2016 ) `` Hate U Love U '' ( 2016 ) `` Empty '' ( 2017 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 99 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` i hate u , i love u ( feat . olivia o'brien ) -- Single by gnash '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Hate U Love U -- Single by Olivia O'Brien '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` i hate u , i love u ( feat . olivia o'brien ) '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` gnash - i hate u , i love u ( ft. olivia o'brien ) ( music video ) -- YouTube '' . YouTube . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2016 '' . Time . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Radio Disney Music Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Gnash feat .", "5": "Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201650 into search . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201631 into search . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash : I Hate U , I Love U ( Feat . Olivia O'Brien ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 36 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 41 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' .", "7": "VG - lista . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201617 into search . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gnash Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Gnash -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien ; ' I Hate U , I Love U ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien ; ' I Hate U , I Love U ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Gnash feat . Olivia O'Brien -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Enter I Hate U , I Love U in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Gnash -- I Hate U , I Love U '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Olivia O'Brien -- Chart history : Canadian Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia O'Brien Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .", "10": "Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Hate_U,_I_Love_U&oldid=832695019 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2016 singles 2016 songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Belgium Pop ballads Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 54 .", "11": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2393389448844632496	what is loihi and where does it originate from	[ "an active submarine volcano about 35 km (22 mi) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii", "an active submarine volcano about 35 km (22 mi) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii", "from the Hawaii hotspot" ]	{ "0": "Lōʻihi seamount - wikipedia Lōʻihi seamount Jump to : navigation , search Lōihi Seamount Yellow iron oxide - covered lava rock on the flank of Lōʻihi Summit depth 975 m ( 3,199 ft ) . Height over 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) above the ocean floor Summit area Volume -- 660 km3 ( 160 mi3 ) Translation Loʻihi means `` long '' in Hawaiian , so named in 1955 . ( Hawaiian ) Pronunciation ( loːˈʔihi ) Location Location Southeast of the island of Hawaiʻi Coordinates 18 ° 55 ′ N 155 ° 16 ′ W / 18.92 ° N 155.27 ° W / 18.92 ; - 155.27 Coordinates : 18 ° 55 ′ N 155 ° 16 ′ W / 18.92 ° N 155.27 ° W / 18.92 ; - 155.27 Country Hawaiʻi , US Geology Type Submarine volcano Volcanic arc / chain Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain Age of rock At least 400,000 years old Last eruption February to August 1996 History Discovery date 1940 -- US Coast and Geodetic Survey chart number 4115 First visit 1978 Lōihi Seamount ( also known as Lōʻihi ) is an active submarine volcano about 35 km ( 22 mi ) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii . The top of the seamount is about 975 m ( 3,000 ft ) below sea level . This seamount is on the flank of Mauna Loa , the largest shield volcano on Earth . Lōihi , meaning `` long '' in Hawaiian , is the newest volcano in the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain , a string of volcanoes that stretches over 5,800 km ( 3,600 mi ) northwest of Lōʻihi .", "1": "Unlike most active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean that make up the active plate margins on the Pacific Ring of Fire , Lōʻihi and the other volcanoes of the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain are hotspot volcanoes and formed well away from the nearest plate boundary . Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands arise from the Hawaii hotspot , and as the youngest volcano in the chain , Lōihi is the only Hawaiian volcano in the deep submarine preshield stage of development . Lōihi began forming around 400,000 years ago and is expected to begin emerging above sea level about 10,000 -- 100,000 years from now . At its summit , Lōʻihi Seamount stands more than 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) above the seafloor , making it taller than Mount St. Helens was before its catastrophic 1980 eruption . A diverse microbial community resides around Lōihi 's many hydrothermal vents . In the summer of 1996 , a swarm of 4,070 earthquakes was recorded at Lōʻihi . This series included more earthquakes than any other swarm in Hawaiian recorded history . The swarm altered 10 to 13 square kilometres ( 4 to 5 sq mi ) of the seamount 's summit ; one section , Pele 's Vents , collapsed entirely upon itself and formed the renamed Pele 's Pit . The volcano has remained relatively active since the 1996 swarm and is monitored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . The Hawaii Undersea Geological Observatory ( HUGO ) provided real - time data on Lōʻihi between 1997 and 2002 . Lōʻihi last erupted in 1996 , before the earthquake swarm of that summer .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Geology 1.2 Age and growth 2 Activity 2.1 1996 earthquake swarm 2.2 Recent activity 3 Exploration 3.1 Early work 3.2 1996 to present 3.3 HUGO ( Hawaii Undersea Geological Observatory ) 4 Ecology 4.1 Hydrothermal vent geochemistry 4.2 Microorganisms 4.3 Macroorganisms 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Geology ( edit ) See also : Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Lōʻihi is a seamount , or underwater volcano , on the flank of Mauna Loa , the Earth 's largest shield volcano . It is the newest volcano created by the Hawaiʻi hotspot in the extensive Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain . The distance between the summit of the older Mauna Loa and the summit of Lōʻihi is about 80 km ( 50 mi ) , which is , coincidentally , also the approximate diameter of the Hawaiʻi hotspot . Lōʻihi consists of a summit area with three pit craters , an 11 km ( 7 mi ) long rift zone extending north from the summit , and a 19 km ( 12 mi ) long rift zone extending south - southeast from the summit . The summit 's pit craters are named West Pit , East Pit , and Pele 's Pit . Pele 's Pit is the youngest of this group and is located at the southern part of the summit . The walls of Pele 's Pit stand 200 m ( 700 ft ) high and were formed in July 1996 when its predecessor , Pele 's Vent , a hydrothermal field near Lōʻihi 's summit , collapsed into a large depression . The thick crater walls of Pele 's Pit -- averaging 20 m ( 70 ft ) in width , unusually thick for Hawaiian volcanic craters -- suggest its craters have filled with lava multiple times in the past . Bathymetric mapping of Lōʻihi ; the arrow points to Pele 's Pit .", "3": "Lōihi 's north -- south trending rift zones create a distinctive elongated shape , from which the volcano 's Hawaiian name , meaning `` long '' , derives . The north rift zone consists of a longer western portion and a shorter eastern rift zone . Observations show that both the north and south rift zones lack sediment cover , indicating recent activity . A bulge in the western part of the north rift zone contains three 60 -- 80 m ( 200 -- 260 ft ) cone - shaped prominences . Until 1970 , Lōihi was thought to be an inactive volcano that had been transported to its current location by sea - floor spreading . The seafloor under Hawaii is 80 -- 100 million years old and was created at the East Pacific Rise , an oceanic spreading center where new sea floor forms from magma that erupts from the mantle . New oceanic crust moves away from the spreading center . Over a period of 80 -- 100 million years , the sea floor under Hawaii moved from the East Pacific Rise to its present location 6,000 km ( 4,000 mi ) west , carrying ancient seamounts with it . When scientists investigated a series of earthquakes off Hawaii in 1970 , they discovered that Lōihi was an active member of the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain . Three dimensional rendering of the Seamount Lōʻihi is built on the seafloor with a slope of about five degrees . Its northern base on the flank of Mauna Loa is 1,900 m ( 6,200 ft ) below sea level , but its southern base is a more substantial 4,755 m ( 15,600 ft ) below the surface . Thus , the summit is 931 m ( 3,054 ft ) above the seafloor as measured from the base of its north flank , but 3,786 m ( 12,421 ft ) high when measured from the base of its southern flank . Lōihi is following the pattern of development that is characteristic of all Hawaiian volcanoes . Geochemical evidence from Lōihi lavas indicates that Lōihi is in transition between the preshield and shield volcano stage , providing valuable clues to the early development of Hawaiian volcanoes .", "4": "In the preshield stage , Hawaiian volcanoes have steeper sides and a lower level of activity , producing an alkali basalt lava . Continued volcanism is expected to eventually create an island at Lōihi . Lōʻihi experiences frequent landslides ; the growth of the volcano has destabilized its slopes , and extensive areas of debris inhabit the steep southeastern face . Similar deposits from other Hawaiian volcanoes indicate that landslide debris is an important product of the early development of Hawaiian volcanoes . Lōʻihi is predicted to rise above the surface in 10,000 to 100,000 years . Age and growth ( edit ) A sample of basalt pillow lava collected from Lōʻihi , at 1,180 metres below sea level Radiometric dating was used to determine the age of rock samples from Lōʻihi . The Hawaii Center for Volcanology tested samples recovered by various expeditions , notably the 1978 expedition , which provided 17 dredge samples . Most of the samples were found to be of recent origin ; the oldest dated rock is around 300,000 years old . Following the 1996 event , some young breccia was also collected . Based on the samples , scientists estimate Lōʻihi is about 400,000 years old . The rock accumulates at an average rate of 3.5 mm ( 0.14 in ) per year near the base , and 7.8 mm ( 0.31 in ) near the summit . If the data model from other volcanoes such as Kīlauea holds true for Lōʻihi , 40 % of the volcano 's mass formed within the last 100,000 years . Assuming a linear growth rate , Lōihi is 250,000 years old . However , as with all hotspot volcanoes , Lōihi 's level of activity has increased with time ; therefore , it would take at least 400,000 years for such a volcano to reach Lōihi 's mass . As Hawaiian volcanoes drift northwest at a rate of about 10 cm ( 4 in ) a year , Lōʻihi was 40 km ( 25 mi ) southeast of its current position at the time of its initial eruption .", "5": "Activity ( edit ) Lōihi is a young and fairly active volcano , although less active than nearby Kīlauea . In the past few decades , several earthquake swarms have been attributed to Lōihi , the largest of which are summarized in the table below . The volcano 's activity is now known to predate scientific record keeping of its activity , which commenced in 1959 . Most earthquake swarms at Lōihi have lasted less than two days ; the two exceptions are the 1991 -- 92 earthquake , lasting several months , and the 1996 event , which was shorter but much more pronounced . Both of the earthquakes followed a pattern of activity that began on the flank and migrated to the summit . The 1996 event was directly observed by an autonomous ocean bottom observatory ( OBO ) , allowing scientists to calculate the depth of the earthquakes as 6 km ( 4 mi ) to 8 km ( 5 mi ) below the summit , approximating to the position of Lōihi 's extremely shallow magma chamber . This is evidence that Lōʻihi 's seismicity is volcanic in origin . The low - level seismic activity documented on Lōihi since 1959 has shown that between two and ten earthquakes per month are traceable to the summit . Earthquake swarm data have been used to analyze how well Lōihi 's rocks propagate seismic waves and to investigate the relationship between earthquakes and eruptions . This low level activity is periodically punctuated by large swarms of earthquakes , each swarm comprising up to hundreds of earthquakes . The majority of the earthquakes are not distributed close to the summit , though they follow a north -- south trend . Rather , most of the earthquakes occur in the southwest portion of Lōʻihi . The largest recorded swarms took place on Lōihi in 1971 , 1972 , 1975 , 1991 -- 92 and 1996 . The nearest seismic station is around 30 km ( 20 mi ) from Lōʻihi , on the south coast of Hawaii . Seismic events that have a magnitude under 2 are recorded often , but their location can not be determined precisely as it can for larger events .", "6": "In fact , HUGO ( Hawaii Undersea Geological Observatory ) , positioned on Lōihi 's flank , detected ten times as many earthquakes as were recorded by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory ( HVO ) seismic network . 1996 earthquake swarm ( edit ) Major Events Year ( s ) Summary Evidence of eruption in early 1996 , and large , well - recorded earthquake swarm in the summer . Started on February 25 , 1996 , and lasted until August 9 , 1996 . 1991 An OBO positioned on the seamount to track a recent earthquake swarm collected evidence of deflation , possibly due to magma withdrawal . 1986 Possible eruption , occurred on September 20 , 1986 ( one day ) . 1984 -- 85 Nine events of magnitude 3 or greater , measuring between 3.0 and 4.2 , were recorded from November 11 , 1984 , to January 21 , 1985 . Eruption possible , but uncertain . Prominent earthquake swarm from August 24 , 1975 , to November 1975 . 1971 -- 72 Possible eruption from September 17 , 1971 , to September 1972 . Eruption uncertain . 1952 An earthquake swarm on Lōʻihi in 1952 was the event that first brought attention to the volcano , previously thought extinct . 50 BC ± 1000 Confirmed ancient eruption 5050 BC ± 1000 Confirmed ancient eruption 7050 BC ± 1000 Confirmed ancient eruption , most likely on the east flank This table indexes only possible volcanic eruptions and major events . Lōʻihi has also been the site of multiple earthquake swarms occurring on a nearly semi-annual basis . The largest amount of activity recorded for the Lōihi seamount was a swarm of 4,070 earthquakes between July 16 and August 9 , 1996 . This series of earthquakes was the largest recorded for any Hawaiian volcano to date in both amount and intensity . Most of the earthquakes had moment magnitudes of less than 3.0 . `` Several hundred '' had a magnitude greater than 3.0 , including more than 40 greater than 4.0 and a 5.0 tremor .", "7": "The final two weeks of the earthquake swarm were observed by a quick response cruise launched in August 1996 . The National Science Foundation funded an expedition by University of Hawaii scientists , led by Frederick Duennebier , that began investigating the swarm and its origin in August 1996 . The scientists ' assessment laid the groundwork for many of the expeditions that followed . Follow - up expeditions to Lōʻihi took place , including a series of manned - submersible dives in August and September . These were supplemented by a great deal of shore - based research . Fresh rock collected during the expedition revealed that an eruption occurred before the earthquake swarm . Submersible dives in August were followed by NOAA - funded research in September and October 1996 . These more detailed studies showed the southern portion of Lōʻihi 's summit had collapsed , a result of a swarm of earthquakes and the rapid withdrawal of magma from the volcano . A crater 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) across and 300 m ( 1,000 ft ) deep formed out of the rubble . The event involved the movement of 100 million cubic meters of volcanic material . A region of 10 to 13 km ( 4 to 5 sq mi ) of the summit was altered and populated by bus - sized pillow lava blocks , precariously perched along the outer rim of the newly formed crater . `` Pele 's Vents , '' an area on the southern side , previously considered stable , collapsed completely into a giant pit , renamed `` Pele 's Pit '' . Strong currents make submersible diving hazardous in the region . The researchers were continually met by clouds of sulfide and sulfate . The sudden collapse of Pele 's Vents caused a large discharge of hydrothermal material . The presence of certain indicator minerals in the mixture suggested temperatures exceeded 250 ° C , a record for an underwater volcano . The composition of the materials was similar to that of black smokers , the hydrothermal vent plumes located along mid-ocean ridges . Samples from mounds built by discharges from the hydrothermal plumes resembled white smokers . The studies demonstrated that the most volcanically and hydrothermally active area was along the southern rift .", "8": "Dives on the less active northern rim indicated that the terrain was more stable there , and high lava columns were still standing upright . A new hydrothermal vent field ( Naha Vents ) was located in the upper - south rift zone , at a depth of 1,325 m ( 4,350 ft ) . Recent activity ( edit ) Lōʻihi has remained largely quiet since the 1996 event ; no activity was recorded from 2002 to 2004 . The seamount showed signs of life again in 2005 by generating an earthquake bigger than any previously recorded there . USGS - ANSS ( Advanced National Seismic System ) reported two earthquakes , magnitudes 5.1 and 5.4 , on May 13 and July 17 . Both originated from a depth of 44 km ( 27 mi ) . On April 23 , a magnitude 4.3 earthquake was recorded at a depth of approximately 33 km ( 21 mi ) . Between December 7 , 2005 , and January 18 , 2006 , a swarm of around 100 earthquakes occurred , the largest measuring 4 on the Moment magnitude scale and 12 km ( 7 mi ) to 28 km ( 17 mi ) deep . Another earthquake measuring 4.7 was later recorded approximately midway between Lōihi and Pāhala ( on the south coast of the Hawaii ( Island ) ) . Exploration ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Expedition Timeline ( show ) Date Study ( most on R / V Kaʻimikai - o - Kanaloa and with Pisces V ) 1940 Lōʻihi 's first depiction on a map was on Survey Chart 4115 , compiled by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1940 . 1978 An expedition formed to study intense seismic activity in the region at the time . Data collected was the first solid evidence of the volcano being active . 1979 More extensive sampling ( 17 dredgehauls ) from this expedition seemed to confirm the 1970 results . 1980 Extensive hydrothermal fields found , yielding more evidence . First high - resolution bathymetric mapping .", "9": "Marking and study of several hydrothermic fields August 1996 Emergency response team dives reacting to extensive activity , led by Frederick Duennebier . Early Sept. 1997 Studies of hydrothermal vents ( Batiza and McMurtry , Chief Scientists ) Late August 1997 Geological studies of recent eruptions at Lōʻihi ( Garcia and Kadko , Chief Scientists ) October 1997 HUGO deployment ( Frederick Duennebier , Chief Scientist ) September -- October 1998 Series of dives by multiple science parties to visit New Pit , Summit Area and HUGO . January 1998 HUGO revisit ( Frederick Duennebier , Chief Scientist ) October 2002 HUGO recovered from sea bottom . October 2006 October 2007 October 2008 October 2009 FeMO ( Fe - Oxidizing Microbial Observatory ) cruises to investigate iron - oxidizing microbes at Lōʻihi . Much is learned about Lōʻihi 's microbial community . Lōʻihi Seamount 's first depiction on a map was on Survey Chart 4115 , a bathymetric rendering of part of Hawaiʻi compiled by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1940 . At the time , the seamount was non-notable , being one of many in the region . A large earthquake swarm first brought attention to it in 1952 . That same year , geologist Gordon A. MacDonald hypothesized that the seamount was actually an active submarine shield volcano , similar to the two active Hawaiian volcanoes , Mauna Loa and Kīlauea . Macdonald 's hypothesis placed the seamount as the newest volcano in the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain , created by the Hawaiʻi hotspot . However , because the earthquakes were oriented east -- west ( the direction of the volcanic fault ) and there was no volcanic tremor in seismometers distant from the seamount , Macdonald attributed the earthquake to faulting rather than a volcanic eruption . R / V ( research vessel ) Kaʻimikai - o - Kanaloa ( KoK ) launching Pisces V , a battery - powered submersible .", "10": "The R / V KoK is the support ship for the Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory ( HURL ) . Geologists suspected the seamount could be an active undersea volcano , but without evidence the idea remained speculative . The volcano was largely ignored after the 1952 event , and was often mislabeled as an `` older volcanic feature '' in subsequent charts . Geologist Kenneth O. Emery is credited with naming the seamount in 1955 , describing the long and narrow shape of the volcano as Loihi . The Hawaiian word lōʻihi means `` long '' . In 1978 , an expedition studied intense , repeated seismic activity known as earthquake swarms in and around the Lōʻihi area . Rather than finding an old , extinct seamount , data collected revealed Lōʻihi to be a young , possibly active volcano . Observations showed the volcano to be encrusted with young and old lava flows . Fluids erupting from active hydrothermal vents were also found . In 1978 , a US Geological Survey research ship collected dredge samples and photographed Lōʻihi 's summit with the goal of studying whether Lōʻihi is active . Analysis of the photos and testing of pillow lava rock samples appeared to show that the material was `` fresh '' , yielding more evidence that Lōʻihi is still active . An expedition from October 1980 to January 1981 collected further dredge samples and photographs , providing additional confirmation . Studies indicated that the eruptions came from the southern part of the rift crater . This area is closest to the Hawaiʻi hotspot , which supplies Lōʻihi with magma . Following a 1986 seismic event , a network of five ocean bottom observatories ( OBOs ) were deployed on Lōʻihi for a month . Lōʻihi 's frequent seismicity makes it an ideal candidate for seismic study through OBOs . In 1987 , the submersible DSV Alvin was used to survey Lōʻihi . Another autonomous observatory was positioned on Lōʻihi in 1991 to track earthquake swarms .", "11": "1996 to present ( edit ) The bulk of information about Lōʻihi comes from dives made in response to the 1996 eruption . In a dive conducted almost immediately after seismic activity was reported , visibility was greatly reduced by high concentrations of displaced minerals and large floating mats of bacteria in the water . The bacteria that feed on the dissolved nutrients had already begun colonizing the new hydrothermal vents at Pele 's Pit ( formed from the collapse of the old ones ) , and may be indicators of the kinds of material ejected from the newly formed vents . They were carefully sampled for further analysis in a laboratory . An OBO briefly sat on the summit before a more permanent probe could be installed . Repeated multibeam bathymetric mapping was used to measure the changes in the summit following the 1996 collapse . Hydrothermal plume surveys confirmed changes in the energy , and dissolved minerals emanating from Lōʻihi . Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory , HURL 's 2,000 m ( 6,562 ft ) submersible Pisces V allowed scientists to sample the vent waters , microorganisms and hydrothermal mineral deposits . Since 2006 , the Fe - Oxidizing Microbial Observatory ( FeMO ) , funded by the National Science Foundation and Microbial Observatory Program , has led cruises to Lōʻihi investigate its microbiology every October . The first cruise , on the ship R / V Melville and exploiting the submersible JASON2 , lasted from September 22 to October 9 . These cruises study the large number of Fe - oxidizing bacteria that have colonized Lōʻihi . Lōʻihi 's extensive vent system is characterized by a high concentration of CO2 and Iron , while being low in sulfide . These characteristics make a perfect environment for iron - oxidizing bacteria , called FeOB , to thrive in . Ocean bottom observatory ( OBO ) at Pele 's Vents HUGO ( Hawaiʻi Undersea Geological Observatory ) ( edit ) In 1997 , scientists from the University of Hawaiʻi installed an ocean bottom observatory ( OBO ) on the summit of Lōʻihi Seamount .", "12": "The submarine observatory was nicknamed HUGO , ( Hawaiʻi Undersea Geological Observatory ) . HUGO was connected to the shore , 34 km ( 21 mi ) away , by a fiber optic cable . It gave scientists real - time seismic , chemical and visual data about the state of Lōʻihi , which had by then become an international laboratory for the study of undersea volcanism . The cable that provided HUGO with power and communications broke in October 1998 , effectively shutting it down . On January 19 of the following year , HUGO was visited by Pisces V . The observatory functioned for four years before it went dead again in 2002 . Ecology ( edit ) Hydrothermal vent geochemistry ( edit ) Vent Depth Location Notes Pele 's 1,000 m ( 3,281 ft ) Summit Destroyed 1996 Kapo 's 1,280 m ( 4,199 ft ) Upper South rift No longer venting Forbidden 1,160 m ( 3,806 ft ) Pele 's Pit over 200 ° C Lohiau ( `` slow '' ) 1,173 m ( 3,850 ft ) Pele 's Pit 77 ° C Pahaku ( `` rocky '' ) 1,196 m ( 3,924 ft ) South rift zone 17 ° C Ula ( `` red '' ) 1,099 m ( 3,606 ft ) South summit Diffuse venting Maximilian 1,249 m ( 4,098 ft ) West summit flank Diffuse venting Naha 1,325 m ( 4,347 ft ) South rift 23 ° C Lōʻihi 's mid-Pacific location and its well - sustained hydrothermal system contribute to a rich oasis for a microbial ecosystem . Areas of extensive hydrothermal venting are found on Lōʻihi 's crater floor and north slope , and along the summit of Lōʻihi itself . Active hydrothermal vents were first discovered at Lōʻihi in the late 1980s .", "13": "These vents are remarkably similar to those found at the mid-ocean ridges , with similar composition and thermal differences . The two most prominent vent fields are at the summit : Pele 's Pit ( formally Pele 's Vents ) and Kapo 's Vents . They are named after the Hawaiian deity Pele and her sister Kapo . These vents were considered `` low temperature vents '' because their waters were only about 30 ° C. The volcanic eruption of 1996 and the creation of Pele 's Pit changed this , and initiated high temperature venting ; exit temperatures were measured at 77 ° C in 1996 . Microorganisms ( edit ) The vents lie 1,100 m ( 3,600 ft ) to 1,325 m ( 4,347 ft ) below the surface , and range in temperature from 10 to over 200 ° C. The vent fluids are characterized by a high concentration of CO ( up to 17 mM ) and Fe ( Iron ) , but low in sulfide . Low oxygen and pH levels are important factors in supporting the high amounts of Fe ( iron ) , one of the hallmark features of Lōʻihi . These characteristics make a perfect environment for iron - oxidizing bacteria , called FeOB , to thrive in . An example of these species is Mariprofundus ferrooxydans , sole member of the class Zetaproteobacteria . The composition of the materials was similar to that of black smokers , that are a habitat of archaea extremophiles . Dissolution and oxidation of the mineral observed over the next two years suggests the sulfate is not easily preserved . A diverse community of microbial mats surround the vents and virtually cover Pele 's Pit . The Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory ( HURL ) , NOAA 's Research Center for Hawaiʻi and the Western Pacific , monitors and researches the hydrothermal systems and studies the local community . The National Science Foundation ( NSF ) funded an extremophile sampling expedition to Lōʻihi in 1999 . Microbial mats surrounded the 160 ° C vents , and included a novel jelly - like organism . Samples were collected for study at NSF 's Marine Bioproducts Engineering Center ( MarBEC ) .", "14": "In 2001 , Pisces V collected samples of the organisms and brought them to the surface for study . NOAA 's National Undersea Research Center and NSF 's Marine Bioproducts Engineering Center are cooperating to sample and research the local bacteria and archaea extremophiles . The fourth FeMO ( Fe - Oxidizing Microbial Observatory ) cruise occurred during October 2009 . Macroorganisms ( edit ) Marine life inhabiting the waters around Lōʻihi is not as diverse as life at other , less active seamounts . Fish found living near Lōʻihi include the Celebes monkfish ( Sladenia remiger ) , and members of the Cutthroat eel family , Synaphobranchidae . Invertebrates identified in the area include two species endemic to the hydrothermal vents , a bresiliid shrimp ( Opaepele loihi ) of the family Alvinocarididae ( described in 1995 ) , and a tube or pogonophoran worm . Dives conducted after the 1996 earthquake swarms were unable to find either the shrimp or the worm , and it is not known if there are lasting effects on these species . From 1982 to 1992 , researchers in Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory submersibles photographed the fish of Lōʻihi Seamount , Johnston Atoll , and Cross Seamount at depths between 40 m ( 130 ft ) and 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . A small number of species identified at Lōʻihi were newly recorded sightings in Hawaiʻi , including the Tassled coffinfish ( Chaunax fimbriatus ) , and the Celebes monkfish . See also ( edit ) List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Loihi '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken ( 2006 - 01 - 19 ) . `` General Information About Loihi '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : `` Lōʻihi Seamount Hawaiʻi 's Youngest Submarine Volcano '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pukui , M.K. & Elbert , S.H. Hawaiian Dictionary ( 1986 ) University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0703 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Michael O. Garcia , Jackie Caplan - Auerbach , Eric H. De Carlo , M.D. Kurz , N. Becker ( 2005 ) . `` Geochemistry , and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount , Hawaiʻi 's youngest volcano '' ( PDF ) . Chemie der Erde -- Geochemistry. 66 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chemer. 2005.09. 002 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Malahoff , Alexander ( 2000 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Loihi Submarine Volcano : A unique , natural extremophile laboratory '' . Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Malahoff , Alexander ( 1987 ) . `` Geology of the summit of Loihi submarine volcano '' . In Decker , Robert W. ; Wright , Thomas L. ; Stauffer , Peter H. Volcanism in Hawaii : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350 . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350 . 1 . Washington : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 133 -- 44 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Malahoff , Alexander ; Kolotyrkina , Irina Ya. ; Midson , Brian P. ; Massoth , Gary J. ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) .", "16": "`` A decade of exploring a submarine intraplate volcano : Hydrothermal manganese and iron at Lō'ihi volcano , Hawai'i '' ( PDF ) . Geochemistry , Geophysics , Geosystems . American Geophysical Union and the Geochemical Society . 7 ( 6 ) : Q06002 . Bibcode : 2006GGG ... 706002M . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GC001222 . ISSN 1525 - 2027 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Fornari , D.J. , Garcia , M.O. , Tyce , R.C. , Gallo , D.G. ( 1988 ) . `` Morphology and structure of Loihi seamount based on seabeam sonar mapping '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 93 ( 15 ) : 227 -- 38 . Bibcode : 1988JGR ... 9315227F . doi : 10.1029 / jb093ib12p15227 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lōʻihi , meaning `` length , height , distance ; long '' . See : Pukui , Mary Kawena ; Samuel Hoyt Elbert ( 1986 ) . Hawaiian dictionary : Hawaiian - English , English - Hawaiian . University of Hawaiʻi Press . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0703 - 0 . Jump up ^ Best , Myron G. ( 1991 ) . Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology . Wiley , John & Sons , Incorporated . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0588 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . USGS . September 8 , 1995 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Garcia , M.O.", "17": ", Grooms , D. , Naughton , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Petrology and geochronology of volcanic rocks '' . Lithosphere . The Geological Society of America ( 20 ) : 323 -- 36 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Recent Activity at Loihi Volcano -- Updates on Geologic Activity at Loihi '' . Hawaii Center For Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Caplan - Auerbach , Jackie ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Recent Seismicity at Loihi Volcano '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loihi -- Monthly Reports '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loihi -- Eruptive History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Dates for older eruptions retrieved through Isotope dating . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) . `` The 1996 Eruption and July -- August Seismic Event '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` HURL Current Research : Loihi after the July -- August event '' . 1999 Research . SOEST. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Garcia , M.O. , Graham , D.W. , Muenow , D.W. , Spencer , K. , Rubin , K.H. , Norman , M.D. ( 1998 ) .", "18": "`` Petrology and geochronology of basalt breccia from the 1996 earthquake swarm of Loihi seamount , Hawaii : magmatic history of its 1996 eruption '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 59 ( 8 ) : 577 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1998BVol ... 59 ... 577G . doi : 10.1007 / s004450050211 . ISSN 0258 - 8900 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Davis , Alicé S. ; David A. Clague ; Robert A. Zierenberg ; C. Geoffrey Wheat ; Brian L. Cousens ( Apr 2003 ) . `` Sulfide formation related to changes in the hydrothermal system on Loihi Seamount , Hawaiʻi , following the seismic event in 1996 '' . The Canadian Mineralogist . Mineralogical Association of Canada . 41 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 472 . doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin. 41.2. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Recent Activity at Loihi Volcano : Hydrothermal Vent and Buoyant Plume Studies '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken . `` Cruises to Loihi Since the 1996 Eruption and Seismic Swarm '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Duennebier , Fred ( 2002 - 10 - 01 ) . `` HUGO : Update and Current Status '' . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to the Biology and Geology of Loihi Seamount '' . Loihi Seamount . Fe - Oxidizing Microbial Observatory ( FeMO ) . 2009 - 02 - 01 .", "19": "Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Gordon A. ; Agatin T. Abbott ; Frank L. Peterson ( 1983 ) ( 1970 ) . Volcanoes in the Sea : The Geology of Hawaii ( 2nd ed . ) . Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0832 - 0 . Jump up ^ Garcia , M.O. , Irving , A.J. , Jorgenson , B.A. , Mahoney , J.J. , Ito , E. ( 1993 ) . `` An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas : results from Alvin submersible dives '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 98 ( B1 ) : 537 -- 550 . Bibcode : 1993JGR ... 98 ... 537G . doi : 10.1029 / 92JB01707 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bryan , Carol ; Cooper , P. ( December 1995 ) . `` Ocean - bottom seismometer observations of seismic activity at Loihi '' . Marine Geophysical Researches . Springer Netherlands . 17 : 485 -- 501 . Bibcode : 1995MarGR ... 17 ... 485B . doi : 10.1007 / BF01204340 . ISSN 0025 - 3235 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` HUGO : The Hawaiʻi Undersea Geo - Observatory '' . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Emerson , David ; Craig L. Moyer ( June 2002 ) . `` Neutrophilic Fe - Oxidizing Bacteria Are Abundant at the Loihi Seamount Hydrothermal Vents and Play a Major Role in Fe Oxide Deposition '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . American Society for Microbiology.", "20": "68 ( 6 ) : 3085 -- 93 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 68.6. 3085 - 3093.2002 . PMC 123976 . PMID 12039770 . Jump up ^ Emerson , David ; Rentz , Jeremy A. ; Lilburn , Timothy G. ; Davis , Richard E. ; Aldrich , Henry ; Chan , Clara ; Moyer , Craig L. ( 2007 ) . Reysenbach , Anna - Louise , ed . `` A novel lineage of proteobacteria involved in formation of marine Fe - oxidizing microbial mat communities '' . PLoS ONE . 2 ( 8 ) : e667 . Bibcode : 2007PLoSO ... 2 ... 667E . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000667 . PMC 1930151 . PMID 17668050 . Jump up ^ `` FeMO4 Dive Cruise 2009 '' . FeMO . EarthRef.org. 2009 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ken ( 1998 - 09 - 07 ) . `` A Tour of Loihi '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ken ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Recent Activity at Loihi Volcano -- 1996 Seismic / Volcanic Event Summary '' . Hawaii Center For Volcanology . SOEST . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 30 . The only two vent - specific macrofaunal species described from Loihi have been a novel bresiliid shrimp , Opaepele loihi ( Williams and Dobbs , 1995 ) , and a unique lineage of pogonophoran worm ( R. Vrijenhoek , pers . comm . ) . The post-event dives , however , found no evidence for either , and the long - term impact of the event on these species is unknown . ^ Jump up to : Chave , E.H. ; B.C.", "21": "Mundy ( 1994 ) . `` Deep - Sea Benthic Fish of the Hawaiian Archipelago , Cross Seamount , and Johnston Atoll '' . Pacific Science . University of Hawaiʻi. 48 ( 4 ) : 367 -- 409 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Data from Chave , E.H. and B.C. Mundy ( 1994 ) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography ( 2002 ) . `` Observation Data '' . University of the Pacific . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Auerbach - Caplan , J. ; F. Duennebier ( 2001 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Seismic and acoustic signals detected at Loʻihi Seamount by the Hawaiʻi Undersea Geo - Observatory '' ( PDF ) . Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems . American Geophysical Union and the Geochemical Society . 2 ( 5 ) : 1525 -- 2027 . Bibcode : 2001GGG ... 2.1024 C . doi : 10.1029 / 2000GC000113 . ISSN 1525 - 2027 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Chave , E.H. ; Alexander Malahoff ( 1998 ) . In Deeper Waters : Photographic Studies of Hawaiian Deep - sea Habitats and Life - forms . University of Hawaiʻi Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2003 - 7 . F.K. Duennebier , N.C. Becker , J. Caplan - Auerbach , D.A. Clague , J. Cowen , M. Cremer , M. Garcia , F. Goff , A. Malahoff , G.M. McMurtry , B.P. Midson , C.L. Moyer , M. Norman , P. Okubo , J.A. Resing , J.M.", "22": "Rhodes , K. Rubin , F.J. Sansone , J.R. Smith , K. Spencer , X . Wen , and C.G. Wheat ( 1997 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Researchers rapidly respond to submarine activity at Loihi volcano , Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Eos , Transactions , American Geophysical Union . 78 ( 22 ) : 229 -- 33 . Bibcode : 1997EOSTr ... 78Q. 229T . doi : 10.1029 / 97EO00150 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Emery , K.O. ( 1955 ) . `` Submarine topography south of Hawaii '' . Pacific Science . University of Hawaiʻi Press . 9 : 286 -- 91 . `` Loihi -- Data Sources '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Klein , F. ( 1982 ) . `` Earthquakes at Lōʻihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 87 : B9 . Bibcode : 1982JGR ... 87 ... 9K . doi : 10.1029 / JA087iA01p00009 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Macdonald , G.A. ( 1952 ) . `` The South Hawaii Earthquakes of March and April , 1952 '' . The Volcano Letter ( 515 ) : 3 -- 5 . Malahoff , Alexander ; Gary M. McMurtry ; John C. Wiltshire ; Hsueh - Wen Yeh ( 1982 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Geology and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from active submarine volcano Loihi , Hawaii '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 298 ( 5871 ) : 234 -- 39 . Bibcode : 1982Natur. 298 ... 234M . doi : 10.1038 / 298234a0 . Malahoff , A. ; Gregory , T. ; Bossuyt , A. ; Donachie , S. ; Alarn , M.", "23": "( Oct 2002 ) . `` A seamless system for the collection and cultivation of extremophiles from deep - ocean hydrothermal vents '' . IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering . IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society . 27 ( 4 ) : 862 -- 69 . doi : 10.1109 / JOE. 2002.804058 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) J.G. Moore , D.A. Clague , W.R. Normark ( Feb 1982 ) . `` Diverse basalt types from Loihi Seamount , Hawaii '' . Geology . Geological Society of America . 10 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1982Geo ... 10 ... 88M . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1982 ) 10 < 88 : DBTFLS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Scripps Institution of Oceanography. ( 2002 ) . Benthic Invertebrate Collection Database . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lōʻihi Seamount . Hawaii Center for Volcanology , University of Hawaiʻi . Loʻihi Seamount -- USGS website . Loihi Submarine Volcano : A unique , natural extremophile laboratory -- NOAA research site . HURL Current Research -- Loihi after the July -- August event , on the 1996 Lōʻihi Seamount Exploration Recent volcanic activity at Loihi -- University of Hawaiʻi Fe - Oxidizing Microbial Observatory Project ( FeMO ) Webpage -- Earthref.org ( hide ) Hawaiian volcanism topics ( list ) Windward Isles Lō ʻihi Māhukona Hawai ʻi Kīlauea ( Kīlauea Iki ,", "24": "Puʻu ʻŌʻō ) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Ka ʻula Lāna ʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Moloka ʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Ka ʻena Ko ʻolau Wai ʻanae Leeward Isles French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll Emperor Seamounts Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingu Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku Topics 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption ʻAʻā ( lava ) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Lava fountain Limu o Pele Pāhoehoe ( lava ) Pele 's hair Pele 's tears Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "25": "php?title= Lōʻihi_Seamount&oldid = 831646839 '' Categories : Submarine volcanoes Active volcanoes Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean Volcanoes of Hawaii Hotspot volcanoes Polygenetic volcanoes Holocene volcanoes Cenozoic Hawaii Quaternary Oceania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hawaiʻi Ирон Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 15 : 54 . 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-6677440871585683891	who rebuilt the temple after the babylonian captivity	[ "Herod", "Likely Zerubbabel, largely renovated by Herod the Great" ]	{ "0": "Second Temple - wikipedia Second Temple Jump to : navigation , search Second Temple בית ־ המקדש השני Model of Herod 's Temple ( a renovation of the Second Temple ) in the Israel Museum , created in 1966 as part of the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . The model was inspired by the writings of Josephus . Alternate name Herod 's Temple Location Jerusalem 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.778013 ° N 35.235367 ° E / 31.778013 ; 35.235367 Type Temple Part of Herodian Temple Mount Height 45.72 metres ( 150.0 ft ) History Builder Likely Zerubbabel , largely renovated by Herod the Great . Material local limestone Founded c. 537 -- 516 BCE ( construction ) Abandoned 70 CE ( destroyed ) Periods Early Roman Empire Site notes Excavation dates 1930 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 -- 1978 , 1996 -- 1999 , 2007 Archaeologists Charles Warren , Benjamin Mazar , Ronny Reich , Eli Shukron , Yaakov Billig Condition Ruin , archaeological park Ownership Disputed , currently managed by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Public access Yes ( limited ) The Second Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי ‎ , Beit HaMikdash HaSheni ) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period , between 516 BCE and 70 CE . According to Jewish tradition , it replaced Solomon 's Temple ( the First Temple ) , which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE , when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon . Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future Third Temple .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 2 Rabbinical literature 3 Rededication by the Maccabees 4 Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest 5 Herod 's Temple 5.1 Construction 5.2 Platform 5.3 Court of the Gentiles 5.4 Pinnacle 5.5 Inside the Soreg 5.6 Temple sanctuary 6 Pilgrimages 7 Destruction 8 Archaeology 9 Second Temple Judaism 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple period The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible . According to the closing verses of the second book of Chronicles and the books of Ezra and Nehemiah , when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great ( Ezra 1 : 1 -- 4 , 2 Chron 36 : 22 -- 23 ) , construction started at the original site of Solomon 's Temple . After a relatively brief halt due to opposition from peoples who had filled the vacuum during the Jewish captivity ( Ezra 4 ) , work resumed c. 521 BCE under Darius the Great ( Ezra 5 ) and was completed during the sixth year of his reign ( c. 516 BCE ) , with the temple dedication taking place the following year . These events represent the final section in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible . The original core of the book of Nehemiah , the first - person memoir , may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE . Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era . The book tells how Nehemiah , at the court of the king in Susa , is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them . The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata and he travels to Jerusalem . There he rebuilds the walls , despite the opposition of Israel 's enemies , and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses . After 12 years in Jerusalem , he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem .", "2": "He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives , and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law . Based on the biblical account , after the return from Babylonian captivity , arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated Yehud Province after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier . The body of pilgrims , forming a band of 42,360 , having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months , from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem , were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse , and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot . On the invitation of Zerubbabel , the governor , who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics , besides other gifts , the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm . First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood , and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple ; and in the second month of the second year ( 535 BCE ) , amid great public excitement and rejoicing , the foundations of the Second Temple were laid . A wide interest was felt in this great movement , although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators ( Haggai 2 : 3 , Zechariah 4 : 10 ) . The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work . Zerubbabel and the elders , however , declined all such cooperation , feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help . Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews . According to Ezra 4 : 5 , the Samaritans sought to `` frustrate their purpose '' and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa , with the result that the work was suspended . Seven years later , Cyrus the Great , who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple , died ( 2 Chronicles 36 : 22 -- 23 ) and was succeeded by his son Cambyses .", "3": "On his death , the `` false Smerdis '' , an impostor , occupied the throne for some seven or eight months , and then Darius became king ( 522 BCE ) . In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion ( Ezra 5 : 6 -- 6 : 15 ) , under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah . It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE , more than twenty years after the return from captivity . The Temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar , in the sixth year of the reign of Darius , amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people ( Ezra 6 : 15 , 16 ) , although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people , but were subject to a foreign power . The Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first ( Haggai 2 : 9 ) . Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE , and are presumed lost . The Second Temple lacked the following holy articles : The Ark of the Covenant containing the Tablets of Stone , before which were placed the pot of manna and Aaron 's rod The Urim and Thummim ( divination objects contained in the Hoshen ) The holy oil The sacred fire . In the Second Temple , the Kodesh Hakodashim ( Holy of Holies ) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple . Still , as in the Tabernacle , the Second Temple included : The Menorah ( golden lamp ) for the Hekhal The Table of Showbread The golden altar of incense , with golden censers . According to the Mishnah ( Middot iii. 6 ) , the `` Foundation Stone '' stood where the Ark used to be , and the High Priest put his censer on it on Yom Kippur . The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great .", "4": "According to the Babylonian Talmud ( Yoma 22b ) , however , the Temple lacked the Shekinah , the dwelling or settling divine presence of God , and the Ruach HaKodesh , the Spirit of Holiness , present in the first . Rabbinical literature ( edit ) Traditional rabbinic literature state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , placed construction in 350 BCE ( 3408 AM ) , 166 years later than secular estimates , and destruction in 70 CE ( 3829 AM ) . Rededication by the Maccabees ( edit ) Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great , it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE , when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Paneion . Judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria . When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and its religious services stopped , Judaism was effectively outlawed . In 167 BCE , Antiochus IV Epiphanes ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . He also banned circumcision and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the Temple . Following the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid empire , the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom , as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah . Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest ( edit ) There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule . Salome Alexandra , the queen of Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as the high priest of Judaea . Her younger son Aristobulus II was determined to have the throne , and as soon as she died he seized the throne . Hyrcanus , who was in line to be the king , agreed to be contented with being the high priest . Antipater , the governor of Idumæa , encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne .", "5": "Eventually Hyrcanus fled to Aretas III , king of the Nabateans , and returned with an army to take back the throne . He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem . The Roman general Pompey , who was in Syria fighting against the Armenians in the Third Mithridatic War , sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea . Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support . Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this which caused Aristobulus to march off . He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey 's forces . The Romans besieged and took the city in 63 BCE . The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege . The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans . Pompey himself , perhaps inadvertently , went into the Holy of Holies and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices . Solomon 's Temple which was on the site prior to the building of the Second Temple Herod 's Temple ( edit ) This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . Reconstruction of the temple under Herod began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount . Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process . When the Roman emperor Caligula planned to place his own statue inside the temple , Herod 's grandson Agrippa I was able to intervene and convince him against this . Construction ( edit ) James Tissot -- Reconstruction of Jerusalem and the Temple of Herod -- Brooklyn Museum A model of the southern wall and Royal Colonnade or Stoa Eastern portion of the southern wall of the Temple Mount Remains of the Hulda Gates Marwan Mosque on the site of Solomon 's Stables Herod 's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE . Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects , that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes , but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem . The old temple built by Zerubbabel was replaced by a magnificent edifice .", "6": "An agreement was made between Herod and the Jewish religious authorities : the sacrificial rituals , called offerings , were to be continued unabated for the entire time of construction , and the Temple itself would be constructed by the priests . Later the Exodus 30 : 13 sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax . Platform ( edit ) Mt . Moriah had a plateau at the northern end , and steeply declined on the southern slope . It was Herod 's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform . The Temple Mount was originally intended to be 1600 feet wide by 900 feet broad by 9 stories high , with walls up to 16 feet thick , but had never been finished . To complete it , a trench was dug around the mountain , and huge stone `` bricks '' were laid . Some of these weighed well over 100 tons , the largest measuring 44.6 feet by 11 feet by 16.5 feet and weighing approximately 567 to 628 tons , while most were in the range of 2.5 by 3.5 by 15 feet ( approximately 28 tons ) . King Herod had architects from Greece , Rome and Egypt plan the construction . The blocks were presumably quarried by using pickaxes to create channels . Then they hammered in wooden beams and flushed them with water to force them out . Once they were removed , they were carved into precise squares and numbered at the quarry to show where they would be installed . The final carving would have been done by using harder stones to grind or chisel them to create precise joints . They would have been transported using oxen and specialized carts . Since the quarry was uphill from the temple they had gravity on their side but care needed to be taken to control the descent . Final installation would have been done using pulleys or cranes . Roman pulleys and cranes were n't strong enough to lift the blocks alone so they may have used multiple cranes and levers to position them . As the mountainside began to rise , the western side was carved away to a vertical wall and bricks were carved to create a virtual continuation of the brick face , which was continued for a while until the northern slope reached ground level .", "7": "Part of the Antonian hill to the north of Moriah was annexed to the complex and the area between was filled up with landfill . The project began with the building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would be built so it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah . Ground level at the time was at least 20 ft. ( 6m ) below the current level , as can be seen by walking the Western Wall tunnels . Legend has it that the construction of the entire complex lasted only three years , but other sources such as Josephus say that it took far longer , although the Temple itself may have taken that long . During a Passover visit by Jesus the Jews replied that it had been under construction for 46 years . It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE . Court of the Gentiles ( edit ) This area was primarily a bazaar , with vendors selling souvenirs , sacrificial animals , food , as well as currency changers , exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord , as also mentioned in the New Testament account of Jesus and the Money Changers when Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover , perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims . Guides that provided tours of the premises were also available . Jewish males had the unique opportunity to be shown inside the temple itself . The priests , in their white linen robes and tubular hats , were everywhere , directing pilgrims and advising them on what kinds of sacrifices were to be performed . Behind them , as they entered the Court of the Gentiles from the south through the Huldah Gates , was the Royal Porch , which contained a marketplace , administrative quarters , and a synagogue . On the upper floors , the great Jewish sages held court , priests and Levites performed various chores , and from there , tourists were able to observe the events .", "8": "The Royal Porch is widely accepted to be part of Herod 's work ; however , recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas , as opposed to the first century BCE , while the theory that Herod began the extension and the Royal Porch is based mainly on Josephus 's possibly politically motivated claim . During Herod 's reign the porch was not yet open to the public ) To the east of the court was Solomon 's Porch , and to the north , the soreg , the `` middle wall of separation '' , a stone wall separating the public area from the inner sanctuary where only Jews could enter , described as being 3 cubits high by Josephus ( Wars 5.5. 2 ( 3b ) 6.2. 4 ) . Pinnacle ( edit ) The accounts of Jesus ' temptations in Matthew 's and Luke 's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more pinnacles ( Greek : το πτερυγιον του ιερου ) : Then he ( Satan ) brought Him to Jerusalem , set Him on the pinnacle of the temple , and said to Him , `` If You are the Son of God , throw Yourself down from here . '' Inside the soreg ( edit ) According to Josephus , there were ten entrances into the inner courts , four on the south , four on the north , one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites , named the Nicanor Gate . The gates were : On the south side ( going from west to east ) the Fuel Gate , the Firstling Gate , the Water Gate . On the north side , from west to east , are the Jeconiah Gate , the Offering Gate , the Women 's Gate and the Song Gate . On the Eastern side , the Nicanor gate , which is where most Jewish visitors entered . A few pieces of the Soreg have survived to the present day . Within this area was the Court of the Women , open to all Jews , male and female . Even a ritually unclean Cohen could enter to perform various housekeeping duties .", "9": "There was also a place for lepers ( considered ritually unclean ) , as well as a ritual barbershop for Nazirites . In this , the largest of the temple courts , one could see constant dancing , singing and music . Only men were allowed to enter the Court of the Israelites , where they could observe sacrifices of the high priest in the Court of the Priests . The Court of the Priests was reserved for Levite priests . Temple sanctuary ( edit ) The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock , a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim Between the entrance of the building and the curtain veiling the Holy of Holies were the famous vessels of the temple : the menorah , the incense - burning altar , and various other implements . Pilgrimages ( edit ) Proposed reconstruction of Robinson 's Arch Roman triumphal procession with spoils from the Temple , depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome The Madaba Map depiction of 6th - century Aelia Capitolina has the Cardo Maximus , the town 's main street , beginning at the northern gate , today 's Damascus Gate , and traversing the city in a straight line from north to south to `` Nea Church '' . Robinson 's Arch -- remains of the entrance built by Herod to the Royal Colonnade Remnants of the 1st century Stairs of Ascent , discovered by archaeologist Benjamin Mazar , to the entrance of the Temple Courtyard . Pilgrims coming to make sacrifices at the Temple would have entered and exited by this stairway . Stones from the Western Wall thrown down by Roman soldiers in 70 CE See also : Pilgrimage § Judaism Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv ) , where they would join a caravan for the three - day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries . Then they changed some of their money from the profane standard Greek and Roman currency for Jewish and Tyrian money , the latter two considered religious . The pilgrims would purchase sacrificial animals , usually a pigeon or a lamb , in preparation for the following day 's events .", "10": "The first thing pilgrims would do would be to approach the public entrance on the south side of the Temple Mount complex . They would check their animals , then visit a mikveh , where they would ritually cleanse and purify themselves . The pilgrims would then retrieve their sacrificial animals , and head to the Huldah gates . After ascending a staircase three stories in height , and passing through the gate , the pilgrims would find themselves in the Court of the Gentiles . Destruction ( edit ) Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ( 1850 painting by David Roberts ) . Looking southwest View of Temple Mount looking southwest View of the southern part of Temple Mount Main article : Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire . Four years later , in 70 CE , Roman legions under Titus retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple . The Arch of Titus , located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus ' victory in Judea , depicts a Roman victory procession with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple , including the Menorah . According to an inscription on the Colosseum , Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79 CE -- possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple . The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance , including the priesthood and the Sadducees . The destruction date according to the Hebrew calendar was the 9th of Av , also known as Tisha B'Av . The Temple itself was located on the site of what today is the Dome of the Rock . The gates let out close to Al - Aqsa Mosque ( which came much later ) . Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city , Emperor Hadrian established a new city called Aelia Capitolina . At the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , many of the Jewish communities were massacred and Jews were banned from living inside Jerusalem . A pagan Roman temple was set up on the former site of Herod 's Temple . Archaeology ( edit ) In 1871 , a hewn stone measuring 60 × 90 cm.", "11": "and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by Charles Simon Clermont - Ganneau as being the Temple Warning inscription . The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended unto those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the soreg separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts . The inscription read in seven lines : ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ Translation : `` Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts . Anyone caught ( violating ) will be held accountable for his ensuing death . '' Today , the stone is preserved in Istanbul 's Museum of Antiquities . In 1936 a fragment of a similar Temple warning inscription was found . After 1967 , archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the Lions ' Gate . Thus , the Western Wall is not the only remaining part of the Temple Mount . Currently , Robinson 's Arch ( named after American Edward Robinson ) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away . This had been used by the priests as an entrance .", "12": "Commoners had entered through the still - extant , but now plugged , gates on the southern side which led through colonnades to the top of the platform . One of these colonnades is still extant and reachable through the Temple Mount . The Southern wall was designed as a grand entrance . Recent archeological digs have found thousands of mikvehs ( ceremonial bathtubs ) for the ritual purification of the worshipers , as well as a grand stairway leading to the now blocked entrance . Inside the walls , the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways , now called Solomon 's Stables , which still exist and whose current renovation by the Waqf is extremely controversial . The temple itself was constructed of imported white marble that gleamed in the daylight . On September 25 , 2007 , Yuval Baruch , archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the Temple Mount . Coins , pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE . Archaeologist Ehud Netzer confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves . The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70 . Magdala Stone Bar Kokhba tetradracm showing the Jerusalem Temple façade 132 -- 135 CE Arch of Titus showing spoils of Jerusalem Temple The upper corner of Herod 's temple colonnade with ancient Hebrew inscription The Warning Inscription found in 1871 A copy of the inscription found in 1871 Fragment of Second Temple Warning The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 × 1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . Second Temple Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple Judaism The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Abrahamic religions .", "13": "The origins of the authority of scripture , of the centrality of law and morality in religion , of the synagogue and of apocalyptic expectations for the future all developed in the Judaism of this period . See also ( edit ) Herodian architecture Jerusalem stone List of artifacts significant to the Bible List of megalithic sites Replicas of the Jewish Temple Temple of Peace , Rome Timeline of Jewish history Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albright , William ( 1963 ) . The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra : An Historical Survey . HarperCollins College Division . ASIN 0061301027 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 130102 - 7 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple , The Second '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Paul Cartledge , Peter Garnsey , Erich S. Gruen ( editors ) , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays In Culture , History , and Historiography , p. 92 ( University of California Press , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20676 - 2 Jump up ^ Ezra 2 : 65 ^ Jump up to : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , the Second '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Jump up ^ Ezra 2 Jump up ^ Maimonides . `` Mishneh Torah , Sefer Avodah , Beis Habechirah , Chapter 4 , Halacha 1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ezra 1 : 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ Goldwurm , Hersh . History of the Jewish people : the Second Temple era , Mesorah Publications , 1982 . Appendix : Year of the Destruction , p. 213 .", "14": "ISBN 0 - 89906 - 454 - X Jump up ^ De Bellis Antiquitatis ( DBA ) The Battle of Panion ( 200 BC ) Archived 2009 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , The Wars of the Jews Jewish War i . 34 ^ Jump up to : Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780567552488 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of Jerusalem 's Temple Mount , Leen Ritmeyer , Kathleen Ritmeyer , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Flavius Josephus : The Jewish War Jump up ^ The History Channel cited the 16.5 depth 567 ton estimate in `` Lost Worlds of King Herod '' Jump up ^ Dan Bahat : Touching the Stones of our Heritage , Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Modern Marvels : Bible tech '' History channel Jump up ^ Gospel of John 2 : 20 Jump up ^ Beasley - Murray , G. ( 1999 ) . Word biblical commentary : John ( 2 ed. , Vol. 36 ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . p. 249 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar . The acts of Jesus : the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Antiquities Authority '' . Jump up ^ In verse 14 of Ephesians 2 : 11 -- 18 Jump up ^ Luke 4 : 9 Jump up ^ Josephus , War 5.5. 2 ; 198 ; m . Mid . 1.4 Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D ... Jesus , Interrupted , HarperCollins , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 117393 - 2 Jump up ^ Rome , By Bruce Johnston in . `` Colosseum ' built with loot from sack of Jerusalem temple ' '' . Jump up ^ Alföldy , Géza ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . JSTOR 20189648 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Shraga . `` Tisha B'Av -- Ninth of Av '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Sean ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` USATODAY.com , Report : Herod 's Temple quarry found '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem . Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Jerusalem Videos The Southern & Western walls in Jerusalem -- The Temple Mount Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Temple Mount Photos The Temple Mount photos including sites below the Mount itself , off limits to any non-Muslims Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Herod and the Herodian Dynasty The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History ,", "16": "The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple of Herod PBS Frontline : Temple Culture Picture gallery of a model of the temple Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin", "17": "Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of", "18": "the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Hanukkah Traditions Symbols Menorah ( Hanukiah ) Dreidel ( Sevivon ) Gelt Public menorah Foods Latkes ( Levivot ) Sufganiyah Buñuelos Music `` Ma'oz Tzur ( Rock of Ages ) '' `` Dreidel Song '' `` Oh Chanukah '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Other Chrismukkah Thanksgivukkah Hanukkah bush Maccabean Revolt Events Seleucid Empire Temple in Jerusalem Maccabees Hasmonean Kingdom Historical accounts 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Miracle of the cruse of oil People Mattathias Simeon Eleazar Jonathan Judah Antiochus IV Epiphanes List of rulers Battles Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Beth Zechariah Adasa Dathema Elasa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=818861995 '' Categories : Second Temple 1st - 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-6750750235985613277	who was executed for being an american spy during the revolutionary war	[ "Nathan Hale", "Nathan Hale", "Nathan Hale", "Nathan Hale", "Nathan Hale" ]	{ "0": "Nathan Hale - wikipedia Nathan Hale This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nathan Hale ( disambiguation ) . Nathan Hale Nathan Hale , by Frederick MacMonnies , City Hall Park , New York Allegiance United States Birth name Nathan Hale June 6 , 1755 Coventry , Connecticut Colony , British America September 22 , 1776 ( 1776 - 09 - 22 ) ( aged 21 ) New York City , United States of America Cause of death Hanged Buried Coventry , Connecticut Alma mater Yale College Signature Nathan Hale as depicted in bronze ( 1890 ) by Frederick William MacMonnies at the Brooklyn Museum Nathan Hale ( June 6 , 1755 -- September 22 , 1776 ) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . He volunteered for an intelligence - gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed . Hale has long been considered an American hero and , in 1985 , he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Intelligence - gathering mission 3 Impact 4 Hanging site 5 Relatives 6 Legacy 6.1 Statues and appearance 6.2 Namesake items 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Coat of Arms of Nathan Hale Commission of Nathan Hale captain in nineteenth regiment of foot commanded by Colonel Charles Webb . Signed by John Hancock . January 1 , 1776 Nathan Hale was born in Coventry , Connecticut , in 1755 to Richard Hale and Elizabeth Strong . In 1768 , when he was fourteen years old , he was sent with his brother Enoch , who was sixteen , to Yale College . Nathan was a classmate of fellow patriot spy Benjamin Tallmadge . The Hale brothers belonged to the Linonian Society of Yale , which debated topics in astronomy , mathematics , literature , and the ethics of slavery .", "1": "Nathan graduated with first - class honors in 1773 at age 18 and became a teacher , first in East Haddam and later in New London . After the Revolutionary War began in 1775 , he joined a Connecticut militia and was elected first lieutenant within five months . His militia unit participated in the Siege of Boston , but Hale remained behind . It has been suggested that he was unsure as to whether he wanted to fight , or whether he was hindered because his teaching contract in New London did not expire until several months later , in July 1775 . On July 4 , 1775 , Hale received a letter from his classmate and friend Benjamin Tallmadge , who had gone to Boston to see the siege for himself . He wrote to Hale , `` Was I in your condition , I think the more extensive service would be my choice . Our holy Religion , the honor of our God , a glorious country , & a happy constitution is what we have to defend . '' Tallmadge 's letter was so inspiring that , several days later , Hale accepted a commission as first lieutenant in the 7th Connecticut Regiment under Colonel Charles Webb of Stamford . In the following spring , the army moved to Manhattan Island to prevent the British from taking over New York City . In September , General Washington was desperate to determine the location of the imminent British invasion of Manhattan Island . To that end , Washington needed a spy behind enemy lines , and Hale was the only volunteer . Intelligence - gathering mission ( edit ) The Battle of Long Island led to British victory and the capture of New York City via a flanking move from Staten Island across Long Island . Hale volunteered on September 8 , 1776 , to go behind enemy lines and report on British troop movements . He was ferried across on September 12 . It was an act of spying that was immediately punishable by death and posed a great risk to Hale . During his mission , New York City ( then the area at the southern tip of Manhattan around Wall Street ) fell to British forces on September 15 and Washington was forced to retreat to the island 's north in Harlem Heights ( what is now Morningside Heights ) . On September 21 , a quarter of the lower portion of Manhattan burned in the Great New York Fire of 1776 .", "2": "The fire was later widely thought to have been started by American saboteurs to keep the city from falling into British hands , though Washington and the Congress had already denied this idea . It has also been speculated that the fire was the work of British soldiers acting without orders . In the fire 's aftermath , more than 200 American partisans were rounded up by the British . An account of Nathan Hale 's capture was written by Consider Tiffany , a Connecticut shopkeeper and Loyalist , and obtained by the Library of Congress . In Tiffany 's account , Major Robert Rogers of the Queen 's Rangers saw Hale in a tavern and recognized him despite his disguise . After luring Hale into betraying himself by pretending to be a patriot himself , Rogers and his Rangers apprehended Hale near Flushing Bay in Queens , New York . Another story was that his Loyalist cousin , Samuel Hale , was the one who revealed his true identity . Beekman House British General William Howe had established his headquarters in the Beekman House in a then rural part of Manhattan , on a rise between what are now 50th and 51st Streets between First and Second Avenues , near where Beekman Place commemorates the connection . Hale reportedly was questioned by Howe , and physical evidence was found on him . Rogers provided information about the case . According to tradition , Hale spent the night in a greenhouse at the mansion . He requested a Bible ; his request was denied . Sometime later , he requested a clergyman . Again , the request was denied . According to the standards of the time , spies were hanged as illegal combatants . On the morning of September 22 , 1776 , Hale was marched along Post Road to the Park of Artillery , which was next to a public house called the Dove Tavern ( at modern - day 66th Street and Third Avenue ) , and hanged . He was 21 years old . Bill Richmond , a 13 - year - old former slave and Loyalist who later became a boxer in Europe , was reportedly one of the hangmen , responsible for securing the rope to a strong tree and preparing the noose . Impact ( edit ) Nathan Hale appeared on US postage stamps issued in 1925 and 1929 . The likeness is from a statue by Bela Lyon Pratt .", "3": "By all accounts , Hale comported himself well before the hanging . Over the years , there has been speculation as to whether he specifically uttered the line : `` I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country . '' The line may be a revision of `` I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged that my only regret is that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service . '' The story of Hale 's quote began with John Montresor , a British officer who witnessed the hanging . Soon after the execution , Montresor spoke with the American officer William Hull about Hale 's death . Hull later publicized Hale 's use of the declaration . Because Hull was not an eyewitness to Hale 's speech , some historians have questioned the reliability of the account . If Hale did not originate the statement , it is possible he instead repeated a passage from Joseph Addison 's play Cato , an ideological inspiration to many Whigs : How beautiful is death , when earn 'd by virtue ! Who would not be that youth ? What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country . No official records were kept of Hale 's speech . However , Frederick MacKensie , a British officer , wrote this diary entry for the day : He behaved with great composure and resolution , saying he thought it the duty of every good Officer , to obey any orders given him by his Commander - in - Chief ; and desired the Spectators to be at all times prepared to meet death in whatever shape it might appear . It is almost certain that Nathan Hale 's last speech contained more than one sentence . Several early accounts mention different things he said . These are not necessarily contradictory , but rather , together they give an idea of what the speech must have been like . ( The following quotes are all taken from George Dudley Seymour 's book , Documentary Life of Nathan Hale , published in 1941 by the author . ) From the diary of Enoch Hale , Nathan 's brother , after he went to question people who had been present , October 26 , 1776 : `` When at the Gallows he spoke & told them that he was a Capt in the Cont Army by name Nathan Hale . ''", "4": "From the Essex Journal , February 13 , 1777 : `` However , at the gallows , he made a sensible and spirited speech ; among other things , told them they were shedding the blood of the innocent , and that if he had ten thousand lives , he would lay them all down , if called to it , in defence of his injured , bleeding Country . '' From the Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser , May 17 , 1781 : `` I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged , that my only regret is , that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service . '' From the memoirs of Captain William Hull , quoting British Captain John Montresor , who was present and who spoke to Hull under a flag of truce the next day : `` On the morning of his execution , '' continued the officer , `` my station was near the fatal spot , and I requested the Provost Marshal ( William Cunningham ) to permit the prisoner to sit in my marquee , while he was making the necessary preparations . Captain Hale entered : he was calm , and bore himself with gentle dignity , in the consciousness of rectitude and high intentions . He asked for writing materials , which I furnished him : he wrote two letters , one to his mother and one to a brother officer . He was shortly after summoned to the gallows . But a few persons were around him , yet his characteristic dying words were remembered . He said , ' I only regret , that I have but one life to lose for my country . ' '' Two early ballads also attempt to recreate Hale 's last speech . Songs and Ballads of the Revolution , collected by F. Moore ( 1855 ) contained the `` Ballad of Nathan Hale '' ( anonymous ) , dated 1776 : `` Thou pale king of terrors , thou life 's gloomy foe , Go frighten the slave ; go frighten the slave ; Tell tyrants , to you their allegiance they owe . No fears for the brave ; no fears for the brave . '' ; and `` To the Memory of Capt . Nathan Hale '' by Eneas Munson , Sr.", "5": ", was written soon after Hale 's death : `` Hate of oppression 's arbitrary plan , The love of freedom , and the rights of man ; A strong desire to save from slavery 's chain The future millions of the western main , And hand down safe , from men 's invention cleared , The sacred truths which all the just revered ; For ends like these , I wish to draw my breath , '' He bravely cried , `` or dare encounter death . '' And when a cruel wretch pronounced his doom , Replied , `` ' Tis well , -- for all is peace to come ; The sacred cause for which I drew my sword Shall yet prevail , and peace shall be restored . I 've served with zeal the land that gave me birth , Fulfilled my course , and done my work on earth ; Have ever aimed to tread that shining road That leads a mortal to the blessed God . I die resigned , and quit life 's empty stage , For brighter worlds my every wish engage ; And while my body slumbers in the dust , My soul shall join the assemblies of the just . '' Munson had tutored Hale before college , and knew him and his family well , so even though the particulars of this speech may be unlikely , Munson knew firsthand what Hale 's opinions were . Hanging site ( edit ) The British hang spy Nathan Hale in New York City , 1776 . Aside from the site at 66th Street and Third Avenue , currently a Nike store and three other sites in Manhattan claim to be the hanging site : City Hall Park , where a statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was erected in 1890 Inside Grand Central Terminal The Yale Club at 44th Street and Vanderbilt Avenue , near Grand Central Terminal , the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) hung a plaque which states the event occurred there Nathan Hale 's body has never been found . His family erected an empty grave cenotaph in Nathan Hale Cemetery in South Coventry Historic District , Connecticut . His statue also stands in Nathan Hale Park in Saint Paul , Minnesota . Relatives ( edit ) Hale was the great - grandson of John `` Reverend Hale '' Hale , an important figure in the Salem witch trials of 1692 .", "6": "Nathan Hale was also the uncle of orator and statesman Edward Everett ( the other speaker at Gettysburg ) and the grand - uncle of Edward Everett Hale ( quoted above ) , a Unitarian minister , writer , and activist noted for social causes including abolitionism . He was the uncle of Nathan Hale who founded the Boston Daily Advertiser , and helped establish the North American Review . Legacy ( edit ) Statues and appearance ( edit ) Statue by Bela Pratt at the Tribune Tower , Chicago . Statue by Enoch Smith Woods at Wadsworth Atheneum , Hartford , Connecticut , erected 1894 . Statue by Bela Lyon Pratt at Fort Nathan Hale . Nathan Hale statue flanked by Yale servicemen , Yale campus , New Haven , Connecticut , November 1917 . Marker in Freese Park , Norwalk , Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point for Nathan Hale 's fatal mission Statues of Nathan Hale are based on idealized archetypes ; no contemporaneous portraits of him have been found . Documents and letters reveal Hale was an informed , practical , detail - oriented man who planned ahead . Of his appearance and demeanor , fellow soldier Lieutenant Elisha Bostwick wrote that Nathan Hale had blue eyes , flaxen blond hair , darker eyebrows , and stood slightly taller than average height ( of the time ) , with mental powers of a sedate mind and pious . Bostwick wrote : I can now in imagination see his person & hear his voice - his person I should say was a little above the common stature in height , his shoulders of a moderate breadth , his limbs strait & very plump : regular features -- very fair skin -- blue eyes -- flaxen or very light hair which was always kept short -- his eyebrows a shade darker than his hair & his voice rather sharp or piercing -- his bodily agility was remarkable . I have seen him follow a football and kick it over the tops of the trees in the Bowery at New York , ( an exercise which he was fond of ) -- his mental powers seemed to be above the common sort -- his mind of a sedate and sober cast , & he was undoubtedly Pious ; for it was remark 'd that when any of the soldiers of his company were sick he always visited them & usually Prayed for & with them in their sickness .", "7": "Hale has been honored with two standing images : A statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was dedicated on the anniversary of Evacuation Day , November 25 , 1893 , at City Hall Park , New York . The statue established Hale 's modern idealized square - jawed image . A statue of Hale , sculpted 1908 -- 12 by Bela Pratt , was cast in 1912 and stands in front of Connecticut Hall where he resided while at Yale . Copies of this sculpture stand at the Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts ; the Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventry ; the Connecticut Governor 's Residence in Hartford , Connecticut ; Fort Nathan Hale in New Haven , Connecticut ; Mitchell College in New London , Connecticut ; the Department of Justice in Washington , D.C. ; Tribune Tower in Chicago ; and at the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency , Langley , Virginia . Other statues / markers include : A statue of Nathan Hale , with an inscription of his reported last words on the first floor of the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford . Statues of Nathan Hale are also located in the Tulane University Law School reading room ; and at the corner of Summit and Portland Avenues in Saint Paul , Minnesota . A memorial for him located in Huntington , New York where he landed for his fatal spying mission . A historical marker in Freese Park , Norwalk , Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point . A 45 - foot ( 14 m ) obelisk known as the Captain Nathan Hale Monument was erected in his honor in 1846 in his birthplace of Coventry , Connecticut . Namesake items ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The hamlet of Halesite , New York ( formerly Huntington Harbor ) on Long Island , New York , is named after Hale . There is a memorial plaque set into a large boulder , which was removed from the beach nearby where Hale is thought to have landed on his fateful mission . Nathan Hale Army Depot , a U.S. Army installation , is located in Darmstadt , Germany .", "8": "Fort Nathan Hale , a Revolutionary War - era fort and historic site in New Haven , Connecticut , is named after him . The Nathan Hale Inn and Nathan Hale dormitory on the University of Connecticut campus in Storrs , Connecticut , are named after Hale . The Nathan Hale dormitory , traditionally a freshman girl 's dorm , at Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , is named after Hale . Nathan Hale Hall is a Building at Farmingdale State College in Farmingdale , New York , which is home to Biology and Art Centers . Nathan Hale Hall is a Barracks Building at Fort George G. Meade , Maryland . Nathan Hale Hall is the main academic building at Mitchell College , New London , Connecticut . Nathan Hale Memorial Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution . Organized June 6 , 1900 , in East Haddam , Connecticut . Ceremony took place at the one - room schoolhouse where he once taught . High schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale - Ray High School in East Haddam , Connecticut ( where he was schoolmaster ) , Nathan Hale High School in Seattle and high schools in West Allis , Wisconsin , and Tulsa , Oklahoma . Middle schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale - Ray Middle School in East Haddam , Connecticut , Nathan Hale Middle School in Norwalk , Connecticut ( the departure point for his final mission ) , Captain Nathan Hale Middle School in Coventry , Connecticut ( his birthplace ) , as well as middle schools in Northvale , New Jersey ; Omaha , Nebraska ; Cleveland ; and Crestwood , Illinois . There are elementary schools named after Hale in Roxbury , Boston ; New London , Connecticut ( where he was schoolmaster ) ; Enfield , Connecticut ; Manchester , Connecticut ; Meriden , Connecticut , New Haven , Connecticut , Whiting , Indiana ; Schaumburg , Illinois ; Mesa , Arizona ; Minneapolis ; Lansing , Illinois , Crestwood , Illinois , Carteret , New Jersey , Northvale , New Jersey , and in Chicago . The United States Navy submarine USS Nathan Hale ( SSBN - 623 ) was named in his honor . The Nathan Hale Ancient Fife and Drum Corps from Coventry , Connecticut , is named after him and includes a division called Knowlton 's Connecticut Rangers .", "9": "The main character of Resistance : Fall of Man and Resistance 2 is named Nathan Hale and is a soldier , but does n't have any direct relation to the original one . `` Nathaniel Hale '' Battalion is the name of the Battalion for Army ROTC based at the University of Connecticut , with Knowlton Company ( Company A ) at University of Connecticut and Sillman Company ( Company B) at Sacred Heart University . Nathan Hale 's Hazardous Tales by Nathan James Hale are a graphic novel series . The first book `` One Dead Spy '' tells the story of Nathan Hale . The character of Nathan Hale appears in other books in the series as the narrator . See also ( edit ) Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War Nathan Hale Homestead Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sites , Seals , Symbols '' . Interactive Connecticut State Register & Manual . State of Connecticut . 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mobed , Desiree ; Baker , Mary Beth . `` FAQ '' . The Nathan Hale website . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capt . Nathan Hale ( 1755 - 1776 ) - Sons of the American Revolution , Connecticut - CTSSAR '' . www.connecticutsar.org . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale : Yale 1773 : : Curator : Richard E. Mooney '' . www.library.yale.edu . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary Life of Nathan Hale '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Neff , p. 299 -- 308 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hutson , James ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` Nathan Hale Revisited -- A Tory 's Account of the Arrest of the First American Spy '' . Information Bulletin . The Library of Congress .", "10": "Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haswell , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ortner , Mary J. ( 2001 ) . `` Captain Nathan Hale ( 1755 - 1776 ) '' . Patriots . The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period '' . March 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. xxxi . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , F.K. ( January 1 , 1985 ) . `` A Possible Source for Nathan Hale 's Dying Words '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 42 ( 3 ) : 394 -- 396 . JSTOR 1918934 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918934 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. xxxii . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent Revolution '' . New York magazine . September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale '' . Saint Paul Minnesota . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Sherman ( 1885 ) . `` The Century '' . 29 . New York , NY : The Century Co. : 339 . Jump up ^ George Dudley Seymour ( 1907 ) . The familiar Hale : an attempt to show by what standards of age , appearance and character the proposed statue to Nathan Hale for the campus of Yale college should be judged . The Yale publishing association . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 .", "11": "^ Jump up to : `` The Last Days and Valiant Death of Nathan Hale '' . American Heritage Magazine . American Heritage Inc . April 1964 . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall Park , Nathan Hale '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` The CIA campus . A walk outside headquarters '' . Central Intelligence Agengy . July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ConneCT Kids Connecticut Government The Connecticut State Capitol 4 '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul , Minnesota government '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NATHAN HALE : Patriot Spy '' ( PDF ) . Revolutionary Connecticut . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.district130.org/schools/nhp/1_nathan_hale_home%20page.htm References ( edit ) H.W. Crocker III ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Charles Haynes Haswell ( 1896 ) . Reminiscences of New York by an octogenarian ( 1816 to 1860 ) . Harper . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jacob K. Neff ( 1845 ) . The Army and Navy of America : containing a view of the heroic adventures , battles , naval engagements , remarkable incidents , and glorious achievements in the cause of freedom , from the period of the French and Indian Wars to the close of the Florida War : independent of an account of warlike operations on land and sea : enlivened by a variety of the most interesting anecdotes , and splendidly embellished with numerous engravings . John S. Gable . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . George D. Seymour ( May 2006 ) . Documentary Life of Nathan Hale : Comprising All Available Official and Private Documents Bearing on the Life of the Patriot . Kessinger Publishing .", "12": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 0043 - 0 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Mark Allen . `` Spies of Revolutionary Connecticut , From Benedict Arnold to Nathan Hale . '' Charleston : The History Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 407 - 6 Circian . `` The Story of Nathan Hale . '' Archiving Early America . N.p. , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2001_summer_fall/n_hale.html > . Fleming , Thomas . `` George Washington , Spymaster . '' American Heritage . American Heritage Publishing Company , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.americanheritage.com/content/george-washington-spymaster > . Durante , Dianne , Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan : A Historical Guide ( New York University Press , 2007 ) : description of MacMonnies 's Nathan Hale at City Hall Park , New York . Kirby , David . `` Nathan Hale Was Here ... and Here ... and Here . '' New York Times November 23 , 1997 : 3 . < http://search.proquest.com/docview/430873870 > . Miller , Tom . `` The Lost 1763 Beekman Mansion ' Mount Pleasant ' -- 50th Street and 1st Avenue . '' Daytonian in Manhattan . N.p. , September 21 , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/lost-1763-beekman-mansion-mount.html > . Ortner , Mary J. `` Captain Nathan Hale . '' The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . N.p. , 2010 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/hale_nathan_2.htm > . Phelps , William M.", "13": "`` Nathan Hale : The Life and Death of America 's First Spy '' St. Martin 's Press , New York , New York , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 37641 - 3 Rose , Alexander . Washington 's Spies : The Story of America 's First Spy Ring . Random House , New York , New York , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80421 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan Hale . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nathan Hale A Time for Heroes : The Story of Nathan Hale `` Hale , John '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892 . Ortner , Mary J. ( 2001 ) . `` Captain Nathan Hale ( 1755 -- 1776 ) '' . The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Hutson , James . `` Nathan Hale Revisited '' . Information Bulletin : July / August 2003 . Library of Congress . ( A newly discovered ) account of the capture of Nathan Hale fits the facts as we know them so well that one is tempted to accept it as being substantially true . `` Nathan Hale , American Patriot '' . U-S-History.com .", "14": "The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution Nathan Hale at Find a Grave ( hide ) New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St.", "15": "George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers VIAF : 54951105 LCCN : n82126548 GND : 119126257 IATH : w6tt4qth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Hale&oldid=806721353 '' Categories : Nathan Hale 1755 births 1776 deaths American Revolutionary War executions Continental Army officers from Connecticut Executed spies People executed by the British military by hanging People of Connecticut in the American Revolution People from Coventry , Connecticut United States Army Rangers Yale University alumni Executed people from Connecticut People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain Symbols of Connecticut 18th - century executions of American people Military personnel from Connecticut American spies during the American Revolution Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 19 : 13 . 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8770209312170080158	who sang the song suddenly with olivia newton john	[ "Cliff Richard", "Cliff Richard", "Cliff Richard", "Cliff Richard", "Cliff Richard" ]	{ "0": "Suddenly ( Olivia Newton - John and Cliff Richard song ) - wikipedia Suddenly ( Olivia Newton - John and Cliff Richard song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Suddenly '' Picture sleeve of UK vinyl single Single by Olivia Newton - John and Cliff Richard from the album Xanadu B - side `` You Made Me Love You '' ( Olivia Newton - John ) Released October 24 , 1980 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded 1980 ; Musicland Studios ( Munich , Germany ) Genre Pop soft rock Length 3 : 58 Label Jet Records Songwriter ( s ) John Farrar Producer ( s ) John Farrar Olivia Newton - John singles chronology `` Xanadu '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` Physical '' ( 1981 ) `` Xanadu '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` Physical '' ( 1981 ) Cliff Richard singles chronology `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) Dreamin'1980 `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) Suddenly1980 `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) A Little in Love 1980 `` Suddenly '' is a song from the soundtrack album Xanadu , and is the love theme from the 1980 film of the same name . The song is performed as a duet between Olivia Newton - John and Cliff Richard . It was written by John Farrar who also produced the record . It was released on Jet Records and reached No. 15 in the UK charts in October 1980 and reached No. 20 in the US . The video shows them in a penthouse singing the song to each other .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 - 81 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 37 Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 60 Canadian Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Personnel ( edit ) Olivia Newton - John - vocals Cliff Richard - vocals John Farrar - guitar , synthesizer David McDaniel - bass Ed Greene - drums Michael Boddicker - vocoder Jai Winding - electric piano Richard Hewson - orchestra conductor Cover versions ( edit ) The song was covered by Filipino singers Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga on their gold album Love Duets , released February 20 , 2009 , also released as a single . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles - Volume 34 , No. 4 , November 22 , 1980 '' ( PDF ) . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Charts '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Olivia Newton - John & Cliff Richard -- Suddenly '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 1993 . Record Research . p. 200 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , January 19 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Cliff Richard : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Xanadu Film Musical Music Film Soundtrack `` Magic '' `` Suddenly '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' `` All Over the World '' `` Xanadu '' `` You Made Me Love You '' Musical Broadway Cast Recording `` Evil Woman '' `` Strange Magic '' `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' Related articles Kira Kubla Khan ( Xanadu ) Down to Earth Cover Girl `` You Have to Believe '' Pan-Pacific Auditorium Olivia Newton - John Albums Singles Videography Tours Awards and honours Studio albums If Not for You Olivia Let Me Be There Long Live Love If You Love Me , Let Me Know Have You Never Been Mellow Clearly Love Come On Over Do n't Stop Believin ' Making a Good Thing Better Totally Hot Physical Soul Kiss The Rumour Warm and Tender Gaia : One Woman 's Journey Back with a Heart Indigo : Women of Song Stronger Than Before Grace and Gratitude Christmas Wish A Celebration in Song This Christmas Liv On Friends for Christmas Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol.", "3": "2 Back to Basics : The Essential Collection 1971 -- 1992 The Definitive Collection Magic Gold 40 / 40 Live albums Love Performance Highlights from The Main Event One Woman 's Live Journey Olivia 's Live Hits Two Strong Hearts Live Soundtracks Grease Xanadu Two of a Kind A Few Best Men EPs Hotel Sessions Video releases Olivia Physical Olivia in Concert The Main Event Video Gold Live at the Sydney Opera House Singles `` If Not for You '' `` Banks of the Ohio '' `` What is Life '' `` Just a Little Too Much '' `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' `` Let Me Be There '' `` Long Live Love '' `` I Honestly Love You '' `` If You Love Me , Let Me Know '' `` I Honestly Love You '' `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' `` Please Mr.", "4": "Please '' `` Something Better to Do '' `` Let It Shine '' `` Come on Over '' `` Jolene '' `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` Every Face Tells a Story '' `` Sam '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` A Little More Love '' `` Deeper Than the Night '' `` Magic '' `` Xanadu '' `` Suddenly '' `` Physical '' `` Make a Move on Me '' `` Landslide '' `` Heart Attack '' `` Tied Up '' `` Twist of Fate '' `` Soul Kiss '' `` When You Wish upon a Star '' `` Mickey ( Chew Fu Fix ) '' Featured singles `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` You Have to Believe '' Other singles `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Concert tours Totally Hot World Tour Physical Tour The Main Event Tour Greatest Hits Tour One Woman 's Journey Tour 30 Musical Years Tour Heartstrings World Tour 2006 World Tour Grace and Gratitude Tour Body Heart & Spirit Tour An Evening with ONJ 2010 World Tour 2011 United States Tour A Summer Night with ONJ Summer Nights Two Strong Hearts Live Related articles Toomorrow ( soundtrack ) Olivia Newton - John ( miniseries ) Max Born Pat Carrol John Farrar Tottie Goldsmith Chloe Rose Lattanzi ( daughter ) Matt Lattanzi ( first husband ) Emerson Newton - John ( nephew ) Book Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' ( 1958 ) `` High Class Baby '' ( 1958 ) `` Livin ' Lovin ' Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Mean Streak '' ( 1959 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Travellin ' Light '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Please Do n't Tease '' ( 1960 ) `` I Love You '' ( 1960 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1961 ) `` When the Girl in Your Arms .", "5": "'' ( 1961 ) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Lookin ' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' ( 1962 ) `` It 'll Be Me '' ( 1962 ) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' ( 1962 ) `` Summer Holiday '' ( 1963 ) `` Lucky Lips '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1963 ) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' ( 1964 ) `` Constantly ( L'Edera ) '' ( 1964 ) `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( 1964 ) `` The Minute You 're Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' ( 1966 ) `` Visions '' ( 1966 ) `` The Day I Met Marie '' ( 1967 ) '' `` All My Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Congratulations '' ( 1968 ) `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( 1968 ) `` Marianne '' ( 1968 ) `` Early in the Morning '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to All Our Friends '' ( 1973 ) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' ( 1975 ) `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil Woman '' ( 1976 ) `` Hey Mr. Dream Maker '' ( 1976 ) `` My Kinda Life '' ( 1977 ) `` When Two Worlds Drift Apart '' ( 1977 ) `` Green Light '' ( 1979 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Carrie '' ( 1980 ) `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Wired for Sound '' ( 1981 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` True Love Ways '' ( live ) ( 1983 )", "6": "`` Baby You 're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' ( 1984 ) `` Donna '' ( 1984 US ) `` Two to the Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( 1988 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( 1989 ) `` I Just Do n't Have the Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Lean On You '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' ( 1990 ) `` Silhouettes '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` Saviour 's Day '' ( 1990 ) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' ( 1991 ) `` We Should Be Together '' ( 1991 ) `` Peace in Our Time '' ( 1993 ) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( live ) / `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1994 ) `` Ca n't Keep this Feeling In '' ( 1998 ) `` The Millennium Prayer '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' / `` What a Wonderful World '' ( medley ) ( 2001 ) `` Yesterday Once More '' ( 2006 ) `` Move It '' ( 2006 ) `` When I Need You '' ( 2007 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( re-entry ) ( 2008 ) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' ( 2008 ) `` Singing the Blues '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 2014 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( 2016 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 2017 ) Book : Cliff Richard Retrieved from ``", "7": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suddenly_(Olivia_Newton-John_and_Cliff_Richard_song)&oldid=833742199 '' Categories : 1980 singles Olivia Newton - John songs Cliff Richard songs Jet Records singles Song recordings produced by John Farrar Songs from Xanadu ( film ) Songs written by John Farrar Vocal duets Love themes 1980 songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-180549795106449014	who is command sergeant major of the army	[ "Daniel A. Dailey", "Daniel A. Dailey", "Daniel A. Dailey" ]	{ "0": "Sergeant Major of the Army - wikipedia Sergeant Major of the Army Jump to : navigation , search For the British Army equivalent , see Army Sergeant Major . For the Danish Army equivalent , see Sergeant Major of the Army ( Denmark ) . For the Australian Army equivalent , see Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army ( Australia ) . For the South African Army equivalent , see Sergeant Major of the Army ( South Africa ) . United States Sergeant Major of the Army Incumbent Sergeant Major of the Army Daniel A. Dailey since 30 January 2015 Formation 11 July 1966 ( 1966 - 07 - 11 ) First holder William O. Wooldridge Salary Based on Pay scale ( 1 ) Website Official Website The Sergeant Major of the Army ( SMA ) is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office in the United States Army . The holder of this rank and position is the most senior enlisted member of the Army unless an Army Sergeant Major is serving as the senior enlisted advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , in which case he would be the most senior enlisted man and the SMA will be the second-most senior enlisted member of the Army . The SMA is appointed to serve as a spokesman to address the issues of enlisted soldiers to all officers , from warrant officers and lieutenants to the Army 's highest positions . As such , he is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army . The exact duties vary depending on the chief of staff , though much of the SMA 's time is spent traveling throughout the Army , observing training and talking with soldiers and their families . Kenneth O. Preston held the rank from 15 January 2004 through 28 February 2011 , the only incumbent to serve longer than four years . SMA Raymond F. Chandler III was succeeded by Command Sergeant Major Daniel A. Dailey , on 30 January 2015 . While the SMA is a non-commissioned officer , protocol places the SMA higher than all lieutenant generals .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Pay grade 3 Insignia 4 Positional color 5 List of Sergeants Major of the Army 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The rank and position were based on those of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps ( established in its current incarnation on 23 May 1957 ) . The Chief of Staff of the Army created the position in 1966 after asking leaders of the major commands for a personal recommendation . He asked that it not be considered a near - retirement type assignment . He listed seven duties and functions he expected the Sergeant Major to perform , including service as a personal adviser and assistant on matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers . From 4,700 proposed candidates , 21 nominees were selected . Finally chosen was the only one then serving in Vietnam , Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge of the 1st Infantry Division . The other services later followed , creating the positions of Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force in 1967 , Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard in 1969 , and Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman in 2005 . These six positions are collectively referred to as `` senior enlisted advisors '' ( `` SEAs '' ) . Pay grade ( edit ) The Sergeant Major of the Army base pay is $7844.70 a month ( $94,136.40 per year ) Insignia ( edit ) SMA insignia timeline 1966 -- 1968 , the only authorized insignia for all sergeants major 1968 -- 1979 , became Command Sergeant Major 1979 -- 1994 1994 -- 2015 2015 -- present Sergeant Major of the Army branch of service collar insignia Sergeant Major of the Army cap device The sergeant major of the army , like counterparts in the other branches , wears a unique rank insignia , including a unique collar insignia ( `` brass '' ) . The collar insignia of the SMA is the shield portion of the collar insignia of an aide - de-camp to the Army Chief of Staff ( less the surmounting eagle ) , placed upon an enlisted collar disk of gold color , one inch in diameter .", "2": "The insignia worn by SMA Wooldridge was hand - soldered by Colonel Jasper J. Wilson from the cannibalized insignia and enlisted collar brass of an aide . The insignia was approved on 4 July 1966 . Originally , the SMA would wear the device on each collar , but he now wears the standard `` U.S. '' disk on his right collar as do all enlisted soldiers . This insignia is also worn in place of a unit insignia on the SMA 's beret , garrison cap , and pull - over sweater . The collar insignia of the senior enlisted advisor to the chairman ( `` SEAC '' ) of the JCS , approved 2 February 2006 , is based directly upon that of the SMA , and features the shield of an aide de camp to the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff ( without the surmounting eagle ) , on a gold - colored disk . The SMA 's cap device , worn on the front of the blue service cap ( and , formerly , the white service cap ; and , until 2011 the green service cap ) is a gold - colored rendering of the United States ' coat of arms , surrounded by a wreath . The cap device for all other U.S. Army enlisted soldiers is a gold - colored rendering of the United States ' coat of arms on a gold - colored disk ( males ) or surrounded by a gold colored ring ( females ) . The chief master sergeant of the Air Force has the same cap device as the SMA , but in silver - colored metal . Positional color ( edit ) The Sergeant Major of the Army , Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman are the only members of the United States armed forces below the rank of brigadier general / rear admiral , lower half to be authorized a positional color ( flag ) . First considered in 1992 , the SMA 's color has been authorized since 22 March 1999 . It is based on the design of his collar insignia and the positional flag of the Chief of Staff , Army . Like the SEAC 's collar brass , the SEAC 's positional color was patterned after the SMA 's color . List of Sergeants Major of the Army ( edit ) # Photo SMA Tenure 1 .", "3": "William O. Wooldridge July 1966 -- August 1968 2 . George W. Dunaway September 1968 -- September 1970 3 . Silas L. Copeland October 1970 -- June 1973 4 . Leon L. Van Autreve July 1973 -- June 1975 5 . William G. Bainbridge July 1975 -- June 1979 6 . William A. Connelly July 1979 -- June 1983 7 . Glen E. Morrell July 1983 -- July 1987 8 . Julius W. Gates July 1987 -- June 1991 9 . Richard A. Kidd July 1991 -- June 1995 10 . Gene C. McKinney July 1995 -- October 1997 11 . Robert E. Hall October 1997 -- June 2000 12 . Jack L. Tilley June 2000 -- January 2004 13 . Kenneth O. Preston January 2004 -- March 2011 14 . Raymond F. Chandler March 2011 -- January 2015 15 . Daniel A. Dailey January 2015 -- Present See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sergeants Major of the United States Army . Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Senior Enlisted Advisor for the National Guard Bureau Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sergeant Major Kenneth O. Preston - Sergeant Major Army '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dailey assumes role as 15th sergeant major of Army '' . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army A Guide to Protocol and Etiquette for Official Entertainment , 5 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps '' . HQMC .", "4": "United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sergeants Major of the Army '' . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sergeants Major of the Army , Center for Military History , 3rd edition , online document here Jump up ^ https://archive.li/20160505202609/http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/10/01/rip-green-service-uniform-1954-2015/73142376/ Jump up ^ Elder , Daniel K. ( 2003 ) . The Sergeants Major of the Army ( Revised ed . ) . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Army Regulation 670 - 1 , paras 28 - 4b , 28 - 9i ( 4 ) , 28 - 10b ( 32 ) . Jump up ^ AR 670 - 1 , paras 28 - 22d ( 1 ) , 28 - 22f ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ AR 670 - 1 , para 28 - 3b ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ AR 670 - 1 , para 28 - 3b ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Elder , Daniel K. ( 2003 ) . The Sergeants Major of the Army ( Revised ed . ) . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 40 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 ... Jump up ^ `` Former Sergeants Major of the Army '' . Retrieved 22 September 2007 .", "5": "United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG United States Army Leadership Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff 4 - star generals Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army House Armed Services Committee ( House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Senate Committee on Armed Services ( Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Components and commands Regular Army Army Reserve Army National Guard Active Units Reorganization plan of United States Army Army commands Forces Training and Doctrine Materiel Service components Africa Central Europe Pacific North South Special Operations Surface Deployment and Distribution Space and Missile Defense Cyber Command Direct reporting units Second Army Medical Intelligence", "6": "and Security Criminal Investigation Corps of Engineers Military District of Washington Test and Evaluation Military Academy Reserve Acquisition Support Center Installation Management War College Field armies First Second Third Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Branches Acquisition Corps Adjutant General 's Corps Air Defense Artillery Branch Armor Branch Aviation Branch Army Band Chaplain Corps Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps Corps of Engineers Dental Corps Field Artillery Branch Finance Corps Infantry Branch Inspector General 's Corps Judge Advocate General 's Corps Logistics Branch Medical Corps Medical Service Corps Medical Specialist Corps Military Intelligence Corps Military Police Corps Nurse Corps Ordnance Corps Psychological Operations Quartermaster Corps Signal Corps Special Forces Transportation Corps Veterinary Corps Installations United States and Overseas Germany Kosovo Kuwait South Korea Training Basic Training BOLC ROTC ( ECP ) OCS WOBC WOCS Military Academy ( West Point ) MOS Uniforms and insignia Awards and decorations Badges Branch Officer Warrant Enlisted World War I World War II Uniforms Equipment Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles Premier ensembles Army Field Band Army Band Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps West Point Band History and traditions History Continental Army Union Army National Army Army of the United States Center of Military History Institute of Heraldry America 's Army Army Art Program Flag National Museum West Point Museum Rangers", "7": "U.S. Army Regimental System Soldier 's Creed `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' Division nicknames Draft Service numbers Portal Military Senior enlisted advisor posts Australia Warrant Officer of the Air Force Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army Warrant Officer of the Navy Canada Canadian Forces Chief Warrant Officer Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force Denmark Sergeant Major of the Army Chief Master Sergeant of the RDAF New Zealand Warrant officer of the Navy Singapore Sergeant Major of the Army Master Chief Navy Air Force Command Chief South Africa Master at Arms of the Navy Sergeant Major of the Army Sergeant Major of the Air Force United Kingdom Army Sergeant Major Chief of the Air Staff 's Warrant Officer Warrant Officer of the Naval Service Royal Marines Corps Regimental Sergeant Major United States Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Sergeant Major of the Army Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Senior Enlisted Advisor for the National Guard Bureau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergeant_Major_of_the_Army&oldid=822044675 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Army United States military enlisted ranks Senior Enlisted Advisor Sergeants Major of the Army Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7815138213728640354	who sings the original windmills of your mind	[ "Noel Harrison", "Noel Harrison", "Noel Harrison", "Noel Harrison", "Noel Harrison" ]	{ "0": "The Windmills of Your Mind - wikipedia The Windmills of Your Mind Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Paul Motian , see The Windmills of Your Mind ( album ) . For the album by Bud Shank , see Windmills of Your Mind ( album ) . `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' is a song with music by French composer Michel Legrand and English lyrics written by Americans Alan and Marilyn Bergman . The French lyrics , under the title `` Les Moulins de mon cœur '' , were written by Eddy Marnay . The song ( with the English lyrics ) was introduced in the film The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1968 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in the same year . In 2004 , `` Windmills of Your Mind '' was ranked 57 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top songs in American cinema . A remake by Sting was utilized in the 1999 remake of The Thomas Crown Affair . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition / original recording 2 Dusty Springfield version 3 José Feliciano version 4 Other versions 4.1 In English 4.2 In French : `` Les Moulins de mon cœur '' 4.3 In other languages 5 References Composition / original recording ( edit ) In the original 1968 film The Thomas Crown Affair , the song is heard -- sung by Noel Harrison -- during opening credits ; and , during the film , in a scene in which the character Thomas Crown flies a glider at the glider airport in Salem , New Hampshire : having edited the rough cut for this scene utilizing the Beatles track `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' producer / director Norman Jewison commissioned an original song be written for the glider scene which would reference the ambivalent feelings of Thomas Crown as he engages in a favorite pastime while experiencing the tension of preparing to commit a major robbery . Alan Bergman : `` Michel ( Legrand ) played us ( ie . Alan and Marilyn Bergman ) seven or eight melodies . We listened to all of them and decided to wait until the next day to choose one .", "1": "We three decided on the same one , a long baroque melody ... The lyric we wrote was stream - of - consciousness . We felt that the song had to be a mind trip of some kind '' -- `` The ( eventual ) title was ( originally ) a line at the end of a section ... When we finished we said : `` What do we call this ? It 's got to have a title . That line is kind of interesting . ' So we restructured the song so that the line appeared again at the end . It came out of the body of the song . I think we were thinking , you know when you try to fall asleep at night and you ca n't turn your brain off and thoughts and memories tumble . '' Noel Harrison recorded the song after Andy Williams passed on it : according to Harrison : `` It was recorded live on a huge sound stage at Paramount , with the accompanying film clips running on a giant screen and Michel blowing kisses to the orchestra . '' Harrison took issue with the couplet `` Like a tunnel that you follow to a tunnel of its own / Down a hollow to a cavern where the sun has never shone '' , singing the word `` shone '' British - style with a short vowel sound making the rhyme with `` own '' imperfect . Marilyn Bergman : `` We said ' No , it 's shone ( long vowel sound ) . ' And he said ' No , it 's our language ! ' And we said : ' Yes , but it 's our song . ' So reluctantly , he sang shone ( long vowel sound ) and our rhyme was intact . '' However , Harrison evidently had the last laugh ; in the finally released version he sings `` shone '' with a short vowel . Harrison 's version had a US single in the US in July 1968 soon after the premiere of the film and similarly was released in the British Isles at the time of the film 's 7 February 1969 premiere in the UK and Ireland .", "2": "As a result , it was a current UK release when `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' received an Academy Award nomination on 24 February 1969 : Harrison 's single debuted at # 36 in the UK Top 50 dated 4 March 1969 and had risen to # 15 -- abetted by performances by Harrison on the 27 March 1969 broadcast of TOTP and also on variety shows hosted by Rolf Harris and Scott Walker -- when the song won the Academy Award on 14 April 1969 , an endorsement which facilitated the Top Ten entry of Harrison 's single on the UK chart dated 22 April 1969 with its chart peak of # 8 effected two weeks later . `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' was performed on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969 by José Feliciano ; Noel Harrison would recall : `` I was invited to sing it at the Academy Awards ... but I was making a movie in England at the time , and the producer ( who did n't like me ) refused to let me go . '' The film which caused the scheduling conflict has been identified as Take a Girl Like You directed by Jonathan Miller . Dusty Springfield version ( edit ) Jerry Wexler , president of Atlantic Records , heard `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' on the soundtrack of The Thomas Crown Affair and championed having Dusty Springfield record the song for her debut Atlantic album Dusty in Memphis , overcoming the singer 's strong resistance ; Springfield 's friend and subsequent manager Vicki Wickham would allege : `` Dusty always said she hated it because she could n't identify with the words . '' During the first sessions for the track at American Sound Studio in Memphis , problems with getting the proper chords down arose , and at Springfield 's suggestion the song was arranged so the first three verses were sung in a slower tempo than the original film version .", "3": "In April 1969 the third A-side release from Dusty in Memphis was announced as `` I Do n't Want to Hear It Anymore '' with `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' as B - side : however Wexler was prepared to promote `` Windmills '' as the A-side if it won the Oscar for Best Song , reportedly instructing mail - room clerks at Atlantic Records ' New York City headquarters to listen to the Academy Awards broadcast the night of 14 April 1969 ; hearing `` The Windmills '' announced as the Best Song winner was these clerks ' cue to drive a station wagon loaded with 2500 copies of a double - sided promo single of Springfield 's version -- identified on the label as `` Academy Award Winner '' -- to the New York City general post office , where the copies of the single were mailed out to key radio stations across the US . Although its Hot 100 debut was not effected until the 5 May 1969 issue of Billboard and then with a # 99 ranking , Springfield 's `` The Windmills '' made a rapid ascent to the Top 40 being ranked at # 40 on the Hot 100 dated 24 May 1969 only to stall over the subsequent three weeks peaking at # 31 on the Hot 100 dated 14 June 1969 with only one additional week of Hot 100 tenure , being ranked at # 45 on the 21 June 1969 chart . On the Cash Box chart , the song rose as high as # 22 . Local hit parades indicate that Springfield 's `` Windmills '' had Top Ten impact in only select larger markets : Boston , Southern California , and Miami . The track did reach # 3 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard a feat matched by Springfield 's third subsequent single `` Brand New Me '' which therefore ties with `` The Windmills '' as having afforded Springfield her best - ever solo showing on a Billboard chart .", "4": "José Feliciano version ( edit ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' was recorded by José Feliciano for his 1969 album 10 to 23 , and Feliciano performed the song on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969 ; the song 's original singer Noel Harrison would later opine of Feliciano 's performance : `` A wonderful musician and compelling singer , he made much too free with the beautiful melody in my humble opinion . But that 's jazz . '' It was Feliciano 's version of `` The Windmills '' which became a hit in the Netherlands , reaching # 11 on the Dutch chart in November 1969 . and Nr. 4 in the Turkish hit parade in April 1970 . Other versions ( edit ) In English ( edit ) All Angels on their self - titled album ( 2006 ) Ed Ames on his album The Windmills of Your Mind ( 1969 ) Tina Arena on her album Songs Of Love & Loss ( 2007 ) The Arbors on their album The Arbors ( 1977 ) Dorothy Ashby on her album `` Dorothy 's Harp '' ( 1969 ) - Instrumental version - Jeri Brown on her album April in Paris ( 1996 ) Anne Clark on her maxi - single The Haunted Road ( 1993 ) , featuring Eyeless in Gaza : track included Clark 's 1996 compilation album The Nineties A Fine Collection Petula Clark on her album Portrait of Petula ( 1969 ) , featured on the soundtrack of the 2012 film Killing Them Softly The Colourfield B - side of their 1984 single `` Take '' ; bonus track on Japanese release of the group 's album Virgins and Philistines Ray Conniff Singers on their 1969 album Jean ;", "5": "featured in the 2015 film Focus Randy Crawford with David Sanborn on Sanborn 's album Time and the River ( 2015 ) Vic Damone on his album Over the Rainbow ( 1982 ) John Davidson on his album My Cherie Amour ( 1969 ) Skeeter Davis on her album Mary Frances ( 1969 ) Elaine Delmar on her concert album Recital At the Festival The Golden Orpheus ' 71 ( 1971 ) Neil Diamond on his album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By ( 1998 ) Val Doonican on his album Rocking Chair Favourites ( 1972 ) Connie Evingson on her album Stockholm Sweetnin ' ( 2006 ) Laura Fygi on her album Watch What Happens When Laura Fygi Meets Michel Legrand ( 1997 ) John Gary on his album Love of a Gentle Woman ( 1969 ) Peter Grant on his album New Vintage ( 2006 ) Rigmor Gustafsson on her album On My Way to You ( 2006 ) Jacintha on her album Jacintha Goes to Hollywood ( 2007 ) Peter Jöback on his album Storybook ( 2004 ) Jack Jones on his album Jack Jones sings Michel Legrand ( 1971 ) Eliza Keil on her album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head ( 1970 ) Anita Kerr Singers on their album Velvet Voices & Bold Brass ( 1969 ) Kiki and Herb on their concert album . Will Die for You : Live at Carnegie Hall ( 2004 ) ; mistitled `` The Windmills of My Mind '' Jason Kouchak on his album Midnight Classics ( 2008 ) ; mistitled `` The Windmills of My Mind '' The King 's Singers on their 1972 self - titled album Kim Kuzma on her album Acustico II ( 2015 ) Judith Lefeber on her album In My Dreams ( 2003 ) The Lettermen on their album Greatest Movie Hits ( 2000 ) Barbara Lewis on her album The Many Grooves of Barbara Lewis ( 1969 ) Abbey Lincoln on her album Over the Years ( 2000 ) Gloria Loring on her album .", "6": "And Now We Come to Distances ( 1969 ) Carmen Lundy on her album Something to Believe In ( 2003 ) The Manhattans single ( c. 1970 ) ; bonus track on the 2015 CD release of the group 's 1971 album With These Hands Johnny Mathis Version # 1 : on his album Love Theme from ' Romeo & Juliet ' ( 1969 ) Version # 2 : with Toots Thielemans on Thielemans ' album Chez Toots ( 1998 ) Chez Toots track listing reads `` Les Moulins de mon cœur ( The Windmills of Your Mind ) '' : Mathis sings only the English - language lyrics Natalia Mateo ( de ) on her album Heart of Darkness ( 2015 ) Jane McDonald on her album Love at the Movies ( 2001 ) Maureen McGovern Version # 1 : on her album Academy Award Performance -- And the Envelope , Please ( 1975 ) Version # 2 : on her album The Music Never Ends ( 1997 ) Eva Mendes recorded for commercial ( starring Mendes ) for Angel perfume Nana Mouskouri on her album Falling in Love Again : Great Songs from the Movies ( 1993 ) Alison Moyet on her album Voice ( 2004 ) Jim Nabors on his album Everything is Beautiful ( 1970 ) Jerry Nelson as a `` Screaming Thing '' on The Muppet Show 's second season premiere ( 1977 ) Judy Page ( af ) on her album Time and Love ( 1969 ) Elaine Paige on her album Cinema ( 1984 ) Parenthetical Girls on their album Entanglements ( 2008 ) Billy Paul on his album Ebony Woman ( 1970 ) Pepe & Paradise on their compilation album 70s Radio Hits ( 2000 ) ; taped performance from Yleisradio dating from 1971 or 1972 Dianne Reeves on her album When You Know ( 2008 ) Ginette Reno on her English - language album Ginette Reno ( 1969 ) Rita Reys on her album Rita Reys Sings Michel LeGrand ( 1972 ) Jimmie Rodgers on his album The Windmills of Your Mind ( 1969 ) ;", "7": "released as a single : bubbled under Hot 100 with a # 123 peak John Rowles on his album Saying Goodbyes ( 1971 ) ; medley : `` Where Do I Begin ( Love Story ) '' / `` Windmills Of Your Mind '' Sandler and Young on their album Once More With Feeling ( c. 1970 ) The Sandpipers on their album The Wonder of You ( 1969 ) Mathilde Santing on her compilation album Matilde Matilde ( 1997 ) ; the track is a recording of a rehearsal of Santing 's performance of the song at the 1985 Knokke Festival ( nl ) revival Janet Seidel on her album Comme ci comme ça ( 2004 ) ; the track is listed as `` Windmills of Your Mind '' / `` Moulins de mon cœur '' and includes lyrics from both the English - and French - language renderings of the song .", "8": "Dinah Shore on her album Once Upon a Summertime ( 1975 ) Sharleen Spiteri on her album The Movie Songbook ( 2010 ) Sting on the soundtrack album for The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) Barbra Streisand on her album What Matters Most ( 2011 ) Swing Out Sister on their compilation album The Best of Swing Out Sister ( 1996 ) ; taped performance from The Jeff Graham Show on Radio Luxembourg , made in 1989 : the track was included on some editions of the 1989 single release `` When in the World '' , and is also included on the 2014 compilation The Essential Swing Out Sister Take 6 on their album The Standard ( 2008 ) Becky Taylor on her album Shine ( 2003 ) Kiri Te Kanawa on her album Magic : Kiri sings Michel Legrand ( 1992 ) Mel Tormé on his album A Time For Us ( Love Theme From ' Romeo & Juliet ' ) ( 1969 ) Grady Tate on his album Windmills of My Mind ( 1968 ) Leslie Uggams on her album On My Way to You : Songs of Alan & Marilyn Bergman ( 2003 ) Nina van Pallandt on her album Nina Alone ( 1970 ) Vanilla Fudge on their album Rock & Roll ( 1969 ) ; B - side of single release `` Lord in the Country '' Vassilikos on his album Vintage ( 2009 ) Helena Vondráčková on her album Isle of Helena ( 1972 ) Kim Weston on her album Big Brass Four Poster ( 1970 ) Susan Wong on her album 511 ( 2009 ) ; mistitled `` The Windmills of My Mind '' Edward Woodward on his album The Edward Woodward Album ( 1972 ) In French : `` Les Moulins de mon cœur '' ( edit ) The lyrics for the French - language rendering of `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' were written by Eddy Marnay and this version , entitled `` Les Moulins de mon cœur '' , was first recorded in 1968 by Marcel Amont who was resultantly afforded a minor French chart hit ( peak # 49 ) .", "9": "`` Les Moulins de mon coeur '' has subsequently been recorded by : Frida Boccara on her album Un jour , un enfant ( 1969 ) Richard Anthony on his album Señora la Dueña ( 1970 ) Dany Brillant on his album Histoire d'un amour ( 2007 ) Noëlle Cordier single ( 1969 ) Anne - Marie David on her concert album Live In Charleroi ( 2004 ) Natalie Dessay with Michel LeGrand on their collaborative album Entre Elle et Lui ( 2013 ) Celine Dion on her concert album Céline Dion en concert ( 1985 ) ; in medley `` Hommage à Michel Legrand : Quand on s'aime / Brûle pas tes doigts / La Valse des lilas / Quand ça balance / Les Moulins de mon coeur '' Miss Dominique on her album Une femme battante ( 2006 ) Claude François on his album Un Monde de Musique ( 1969 ) Jason Kouchak on his album Comme d'Habitude ( 2011 ) Patricia Kaas on her album `` Piano Bar '' ( 2002 ) Vicky Leandros single , included on her album Zoom sur Vicky ( 1969 ) Julia Migenes on her concert album Live at the Olympia ( 1989 ) Jessye Norman on her album Michel Legrand : I Was Born in Love with You ( 2000 ) Marie Denise Pelletier on her album Lesmots de Marnay ( 2003 ) Ginette Reno on her French - language album Ginette Reno ( 1969 ) Demis Roussos on his album Immortel ( 1995 ) Janet Seidel on her album Comme ci comme ça ( 2004 ) ; the track is listed as `` Windmills of Your Mind '' / `` Moulins de mon cœur '' and includes lyrics from both the English - and French - language renderings of the song Caterina Valente on her concert album Caterina Valente Live ( London Palladium ) ( 1975 ) ;", "10": "track listing reads `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' : however it is sung completely in French Sylvie Vartan on her album La Reine de Saba ( 1974 ) ; the album La Reine de Saba was issued only in Japan : its tracks were all included on the 1997 box set Sylvie Vartan : Les Années RCA Amaury Vassili on his album Canterò ( 2010 ) Vigon Bamy Jay on their album Les Soul Men ( 2013 ) Carol Welsman on her album Hold Me ( 2001 ) In other languages ( edit ) In 1970 Helena Vondráčková , prior to recording `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' with its original English lyrics for her album Isle of Helena ( 1972 ) , recorded the song as rendered in Czech : `` Můžeš zůstat , můžeš jít '' , and also Japanese : `` Kaze no sasayaki '' . Introduced on the album Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové , `` Můžeš zůstat , můžeš jít '' has become a signature song for Vondráčková : in 2012 when her three CD retrospective ( Nejen ) o lásce was issued , Vondráčková cited `` Můžeš zůstat , můžeš jít '' as `` the song on the ( anthology ) dearest to ( her ) heart '' . An alternate Czech rendering of `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' : `` Mlýnské kolo v srdci mém '' , was recorded by Hana Hegerová to serve as title cut for her 2010 album of renderings of famous French - language songs . `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' has also been rendered as : `` Cirkels '' ( Dutch ) : recorded by Herman van Veen ( 1968 ) , Marco Bakker ( nl ) on his album Marco Bakker zingt romantische sfeersongs ( 1980 ) , Hans Dorrestijn with Martin van Dijk ( nl ) for their collaborative album Cirkels ( 2002 ) .", "11": "`` Samanlainen onni '' ( Finnish ) : recorded by Jarkko & Laura ( 1968 ) , Katri Helena ( 1970 ) , Kristian ( fi ) on the multi-artist album Trio ( 1970 ) , Tapio Heinonen ( fi ) on his album Julian Grimau ( 1971 ) , Petri Salminen ( fi ) on his album Tien päällä ( 1997 ) , Anneli Sari ( fi ) on her 1999 album Les Chansons , and Marita Taavitsainen ( fi ) on her album Yksi Ainoa Katse ( 1999 ) . `` Vinden I Min Själ '' ( Swedish ) : recorded by Lill - Babs on her album Till Mina Vänner ( 1979 ) , Anders Ekborg on his album Äkta Vara -- 11 Sångfilmer 100 % Live ( 2006 ) , Anita Strandell ( sv ) on her album Sommarbaravara ( 2011 ) . `` Wie sich Mühlen dreh'n im Wind '' ( German ) : recorded by Vicky Leandros on her album Ich glaub ' an Dich ( 1969 ) , Caterina Valente on her concert album Caterina Valente Live ( 1969 ) , Katja Ebstein on her album ' ' Wunder gibt es immer wieder ( 1970 ) , Bibi Johns ( 1970 ) . `` I Mulini Dei Ricordi '' ( Italian ) : recorded by Enzo Jannacci on his album Come gli aeroplani ( 2001 ) . `` Los molinos de tu espíritu '' ( Spanish ) : recorded by German singer Katja Ebstein on her Spanish - language album En Español ( 1971 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 135 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marrying The Image : Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' .", "12": "TheWindmillsOfYourMind.com . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Wickham , Vicki ; Valentine , Penny ( 2000 ) . Dancing with Demons : the authorized biography . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0312282028 . Jump up ^ Howes , Paul ( 2012 ) . The Complete Dusty Springfield . London : Titan Books . ISBN 9780857681409 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , June 14 , 1969 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , p. 592 . Jump up ^ `` 10 to 23 - José Feliciano - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Music Charts '' . fantasticfeliciano.blogspot.it . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Angels - All Angels - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The windmills of your mind '' . Openworldcat.org. 9 October 1969 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of Love & Loss - Tina Arena - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cadet Records -- LPS 825 Jump up ^ `` April in Paris - Jeri Brown - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Petula - Petula Clark - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` The Windmills Of Your Mind -- Jean -- Ray Conniff '' . redmp3.cc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time and the River - David Sanborn - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Vinyl Album : John Davidson - My Cherie Amour ( 1969 ) '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vinyl Album : Skeeter Davis - Maryfrances ( 1969 ) '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recital At the Festival `` The Golden Orpheus ' 71 '' ( Live In Bulgaria ) by Elaine Delmar on Apple Music `` . Itunews.apple.com. 11 October 1971 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Laura ( 2005 ) . Neil Diamond : his life , his music , his passion . Toronto : ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1550227079 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Connie Evingson '' . Connieevingson.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch What Happens When Laura Fygi Meets Michel Legrand - Laura Fygi - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The Pittsburgh Press 30 March 1969 Jump up ^ `` New Vintage - Peter Grant - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albums `` The Official Website Of Rigmor Gustafsson '' . rigmorgustafsson.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazz Times Vol 38 # 1 - 5 ( 2008 ) p.", "14": "106 Jump up ^ ' http://www.peterjoback.com/diskografi_english.php?release_id=1007 Jump up ^ Billboard vol 83 # 8 ( 20 February 1971 ) p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Windmills Of Your Mind -- Raindrops Keep Fallin ' On My Head -- Eliza Keil '' . redmp3.cc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Velvet Voices and Bold Brass - The Anita Kerr Singers - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Die for You by Kiki on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 31 January 2001 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Classics - Jason Kouchak '' . Jasonkouchak.com. 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albums by the KS -- Page 8 -- kingssing.com '' . Kingssing.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Acustico II by Kim Kuzma on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In My Dreams by Judith Lefeber on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 20 October 2003 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Movie Hits - The Lettermen - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Many Grooves of Barbara Lewis - Barbara Lewis - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Years - Abbey Lincoln - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution Album Discography '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazz Journal International ( 2004 ) p.", "15": "25 Jump up ^ `` With These Hands / A Million to One - The Manhattans - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard vol 81 # 36 ( 6 September 1969 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Chez Toots - Toots Thielemans - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music - Natalia Mateo '' . Natalia-mateo.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love at the Movies - Jane McDonald - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Century Fox Album Discography , Part 4 '' . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Eva Mendes : `` Jeder braucht einen Schutzengel '' `` . Gala.de. 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Love Again : Great Songs from the Movies - Nana Mouskouri - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voice - Alison Moyet - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everything Is Beautiful by Jim Nabors on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1 August 1970 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Page - Time And Love listen to all release completely in mp3 , download release album mp3 '' . intunes.ru . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema - Elaine Paige - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entanglements - Parenthetical Girls - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic .", "16": "Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony Woman - Billy Paul - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe Willberg - Diskografia : 70 's Radio Hits ( Pepe & Paradise ) '' . Saunalahti.fi . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When You Know - Dianne Reeves - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parrot Album Discography '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Reys Official Site - Discografie - Albums '' . Ritareys.eu . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windmills of Your Mind - Jimmie F. Rodgers - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kapp Album Discography , Part 7 '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once More With Feeling by Sandler & Young on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder of You - The Sandpipers - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Comme Ci , Comme Ça - Janet Seidel - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third series vol 30 parts 12 - 13 # 1 January -- June 1976 Jump up ^ `` The Movie Songbook - Sharleen Spiteri - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) ( Original Score ) - Bill Conti - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' .", "17": "AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Matters Most : Barbra Streisand Sings the Lyrics of Alan and Marilyn Bergman - Barbra Streisand - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swing Out Sister talk about new CD '' . Superdeluxeedition.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Standard - Take 6 - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shine - Becky Taylor - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : Kiri Sings Michel Legrand - Michel Legrand , Kiri Te Kanawa - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Time for Us ( Love Theme From Romeo & Juliet ) - Mel Tormé - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windmills of My Mind - Grady Tate - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On My Way to You : Songs of Alan and Marilyn Bergman - Leslie Uggams - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wendt Jensen , Jacob ( 2012 ) . Nina van Pallandt : Hellere tro på det gode en gang for meget . Copenhagen : People 's Press . ISBN 9788771377415 . Jump up ^ `` Rock & Roll - Vanilla Fudge - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage by Vassilikos on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` Helena Vondráčková - Isle of Helena '' . Vondrackova.cz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brass Four Poster by Kim Weston on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 9 October 1970 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Gramophone vol 50 ( 1973 ) p. 1946 Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Communications , Karo Web . `` Frida Boccara '' . Retrojeunesse60.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Communications , Karo Web . `` Richard Anthony '' . vedettes70.retrojeunesse60.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deezer '' . Deezer . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard vol 81 # 15 ( 12 April 1969 ) p. 70 Jump up ^ `` Discographie_CD_Album '' . Anne-mariedavid.net . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entre Elle et Lui - Natalie Dessay , Michel Legrand - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` celinedion.us '' . Celinedion.us . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Dominique on Apple Music '' . Apple Music . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Communications , Karo Web . `` Claude François , discographie 2 '' . Retrojeunesse60.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comme d'Habitude - Jason Kouchak '' . Jasonkouchak.com. 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ Communications , Karo Web . `` Vicky Leandros '' . Retrojeunesse60.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` Julia Migenes - Live at the Olympia '' . Compagniedudisque.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Adrian ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` I was born in love with you '' . Gramophone.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deezer '' . Deezer . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Communications , Karo Web . `` Ginette Reno , page 2 '' . Retrojeunesse60.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Caterina Valente live '' . Openworldcat.org. 9 October 1975 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SYLVIE VARTAN / シルヴィ・バルタン / サバの女王 - diskunion.net ONLINE SHOP '' . ディスクユニオン通販サイト . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amaury Vassili : `` Je sais que je suis un produit '' `` . Leparisien.fr. 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clip de `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' : Vigon Bamy Jay rend hommage au King et à Erick Bamy `` . chartsinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Welsman - Carol Welsman - Release Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helena Vondráčková - Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové '' . Vondrackova.cz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Vondráčková - 風のささやき - Kaze no sasayaki '' . Vondrackova.cz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Helena Vondráčková : Jazz miluju už od mládí '' . Denik.cz. 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ a.s. , SUPRAPHON , . `` HANA HEGEROVÁ : Mlýnské kolo v srdci mém '' . supraphon.cz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 40 , Stichting Nederlandse Top . `` Herman Van Veen - Cirkels '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chrispijn , Rob ( 2010 ) . Nooit zongen vogels harder . Amsterdam : Nijgh & Van Ditmar . ISBN 978 - 90 - 388 - 9328 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Zingt romantische sfeersongs - Marco Bakker - Muziekweb '' . Muziekweb.nl . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Arkel , Jan Giliam van . `` Cirkels '' . Hansdorrestijn.nl . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` Lill - Babs - Till Mina Vänner listen to all release completely in mp3 , download release album mp3 '' . intunes.ru . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Äkta vara - ANDERS EKBORG '' . andersekborg.nu . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sommarbaravara - Anita Strandell '' . anitastrandell.se . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ich glaub ? an Dich - Vicky - CD - Album - 1969 '' . Cd-lexikon.de . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caterina Valente -- Live -- Neue Revue präsentiert den großen Tournee - Mitschnitt ( 1969 ) '' . Allerleibuntesausdeutschland.wordpress.com. 16 November 2013 .", "21": "Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wunder gibt es immer wieder - Katja Ebstein - CD - Album - 1970 '' . Cd-lexikon.de . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bibi Johns official homepage '' . Bibijohns.de . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ En Español at Discogs Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby ,", "22": "It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B.", "23": "Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance .", "24": "What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem ,", "25": "Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder ,", "26": "Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance . What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock ,", "27": "Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until . '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin ,", "28": "Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "29": "php?title=The_Windmills_of_Your_Mind&oldid=838212559 '' Categories : 1968 songs Pop standards Pop ballads Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs with music by Michel Legrand Songs with lyrics by Alan Bergman Songs with lyrics by Marilyn Bergman Dusty Springfield songs 1960s ballads Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles containing French - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2098168902147822379	where will the next summer and winter olympics be held	[ "Tokyo", "Beijing", "Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics", "Tokyo", "Beijing" ]	{ "0": "List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics .", "1": "London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games .", "2": "City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St.", "3": "Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe", "4": "S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964", "5": "000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America --", "6": "W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway", "7": "Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8", "8": "000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII --", "9": "2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games .", "10": "Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 ,", "11": "1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 ,", "12": "2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia .", "13": "( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St.", "15": "Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St.", "16": "Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.", "17": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=837813982 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1458476052377668874	when did ole miss beat alabama in football	[ "October 27, 1894", "November 5, 1910", "October 5, 1968", "October 3, 1970", "September 11, 1976", "October 8, 1988", "October 13, 2001", "October 18, 2003", "October 4, 2014", "September 19, 2015" ]	{ "0": "Alabama -- Ole Miss football rivalry - wikipedia Alabama -- Ole Miss football rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Alabama -- Ole Miss football rivalry Alabama Crimson Tide Ole Miss Rebels First meeting October 27 , 1894 Ole Miss 6 , Alabama 0 Latest meeting September 30 , 2017 Alabama 66 , Ole Miss 3 Next meeting September 15 , 2018 in Oxford Statistics Meetings total 65 All - time series Alabama leads , 50 -- 11 -- 2 ( 53 -- 10 -- 2 on the field ) Largest victory Alabama , 66 − 3 ( 2017 ) Longest win streak Alabama , 12 ( 1912 -- 32 ) Current win streak Alabama , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) The Alabama -- Ole Miss football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Alabama Crimson Tide and Ole Miss Rebels . They are charter members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and both have competed in the SEC West since 1992 . Alabama has dominated the series and leads 50 -- 11 -- 2 ( 53 -- 10 -- 2 on the field ) . Notable games ( edit ) 1964 Sugar Bowl : In the only meeting in series history played outside of Alabama or Mississippi , # 8 Alabama upset # 7 Ole Miss 12 -- 7 behind four field goals by kicker Tim Davis . This Sugar Bowl , played at the end of the 1963 season , is notable for being the coldest Sugar Bowl in history , as snow plows were used to clear the Tulane Stadium field prior to the game . 1969 : In what is often erroneously referred to as the first prime time regular season football game in history , # 20 Ole Miss traveled to Legion Field in Birmingham to face # 15 Alabama . A dazzling offensive shootout ensues , highlighted by the play of Ole Miss quarterback Archie Manning . Despite a 540 - yard , 5 touchdown effort from Manning , Alabama emerged victorious 33 -- 32 after a last minute touchdown pass by quarterback Scott Hunter . The game has been referred to as among the greatest in college football history .", "1": "1988 : Ole Miss stunned # 12 Alabama 22 -- 12 in Tuscaloosa , the Rebels ' first - ever road victory in the series . This game is known as `` The Brick Bowl '' , due to a claim made by then - Alabama head coach Bill Curry that a brick was thrown through his office 's window following the loss . 1989 : Following Ole Miss ' upset victory the year before , the Rebels hopped out to a 21 -- 0 lead over # 13 Alabama in Jackson , MS . The Crimson Tide then scored 62 unanswered points en route to a 62 -- 27 victory . The 21 - point comeback still stands as the largest in Alabama football history . 1998 : This was the first overtime game in series history , with Alabama emerging victorious 20 -- 17 . It was the first overtime win in Alabama football history , as well as the first overtime loss in Ole Miss football history . 2006 : In 2006 , Alabama beat the Rebels in an overtime thriller . In overtime , Ole Miss made a 37 - yard field goal , but Alabama scored a touchdown on a pass to Le'Ron McClain to win the game 26 -- 23 . 2007 : Alabama beat Ole Miss in Oxford by scoring 10 unanswered points to win the game 27 -- 24 , amidst controversial rulings from the officials . It was Alabama 's fifth consecutive victory over the Rebels . 2014 : In 2014 , # 3 Alabama came into Oxford as a 6 - point favorite taking on # 11 Ole Miss . Alabama led 14 -- 3 at the half , but were held to only 3 points in the second half . Late in the fourth quarter , Ole Miss scored a go - ahead touchdown , but missed the PAT , leaving the score at 23 -- 17 . Alabama drove to Ole Miss 32 yard line , before Blake Sims threw an interception to Senquez Golson with 37 seconds left . This was Ole Miss ' first victory over Alabama since 2003 , snapping a 10 - game losing streak in the series . 2015 : # 2 Alabama sought revenge for the previous season 's defeat , but # 15 Ole Miss shot out to a 30 -- 10 lead late in the third quarter .", "2": "Alabama quickly closed the gap to 30 -- 24 less than three minutes into the fourth . Ole Miss then scored 13 unanswered to extend their lead to 43 -- 24 , but had to fight off another Crimson Tide rally to secure a 43 -- 37 upset victory . Alabama committed 5 turnovers in this game , the most ever under head coach Nick Saban . It was the first time in school history that Ole Miss had beaten Alabama in consecutive seasons and just the second time that the Rebels had won in Tuscaloosa . This would be the Crimson Tide 's only loss that season as they went on to win the College Football Playoff national championship . 2016 : # 19 Ole Miss seemed to be on track for an unprecedented third - straight win over the top - ranked Crimson Tide , leading 24 -- 3 with less than 2 : 47 left to play in the first half . Alabama then scored 24 unanswered points to take a 27 -- 24 lead midway through the third quarter . Late in the fourth quarter , the Tide had extended its lead to 48 -- 30 before Ole Miss scored twice in rapid succession to cut the deficit to five points with just under three minutes left . Alabama was able to run out the clock , preserving a wild 48 -- 43 victory and ending the Rebels ' school record two game winning streak in the series . The 21 - point comeback tied the 1989 Alabama - Ole Miss game for the largest comeback in Alabama football history . Game results ( edit ) Alabama victories Ole Miss victories Ties Forfeits / Vacated wins No . Date Location Winner Score October 27 , 1894 Jackson , MS Ole Miss 6 -- 0 November 24 , 1899 Jackson , MS Alabama 7 -- 5 October 26 , 1900 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 12 -- 5 October 19 , 1901 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 41 -- 0 October 12 , 1907 Columbus , MS Alabama 20 -- 0 6 October 23 , 1909 Jackson , MS Tie 0 -- 0 7 November 5 , 1910 Greenville ,", "3": "MS Ole Miss 16 -- 0 8 November 9 , 1912 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 10 -- 9 9 November 25 , 1915 Birmingham , AL Alabama 53 -- 0 10 October 28 , 1916 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 27 -- 0 11 October 27 , 1917 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 64 -- 0 12 October 11 , 1919 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 49 -- 0 13 October 6 , 1923 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 56 -- 0 14 November 1 , 1924 Montgomery , AL Alabama 61 -- 0 15 October 6 , 1928 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 27 -- 0 16 October 5 , 1929 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 22 -- 7 17 October 4 , 1930 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 64 -- 0 18 October 3 , 1931 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 55 -- 6 19 October 22 , 1932 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 24 -- 13 20 October 7 , 1933 Birmingham , AL Tie 0 -- 0 21 November 11 , 1944 Mobile , AL Alabama 34 -- 6 22 January 1 , 1964 New Orleans , LA # 8 Alabama 12 -- 7 23 October 2 , 1965 Birmingham , AL Alabama 17 -- 16 24 October 1 , 1966 Jackson , MS # 3 Alabama 17 -- 7 25 October 7 , 1967 Birmingham , AL # 9 Alabama 21 -- 7 26 October 5 , 1968 Jackson , MS Ole Miss 10 -- 8 27 October 4 ,", "4": "1969 Birmingham , AL # 15 Alabama 33 -- 32 28 October 3 , 1970 Jackson , MS # 7 Ole Miss 48 -- 23 29 October 2 , 1971 Birmingham , AL # 7 Alabama 40 -- 6 30 October 5 , 1974 Jackson , MS # 3 Alabama 35 -- 21 31 October 4 , 1975 Birmingham , AL # 9 Alabama 32 -- 6 32 September 11 , 1976 Jackson , MS Ole Miss 10 -- 7 33 September 10 , 1977 Birmingham , AL # 6 Alabama 34 -- 14 34 September 20 , 1980 Jackson , MS # 1 Alabama 59 -- 35 No . Date Location Winner Score 35 October 3 , 1981 Tuscaloosa , AL # 11 Alabama 38 -- 7 36 September 18 , 1982 Jackson , MS # 4 Alabama 42 -- 14 37 September 17 , 1983 Tuscaloosa , AL # 12 Alabama 40 -- 0 38 October 8 , 1988 Tuscaloosa , AL Ole Miss 22 -- 12 39 October 7 , 1989 Jackson , MS # 13 Alabama 62 -- 27 40 October 24 , 1992 Tuscaloosa , AL # 4 Alabama 31 -- 10 41 October 23 , 1993 Oxford , MS # 4 Alabama 19 -- 14 42 October 22 , 1994 Tuscaloosa , AL # 8 Alabama 21 -- 10 43 October 21 , 1995 Oxford , MS # 21 Alabama 23 -- 9 44 October 19 , 1996 Tuscaloosa , AL # 7 Alabama 37 -- 0 45 October 25 , 1997 Oxford ,", "5": "MS Alabama 29 -- 20 46 October 10 , 1998 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 20 -- 17 47 October 16 , 1999 Oxford , MS # 11 Alabama 30 -- 24 48 October 14 , 2000 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 45 -- 7 49 October 13 , 2001 Oxford , MS Ole Miss 27 -- 24 50 October 19 , 2002 Tuscaloosa , AL # 24 Alabama 42 -- 7 51 October 18 , 2003 Oxford , MS Ole Miss 43 -- 28 52 September 11 , 2004 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 28 -- 7 53 October 15 , 2005 Oxford , MS # 6 Alabama 13 -- 10 54 October 14 , 2006 Tuscaloosa , AL Alabama 26 -- 23 55 October 13 , 2007 Oxford , MS Alabama 27 -- 24 56 October 18 , 2008 Tuscaloosa , AL # 2 Alabama 24 -- 20 57 October 10 , 2009 Oxford , MS # 3 Alabama 22 -- 3 58 October 16 , 2010 Tuscaloosa , AL # 8 Alabama 23 -- 10 59 October 15 , 2011 Oxford , MS # 2 Alabama 52 -- 7 60 September 29 , 2012 Tuscaloosa , AL # 1 Alabama 33 -- 14 61 September 28 , 2013 Tuscaloosa , AL # 1 Alabama 25 -- 0 62 October 4 , 2014 Oxford , MS # 11 Ole Miss 23 -- 17 63 September 19 , 2015 Tuscaloosa , AL # 15 Ole Miss 43 -- 37 64 September 17 ,", "6": "2016 Oxford , MS # 1 Alabama 48 -- 43 65 September 30 , 2017 Tuscaloosa , AL # 1 Alabama 66 -- 3 Series : Alabama leads 50 -- 11 -- 2 † Alabama forfeited as part of NCAA penalties . ‡ Alabama vacated wins as part of NCAA penalties . 1964 Sugar Bowl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.allstatesugarbowl.org/site136.php Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/7099289/college-football-first-major-primetime-game-stands-out Jump up ^ http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2015/09/looking_back_ole_miss_last_vic.html Jump up ^ http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/09/alcom_vintage_looking_back_at_1.html Jump up ^ Final / OT ( 2006 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Ole Miss vs. Alabama - Game Recap - October 14 , 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Final ( 2007 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Alabama vs. Ole Miss - Game Recap - October 13 , 2007 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Final ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Alabama vs. Ole Miss - Box Score - October 4 , 2014 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Ole Miss vs. Alabama - Game Summary - September 19 , 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.", "7": "com/story/sports/ncaaf/sec/2016/09/17/alabama-crimson-tide-defeats-ole-miss-rebels-college-football/90592450/ Alabama Crimson Tide football Venues University of Alabama Quad ( 1893 -- 1914 ) Denny Field ( 1915 -- 1928 ) Bryant -- Denny Stadium ( 1929 -- present ) Rickwood Field ( alternate , 1912 -- 1927 ) Cramton Bowl ( alternate , 1922 -- 1954 ) Ernest F. Ladd Stadium ( alternate , 1948 -- 1968 ) Legion Field ( alternate , 1927 -- 2003 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn : Iron Bowl ( James E. Foy , V - ODK Sportsmanship Trophy ) LSU Mississippi State Ole Miss Penn State Tennessee : Third Saturday in October Culture & lore History Saban era Traditions Big Al `` Yea Alabama '' A-Day 1922 Penn game Million Dollar Band Walk of Fame Paul W. Bryant Museum The Bear The Bear Bryant Show Porter Cup 1943 Informals People Head coaches All - Americans College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Champ Pickens Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927", "8": "1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Ole Miss Rebels football Venues Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium ( 1915 -- present ) Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium ( alternate , 1941 -- 96 )", "9": "Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Arkansas LSU : Magnolia Bowl Memphis Mississippi State : Egg Bowl ( Golden Egg ) Tulane Vanderbilt Culture & lore Colonel Reb Rebel Black Bear `` Forward Rebels '' The Pride of the South The Grove People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968", "10": "1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Southeastern Conference football rivalry games Conference Iron Bowl ( Alabama -- Auburn ) Alabama -- LSU Alabama -- Mississippi State Alabama -- Ole Miss Third Saturday in October ( Alabama -- Tennessee ) Arkansas -- Auburn Arkansas -- LSU Battle Line Rivalry ( Arkansas -- Missouri ) Arkansas -- Ole Miss Arkansas -- Texas A&M Auburn -- Florida Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry ( Auburn -- Georgia ) Auburn -- LSU Auburn -- Tennessee Florida -- Georgia Florida -- LSU Florida -- Tennessee Georgia -- South Carolina Georgia -- Tennessee Georgia -- Vanderbilt Kentucky -- Mississippi State Battle for the Beer Barrel ( Kentucky -- Tennessee ) Kentucky -- Vanderbilt LSU -- Mississippi State Magnolia Bowl ( LSU -- Ole Miss ) LSU -- Texas A&M Egg Bowl ( Mississippi State -- Ole Miss ) Ole Miss -- Vanderbilt Tennessee -- Vanderbilt Non-conference Alabama -- Penn State Arkansas -- Texas Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Auburn --", "11": "Tulane Battle of the Brazos ( Baylor -- Texas A&M ) Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Florida -- Florida State Florida -- Miami Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa State -- Missouri Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri ) Centre -- Kentucky Kentucky -- Louisville Battle On Broadway ( Kentucky -- Transylvania ) Battle for the Rag ( LSU -- Tulane ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Missouri -- Nebraska Missouri -- Oklahoma NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina Ole Miss -- Tulane Sewanee -- Vanderbilt TCU -- Texas A&M Texas A&M -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas A&M Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama -- Ole_Miss_football_rivalry&oldid = 813685378 '' Categories : College football rivalries in the United States Alabama Crimson Tide football Ole Miss Rebels football Hidden categories : Pages using sports rivalry series table with a win parameter Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 18 : 48 . 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-6861734002351236912	who sang the song how far is heaven	[ "Los Lonely Boys", "American rock band Los Lonely Boys" ]	{ "0": "Heaven ( Los Lonely Boys song ) - wikipedia Heaven ( Los Lonely Boys song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Heaven '' Single by Los Lonely Boys from the album Los Lonely Boys Released May 4 , 2004 Format CD single , digital download Genre Chicano rock , blues rock , Tejano Length 3 : 47 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Henry Garza Jojo Garza Ringo Garza Producer ( s ) John Porter Los Lonely Boys singles chronology `` Real Emotions '' ( 2003 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2004 ) `` More Than Love '' ( 2004 ) `` Real Emotions '' ( 2003 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2004 ) `` More Than Love '' ( 2004 ) Music video `` Heaven '' on YouTube `` Heaven '' is the debut single of American rock band Los Lonely Boys . The song was written by brothers Henry , Jojo and Ringo Garza , who comprise the foundation of the band , and it appears on their multi-platinum self - titled album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Awards 3 In popular culture 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Reception ( edit ) Released as a single in mid-2004 , `` Heaven '' reached the Top 40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at 16 in August . Later that year , the song began a sixteen - week run at number 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in October . It was also a minor hit at country radio , where it peaked at number 46 . AllMusic reviewer Thom Jurek describes the song as `` infectious '' and draws comparisons to the music of Freddie King , Stevie Ray Vaughan and Los Lobos . He states that `` Heaven '' is `` a single in the old sense of the word : killer hook , easy groove , a slippery but unmistakable bridge with a beautiful vocal to boot -- all coming in under four minutes . '' Awards ( edit ) The success of `` Heaven '' led to two Grammy Award nominations and one win for the band at the 47th Grammy Awards , held in early 2005 .", "1": "The song won in the category Best Pop Performance by a Duo group , while Los Lonely Boys were nominated in the category Best New Artist , losing out to Maroon 5 . In popular culture ( edit ) In later 2004 , the song was covered by the Christian Latin rock band Salvador for their album : So Natural . The cover received heavy radio play on both secular and Christian radio . The song is featured in the 2008 Nintendo DS game Guitar Hero : On Tour with a completely different guitar track . Bo Bice performed `` Heaven '' as part of the fourth season of American Idol in May 2005 , which led to a 77 % increase in sales for Los Lonely Boys ' self - titled album the week following this performance . The song is featured in the TNT television show `` Saving Grace , '' at the end of Season 1 , Episode 1 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 46 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' song review Thom Jurek , AllMusic.com . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Los Lonely Boys biography MTV.com . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Covers Paying Off For Gavin DeGraw , Los Lonely Boys '' Corey Moss , MTV.com , 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ http://heardontv.com/tvshow/Saving+Grace/Season+1/Pilot Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Los Lonely Boys -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Los Lonely Boys Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Los Lonely Boys Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Los Lonely Boys Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Los Lonely Boys Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard .", "2": "Jump up ^ `` Los Lonely Boys Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` This One 's for the Girls '' by Martina McBride `` Believe '' by Josh Groban Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single October 2 - December 4 , 2004 January 15 - March 5 , 2005 Succeeded by `` Believe '' by Josh Groban `` Breakaway '' by Kelly Clarkson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven_(Los_Lonely_Boys_song)&oldid=768576488 '' Categories : 2004 singles Los Lonely Boys songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles 2004 songs Epic Records singles Multilingual songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 March 2017 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1722216190521937227	where are the organ mountains in new mexico	[ "10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County", "southern New Mexico", "10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County", "10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County", "10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County" ]	{ "0": "Organ Mountains ( New Mexico ) - wikipedia Organ Mountains ( New Mexico ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Brazilian mountain range of similar name , see Serra dos Órgãos Organ Mountains The Organ Mountains seen from the west Length 85 mi ( 137 km ) N-S Width 42 mi ( 68 km ) W-E Geography Location of the Organ Mountains within New Mexico Country United States State New Mexico Region ( northwest ) - Chihuahuan Desert District Doña Ana County , NM Range coordinates 32 ° 19.6 ′ N 106 ° 33.35 ′ W / 32.3267 ° N 106.55583 ° W / 32.3267 ; - 106.55583 Coordinates : 32 ° 19.6 ′ N 106 ° 33.35 ′ W / 32.3267 ° N 106.55583 ° W / 32.3267 ; - 106.55583 Borders on San Andres Mountains Geology Type of rock granite , rhyolite The Organ Mountains are a rugged mountain range in southern New Mexico in the Southwestern United States . Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks National Monument was declared a national monument on May 21 , 2014 . They lie 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the city of Las Cruces , in Doña Ana County . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Botany 4 Hiking and climbing 5 National monument status 6 See also 7 References Geography ( edit ) The Organ Mountains are near the southern end of a long line of mountains on the east side of the Rio Grande 's rift valley . The range is nearly contiguous with the San Andres Mountains to the north and the Franklin Mountains to the south , but is very different geologically . Whereas the San Andres and Franklin Mountains are both formed from west - dipping fault blocks of mostly sedimentary strata ( with limestone most prominent ) , the Organ Mountains are made primarily of igneous rock ( intrusive granite and extrusive rhyolite ) .", "1": "Their name reflects their similarity in appearance ( particularly the granite `` needles '' in the highest part of the range ) with pipes that would be part of a pipe organ . The San Andres Mountains - ( southern subrange of San Augustin Mountains ) , are separated from the Organ Mountains by San Augustin Pass , through which U.S. Highway 70 passes on its way to White Sands Missile Range , White Sands National Monument and Alamogordo . The Franklin Mountains are separated from the Organ Mountains by a 10 - mile wide low area known as Anthony Gap . Much of this intervening land is part of Fort Bliss . Geology ( edit ) Orthoclase specimen from the Organ Mountains The Organ Mountains are made up of three major sections : On the north end is a narrow ridge of vertically - jointed Tertiary granite ( more specifically , quartz monzonite ) called The Needles . This is the most picturesque section and includes the highest point in the range , Organ Needle at an elevation of 8,990 feet ( 2,740 m ) . On the south side of The Needles is a much wider section of extrusive igneous rock , mostly a purplish - gray rhyolite . This section forms the bulk of the mountain range and reaches heights nearly as great as The Needles . This section is cut in half by Soledad Canyon , which extends west from the east side of the range , separated by a low ridge and Soledad Pass from Bar Canyon on the west side . The third portion of the Organ Mountains consists of the Bishop 's Cap Hills on the southwest side of the range and Rattlesnake Ridge on the southeast side of the range . This third section is much smaller and lower in elevation than the other sections of the range , and consists of fault - block limestone similar to that of the San Andres and Franklin Mountains . Sugarloaf Peak is an interesting feature on the East side of the Organ Mountains View of Organ Needle , the highest of the Organ Mountains at 8,990 feet ( 2,740 m ) . Botany ( edit ) The Organ Mountains may be the most botanically diverse mountain range in New Mexico , with approximately 870 vascular plant species .", "2": "Several of these , including the Organ Mountains evening - primrose ( Oenothera organensis ) and smooth figwort ( Scrophularia laevis ) , are endemic to the mountain range and occur only in small , scattered populations . The Organ Mountains also have surprisingly high diversity in ferns , with 30 of the 56 species reported for New Mexico occurring within it . The high diversity and endemism of the range makes the Organ Mountains a very rewarding destination for the botanically - inclined , as well as a focus of botanical study . The flora differs greatly between the three sections of the mountain range , with the two igneous sections ( The Needles and the central extrusive portion ) sharing relatively few species with the southern limestone portions . The limestone section includes some of the northernmost populations of lechuguilla ( Agave lecheguilla ) , often considered an indicator species of the Chihuahuan Desert , whereas the igneous sections of the range include all of the endemic taxa and have botanical affinity with Madrean flora typical of the southwestern sky islands . Hiking and climbing ( edit ) Winter snowfall in the Organ Mountains The first documented climbs of Organ Mountain peaks were in the early 1890s , but most were done in the mid-1950s by climbers stationed at nearby Fort Bliss Army Base . The most prominent of these was R.L Ingraham , whose Guide to Climbing in the Organ Mountains remains a definitive reference . To quote from this work : `` There are fragmentary records and local hearsay which affirm that certain students of the ( then ) A and M College climbed the Organ Needle and the Rabbit Ears Plateau , two of the very few Organ peaks with walk - up routes , between 1900 and 1910 ; little San Agustin was probably climbed at or before this time , too . Technical climbing began only in the late 1940 's , with some ascents by a group of German rocket scientists brought here to work at the White Sands Proving Grounds directly after the fall of Germany . In 1955 a group of local mountaineering enthusiasts banded together into a climbing club , which was briefly called the `` Tularosa Climbing Club '' before it took its present name of `` The Southwestern Mountaineers '' .", "3": "From then on technical climbing went on apace , until today there are at least several routes up every peak . '' The Bureau of Land Management maintains hiking trails accessed from four sites in the Organ Mountains : Aguirre Springs Campground and Baylor Canyon Road offer access to trails in The Needles from the east and west sides , respectively , and offer access to a trail that leads over Baylor Pass . Trails include the 4.5 mile Pine Tree Trail loop , where visitors can hike from 5,600 feet up to 6,880 feet . This trail covers a wide ecological range , from lower - elevation mountain mahogany scrub to ponderosa pine woodland on its upper parts . Dripping Springs Natural Area on the west side of the central rhyolitic portion of the Organ Mountains has a set of interconnected low - elevation trails around La Cueva and entering the lower parts of Fillmore and Ice Canyons . The Soledad Canyon Day Use Area provides a loop trail in the lower part of Bar Canyon , south of Dripping Springs on the west side of the range . The southern limestone section is difficult to access and rarely visited . Bishop 's Cap can be reached through rugged dirt roads , but has no developed trails . Rattlesnake Ridge is entirely within Fort Bliss and closed to the general public . National monument status ( edit ) President Obama designated the Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks a national monument by executive authority on Wednesday , May 21 , 2014 . White House press secretary Jay Carney stated that `` By establishing the monument , the president will permanently protect more than 496,000 acres to preserve the prehistoric , historic and scientific values of the area for the benefit of all Americans . '' See also ( edit ) Rio Grande Trail Prehistoric Trackways National Monument References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Organ Mountains -- Desert Peak National Monument , May 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mesilla Valley : Organ Mountains . Jump up ^ Halka Chronic , Roadside Geology of New Mexico , Mountain Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 87842 - 209 - 9 , p. 132 - 133 .", "4": "Jump up ^ http://web.nmsu.edu/~amato/ingrahamguide/Intro/Intro_master.html Jump up ^ USDI Bureau of Land Management : Aguirre Spring Campground Jump up ^ USDI Bureau of Land Management : Dripping Springs Natural Area Jump up ^ USDI Bureau of Land Management : Soledad Canyon Day Use Area Jump up ^ Madhani , Aamer . `` Obama gives Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks monument status . '' Article in USA Today , May 19 , 2014 . Denver Nicks ( 08 : 37pm ) , `` Obama Designates Half - Million Acre National Monument in New Mexico '' Time.com accessdate = 2014 - 05 - 22 ( hide ) Mountains of New Mexico Big Burro Mountains Soldiers Farewell Hill Big Hatchet Mountains Big Hatchet Peak Black Range Black Mountain ( Catron County ) McKnight Mountain Chuska Mountains Beautiful Mountain Cookes Range Massacre Peak Jemez Mountains Cerro Grande Chicoma Mountain Redondo Peak Magdalena Mountains South Baldy Manzano Mountains Manzano Peak Mogollon Mountains Mogollon Baldy Whitewater Baldy Organ Mountains Organ Needle Peloncillo Mountains Steins Peak Pyramid Mountains Pyramid Peak Raton - Clayton Volcanic Field Capulin Volcano Sierra Grande Sacramento Mountains Cathey Peak San Andres Mountains Salinas Peak San Augustin Mountains San Mateo Mountains ( Cibola County ) Mount Taylor West Blue Mountain Sangre de Cristo Mountains", "5": "Cimarron Range Baldy Mountain ( Colfax County ) Mount Phillips Taos Mountains Venado Peak Wheeler Peak Others Baldy Mountain ( Taos County ) Hermit Peak Santa Fe Baldy Truchas Peak Mount Walter Zuni Mountains Haystack Mountain Mount Sedgwick Others Aden Crater Alamo Hueco Mountains Animas Mountains Brazos Mountains Caballo Mountains Canjilón Mountain Canyon Creek Mountains Capitan Mountains Capulin Peak Cedar Mountain Range Datil Mountains Dirty Point Doña Ana Mountains Eagle Peak East Potrillo Mountains Elephant Butte ( Hidalgo County ) Elephant Butte ( Sierra County ) Fajada Butte Florida Mountains Fra Cristobal Range Franklin Mountains Granite Peak Guadalupe Mountains Guadalupe Mountains ( Hidalgo County ) Hosta Butte Hueco Mountains Huérfano Mountain Jicarilla Mountains Jornada del Muerto Volcano Ladron Peak Little Burro Mountains Little Hatchet Mountains Luera Mountains Nacimiento Mountains North Oscura Peak Ocate Peak Ortiz Mountains Picacho Mountain Robledo Mountains San Antonio Mountain San Mateo Mountains ( Socorro County ) Sandia Mountains Sierra Aguilada Sierra Blanca Sierra de las Uvas West Potrillo Mountains Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ Mountains . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minerals of Organ Mts .", "6": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organ_Mountains_(New_Mexico)&oldid=830626275 '' Categories : Volcanoes of New Mexico Mountain ranges of New Mexico Mountain ranges of Doña Ana County , New Mexico Bureau of Land Management areas in New Mexico Bornhardts Hiking trails in New Mexico Tularosa Basin Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks National Monument Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2717119588239727064	where are the 10 plagues found in the bible	[ "Book of Exodus", "Book of Exodus", "Exodus", "Book of Exodus" ]	{ "0": "Plagues of Egypt - wikipedia Plagues of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search Sarajevo Haggadah , from Barcelona , c. 1350 The Plagues of Egypt ( Hebrew : מכות מצרים , Makot Mitzrayim ) , also called the ten biblical plagues , were ten calamities that , according to the biblical Book of Exodus , God inflicted upon Egypt to persuade the Pharaoh to release the ill - treated Israelites from slavery . The Pharaoh capitulated after the tenth plague , until which God had prevented him from being swayed , triggering the Exodus of the Hebrew people . The plagues served to contrast the power of the God of Israel with the Egyptian gods , invalidating them . Some commentators have associated several of the plagues with judgment on specific gods associated with the Nile , fertility and natural phenomena . According to Exodus 12 : 12 , all the gods of Egypt would be judged through the tenth and final plague : `` On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals , and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt . I am the LORD . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Biblical narrative 3 Plagues 3.1 1 . Water into blood ( דָם ) : Ex. 7 : 14 -- 24 3.2 2 . Frogs ( צְּפַרְדֵּעַ ) : Ex. 7 : 25 -- 8 : 15 3.3 3 . Lice ( כִּנִּים ) : Ex. 8 : 16 -- 19 3.4 4 . Mixture of wild animals or flies ( עָרוֹב ) : Ex. 8 : 20 -- 32 3.5 5 . Diseased livestock ( דֶּבֶר ) : Ex. 9 : 1 -- 7 3.6 6 . Boils ( שְׁחִין ) : Ex.", "1": "9 : 8 -- 12 3.7 7 . Thunderstorm of hail ( בָּרָד ) : Ex. 9 : 13 -- 35 3.8 8 . Locusts ( אַרְבֶּה ) : Ex. 10 : 1 -- 20 3.9 9 . Darkness for three days ( חוֹשֶך ) : Ex. 10 : 21 -- 29 3.10 10 . Death of firstborn ( מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת ) : Ex. 11 : 1 -- 12 : 36 4 In the Quran 5 Scholarly interpretation 6 Historicity 6.1 Archaeology 6.2 Natural explanations 7 Artistic representation 7.1 Visual art 7.2 Music 7.3 Literature 7.4 Films 7.5 TV 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Context ( edit ) The reason for the plagues appears to be twofold : to answer Pharaoh 's taunt , `` Who ( is ) the LORD , that I should obey his voice to let Israel go ? '' , and to indelibly impress the Israelites with God 's power as an object lesson for all time , which was also meant to become known `` throughout the world '' . According to the Book of Exodus , God hardened Pharaoh 's heart so he would be strong enough to persist in his unwillingness to release the people , so that God could manifest his great power and cause his power to be declared among the nations , so that other people would discuss it for generations afterward . In this view , the plagues were punishment for the Egyptians ' long abuse of the Israelites , as well as proof that the gods of Egypt were false and powerless . If God triumphed over the gods of Egypt , a world power at that time , then the people of God would be strengthened in their faith , although they were a small people , and would not be tempted to follow the deities that God proved false .", "2": "Exodus 9 : 15 -- 16 ( JPS Tanakh ) portrays Yahweh explaining why he did not accomplish the freedom of the Israelites immediately : `` I could have stretched forth My hand and stricken you ( Pharaoh ) and your people with pestilence , and you would have been effaced from the earth . Nevertheless I have spared you for this purpose : in order to show you My power and in order that My fame may resound throughout the world . '' Biblical narrative ( edit ) The plagues seemed to affect `` all the land of Egypt '' , but the children of Israel were unaffected . For the last plague , the Torah indicates that they were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb , marking their place directly above their doors with the lamb 's blood , and hastily eating the roasted sacrifice together with unleavened bread ( now known as Matzoh ) which they took from their ovens in haste , as they made ready for the Exodus . The Torah describes God as actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle , but passing over ( hence `` Passover '' ) houses which have the sign of lambs ' blood on the doorpost . It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels . Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit . It is most commonly known as the `` Angel of Death '' . The night of this plague , Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms . After the Israelites leave en masse , a departure known as The Exodus , God introduces himself by name and makes an exclusive covenant with the Israelites on the basis of this miraculous deliverance . The Ten Commandments encapsulate the terms of this covenant . Joshua , the successor to Moses , reminds the people of their deliverance through the plagues . According to 1 Samuel , the Philistines also knew of the plagues and feared their author . Later , the psalmist sang of these events . The Torah also relates God 's instructions to Moses that the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt must be celebrated yearly on the holiday of Passover ( Pesaḥ פסח ) ; the rituals observed on Passover recall the events surrounding the exodus from Egypt .", "3": "The Torah additionally cites God 's sparing of the Israelite firstborn as a rationale for the commandment of the redemption of the firstborn . This event is also commemorated by the Fast of the Firstborn on the day preceding Passover but which is traditionally not observed because a siyum celebration is held which obviates the need for a fast . It seems that the celebration of Passover waned from time to time , since other biblical books provide references to revival of the holiday . For example , it was reinstated by Joshua at Gilgal , by Josiah , by Hezekiah and , after the return from the captivity , by Ezra . By the time of the Second Temple it was firmly established in Israel . Plagues ( edit ) The First Plague : Water Is Changed into Blood , James Tissot The plagues as they appear in the 1984 New International Version of the Book of Exodus are : 1 . Water into blood ( דָם ) : Ex. 7 : 14 -- 24 ( edit ) This is what the LORD says : By this you will know that I am the LORD : With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile , and it will be changed into blood . The fish in the Nile will die , and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water . -- Exodus 7 : 17 -- 18 2 . Frogs ( צְּפַרְדֵּעַ ) : Ex. 7 : 25 -- 8 : 15 ( edit ) The Second Plague : And Aaron stretched out his hand over the Waters of Egypt and the Frogs came up and covered the Sand of Egypt etching See also : Va'eira This is what the great LORD says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go , I will plague your whole country with frogs . The Nile will teem with frogs . They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed , into the houses of your officials and on your people , and into your ovens and kneading troughs . The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials .", "4": "-- Exodus 8 : 1 -- 4 3 . Lice ( כִּנִּים ) : Ex. 8 : 16 -- 19 ( edit ) The Third Plague : Moses , horned ( a sign of his encounter with divinity ) , carries the rod , while Aaron , wearing the miter of a priest , stands behind him . The gnats arise en masse out of the dust from which they were made and attack Pharaoh , seated and crowned , and his retinue ( by William de Brailes , collection Walters Art Museum ) `` And the LORD said ( ... ) Stretch out thy rod , and smite the dust of the land , that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt . '' ( ... ) When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground , lice came upon men and animals . All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice . -- Exodus 8 : 16 -- 17 The Hebrew noun כִּנִּים ( kinim ) could be translated as lice , gnats , or fleas . 4 . Mixture of wild animals or flies ( עָרוֹב ) : Ex. 8 : 20 -- 32 ( edit ) The Fourth Plague : The Plague of Flies by James Jacques Joseph Tissot at the Jewish Museum , New York The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock . The Torah emphasizes that the ' arob ( עָרוֹב , meaning `` mixture '' or `` swarm '' ) only came against the Egyptians , and that it did not affect the Land of Goshen ( where the Israelites lived ) . Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to allow the Israelites ' freedom . However , after the plague was gone , the LORD `` hardened Pharaoh 's heart '' , and he refused to keep his promise . The word ' arob has caused a difference of opinion among traditional interpreters . The root meaning is ( ע. ר. ב ) , meaning a mixture - implying a diversity , array , or assortment of harmful animals .", "5": "While Jewish interpreters understand the plague as `` wild animals '' ( most likely scorpions , venomous snakes , and other venomous arthropods and reptiles ) , Gesenius along with many Christian interpreters understand the plague as a swarm of flies . 5 . Diseased livestock ( דֶּבֶר ) : Ex. 9 : 1 -- 7 ( edit ) The Fifth Plague : Livestock Disease ( Ex. 9 : 2 - 3 ) , by Gustave Doré This is what the LORD , the God of the Hebrews , says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back , the hand of the LORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field -- on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats . -- Exodus 9 : 1 -- 3 6 . Boils ( שְׁחִין ) : Ex. 9 : 8 -- 12 ( edit ) The Sixth Plague : Miniature out of the Toggenburg Bible ( Switzerland ) of 1411 Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron , `` Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh . It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt , and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land . '' -- Exodus 9 : 8 -- 9 7 . Thunderstorm of hail ( בָּרָד ) : Ex. 9 : 13 -- 35 ( edit ) The Seventh Plague : John Martin 's painting of the plague of hail and fire ( 1823 ) . This is what the LORD , the God of the Hebrews , says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me , or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people , so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth . For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth .", "6": "But I have raised you up for this very purpose , that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth . You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go . Therefore , at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt , from the day it was founded till now . Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter , because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field , and they will die . ( ... ) The LORD sent thunder and hail , and lightning flashed down to the ground . So the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt ; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth . It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation . -- Exodus 9 : 13 -- 24 8 . Locusts ( אַרְבֶּה ) : Ex. 10 : 1 -- 20 ( edit ) The Eighth Plague : The Plague of Locusts , illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible This is what the LORD , the God of the Jews , says : ' How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me ? Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go , I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow . They will cover the face of the ground so that it can not be seen . They will devour what little you have left after the hail , including every tree that is growing in your fields . They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians -- something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now . -- Exodus 10 : 3 -- 6 9 . Darkness for three days ( חוֹשֶך ) : Ex. 10 : 21 -- 29 ( edit ) The Ninth Plague : Darkness by Gustave Doré Then the LORD said to Moses , `` Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt -- darkness that can be felt . ''", "7": "So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky , and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days . No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days . -- Exodus 10 : 21 -- 23 10 . Death of firstborn ( מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת ) : Ex. 11 : 1 -- 12 : 36 ( edit ) Lamentations over the Death of the First - Born of Egypt by Charles Sprague Pearce ( 1877 ) , Smithsonian American Art Museum . This is what the LORD says : `` About midnight I will go throughout Egypt . Every firstborn son in Egypt will die , from the firstborn son of Pharaoh , who sits on the throne , to the firstborn of the slave girl , who is at her hand mill , and all the firstborn of the cattle as well . There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt -- worse than there has ever been or ever will be again . '' -- Exodus 11 : 4 -- 6 Before this final plague , God commanded Moses to inform all the Israelites to mark lamb 's blood above their doors on every door in which case the LORD will pass over them and not `` suffer the destroyer to come into your houses and smite you '' ( chapter 12 , v. 23 ) . After this , Pharaoh , furious , saddened , and afraid that he would be killed next , ordered the Israelites to leave , taking whatever they wanted , and asking Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord . The Israelites did not hesitate , believing that soon Pharaoh would once again change his mind , which he did ; and at the end of that night Moses led them out of Egypt with `` arms upraised '' . However , as the Jews left Egypt , the Pharaoh changed his mind again and sent his army after Moses ' people . The Jews were trapped by the Red Sea . God split the sea , and the Jews were able to pass safely . As the Egyptian army descended on them , the sea closed before they could reach the Jews . In the Quran ( edit ) In the view of Islam , the plagues were almost identical .", "8": "It is mentioned in the Quran , specifically in Surah Al - A'raf verse 133 `` So We sent on them : the Tuwfan ( a calamity causing wholesale death , a flood or a typhoon - Ali , Note 1090 to S. VII. 133 ) , the locusts , the Qummal , the frogs , and the blood ( as a succession of ) manifest signs , yet they remained arrogant , and they were of those people who were criminals '' . The Quran further relates that the plagues included a mighty blast , showers of stones and earthquakes ( Ali , Notes 3462 - 3464 to S. XXIX. 40 ) . Scholarly interpretation ( edit ) The Book of Deuteronomy , in which Moses reviews the events of the past , mentions the `` diseases of Egypt '' ( Deuteronomy 7 : 15 and 28 : 60 ) , but means something that afflicted the Israelites , not the Egyptians ; in ( Deuteronomy 7 : 19 ) it mentions the plagues of the book of Exodus . The Exodus plagues are divine judgments , a series of curses like those in Deuteronomy 28 : 15 -- 68 , which mention many of the same afflictions ; they are even closer to the curses in the Holiness code , Leviticus 26 , since like the Holiness Code they leave room for repentance . The theme that divine punishment should lead to repentance is echoed in the prophets ( Amos 4 : 6 -- 12 , Ezekiel 20 ) , and the form of prophetic speech , `` Thus says Yahweh '' , and the figure of the prophet as divine messenger echoed in the late prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the Deuteronomistic history . The theme of Pharaoh 's obstinacy is likewise referred to in the 6th century prophets -- Isaiah 6 : 9 -- 13 , Jeremiah 5 : 3 , and Ezekiel 3 : 7 -- 9 . Historicity ( edit ) While proponents of biblical archaeology argue that the plague stories are true , a large consensus of historians believe them to be allegorical or inspired by passed - down accounts of disconnected disasters . Some scientists claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters hundreds of miles away .", "9": "The Ipuwer Papyrus , written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt ( c. 1991 - 1803 BCE ) has often put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account , most notably because of its statement that `` the river is blood '' and its frequent references to servants running away , but these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus , such as the fact that its Asiatics are arriving in Egypt rather than leaving , and the likelihood that the `` river is blood '' phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods , or may simply be a poetic image of turmoil . Archaeology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some archaeologists believe the plagues occurred at the ancient city of Pi - Rameses in the Nile Delta , which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses II . There is some archaeological material which such archaeologists , for example William F. Albright , have considered to be historical evidence of the ten plagues ; for example , an ancient water trough found in El Arish bears hieroglyphic markings detailing a period of darkness . Albright and other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence , as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus , make discounting the biblical account untenable . Natural explanations ( edit ) Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed - down accounts of several natural disasters , some disconnected , others playing part of a chain reaction . Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena : Plague 1 -- water turned into blood ; fish died Dr. Stephen Pflugmacher , a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin believes that rising temperatures could have turned the Nile into a slow - moving , muddy watercourse -- conditions favorable for the spread of toxic fresh water algae . As the alga Planktothrix rubescens dies , it turns the water red in a phenomenon known as `` Burgundy Blood '' .", "10": "Alternatively , a bloody appearance could be due to an environmental change , such as a drought , which could have contributed to the spread of the Chromatiaceae bacteria which thrive in stagnant , oxygen - deprived water . Plague 2 -- frogs Any blight on the water that killed fish also would have caused frogs to leave the river and probably die . Plagues 3 and 4 -- biting insects and wild animals The lack of frogs in the river would have let insect populations , normally kept in check by the frogs , to increase massively . The rotting corpses of fish and frogs would have attracted significantly more insects to the areas near the Nile . Plagues 5 and 6 -- livestock disease and boils There are biting flies in the region which transmit livestock diseases ; a sudden increase in their number could spark epizootics . Plague 7 -- fiery hail Volcanic eruption , resulting in showers of rock and fire . Plague 8 -- locusts According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization , when they get hungry , a one - ton horde of locusts can eat the same amount of food in one day as 2,500 humans can . Plague 9 -- darkness The immediate cause of this plague is theorized to be the `` hamsin '' , a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust , which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivaling that of the worst London fogs . Plague 10 -- death of the firstborn If the last plague indeed selectively tended to affect the firstborn , it could be due to food polluted during the time of darkness , either by locusts or by the black mold Cladosporium . When people emerged after the darkness , the firstborn would be given priority , as was usual , and would consequently be more likely to be affected by any toxin or disease carried by the food . Meanwhile , the Israelites ate food prepared and eaten very quickly which would have made it less likely to be contaminated . However , this does not explain how the firstborn cattle alone also would have perished . A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time . The eruption of the Thera volcano was 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) away from the northwest part of Egypt .", "11": "Controversially dated to about 1628 BC , this eruption is one of the largest on record , rivaling that of Tambora , which resulted in 1816 's Year Without a Summer . The enormous global impact of this eruption has been recorded in an ash layer deposit found in the Nile delta , tree ring frost scars in the bristlecone pines of the western United States , and a layer of ash in the Greenland ice caps , all dated to the same time and with the same chemical fingerprint as the ash from Thera . However , all estimates of the date of this eruption are hundreds of years before the Exodus is believed to have taken place ; thus the eruption can only have caused some of the plagues if one or other of the dates is wrong , or if the plagues did not actually immediately precede the Exodus . Following the assumption that at least some of the details are accurately reported , many modern Jews believe that some of the plagues were indeed natural disasters , but argue for the fact that , since they followed one another with such uncommon rapidity , `` God 's hand was behind them '' . Indeed , several biblical commentators ( Nachmanides and , more recently , Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky ) have pointed out that , for the plagues to be a real test of faith , they had to contain an element leading to religious doubt . In his book The Plagues of Egypt : Archaeology , History , and Science Look at the Bible , Siro Igino Trevisanato explores the theory that the plagues were initially caused by the Santorini eruption in Greece . His hypothesis considers a two - stage eruption over a time of a bit less than two years . His studies place the first eruption in 1602 BC , when volcanic ash taints the Nile , causing the first plague and forming a catalyst for many of the subsequent plagues . In 1600 BC , the plume of a Santorini eruption caused the ninth plague , the days of darkness . Trevisanato hypothesizes that the Egyptians ( at that time under the occupation of Hyksos ) , resorted to human sacrifice in an attempt to appease the gods , for they had viewed the ninth plague as a precursor to more . This human sacrifice became known as the tenth plague .", "12": "In an article published in 1996 , physician - epidemiologist John S. Marr and co-author Curt Malloy integrated biblical , historical and Egyptological sources with modern scientific conjectures in a comprehensive review of natural explanations for the ten plagues , postulating their own specific explanations for the third , fourth , fifth , sixth , and tenth plagues . Their explanation also accounted for the apparent selectiveness of the plagues , as implied in the Bible . The paper served as the basis for a website and documentary aired on the Learning Channel from 1998 to 2005 . Artistic representation ( edit ) Visual art ( edit ) In visual art , the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series , especially engravings . Still , relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century , when the plagues became more common subjects , with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases . This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting , for which the plagues were suited , a Gothic attraction to morbid stories , and a rise in Orientalism , wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency . Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history , the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch 's power , and images of lice , locusts , darkness , and boils were ill - suited for decoration in palaces and churches . Music ( edit ) Taking direct inspiration from the ten plagues , Iced Earth 's eleventh studio album Plagues of Babylon contains many references and allusions to the plagues . Metallica 's song `` Creeping Death '' makes references to a few of the plagues , in addition to the rest of the story of the Exodus . Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel 's oratorio Israel in Egypt , which , like his perennial favorite , `` Messiah '' , takes a libretto entirely from scripture . The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses , generally one for each plague , and its playful musical depiction of the plagues . For example , the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto , depicting frogs jumping in the violins , and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins .", "13": "Literature ( edit ) Children 's books Let My People Go ! by Tilda Balsley The 10 Plagues of Egypt by Shoshana Lepon Films ( edit ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) Moses ( 1995 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) Magnolia ( 1999 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) Os Dez Mandamentos ( 2015 ) Tv ( edit ) The Bible ( 2013 miniseries ) - Episode 2 has a scene of these plagues . Haven - In `` A Tale of Two Audreys , '' the town of Haven is afflicted by almost all of the plagues of Egypt . A Rugrats Passover `` Family Guy '' - In the second season episode `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' , the Griffin family is affected by most of the plagues due to Peter being worshiped like God . See also ( edit ) Aaron 's rod Jochebed Miriam Seti I References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt , in New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 7 , The Jewish Study Bible , 2004 . Berlin A and Brettler M , eds. , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues , Dictionary & Concordance Jump up ^ Exodus 5 : 2 Jump up ^ Exodus 9 : 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ The commentary on Exodus 10 : 1 -- 2 , The Jewish Study Bible , 2004 . Berlin A and Brettler M , eds. , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 Jump up ^ Ex.", "14": "9 : 14 , 16 Jump up ^ Joshua 2 : 9 -- 11 ; 9 : 9 ; Isaiah 4 : 8 ; 6 : 6 Jump up ^ Ex. 12 : 12 ; Nu. 33 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 7 : 21 , 8 : 2 , 8 : 16 Jump up ^ Ex. 8 : 22 , 9 : 4 , 11 , 26 , 10 : 23 Jump up ^ Passover , New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Wigoder G , Paul S ( 1986 ) . Viviano B , Stern E , ed . Passover , Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible . G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. and Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moses , The World Book Encyclopedia , 1998 . World Book Incorporated ISBN 0 - 7166 - 0098 - 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 20 Jump up ^ Joshua 24 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4 : 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt , New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 43 -- 51 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 , Leviticus 23 , Numbers 9 , Deuteronomy 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 13 : 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 0 -- 12 Jump up ^ II Kings 23 : 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ II Chronicles 30 : 5 Jump up ^ Ezra 6 : 9 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues , in Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible , 1986 .", "15": "Wigoder G , Paul S , Viviano B , Stern E , eds. , G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd . And Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible . `` Dictionary and Word Search for ken ( Strong 's 3654 ) '' . Blue Letter Bible . 1996 -- 2012 . February 4 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Aryeh Kaplan , The Living Torah , note on 8 : 17 , as regards the various Midrashic and Rabbinic traditions here . Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 11 : 2 , among others . Jump up ^ Gesenius 's Lexicon , עָרוֹב Jump up ^ Exodus 14 : 8 ^ Jump up to : The Holy Qur - an -- Text , Translation and Commentary , Abdullah Yusuf Ali , SH . Muhammad Ashraf , Kashmiri Bazar -- Lahore ( Pakistan ) , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Quran - Surah Al - A'raf - Maududi 's Translation , Commentary and Summary '' . Jump up ^ Al - A'raf about `` Fir ` awn and His People suffer Years of Drought '' Qur'an Tafsir Ibn Qathir Jump up ^ John Van Seters , `` The Pentateuch : A Social - Science Commentary '' , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 , p. 114 ISBN 0567080889 . Jump up ^ Willems 2010 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Enmarch 2011 , p. 173 - 175 . Jump up ^ William Dever , `` What Remains of the House that Albright Built ? '' The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. 56 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Pappas , Stephanie . `` End Times ? It is for a blood - red Texas lake '' , NBC News , 1 August 2011 `` . MSNBC . January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Adam ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Estes , Adam Clark .", "16": "`` With Passover Approaching , a Plague of Locusts Descends Upon Egypt '' , ' ' The Atlantic Wire ' ' , 3 March 2013 `` . Theatlanticwire.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bechtel , Florentine . `` Plagues of Egypt . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 13 Jul. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org . June 1 , 1911 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Plagues of Egypt : Archaeology , History , and Science Look at the Bible , by Siro Igino Trevisanato : Georgia Press LLC , 2005 Jump up ^ Marr JS , Malloy CD ( 1996 ) . `` An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt '' . Caduceus ( Springfield , Ill . ) . 12 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 24 . PMID 8673614 . Jump up ^ Donna Leon ( 2011 ) , Handel 's Bestiary : In Search of Animals in Handel 's Operas , illustrated by Michael Sowa ( illustrated ed . ) , Grove Press , ISBN 978 - 0802195616 Jump up ^ `` The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) -- Did You Know ? '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Dr. Phibes murders were inspired by the 10 plagues of Egypt found in the Old Testament Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Egypt '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ for Magnolia ( 1999 ) '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Reaping '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exodus : Gods and Kings '' . imdb.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Marta ( March 17 , 2015 ) .", "17": "`` Tudo pronto para a estreia de `` Os Dez Mandamentos '' `` . Notícias do dia ( Grupo RIC ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Enmarch , Roland ( 2011 ) . `` The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem : The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All '' . In Collier , M. ; Snape , S. Ramesside Studies in Honour of K.A. Kitchen ( PDF ) . Rutherford . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2011 . Levinson , Hermann and Anna , Zur Biologie der zehn biblischen Plagen , DGaaE Nachrichten 22 ( 2008 ) , 83 -- 102 ( in German ) Willems , Harco ( 2010 ) . `` The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom '' . In Lloyd , Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt . 1 . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781444320060 .", "18": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Plagues of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Passover Seder Seder Afikoman The Exodus Ha Lachma Anya Ma Nishtana `` Outstretched Arm '' Ten Plagues White House Passover Seder Seder Plate Beitzah Charoset Karpas Maror Zeroa Haggadah Songs Adir Hu Chad Gadya Dayenu Echad Mi Yodea L'Shana Haba'ah Illustrations Birds ' Head Haggadah Maxwell House Haggadah Sarajevo Haggadah Szyk Haggadah Passover foods Matzah products Matzo Matzah ball Matzah brei Matzo farfel granola Matzah pizza Matzah companies Streit 's Manischewitz René Neymann Yehuda Matzos Rakusen 's Religious Observances Bedikas Chametz Fast of the Firstborn Eve of Passover on Shabbat Passover sacrifice Chol HaMoed Mimouna Isru Chag Pesach Sheni Seharane Laws / Customs Chametz Challah from Shmurah Matzah Kitniyot Gebrochts Prayers Song of Songs Torah readings Prayer for dew Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Plagues_of_Egypt&oldid=822064943 '' Categories : Book of Exodus Egypt in the Hebrew Bible Moses Nisan Passover Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 05 : 24 . 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2557147031153728564	who sings ruby don't take your love to town	[ "Kenny Rogers and The First Edition" ]	{ "0": "Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town - wikipedia Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Jump to : navigation , search `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' Single by Johnny Darrell from the album Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town B - side `` The Little Things I Love '' Released 1967 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 2 : 16 Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Mel Tillis Producer ( s ) Bob Montgomery Johnny Darrell singles chronology `` She 's Mighty Gone '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1967 ) `` My Elusive Dreams '' ( 1967 ) `` She 's Mighty Gone '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1967 ) `` My Elusive Dreams '' ( 1967 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' is a song written by Mel Tillis about a paralyzed veteran of a `` crazy Asian war '' ( given the time of its release , widely assumed -- but never explicitly stated -- to be the Vietnam War ) who either lies helplessly in bed or sits helplessly in his wheelchair as his wife `` paints ( herself ) up '' to go out for the evening without him ; he believes she is going in search of a lover , and as he hears the door slam behind her , he pleads for her to reconsider . The song was made famous by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition in 1969 . `` Ruby '' was originally recorded in 1967 by Johnny Darrell , who scored a number nine country hit with it that year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 The First Edition version 2.1 Chart performance 2.2 Weekly charts 2.3 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 Answer songs 5 Music video 6 Further reading 7 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position U.S.", "1": "Billboard Hot Country Singles 9 The First Edition version ( edit ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' Cover of the 1969 single Single by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition from the album Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Released 1969 Genre Country , pop Length 2 : 53 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Mel Tillis Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen Kenny Rogers and The First Edition singles chronology `` Once Again , She 's All Alone '' ( 1969 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1969 ) `` Reuben James '' ( 1969 ) `` Once Again , She 's All Alone '' ( 1969 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1969 ) `` Reuben James '' ( 1969 ) In 1969 , after the success Kenny Rogers and The First Edition had enjoyed with the hits `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' and `` But You Know I Love You , '' Rogers wanted to take his group more into a country music direction . They recorded their version of the song , with Rogers singing the lead , in a single take . The record was a major hit for them . It made number 1 in the UK on the New Musical Express ( number 2 on the BBC chart ) staying in the top 20 for 15 weeks and selling over a million copies by the end of 1970 . In the United States it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the country chart . In 1977 , now performing solo after the First Edition disbanded in early 1976 , Rogers made re-recordings of this , and a number of other First Edition hits , for his 1977 greatest hits package Ten Years of Gold . ( It was later issued in the UK as The Kenny Rogers Singles Album . ) Ten Years of Gold topped the US country charts under that title , and as The Kenny Rogers Singles Album , it was just as successful in the United Kingdom . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S.", "2": "Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 39 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Country Tracks New Zealand ( Listener ) 6 UK Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Norway Singles Chart 9 Austrian Top 40 26 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 71 UK 22 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 78 U.S. Cash Box 71 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been recorded many times by various artists . The Statler Brothers covered it on their 1967 album , Big Country Hits . Other artists who have recorded versions include Bobby Bare , Dale Hawkins , Waylon Jennings , George Jones , Jerry Reed , Roger Miller , Cake , The Killers and Leonard Nimoy . Several foreign - language versions have been recorded : Greek singer Nana Mouskouri recorded a French version entitled `` Ruby , garde ton cœur ici '' for her 1970 album Dans le soleil et dans le vent ; Gerhard Wendland recorded a German version `` Ruby , schau einmal über'n Zaun '' in 1970 ; Pavel Bobek , Czech country singer , recorded `` Oh Ruby , nechtěj mi lásku brát '' in 1981 ; Gary Holton and Casino Steel 's English - language version was a number one hit in Norway at the beginning of 1982 . French singer Eddy Mitchell recorded a French version entitled `` Ruby tu reviens au pays '' for his 1974 album Rocking in Nashville . The Dutch singer / showmaster Ron Brandsteder recorded a Dutch version called `` Oh Nederland ik ben verliefd op jou '' ( O Netherlands , I have fallen in love with you ) . Answer songs ( edit ) An answer song to `` Ruby , '' entitled `` Billy , I 've Got to Go to Town , '' was released in 1969 by Geraldine Stevens , who had previously recorded successfully under the name Dodie Stevens .", "3": "Sung to the same melody with an arrangement quite similar to the First Edition version , `` Billy '' peaked at number 117 pop , number 57 country . In Stevens 's song , Ruby affirms her love for her disabled husband , who is named `` Billy '' in her song whereas in `` Ruby , '' he is not named , and she pleads in turn for her man to have faith in her fidelity and her commitment to him , even in his paralyzed condition . In 1972 , Bobby Womack released the album Understanding , which included the song `` Ruby Dean . '' The lyrics and melody are similar to `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' but the story is told from the perspective of Ruby 's son . The son urges his mother to respect his father and to stop seeing other men . In the original song , no children between the couple are ever mentioned . Music video ( edit ) A music video consisting solely of a camera panning back and forth in a bedroom was shown at the end of a Huntley - Brinkley Report during 1969 . Chet Huntley set up the video by linking it to the controversial Vietnam War and the sacrifices by U.S. servicemen and their families . Chet Huntley and David Brinkley paused after the video and then signed off in their usual fashion . Further reading ( edit ) Rule , Ann ( 1999 ) , `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' . A Rage to Kill and Other True Cases . Simon and Schuster p. 291 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2404 - 2 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Darrell - Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town / The Little Things I Love - United Artists - USA - UA 50126 '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers And The First Edition * - Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com .", "4": "Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , p. 360 Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , August 30 , 1969 Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1969.shtml Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 27 , 1969 Jump up ^ Lieutenant Colonel Marc D. Felman . `` School of Advanced Airpower Studies : The Military / Media Clash and the New Principle of War : Media Spin '' ( PDF ) . Au.af.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Bobby Bare Studio albums The Game of Triangles Notable singles `` 500 Miles '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` A Dear John Letter '' `` Detroit City '' `` Four Strong Winds '' `` God Bless America Again '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` How I Got to Memphis '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' `` ( Margie 's At ) The Lincoln Park Inn '' `` Marie Laveau '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Song of the South '' `` Streets of Baltimore '' Guest singles `` No Memories Hangin ' Round '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) Related articles Bobby Bare , Jr . Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ?", "5": "The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby ,", "6": "Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will ,", "7": "She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Kenny Rogers Mary Arnold Thelma Camacho Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Mickey Jones Gene Lorenzo Mike Settle Kin Vassy Terry Williams Studio albums The First Edition ( 1967 ) Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( 1969 ) Something 's Burning ( 1970 ) Tell It All Brother ( 1970 ) Transition ( 1971 ) The Ballad of Calico ( 1972 ) I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( 1974 ) Singles `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' Mel Tillis Collaboration albums Old Dogs Notable singles `` Life Turned Her That Way '' `` I Ai n't Never '' `` Good Woman Blues '' `` Heart Healer '' `` I Got the Hoss '' `` I Believe in You '' `` Ai n't No California '' `` Send Me Down to Tucson '' `` Coca - Cola Cowboy '' `` Blind in Love '' `` Lying Time Again '' `` Southern Rains '' `` Stay a Little Longer '' `` City Lights '' Related articles Discography Pam Tillis `` Detroit City '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Honey ( Open That Door ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby,", "8": "_Don%27t_Take_Your_Love_to_Town&oldid=815067193 '' Categories : 1969 singles Kenny Rogers songs Kenny Rogers and The First Edition songs Number - one singles in Norway Songs written by Mel Tillis Johnny Darrell songs The Killers songs RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen 1967 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 34 . 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2988284357714596500	where are red blood cells made in adults	[ "in the red bone marrow of large bones", "in the bone marrow", "in the bone marrow" ]	{ "0": "Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Jump to : navigation , search Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells ( RBCs ) , also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Red blood cells are also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) .", "1": "Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane .", "2": "Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk .", "3": "This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right .", "4": "Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus .", "5": "In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer .", "6": "Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation .", "7": "Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells .", "8": "Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R .", "9": "Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it .", "10": "Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore , the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells .", "11": "Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney .", "12": "Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite .", "13": "Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells .", "14": "These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' .", "15": "In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Blood serum Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices References Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . 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Jump up ^ Cohen , W.D. ( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) .", "19": "`` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . 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IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 .", "24": "Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells ,", "25": "Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=837502829 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch", "26": "ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو", "27": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 07 : 11 . 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-4616596799374362422	who was the pinkerton detective agency's first female detective	[ "Kate Warne", "Kate Warne", "Kate Warne", "Kate Warne", "Kate Warne" ]	{ "0": "Kate Warne - wikipedia Kate Warne Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kate Warne 1833 Erin , Chemung County , New York January 28 , 1868 ( age 34 - 35 ) Chicago , Cook County , Illinois Cause of death pulmonary edema caused by pneumonia Resting place Graceland Cemetery , Chicago , Cook County , Illinois Nationality American Other names Kay Warne , Kay Waren , Kay Warren , Kate Warne , Kate Waren , Kate Warren , Kitty Warne , Kitty Waren , Kitty Warren , Kittie Waren , Kittie Warne , Kittie Warren , Angie Warren , Mrs. Barley , Mrs. Cherry Occupation detective , spy , female superintendent of detectives , supervisor of women agents Known for First female detective , in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the first , female detective in the United States , responsible for uncovering the 1861 Baltimore Plot to assassinate president - elect Abraham Lincoln Kate Warne ( 1833 -- January 28 , 1868 ) was the first female detective , in 1856 , in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Civil War 1.1 Early detective work : 1856 - 1861 2 The Baltimore Plot 3 Civil War : Intelligence work for the Union , 1861 -- 1865 4 Post-Civil War : Continued espionage , 1865 -- 1867 5 Burial 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Pre -- Civil War ( edit ) Early Detective work : 1856 - 1861 ( edit ) Very little is known about Kate Warne prior to her working for Allan Pinkerton , except that she was born in Erin , Chemung County , New York and was a widow by age 23 .", "1": "Pinkerton , in his book The Spy of the Rebellion ( 1883 ) , described her as : ( a ) commanding person , with clear cut , expressive features ... a slender , brown - haired woman , graceful in her movements and self - possessed . Her features , although not what could be called handsome ( beautiful ) , were decidedly of an intellectual cast ... her face was honest , which would cause one in distress instinctly ( sic ) to select her as a confidante . Warne walked into the Pinkerton Detective Agency in response to an advertisement in a local newspaper . When she walked into Pinkerton 's Chicago office , according to Pinkerton company records , he further described her acquaintance : `` ( he ) was surprised to learn Kate was not looking for clerical work , but was actually answering an advertisement for detectives he had placed in a Chicago newspaper . At the time , such a concept was almost unheard of . Pinkerton said '' It is not the custom to employ women detectives ! '' Kate argued her point of view eloquently - pointing out that women could be `` most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective . '' A Woman would be able to befriend the wives and girlfriends of suspected criminals and gain their confidence . Men become braggarts when they are around women who encourage them to boast . Kate also noted , Women have an eye for detail and are excellent observers . '' Warne 's arguments swayed Pinkerton , who employed Warne as the first female detective . Pinkerton soon had a chance to put Warne to the test . In 1858 , Warne was involved in the case of Adams Express Company embezzlements , where she was successfully able to bring herself into the confidence of the wife of the prime suspect , Mr. Maroney . She thereby acquired valuable evidence leading to the husband 's conviction . Mr. Maroney was an expressman living in Montgomery , Alabama . The Maroneys stole $50,000 from the Adams Express Company . With Warne 's help , $39,515 was returned . Mr. Maroney was convicted and sentenced to ten years in Montgomery , Alabama . In 1860 , Allan Pinkerton put Warne in charge of his new Female Detective Bureau .", "2": "The Baltimore plot ( edit ) In 1861 , Allan Pinkerton was hired by Samuel H. Felton , president of the Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad , to investigate secessionist activity and threats of damage to the railroad in Maryland . Pinkerton soon was at work , placing agents at various points in Maryland to investigate the possibility . As the investigation proceeded , Pinkerton became aware that the activity in Maryland did not just end with the railroad , but included the president - elect , Abraham Lincoln . Pinkerton received permission to continue his investigation and focus on the possible assassination plot . Warne was one of five agents sent to Baltimore , Maryland , on February 3 , 1861 , to investigate the hotbed of secessionist activity . During the investigation , evidence unveiled a plot to assassinate Lincoln on his way to take office . Under the aliases Mrs. Cherry and Mrs. M. Barley ( M.B. ) , Warne tracked suspicious movement among the Baltimore secessionists . It was in part through her undercover work in the guise of : ( A ) rich southern lady visiting Baltimore with a thick southern accent that apparently Mrs. Warne infiltrated secessionist social gatherings , in the Baltimore area , places such as the classy Barnum Hotel posing as a flirting `` Southern belle '' and was quick to not only verify that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln , she developed details of how the assassination was going to occur . Pinkerton had agents across Maryland . However , it was Warne specifically who supplied many key details , causing Pinkerton to believe that the plot was imminent . Warne had befriended secessionists in Maryland and collected many details about the plot to assassinate Lincoln . The president - elect , Abraham Lincoln , was traveling from his home in Springfield , Illinois , to the Capital via a train tour that was to stop at notable cities along the way . His published program showed that Lincoln 's last leg of the journey was from Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , to Washington , D.C. Due to the configuration of the rail system , all southbound trains required a transfer to be made in Baltimore , Maryland . The northbound station ended at Calvert Street and the southbound train station started at Camden Street ( now the Camden Yards station ) . The distance between these two stations were about a mile by carriage ride .", "3": "The secessionist plot to kill Lincoln was : just as Mr. Lincoln would be passing through the narrow vestibule of the Depot at Calvert St. Station , to enter his carriage . A row or fight was to be got up by some outsiders to quell which the few policemen at the Depot would rush out , thus leaving Mr. Lincoln entirely unprotected and at the mercy of a mob of Secessionists who were to surround him at that time . A small Steamer had been chartered and was lying in one of the Bays or little streams running into the Chesapeake Bay , to which the murderers were to flee and it was immediately to put off for Virginia . After seeing the pieces of the plot coming together , Pinkerton requested of Kate Warne on the morning of February 18 to take the 5 : 10 evening train to New York City . Once there , she was to set up a meeting with Norman B. Judd and place into his confidence a letter from Pinkerton stating all the hereto discovered details of the assassination attempt . After Warne supplied details of the Baltimore Plot to Judd , Judd set up a meeting between himself , Pinkerton and Lincoln on February 21 . At this meeting , Lincoln was doubtful about an assassination plot , or that if such a plot existed that it should be taken seriously . However , a second independent source confirmed the plot by way of Frederick W. Seward , son of William H. Seward ( the secretary of state -- designate ) . From this point , Lincoln agreed that the assassination plot was plausible enough to take action . Lincoln decided to avoid hazard where it was not necessary , however he refused to cancel any of his scheduled plans in Harrisburg . His agenda included giving three speeches , the raising of the American flag , at Independence Hall , and attending a high - profile dinner . Accordingly , they made train arrangements that allowed Lincoln to fulfill his scheduled duties in Harrisburg . It was not until 5 : 45 that night that there was any deviation from his schedule . John George Nicolay , Lincoln 's private secretary , interrupted the dinner party to excuse the president - elect . Lincoln then changed into a traveling suit , a soft felt cap and carried a shawl upon one arm to play the role of an invalid .", "4": "Pinkerton , meanwhile , had the telegraph lines interrupted to prevent any knowledge of the deviation in Lincoln 's schedule . At the station , Warne entered the sleeping car through the rear along with Pinkerton , Ward Hill Lamon , and a still - disguised Lincoln . She greeted Lincoln loudly as she would have a true brother . From Harrisburg , Abraham Lincoln rode to Philadelphia by a special Pennsylvania Railroad train . From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore by a special Philadelphia , Wilmington , and Baltimore train on the night of February 22 -- 23 . It is said that Kate Warne did not sleep a wink on the overnight trip from Pennsylvania to Washington D.C. The disguises provided by Warne that night enabled Lincoln to make it through Baltimore without recognition and take his seat in the White House . It is believed that Pinkerton came up with the slogan to his agency `` we never sleep '' as a result of Warne 's guard of Lincoln that night . Warne was key in the foiled Baltimore assassination plot -- not only did she help uncover its details , but she also carried out most of the arrangements to smuggle Lincoln into Washington , D.C. She couriered secret information and set up meetings as well as securing the necessary four berths on a train leaving Philadelphia under the pretext that these berths were for her sick brother and family members . The train pulled out shortly before 11 p.m. and arrived in Baltimore about 3 : 30 a.m. on February 23 . Warne remained in Baltimore as the sleeping cars with Lincoln on board were shifted to another train , which arrived in Washington around 6 a.m. Civil War : Intelligence work for the union , 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) During the American Civil War Kate Warne traveled with her boss , Allan Pinkerton , to meet with General George B. McClellan 's Ohio Division . This photo shows Pinkerton and President Lincoln at the Battle of Antietam in 1862 . During the American Civil War , Allan Pinkerton and Kate Warne were used as a covert war intelligence - gathering bureau . Warne could easily penetrate into Southern social gatherings . She said that women are most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective .", "5": "Believed to be a mistress of Pinkerton , Warne would often pose as his wife while undercover . She also had an assortment of alias names : Kay Warne , Kay Waren , Kay Warren , Kate Warne , Kate Waren , Kate Warren , Kitty Warne , Kitty Waren , Kitty Warren , Kittie Waren , Kittie Warne , and Kittie Warren . Warne was known as `` Kitty '' to Robert Pinkerton , Allan 's brother . Robert Pinkerton often argued with Warne over expenses turned over to the agency , but her relationship with Allan continued for years . After the quelled assassination attempt on president - elect Abraham Lincoln , Kate Warne continued to travel with Allan Pinkerton as his Female Superintendent of Detectives . On April 12 , 1861 , the Confederate States of America 's cannons in Charleston began firing on Fort Sumter . These cannon shells marked the beginning of the American Civil War . Within nine days , Pinkerton wrote to President Lincoln offering the services of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency . However , before Lincoln could respond , Major General George B. McClellan asked Pinkerton to set up a military intelligence service for McClellan 's command . Therefore , by the end of July 1861 , Pinkerton took Warne , Timothy Webster , and later George Bangs west to set up a headquarters in Cincinnati , Ohio , to follow McClellan 's Ohio division ( see also Cincinnati in the Civil War ) . Post-civil War : continued Espionage , 1865 -- 1867 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the Civil War , Kate Warne worked on various high - profile cases . One of these involved the murder of a bank - teller , George Gordon . The murderer got away with $130,000 . Pinkerton determined that Gordon was fetching money for a friend or someone who frequented the bank when he was struck on the head behind the ear with a hammer with intent to murder any witnesses of the robbery . Through his investigation , Pinkerton felt certain that his prime suspect , Alexander P. Drysdale , had in fact killed Gordon .", "6": "However , at this point he did not have enough hard evidence to convict Drysdale ; too much was still based on speculation . Therefore , he set a trap for Drysdale so that he would reveal a confession . Warne was sent under cover as a Mrs. Potter and became close friends with Mr. Drysdale 's wife . Through this plot , they were able to uncover where Drysdale had hidden the stolen money . Another case for which Kate Warne went undercover was brought about by a Captain Sumner , who was convinced that both his sister , Mrs. Annie Thayer and a Mr. Pattmore , were attempting to poison Mrs. Pattmore and himself . Warne took the name Lucille and assumed the role of a fortune teller to lure information out of the suspected murderer 's confidants . In the meantime , she also continually coordinated Pinkerton 's other female detectives in the agency . Pinkerton rented a space for Warne to work as part of her guise . Allan Pinkerton named Kate Warne one of the five best detectives that he had . Her employment by Pinkerton was a significant moment in Woman 's History . Women were not allowed to be a part of the police force until 1891 and could not be detectives until 1903 . Pinkerton specifically thanked Kate Warne and Timothy Webster in his memoirs . Both Warne and Webster were key operatives during the Baltimore Plot investigations . Warne reported back to Pinkerton about all her work when he was away from the office and they worked together , on numerous cases , during their tenure . Pinkerton constantly showed a deep trust in the work that Warne performed and acknowledges so in his memoirs . She was in charge of the Female Detective Bureau established by Pinkerton . Her title was Supervisor of Women Agents . Pinkerton said to his female prospective agents : In my service you will serve your country better than on the field . I have several female operatives . If you agree to come aboard you will go in training with the head of my female detectives , Kate Warne . She has never let me down . Burial ( edit ) Warne was buried in the Pinkerton Family Plot at Graceland Cemetery , Chicago , Illinois .", "7": "Her gravestone is marked under the misspelled surname of `` Warn '' , and states that she died of `` congestion of the lungs '' , likely a pulmonary edema . In popular culture ( edit ) Kate Warne was depicted as a young detective in the Canadian TV series The Pinkertons , played by Martha MacIsaac . See also ( edit ) American Civil War spies Hattie Lawton Timothy Webster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of Policewomen '' . SameShield.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Webster & Kate Warne '' . Pinkerton Government Services . 2006 - 10 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence ( 1976 ) . Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Williams , David Ricardo ( 1998 ) . Call in Pinkerton 's : American Detectives at Work for Canada . Dundurn . ISBN 9781550023060 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Steers , Edward ( 2005 - 10 - 21 ) . Blood on the Moon : The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0813191513 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` HERNDON 'S INFORMANTS : Letters , Interviews , and Statements about Abraham Lincoln Edited by Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis Letters , Interviews , and Statements Collected by William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik , 1865 - 92 '' . University of Illinois Press . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Warne America 's First female Private - Eye '' . Spy and Private Eye Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cuthbert , Norma Barrett , ed. ( 1949 ) .", "8": "Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot 1861 From Pinkerton records and related papers ( PDF ) . Huntington Library . OL 16180232M . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ James O. Hall , David Winfred Gaddy , and William A. Tidwell . Come Retribution . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9781604736076 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Richter , William L. ( 2004 - 05 - 17 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810865631 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Civil War . Alpha . ISBN 9781592571321 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` A Matter of Allegiances '' ( PDF ) . Mdhistory.net . p. 172 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Mr. Lincoln '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2007 - 07 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Charles ( 1956 ) . Wild Train : The Story of the Andrews Raiders . Random House . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi , Ann ( 2001 ) . Girl in Blue . Scholastic . p. 133 . ISBN 9780439073363 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Arnie ( 2003 ) .", "9": "The Hoofs and Guns of the Storm : Chicago 's Civil War Connections . Lake Claremont Press . p. 152 . ISBN 9781893121065 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Further reading ( edit ) Stashower , David , 2013 . The Hour of Peril : The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln before the Civil War , Minotaur Books , New York . ISBN 9780312600228 . Hannigan , Kate , 2015 . The Detective 's Assistant , Little , Brown Books for Young Readers , New York ; ISBN 9780316403511 . Historical fiction based on the cases of Kate Warne . Pinkerton , Allan ( 1900 ) . The Somnambulist and the Detective : The Murderer and the Fortune Teller . Dillingham . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Pinkerton , Allan ( 1885 ) . The Spy of the Rebellion : Being a True History of the Spy System of the United States Army During the Late Rebellion . Revealing Many Secrets of the War Hitherto Not Made Public . Compiled from Official Reports Prepared for President Lincoln , General McClellan and the Provost - Marshal - General . M.A. Winter & Company , Publishers . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Crowdy , Terry ( 2006 ) . The Enemy Within : A History of Espionage . Osprey Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 9781841769332 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 .", "10": "Kate Warne at Find a Grave VIAF : 41290020 LCCN : n2007026131 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Warne&oldid=837868298 '' Categories : 1833 births 1868 deaths American Civil War spies Baltimore Plot Burials at Graceland Cemetery ( Chicago ) Disease - related deaths in Illinois History of Baltimore People from Chemung County , New York People of Maryland in the American Civil War Pinkerton National Detective Agency Private detectives and investigators Women in the American Civil War Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Date of birth missing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 14 : 41 . 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-3650291155113659146	how many episodes are there in modern family	[ "232", "201", "As of January 17, 2018,[update] 201 episodes", "232", "201" ]	{ "0": "List of Modern Family episodes - wikipedia List of Modern Family episodes Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family is an American family mockumentary comedy series that airs on ABC . It was created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan . The show follows the family lives of Jay Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) , his daughter Claire Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , and his son Mitchell Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , who all live in Los Angeles . Claire is married to Phil Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) . They have three children : Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) , Alex ( Ariel Winter ) and Luke ( Nolan Gould ) . Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) , and is helping her raise her teenage son , Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) along with their new baby Fulgencio `` Joe '' Pritchett ( Jeremy Maguire ) . Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) have an adopted Vietnamese child , Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) . The series premiered on September 23 , 2009 . The series has been renewed for two additional seasons , with 22 episodes each , bringing the total amount of episodes up to 232 . As of January 17 , 2018 , 201 episodes of Modern Family have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 24 September 23 ,", "1": "2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 36 9.49 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 24 11.89 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 15 12.93 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 18 12.31 5 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 19 11.79 6 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 24 11.91 7 22 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 36 9.83 8 22 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 34 8.79 9 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 1ARG79 12.60 `` The Bicycle Thief '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel September 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) 1ARG02 9.99 `` Come Fly with Me '' Reginald Hudlin Dan O'Shannon October 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) 1ARG04 8.82 `` The Incident '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan October 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) 1ARG05 9.35 5 5 `` Coal Digger '' Jason Winer Christopher Lloyd October 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) 1ARG03 8.66 6 6 `` Run for Your Wife '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) 1ARG01 9.32 7 7 `` En Garde '' Randall Einhorn Danny Zuker November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) 1ARG06 8.77 8 8 `` Great Expectations '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) 1ARG07 9.16 9 9 `` Fizbo '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) 1ARG09 7.12 10 10 `` Undeck the Halls '' Randall Einhorn Dan O'Shannon December 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) 1ARG11 9.", "3": "67 11 11 `` Up All Night '' Michael Spiller Christopher Lloyd January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) 1ARG10 10.22 12 12 `` Not in My House '' Chris Koch Caroline Williams January 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 13 ) 1ARG08 7.83 13 13 `` Fifteen Percent '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan January 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) 1ARG12 9.83 14 14 `` Moon Landing '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel February 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 03 ) 1ARG13 9.19 15 15 `` My Funky Valentine '' Michael Spiller Jerry Collins February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 1ARG16 9.84 16 16 `` Fears '' Reginald Hudlin Steven Levitan March 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) 1ARG18 8.01 17 17 `` Truth Be Told '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson March 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) 1ARG17 8.95 18 18 `` Starry Night '' Jason Winer Danny Zuker March 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 24 ) 1ARG15 9.18 19 19 `` Game Changer '' Kevin Sullivan Story by : Vanessa McCarthy & Joe Lawson Teleplay by : Joe Lawson & Alex Herschlag March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) 1ARG21 9.51 20 20 `` Benched '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker April 14 ,", "4": "2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 1ARG20 8.88 21 21 `` Travels with Scout '' Seth Gordon Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) 1ARG14 10.01 22 22 `` Airport 2010 '' Jason Winer Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel May 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) 1ARG19 9.48 23 23 `` Hawaii '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) 1ARG23 10.34 24 24 `` Family Portrait '' Jason Winer Ilana Wernick May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 1ARG22 10.14 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Old Wagon '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 2ARG05 12.67 26 `` The Kiss '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 2ARG04 11.92 27 `` Earthquake '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 2ARG01 11.44 28 `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Scott Ellis Danny Zuker October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 2ARG02 11.", "5": "45 29 5 `` Unplugged '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) 2ARG06 11.97 30 6 `` Halloween '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) 2ARG09 13.14 31 7 `` Chirp '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 2ARG03 12.24 32 8 `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Michael Spiller Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Danny Zuker November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 2ARG11 12.09 33 9 `` Mother Tucker '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) 2ARG07 10.57 34 10 `` Dance Dance Revelation '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) 2ARG08 11.07 35 11 `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 2ARG12 11.83 36 12 `` Our Children , Ourselves '' Adam Shankman Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) 2ARG10 11.12 37 13 `` Caught in the Act '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 2ARG13 10.", "6": "94 38 14 `` Bixby 's Back '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 2ARG16 13.16 39 15 `` Princess Party '' Michael Spiller Elaine Ko February 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) 2ARG17 10.57 40 16 `` Regrets Only '' Dean Parisot Abraham Higginbotham February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) 2ARG14 10.17 41 17 `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Carol Leifer March 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 02 ) 2ARG15 10.11 42 18 `` Boys ' Night '' Chris Koch Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman March 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 2ARG20 10.90 43 19 `` The Musical Man '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) 2ARG19 9.61 44 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) 2ARG18 9.95 45 21 `` Mother 's Day '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Ilana Wernick May 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) 2ARG21 9.90 46 22 `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' Fred Savage Story by : Abraham Higginbotham Teleplay by : Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman May 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) 2ARG22 10.", "7": "15 47 23 `` See You Next Fall '' Steven Levitan Danny Zuker May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 2ARG24 10.30 48 24 `` The One That Got Away '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 2ARG23 10.31 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Dude Ranch '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG03 14.52 50 `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG02 14.54 51 `` Phil on Wire '' Jason Winer Story by : Bianca Douglas & Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Danny Zuker September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 3ARG01 13.45 52 `` Door to Door '' Chris Koch Bill Wrubel October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 3ARG04 13.24 53 5 `` Hit and Run '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 3ARG06 13.65 54 6 `` Go Bullfrogs ! ''", "8": "Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 3ARG07 13.04 55 7 `` Treehouse '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 3ARG08 13.37 56 8 `` After the Fire '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) 3ARG09 12.91 57 9 `` Punkin Chunkin '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin November 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) 3ARG05 12.72 58 10 `` Express Christmas '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) 3ARG10 12.20 59 11 `` Lifetime Supply '' Chris Koch Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) 3ARG11 14.03 60 12 `` Egg Drop '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3ARG12 12.12 61 13 `` Little Bo Bleep '' Chris Koch Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3ARG14 11.89 62 14 `` Me ? Jealous ? '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3ARG13 12.90 63 15 `` Aunt Mommy '' Michael Spiller Abraham Higginbotham & Dan O'Shannon February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3ARG15 11.", "9": "23 64 16 `` Virgin Territory '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3ARG17 11.54 65 17 `` Leap Day '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3ARG19 11.63 66 18 `` Send Out the Clowns '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3ARG16 10.60 67 19 `` Election Day '' Bryan Cranston Ben Karlin April 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) 3ARG20 10.35 68 20 `` The Last Walt '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) 3ARG21 10.21 69 21 `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) 3ARG18 10.06 70 22 `` Disneyland '' James Bagdonas Cindy Chupack May 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) 3ARG22 10.58 71 23 `` Tableau Vivant '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 3ARG23 9.36 72 24 `` Baby on Board '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 3ARG24 10.", "10": "07 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Bringing Up Baby '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4ARG01 14.44 74 `` Schooled '' Jeff Melman Steven Levitan & Dan O'Shannon October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG03 12.08 75 `` Snip '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG02 12.31 76 `` The Butler 's Escape '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4ARG04 12.28 77 5 `` Open House of Horrors '' Jim Bagdonas Elaine Ko October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4ARG06 12.52 78 6 `` Yard Sale '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4ARG05 10.62 79 7 `` Arrested '' Gail Mancuso Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 4ARG07 12.43 80 8 `` Mistery Date '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4ARG08 11.89 81 9 `` When a Tree Falls '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin November 28 ,", "11": "2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 4ARG09 12.01 82 10 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Gail Mancuso Dan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 4ARG11 10.94 83 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' Fred Goss Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 4ARG13 12.04 84 12 `` Party Crasher '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker & Christopher Lloyd January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 4ARG10 11.01 85 13 `` Fulgencio '' Lev L. Spiro Bill Wrubel January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4ARG12 10.83 86 14 `` A Slight at the Opera '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4ARG14 9.83 87 15 `` Heart Broken '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4ARG18 10.05 88 16 `` Bad Hair Day '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4ARG16 10.62 89 17 `` Best Men '' Steven Levitan Story by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham & Bianca Douglas Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4ARG15 10.", "12": "53 90 18 `` The Wow Factor '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 4ARG17 9.09 91 19 `` The Future Dunphys '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4ARG20 10.88 92 20 `` Flip Flop '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel April 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) 4ARG19 10.38 93 21 `` Career Day '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4ARG21 9.64 94 22 `` My Hero '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4ARG22 9.02 95 23 `` Games People Play '' Alisa Statman Story by : Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Ben Karlin May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4ARG24 10.03 96 24 `` Goodnight Gracie '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4ARG23 10.01 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 97 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' James Bagdonas Jeffrey Richman September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG01 11.", "13": "71 98 `` First Days '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG02 11.65 99 `` Larry 's Wife '' Jeffrey Walker Bill Wrubel October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) 5ARG05 11.12 100 `` Farm Strong '' Alisa Statman Elaine Ko October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 5ARG04 10.64 101 5 `` The Late Show '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Abraham Higginbotham October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 5ARG06 10.94 102 6 `` The Help '' Jim Hensz Danny Zuker October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 5ARG07 10.32 103 7 `` A Fair to Remember '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Emily Spivey November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 5ARG09 10.75 104 8 `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' Fred Savage Ben Karlin November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 5ARG08 10.19 105 9 `` The Big Game '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 5ARG03 9.47 106 10 `` The Old Man & the Tree '' Bryan Cranston Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 5ARG10 10.61 107 11 `` And One to Grow On '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman January 8 ,", "14": "2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 5ARG12 9.51 108 12 `` Under Pressure '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5ARG11 9.14 109 13 `` Three Dinners '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 5ARG15 9.59 110 14 `` iSpy '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 5ARG13 9.87 111 15 `` The Feud '' Ryan Case Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 5ARG14 8.52 112 16 `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' Gail Mancuso Ben Karlin March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 5ARG16 9.22 113 17 `` Other People 's Children '' Jim Hensz Megan Ganz March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 5ARG17 9.39 114 18 `` Las Vegas '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 5ARG18 10.09 115 19 `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz & Ben Karlin April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 5ARG20 9.00 116 20 `` Australia '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko & Danny Zuker April 23 ,", "15": "2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 5ARG21 9.59 117 21 `` Sleeper '' Ryan Case Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 5ARG22 8.39 118 22 `` Message Received '' Jeffrey Walker Steven Levitan May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 5ARG19 8.55 119 23 `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Ben Karlin & Jeffrey Richman May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 5ARG23 9.08 120 24 `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Alisa Statman Megan Ganz , Christopher Lloyd & Dan O'Shannon May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 5ARG24 10.45 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 121 `` The Long Honeymoon '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 6ARG01 11.38 122 `` Do Not Push '' Gail Mancuso Megan Ganz October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 6ARG02 10.56 123 `` The Cold '' Jim Hensz Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 6ARG03 10.30 124 `` Marco Polo '' Fred Savage Elaine Ko October 15 ,", "16": "2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 6ARG05 9.71 125 5 `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 6ARG04 10.16 126 6 `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Abraham Higginbotham October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 6ARG06 9.92 127 7 `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' Jason Winer Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 6ARG08 9.83 128 8 `` Three Turkeys '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 6ARG09 10.88 129 9 `` Strangers in the Night '' Fred Savage Chuck Tatham December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 6ARG07 9.02 130 10 `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 6ARG10 9.69 131 11 `` The Day We Almost Died '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 6ARG13 9.29 132 12 `` The Big Guns '' Jeffrey Walker Vali Chandrasekaran January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 6ARG14 9.44 133 13 `` Rash Decisions '' Jim Hensz Story by : Anthony Lombardo & Clint McCray Teleplay by : Daisy Gardner February 4 ,", "17": "2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 6ARG16 9.87 134 14 `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 6ARG15 9.77 135 15 `` Fight or Flight '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 6ARG18 8.80 136 16 `` Connection Lost '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Megan Ganz February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 6ARG12 9.32 137 17 `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! ''", "18": "Ryan Case Elaine Ko March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 6ARG11 9.61 138 18 `` Spring Break '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 6ARG17 8.71 139 19 `` Grill , Interrupted '' James Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Jeffrey Richman April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 6ARG21 9.43 140 20 `` Knock ' Em Down '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 6ARG20 8.85 141 21 `` Integrity '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 6ARG19 8.00 142 22 `` Patriot Games '' Alisa Statman Vali Chandrasekaran May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 6ARG22 8.57 143 23 `` Crying Out Loud '' Ryan Case Megan Ganz & Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 6ARG23 8.13 144 24 `` American Skyper '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6ARG24 7.20 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 145 `` Summer Lovin ' '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham September 23 ,", "19": "2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 7ARG01 9.46 146 `` The Day Alex Left for College '' Jeffrey Walker Danny Zuker September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 7ARG02 8.72 147 `` The Closet Case '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 7ARG03 7.99 148 `` She Crazy '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 7ARG04 7.88 149 5 `` The Verdict '' Alisa Statman Chuck Tatham October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 7ARG05 7.80 150 6 `` The More You Ignore Me '' Gail Mancuso Vali Chandrasekaran November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 7ARG06 8.15 151 7 `` Phil 's Sexy , Sexy House '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Stephen Lloyd November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 7ARG08 8.38 152 8 `` Clean Out Your Junk Drawer '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 7ARG07 7.35 153 9 `` White Christmas '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon & Jon Pollack December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 7ARG11 8.20 154 10 `` Playdates '' Claire Scanlon Jeffrey Richman January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 7ARG09 8.", "20": "35 155 11 `` Spread Your Wings '' James Bagdonas Vanessa McCarthy & Ryan Walls January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 7ARG10 8.17 156 12 `` Clean for a Day '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 7ARG13 7.80 157 13 `` Thunk in the Trunk '' Phil Traill Elaine Ko February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7ARG12 7.48 158 14 `` The Storm '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 7ARG16 8.10 159 15 `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' Ryan Case Jeffrey Richman March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 7ARG14 8.22 160 16 `` The Cover - Up '' Jim Hensz Chuck Tatham March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 7ARG15 8.14 161 17 `` Express Yourself '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 7ARG18 7.69 162 18 `` The Party '' Steven Levitan Vali Chandrasekaran April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 7ARG17 7.51 163 19 `` Man Should n't Lie '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) 7ARG19 7.44 164 20 `` Promposal '' Ken Whittingham Stephen Lloyd May 4 ,", "21": "2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 7ARG20 7.42 165 21 `` Crazy Train '' Jim Hensz Jon Pollack & Ryan Walls May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 7ARG21 7.16 166 22 `` Double Click '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 7ARG22 6.79 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' Chris Koch Elaine Ko September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 8ARG01 8.24 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' Ryan Case Vali Chandrasekaran September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8ARG03 7.41 169 `` Blindsided '' Jim Hensz Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 8ARG02 6.97 170 `` Weathering Heights '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 8ARG04 7.50 171 5 `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 8ARG06 7.38 172 6 `` Grab It '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8ARG05 7.", "22": "23 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 8ARG08 7.33 174 8 `` The Alliance '' James Bagdonas Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 8ARG09 6.81 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 8ARG10 6.81 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' Jim Hensz Vali Chandrasekaran January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 8ARG11 7.57 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8ARG07 7.59 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Gail Mancuso Jon Pollack February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 8ARG15 7.34 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' Jeffrey Walker Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 8ARG12 6.92 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' Ken Whittingham Danny Zuker February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 8ARG14 6.65 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 8ARG16 6.", "23": "41 182 16 `` Basketball '' Jim Hensz Elaine Ko March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 8ARG13 6.49 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' Chris Koch Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 8ARG17 6.12 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 8ARG18 6.79 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Andy Gordon April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 8ARG19 6.25 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' Michelle MacLaren Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 8ARG20 5.65 187 21 `` Alone Time '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham , Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8ARG21 5.71 188 22 `` The Graduates '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack , Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 8ARG22 6.20 Season 9 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 189 `` Lake Life '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 9ARG03 7.", "24": "01 190 `` The Long Goodbye '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 9ARG02 6.36 191 `` Catch of the Day '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 9ARG01 6.27 192 `` Sex , Lies and Kickball '' John Riggi Abraham Higginbotham October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 9ARG05 6.22 193 5 `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Phil Dunphy '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jon Pollack October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 9ARG04 5.96 194 6 `` Ten Years Later '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 9ARG08 5.51 195 7 `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 9ARG06 5.96 196 8 `` Brushes with Celebrity '' Jeffrey Walker Vali Chandrasekaran November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 9ARG09 6.15 197 9 `` Tough Love '' John Riggi Stephen Lloyd December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 9ARG10 5.81 198 10 `` No Small Feet '' James Bagdonas Teleplay by : Ryan Walls Story by : Ryan Walls & Matt Plonsker December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 9ARG07 5.89 199 11 `` He Said , She Shed '' Jim Hensz Jeffrey Richman & Ryan Walls January 3 ,", "25": "2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 9ARG11 5.90 200 12 `` Dear Beloved Family '' Gail Mancuso Bill Wrubel January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 9ARG12 5.81 201 13 `` In Your Head '' Steven Levitan Jack Burditt January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 9ARG13 6.24 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Renewed for Seasons 9 and 10 as Cast Inks Rich New Deals to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . ( May 27 , 2010 ) Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season -- . Deadline.com . Retrieved on July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed by ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) .", "26": "`` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` TV Ratings , Glee rises to a 3.3 , Criminal Minds to a 3.8 ; Eastwick drops to a 2.3 in finals '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast finals : Modern Family , Cougar Town , Glee , Criminal Minds tick up in finals ; Old Christine down a tick '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Glee , The Middle , Jay Leno tick up , CBS comedies , Mercy , L&O : SVU tick down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings , Broadcast finals : Glee , Modern Family , Cougar Town , Criminal Minds tick up ; Mercy , Old Christine , SVU , Eastwick tick down '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday broadcast & cable finals : Glee , America 's Next Top Model tick up '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings : Overnight Nielsen Ratings Wednesday , November 25 , 2009 : The Biggest Loser : Where Are They Now ratings , Modern Family ratings , Cougar Town ratings , The Middle ratings , Glee ratings , So You Think You Can Dance ratings , The New Adventures of Old Christine ratings , Gary Unmarried ratings , Criminal Minds ratings , CSI : NY ratings , and The Jay Leno Show ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Glee rises to season high ; Criminal Minds up ; The Middle , Gary Unmarried down a tick '' . TVbythenumbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` TV Ratings , Sunday Night Football , Big Bang Theory , Biggest Loser and CSI top weekly broadcast charts '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Second Night Down ; Ugly Betty 's Ratings ' Pants Are On The Ground '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Idol , Modern Family Up ; Gary , Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) . `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Broadcast Final Ratings ; Idol Ticks Up , Ugly Betty Ticks Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ABC 's Entire Lineup Drops By 1 / 10th with Adults 18 - 49 ; Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Drop '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman . `` TV Ratings : Nielsen Overnight TV Show Ratings , TV Ratings : American Idol Dominates ; The Middle , Modern Family and Oprah Take a Dive '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Down , But Still Dominates ; Modern Family Rebounds '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Idol , Survivor , ANTM Rise Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' and `` American Idol '' Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Cougar Town Adjusted Up ; Ugly Betty Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Modern Family , American Idol , Top Model Adjusted Up ; High Society Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2010 ) .", "29": "`` Wednesday Finals : `` American Idol , '' `` The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' `` Cougar Town '' and `` CSI : NY '' Adjusted Up `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 19 , 2010 '' . YourEntertainmentNow.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Better With You , The Middle , Modern Family , Survivor , Law & Order : SVU , Law & Order : LA Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town , Whole Truth Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . ' Jump up to : ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , ' The Middle , ' Modern Family , ' SVU , ' The Defenders Up ; Cougar Town , ' The Whole Truth Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Middle , Modern Family , L&O : SVU , Top Model Adjusted Up ; 20 / 20 , Undercovers Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Buster Posey ( NLCS ) , Criminal Minds The Defenders , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers .", "30": "Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor : Nicaragua , The Middle Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Criminal Minds , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Hell 's Kitchen Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down ; ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) .", "31": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Better With You ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Minute , ' ' Shedding ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 5 , 2011 ) .", "32": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law & Order : LA , ' ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Survivor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' L&O : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 6 , 2011 ) .", "33": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Up All Night , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory , ' ' Modern Family ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Harry 's Law , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up to Series High ; ' X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' Mobbed ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Up All Night , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Next Top Model ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' .", "34": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) .", "35": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' Up ; ' Rock Center ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers , ' Best Friends Forever ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up , ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 17 , 2012 ) .", "36": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) .", "37": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That AQ Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers .", "39": "Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Sleepy Hollow ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2013 ) .", "40": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Back in the Game ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Toy Story of TERROR ! ' & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Survivor Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers .", "41": "Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Super Fun NIght ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Mixology ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Mixology ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) .", "42": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 .", "43": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' Encore Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .", "44": "Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' and ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) .", "45": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) .", "46": "`` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers .", "47": "Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' reruns adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' .", "49": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) .", "50": "`` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' .", "51": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 .", "52": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 .", "53": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 .", "54": "External links ( edit ) Episode guide at ABC.com List of Modern Family episodes on IMDb List of Modern Family episodes at TV.com Episode Guide at Guidebox.com ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? ''", "55": "`` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes ,", "56": "Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_episodes&oldid=821060706 '' Categories : Modern Family episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 05 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3381924381590631417	who built the first temple for god in jerusalem	[ "Solomon, king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah", "Solomon, king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah", "Solomon, king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah", "Solomon" ]	{ "0": "Solomon 's Temple - wikipedia Solomon 's Temple Jump to : navigation , search `` Templum Solomonis '' redirects here . For Crusader `` Templum Solomonis '' , see Al - Aqsa Mosque . `` First Temple '' redirects here . For the album by Closure in Moscow , see First Temple ( album ) . For other uses , see Solomon 's Temple ( disambiguation ) . Artist 's interpretation of the First Temple in Jerusalem According to the Hebrew Bible , Solomon 's Temple , also known as the First Temple , was the Holy Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ ‬ : Beit HaMikdash ) in ancient Jerusalem before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE and its subsequent replacement with the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE . The Hebrew Bible states that the temple was constructed under Solomon , king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah and that during the Kingdom of Judah , the temple was dedicated to Yahweh , and is said to have housed the Ark of the Covenant . Jewish historian Josephus says that `` the temple was burnt four hundred and seventy years , six months , and ten days after it was built '' , although rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and , based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE , 165 years later than secular estimates . Because of the religious sensitivities involved , and the politically volatile situation in Jerusalem , only limited archaeological surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted . No archaeological excavations have been allowed on the Temple Mount during modern times . Therefore , there are very few pieces of archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple . An Ivory pomegranate which mentions priests in the house `` of -- - h '' , and an inscription recording the Temple 's restoration under Jehoash have both appeared on the antiquities market , but their authenticity has been challenged and they are the subject of controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Tanakh 1.1 Architectural description 1.1.", "1": "1 Holy of Holies 1.1. 2 Hekhal 1.1. 2.1 Etymology 1.1. 2.2 Use in architecture 1.1. 3 Porch 1.1. 4 Chambers 1.1. 5 Courts 1.1. 6 Molten Sea 1.2 Dedication 2 Archaeology 3 Other contemporary temples 4 Freemasonry 5 Kabbalah 6 Islam 7 Popular culture 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links In the Tanakh ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In an artistic representation , King Solomon dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem ( painting by James Tissot or follower , c. 1896 -- 1902 ) The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh . According to the biblical sources , the temple was constructed under Solomon , during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah . The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects , workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem . He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea . 1 Kings 6 : 1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple `` in the fourth year of Solomon 's reign over Israel '' . The conventional dates of Solomon 's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE . This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE . Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9 : 10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace . The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years . During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh , the God of Israel , and housed the Ark of the Covenant .", "2": "Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and , based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE ( 3338 AM ) , 165 years later than secular estimates . The exact location of the Temple is unknown : it is believed to have been situated upon the hill which forms the site of the 1st century Second Temple and present - day Temple Mount , where the Dome of the Rock is situated . According to the Tanakh , the Temple was plundered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire king Nebuchadnezzar II when the Babylonians attacked Jerusalem during the brief reign of Jehoiachin c. 598 BCE ( 2 Kings 24 : 13 ) . A decade later , Nebuchadnezzar again besieged Jerusalem and after 30 months finally breached the city walls in 587 BCE , subsequently burning the Temple , along with most of the city ( 2 Kings 25 ) . According to Jewish tradition , the Temple was destroyed on Tisha B'Av , the 9th day of Av ( Hebrew calendar ) . Architectural description ( edit ) Plan of Solomon 's Temple , published 1905 Plan of Solomon 's Temple with measurements The Temple of Solomon is considered to be built according to Phoenician design , and its description is considered the best description of what a Phoenician temple looked like . The detailed descriptions provided in the Tanakh are the sources for reconstructions of its appearance . Technical details are lacking , since the scribes who wrote the books were not architects or engineers . Nevertheless , the descriptions have inspired modern replicas of the temple and influenced later structures around the world . Reconstructions differ ; the following is largely based on Easton 's Bible Dictionary and the Jewish Encyclopedia : Holy of Holies ( edit ) The Holy of Holies , or Kodesh haKodashim in Hebrew , ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ; 8 : 6 ) , also called the `` Inner House '' ( 6 : 27 ) , ( Heb. 9 : 3 ) was 20 cubits in length , breadth , and height .", "3": "The usual explanation for the discrepancy between its height and the 30 - cubit height of the temple is that its floor was elevated , like the cella of other ancient temples . It was floored and wainscotted with cedar of Lebanon ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 ) , and its walls and floor were overlaid with gold ( 6 : 20 , 21 , 30 ) amounting to 600 talents ( 2 Chr. 3 : 8 ) or roughly 20 metric tons . It contained two cherubim of olive - wood , each 10 cubits high ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 , 20 , 21 , 23 -- 28 ) and each having outspread wings of 10 cubits span , so that , since they stood side by side , the wings touched the wall on either side and met in the center of the room . There was a two - leaved door between it and the Holy Place overlaid with gold ( 2 Chr. 4 : 22 ) ; also a veil of tekhelet ( blue ) , purple , and crimson and fine linen ( 2 Chronicles 3 : 14 ; compare Exodus 26 : 33 ) . It had no windows ( 1 Kings 8 : 12 ) and was considered the dwelling - place of the `` name '' of God . The Kodesh haKodashim ( the Holy of Holies ) was prepared to receive and house the Ark ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ) ; and when the Temple was dedicated , the Ark , containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments , was placed beneath the cherubim ( 1 Kings 8 : 6 ) . Hekhal ( edit ) The Hekhal , or Holy Place , ( 1 Kings 8 : 8 -- 10 ) , is also called the `` greater house '' ( 2 Chr. 3 : 5 ) and the `` temple '' ( 1 Kings 6 : 17 ) ; the word also means `` palace '' , was of the same width and height as the Holy of Holies , but 40 cubits in length . Its walls were lined with cedar , on which were carved figures of cherubim , palm - trees , and open flowers , which were overlaid with gold .", "4": "Chains of gold further marked it off from the Holy of Holies . The floor of the Temple was of fir - wood overlaid with gold . The door - posts , of olive - wood , supported folding - doors of fir . The doors of the Holy of Holies were of olive - wood . On both sets of doors were carved cherubim , palm - trees , and flowers , all being overlaid with gold ( 1 Kings 6 : 15 et seq . ) Etymology ( edit ) The Hebrew noun hekhal ( Hebrew היכל ) in Classical Hebrew means `` a large building '' . This can be either the main building of the Temple in Jerusalem ( that is the nave , or sanctuary , of the Temple ) , or a palace such as the `` palace '' of Ahab , king of Samaria , or the `` palace '' of the King of Babylon . Hekhal is used 80 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible . Of these , 70 refer to the House of the LORD ( in Hebrew Bible בֵּית יְהוָה beit Yahweh ) , the other 10 are references to palaces . There is no reference to any part of the tabernacle using this term in the Hebrew Bible . `` In the year that king Uzziah died . I saw the LORD sitting upon a throne high and lifted up , and His train filled the hekhal ( sanctuary ) . '' Isaiah 6 : 1 . Use in Architecture ( edit ) In older English versions of the Bible , including the King James Version , the term `` temple '' is used to translate hekhal . In modern versions more reflective of archaeological research , the distinction is made of different sections of the whole Temple . Scholars and archaeologists generally agree on the structure of Solomon 's Temple as described in 1 Kings 6 : 3 -- 5 , with the main building , the hekhal , in English now sometimes called `` the sanctuary '' , the devir , the inner sanctuary , and finally the Holy of Holies . This main building was between the outer altar , where most sacrifices were performed , and inside at the far end was the entry to the Holy of Holies , originally containing the Ark of the Covenant .", "5": "The main hekhal contained a number of sacred ritual objects including the seven branched candlestick , the inner altar for incense offerings ( also called the `` Golden Altar '' ) , and the table of the showbread . The same architectural layout of the temple was adopted in synagogues leading to the hekhal being applied in Sephardi usage to the Ashkenazi Torah ark , the equivalent of the nave . Porch ( edit ) The Ulam , or porch , acted as an entrance before the Temple on the east ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ; 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ; 9 : 7 ) . This was 20 cubits long ( corresponding to the width of the Temple ) and 10 cubits deep ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ) . ( ESV 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ) notes that this porch was 120 cubits high . The description does not specify whether a wall separated it from the next chamber . In the porch stood the two pillars Jachin and Boaz ( 1 Kings 7 : 21 ; 2 Kings 11 : 14 ; 23 : 3 ) , which were 18 cubits in height . Chambers ( edit ) Chambers were built around the Temple on the southern , western and northern sides ( 1 Kings 6 : 5 -- 10 ) . These formed a part of the building and were used for storage . They were probably one story high at first ; two more may have been added later . Courts ( edit ) According to the Bible , two courts surrounded the Temple . The Inner Court ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) , or Court of the Priests ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) , was separated from the space beyond by a wall of three courses of hewn stone , surmounted by cedar beams ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) . It contained the Altar of burnt - offering ( 2 Chr. 15 : 8 ) , the Brazen Sea laver ( 4 : 2 -- 5 , 10 ) and ten other lavers ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 , 39 ) .", "6": "A brazen altar stood before the Temple ( 2 Kings 16 : 14 ) , its dimensions 20 cubits square and 10 cubits high ( 2 Chr. 4 : 1 ) . The Great Court surrounded the whole Temple ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) . It was here that people assembled to worship . ( Jeremiah 19 : 14 ; 26 : 2 ) . Molten Sea ( edit ) Main article : Molten Sea According to the Hebrew Bible , the Molten Sea or Brazen Sea ( ים מוצק `` cast metal sea '' ) was a large basin in the Temple for ablution of the priests . It is described in 1 Kings 7 : 23 - 26 and 2 Chronicles 4 : 2 - 5 . It stood in the south - eastern corner of the inner court . According to the Bible it was five cubits high , ten cubits in diameter from brim to brim , and thirty cubits in circumference . The brim was `` like the calyx of a lily '' and turned outward `` about an hand breadth '' ; or about four inches . It was placed on the backs of twelve oxen , standing with their faces outward . The Book of Kings states that it contains 2,000 baths ( 90 cubic meters ) , while Chronicles ( 2 Chr. 4 : 5 -- 6 ) states it can hold up to 3,000 baths ( 136 cubic meters ) and states that its purpose was to afford opportunity for the purification by immersion of the bodies of the priests . The fact that it was a wash basin which was too large to enter from above lends to the idea that water would likely have flowed from it down into a subcontainer beneath . The water was originally supplied by the Gibeonites , but was afterwards brought by a conduit from Solomon 's Pools . The molten sea was made of brass or bronze , which Solomon had taken from the captured cities of Hadarezer , the king of Zobah ( 1 Chronicles 18 : 8 ) . Ahaz later removed this laver from the oxen , and placed it on a stone pavement ( 2 Kings 16 : 17 ) .", "7": "It was destroyed by the Chaldeans ( 2 Kings 25 : 13 ) . The lavers , each of which held `` forty baths '' ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 ) , rested on portable holders made of bronze , provided with wheels , and ornamented with figures of lions , cherubim , and palm - trees . The author of the books of the Kings describes their minute details with great interest ( 1 Kings 7 : 27 -- 37 ) . Josephus reported that the vessels in the Temple were composed of orichalcum in Antiquities of the Jews . According to 1 Kings 7 : 48 there stood before the Holy of Holies a golden Altar of Incense and a table for showbread . This table was of gold , as were also the five candlesticks on each side of it . The implements for the care of the candles -- tongs , basins , snuffers , and fire - pans -- were of gold ; and so were the hinges of the doors . Dedication ( edit ) 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 66 and 2 Chronicles 6 : 1 - 42 recount the events of the temple 's dedication . When the priests emerged from the holy of holies after placing the Ark there , the Temple was filled with an overpowering cloud which interrupted the dedication ceremony , `` for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord '' ( 1 Kings 8 : 10 -- 11 ; 2 Chronicles 5 : 13 , 14 ) . Solomon interpreted the cloud as `` ( proof ) that his pious work was accepted '' : The Lord has said that he would dwell in thick darkness . I have built you an exalted house , a place for you to dwell in forever . ( 1 Kings 8 : 12 - 13 ) The allusion is to Leviticus 16 : 2 : The Lord said to Moses : Tell your brother Aaron not to come just at any time into the sanctuary inside the curtain before the mercy seat that is upon the ark , or he will die ; for I appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat .", "8": "Solomon then led the whole assembly of Israel in prayer , noting that the construction on the temple represented a fulfilment of God 's promise to David , dedicating the temple as a place of prayer and reconciliation for the people of Israel and for foreigners living in Israel , and highlighting the paradox that God who lives in the heavens can not really be contained within a single building . The dedication was concluded with sacrifices said to have included `` twenty - two thousand bulls and one hundred and twenty thousand sheep '' . Archaeology ( edit ) Because of the religious and political sensitivities involved , no archaeological excavations and only limited surface surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted since Charles Warren 's expedition of 1867 -- 70 . There is no archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple , and the building is not mentioned in surviving extra-biblical accounts . Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem was not built until the end of the 7th century BCE , around three hundred years after Solomon . They believe the temple should not really be assigned to Solomon , who they see as little more than a small - time hill country chieftain , and argue that it was most likely built by Josiah , who governed Judah from 639 to 609 BCE . An ostracon ( excavated prior to 1981 ) , sometimes referred to as the House of Yahweh ostracon , was discovered at Tel Arad , dated to 6th century BCE which mentions a temple which is probably the Temple in Jerusalem . A thumb - sized ivory pomegranate ( which came to light in 1979 ) measuring 44 millimetres ( 1.7 in ) in height , and bearing an ancient Hebrew inscription `` Sacred donation for the priests in the House of -- - h , ) '' , was believed to have adorned a sceptre used by the high priest in Solomon 's Temple . It was considered the most important item of biblical antiquities in the Israel Museum 's collection . However , in 2004 , the Israel Antiquities Authority reported the inscription to be a forgery , though the ivory pomegranate itself was dated to the 14th or 13th century BCE .", "9": "This was based on the report 's claim that three incised letters in the inscription stopped short of an ancient break , as they would have if carved after the ancient break was made . Since then , it has been proven that one of the letters was indeed carved prior to the ancient break , and the status of the other two letters are in question . Some paleographers and others have continued to insist that the inscription is ancient , some dispute this so the authenticity of this writing is still the object of discussion . Another artifact , the Jehoash Inscription , which first came to notice in 2003 , contains a 15 - line description of King Jehoash 's ninth - century BCE restoration of the Temple . Its authenticity was called into question by a report by the Israel Antiquities Authority , which said that the surface patina contained microfossils of foraminifera . As these fossils do not dissolve in water , they can not occur in a calcium carbonate patina , leading initial investigators to conclude that the patina must be an artificial chemical mix applied to the stone by forgers . As of late 2012 , the academic community is split on whether the tablet is authentic or not . Commenting on a 2012 report by geologists arguing for the authenticity of the inscription , in October 2012 , Hershel Shanks ( who believes the inscription is genuine ) wrote the current situation was that most Hebrew language scholars believe that the inscription is a forgery and geologists that it is genuine , and thus `` Because we rely on experts , and because there is an apparently irresolvable conflict of experts in this case , BAR has taken no position with respect to the authenticity of the Jehoash Inscription . '' By 2006 , the Temple Mount Sifting Project had recovered numerous artifacts dating from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE from soil removed in 1999 by the Islamic Religious Trust ( Waqf ) from the Solomon 's Stables area of the Temple Mount . These include stone weights for weighing silver and a First Temple period bulla , or seal impression , containing ancient Hebrew writing which includes the name Netanyahu ben Yaush . Netanyahu is a name mentioned several times in the Book of Jeremiah while the name Yaush appears in the Lachish letters . However , the combination of names was unknown to scholars .", "10": "In 2007 , artifacts dating to the 8th to 6th centuries BCE were described as being possibly the first physical evidence of human activity at the Temple Mount during the First Temple period . The findings included animal bones ; ceramic bowl rims , bases , and body sherds ; the base of a juglet used to pour oil ; the handle of a small juglet ; and the rim of a storage jar . Other contemporary temples ( edit ) There is archaeological and written evidence of three Israelite temples , either contemporary or of very close date , dedicated to Yahweh ( Elephantine temple , probably Arad too ) , either in the Land of Israel or in Egypt . Two of them have the same general outline as given by the Bible for the Jerusalem Temple . The Israelite temple at Tel Arad in Judah , 10th to 8th / 7th century BCE and possibly dedicated to Yahweh and Asherah . The Jewish temple at Elephantine in Egypt , already standing in 525 BCE The Israelite temple at Tel Motza , c. 750 BCE discovered in 2012 a few kilometres west of Jerusalem . Several Iron Age temples have been found in the region that have striking similarities to the Temple of King Solomon . In particular the Ain Dara ( archaeological site ) , Ain Dara temple in northern Syria with a similar age , size , plan and decorations . Freemasonry ( edit ) Rituals in Freemasonry refer to King Solomon and the building of his Temple . Masonic buildings , where Lodge members meet , are sometimes called ' temples ' ; an allegoric reference to King Solomon 's Temple . Kabbalah ( edit ) Kabbalah views the design of the Temple of Solomon as representative of the metaphysical world and the descending light of the creator through Sephirot of the Tree of Life . The levels of the outer , inner and priest 's courts represent three lower worlds of Kabbalah . The Boaz and Jachin pillars at the entrance of the temple represent the active and passive elements of the world of Atziluth . The original menorah and its seven branches represent the seven lower Sephirot of the Tree of Life .", "11": "The veil of the Holy of Holies and the inner part of the temple represent the Veil of the Abyss on the Tree of Life , behind which the Shekhina or Divine presence hovers . Islam ( edit ) The Temple in Jerusalem is mentioned in verse 7 of the surah Al - Isra in the Quran ; commentators of Quran such as Muhammad al - Tahir ibn Ashur postulate that this verse refers specifically to the Temple of Solomon . Popular culture ( edit ) Solomon 's Temple appears in Solomon and Sheba ( 1959 ) and in the novel King Solomon 's Mines ( 1885 ) . It also appears in the video game Assassin 's Creed where the main character Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad deal with Robert de Sablé . It appears too on Assassin 's Creed Unity ( 2014 ) where the Knight Templar Jacques de Molay is burned and died . See also ( edit ) General Aish tamid Solomonic column Solomon 's shamir Temple Denial Persons Isaiah Jeremiah Hezekiah Yosef Elboim Zadok Places City of David Mount Moriah Siloam tunnel Siloam inscription Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josephus , Jew . Ant. 10.8. 5 Jump up ^ `` Science & Nature -- Horizon '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dever , William G. Did God Have a Wife ? : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel . Wm B. Eerdmans . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0802828521 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Marty E. ( 2006 ) , Temples , tithes , and taxes : the temple and the economic life of ancient Israel , Hendrickson Publishers , p. 3 , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 934 - 0 Jump up ^ Clifford Mark McCormick ( 2002 ) . Palace and Temple : A Study of Architectural and Verbal Icons . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 31 -- .", "12": "ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017277 - 5 . Jump up ^ 1 Kings 6 : 38 Jump up ^ Achtemeier , Paul J. ; Boraas , Roger S. ( 1996 ) , The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary , San Francisco : HarperOne , p. 1096 Jump up ^ `` Temple In Rabbinical Literature '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yeisen , Yosef ( 2004 ) , Miraculous journey : a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present , Targum Press , p. 56 , ISBN 1 - 56871 - 323 - 1 Jump up ^ Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Ab , Ninth Day of '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ According to Finkelstein in The Bible Unearthed , the description of the temple is remarkably similar to that of surviving remains of Phoenician temples of the time , and it is certainly plausible , from the point of view of archaeology , that the temple was constructed to the design of Phoenicians . ^ Jump up to : De Vaux , Roland ; McHugh , John , ed. ( 1961 ) . Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions . NY : McGraw - Hill . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer The Origins of Jewish Mysticism. 2011 . p.", "13": "59 : `` Scholars have long observed that this three - part structure resembles the structure of Solomon 's Temple as described in 1 Kings 6 : 3 , 5 : the hekhal ( sanctuary ) , the devir ( inner sanctuary ) or qodesh ha - qodashim ( Holy of Holies ) ... '' Jump up ^ Meir Ben - Dov , The Golden Age : Synagogues of Spain in History and Architecture , 2009 : `` Among Ashkenazic Jewry , even though these two were the main foci of the synagogue , the terms used for them were different . The hekhal ( literally , `` the Temple '' ) was known as the aron ha - kodesh ( literally , ... '' ^ Jump up to : Pulpit Commentary on 1 Kings 8 , accessed 2 October 2017 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 66 Jump up ^ Warren , Charles ( 1876 ) . Underground Jerusalem : An Account of Some of the Principal Difficulties Encountered in Its Exploration and the Results Obtained . With a Narrative of an Expedition through the Jordan Valley and a Visit to the Samaritans . London : Richard Bentley . Jump up ^ Langmead , Donald ; Garnaut , Christine ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats ( 3rd , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071120 . Jump up ^ Handy , Lowell ( 1997 ) . The Age of Solomon : Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium . Brill . pp. 493 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10476 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel & Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts . Simon & Schuster . pp. 128 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 . Jump up ^ T.C. Mitchell ( 1992 ) . `` Judah Until the Fall of Jerusalem '' . In John Boardman ; I.E.S.", "14": "Edwards ; E. Sollberger ; N.G.L. Hammond . The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume 3 , Part 2 : The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East , from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC . Cambridge University Press . p. 397 . ISBN 978 - 0521227179 . Jump up ^ Myre , Greg ( December 30 , 2004 ) . `` Israel Indicts 4 in ' Brother of Jesus ' Hoax and Other Forgeries '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ivory pomegranate ' not Solomon 's ' '' . BBC News . December 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Hershel ( November -- December 2011 ) . `` Fudging with Forgeries '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . 37 ( 6 ) : 56 -- 58 . ISSN 0098 - 9444 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Hershel ( November -- December 2012 ) . `` Authentic or Forged ? What to Do When Experts Disagree '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . First Person ( column ) . ISSN 0098 - 9444 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Building Remains From The Time Of The First Temple Were Exposed West Of The Temple Mount '' . Israel Antiquities Authority . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . a personal Hebrew seal made of a semi-precious stone that was apparently inlaid in a ring . The scarab - like seal is elliptical and measures c. 1.1 cm ( 0.4 in ) x 1.4 cm ( 0.6 in ) . The surface of the seal is divided into three strips separated by a double line : in the upper strip is a chain decoration in which there are four pomegranates and in the two bottom strips is the name of the owner of the seal , engraved in ancient Hebrew script . It reads : לנתניהו בן יאש ( ( belonging ) to Netanyahu ben Yaush ) .", "15": "The two names are known in the treasury of biblical names : the name נתניהו ( Netanyahu ) is mentioned a number of times in the Bible ( in the Book of Jeremiah and in Chronicles ) and the name יאש ( Yaush ) appears in the Lachish letters . The name Yaush , like the name יאשיהו ( Yoshiyahu ) is , in the opinion of Professor Shmuel Ahituv , derived from the root או `` ש which means `` he gave a present '' ( based on Arabic and Ugaritic ) . It is customary to assume that the owners of personal seals were people that held senior governmental positions . It should nevertheless be emphasized that this combination of names -- נתניהו בן יאוש ( Netanyahu ben Yaush ) -- was unknown until now . Jump up ^ Shragai , Nadav ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` Temple Mount dirt uncovers First Temple artifacts '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Temple Mount First Temple Period Discoveries '' . The Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Milstein , Mati ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Solomon 's Temple Artifacts Found by Muslim Workers '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ Avraham Negev & Shimon Gibson ( 2001 ) . Arad ( Tel ) . Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land . New York and London : Continuum . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1316 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mazar , Amihai . `` The Divided Monarchy : Comments on Some Archaeological Issues . '' pp. 159 -- 80 in The Quest for the Historical Israel : Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel ( Archaeology and Biblical Studies ) Society of Biblical Literature ( Sep 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 277 - 0 p. 176 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Sudan ~ Nubia : Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine : A Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Searching for the Temple of King Solomon '' .", "16": "Biblical Archaeology Society . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lodge Chelmsford No 261 '' . Lodgechelmsford.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Invalid Input . `` Freemasons NSW & ACT -- Home '' . Masons.org.au . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Way of Kabbalah , Warren Kenton , Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi , Weiser Books , 1976 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Ibn Ashur , Muhammad al - Tahir . `` al - Tahrir wa'l - tanwir '' . Al - Dar Al - Tunasia Publication . Tunisia. 1984 . vol. 15 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Bowden , Oliver ( June 23 , 2011 ) . Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade . Penguin UK . p. 464 . ISBN 9780141966717 . Jump up ^ Dansereau , François ; Lowe , Ivan ; Nadiger , James ; Podar , Nitai ; Sutton , Megan ; Whelton - Pane , Johathan ; Wright , William ( November 2011 ) . Assassin 's Creed Encyclopedia . UbiWorkshop . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924006 - 03 - 0 . Jump up ^ Worley , Seth . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity ( Video Game Review ) '' . BioGamer Girl Magazine . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Oliver ( November 20 , 2014 ) . Assassin 's Creed : Unity . Penguin UK . p. 480 . ISBN 9781405918855 . References ( edit ) De Vaux , Roland ( 1961 ) . John McHugh , ed . Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions . NY : McGraw - Hill . Draper , Robert ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Kings of Controversy '' . National Geographic : 66 -- 91 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 .", "17": "Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Finkelstein , Israel ; Neil Asher Silberman ( 2006 ) . David and Solomon : In Search of the Bible 's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4362 - 5 . Finkelstein , Israel ; Neil Asher Silberman . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision . Glueck , Nelson ( Feb 1944 ) . `` On the Trail of King Solomon 's Mines '' . National Geographic . 85 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 56 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Goldman , Bernard ( 1966 ) . The Sacred Portal : a primary symbol in ancient Judaic art . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . It has a detailed account and treatment of Solomon 's Temple and its significance . Hamblin , William ; David Seely ( 2007 ) . Solomon 's Temple : Myth and History . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25133 - 9 . Mazar , Benjamin ( 1975 ) . The Mountain of the Lord . NY : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04843 - 2 . Young , Mike . `` Temple Measurements and Photo recreations '' . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , Solomon 's '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple of Solomon '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Library resources about Solomon 's Temple Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) 21st century resources Barker , Margaret ( 2004 ) , Temple Theology , an introduction , London : The Society For Promoting Christian Knowledge , ISBN 028105634X .", "18": "Vaughn , Andrew G. ; Killebrew , Ann E. , eds. ( 2003 ) , Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology : The First Temple Period , Society of Biblical Literature . Stevens , Marty E. ( 2006 ) , Temples , tithes , and taxes : the temple and the economic life of ancient Israel , Hendrickson Publishers , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 934 - 0 . Dever , William G. ( 2001 - 05 - 10 ) , What Did The Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It ? , Wm . B. Eerdmans . Jones , Floyd Nolen ( 1993 -- 2004 ) , The Chronology Of The Old Testament , New Leaf Publishing Group . Post-1945 resources Elizabeth Bloch - Smith , Who is the King of Glory ? : Solomon 's Temple and its Symbolism in Michael D. Coogan , J. Cheryl Exum , Lawrence E. Stager ( eds ) , `` Scripture and Other Artifacts : Essays in Honor of Philip J. King '' ( Westminster John Knox , 1994 ) Gershon Galil , `` The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah '' ( Brill , 1996 ) Joseph Blenkinsopp , `` Sage , Priest , Prophet : Religious and Intellectual Leadership in Ancient Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1995 ) Jeremy Hughes , `` Secrets of the times : myth and history in biblical chronology '' ( Sheffield Academic Press , 1990 ) Edwin R. Thiele , `` The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings '' ( Zondervan , 1983 ) Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard ( eds ) , `` Mercer Dictionary of the Bible '' ( Mercer University Press , 1990 ) Pre-1945 resources Paine , T.O. ( 1870 ) . Solomon 's temple : Including the tabernacle ; first temple ; house of the king , or house of the forest of Lebanon ; idolatrous high places ; the city on the mountain ... the oblation of the holy portion ; and the last temple . Boston : H.H. & T.W. Carter External links ( edit ) Media related to Temple of Solomon at Wikimedia Commons", "19": "Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite", "20": "custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Solomon Family and reputed relations David Queen of Sheba Pharaoh 's daughter Naamah Rehoboam Menelik I Occurrences Solomon 's Temple Judgment of Solomon Solomon 's Pools Solomon 's shamir Solomon in Islam Reputed works Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Book of Wisdom Odes of Solomon Key of Solomon Lesser Key of Solomon Magical Treatise of Solomon Psalms of Solomon Testament of Solomon Prayer of Solomon Related articles Solomonic column Seal of Solomon Solomon 's knot United Monarchy Davidic line Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe", "21": "Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "22": "php?title=Solomon%27s_Temple&oldid=837787936 '' Categories : Solomon 's Temple 1st - millennium BC disestablishments in Israel 10th - century BC religious buildings 10th - century BC establishments 6th - century BC disestablishments Ancient Israel and Judah Books of Kings Destroyed temples Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles that may contain original research from August 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 38 . 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-154783694579651082	what is a dropped pin on google maps for	[ "marks locations", "marks locations in Google Maps", "marks locations", "marks locations" ]	{ "0": "Google Maps pin - wikipedia Google Maps pin Jump to : navigation , search The pin in Google headquarters , next to a Google Maps Street View vehicle The Google Maps pin is the inverted - drop - shaped icon that marks locations in Google Maps . The pin is protected under a U.S. design patent as `` teardrop - shaped marker icon including a shadow . '' Google has used the pin in various graphics , games , and promotional materials . The pin , sometimes referred to as `` the marker , '' has been widely co-opted by other companies , organizations , and individuals for their own marketing efforts , artwork , and activism . In both digital and physical representations , the pin is often used to symbolize mapping software and the technology industry as a whole . The Google Maps pin has been called `` a product of pure function that has evolved into a cultural phenomenon , '' and `` a solution that would take on a life of its own , recognizable enough to stick up for itself in the art and design projects of others . '' `` Looking like a hot air balloon in flight , this marker has landed squarely in the middle of our visual culture . '' In 2014 , the Museum of Modern Art acquired a physical representation of the Google Maps pin for its permanent collection . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Use by Google 2.1 Promotional materials 2.2 Favorite Places campaign 2.3 Hello World campaign 2.4 Other uses by Google 3 Use by other organizations 3.1 Inclusion in logos 3.2 Political use 4 In popular culture 4.1 Sculpture 5 References History ( edit ) Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen designed the Google Maps pin prior to the launch of Google Maps in 2005 . He wanted the pin to accurately mark a point on a map without obscuring the location . The main body of the pin is circular at the top , but tapers into a point at the bottom , forming an inverted teardrop shape . A drop shadow extends from the point at the bottom , giving the pin a three - dimensional look . In the original version of Google Maps , the pin was displayed with the letters `` A '' through `` J '' when there was more than one search results .", "1": "In later versions , the pin was shown with a black dot inside to mark a single location . In 2011 , Google released a minor redesign of the pin that changed the black outline of the pin to a dark red for a softer look . Use by Google ( edit ) Google has used the pin in online and traditional print marketing campaigns for Google Maps . The pin is displayed as part of the icon for the Google Maps mobile application , on a stylized map along with an uppercase letter `` G '' for `` Google . '' Promotional materials ( edit ) Deschutes Brewery , 2011 The pin has been used on promotional objects like beer glasses , stickers , and coffee cup sleeves in various marketing campaigns . Google has also designed and sold T - shirts that display a Google Maps pin along with the words `` I am here . '' Favorite Places campaign ( edit ) In 2009 , Google launched the Favorite Places marketing campaign . 100,000 local businesses received a store - window decal portraying the Google Maps pin on a map , with the words `` We 're a Favorite Place on Google . '' The stickers included a QR code which could be scanned by customers to bring up the business ' Place Page in order to leave an online review . Celebrities including Yo - Yo Ma , Diane von Furstenberg , Al Gore , and Tony Hawk , shared their favorite locations around the world , such as restaurants , bakeries , and design shops . At 30 of these locations , Google erected an 800 - pound pin , each personalized with unique designs based on input from the celebrity who chose that location . Hello world campaign ( edit ) In 2013 , Google commissioned New York - based graphic designer Matt Delbridge for the Hello World ad campaign . Many of the illustrations incorporated the Google Maps pin along with images associated with specific locations around the world . Other uses by Google ( edit ) In 2010 , Google created online cards that used several pins to spell out `` Happy Holidays . '' In 2011 , Google doubled the Google Maps pin to create a heart for a Map Your Valentine holiday feature . In 2011 , Google partnered with Susan G. Komen for the Cure to create a campaign called Pink Pin in New York City .", "2": "Businesses and consumers were asked to pin their locations on the Pink Pin website , share personal stories related to breast cancer awareness , and donate to the cause . In 2014 , Google launched `` Smarty Pins , '' a browser - based geographical trivia game that features the Google Maps pin . Players receive clues about locations around the world , which they then identify by placing the Google Maps pin on a map . Players start the game with 1,000 points , and lose points equivalent to the number of miles they place their pins from the correct location . Bonus points can be gained by answering the trivia questions quickly . Use by other organizations ( edit ) The Google Maps API allows developers to create customized maps , for which they can create their own markers . Inclusion in logos ( edit ) Although the Google Maps pin is protected under a U.S. design patent , other organizations have used it as a component of their own logos . The Labour Party of Malta used an image closely resembling the Google Maps pin as their logo in the 2014 European Parliament election campaign . A Google spokesperson contacted by The Times of Malta would not comment on whether the logo was a breach of Google 's intellectual property rights , though a copyright lawyer interviewed for the article explained that the similarity could result in legal repercussions . In 2010 , Facebook filed a trademark application for a design including a marker similar to the Google Maps pin above a representation of a rectangular map , but later abandoned the application . Pride San Francisco , 2013 Political use ( edit ) When Metahaven , an Amsterdam - based studio for design and research , was charged with drafting concepts for Wikileaks ' new visual identity , they considered integrating the Google Maps pin , inverted . This suggested a dripping leak , and the impossibility of pinpointing the source . In San Francisco , demonstrators in San Francisco have carried signs shaped like the Google Maps pin and bearing the word `` evicted '' to protest the recent surge in tech - driven evictions in San Francisco . In popular culture ( edit ) The Google Maps pin has evolved beyond its original intended use to become quasi-iconic in popular culture . Rob Walker cites the pin as an example of dedigitization , `` something from the digital world crossing over to the physical . ''", "3": "The pin has been used in various mediums not just to pinpoint locations , but to represent abstracts like mapping technology or even the technology industry as a whole . Sculpture ( edit ) Berlin - based conceptual artist Aram Bartholl is known for creating works that examine the relationship between the digital and physical world , using popular imagery from software and games . Beginning in 2006 , Bartholl has created a public art installation called Map . Bartholl installs a large physical representation of the Google Maps pin in the exact location that Google Maps identifies as the center of a city . Locations thus far have included Taipei , Berlin , Arles , and Tallinn . Each sculpture remains in place for about three months , usually coinciding with a local art festival or exhibit . The series was designed to raise viewers ' awareness of the increasing overlap between the virtual and the physical , and to highlight mapping services ' influence on perceptions of location . Bartholl 's physical representations of the Google Maps pin urges viewers to reevaluate the information given by digitized maps , the meaning of the `` center '' of a city , the politicization of boundaries , and other issues related to maps and the digital versus the physical world . Before the Royal College of Art 's 150th - anniversary exhibition in 2007 , student Robert Sollis e-mailed Google requesting a temporary Google Maps marker be placed over the college 's temporary site in Kensington Gardens . Upon receiving only an auto - reply , Sollis created his own physical marker , which he hoped would appear in satellite images . Sollis constructed the Google Carpet of individual carpet tiles , each 185mm , which corresponds to one pixel of Google 's satellite imagery . In July 2013 , as part of a public art event in Horsens , Denmark , the Icelandic - Danish design duo ÖRNDUVALD installed a mural called Pin at 55 ° 51 ′ 42 '' N 9 ° 50 ′ 47 '' E / 55.86167 ° N 9.84639 ° E / 55.86167 ; 9.84639 . The 9 - square - meter piece , `` a giant and shimmering reinterpretation of the Google Maps pin , '' was made from 10,078 circular discs mounted to plywood .", "4": "Amanda Kooser of cnet wrote , `` if Liberace had been on the Google Maps design team , all the pins would look like this , '' while Jamie Condliffe stated in Gizmodo , `` The Google Maps pin is iconic : bold and simple , yet incredibly memorable . And emblazoned on the side of a Danish building in twinkling metallic form , it might just be the geekiest mural ever . '' In June 2012 , Taiwanese designer Shu - Chun Hsiao created Project Google Birdhouse by hanging pin - shaped birdhouses around Taipei . He stated , `` Google Map had created a remarkable landmark icon , showing the sites on its street views . To search for a landmark with online Google map , we can scroll to zoom from the satellite , soon we 'll be able to wander on streets , virtually . Birds , have the most real experience of google map . Birds can fly through the city , through streets . A birdhouse becomes their destination as google map does . The iconic symbol will become a navigating landmark for the flying birds . '' Jaime Derriger wrote , `` The icon that we have all come to know and love which graces our Google maps to let us know where we are , or where we need to go , has become ubiquitous . Designer Shu - Chun Hsiao realized this and created the Google Birdhouse Project , an ongoing project to give birds destinations of their own , just like Google maps does for humans . '' Google Carpet Robert Sollis 2007 Felt Google Maps Pin , 2010 Map , 2011 Project Google Birdhouse , 2012 Pin , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/50/209/D06/1.pdf Jump up ^ http://pimg-fpiw.uspto.gov/fdd/13/214/D06/0.pdf Jump up ^ `` Customizing Google Maps : Custom Markers '' . Google Developers . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Hilary Greenbaum ( 18 April 2011 ) . `` Who Made Google 's Map Pin ? '' . The New York Times ' 6th Floor Blog . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 .", "5": "^ Jump up to : Rob Walker ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Stealth Iconography : The Google Maps Pin '' . Design Observer . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Gordon ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Well - Dressed Map Marker Cartagram Madison , Alabama '' . cartagram.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen . Google Maps Pin ( 2005 ) '' . MoMA.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jacob Kastrenakes ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` The art arcade : MoMA collects 40 years of innovative design '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Aram Bartholl ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` The era ' A ' at Aram Bartholl -- Blog '' . datenform.de . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/04/617/D06/1.pdf Jump up ^ Lucian Parfeni ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` The Google Maps Pin Gets Modernized , Maps Sports a Fresh New Look '' . softpedia . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ David Mihm ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` Mihmorandum Google Brings Portland Hotpot Campaign to a Rolling Boil Google '' . davidmihm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Google Map T - Shirt '' . googlemerchandisestore.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tom Krazit ( 6 December 2009 ) . `` Google Favorite Places coming to window near you '' . c net . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mike Blumenthal ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Google Promoting Maps with 100,000 Favorite Places Posters '' . Understanding Google Places & Local Search .", "6": "Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yo - Yo Ma 's Favorite Places in Boston and around the World '' . google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps Favorite Places - Tomorrow Awards '' . tomorrowawards.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ji . `` Please Enjoy '' . pleaseenjoy.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Tan ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Google Ad Campaign Cleverly Incorporates Iconic ' Google Maps ' Graphics - DesignTAXI.com '' . designtaxi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Faull ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Google unveils ' Hello World ' campaign images for newly updated Google Maps '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Katie Mandel ( 16 December 2010 ) . `` Send a message of holiday cheer with Google Maps '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mike Blumenthal ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Google Maps Goes Gooey - MapYourValentine.com '' . Understanding Google Places & Local Search . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ria Tobaccowala ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` Small businesses in NYC help fight breast cancer with Pink Pin - Google Small Business '' . googlesmb.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps Smarty Pins '' . smartypins.withgoogle.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( 7 July 2014 ) . `` Google Maps tests your geography knowledge with ' Smarty Pins ' game '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Frederic Lardinois ( 1 July 2014 ) .", "7": "`` Google 's Smarty Pins Lets You Test Your Geography Knowledge '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Customizing Google Maps : Custom Markers '' . Google Developers . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Aktuelle Mittagstisch - Angebote in Deiner Umgebung '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Denis Campbell IT Services Jump up ^ `` PizzaPerto.com - Encontre as pizzarias próximas de você ! Cardápios , fotos , vídeos , opiniões , promoções , pedido online ... '' pizzaperto.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ivan Martin ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Google silent on PL map pin similarity '' . Times of Malta . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jeanine Rizzo Jump up ^ `` F - Reviews & Brand Information - FACEBOOK , INC . MENLO PARK , CA - Serial Number : 85168398 '' . trademarkia.com. 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hans Ulrich Obrist ( 2011 ) . `` In Conversation with Julian Assange , Part I e-flux '' . e-flux.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Bowe ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` Anti-gentrification activists `` GET OUT '' with Pride SF Politics `` . sfbg.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Kevin ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Do the Anti-Tech Protests Still Matter ? '' . Valleywag . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Noah Robischon ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Aram Bartholl 's `` Speed Book '' Collapses The Digital World Into Physical Space `` . Fast Company .", "8": "Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Rogers . `` Art Imitates Digital Life : Real - World Google Map Pins '' . WebUrbanist . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` gateways . Art and Networked Culture - Works - Map '' . goethe.de . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Aram Bartholl ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Map '' . datenform.de . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Aram Bartholl - datenform.de '' . datenform.de . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Carpet_Emails.pdf Jump up ^ Jeannie Choe ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Google Carpet by Robert Sollis '' . Core77 - Industrial Design Supersite . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ jonahbc ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` Make your own Google map marker for your house '' . MAKE . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Costas Voyatzis ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Partition By ÖRNDUVALD '' . Yatzer.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nina Azzarello ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` glittering google map icon made from 10,000 sequins '' . designboom architecture & design magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps Pin made from 10.000 sequins by Örnduvald '' . urdesign.it. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Caroline Williamson ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` Giant Map Pin Installation Made of Metallic Discs '' . Design Milk . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kooser ( 24 July 2013 ) .", "9": "`` Giant sequined Google Maps pin lands on Denmark '' . c net . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Condliffe , Jamie ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Is This the Geekiest Mural Ever ? '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Pin ( 55 ° 51 ′ 42 '' N ; 9 ° 50 ′ 47 '' E ) Jump up ^ `` Project Google Birdhouse by Shuchun Hsiao '' . urdesign.it. 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shu - Chun Hsiao ( 2012 ) . `` 2012 Project Google Birdhouse '' . Flickr . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` SHUCHUN HSIAO '' . 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jaime Derringer ( 28 January 2013 ) . `` Google Maps Inspired Birdhouse Tells Birds Where Home Is '' . Design Milk . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 21 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Maps pin . Google Maps Related products Google Maps mobile app Map Maker Waze Art Project Latitude ( discontinued ) Views and mapping sites Aerial View Earth Mars Moon Sky Street View Traffic Street View Coverage Africa Antarctica Asia Israel Europe North America Canada United States Oceania South America Argentina Chile Colombia Uruguay Privacy concerns Competing products Other BlooSee Historypin Mapillary Google Overview Alphabet Inc .", "10": "History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard Goggles IME Japanese Pinyin Photos Keep News & Weather Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android Pay Android TV Android Wear Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Cast Chromecast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Daydream Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Home Jamboard Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Pay Primer Pixel Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS URL Shortener Wallet Wifi Development tools AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools CS First Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs , Sheets , Slides ,", "11": "Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Dictionary Directory Dodgeball Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Questions and Answers Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Squared Talk Updater Urchin Videos Wave Web Accelerator Toolbar Other Art Project Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self - driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.", "12": "org Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA WiFi X Events Science Fair Searchology I / O Developer Day Code Jam Highly Open Participation Contest Code - in Projects Loon Tango Sunroof Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Sanjay Ghemawat Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Maps_pin&oldid=802039806 '' Categories : 2005 software Commercial logos Cartography Google Maps Symbols introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 06 . 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6915606477668963399	what do the 3 dots mean in math	[ "the therefore sign (∴) is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism", "the therefore sign", "a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism", "therefore sign" ]	{ "0": "Therefore sign - wikipedia Therefore sign Jump to : navigation , search ∴ Therefore sign Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \\ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe ,", "1": "broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元圆圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book In logical argument and mathematical proof , the therefore sign ( ∴ ) is generally used before a logical consequence , such as the conclusion of a syllogism . The symbol consists of three dots placed in an upright triangle and is read therefore . It is encoded at U + 2234 ∴ therefore ( HTML & # 8756 ; &there4 ; ) . For common use in Microsoft Office hold the ALT key and type `` 8756 '' . While it is not generally used in formal writing , it is used in mathematics and shorthand . It is complementary to U + 2235 ∵ because ( HTML & # 8757 ; ) .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Example of use 3 Related signs 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) According to Cajori , A History of Mathematical Notations , Johann Rahn used both the therefore and because signs to mean `` therefore '' ; in the German edition of Teutsche Algebra ( 1659 ) the therefore sign was prevalent with the modern meaning , but in the 1668 English edition Rahn used the because sign more often to mean `` therefore '' . Other authors in the eighteenth century also used three dots in a triangle shape to signify `` therefore , '' but as with Rahn , there was n't much in the way of consistency as to how the triangle was oriented ; because with its current meaning appears to have originated in the nineteenth century . In this century , the three - dot notation for therefore became very rare in continental Europe , but it remains popular in the British Isles . Example of use ( edit ) Used in a syllogism : All gods are immortal . Zeus is a god . ∴ Zeus is immortal . x + 1 = 6 ∴ x = 5 Related signs ( edit ) A diploma from the Masonic Grande Loge de France showing the symbol as a substitute for the dot of abbreviation . The inverted form ∵ , known as the because sign , is sometimes used as a shorthand form of `` because '' . This is Unicode character U + 2235 . The therefore sign is sometimes used as a substitute for an asterism ⁂ . In meteorology , the therefore sign is used to indicate moderate rain on a station model ; the asterism indicates moderate snow . To denote logical implication or entailment , various signs are used in mathematical logic : → , ⇒ , ⊃ , ⊢ , ⊨ . These symbols are then part of a mathematical formula , and are not considered to be punctuation . In contrast , the therefore sign is traditionally used as a punctuation mark , and does not form part of a logical formula . The graphically identical sign ∴ serves as a Japanese map symbol on the maps of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan , indicating a tea plantation . On other maps the sign , often with thicker dots , is sometimes used to signal the presence of a national monument or ruins .", "3": "The character ஃ in the Tamil script represents the āytam , a special sound of the Tamil language . In Masonic traditions the symbol is used for abbreviation , instead of the usual period . For example `` R ∴ W ∴ John Smith '' is an abbreviation for `` Right Worshipful John Smith '' ( the term Right Worshipful is an archaic title just as `` Land Lord '' is and indicates that Brother Smith is a Grand Lodge officer ) . In Norwegian and Danish , a similar symbol is used as an explanatory symbol ( forklaringstegnet ) . It can be typeset using the open o followed by a colon , thus : ɔ : . It is used for the meaning `` namely '' , `` id est '' , `` scilicet '' or similar . See also ( edit ) Q.E.D. Mathematical jargon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cajori , vol. 1 , p. 211 '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Florian Cajori ( 2011 ) ( 1929 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations : Two Volumes in One . Cosimo , Inc . pp. 282 -- 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61640 - 571 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 1 and Its Kindred Sciences Comprising the ... , Albert Gallatin Mackey , page 2 , reprint in 2002 , Kessinger Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7661 - 2650 - 1 .", "4": "Jump up ^ http://www.typografi.org/forklaringstegn/forklaringstegn.html ( hide ) Common logical symbols ∧ or & and ∨ or ¬ or ~ not → implies ⊃ implies , superset ≡ iff nand ∀ universal quantification ∃ existential quantification ⊤ tautology ⊥ false , contradiction ⊢ entails , proves ⊨ entails , therefore ∴ therefore ∵ because Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&oldid=815234923 '' Categories : Typographical symbols Punctuation Mathematical symbols Logic symbols Logical consequence Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8366545547296627039	who wrote the song photograph by ringo starr	[ "Ringo Starr", "George Harrison", "Richard Starkey", "George Harrison", "Ringo Starr", "George Harrison" ]	{ "0": "Photograph ( Ringo Starr song ) - wikipedia Photograph ( Ringo Starr song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Photograph '' UK picture sleeve Single by Ringo Starr from the album Ringo B - side `` Down and Out '' Released 24 September 1973 Format 7 - inch single Genre Rock , pop Length 4 : 00 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Richard Starkey , George Harrison Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Ringo Starr singles chronology `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` Photograph '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're Sixteen '' ( 1974 ) `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` Photograph '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're Sixteen '' ( 1974 ) Ringo track listing 10 tracks ( show ) Side one `` I 'm the Greatest '' `` Have You Seen My Baby '' `` Photograph '' `` Sunshine Life for Me ( Sail Away Raymond ) '' `` You 're Sixteen '' Side two `` Oh My My '' `` Step Lightly '' `` Six O'Clock '' `` Devil Woman '' `` You and Me ( Babe ) '' `` Photograph '' is a song by English musician Ringo Starr that was released as the lead single from his 1973 album Ringo . Starr co-wrote the song with George Harrison , his former bandmate from the Beatles . Although the two of them collaborated on other compositions , it is the only song officially credited to the pair . A signature tune for Starr as a solo artist , `` Photograph '' became an international hit , topping singles charts in the United States , Canada and Australia , and receiving gold disc certification for US sales of 1 million . Music critics have similarly received the song favourably ; Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic considers it to be `` among the very best post-Beatles songs by any of the Fab Four '' . The lyrics are a reflection on lost love , whereby a photograph is the only reminder of the protagonists ' shared past . Starr and Harrison began writing the song in the South of France in 1971 , during a period when Starr was focused on developing his acting career .", "1": "They first recorded `` Photograph '' late the following year , along with the single 's B - side , `` Down and Out '' , during sessions for Harrison 's Living in the Material World album ( 1973 ) . The officially released version was recorded in Los Angeles with producer Richard Perry , and it incorporates aspects of Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound through the presence of multiple drums and acoustic guitars , as well as an orchestra and a choir . Aside from Starr and Harrison , the musicians on the recording include Nicky Hopkins , Bobby Keys , Jim Keltner , and Spector 's musical arranger , Jack Nitzsche . Starr made a promotional film for the single , shot at his and wife Maureen Starkey 's home , Tittenhurst Park . `` Photograph '' has appeared on Starr 's compilation albums Blast from Your Past ( 1975 ) and Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr ( 2007 ) , and live versions have featured on releases recorded with his All - Starr Band and with the Roundheads . In November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death , Starr sang `` Photograph '' at the Concert for George -- a performance that was an emotional highpoint of the event . Engelbert Humperdinck , Camper Van Beethoven , Cilla Black and Adam Sandler are among the artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Recording 2.1 `` Down and Out '' 3 Release 4 Reception 5 Re-releases and live versions 5.1 Performance at the Concert for George 5.2 Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards 6 Cover versions and references 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance and sales certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Ex-Beatles Ringo Starr and George Harrison began writing `` Photograph '' on a luxury yacht in the South of France in May 1971 . Starr had hired a yacht , the Marala , for the duration of the Cannes Film Festival , after attending Mick Jagger 's wedding in St Tropez with his wife , Maureen Starkey .", "2": "The Starkeys were then joined in France by Harrison and the latter 's wife , Pattie Boyd , for the Monaco Grand Prix . This period coincided with Starr 's first success as a solo artist , with the Harrison - produced single `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , although he would continue to focus on his career as a film actor , beginning with a role in Blindman ( 1971 ) . Another guest on the Marala was Cilla Black , singer and a friend to the Beatles since the 1960s , who recalls Starr and Harrison playing `` Photograph '' during an evening get - together , with `` everyone on board '' contributing ideas for the lyrics . As with Starr 's two singles over 1971 -- 72 , `` It Do n't Come Easy '' and `` Back Off Boogaloo '' , Harrison helped write the melody , although `` Photograph '' would mark the first time that he was credited as a co-writer with Starr . In her autobiography , Step Inside Love , Black says she had hoped to record the song for a single later in 1971 , only to be told by Starr : `` No , it 's too bloody good for you . I 'm having it myself . '' The lyric to `` Photograph '' is centred around lost love , with the singer having only a single picture by which to remember his absent lover . The eponymous photograph reminds him of their former happiness together , while also enforcing the reality that `` you 're not coming back any more '' . Author Ian Inglis comments on the familiar subject matter in the conventions of pop songwriting , but identifies an `` unusual '' aspect in the lyrics ' `` absence of any hope that love might be rekindled '' . Starr expresses resignation at what the future holds , in the lines `` Now you 're expecting me to live without you / But that 's not something that I 'm looking forward to '' . Musically , the song is in the key of E , with what Inglis terms an `` easy melody '' that allows for Starr 's limitations as a singer .", "3": "Harrison 's `` distinctive composing style '' is particularly evident , according to authors Roy Carr and Tony Tyler , and Starr would later say of Harrison 's role in their collaborations over this period : `` I only know three chords and he 'd stick four more in , and they 'd all think I was a genius . '' Recording ( edit ) Starr continued to pursue his film career until the end of 1972 , while also participating in musical projects such as Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh . Late that year , Starr and Harrison recorded an early version of `` Photograph '' during the sessions for Harrison 's Living in the Material World album ( 1973 ) . With Harrison producing , this recording took place at either Apple Studio in central London , or Harrison 's home studio , FPSHOT , in Oxfordshire . Starr re-recorded the song in March 1973 , while working at Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles on Ringo , his first solo album in the rock or contemporary pop style . He later described Ringo as an `` accidental album '' , since it only came about because he was attending the Grammy Awards in Nashville , where The Concert for Bangladesh won the Grammy for Best Album of 1972 . Keen to find another activity to justify the flight to the US , Starr arranged to record with American producer Richard Perry during the visit . The recording engineer on `` Photograph '' was Bill Schnee , and author Simon Leng suggests that Harrison helped `` hew '' the production . Along with Starr ( on drums ) and Harrison ( 12 - string acoustic guitar ) , the other musicians included Nicky Hopkins ( piano ) , Klaus Voormann ( bass ) and Jim Keltner ( drums ) , all of whom had participated in the sessions for Material World . In addition , Vini Poncia , Starr 's new songwriting partner , and session musician Jimmy Calvert played acoustic rhythm guitar on the Los Angeles recording . Overdubs on the basic tracks recorded for Ringo took place from April to July 1973 . On `` Photograph '' , the additional instrumentation included a saxophone solo by Bobby Keys and percussion played by one of Harrison 's Apple Records signings , brothers Lon and Derrek Van Eaton . Harrison added harmony and backing vocals , supporting Starr 's lead vocal part .", "4": "Musical arranger Jack Nitzsche helped give the recording a sound typical of Phil Spector 's hit productions from the 1960s ; photo by Brian Ashley White Jack Nitzsche , Phil Spector 's musical arranger for much of the 1960s , provided the song 's string and choral arrangements , which were overdubbed at Burbank Studios on 29 June . Aside from Nitzsche 's contributions , the recording incorporates aspects of Spector 's Wall of Sound production through the use of multiple rhythm guitars and drums , and prominent percussion such as castanets . Leng draws parallels between the `` resonant arrangement '' on `` Photograph '' and the production that Harrison adopted for Ravi Shankar 's song `` I Am Missing You '' , an April 1973 recording that also featured Starr . `` Down and Out '' ( edit ) With `` Photograph '' selected as the album 's lead single , Starr chose `` Down and Out '' , a song written by him alone , for the B - side . Starr recorded the song in England , backed by Harrison , pianist Gary Wright and Voormann . The Harrison - produced session most likely took place in 1972 , according to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , during the same period as Starr and Harrison 's first attempt at recording `` Photograph '' . A twelve - bar blues with what Starr biographer Alan Clayson describes as `` perfunctory '' lyrics , the recording features solos from Harrison , on slide guitar , and Wright . Perry subsequently added a horn section , resulting in him being credited as co-producer on the track . Carr and Tyler dismiss `` Down and Out '' with the description : `` a very mundane throwaway tune only saved from extinction by the professional arrangement and by Harrison 's distinctive slide - guitar solo '' . Release ( edit ) Apple Records released `` Photograph '' , backed by `` Down and Out '' , on 24 September 1973 in America , and on 19 October in Britain . Starr made a promotional film for `` Photograph '' , in which he mimed to the song while walking through the grounds of Tittenhurst Park , the Berkshire estate that he had recently purchased from former bandmate John Lennon .", "5": "To circumvent the BBC 's ban on lip - synching , Starr placed his hand over his mouth for part of the song , thereby making it impossible to tell whether he was singing or merely miming . The single 's picture sleeve consisted of a photo by Barry Feinstein that showed Starr 's head poking through a large star made of silver foil . The same image , which author Bruce Spizer terms `` the Ringo starfish '' , appeared on the single 's face labels and on those of the Ringo album . The album 's release followed in November 1973 , with `` Photograph '' appearing as the third track , preceding another Harrison contribution , `` Sunshine Life for Me ( Sail Away Raymond ) '' . Opposite the printed lyrics for `` Photograph '' inside the album booklet , a lithograph by Voormann depicted a framed picture on a shelf or desktop , in which Starr looks dejectedly at a framed picture of a woman . In his personal life at this point , the album 's arrival coincided with the failure of Starr 's marriage , partly as a result of Harrison and Maureen conducting an affair . While the friendship between the two former bandmates soon recovered , Starr and Harrison would not officially write another song together after `` Photograph '' . Noting the context in which Starr 's song of `` beautiful sadness '' was released in the United States , Clayson describes `` Photograph '' as having been a popular request on radio playlists `` for a nation still awaiting the return of many of its sons from Vietnam , following the January cease - fire '' . Rodriguez comments on the precipitous timing of the single , which `` capitaliz ( ed ) on the year 's nostalgia craze '' , while news of Starr recording with each of his former bandmates during the Ringo sessions provided further impetus . In late November , the single topped America 's Billboard Hot 100 for one week , Starr 's first number 1 hit on that chart as a solo artist and Harrison 's third there as a composer since the Beatles ' break - up in 1970 . `` Photograph '' was also number 1 in Canada and Australia , while in Britain it peaked at number 8 . In Rodriguez 's words , the single `` did a good job of setting the table '' for Ringo , which also enjoyed considerable commercial success .", "6": "On 28 December 1973 , `` Photograph '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , signifying US sales of 1 million -- Starr 's second such award , after `` It Do n't Come Easy '' . Reception ( edit ) On release , Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone highlighted `` Photograph '' as one of the album 's `` three most wonderful songs '' , along with the Lennon - composed `` I 'm the Greatest '' and the Harrison -- Mal Evans collaboration `` You and Me ( Babe ) '' . Gerson noted how the song 's intro provided an effective `` pull on the listener '' and wrote that , while the lyrics had a sorrowful quality , `` the effect is warming '' . Billboard 's album reviewer praised Perry 's `` stunning production '' on `` the best Ringo album ever '' , adding : `` We all know already that ' Photograph ' has got to be a No. 1 single this month , right ? '' Although less impressed with Ringo , Alan Betrock wrote in Phonograph Record : `` It 's also clear when you reach ' Photograph ' that Side One is the undisputed champ of the album . Jack Nitzsche has thrown in a lot of his past influences here , including the Famous School of Phil Spector castanets , lesson No. 2 . '' Betrock concluded of the song : `` ' Photograph ' is one of those rare pop records that grows stronger with each play , and will be covered and revived for years to come ( I 'll lay you 50 - 1 it appears on the next Andy Williams album ) . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic considers `` Photograph '' a `` gorgeous collaboration '' between Starr and Harrison , a track that `` ranks ... among the very best post-Beatles songs by any of the Fab Four '' . Robert Rodriguez describes it as `` an elegantly produced ballad '' and Starr 's `` signature tune as a solo artist '' . Rodriguez continues : `` The ersatz Wall of Sound somehow managed not to swamp the lead vocal and Harrison harmony , while embodying the best qualities of the Beatles ' singles : hummable and familiar , yet fresh and enduring . ''", "7": "In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner wrote of how the song 's `` grand , sweeping arrangement '' was reminiscent of Harrison 's `` own recent cosmic productions '' . Author Elliot Huntley similarly acknowledges the extent of Harrison 's influence on this and other tracks on Ringo while rueing that `` Photograph '' marks the only formal co-composition by the two ex-Beatles . Huntley describes the song as the album 's `` stand - out track '' and `` by a country mile , the commercial high - point '' for Starr as a songwriter . Former Mojo editor Mat Snow recognises it as `` perhaps the single best song of ( Starr 's ) career '' and the `` emotional heart '' of the album . Re-releases and Live versions ( edit ) The song provided the title to Starr 's 2007 career - spanning compilation Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr , having earlier appeared on Blast from Your Past ( 1975 ) , a greatest - hits collection covering his years on Apple Records . For the 1991 CD reissue of Ringo , the album was expanded through the inclusion of three bonus tracks , the last of which was the long - unavailable `` Down and Out '' . In 2009 , `` Photograph '' was featured in the Judd Apatow - directed film Funny People and appeared on the accompanying soundtrack album . Starr performing with his All - Starr Band in 2011 Following his return to touring in July 1989 -- the first tour for Starr since the Beatles quit performing live in 1966 -- he has played `` Photograph '' regularly with the various incarnations of his All - Starr Band . Eschewing his drum kit for the role of lead singer , Starr often closed his shows with the song ( before returning for an encore ) during tours he made between 1989 and 2000 . A live version appeared on the album and video Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band ( 1990 ) ; recorded at the Greek Theatre , Los Angeles , on 3 September 1989 , it features the original All - Starr line - up of Starr , Billy Preston , Jim Keltner , Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Dr. John , Joe Walsh , Nils Lofgren and Clarence Clemons .", "8": "Starr also included the song in his performances on the television shows VH1 Storytellers , in May 1998 , and PBS 's Soundstage , in August 2005 . Featuring backing from the Roundheads -- a band led by his latter - day producer Mark Hudson -- these recordings were issued on Starr 's releases VH1 Storytellers ( 1998 ) and Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage ( 2007 ) , respectively . Further versions with his All - Starr Band have appeared on the albums King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band ( 2002 ) , Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 ( 2008 ) and Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 ( 2010 ) , the latter with Gary Wright among the revised line - up . Starr re-recorded the song with the American band Vandaveer for his 2017 album Give More Love . Performance at the Concert for George ( edit ) On 29 November 2002 , Starr performed `` Photograph '' at the Concert for George , held at London 's Royal Albert Hall to mark the first anniversary of Harrison 's death . According to the Concert for George website : `` Ringo Starr caught everyone with a tear in their eye with a rendition of ' Photograph ' , a composition he wrote with George , which seemed to sum up how everyone felt . '' Starr 's appearance came towards the end of the concert , and Inglis writes that his arrival was `` given an extra poignancy by his choice of song '' . In his preamble to the audience , Starr stated , `` I loved George , George loved me '' , before mentioning that `` Photograph '' had taken on a new meaning with the passing of Harrison . This performance -- with a large band that included Jeff Lynne , Eric Clapton , Dhani Harrison , Preston , Keltner and saxophonist Jim Horn -- was issued on the Concert for George album ( 2003 ) and appears in David Leland 's documentary film of the event . In a July 2003 interview , Starr discussed his recently released tribute song to Harrison , `` Never Without You '' , while acknowledging that he remained closest to Harrison out of all the former Beatles following the band 's break - up .", "9": "Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards ( edit ) Starr sang `` Photograph '' at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , during which he and Paul McCartney , as the two surviving ex-Beatles , were honoured with the Recording Academy 's Lifetime Achievement Award . The event took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on 26 January 2014 . Rolling Stone reported on Starr 's performance of the song : `` Backed by a massive full band , he bounced around the stage while old black - and - white photographs showed on a big screen behind him . '' The accompanying images were taken from Starr 's recently published book ; also titled Photograph , it consists of photos from his personal collection , dating back to the 1950s and ' 60s . Cover versions and references ( edit ) Engelbert Humperdinck and the Ray Conniff Singers each released recordings of the song in 1974 . The following year , London - based recording engineer David Hentschel covered `` Photograph '' , along with all the other tracks on Ringo , for his album Sta * rtling Music . The latter , an experimental work featuring Hentschel on ARP synthesizer , was the first release on Starr 's short - lived record label , Ring O ' Records . A cover version of the song by American alt rock band Camper Van Beethoven appeared on their 1993 rarities compilation Camper Vantiquities . Canadian band Sloan made mention of `` Photograph '' in their 1996 single `` The Lines You Amend '' , the lyrics of which refer to a song `` ... about photographs / Sung by Ringo Starr / Especially in the chorus part / You always said , ' Now do n't you start ' . '' Cilla Black eventually recorded `` Photograph '' , for her 2003 album Beginnings : Greatest Hits & New Songs -- a version that `` she jumps into head first at her most soulful '' , according to music critic Bruce Eder . While Starr 's original recording appeared on the soundtrack to Funny People , a cover by the film 's leading actor , Adam Sandler , is available as an iTunes bonus track with the album .", "10": "Personnel ( edit ) Ringo Starr -- vocals , drums George Harrison -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Bobby Keys -- tenor saxophone Nicky Hopkins -- piano Vini Poncia -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Jimmy Calvert -- acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann -- bass Jim Keltner -- drums Lon Van Eaton -- percussion Derrek Van Eaton -- percussion Jack Nitzsche -- orchestral and choral arrangements Chart performance and sales certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) Peak position Australian Go - Set Top 40 Singles Australian Kent Music Report Belgian Ultratop Singles 8 Canadian RPM 100 Singles Dutch MegaChart Singles Irish Singles Chart 15 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 55 New Zealand NZ Listener Chart Norwegian VG - lista Singles 6 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart 8 US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 West German Media Control Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canadian RPM Top Singles 25 Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australian Kent Music Report 24 US Cash Box Top 100 61 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Starr 's real name is Richard Starkey . Jump up ^ Some sources claim that `` Photograph '' originated in Almeria , Spain , where Starr was filming Blindman , yet his role in that film was only confirmed at the end of the Cannes Film Festival . According to entries in Keith Badman 's book The Beatles Diary Volume 2 , Starr joined the production in Rome on 17 June before carrying out location filming in Almeria through July . Jump up ^ Starr and Harrison both contributed to 1972 albums by Bobby Keys , Harry Nilsson and Lon & Derrek Van Eaton , in addition to participating in a session for a proposed Cilla Black single in August 1972 .", "11": "Author Alan Clayson refers to Harrison and Starr as `` the Tweedledum and Tweedledee of such occasions '' , due to their many sessions together during the early 1970s . Jump up ^ Starr 's previous solo albums , Sentimental Journey and Beaucoups of Blues ( both 1970 ) , had been forays focusing on pre-rock era standards and country music , respectively . Jump up ^ Alternatively , the line - up of Starr , Harrison , Wright and Voormann was the same as that on `` Back Off Boogaloo '' , recorded at Apple in September 1971 . Jump up ^ The catalog numbers were Apple 1865 and Apple R 5992 in the US and the UK , respectively . Jump up ^ The BBC aired the clip once on the music show Top of the Pops , which was the only screening it received anywhere in the world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Ringo Starr Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Badman , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Romanowski & George - Warren , p. 946 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 216 , 227 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , pp. 45 , 47 . Jump up ^ Ingham , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 503 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 293 , 297 , 303 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffner , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 28 , 32 , 261 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 216 , 393 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , p. 244 .", "12": "^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Photograph '' ( sheet music for Piano , Vocal & Guitar ) ( 1973 ) . London : Music Sales Limited . ^ Jump up to : Carr & Tyler , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Ingham , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 220 , 240 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , pp. 115 , 116 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 35 , 261 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 254 , 306 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 91 , 92 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 305 , 306 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 129 , 140 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , pp. 36 -- 37 . 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Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 143 , 157 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 97 , 98 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 182 , 209 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 507 , 645 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Ringo Starr Ringo '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News 02 Jul 2009 '' . Concord Music Group . 2 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Raper , Dan ( 26 August 2009 ) . `` Various Artists : Music from the Motion Picture Funny People '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Sandall , Robert ( January 1991 ) . `` Ringo Starr '' . Q. Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 350 , 353 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 651 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 532 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 348 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Ringo Starr Live at Soundstage '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 559 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Album credits , Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 CD ( 2008 ) . Koch Records . Producer : Ringo Starr .", "15": "Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Steve ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Ringo Starr 's New Album Has a Little Help From His Friends , Including Paul McCartney '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Inglis , pp. 124 , 126 . Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` The Event '' . concertforgeorge.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Inglis , pp. 125 , 155 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 3 October 2003 ) . `` Film in Review : ' Concert for George ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruttenberg , Jay ( 24 July 2003 ) . `` R-I-N-G-O '' . Time Out New York . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rivadavia , Eduardo ( 26 January 2014 ) . `` Ringo Starr and His All - Star Band Perform at the Grammys '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Beatles Mania Sweeps Grammys As Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr Reunite To Perform '' . Contactmusic . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibsone , Harriet ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Grammys 2014 : Sir Paul McCartney joined on stage by Ringo Starr '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 26 January 2014 ) .", "16": "`` Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr Share Grammy Stage for Rare Performance '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Courtney ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Photograph ' by Ringo Starr '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of Photograph by Ringo Starr '' . secondhandsongs.com . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , Bob ( 12 April 1975 ) . `` Ringo Starr : Everyone One of Us Has All We Need ... '' . NME . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Denise . `` Camper Van Beethoven Camper Vantiquities '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney ( 6 March 1997 ) , `` Sloan One Chord to Another '' , Rolling Stone , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Cilla Black Beginnings '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Preview : ' Funny People ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Bonus Track Version ) ' '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 16 February 1974 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , NSW . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- Photograph '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , 1 December 1973 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 January 2014 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- Photograph '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search by Artist > Ringo Starr '' , irishcharts.ie ( retrieved 23 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr Chart Trajectories on the Oricon Singles ( 1968 -- 2005 ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Listener chart statistics for Ringo Starr ( search by artist ) '' . Flavour of New Zealand . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ringo Starr -- Photograph '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- Photograph '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ringo Starr : Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 24 , 1973 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 of 1973 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1974 '' . Cashbox Archives . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ringo Starr -- Photograph '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Brown , Mick ( 2008 ) .", "18": "Tearing Down the Wall of Sound : The Rise and Fall of Phil Spector . New York , NY : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7661 - 1 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1978 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . London : Trewin Copplestone Publishing . ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Ringo Starr . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Huntley , Elliot J. ( 2006 ) . Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles . Toronto , ON : Guernica Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55071 - 197 - 4 . Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides / Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum .", "19": "ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Romanowski , Patricia ; George - Warren , Holly ( eds ) ( 1995 ) . The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll . New York , NY : Fireside / Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81044 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Snow , Mat ( 2013 ) . The Beatles Solo : The Illustrated Chronicles of John , Paul , George , and Ringo After The Beatles ( Volume 4 : Ringo ) . New York , NY : Race Point Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 937994 - 26 - 6 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 . Williams , Richard ( 2003 ) . Phil Spector : Out of His Head . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9864 - 3 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus .", "20": "ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Promotional video for the song Preceded by `` Keep on Truckin ' ( Part 1 ) '' by Eddie Kendricks Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 24 November 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Top of the World '' by the Carpenters Preceded by `` Could You Ever Love Me Again '' by Gary and Dave Canadian RPM 100 number - one single 24 November 1973 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Top of the World '' by the Carpenters ( hide ) Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol.", "21": "2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Singles `` Beaucoups of Blues '' `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' `` Back Off Boogaloo '' `` Photograph '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey !", "22": "Baby '' `` Wings '' `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` In My Car '' `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Weight of the World '' `` Never Without You '' `` Liverpool 8 '' `` Walk with You '' Books Postcards From the Boys Octopus 's Garden Photograph Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photograph_(Ringo_Starr_song)&oldid=819239402 '' Categories : 1973 singles Ringo Starr songs Apple Records singles Songs written by Ringo Starr Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Music published by Startling Music Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from January 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for United States CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "23": ", a non-profit organization . 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-5004457603684974952	who is playing the halftime show at super bowl 2016	[ "Coldplay[1] with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars", "Coldplay", "Beyoncé", "Bruno Mars", "British rock group Coldplay[1] with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars", "Coldplay", "Beyoncé", "Bruno Mars" ]	{ "0": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl 50 halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl 50 halftime show Date February 7 , 2016 Location Santa Clara , California Venue Levi 's Stadium Headliner Coldplay Special guests Beyoncé , Bruno Mars with Mark Ronson , Gustavo Dudamel , Youth Orchestra L.A , University of California Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California as part of Super Bowl 50 . It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars , who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Performance 3 Critical reception 3.1 Controversy 4 Commercial reception 5 Set list 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium , location of Super Bowl 50 and the halftime show Coldplay , Rihanna , and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015 . Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014 . In late November , 2015 , reports surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show . Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3 , 2015 , one day before the release of their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams . It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests . Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay ; however , Mars declined the offer . Nevertheless , the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working . There , Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to perform `` Uptown Funk '' with Beyonce .", "1": "Despite this , Mars still did n't think it was a good idea and asked the former to talk to Beyonce to see what was her opinion on that . Martin videotaped him and Mars , while the former sang a song to Beyoncé so that she would come to do the Super Bowl with both of them . Beyonce response was receptive to the idea . At that time , Mars and Beyoncé were both doing a diet and stressing out . One day before the performance they were `` watching playback backstage '' , while Beyonce ate a bag of Cheetos . Mars asked her `` That 's what you 're doing ? '' , to which she replied `` There 's nothing more we can do these last two days . It 's gon na be what it 's gon na be . So I 'm gon na enjoy this bag of Cheetos . '' Mars strongly believes that Beyoncé is `` coming for you every single time . So you better bring your A-game every time . '' Performance ( edit ) Coldplay performing the halftime show . Coldplay frontman Chris Martin during the performance . Field during the halftime show . The audience participates in a card stunt The show opened with Chris Martin singing the opening chorus from `` Yellow '' . He was then joined by the remaining band members of Coldplay to perform `` Viva la Vida '' , `` Paradise '' , and `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' with the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles conducted by Gustavo Dudamel and the University of California Marching Band . Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , and a troupe of backing dancers ( dressed in the style of Michael Jackson ) then performed `` Uptown Funk '' . Beyoncé , also in a Jackson - inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers , then performed her new single `` Formation '' in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of `` Uptown Funk '' . Coldplay played a snippet of `` Clocks '' during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances , including those by Bruce Springsteen , Missy Elliott , Katy Perry , The Rolling Stones , Paul McCartney , Stevie Wonder , Diana Ross , James Brown , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , The Black Eyed Peas , U2 , Prince , Beyoncé and Mars .", "2": "The show concluded with the band performing `` Fix You '' and `` Up&Up '' with Beyoncé , Mars and everyone taking part in the show . At the end of the performance , the audience participated in a card - stunt creating a rainbow and the phrase , `` Believe in love '' , the closing lyrics to Coldplay 's A Head Full of Dreams . Critical reception ( edit ) Bruno Mars performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show and received positive reviews . The performance received generally mixed review from critics , who complimented Beyoncé and Mars ' part of the performance but were critical of Coldplay . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times stated that Coldplay `` acted more as a stagehand than an actual performer '' while Beyoncé 's section of the performance was `` the night 's true event '' . Caramanica also noted that Beyoncé and Mars `` outsang '' Martin during the closing part of the performance . Andrew Barker of Variety similarly noted that `` Coldplay seemed resigned to politely allowing themselves to be played right off their own stage '' by the `` far flashier '' Mars and Beyoncé . In a review for Fox Sports , Chris Chase panned Coldplay 's performance , calling it `` inexplicable , indecipherable , and unnecessary '' and a `` musical snooze '' . Chase complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances but described the performance as `` boring '' . Alex Needham of The Guardian gave the performance four stars , saying that `` Queen Bey at the height of her powers effortlessly overwhelmed Coldplay 's widescreen anthems in a show that seemed lightweight until she showed up '' . Beyoncé , seen here performing at the show , was both praised and castigated for her performance . Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that Martin `` seemed overwhelmed '' by the size of the event , and that despite being a `` personable and energetic performer '' , an `` awful lot '' of Martin 's energy `` went into jumping '' . Bianco praised Beyoncé 's appearance and stated that she `` stole the show '' . Wendy Geller of Yahoo ! also complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances , but criticized the montage of previous halftime performances , describing it as `` confusing rather than touching '' and stating that the performance was `` definitely a cold play '' .", "3": "Controversy ( edit ) Following the performance , Beyoncé was criticized for performing a song that they considered to be `` anti-police '' during the halftime show and for appearing to align herself with the Black Lives Matter movement . Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani accused the performance of being anti-police and also criticized Beyoncé 's use of Black Power and Black Panther Party symbolism in her dance routine . `` This is football , not Hollywood , and I thought it was really outrageous that she used it as a platform to attack police officers who are the people who protect her and protect us , and keep us alive , '' he said . The controversy caused a `` # BoycottBeyonce '' hashtag on Twitter and protesters announced plans for an `` anti-Beyoncé '' rally on the morning of February 16 outside of the NFL 's headquarters in New York City , but no one showed up for such a rally . CNN political commentator Sally Kohn stated that `` too many police continue to show themselves to be far more interested in reactionary defensiveness and preserving the abusive status quo . '' Black Lives Matter activist Melina Abdullah praised Beyoncé and other artists who `` are willing to raise social consciousness and use their artistry to advance social justice . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) The halftime show became the fourth highest ever watched show in the United States , with total viewership of 115.5 million . Set list ( edit ) `` Yellow '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Paradise '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) ( contains elements of `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ) `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Crazy in Love '' ) `` Fix You '' / `` Up&Up '' ( featuring Mars and Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Clocks '' , `` Midnight '' , `` Independent Women , Pt 1 '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Purple Rain '' and `` Beautiful Day '' ) Setlist obtained from Billboard . See also ( edit ) 2016 in American music 2016 in American television References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay performed at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 .", "4": "Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé , Redfoo , & Bruno Mars join Coldplay for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Vox . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars : The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Talks `` 24K Magic '' , Beyoncé & Prince `` . Rap - Up . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Damien ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars Just Wants You to Have a Good Time '' . Black Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Coldplay lets Beyonce , Bruno Mars overshadow band '' . WIVB . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : It 's Coldplay , Starring Beyoncé , at Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce could n't save Coldplay 's terrible Super Bowl halftime show '' . Fox Sports . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl half - time show -- Beyonce easily steals the show from Coldplay '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé upstages Coldplay in Super Bowl halftime show '' . USA Today . February 7 , 2016 .", "5": "Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Left in the Cold at Super Bowl 50 ; Beyoncé and Bruno Bring It '' . Yahoo ! Music . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' black power ' salute during Super Bowl 50 halftime show slammed by Rudy Giuliani as ' attack ' on police '' . New York Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` No one showed up to the anti-Beyonce rally at NFL headquarters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commentator , Sally Kohn , CNN Political . `` Beyonce a political superhero with rhythm ( Opinion ) '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Protests planned against and for Beyonce '' . CNN . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anger : Anti-Beyonce Rally Planned For Next Week At NFL Headquarters '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Frank Pallotta and Brian ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 audience is third largest in TV history '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7684905/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-viewers-number Jump up ^ Platton , Adelle ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 Review : Coldplay , Beyonce & Bruno Mars Turn on an Electric Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Video of the Super Bowl 50 halftime show ( from the NFL 's official YouTube channel ) http://www.billboard.", "6": "com/articles/news/super-bowl/6874799/bruno-mars-super-bowl-50-outfit-donatella-versace Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Coldplay Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Parachutes A Rush of Blood to the Head X&Y Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Mylo Xyloto Ghost Stories A Head Full of Dreams Live albums Live 2003 LeftRightLeftRightLeft Live 2012 Ghost Stories Live 2014 Compilation albums The Singles 1999 -- 2006 Extended plays Safety Brothers & Sisters The Blue Room Acoustic Mince Spies Remixes EP Prospekt 's March iTunes Festival : London 2011 Live in Madrid Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall A", "7": "Sky Full of Stars Live from Spotify London Kaleidoscope EP Tours Parachutes Tour A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour Twisted Logic Tour Viva la Vida Tour Mylo Xyloto Tour Ghost Stories Tour A Head Full of Dreams Tour Additional personnel Phil Harvey Rik Simpson Davide Rossi Ken Nelson Brian Eno Markus Dravs Tappin Gofton Jon Hopkins Related articles Labels Atlantic Capitol EMI Fierce Panda Parlophone Commercial Mylo Xyloto Comics Tidal Xyloband Television Festival of Flame Hope for Haiti Now Super Bowl 50 halftime show Global Citizen Festival One Love Manchester Charity Make Trade Fair ( Product ) Red Apparatjik We Are Here Square Peg in a Round Hole Come to Life Book Category Chris Martin Collaborations `` See It in a Boy 's Eyes '' `` Gravity '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( 2004 ) `` All Good Things ( Come to an End ) '' `` In the Sun '' `` Homecoming '' `` Want '' `` Me and Tennessee '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''", "8": "( 2014 ) `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` Homesick '' Films Shaun of the Dead Brüno Avicii : True Stories Television Festival of Flame Global Citizen Festival Super Bowl 50 halftime show Related topics Coldplay Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Phil Harvey Gwyneth Paltrow ( then - wife ) Beyoncé Avicii Book Category Beyoncé Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Speak My Mind Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Live and video releases Live at Wembley B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour The Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay - Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move !", "9": "Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless Book Category Portal Bruno Mars Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs recorded Songs written Studio albums Doo - Wops & Hooligans Unorthodox Jukebox 24K Magic Extended plays It 's Better If You Do n't Understand Concert tours The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour Moonshine Jungle Tour 24K Magic World Tour Filmography Honeymoon in Vegas Rio 2 Related articles The Smeezingtons Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Super Bowl 50 halftime show Book : Bruno Mars 2010s portal Beyoncé portal San Francisco Bay Area portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show&oldid=823813276 '' Categories : 2016 in American music 2016 in American television 2016 in sports in California African - American - related controversies Beyoncé Bruno Mars Coldplay Race - related controversies in the United States Super Bowl halftime shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8494342737238168262	star wars the clone wars anakin voice actor	[ "Matthew MacKendree \"Matt\" Lanter", "Matthew MacKendree \"Matt\" Lanter", "Matthew MacKendree \"Matt\" Lanter" ]	{ "0": "Matt Lanter - wikipedia Matt Lanter Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matt Lanter Lanter in 2014 Matthew Mackendree Lanter ( 1983 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1983 ( age 35 ) Massillon , Ohio , United States Occupation Actor , voice actor , model Years active 2004 -- present Spouse ( s ) Angela Stacy ( m . 2013 ) Children Matthew MacKendree `` Matt '' Lanter ( born April 1 , 1983 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and model . He gained fame by playing Liam Court in The CW hit teen drama series 90210 , a spin - off of the 1990s Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . He also appeared in some major released films , such as Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Disaster Movie , WarGames : The Dead Code , Sorority Row , Vampires Suck and The Roommate . He is the voice of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels . He stars as soldier Wyatt Logan , a time traveler , in Timeless on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Star Wars 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) In 2004 , Lanter was a contestant on Bravo 's reality show Manhunt : The Search for America 's Most Gorgeous Male Model . He did not win the competition . Within a few weeks of moving to Los Angeles , California , Lanter successfully auditioned for the role of Nick on the supernatural teen - drama Fox series Point Pleasant . He had a major recurring role throughout the first and only season of the series . He has since then appeared in television shows such as Grey 's Anatomy , 8 Simple Rules , Big Love and Heroes .", "1": "In April 2005 , he signed on to become a series regular portraying the role of Horace Calloway on ABC 's political drama series Commander in Chief , starring Geena Davis and Donald Sutherland . The series premiered on September 27 , 2005 , ran for one season and was cancelled on June 14 , 2006 . In 2008 , he took on the lead role as Zach Conroy in The Cutting Edge : Chasing the Dream , with Francia Raisa . In February 2008 , he was announced to portray the lead role of Will , in Lionsgate 's Parody / Comedy film Disaster Movie . The film is written and directed by directing and screenwriting duo Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer who have previously worked on other Parody films such as Meet The Spartans and Epic Movie . The film spoofs recent disaster films such as Cloverfield . He stars with Kim Kardashian , Vanessa Minnillo and Carmen Electra . The film , which was released on August 29 , 2008 , was a critical failure . The film grossed over $34 million worldwide and received extremely negative reviews from critics , as well as six nominations at the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards . In October 2008 , he was announced to star in Summit Entertainment 's remake of the cult 1983 slasher film The House on Sorority Row . The film stars Briana Evigan , Audrina Patridge , and Rumer Willis . Sorority Row was released on September 11 , 2009 to negative reviews . Lanter at the Star Wars Weekends in June 2009 In 2009 , he began a major recurring role on The CW 's 90210 portraying the role of Liam Court . In September 2009 , he was announced as a series regular for the second season . The series is a sequel to the 1990s teen drama series Beverly Hills , 90210 . In March 2010 , he signed on for another parody project with Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer , 20th Century Fox 's Vampires Suck . He played Edward Sullen , a spoof of Edward Cullen from the Twilight saga . The film was released on August 18 , 2010 .", "2": "In May 2009 , it was announced he had signed on for the role of Jason Webber in Screen Gems ' horror film The Roommate . Starring with Minka Kelly and Leighton Meester , filming took place in 2009 . The film originally was scheduled for an October 2010 release but was pushed forward to September 17 , 2010 . However , Screen Gems pushed it to February 4 , 2011 . He has worked on two films Liars All and A Chance of Rain . He also voices Harry Osborn , Flash Thompson and Venom in the TV series Ultimate Spider - Man , which premiered on April 1 , 2012 . He has also signed on to voice the role of Sled in Secret of the Wings , which will be released in October 2012 . On March 5 , 2013 , Lanter was cast as a co-star in The CW 's science fiction drama series Star - Crossed ( originally titled Oxygen ) opposite Aimee Teegarden . Star - Crossed is about a romance between a human girl ( Teegarden ) and an alien boy ( Lanter ) when he and six others of his kind are integrated into a suburban high school 10 years after they landed on Earth and were consigned to an internment camp . In 2016 , Lanter began playing the role of Wyatt Logan in the NBC series Timeless which is scheduled to broadcast a second season in early 2018 . Star Wars ( edit ) In December 2006 , he was announced to voice the role of Anakin Skywalker for the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars which was released on August 15 , 2008 . The film had box office success earning worldwide $69,182,844 . He continued in the role in the television series Star Wars : The Clone Wars which premiered on October 3 , 2008 on the Cartoon Network . He has also reprised his role in various video games based on the franchise . The series ' fourth season premiered in September , 2011 . Season five premiered on Cartoon Network on September 29 , 2012 .", "3": "The Red Carpet Premier for the fifth Season was in Orlando , Florida during Celebration VI on Friday August 24 , 2012 where Lanter along with some of his co-stars Samuel Witwer , James Arnold Taylor , Dee Bradley Baker , Tom Kane , Daniel Logan and Stephen Stanton as well as Supervising Director Dave Filoni attended this special event . Personal life ( edit ) Lanter was born in Massillon , Ohio , and moved to Atlanta , Georgia , in 1991 at age eight . On June 14 , 2013 , he married his longtime girlfriend , Angela Stacy . The two had been in a relationship since 2009 . They welcomed their first child , daughter MacKenlee Faire Lanter , on December 30 , 2017 .", "4": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius Bobby Jones ' caddy 2008 WarGames : The Dead Code Will Farmer Direct - to - DVD 2008 The Cutting Edge : Chasing the Dream Zack Conroy TV movie 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker ( voice ) 2008 Disaster Movie Will Clayton 2009 Sorority Row Kyle Tyson Vampires Suck Edward Sullen 2011 Roommate , The The Roommate Jason Tanner 2012 Secret of the Wings Sled Direct - to - DVD ( voice ) 2013 Liars All Mike 2015 Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Arthur Curry / Aquaman Direct - to - video ( voice ) 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens Additional voices 2016 USS Indianapolis : Men of Courage Brian `` Bama '' Smithwick 2017 Pitch Perfect 3 Chicago 2018 The Death of Superman Arthur Curry / Aquaman Animated film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Manhunt Himself Contestant ( seventh runner - up ) 2005 8 Simple Rules Brendon 1 episode : `` The After Party '' 2005 Point Pleasant Nick 3 episodes : `` Waking the Dead '' , `` Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Choked '' , `` Missing '' 2005 -- 2006 Commander in Chief Horace Calloway Regular cast ; 18 episodes 2006 Big Love Gibson 1 episode : `` Eviction '' 2006 Heroes Brody Mitchum 5 episodes 2006 Shark Eddie Linden 3 episodes : `` Russo '' , `` In the Grasp '' , `` Dial M for Monica '' 2007 Judy 's Got a Gun Isaac Prentice Unsold ABC pilot 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Ryan Lansco 1 episode : `` Fallen Idols '' 2007 Monk Clay Bridges 1 episode : `` Mr.", "5": "Monk and the Birds and the Bees '' 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Adam Singer 1 episode : `` The Heart of the Matter '' 2008 The Cutting Edge : Chasing the Dream Zack Conroy TV Film 2008 -- 2014 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker Regular cast ( voice ) 92 episodes 2008 Life Patrick Bridger 1 episode : `` Everything ... All the Time '' 2008 Oaks , The The Oaks Mike Unsold Fox pilot 2009 -- 2013 90210 Liam Court Recurring ( season 1 ) ; regular cast ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) 98 episodes 2012 -- 2017 Ultimate Spider - Man Harry Osborn / Patrioteer , Flash Thompson / Agent Venom , Venom ( Harry Osborn ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) and Flash Thompson ( Seasons 3 - 4 ) ) , Klaw , Anti-Venom Regular cast ( voice ) 42 episodes 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Baylor Hotner 3 episodes : `` The House of the Nightmare Witch '' , `` The Night the Clown Cried '' , `` The Night the Clown Cried II : Tears of Doom ! ''", "6": "( voice ) 2012 High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange , The The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Matt the Pear 1 episode : `` Generic Holiday Special '' 2014 Star - Crossed Roman Regular cast 13 episodes 2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Ed White 3 episodes 2015 CSI : Cyber Tristan Jenkins 1 episodes 2016 , 2018 Star Wars Rebels Anakin Skywalker 3 episodes ( voice ) : `` Shroud of Darkness '' , `` Twilight of the Apprentice : Part II '' , `` A World Between Worlds '' ( archive recording ) 2016 -- present Timeless Wyatt Logan Leading role 2017 -- 2018 Star Wars Forces of Destiny Anakin Skywalker 3 episodes ( voice ) : `` The Padawan Path '' , `` Teach You , I Will '' , `` Unexpected Company '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Refs 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels Anakin Skywalker 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance Anakin Skywalker 2009 Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Republic Heroes Anakin Skywalker 2011 Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Darth Sadic , Agent Galen 2014 Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Eddie Brock / Venom 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Anakin Skywalker , Venom 2016 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Ulysses Klaue References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Star of TV show 90210 Matt Lanter reveals all '' . heatworld.com. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' 90210 's ' Matt Lanter to Co-Star in CW 's ' Oxygen ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Matt Lanter Says Goodbye to ' 90210 , ' Hello ' Star - Crossed ' '' . Yahoo ! TV . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDbPro '' . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Kane . `` Dan Kane : Local native Matt Lanter stars in ' Vampires Suck ' '' . The Repository . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry ladies ! 90210 hunk Matt Lanter gets engaged to his long - term lover on romantic Paris trip '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Matt Lanter Marries Angela Stacy ! '' . usmagazine.com. 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Lanter and Wife Angela Welcome Daughter MacKenlee Faire '' . People . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krome Studios ( October 6 , 2009 ) . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes . LucasArts . Scene : Closing credits , 2 : 30 in , Voice Talent . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 2.0 : Marvel Super Heroes . Scene : Closing credits , 2 : 55 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 29 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Lanter .", "8": "Matt Lanter on IMDb Matt Lanter on Twitter VIAF : 65951722 LCCN : n2008081270 ISNI : 0000 0000 7245 6825 GND : 138519412 BNF : cb161473920 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Lanter&oldid=837923796 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people 21st - century American male actors American male film actors Male models from Ohio American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Anti-bullying activists Male actors from Atlanta Male actors from Ohio People from Massillon , Ohio University of Georgia alumni Activists from Ohio Reality modeling competition participants Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from April 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7420920477821898435	to aru kagaku no railgun s episode 3	[ "Project Radio Noise" ]	{ "0": "List of a Certain Scientific Railgun episodes - wikipedia List of a Certain Scientific Railgun episodes Jump to : navigation , search The limited edition cover of the first DVD compilation of A Certain Scientific Railgun , released by Geneon Entertainment ; featuring two of the main characters Kuroko Shirai ( left ) and Mikoto Misaka ( right ) . A Certain Scientific Railgun ( とある科学の超電磁砲 ( レールガン ) , Toaru Kagaku no Rērugan ) is an anime series based on the manga of the same name , which in itself is a spin - off of Kazuma Kamachi 's light novel , manga and anime series A Certain Magical Index . The manga is serialized in Dengeki Daioh and is written by Kazuma Kamachi and illustrated by Motoi Fukuyama . The anime series is set in Academy City before and during the events of A Certain Magical Index , in which the plot focuses on Mikoto Misaka , an electromaster who is the third strongest esper in Academy City , along with her friends : Kuroko Shirai , a teleporter and Mikoto 's roommate ; Kazari Uiharu , Kuroko 's partner in Judgment , the city 's public safety committee ; and Ruiko Saten , Kazari 's friend and classmate . The anime is produced by J.C. Staff and directed by Tatsuyuki Nagai , series composition by Seishi Minakami , music by Maiko Iuchi , character design by Yuichi Tanaka and art and sound direction by Tomonori Kuroda and Jin Aketagawa respectively . The anime began airing on Tokyo MX from October 2 , 2009 to March 19 , 2010 and were later aired a day later on Chiba TV , MBS , TV Saitama and TV Kanagawa . The first 12 episodes follow the manga closely , with some changes and a few anime - original episodes and characters , while the later half of the series being a new original plot written by Kazuma Kamachi .", "1": "Eight DVD compilations , each containing three episodes and a mini A Certain Magical Index novel written by Kazuma Kamachi and art by Haimura Kiyotaka which features Kaori Kanzaki as the protagonist , were released since February 7 , 2010 . A five - minute bonus episode was included with the Official Visual Book of the show released on July 24 , 2010 . An OVA episode was then released on October 29 , 2010 . Funimation licensed the series in North America and released the series on DVD in April 2013 . A second anime season , titled A Certain Scientific Railgun S , aired between April 12 , 2013 and September 27 , 2013 and was simulcast by Funimation , who released the series on DVD between July and August 2014 . Another Visual Book containing another bonus episode was released on March 27 , 2014 . The first season features five pieces of theme music , two opening themes and three ending themes . For the first 14 episodes , the opening theme was `` Only my Railgun '' by fripSide , while the ending theme was `` Dear My Friend - Mada Minu Mirai e - '' ( Dear My Friend - まだ見ぬ未来へ - , `` Dear My Friend - Towards an Unseen Future - '' ) by Elisa . A special ending theme , `` Smile : You & Me '' by Elisa was aired on episode 12 . From episodes 15 onwards , the opening theme was `` LEVEL5 - Judgelight - '' by fripSide and the ending theme was `` Real Force '' by Elisa . On the last episode , `` Only my Railgun '' is featured once again as insert song , and the full single of `` Dear My Friend - Mada Minu Mirai e - '' is used as the final ending theme . In the OVA , the opening theme was `` Future gazer '' by fripSide while the ending theme was `` Special `` ONE '' '' by Elisa . The second season uses six pieces of theme music , two opening theme and four ending themes . For the first sixteen episodes , the opening theme is `` Sisters ' Noise '' by fripSide whilst the main ending theme is `` Grow Slowly '' by Yuka Iguchi .", "2": "The ending theme for episodes 11 and 14 is `` stand still '' by Iguchi . From episode seventeen onwards , the opening theme is `` Eternal Reality '' by fripSide whilst the ending theme is `` Links '' ( リンクス , Rinkusu ) by Sachika Misawa . The ending theme for episode 23 is `` Infinia '' ( インフィニア ) by Sachika Misawa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 A Certain Scientific Railgun ( 2009 - 10 ) 1.2 A Certain Scientific Railgun S ( 2013 ) 1.3 Special episodes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Episode list ( edit ) A Certain Scientific Railgun ( 2009 - 10 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Electromaster '' `` Erekutoromasutā '' ( 電撃使い ( エレクトロマスター ) ) October 2 , 2009 In Academy City , Kuroko Shirai , a member of a public moral committee group known as Judgment , finds that her senior at Tokiwadai Middle School , Mikoto Misaka , has already dispatched some thugs that were targeted , much to Kuroko 's chagrin . After physical exams at school , at which Mikoto is ranked a Level - 5 esper , Kuroko invites her colleague Kazari Uiharu to meet Mikoto , and Kazari decides to brings along her friend and classmate , Ruiko Saten , as well . As the four go to a crêperie , where Kazari and Ruiko are surprised to find Mikoto nothing like the snobby socialite image that they had in mind , a bank robbery takes place nearby . Kuroko uses her teleportation ability to apprehend two robbers , but a third robber attempts to kidnap a wandering kid , hurting Ruiko when she attempts to stop him . This angers Mikoto , who uses her electromagnetic powers to fire her signature railgun attack at the robber and stop his escape . With the robbers apprehended by the Anti-Skills , the city 's police and security , Ruiko is thanked by everyone for her brave rescue .", "3": "`` When Working Under a Hot Sun , Rehydration is Essential '' `` Entenka no Sagyō ni wa Suibun Hokyū ga Hissu desu no yo '' ( 炎天下の作業には水分補給が必須ですのよ ) October 9 , 2009 Mikoto invites Kazari and Ruiko over to her dorm room to hang out , ruining Kuroko 's plans of celebrating her one - month anniversary as Mikoto 's roommate . Upon learning that Kuroko had ordered aphrodisiacs for the occasion , Mikoto ends up fighting her in the hallway , only for both of them to be caught using their power by the fearsome Tokiwadai Dorm Supervisor . As punishment , both are sent to clean the school pool , where Mikoto is introduced to Kuroko 's classmates , Kinuho Wannai and Maaya Awatsuki . When Kinuho offers to help Mikoto clean the pool with her aquakinetic powers as thanks for rescuing her from some thugs a while back , Kuroko gets jealous of how well Mikoto gets on with others , believing that Mikoto has no use for her . To cheer her up , Mikoto gives Kuroko a present celebrating a slightly different anniversary , being the day when they became friends . However , whilst toasting , Kuroko accidentally drinks the aphrodisiac she had intended to give to Mikoto , becoming so overcome with lust that she steals Mikoto 's underwear while she is still wearing them , prompting an electrical punishment . `` Tokiwadai is Targeted '' `` Nerawareta Tokiwadai '' ( ねらわれた常磐台 ) October 16 , 2009 Kazari and Ruiko are invited by Mikoto and Kuroko to visit the School Garden , a private district of Academy City where a large number of elite girls ' schools are located . On the way , Ruiko ends up getting her uniform wet and has to borrow a Tokiwadai uniform .", "4": "Whilst visiting a cake shop , Kuroko and Kazari are called back to Judgment and are informed of a case where several Tokiwadai students have been tased and had exaggerated eyebrows drawn on with permanent marker . Due to the uniform Ruiko is mistaken for a Tokiwadai student and is attacked in the shop 's bathroom , becoming the latest victim . Kuroko and Uiharu narrow down the suspects to a Level - 2 esper named Miho Jūfuku , who can turn herself invisible to the naked eye . After Ruiko confirms this , having seen Miho 's reflection in the bathroom mirror , the girls use the garden 's camera system to track down and corner Miho . She reveals that her boyfriend dumped her in favor of a Tokiwadai student because of her weird eyebrows , which led her to target other Tokiwadai students . Sympathetically , Ruiko forgives Miho and compliments her eyebrows , making her happy . As Miho is taken into custody , Mikoto wonders how a Level - 2 esper managed to get so powerful . `` Urban Legends '' `` Toshi Densetsu '' ( 都市伝説 ) October 23 , 2009 Mikoto and the others discuss urban legends they have seen on the internet , including one about a mysterious woman who undresses in public . Of particular interest to Mikoto is one rumor concerning a boy with the ability to cancel out other abilities , reminding her of when she first met Tōma Kamijō during an encounter with a group of thugs . While in town , Mikoto runs into Tōma as he tries to help a woman look for where she parked her car . When the woman suddenly starts undressing herself , Tōma runs away from the misunderstanding bystanders , leaving Mikoto to help the woman find her car , where they have some curious conversations . Later that day , Mikoto runs into Tōma again and gets him to agree to a fight near a riverbank . Despite Mikoto 's creative use of her powers , she is unable to stop Tōma 's ability to negate her attacks . Tōma pretends to lose after seeing Mikoto flinching , but this only serves to agitate her even more as she proceeds to chase him all night .", "5": "`` A Certain Pair of New Trainees '' `` Toaru Futari no Shinjin Kenshū '' ( とある二人の新人研修 ) October 30 , 2009 Whilst out on patrol , Kuroko and Kazari come across a couple of petty thieves stealing from a car in broad daylight . However , when Kuroko charges in , the thieves ambush her and injure Kazari as they make a quick getaway . Kazari scolds Kuroko for not only ignoring her warning , but also forgetting the promise they made together . Later that day , Mikoto is told the story about how Kuroko and Kazari first met in Judgment a few years ago . When Kuroko and her senior , Mii Konori , had gotten involved in a bank robbery , Kuroko 's rash actions had led to Kazari being taken hostage by one of the robbers , an esper who can throw balls at a constant speed , and had caused Konori to become injured protecting her from one of his attacks . Having realized her mistakes , Kuroko had managed to teleport Kazari outside to safety , staying behind to face the robber . In the end , Kuroko had been saved thanks to Mikoto , who anonymously answered Kazari 's pleas for help , and had managed to apprehend the robber . Through telling the story , Kuroko remembers the promise she made with Kazari was to be true to themselves and become full - fledged members of Judgment together . Realizing her folly , Kuroko catches up to Kazari and joins her in pursuing the car thieves . 6 `` Everyone is Proactive When It Comes to This '' `` Kō Iu Koto ni wa Minna Sekkyokuteki Nan desu yo '' ( こういうことにはみんな積極的なんですよ ) November 6 , 2009 When an esper starts using gravitons to cause aluminum metals hidden inside stuffed animals to explode all over the city , Judgment struggles to identify the culprit as the only esper whose ability is known to match the necessary level of the incidents is in a coma .", "6": "Kuroko warns Mikoto not to do anything drastic like track down the culprit herself , but after Kazari leaves her Judgment armband behind , Mikoto uses the chance of being mistaken for a member of Judgment by Konori to show Kuroko that she too has what it takes to be in Judgment . However , she finds that being a Judgment member is not the exciting job she thought it was when she ends up doing a lot of menial , difficult tasks . When the pair are tasked to find a little girl 's bag , Mikoto , assuming it is related to the graviton bomb case , takes drastic measures to retrieve the bag from a dog , only to discover no bomb was involved at all . Despite having her real identity exposed by Kuroko and Kazari , she is nevertheless thanked for her help , and by the end of the day , Mikoto has a new appreciation for a Judgment member 's work . The next day , however , a Judgment member is injured protecting a civilian from a graviton explosion . 7 `` Abilities and Powers '' `` Nōryoku to Chikara '' ( 能力とちから ) November 13 , 2009 As Judgment and the Anti-Skills join forces to find the culprit behind the increasingly severe graviton bombings , Ruiko talks to Mikoto about the Level Upper , a rumored object said to increase an esper 's level . The next day , Mikoto accompanies Ruiko and Kazari to the mall , where she runs into Tōma with the little girl whose bag she recovered the other day . After noticing a connection tying the graviton incidents , Kuroko and Konori realize that the culprit is targeting Judgment members , with Kazari set to be the next target . After an evacuation is mandated , Kazari , Mikoto , Tōma , and the young girl are left in the store with a graviton bomb hidden inside a stuffed animal . Mikoto fumbles her railgun trying to stop it , but everyone is saved by Tōma 's right hand . Mikoto manages to find the culprit , Hatsuya Kaitabi , who wanted to punish Judgment for not protecting him from bullies , believing people with power like her and Judgment are corrupt .", "7": "Mikoto punches him for using that as an excuse to hurt others , with Kuroko later telling him Mikoto would have still stood up to him even if she remained a Level - 1 esper . The next day , Mikoto once again runs into Tōma , who explains why he did not seek recognition for rescuing everyone , only serving to aggravate Mikoto further . 8 `` Level Upper '' `` Reberu Appā '' ( 幻想御手 ( レベルアッパー ) ) November 20 , 2009 After Mikoto and the others visit an ill Kazari , Kuroko becomes curious as to how Level - 2 esper Hatsuya had powers equivalent to those of a Level - 4 esper . When Mikoto brings up the Level Upper urban legend Ruiko had mentioned before , Kuroko points out this is not the first time an esper 's power and recorded level have been vastly different . Mikoto goes to a restaurant and pretends to be an interested customer to a group of male delinquents who may have relevant information . Mikoto eventually gives up the act when they refuse to tell her , soon facing their leader , a girl named Elder Sister with the ability to manipulate the viscosity of asphalt . Mikoto wins the fight , though she does end up damaging a nearby generator in the process , causing a citywide blackout . The next day , Kuroko and Mikoto discover that Hatsuya , along with several other espers who had shown abnormally strong powers , have all fallen into comas . Meanwhile , Ruiko comes across a hidden link whilst browsing the internet on her music player , discovering a download for the Level Upper . 9 `` Majority Report '' `` Majoriti Ripōto '' ( マジョリティ・リポート ) November 27 , 2009 Mikoto and the others meet with AIM specialist Harumi Kiyama , the immodest woman Mikoto had previously met , about the Level Upper . Ruiko , who had downloaded the Level Upper , keeps it to herself when Kuroko mentions its relation to criminal activities . Noticing Ruiko feeling down about being a Level - 0 esper , Mikoto tries to assure her that an esper 's level is not important , though this secretly irritates Ruiko further .", "8": "The next day , Ruiko stumbles upon a boy being conned by a group of thugs over Level Upper and , unable to just run away , decides to confront them . Coincidentally , Kuruko arrives before Ruiko gets hurt and subdues two of the thugs , but she has trouble using her teleportation powers against their boss , Trick , due to his light - distortion ability which affects her calculations . Trick chases Kuroko through an abandoned building , till Kuroko is able to teleport the building 's windows directly into its supports , cutting right through them and causing the building to collapse . Having barely survived , Trick surrenders his Level Upper , which is revealed to be a music file . Meanwhile , as Ruiko feels even more conflicted about what to do with the Level Upper , she is approached by some of her classmates and , upon hearing that they are also interested in the Level Upper , decides to share it with them . 10 `` Silent Majority '' `` Sairento Majoriti '' ( サイレント・マジョリティ ) December 04 , 2009 Ruiko uses the Level Upper on herself and her friends , becoming happy just to have an ability of her own . Meanwhile , Kuroko takes care of more Level Upper offenders and gains more injuries in the process , keeping them a secret from Mikoto . Remembering when they ate shaved ice the other day , Mikoto and Kuroko come to the conclusion that the Level Upper is using synesthesia to manipulate multiple senses via a single stimulus . Kazari hears from Ruiko that her friends had suddenly fallen unconscious due to the Level Upper , later arriving at Ruiko 's apartment to find her unconscious as well . After Ruiko is admitted into hospital , Mikoto , believing she hurt Ruiko 's feelings by saying an esper 's level does not matter , asks to cooperate with Judgment in finding the culprit . After learning from the frog - faced doctor , Heaven Canceller , that the Level Upper victims seem to share a brainwave pattern with someone , Mikoto and the others discover the culprit is Kiyama , who had been using the Level Upper to connect the thoughts of espers like a parallel computing network . Kazari , who had visited Kiyama earlier and discovered her notes on synesthesia , is taken hostage by her .", "9": "Noticing Kuroko 's injuries , Mikoto goes by herself to rescue Kazari and stop Kiyama . 11 `` Dr. Kiyama '' `` Kiyama - Sensei '' ( 木山せんせい ) December 11 , 2009 Kiyama explains that she used the Level Upper Network to connect many brains as an alternative supercomputer since she was not allowed to use the Tree Diagram supercomputer . She assures Kazari that the victims will be released soon and gives her a cure program . When she is roadblocked by the Anti-Skills , she harnesses the power of the Level Upper Network , called Multi-Skill , to utilize the various abilities of the victims to defeat them . Mikoto arrives and battles Kiyama , who blocks her every attack until she lets her guard down , during which Mikoto gets close enough to shock her directly . In the process , Mikoto experiences flashes of Kiyama 's past , in which Kiyama had been assigned by her boss , Gensei Kihara , to be a teacher to a group of orphaned children , known as Child Errors , to prepare them for an experiment , growing fond of them in the process . However , the experiment had gone horribly wrong and the children had ended up in comas or worse , and Gensei choose to cover it up in the interests of science . Kiyama explains that she wanted to find a cure to save her students by using Tree Diagram but was denied every time , which led to her creating the Level Upper Network . As Kiyama 's anger suddenly causes her to lose control of the network and fall unconscious , a strange fetus - like creature emerges from her head . 12 `` AIM Burst '' `` AIM Bāsuto '' ( AIM バースト ) December 18 , 2009 Mikoto attempts to fight the creature as it heads towards a nuclear power plant , but finds her attacks only cause it to regenerate and to grow larger . With the network out of control , the comatose Level Upper users start screaming in pain . Kiyama explains how the creature , called AIM Burst , is the result of the 10,000 Level Upper users ' AIM fields and their negative thoughts .", "10": "With the help of Anti-Skill members Aiho Yomikawa and Tsuzuri Tessō , Kazari manages to upload the cure Kiyama gave her , a song file , which is played all over the city , calming the Level Upper users and weakening AIM Burst . Despite losing its regenerative ability , AIM Burst is still able to use the abilities of the Level Upper victims , emitting their negative thoughts to Mikoto and Kiyama . Mikoto apologizes to the victims for not understanding their feelings , telling them not to give up on their dreams , and shoots a railgun to defeat AIM Burst by destroying its core . Kiyama is taking into custody by the Anti-Skills , still hoping to find a way to cure her students and challenging Mikoto to stop her again if she does not agree with her methods . Kazari rushes over to Ruiko , who , having recovered from her coma and lost her powers , apologizes to her for forgetting what was truly important . 13 `` A Bikini Divides the Eyeline Between Top and Bottom , but a One - Piece Shows Off the Figure so They Only Flatter the Slender '' `` Bikini wa Mesen ga Jōge ni Wakaremasu kedo Wanpīsu wa Karada no Rain ga Demasu kara Hosoi Kata Shika Niawanain desu yo '' ( ビキニは目線が上下に分かれますけどワンピースは身体のラインが出ますから細い方しか似合わないんですよ ) December 25 , 2009 Kinuho and Maaya ask Mikoto and Kuroko to help them be models for an online swimsuit catalog , also inviting Kazari , Ruiko , Konori and Kuroko 's rival , Mitsuko Kongō . After choosing their swimsuits , the girls begin their shoot in a holographic studio that can replicate various environments down to the touch . The shoot goes well at first but the hologram system malfunctions , causing the environment to switch into weird settings , including a blizzard , a desert , a hurricane , and even the moon ( with a homage to 2001 : A Space Odyssey ) .", "11": "While the camera is repaired , the girls make some curry for lunch , with Mitsuko opting to make her own curry though she has no cooking experience . After having trouble , Mitsuko finally admits it to Kinuho and Maaya who ask Konori for help , and both teams produce good curry for a photo op . After the others go home , Mikoto stays behind to try a frilly swimsuit , her first choice though the others made her feel ashamed because of its childish style , and unwittingly broadcasts her antics to the company 's public billboard , which Tōma observes in passing by . 14 `` Special Workshop '' `` Tokubetsu Kōshū '' ( 特別講習 ) January 8 , 2010 Ruiko , along with other students who had used the Level Upper , must attend a special class at a certain high school . Their first lesson , taught by the petite teacher Komoe Tsukuyomi , is about the importance of having a personal reality for ability development . During lunch , Ruiko once again encounters Miho , with whom she had been exchanging letters since their incident . Later , for their PE segment , Yomikawa has the class continuously run laps as an example of how one can surpass one 's own limits . Elder Sister , the female gangster whom Mikoto fought before , complains that the classes are simply a form of punishment for using Level Upper , but Ruiko stands up to her , telling her they all deserved what they got for cheating . In their next class , Komoe explains that the special classes are not intended to be punishment , but rather lessons designed to motivate the students to try to surpass their limits and to regain the powers they once had . Komoe 's speech impresses the class , including Ruiko , who remembers the kind words and advice her friends gave her and is encouraged to keep trying . After receiving a letter from Miho , who wants to follow her example , Ruiko reunites with Mikoto , Kuroko and Kazari . 15 `` Skill Out '' `` Sukiru Auto '' ( スキルアウト ) January 15 , 2010 Mitsuko finds herself attacked by a Skill - Out gang called the Big Spiders , but is saved by a long - haired man with a spider tattoo , the description of whom Konori seems to recognize .", "12": "This incident is shown to be the latest in a string of indiscriminate attacks on espers by the Big Spiders , led by one calling himself Wataru Kurozuma . Whilst investigating the gang 's home turf in Academy City 's 10th District , Mikoto and Kuroko come across the long - haired man who becomes their guide to the district . Mikoto and Kuroko head to the Big Spiders ' hideout , but run into trouble when the gang use a sound system device called Capacity Down , which disrupts their esper abilities . The device is disabled by the long - haired man from before , who recognizes Big Spider 's leader as Hebitani Tsuguo and claims himself to be the real Kurozuma . After Kurozuma singlehandedly defeats the gang , he is approached by Konori , who is revealed to be an old acquaintance of his . 16 `` Academy City '' `` Gakuen Toshi '' ( 学園都市 ) January 22 , 2010 While Konori avoids coming to work following her encounter with Kurozuma , Mikoto and the others meet up with Konori 's roommate , Aomi Yanagisako . Aomi reveals that Konori was once a member of the Big Spiders , which was a friendlier group back then and , despite being an esper , she was allowed to stay by Kurozuma , with whom she fell in love . When Mikoto receives word that the Anti-Skills will be leading a surprise crackdown against the Skill - Out gangs the next day , she confronts Konori to ask why she will not leave the past behind . Konori explains that she left the gang when Kurozuma supposedly died during a fire ; she later became a member of Judgment . Kurozuma explains to Konori how he was hospitalized after the fire , while she tries to convince him not to try to end the Big Spiders all by himself . Later , Mikoto has an epiphany and finally understands Konori 's reasons . As the crackdown begins , Mikoto , Kuroko and Konori help Kurozuma fight the Big Spiders and destroy their weapons , including Capacity Down .", "13": "With his gang members incapacitated , Hebitani threatens to light a bomb strapped on his chest , but he is knocked out by Kurozuma . As the Big Spiders are arrested by the Anti-Skills , Kurozuma asks Konori to arrest him as well , rekindling her trust and their friendship . 17 `` Tsuzuri 's Summer Vacation '' `` Natsuyasumi no Tsuzuri '' ( 夏休みのつづり ) January 29 , 2010 After having a bad day , Tsuzuri does a curfew run at an arcade where she meets a boy named Haruki Kōnoe , one of Kazari and Ruiko 's classmates . As Tsuzuri 's Anti-Skill duties get worse , Yomikawa gives her a day off to finish her teacher work . Later that day , she encounters Kōnoe at the arcade and teaches him how to get a secret character in her favorite beat ' em up game , `` Gekisho 9 '' . While carrying a drunken Yomikawa home , Komoe gives Tsuzuri a speech about the joys of helping others , inspiring her to do better the next day . After dealing with a mischievous nun , a burger - loving miko and a girl with a missing pendant , Tsuzuri returns to the arcade , where she ends up playing against Kōnoe on Gekisho 9 , both using the secret character . As the two walk home , Kōnoe becomes interested when Tsuzuri brings up the idea of another Gekisho sequel , giving his thanks to her when they part ways . Sometime afterward , Tsuzuri learns that Kōnoe has transferred to a game - design school , sponsored by Gekisho 's creators , which makes her happy to know she inspired him and strengthens her resolve to do better herself . 18 `` Asunaro Park '' `` Asunaroen '' ( あすなろ園 ) February 5 , 2010 After suffering the wrath of the Dorm Supervisor yet again , Kuroko seeks revenge and takes Mikoto with her to follow the Dorm Supervisor on her day off .", "14": "They eventually arrive at an orphanage for Child Errors in Asunaro Park where , to their surprise , the Dorm Supervisor shows a kinder side to the children there . After spotting Kazari and Ruiko , who are helping out with their teacher Daigo , the girls realize that the Dorm Supervisor is in love with Daigo . Hoping it will change her attitude at the dorms , Kuroko offers to help her get the two of them together . The next day , the girls help mind the children while the Dorm Supervisor and Daigo make a birthday cake for one of the orphans , which fails due to her nervousness . During the party , the Dorm Supervisor protects one of the children when an earthquake kicks in , receiving praise from Daigo . The two later meet for dinner , where Daigo asks if there is anything wrong with a younger man marrying an older woman , which the girls interpret as a potential marriage proposal . However Daigo is actually planning to propose to Kazuko Shigenomori , the caretaker of the orphanage . Deciding to remain friends with Daigo and to give him her blessing , the Dorm Supervisor soon returns to her normal disciplinarian self . 19 `` Midsummer Festival '' `` Seikasai '' ( 盛夏祭 ) February 12 , 2010 The Tokiwadai Middle School dormitory hosts the Midsummer Festival , an invitation - only event with most of the students dressed as maids . As Kuroko gets dragged by Maika Tsuchimikado to help in the kitchen , Mikoto gives a tour of the festival to Ruiko and Kazari , the latter of whom is very excited to experience the life of a Tokiwadai student . Mikoto , however , grows anxious as news of her upcoming stage performance spreads and raises expectations . As she nervously prepares for her stage debut , Mikoto meets Tōma backstage and , believing he was simply there to make fun of her , chases him away . In the process , she manages to force out all of her worries and performs a beautiful violin solo to the crowd .", "15": "20 `` Poltergeist '' `` Porutāgaisuto '' ( 乱雑開放 ( ポルターガイスト ) ) February 19 , 2010 Kazari gets a new roommate , a transfer student named Erii Haruue . Mikoto and Ruiko take Erii out to show her around while Kazari , Kuroko and Konori attend a meeting held by Therestina Kihara Lifeline of the Multi Active Rescue ( MAR ) , concerning earthquake - like `` Poltergeist incidents '' caused by multiple espers simultaneously losing control of their abilities . That night , Mikoto and Kuroko skip out on their curfew to celebrate Erii 's arrival with Ruiko and Konori at the local fireworks festival . Erii starts to reminisce about her past with her new friends , falling into a trance and wandering off on her own . Kuroko gets a call from Konori , who has discovered the Poltergeist incidents have been created on purpose , but another Poltergeist incident occurs near Kazari and Erii , who are saved from a falling lamppost by Therestina . As the girls slowly realize what has happened , a familiar woman is seen in the crowd below . 21 `` Voices '' `` Koe '' ( 声 ) February 26 , 2010 Following the Poltergeist incident , Mikoto wonders if Kiyama is once again involved , though Kuroko reminds her that Kiyama is supposedly still in custody . Kuroko instead suspects Erii as the cause , since most of the Poltergeist attacks have been occurring at places she has been . Both of them do a clandestine background check on Erii and learn that , despite being a Level - 2 telepathic esper , she can exhibit Level - 4 powers under certain catalysts . Kazari takes Erii to the park , where Erii explains that she had been looking for a childhood friend . Erii goes into another trance , and a violent Poltergeist attack occurs at the park . Kazari becomes angry at Kuroko for suspecting Erii , so Therestina performs some tests on Erii at the MAR Base Research Laboratory to prove her innocence .", "16": "Upon waking up , Erii explains to everyone that she falls into a trance upon hearing the voice of her friend , Banri Edasaki , who apparently is another telepath . When Erii shows everyone a photo of Banri inside her pendant , Mikoto recognizes Banri as one of Kiyama 's Child Error students who went into a coma . 22 `` Level 6 ( The One Who Obtains the Power of God Whilst Still Possessing a Mortal Body ) '' `` Reberu Shikkusu ( Kami Naranu Mi ni te Tenjō no Ishi ni Tadoritsuku Mono ) '' ( レベル 6 ( 神ならぬ身にて天上の意志に辿り着くもの ) ) March 5 , 2010 Erii explains that both she and Banri were both telepaths who had grown up in an orphanage for Child Errors before Banri had moved , but she has recently begun hearing Banri suffering and has been trying to find her ever since . Mikoto explains about the Level Upper experiment to Therestina , who theorizes that Kiyama 's comatose students are the cause of the Poltergeist incidents . However , this theory divides Kazari and Kuroko even more , as Kazari thinks Kuroko is now blaming them instead . The next day , Mikoto learns that Kiyama has been released from custody , later learning that the Poltergeists could potentially destroy Academy City if not resolved . Whilst investigating one of Gensei 's old facilities , Mikoto encounters Kiyama herself , who shows her to a hospital where all of her comatose students are under the care of Heaven Canceller . He explains Gensei 's conviction that an esper can become a Level 6 by taking Ability Crystals made from the essence of comatose espers who have lost control of their AIM fields . He has gathered the Child Errors and bailed Kiyama to find a cure , but without the `` First Sample '' , the first test subject of Gensei 's Ability Crystal program , their attempts at waking the students have caused Poltergeist incidents .", "17": "Therestina , who followed Mikoto and Kiyama to their location , arrives and demands the children to her custody . Forced to choose , Mikoto takes Therestina 's side to potentially give the children a chance , convincing the heartbroken Kiyama to put her trust in the authorities . 23 `` What Is It You See In Your Eyes Right Now ? '' `` Ima , Anata no Me ni wa Nani ga Mietemasu ka ? '' ( いま、あなたの目には何が見えてますか ? ) March 12 , 2010 Still feeling concerned , Kazari goes to see Kiyama and convinces her to share information with MAR to help her students . However , Therestina destroys Kiyama 's data and refuses to let them see either Erii or the children . When Kazari tells her friends what happened , they learn that Therestina is in fact Gensei 's granddaughter , who was the first test subject of his Ability Crystal program . Realizing she was tricked , Mikoto confronts a battle - suited Therestina at the MAR Base Research Laboratory , but is outmatched when Therestina uses Capacity Down on her , revealing she intends to finish Gensei 's work . As Therestina and MAR leave with Erii and the children , Mikoto is rescued by Mitsuko , who had been resting nearby following a previous Poltergeist incident . When Mikoto awakens , she blames herself and attempts to go off on her own again . However , Ruiko stands in her way , reminding Mikoto that she does not have to do everything by herself and getting Kazari and Kuroko to make up with each other . Learning Kiyama is chasing after the MAR trailers to their destination , Mikoto , Kuroko , Kazari , Ruiko , Konori and Mitsuko head out to save Erii and the others . 24 `` Dear My Friends '' ( Dear my Friends ) March 19 , 2010 Kiyama is after the MAR trailers , unaware they are decoys filled with the MAR Troops , but is saved by Mikoto .", "18": "Kuroko , Mitsuko , Yomikawa , Tsuzuri and the Anti-Skills hold off the rest of the MAR Troops . Kiyama , Kazari and Ruiko head towards Kihara 's laboratory , whilst Mikoto defends them from Therestina , who attacks with a giant large mech . Although Therestina 's mech is unaffected by Mikoto 's basic attacks , Kuroko helps Mikoto destroy the mech by using its own arm as an improvised railgun . Mikoto , Kuroko , Kazari , Ruiko and Kiyama finally arrive at the underground lab where Erii and the children are being held . However , Therestina , who had survived , suddenly activates the lab 's Capacity Down and attacks the weakened espers , revealing her plan to use the First Sample from herself and the children to force Erii to become a Level 6 esper , destroying the city in the process . As all hope seems lost , Ruiko , the only one not affected by Capacity Down , destroys its controls , allowing Mikoto to defeat Therestina with her railgun . With the First Sample in hand , Kiyama creates the cure and finally awakens Banri and the other children , giving her thanks to Mikoto . In the aftermath , the recovering children give a birthday message to Kiyama via a blimp as Mikoto and her friends watch . Bonus `` Being a Photo Shoot Model Under the Sun Is n't Easy , You Know . '' `` Entenka no Satsuei Moderu mo Raku Ja Arimasen wa ne . '' ( 炎天下の撮影モデルも楽じゃありませんわね . ) July 24 , 2010 During the photo shoot , Kuroko attempts to seduce Mikoto by swapping a suntan lotion Kazari was rubbing on her with one filled with aphrodisiacs . However , her plan backfires when Ruiko takes Mikoto 's place , leading her to become aroused instead and lecherously chase after Kazari . Mikoto discovers that Kuroko is the culprit and punishes her , and when the four of them return , they find Mitsuko had accidentally used Kuroko 's lotion on her pet snake .", "19": "OVA `` Since Misaka - san is the Center of Attention Right Now ... '' `` Misaka - san wa Ima Chūmoku no Mato desukara '' ( 御坂さんはいま注目の的ですから ) October 29 , 2010 One day , shortly following the events of the Level Upper incident , Mikoto starts to feel an eerie feeling like someone is stalking her . As Mikoto continues to feel this discomforting sensation everywhere , she starts to become very paranoid and afraid . Looking into a related rumor , Kuroko and the others learn other students have also been experiencing the same sensation . While Ruiko and Konori take Mikoto to the public bath , where Ruiko gives her some encouragement , Kuroko and Kazari interview Mitsuko , Maaya and Kinuho , whose senior is also one of the victims . Thanks to Ruiko 's advice and Kuroko 's research , Mikoto finds the culprit behind the sensations to be Asako Jonan , an Anti-Skill officer and former Nagatenjōki Academy teacher . Having been fired from her teaching job , supposedly due to not being able to produce any Level 5 espers , Asako blamed Tokiwadai and used a device to produce special electromagnetic waves and cause discomfort in electromasters . Asako tries to escape but , thanks to Ruiko 's assistance , she is quickly captured by Mikoto and the Anti-Skills . As Mikoto rewards her friends for their help , Kazari unintentionally reveals Kuroko was also legitimately stalking Mikoto at the same time , prompting a swift punishment . A Certain Scientific Railgun S ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date 1 ( 25 ) `` Railgun '' `` Rērugan '' ( 超電磁砲 ( レールガン ) ) April 12 , 2013 Following an uncomfortable run in with Misaki Shokuhō , another Level 5 esper from Tokiwadai Middle School , Mikoto Misaka meets up with Kuroko Shirai , Kazari Uiharu , Ruiko Saten and Erii Haruue as they all pay a visit to Banri Edasaki in the hospital .", "20": "While Erii rekindles with Banri , who is undergoing physiotherapy , Mikoto tries to come up with a way to surprise Banri with a present everyone bought for her , only to realize she had left the bag containing the present in Banri 's ward . Just then , a criminal patient that was under watch by the Anti-Skills is broken free by some of his companions and takes Erii as a hostage . Upon learning of the situation from Aiho Yomikawa and Tsuzuri Tessō , Mikoto heads to the rooftop to try and prevent the culprits escaping via helicopter . They throw Erii off the side of the building in order to break free , but she is saved thanks to Ruiko and Kuroko . Learning that her bag is onboard the fleeing helicopter , Mikoto has Kuroko teleport her to the skies where she destroys the helicopter with her railgun , with Kuroko safely apprehending the culprits . With the incident dealt with , Banri finally opens her present from everyone , which is a Sakugawa Middle School uniform for her to wear once she recovers . 2 ( 26 ) `` Critical '' `` Kuritikaru '' ( 寿命中断 ( クリティカル ) ) April 19 , 2013 Mikoto recalls in a dream of how , when she was younger , she was approached by scientists wanting to use her DNA map to help cure Duchenne muscular dystrophy . The next morning , Kuroko tries to take Mikoto through an alleyway to get to the mall , but they encounter a few people passing by . They discover this is due to someone hiding envelopes containing cash cards within the alleyways , piquing people 's curiosity to search for them . After running into Ruiko , who is also on the hunt for the money cards , Mikoto overhears some Skill - Outs who have managed to locate the source of the envelopes and decides to follow them . Meanwhile , Ruiko grows curious as she had allegedly seen Mikoto at the mall , despite Mikoto never actually getting there , with Mii Konori explaining to Kazari about a rumor of there being clones of a Level 5 esper . The Skill - Outs eventually trace the envelopes back to a Nagatenjōki Academy student , demanding she hand over the other envelopes .", "21": "Things get tense , however , when it appears the Skill - Outs are gradually getting killed off by the girl , who claims to be able to freely kill anyone she has touched . When Mikoto arrives on the scene , the girl , who had simply knocked out all the Skill - Outs using anesthetic and clever acting skills , recognizes her as the `` original '' . 3 ( 27 ) `` Project Radio Noise '' `` Redio Noizu Keikaku '' ( 超電磁砲量産計画 ( レディオノイズけいかく ) ) April 26 , 2013 Mikoto is reminded of rumors about there being a clone of her and attempts to question the girl , who was distributing the envelopes in order to fill the alleyways that security cameras can not reach with human eyes . However , the girl leaves after inadvertently setting the building on fire whilst burning the evidence , simply stating Mikoto is better off not knowing as she would be unable to stop what was happening with her power . After saving the Skill - Outs , Mikoto looks up for information on the girl , whose name is revealed to be Shinobu Nunotaba , who actually worked at the same medical facility where she had given the scientists her DNA map years ago . Mikoto infiltrates the facility and comes across a room that is separate from the rest of the building 's network . Mikoto hacks into database there and is shocked to learn that the scientists tricked her into giving them her DNA map in order to create clones called `` Sisters '' , known as Project Radio Noise . However , the project was cancelled when the supercomputer , Tree Diagram , deduced that the clones would not come close to matching Mikoto 's level of power . Believing there were not any clones of her after all , Mikoto feels relieved and leaves the facility , unaware of a clone arriving later to delete the database .", "22": "4 ( 28 ) `` Sisters '' `` Shisutāzu '' ( 妹達 ( シスターズ ) ) May 3 , 2013 Three months earlier , in an unknown facility , a pair of women scientists , later recognized as Yumi Kusakabe and Eiga Kanmi , had mentored the birth of a clone of Mikoto , labelled Misaka 9982 , installing memory functions via a capsule - like machine called Testament . Back in the present , Mikoto , who is feeling cheerful with the clone rumors being seemingly debunked , goes shopping with Kuroko and the others at the mall , helping Kazari and Erii buy a rice cooker whilst also picking out things for an upcoming school trip . The next day , as Mikoto ends up having nothing to do , some young children , including the girl whose bag she previously found , pick up on her boredom and have her play with them . Noticing one of the kids wearing a Gekota badge , Mikoto frantically goes through a whole bunch of capsule vendors in order to win one for herself . As the day comes to an end , Mikoto suddenly senses a power identical to her own and , upon chasing after its source , comes across Misaka 9982 . 5 ( 29 ) `` Project Level 6 Shift '' `` Reberu Shikkusu Shifuto Keikaku '' ( 絶対能力進化計画 ( レベル 6 シフトけいかく ) ) May 10 , 2013 After unwillingly helping her rescue a kitten from a tree , Mikoto tries to question Misaka 9982 , but is unable to learn much due to being unable to decipher a codeword . She instead decides to follow her around in case she returns to her base of operations , where they end up doing some surprisingly sisterly activities . Later that evening , as Misaka 9982 points out that she is not returning to her point of origin , Mikoto takes her leave after inadvertently giving her the Gekota badge she won earlier .", "23": "After receiving some help from Kazari in deciphering the codeword she was told about , Mikoto is horrified to learn of Project Level 6 Shift , in which 20,000 Sisters from Project Radio Noise are to be killed in 20,000 battles in order to evolve Academy City 's most powerful Level 5 esper , Accelerator , into a Level 6 esper . Whilst learning of this , Misaka 9982 engages in her assigned battle with the aforementioned Accelerator , finding herself helpless against his reflective abilities . Fleeing to a railway yard , she attempts a sneak attack on Accelerator using a planted mine , only for him to survive and tear off her leg . Mikoto arrives on the scene , only to look in horror as Accelerator crushes Misaka 9982 to death with a train , sending Mikoto into a furious rage . 6 ( 30 ) `` I ... Can See All of You '' `` Atashi ... Minna no Koto Miete Irukara '' ( あたし ... みんなのこと見えているから ) May 17 , 2013 Mikoto unleashes her anger at Accelerator , who quickly deduces she is the original , and becomes further enraged upon seeing Misaka 9982 's torn leg and hearing Accelerator 's selfish reasons for participating in the experiment . However , even her most powerful attacks are simply reflected back at her . Just then , the fight is halted by the arrival of dozens of other Sisters , who request that Accelerator stop fighting Mikoto to avoid throwing off the experiment 's calculations . As Accelerator takes his leave , Mikoto feels no comfort in hearing the Sisters acknowledge themselves as nothing more than guinea pigs . After a restless night , Mikoto is approached by Shinobu , who explains why she chose to oppose the experiment . Having been called back from Project Radio Noise to assist in Project Level 6 Shift , Shinobu got to see the sensitive side of one of the Sisters and became unable to see them as anything other than human . Upon hearing this , Mikoto takes it upon herself to destroy the facilities involved in the experiment , keeping it a secret from Kuroko and the others .", "24": "7 ( 31 ) `` I ... I Want To Be of Help To You , Sissy '' `` Onee - sama no Chikara ni Naritai desu no '' ( お姉さまの力になりたいですの ) May 24 , 2013 Eliminating as many facilities involved with Project Level 6 Shift through electronic warfare before she is shut out from their communication lines , Mikoto starts spending several nights attacking the other facilities directly . Kuroko , who has grown concerned about Mikoto constantly being out at night , comes across a group of girls who are looking for a `` lucky card '' , based on an urban legend spawned from the cash card incident . The next day , Kuroko encounters one of the girls , Minori , saving her from being hit by a car during her search , hearing how she wanted to find a lucky item for her friend who is moving away . After pointing out cash cards would be out of the question , since they would need to be turned into Judgment , Konori suggests that they instead search for a four - leaf clover . During their search , Kazari and Ruiko give Kuroko some assurance that Mikoto , along with themselves , appreciate her efforts . Both Kuroko and Minori find four - leaved clovers , with Kuroko keeping hers and resolving to always wait for Mikoto . Meanwhile , as Mikoto manages to dwindle down the remaining facilities to two , Kites Knockraven , a higher up in the project , prepare a counter-plan . 8 ( 32 ) `` ITEM '' `` Aitemu '' ( ITEM ( アイテム ) ) May 31 , 2013 With only two facilities remaining , Knockraven calls upon the services of the mercenary team ITEM . As Mikoto infiltrates one of these facilities , she finds herself against one of its members , Frenda Seivelun , who causes trouble for her using flammable tape and stuffed dolls containing bombs . Meanwhile , Shinobu arrives at the other remaining facility , where they are attempting to transport the data whilst the other facility is being attacked . Mikoto chases down Frenda who , after a series of failed attacks , fills the room up with nitrogen , bluffing that it is an explosive gas to prevent Mikoto from using her electricity against her .", "25": "However , Mikoto , refusing to simply give up and be killed , manages to fight back against Frenda , leading to her bluff becoming exposed . As Mikoto tries to interrogate Frenda , who is unable to respond due to being shocked by her , she is suddenly attacked by ITEM 's leader and the fourth ranked Level 5 esper , Shizuri Mugino . 9 ( 33 ) `` AIM Stalker '' `` Ei Ai Emu Sutōkā '' ( 能力追迹 ( AIM ストーカー ) ) June 7 , 2013 Mikoto attempts to escape from Shizuri 's attacks , which proves difficult due to ITEM 's third member , Rikō Takitsubo , using her AIM Stalker ability to help Shizuri and Frenda home their attacks on her position . Meanwhile , Shinobu , who felt Mikoto should not have to carry her burden alone , sneaks into the basement of her facility where the incubated Sisters are being held , hoping to install emotions into all of the remaining Sisters via the Misaka Network in the hopes that it may move the organizers to suspend the experiments . However , she is apprehended by ITEM 's fourth member , Saiai Kinuhata , who was guarding the facility in case a second party was involved in the attacks . Shinobu manages to get the program installing , but it is suddenly blocked by an unforeseen error code . Shinobu fires a gun at Saiai to save herself , but her attack fails due to Saiai 's Offense Armor ability and she is taken into custody . Back at the other facility , a weakened Mikoto is forced to use her ability to deflect Shizuri 's Meltdowner attack , making her realize who the intruder 's identity is . Learning of this , Shizuri decides to send the injured Frenda and exhausted Rikō away so she can settle things with Mikoto herself . 10 ( 34 ) `` Meltdowner '' `` Merutodaunā '' ( 原子崩し ( メルトダウナー ) ) June 14 , 2013 Coming face to face with Shizuri , Mikoto uses some of the explosive dolls that Frenda inadvertently left behind to compensate for her weakened powers .", "26": "Shizuri fights off these dolls by using silicon shards cards to divide her lasers , but Mikoto manages to knock her out with one of the remaining dolls . After finding and destroying the facility 's data bank , Mikoto finds herself on the run from an angered Shizuri . Fleeing to a bridge , Mikoto manages to get the best of Shizuri by using Frenda 's flammable tape to collapse the walkway underneath her and cause her to fall down . As Mikoto makes her escape , Shizuri manages to learn about Project Level 6 Shift from one of the staff and decides it would be more amusing to let Mikoto suffer . The next day , Mikoto investigates the remaining facility , only to find it completely abandoned , allegedly having gone bankrupt . Believing the experiments to finally be over , Mikoto comes across Tōma Kamijō by the vending machines . 11 ( 35 ) `` The Vending Machine '' `` Jidō Hanbaiki '' ( 自動販売機 ) June 21 , 2013 Mikoto runs into Tōma , who appears to have trouble remembering who she is , and vandalizes a vending machine to spit out drinks to compensate for some money it had stolen from him . Kuroko arrives on the scene and , despite not being pleased over the presence of a supposed `` boyfriend '' , feels relieved that Mikoto appears to be back to her cheerful self and takes her leave . However , Mikoto 's joy is short - lived when another Sister , Misaka 10031 , appears before her , telling her in private that the experiments are still ongoing . Horrified to learn more Sisters have died because of her , Mikoto ends up yelling at Misaka 10031 for reminding her of Misaka 9982 . Later discovering that countless other facilities have picked up the experiment , Mikoto comes to realize that her enemy is Academy City itself . Meanwhile , Accelerator recalls how he was first approached about Project Level 6 Shift . Deciding that she will need to do something drastic in order to stop the experiments , Mikoto feels relieved that Kuroko would still perform her duty as a Judgment officer should she be labelled a criminal for doing so .", "27": "12 ( 36 ) `` Tree Diagram '' `` Tsurī Daiaguramu '' ( 樹形図の設計者 ( ツリーダイアグラム ) ) June 28 , 2013 Mikoto resolves to hack into and destroy the Tree Diagram , the supercomputer responsible for the experiment 's calculations , in the hope she may be able to stop them . Meanwhile , Tōma encounters Misaka 10032 , who coerces him into helping her look after an abandoned kitten she had found . As Tōma goes into a bookstore to look for a book to help him with his own cat , Misaka 10032 goes off to observe Accelerator as he begins his scheduled battle with Misaka 10031 . Arriving at Tree Diagram 's control center , hoping to hack into Tree Diagram to order a halt to the experiment , Mikoto is confused to find it not only heavily low on security , but completely abandoned as well . Hacking into the system , she is horrified to learn the truth , in that Tree Diagram had been destroyed for months , with the experiments continuing regardless . 13 ( 37 ) `` Accelerator '' `` Akuserarēta '' ( 一方通行 ( アクセラレータ ) ) July 5 , 2013 Mikoto falls in despair , realizing that with Tree Diagram destroyed , she has no way of stopping the experiments . She tries to cling onto her cause by mercilessly destroying another facility , but loses all hope when she sees a live feed of Misaka 10031 being killed by Accelerator . As Accelerator reminisces about his first experiment and his first time killing a Sister , Tōma discovers Misaka 10031 's corpse and calls the Anti-Skills to investigate it , only to find it gone when they arrive , with no evidence it ever occurred . After the Anti-Skills leave , Misaka 10032 appears before Tōma , who comes to learn the true nature of the Sisters . Upon learning this , Tōma heads for the Tokiwadai dorms to try to get some answers from Mikoto , who at the same time is contemplating her last resort .", "28": "14 ( 38 ) `` The Promise '' `` Yakusoku '' ( 約束 ) July 12 , 2013 Tōma arrives at the Tokiwadai dorms , where he is reluctantly greeted by Kuroko , who decides to let him wait for Mikoto return . When the Tokiwadai Dorm Supervisor comes by for an inspection , Kuroko is forced to hide Tōma under Mikoto 's bed due to his Imagine Breaker negating her teleportation . There , he finds the details concerning Project Level 6 Shift stuffed inside a teddy bear , learning that Misaka 10032 's experiment is next . Tōma follows a trail of windmills to a bridge where he eventually finds Mikoto and confronts her about the experiments . With all her other efforts failed , Mikoto feels convinced that letting herself be killed by Accelerator is the only way to stop the experiments , proving she does not live up to Tree Diagram 's expectations . However , Tōma , feeling her way will not save anyone , decides to stand in her way , refusing to fight back or even defend himself from Mikoto 's lightning . Mikoto 's emotions soon build up into a large shock wave that Tōma takes the full brunt of , helping her to see his resolve . After regaining consciousnesses and being greeted by a tearful Mikoto , Tōma comes up with the idea that if he as a Level 0 can defeat the Level 5 Accelerator in a fight and prove him to be actually weak , the entire basis for the experiments would fall apart . Despite Mikoto 's objection , Tōma heads off to where Misaka 10032 's experiment is being held . 15 ( 39 ) `` Tōma Kamijō '' `` Kamijō Tōma '' ( 最弱 ( かみじょうとうま ) ) July 19 , 2013 Despite his injuries , Tōma arrives at the site where Accelerator and Misaka 10032 are fighting and states his firm desire to rescue the Sister , saying that even if she is a clone , there is only one of her in the entire world . As their fight begins , Tōma initially struggles against Accelerator as he launches projectiles at him and sets off a dust explosion .", "29": "However , Accelerator is shocked when Tōma is able to punch him with his right hand without being affected by his ability , also coming as a surprise to Mikoto , who had also rushed to the scene . Angered , Accelerator starts using his ability to manipulate the wind , creating a huge hurricane that deals a lot of damage to Tōma . Mikoto attempts to go with her original plan in order to save Tōma , only to realize it would be futile upon witnessing Accelerator using his power to create a plasma storm that would wipe out everything in the area . Realizing what can be done to stop it , Mikoto goes over to Misaka 10032 and begs for her help in protecting Tōma 's dream . Moved by these words , Misaka 10032 uses the Misaka Network to command the other Sisters in Academy City to manipulate the city 's windmills with their electricity , affecting the wind and disrupting Accelerator 's calculations , preventing him from stabilizing the plasma . As Mikoto prepares to stand off against Accelerator once more , Tōma gathers the strength to stand up . 16 ( 40 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` Shimai '' ( 姉妹 ) July 26 , 2013 Accelerator demands to know why Mikoto is protecting Misaka 10032 , to which she responds that it is simply because she is her sister . Before Accelerator can attempt to kill them , Tōma manages to regain his footing and uses the remainder of his strength to knock Accelerator out with one final punch . As he loses consciousness , Accelerator comes to the realization that the reason he wanted to become a Level 6 in the first place was so that he would not have to hurt anyone anymore . After the experiments are cancelled as a result of Accelerator 's defeat , Mikoto goes to the hospital to visit Tōma , who assures her that even though many Sisters died , it was thanks to her that they got to be born in the first place . Afterwards , Mikoto takes a walk with Misaka 10032 , where they play with another pair of sisters at the playground and think about the future that lies ahead . The next day , Mikoto borrows Ruiko 's kitchen to make some handmade cookies for Tōma as thanks for his help .", "30": "Despite not getting an opportunity to give them to him , Mikoto feels pleased when he finally calls her by her proper name . 17 ( 41 ) `` Study Group '' `` Benkyō - kai '' ( 勉強会 ) August 2 , 2013 When asked by the Dorm Supervisor to explain her absences , Mikoto bluffs that she was having study sessions with her friends . As Ruiko arranges a get together so she can hear who Mikoto was making cookies for the other day , Kuroko comes across Minori again before being dragged along by Mitsuko Kongō to a pet shop . Meanwhile , Mikoto visits Heaven Canceller to hear about the status of the Sisters , learning they are being reconfigured so they may live longer than their originally intended two year lifespan . As Mikoto and Kuroko meet up at a family restaurant , they come across Shizuri and Frenda , leading to an awkward argument between Kuroko and Frenda over their respective partners , which is inevitably followed by an explosive punishment . After having a nabe party with everyone , Kuroko is relieved to see Mikoto back to her usual self . 18 ( 42 ) `` Moving '' `` O Hikkoshi '' ( お引越し ) August 16 , 2013 A mysterious organization oversees ITEM as they fight against a group of mechs . The next day , Mikoto and the gang visit Banri , who is due to be discharged from the hospital soon and will be moving into an apartment with Erii , who will be moving out of Kazari 's apartment as a result . As the gang discuss about the move , Kuroko and Kazari reveals Judgement will be on duty for the upcoming Academy City Research Exhibition Assembly , where Academy City 's top genius students will attend . Meanwhile , Mitsuko uses her power to stop a purse thief , only to be berated by a certain man for her actions . As the group gets together to celebrate Banri 's dischargement , Kuroko and Kazari are called off for Judgment duties when the city 's traffic signals suddenly go out .", "31": "After finishing her duties , Kazari gives a box of taiyaki to Erii , serving as a memento of when she first told Erii about her ability of temperature preservation , and the two have a tearful farewell as roommates . As the group take a detour home , they come across a curious white - haired girl named Febri , who appears to know Mikoto . Meanwhile , the mysterious organization begins their next plan to show their power against espers . 19 ( 43 ) `` Academic Research Assembly '' `` Gakuentoshi Kenkyū Happyōkai '' ( 学園都市研究発表会 ) August 23 , 2013 The girls are unable to find out any more information from Febri , who appears to be a bit cautious around Mikoto and takes a liking with Ruiko . After Febri spends a night with Ruiko at Kazari 's apartment , the group , believing Febri to be a Child Error , make arrangements for her to be moved to the orphanage in Asunaro Park in a week . As the gang heads to where the Academy City Research Exhibition Assembly will be held , Ruiko sets up some time for Mikoto to get along with Febri on their own . When Febri wanders off while Mikoto is not looking , the man from before spots her and sends some security bots after her . Luckily , Mikoto manages to rescue Febri , who apologizes for making her worry and comes to accept her . With Mikoto now involved , the man and his colleagues decide to include her in their experiments . 20 ( 44 ) `` Febri '' `` Feburi '' ( フェブリ ) August 30 , 2013 As Yomikawa becomes curious over how the security bots functioned without any batteries , Konori treats Mikoto and the others by taking them to the public baths , where Mikoto lets Febri keep her rare pink Gekota finger puppet from her collection . Whilst heading home , the girls are led on a detour to a warehouse , where they are attacked by a mech . As Mikoto fights against the mech , which seems resiliant to her electricity , the mech suddenly stops functioning when it comes close to attacking Febri , allowing Mitsuko to defeat it with her Aero Hand ability .", "32": "After Mikoto discovers the mech to be curiously unmanned , Febri comes down with a fever and is admitted into the hospital . Meanwhile , it is shown that Shinobu is working with the group targeting Febri . Back at the hospital , Mitsuko informs the others about how she , Kinuho Wannai and Maaya Awatsuki came to learn that the man from before was attempting to `` reclaim '' Febri . The next morning as Febri seems to make a full recovery , Heaven Canceller informs Mikoto in private that Febri is in fact an artificial human . 21 ( 45 ) `` Darkness '' `` Yami '' ( 闇 ) September 6 , 2013 Heaven Canceller goes on to explain to Mikoto that Febri 's body secretes a poison , requiring her to suck special lollipops to neutralize it , leaving her angry that another dark organization is performing twisted experiments . Whilst keeping this a secret from the others , Mikoto runs into Misaka 10032 who , having visited Febri the previous night , informs her that Febri had been wanting to meet her own big sister . She also reveals Febri gained her knowledge via Testament , leading Mikoto to believe Shinobu is involved . After receiving a call from Mitsuko about the importance of trusting friends , Mikoto realizes she should not have to do this alone and decides to inform Kuroko and the others about Febri 's condition , becoming surprised and relieved to find they are more than willing to help . As Mikoto and her friends tries to find clues related to Febri , Yomikawa gives Mikoto a capsule found in the unmanned mech suit . Heaven Canceller examines the capsule which contains a strand of hair similar to Febri 's , possibly belonging to her sister . However , he also reveals to Mikoto that Febri only has enough lollipops to stay alive for another 72 hours . With Mikoto deciding to face the darkness of Academy City once more in order to save Febri , Heaven Canceller arranges for her to meet someone familiar with the underground , that being Therestina Kihara Lifeline .", "33": "22 ( 46 ) `` STUDY '' ( STUDY ) September 13 , 2013 Despite being mocked by Therestina , Mikoto refuses to leave until she gets information to save Febri . Therestina hesitantly reveals that Febri is an artificial human called a Chemicaloid , which her creators were going to showcase at the Academy City Research Exhibition Assembly . Mikoto tells the others about Febri 's condition . Mitsuko , Kinoho and Maaya help Kazari identify the mysterious man as Haruki Aritomi , a longtime winner of the Academy City Research Exhibition Assembly . Kazari discovers that Aritomi and other student geniuses formed the STUDY Corporation and purchased a factory , which Kazari suspects is where Febri and her lollipops were being made . Mikoto heads to the factory , spots ITEM fighting mechs sent by STUDY and overhears that the mechs are controlled via a form of psychogenesis by the capsules inside them . After ITEM leaves , Mikoto enters the factory and finds Shinobu , who had taught Febri how to say Mikoto 's name so she would be protected by her . Shinobu gives Mikoto the data to make more neutralizer lollipops , only to learn from Aritomi that the information is fake , as this confirms that he suspected Shinobu was a traitor . Aritomi orders Shinobu to inject Mikoto with a tranquilizer in exchange the real neutralizer data , but after Shinobu does it , Aritomi breaks his word and destroys the data . Febri is revealed to be a spare to his true project , Janie . 23 ( 47 ) `` Dawn of a Revolution ( Silent Party ) '' `` Kakumei Mimei '' ( 革命未明 ( Silent Party ) ) September 20 , 2013 Aritomi reveals he started Project Chemicaloid , which created Janie and Febri due to his bitterness that espers gain fame and recognition while intellectuals like him are ignored . To finally show their power , STUDY found a way to mass - produce espers which will bring forth a revolution upon Academy City tomorrow .", "34": "Later , Shinobu explains to Mikoto how she was sold to STUDY after being captured by ITEM and was forced to work on the Chemicaloids , which were born from her research , becoming determined to save them . Using her own electricity to counter the paralysis in her body , Mikoto assures Shinobu that she does not need to take everything on by herself . Kuroko and the others arrive to rescue Mikoto , whilst Shinobu chooses to stay behind in order to do her part . After learning that 20,000 mechs , controlled by Janie 's Diffusion Ghost ability , have been snuck into the Academy City Research Exhibition Assembly , with the Anti-Skills prevented from interfering , the girls make preparations to save Shinobu , Febri and Janie . The next morning , Kuroko , Kazari , Ruiko , Konori , Mitsuko , Kinoho and Maaya step up to face the mechs , whilst Mikoto and Febri head off in search of Janie . 24 ( 48 ) `` Eternal Party '' ( Eternal Party ) September 27 , 2013 The entirety of Judgment joins Kuroko and the others in fighting off against STUDY 's mechs . Meanwhile , Mikoto and Febri arrive at STUDY 's hidden base at a stadium , fighting off against the mechs that Aritomi sends against them . STUDY responds by sending a signal to cut off everyone 's communications and sending more advanced mechs after each group . However , they overcome this thanks to Erii and Banri setting up a network of telepaths , with Kazari and Ruiko piloting their own mech that Mitsuko 's father sent over , whilst ITEM help to destroy the mechs sent after Mikoto . Mikoto and Febri soon arrive at the underground base , where Aritomi , having no other plans to stop her , resorts to initiating the final phase in which he reveals his secret weapon : a cluster missile from space containing Diffusion Ghost that will destroy Academy City and everyone who is in it , by causing a chain reaction with the city 's AIM fields . Aritomi attempts to kill himself , only to be stopped by Mikoto , who is determined to save everyone .", "35": "With the assistance of the Sisters , Mikoto rides in Mitsuko 's mech and launches into the atmosphere , using the mech as ammunition for a massive railgun to destroy the missile . After freeing Janie from STUDY 's control and reuniting her with Febri , who is given more neutralizer lollipops , Shinobu makes plans to bring the twins to an overseas research facility to cure their condition . After saying their goodbyes to Shinobu and the twins , Mikoto and the gang discuss their upcoming vacation . Bonus `` All the Important Things I Learned in a Bathhouse '' `` Daiji na Koto wa Zenbu Sentō ni Osowatta '' ( 大事なことはぜんぶ銭湯に教わった ) March 27 , 2014 As the local bathhouse comes under threat of being closed down , Mii enlists the help of Mikoto , Kuroko , Kazari and Ruiko to help promote interest , coming up with a Mikoto - powered `` electric bath '' to bring in more customers . At first , the baths become a success which attracts the attention of Erii , Mitsuko , Wannai , Atsuki , Yomikawa , Tsuzuri , Komoe , Shizuri , Frenda , Saiai , Rikō and the Dorm Supervisor . However , the baths are almost ruined after Kuroko adds too much bubble bath soap in one of her schemes to seduce Mikoto . After the customers go home , the girls celebrate by having a bath and drinking milk . Special episodes ( edit ) These special episodes are released as extras on DVD and Blu - ray Disc volumes . No . Episode title Original release date Special 1 `` MMR : Much More Railgun '' `` MMR : Motto Marutto Rērugan '' ( MMR : もっとまるっと超電磁砲 ) February 7 , 2010 A series of outtakes and bizarre sketches as experienced by the characters of the anime . Mikoto and her friends discuss internet rumors that the Dorm Supervisor was once a commando .", "36": "Ruiko 's class discuss Schrödinger 's cat where the cat in question becomes a Palmtop Tiger . Yomikawa , Komoe and Tsuzuri have Nabe while Yomikawa talks about people and things which start with `` Jan '' like Jean - Claude Van Damme . Meanwhile , the gang wonders about Academy City 's wind turbines and Mikoto makes a PSA about conserving electricity . Special 2 `` MMR II : Much More Railgun II '' `` MMR II : Motto Marutto Rērugan II '' ( MMR II : もっとまるっと超電磁砲 II ) May 28 , 2010 More outtakes and bizarre sketches as experienced by the characters . Kuroko gives some peculiar lessons to her class . Ruiko and Kuroko get brainfreeze from eating their frozen treats . Harumi tries to explain what AIM Burst is but is interrupted by Mikoto and Kazari . Mitsuko is fishing while Kazari narrates . The gang drinks milk while watching the sunset . Mikoto tells her friends their lives are being watched by an unknown audience . Special 3 `` MMR III : Much More Railgun III '' `` MMR III : Motto Marutto Rērugan III '' ( MMR III : もっとまるっと超電磁砲 III ) July 24 , 2013 Ruiko uses her nose to smell if Mikoto 's lunches have gone bad . Shinobu teaches Mikoto some English words and punishes her when she gets them wrong . Misaka 9982 jokingly plays a Kōan on Mikoto . Shinobu gives a Misaka clone expert gaming knowledge which ends up making her a hardcore gamer . Accelerator and Misaka 9982 discuss their voice acting careers since starting in 2006 . Mikoto and the others failed to notice that Kazari is with them , due to the latter not wearing her flower headband .", "37": "Special 4 `` MMR IV : Much More Railgun IV '' `` MMR IV : Motto Marutto Rērugan IV '' ( MMR IV : もっとまるっと超電磁砲 IV ) November 27 , 2013 Mikoto suspects Academy City may come under attack by Kaijus from a certain movie and how they must prepare themselves . The girls wonder if Turtle blood really has aphrodisiac effects and Misaka 10032 - tan replaces Index - tan 's role on Toma 's head . See also ( edit ) List of A Certain Magical Index episodes - The anime adaptation of the light novel series of which this a spin - off of References ( edit ) General `` List of Toaru Kagaku no Railgun episode titles '' ( in Japanese ) . Specific Jump up ^ `` Geneon Universal Industry Panel '' . Anime News Network . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Certain Scientific Railgun TV Anime Gets 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-04-11/funimation-to-stream-a-certain-scientific-railgun-s-sequel-anime Jump up ^ This episode was first aired on CBC Jump up ^ `` Toaru Kagaku no Railgun Book Has New Episode Listed '' . Anime News Network . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toaru Kagaku no Railgun OVA Confirmed for October 29 '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A 22 minute preview of Toaru Majutsu no Index : Endymion no Kiseki aired on August 9 , 2013 in place of a standard episode .", "38": "Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-02-18/a-certain-scientific-railgun-s-book-to-bundle-new-anime-blu-ray External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Works by Kazuma Kamachi A Certain Magical Index Print Novels Chapters Characters Anime Episodes Albums `` PSI - Missing '' `` Masterpiece '' `` No Buts ! '' `` See visionS '' by Mami Kawada The Miracle of Endymion A Certain Scientific Railgun Chapters Episodes Albums Heavy Object Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A_Certain_Scientific_Railgun_episodes&oldid=815052140 '' Categories : 2009 Japanese television seasons 2010 Japanese television seasons 2013 Japanese television seasons Lists of anime episodes A Certain Magical Index Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7478795216476346339	who won the 2017 sports personality of the year	[ "Mo Farah", "Mo Farah", "Mo Farah", "Mo Farah", "Mo Farah" ]	{ "0": "2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award - wikipedia 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award Jump to : navigation , search 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award Date 17 December 2017 Location Echo Arena , Liverpool Country United Kingdom Presented by British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) Hosted by Gary Lineker Clare Balding Gabby Logan Winner Mo Farah Website www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/ Television / radio coverage Network BBC One BBC One HD BBC Radio 5 Live ← 2016 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award 2018 → The 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award took place on 17 December 2017 at the Echo Arena in Liverpool . It was the 64th presentation of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award . Awarded annually by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , the main award honours an individual 's British sporting achievement over the past year , with the winner selected by public vote from a twelve - person shortlist . The event , broadcast live on BBC One , will be hosted by Gary Lineker , Clare Balding and Gabby Logan . Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds opened the ceremony and later performed a cover of `` All You Need Is Love '' to celebrate camaraderie in sport during 2017 . Rebecca Ferguson sang `` Halo '' in honour of Jessica Ennis - Hill and Rag'n'Bone Man performed Grace during the in memoriam . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominees 2 Controversy 2.1 Paradise Papers 2.2 Banned substances 3 Other awards 4 References 5 External links Nominees ( edit ) The nominees for the award were revealed by Gabby Logan on 27 November 2017 , during BBC One 's The One Show . Nominee Sport 2017 Achievement BBC profile Votes ( percentage ) Sir Mo Farah Athletics Won his third consecutive 10,000 metres gold at the IAAF World Championships , along with 5000 metres silver .", "1": "He is the first athlete to win ten global outdoor long - distance titles on the track and the first Briton to win outdoor titles in four World Championships ( both consecutively and outright ) . ( 1 ) 83,524 ( 15.32 % ) Jonathan Rea Motorcycling Won the Superbike World Championship for the third time , making him just the third rider to do so ( and the first to achieve a consecutive hat - trick ) . Also broke the record for most points scored in a season ( previously held by Colin Edwards ) . ( 2 ) 80,567 ( 14.78 % ) Jonnie Peacock Athletics Won his second T44 100 metres gold at the World Para Athletics Championships . ( 3 ) 73,429 ( 13.47 % ) Anthony Joshua Boxing Added the previously vacant WBA ( Super ) heavyweight belt to his IBF belt upon defeating Wladimir Klitschko , then retained both upon defeating Carlos Takam . ( 4 ) 73,411 ( 13.47 % ) Adam Peaty Swimming Successfully defended his 50 and 100 metres breaststroke titles at the FINA World Championships and twice broke his own 50m world record en - route , making him the first Briton to win four individual world titles . Also helped secure silver in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay . ( 5 ) 63,739 ( 11.69 % ) Lewis Hamilton Formula 1 Won the World Drivers ' Championship for the fourth time , making him the first Briton ( and fifth driver overall ) to do so . Also succeeded Michael Schumacher as pole position record holder . ( 6 ) 60,627 ( 11.12 % ) Chris Froome Cycling Won the Tour de France for the fourth time ( and third in succession ) , then went on to win the Vuelta a España . He is the first cyclist to win two Grand Tours within a season since Alberto Contador in 2008 , as well as the first Briton to claim either achievement . Also won time trial bronze at the UCI Road World Championships .", "2": "( 7 ) 47,683 ( 8.75 % ) Harry Kane Football Became the Premier League 's top scorer for a second consecutive season and as England captain helped secure qualification for the FIFA World Cup . ( 8 ) 18,759 ( 3.44 % ) Anya Shrubsole Cricket Part of the English squad that won the Women 's Cricket World Cup . Produced World Cup final - best bowling figures of 6 - 46 ( including a 19 - delivery 5 - 11 spell ) that were instrumental to the match outcome and was consequently named player of the match . ( 9 ) 15,237 ( 2.80 % ) Bianca Walkden Taekwondo Became the first Briton to successfully defend a world title upon winning heavyweight gold at the World Taekwondo Championships . ( 10 ) 13,962 ( 2.56 % ) Johanna Konta Tennis Became the first British woman to contest the Wimbledon singles semi-finals since Virginia Wade in 1978 , as well as the first to win a Premier Mandatory title ( Miami Open ) . ( 11 ) 7,591 ( 1.39 % ) Elise Christie Speed skating Became the first ever female British world champion upon winning overall , 1000 and 1500 metres gold at the ISU World Short Track Championships , as well as 3000 metres bronze . ( 12 ) 6,504 ( 1.19 % ) Controversy ( edit ) Paradise Papers ( edit ) In November 2017 , Hamilton was named in the Paradise Papers . It was reported that Hamilton had avoided paying £ 3.3 million of Value Added Tax on his private jet worth £ 16.5 million . The leasing deal set up by advisers was said by the BBC to appear to be artificial and not to comply with an EU and UK ban on refunds for private use . Host of the BBC Sports Personality of the year Gary Lineker was also named in the Paradise Papers in November 2017 . Banned substances ( edit ) On 13 December 2017 , the UCI announced that Froome had returned an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' for twice his allowed dose of Salbutamol , a medication against asthma .", "3": "Both the A and B samples proved positive . The test was taken after stage 18 of the Vuelta a España . In a statement , Froome commented : `` My asthma got worse at the Vuelta so I followed the team doctor 's advice to increase my Salbutamol dosage . As always , I took the greatest care to ensure that I did not use more than the permissible dose . '' Froome later reiterated these comments during the ceremony . Other awards ( edit ) In addition to the main award as `` Sports Personality of the Year '' , several other awards will also be presented : BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year : Roger Federer was announced as the winner for the fourth time BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award : England Women 's Cricket Team BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award : Jessica Ennis - Hill BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award : Benke Blomkvist , Stephen Maguire and Christian Malcolm BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award : Bradley Lowery BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year : Phil Foden BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award : Denise Larrad References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rag ' n ' Bone Man to perform at BBC Sports Personality of the Year in Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Anthony Joshua leads way as Sports Personality nominees revealed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2017 : Shortlist of 12 revealed for award '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline ( 17 December 2017 ) . `` Farah wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2017 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . 21 : 46 : Here 's how you voted ^ Jump up to : `` Lewis Hamilton ' dodged ' VAT on private jet '' . BBC . 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cycling News . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins 2017 BBC Overseas Sports Personality award for record fourth time '' . BBC Sport. 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Lowery : Award for Sunderland mascot at BBC Sports Personality '' . BBC Sport. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2017 : Footballer Phil Foden wins '' . BBC Sport. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) BBC Sports Personality of the Year Main award Other awards Coach Helen Rollason Lifetime Achievement Overseas Personality Team Young Personality Unsung Hero 50th awards Intermittent awards Annual awards 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=816169117 '' Categories : 2017 awards in the United Kingdom 2017 in British sport 2017 in British television 2017 sports awards BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards December 2017 events in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7217222058435937287	where was the world economic forum held this year	[ "Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland", "Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland", "Davos", "Davos", "Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland" ]	{ "0": "World Economic Forum - Wikipedia World Economic Forum Jump to : navigation , search `` WEF '' redirects here . For other uses , see WEF ( disambiguation ) . World Economic Forum Headquarters in Cologny , Switzerland . Formation January 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 01 ) ( as European Management Forum ) Founder Klaus Schwab Type Nonprofit organization Legal status Foundation Purpose Economic Headquarters Cologny , Switzerland Region served Worldwide Official language English Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab Website www.weforum.org Formerly called European Management Forum The World Economic Forum ( WEF ) is a Swiss nonprofit foundation , based in Cologny , Geneva , Switzerland . Recognised in 2015 by the Swiss authorities as an `` other international body '' under Switzerland 's Host State Act 2007 ( HSA , SR 192.12 ) , its mission is cited as `` committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business , political , academic , and other leaders of society to shape global , regional , and industry agendas '' . The forum is best known for its annual meeting at the end of January in Davos , a mountain resort in Graubünden , in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland . The meeting brings together some 2,500 top business leaders , international political leaders , economists , celebrities and journalists for up to four days to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world . Often this location alone is used to identify meetings , participation , and participants , with such phrases as `` a Davos panel '' and `` Davos man '' being used . The organization also convenes some six to eight regional meetings each year in locations across Africa , East Asia , and Latin America , and holds two further annual meetings in China , India and the United Arab Emirates . Beside meetings , the foundation produces a series of research reports and engages its members in sector - specific initiatives . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 Membership 3 Activities 3.1 Annual meeting in Davos 3.1.", "1": "1 Participants 3.2 Summer annual meeting 3.3 Regional meetings 3.4 Young Global Leaders 3.5 Social Entrepreneurs 3.6 Global Shapers 3.7 Thirst 3.8 Research reports 3.9 Initiatives 3.10 Awards 3.10. 1 Technology Pioneers Programme 4 Criticism 4.1 History of criticism 4.2 Public cost of security 4.3 Private vs public meetings 4.4 Influence of financial supporters 4.5 Public Eye Awards 4.6 `` Davos Man '' 4.7 Gender debate 4.8 Stateless elitism erosion 5 See also 6 References 7 Reference books 8 External links 8.1 Global shapers links History ( edit ) Professor Klaus Schwab opens the inaugural European Management Forum in Davos in 1971 . F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos in January 1992 Naoto Kan , then Japanese prime minister gives a special message at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 Klaus Schwab , founder and executive chairman , World Economic Forum Carlos Ghosn , the chairman and CEO of Renault , Nissan , Renault - Nissan Alliance and the Chairman of AvtoVAZ The forum was founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab , a German - born business professor at the University of Geneva . First named the `` European Management Forum '' , it changed its name to the World Economic Forum in 1987 and sought to broaden its vision to include providing a platform for resolving international conflicts . In the summer of 1971 , Schwab invited 444 executives from Western European firms to the first European Management Symposium held in the Davos Congress Centre under the patronage of the European Commission and European industrial associations , where Schwab sought to introduce European firms to American management practices . He then founded the WEF as a nonprofit organization based in Geneva and drew European business leaders to Davos for the annual meetings each January .", "2": "Schwab developed the `` stakeholder '' management approach , which attributed corporate success to managers actively taking account of all interests : not merely shareholders , clients , and customers , but also employees and the communities within which the firm is situated , including governments . Events in 1973 , including the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed - exchange rate mechanism and the Arab -- Israeli War , saw the annual meeting expand its focus from management to economic and social issues , and , for the first time , political leaders were invited to the annual meeting in January 1974 . Political leaders soon began to use the annual meeting as a neutral platform . The Davos Declaration was signed in 1988 by Greece and Turkey , helping them turn back from the brink of war . In 1992 , South African President F.W. de Klerk met with Nelson Mandela and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi at the annual meeting , their first joint appearance outside South Africa . At the 1994 annual meeting , Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat reached a draft agreement on Gaza and Jericho . In late 2015 , the invitation was extended to include a North Korean delegation for the 2016 forum , `` in view of positive signs coming out of the country , '' the WEF organizers noted . North Korea has not been attending the WEF since 1998 . The invitation was accepted but after the January 2016 North Korean nuclear test on 6 January , the invitation was revoked , and the country 's delegation was made subject to `` existing and possible forthcoming sanctions . '' Despite protests by North Korea calling the decision by the WEF managing board a `` sudden and irresponsible '' move , the WEF committee maintained the exclusion because `` under these circumstances there would be no opportunity for international dialogue . '' In 2017 , the World Economic Forum in Davos attracted considerable attention when for the first time , a head of state from the People 's Republic of China was present at the alpine resort . With the backdrop of Brexit , an incoming protectionist US administration and significant pressures on free trade zones and trade agreements , President Xi Jinping defended the global economic scheme , and portrayed China as a responsible nation and a leader for environmental causes .", "3": "He sharply rebuked the current populist movements that would introduce tariffs and hinder global commerce , warning that such protectionism could foster isolation and reduced economic opportunity . In 2018 , Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi gave the plenary speech becoming the first head of state from India to deliver the inaugural keynote for the annual meet at Davos . Modi highlighted climate change , terrorism and protectionism as the three major global challenges , and expressed confidence that they can be tackled with collective effort . Organization ( edit ) Headquartered in Cologny , the forum also has offices in New York , Beijing and Tokyo . On October 10 , 2016 , the Forum announced the opening of its new Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco . According to the Forum , the center will `` serve as a platform for interaction , insight and impact on the scientific and technological changes that are changing the way we live , work and relate to one another '' . The World Economic Forum strives to be impartial and is not tied to any political , partisan , or national interests . The foundation is `` committed to improving the State of the World '' . Until 2012 , it had observer status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council ; it is under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Council . The foundation 's highest governance body is the foundation board . Erdoğan walks out of the session at the World Economic Forum in 2009 . During its annual meeting , more than 2,500 participants from slightly fewer than 100 countries gather in Davos . Approximately 1,500 are business leaders , drawn from its members , 1,000 of the world 's top companies . Besides these , participants included 219 public figures , including 40 heads of state or government , 64 cabinet ministers , 30 heads or senior officials of international organizations , and 10 ambassadors . More than 432 participants were from civil society , including 32 heads or representatives of non-governmental organizations , 225 media leaders , 149 leaders from academic institutions and think tanks , 15 religious leaders of different faiths , and 11 union leaders . Membership ( edit ) The foundation is funded by its 1,000 member companies , typically global enterprises with more than five billion dollars in turnover ( varying by industry and region ) .", "4": "These enterprises rank among the top companies within their industry and / or country and play a leading role in shaping the future of their industry and / or region . Membership is stratified by the level of engagement with forum activities , with the level of membership fees increasing as participation in meetings , projects , and initiatives rises . As of 2011 , an annual membership costs $52,000 for an individual member , $263,000 for `` Industry Partner '' and $527,000 for `` Strategic Partner '' . An admission fee costs $19,000 per person . In 2014 , WEF raised annual fees by 20 percent , making the cost for `` Strategic Partner '' from CHF 500,000 ( $523,000 ) to CHF 600,000 ( $628,000 ) . Activities ( edit ) Annual meeting in Davos ( edit ) A sports shop has turned into a temporary informal reception location `` Caspian week '' , WEF 2018 . The flagship event of the foundation is the invitation - only annual meeting held during the winter at the end of January in Davos , Switzerland , bringing together chief executive officers from its 1,000 member companies , as well as selected politicians , representatives from academia , NGOs , religious leaders , and the media in an alpine winter environment . The town is small enough to allow participants to meet anywhere outside the sessions and allows them the greatest opportunities to attend receptions organized by companies and countries . The participants are also taking part in role playing events , such as the Investment Heat Map . Informal winter meetings may have led to as many ideas and solutions as the official sessions . Approximately 2,200 participants gather for the five - day event and attend some of the 220 sessions in the official programme . The winter discussions focus around key issues of global concern ( such as the globalization , capital markets , wealth management , international conflicts , environmental problems and their possible solutions ) . As many as 500 journalists from online , print , radio , and television take part , with access to all sessions in the official program , some of which are also webcast . Not all the journalists are given access to all areas , however . This is reserved for white badge holders . `` Davos runs an almost caste - like system of badges , '' according to BBC journalist Anthony Reuben .", "5": "`` A white badge means you 're one of the delegates -- you might be the chief executive of a company or the leader of a country ( although that would also get you a little holographic sticker to add to your badge ) , or a senior journalist . An orange badge means you 're just a run - of - the - mill working journalist . '' All plenary debates from the annual meeting also are available on YouTube , with photographs at Flickr , Year Dates Theme The New State of the World Economy Key Developments in the 90s : Implications for Global Business Competitive Cooperation in a Decade of Turbulence 1991 The New Direction for Global Leadership Global Cooperation and Megacompetition Rallying all the forces for Global Recovery Redefining the Basic Assumptions of the World Economy 1995 Leadership for Challenges beyond Growth Sustaining Globalization Building the Network Society 1998 Managing Volatility and Priorities for the 21st Century 1999 Responsible Globality : Managing the impact of Globalization 2000 New Beginnings : Making a difference 25 -- 30 January Sustaining Growth and Bridging the Divides : A Framework for Our Global Future 2002 Leadership in Fragile Times 2003 21 -- 25 January Building Trust Partnering for Security and Prosperity 2005 26 -- 30 January Taking Responsibility for Tough Choices 2006 25 -- 29 January The Creative Imperative 2007 24 -- 28 January Shaping the Global Agenda , The Shifting Power Equation 2008 23 -- 27 January The Power of Collaborative Innovation 2009 28 January -- 1 February Shaping the Post-Crisis World 27 -- 30 January Improve the State of the World : Rethink , Redesign , Rebuild 2011 26 -- 30 January Shared Norms for the New Reality 2012 25 -- 29 January The Great Transformation : Shaping New Models 2013 23 -- 27 January Resilient Dynamism 2014 22 -- 25 January The Reshaping of the World : Consequences for Society , Politics and Business .", "6": "2015 21 -- 24 January New global context 2016 20 -- 23 January Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution 2017 17 -- 20 January Responsive and Responsible Leadership 2018 23 -- 26 January Creating a Shared Future in a Fractured World Participants ( edit ) Juan Manuel Santos , president of Colombia , at the 2010 World Economic Forum In 2011 , some 250 public figures ( heads of state or government , cabinet ministers , ambassadors , heads or senior officials of international organizations ) attended the annual meeting , including : Felipe Calderón , Robert B. Zoellick , Álvaro Uribe Vélez , Nicolas Sarkozy , Ban Ki - moon , Angela Merkel , N. Chandrababu Naidu , Ferenc Gyurcsány , François Fillon , Morgan Tsvangirai , Gordon Brown , David Cameron , Min Zhu , Paul Kagame , Queen Rania of Jordan , Dmitry Medvedev , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , Kevin Rudd , Barney Frank , Kofi Annan , Werner Faymann , Leonel Fernández , Jacob Zuma , Cyril Ramaphosa Naoto Kan , Jean - Claude Trichet , and Zeng Peiyan . Al Gore , Bill Clinton , Bill Gates , Bono , Paulo Coelho , and Tony Blair also are regular Davos attendees . Past attendees include Recep Tayyip Erdogan , Henry Kissinger , Nelson Mandela , Raymond Barre , Julian Lloyd Webber , Sandro Salsano , Wences Casares , and Yasser Arafat . Summer annual meeting ( edit ) Wang Jianlin , Chairman of the Dalian Wanda Group , at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Dalian In 2007 , the foundation established the Annual Meeting of the New Champions ( also called Summer Davos ) , held annually in China , alternating between Dalian and Tianjin , bringing together 1,500 participants from what the foundation calls Global Growth Companies , primarily from rapidly growing emerging countries such as China , India , Russia , Mexico , and Brazil , but also including quickly growing companies from developed countries . The meeting also engages with the next generation of global leaders from fast - growing regions and competitive cities , as well as technology pioneers from around the globe .", "7": "The Chinese Premier has delivered a plenary address at each annual meeting . Regional meetings ( edit ) Prithviraj Chavan , chief minister of Maharashtra India ; Sudha Pilay , member secretary , planning commission , India ; and Ben Verwaayen , chief executive officer , Alcatel - Lucent , France were the co-chairs of the India Economic Summit 2011 in Mumbai Felipe Calderón , president of Mexico , speaking during Latin America Broadens Its Horizons , a session at the 2007 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum Every year regional meetings take place , enabling close contact among corporate business leaders , local government leaders , and NGOs . Meetings are held in Africa , East Asia , Latin America , and the Middle East . The mix of hosting countries varies from year to year , but consistently China and India have hosted throughout the decade since 2000 . Young global leaders ( edit ) The group 's Forum of Young Global Leaders consists of 800 people chosen by the forum organizers as being representative of contemporary leadership , `` coming from all regions of the world and representing all stakeholders in society '' , according to the organization . After five years of participation they are considered alumni . Social entrepreneurs ( edit ) Since 2000 , the WEF has been promoting models developed by those in close collaboration with the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship , highlighting social entrepreneurship as a key element to advance societies and address social problems . Selected social entrepreneurs are invited to participate in the foundation 's regional meetings and the annual meetings where they may meet chief executives and senior government officials . At the Annual Meeting 2003 , for example , Jeroo Billimoria met with Roberto Blois , deputy secretary - general of the International Telecommunication Union , an encounter that produced a key partnership for her organization Child helpline international . Global Shapers ( edit ) Logo of the Global Shapers Community In 2011 , the World Economic Forum started a global network of people between the ages of 20 and 33 ( 30 at the time of nomination ) who have shown great potential for future leadership roles in society . The proposal was led by the executive chairman of the World Economic Forum , Professor Klaus Schwab . The Community of Global Shapers , highlighting Global Shapers , is a network of self - organizing local hubs based in each major city around the world .", "8": "They undertake events and activities intended by the Global Shapers to generate a positive impact within their local community . As of 11 July 2016 there are 459 Hubs with more than 6,100 Shapers . As of 26 June 2016 there are 459 Hubs with more than 6,216 Shapers . Hubs undertake events and activities that generate a positive impact within their local community . The community is vitalized by the manifold interactions generated inside each hub , between hubs and on a global level . Shapers also get involved in crossmentoring with other World Economic Forum communities . Thirst ( edit ) `` Thirst '' is an international non-profit organization based in Beijing , China . It was set up in 2011 through the Water Security Council of the World Economic Forum . The organization educates 14 -- 24 - year olds about the idea of embedded water , the water crisis , and sustainable water usage . Research reports ( edit ) Two Academy Award winner , Pakistani journalist Sharmeen Obaid - Chinoy at the forum in 2013 The foundation also acts as a think tank , publishing a wide range of reports . In particular , `` Strategic Insight Teams '' focus on producing reports of relevance in the fields of competitiveness , global risks , and scenario thinking . Filipino businessman Zóbel de Ayala at the forum in 2009 The `` Competitiveness Team '' produces a range of annual economic reports ( first published in brackets ) : the Global Competitiveness Report ( 1979 ) measured competitiveness of countries and economies ; The Global Information Technology Report ( 2001 ) assessed their competitiveness based on their IT readiness ; the Global Gender Gap Report examined critical areas of inequality between men and women ; the Global Risks Report ( 2006 ) assessed key global risks ; the Global Travel and Tourism Report ( 2007 ) measured travel and tourism competitiveness ; the Financial Development Report ( 2008 ) aimed to provide a comprehensive means for countries to establish benchmarks for various aspects of their financial systems and establish priorities for improvement ; and the Global Enabling Trade Report ( 2008 ) presented a cross-country analysis of the large number of measures facilitating trade among nations .", "9": "The `` Risk Response Network '' produces a yearly report assessing risks which are deemed to be within the scope of these teams , have cross-industry relevance , are uncertain , have the potential to cause upwards of US $10 billion in economic damage , have the potential to cause major human suffering , and which require a multi-stakeholder approach for mitigation . Initiatives ( edit ) The Global Health Initiative was launched by Kofi Annan at the annual meeting in 2002 . The GHI 's mission was to engage businesses in public - private partnerships to tackle HIV / AIDS , tuberculosis , malaria , and health systems . Mohammad Khatami at Economic Forum in 2004 The Global Education Initiative ( GEI ) , launched during the annual meeting in 2003 , brought together international IT companies and governments in Jordan , Egypt , and India that has resulted in new personal computer hardware being available in their classrooms and more local teachers trained in e-learning . This is having a significant effect on the lives of children . The GEI model , which is scalable and sustainable , now is being used as an educational blueprint in other countries including Rwanda . The Environmental Initiative covers climate change and water issues . Under the Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change , the U.K. government asked the World Economic Forum at the G8 Summit in Gleneagles in 2005 to facilitate a dialogue with the business community to develop recommendations for reducing greenhouse gas emissions . This set of recommendations , endorsed by a global group of CEOs , was presented to leaders ahead of the G8 Summit in Toyako and Hokkaido held in July 2008 . The Water Initiative brings together diverse stakeholders such as Alcan Inc. , the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation , USAID India , UNDP India , Confederation of Indian Industry ( CII ) , Government of Rajasthan , and the NEPAD Business Foundation to develop public - private partnerships on water management in South Africa and India . In an effort to combat corruption , the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative ( PACI ) was launched by CEOs from the Engineering and Construction , Energy and Metals , and Mining industries at the annual meeting in Davos during January 2004 . PACI is a platform for peer exchange on practical experience and dilemma situations . Approximately 140 companies have joined the initiative .", "10": "The Environment and Natural Resource Security Initiative was emphasized for the 2017 meeting to achieve inclusive economic growth and sustainable practices for global industries . With increasing limitations on world trade through national interests and trade barriers , the WEF has moved towards a more sensitive and socially minded approach for global businesses with a focus on the reduction of carbon emissions in China and other large industrial nations . On 19 January 2017 the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ( CEPI ) , a global initiative to fight epidemics , was launched at the forum in Davos . The internationally funded initiative aims at securing vaccine supplies for global emergencies and pandemics , and to research new vaccines for tropical diseases , that are now more menacing . The project is funded by private and governmental donors , with an initial investment of US $460 m from the governments of Germany , Japan and Norway , plus the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust . Also in 2017 , WEF launched the Fourth Industrial Revolution ( 4IR ) for the Earth Initiative , a collaboration among WEF , Stanford University and PwC , and funded through the Mava Foundation . In 2018 , WEF announced that one project within this initiative was to be the Earth BioGenome Project , the aim of which is to sequence the genomes of every organism on Earth . Awards ( edit ) Technology Pioneers programme ( edit ) The Technology Pioneers Programme recognizes companies that are designing and developing new technologies . The award is given to 30 -- 50 companies each year . Since 2000 , Technology Pioneers have consisted of more than 400 companies from 5 continents . The Tech Pioneers are integrated into programme activities with the objective to identify and address future - oriented issues on the global agenda in proactive , innovative , and entrepreneurial ways . By bringing these executives together with scientists , academics , NGOs , and foundation members and partners , the foundation 's goal is to shed new light on how technologies may be used to address , for example , finding new vaccines , creating economic growth , and enhancement of global communication . Criticism ( edit ) Protest march against the WEF in Basel , 2006 .", "11": "The Transnational Institute describes the World Economic Forum 's main purpose as being `` to function as a socializing institution for the emerging global elite , globalization 's `` Mafiocracy '' of bankers , industrialists , oligarchs , technocrats and politicians . They promote common ideas , and serve common interests : their own . '' A study , published in the Journal of Consumer Research , investigated the sociological impact of the WEF . It concluded that the WEF do not solve issues such as poverty , global warming , chronic illness , or debt . They have simply shifted the burden for the solution of these problems from governments and business to `` responsible consumers subjects : the green consumer , the health - conscious consumer , and the financially literate consumer . '' They merely reframe the issues , and by so doing perpetuate them . Gore is singled out as a prime example . Gore 's speeches deliberately shift focus away from the problems of unregulated markets and corporate activities to one of moral pathologies , individual greed , etc . In doing so he is actually promoting the creation of new markets , and hence perpetuating the same old problems in a new guise . New markets will follow the same patterns as the old ones because the core problem of corporate governance is never addressed . History of criticism ( edit ) During the late 1990s the foundation , along with the G7 , World Bank , World Trade Organization , and International Monetary Fund , came under heavy criticism by anti-globalization activists who claimed that capitalism and globalization were increasing poverty and destroying the environment . Ten thousand demonstrators disrupted the World Economic Forum in Melbourne , obstructing the path of two hundred delegates to the meeting . Repeatedly , demonstrations are held in Davos ( see Anti-WEF protests in Switzerland , January 2003 ) to protest against what have been called the meetings of `` fat cats in the snow '' , a tongue - in - cheek term used by rock singer Bono . After 2014 , the protest movement against the World Economic Forum has largely died down , and Swiss police noted a significant decline in attending protesters , 20 at most during the meeting in 2016 . While protesters are still more numerous in large Swiss cities , the protest movement itself has undergone significant change .", "12": "Around 150 Tibetans and Uighurs protested in Geneva and 400 Tibetans in Bern against the visit of the Chinese president for the 2017 meeting , with subsequent confrontations and arrests . Public cost of Security ( edit ) In January 2000 , a thousand protesters marched through the streets of Davos and smashed the window of the local McDonald 's restaurant . The tight security measures around the campus of Davos have kept demonstrators from the Alpine resort , and most demonstrations were held in Zürich , Bern , or Basel . The costs of the security measures , which are shared by the foundation and the Swiss cantonal and national authorities , have been criticized in the Swiss national media . Private vs public meetings ( edit ) Since the annual meeting in January 2003 in Davos , an Open Forum Davos , co-organized by the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches , is held concurrently with the Davos forum , opening up the debate about globalization to the general public . The Open Forum has been held in the local high school every year , featuring top politicians and business leaders . It is open to all members of the public free of charge . The annual meeting of the forum also has been decried as a `` mix of pomp and platitude '' and criticized for moving away from serious economics and accomplishing little of substance , particularly with the increasing involvement of NGOs that have little or no expertise in economics . Instead of a discussion on the world economy with knowledgeable experts alongside key business and political players , the annual meeting of the forum now features the top political topics of the day appearing in media , such as global climate change and AIDS in Africa . Influence of Financial supporters ( edit ) Faculty member Steven Strauss at the Harvard Kennedy School , has raised an additional concern , pointing out that many of the WEF 's strategic partners ( who in return for financing the annual meeting have the ability to set the intellectual agenda for the meeting ) have been convicted of serious criminal , civil , or human rights violations , raising significant issues about the forum 's legitimacy as a neutral convener on certain topics . Public Eye Awards ( edit ) The Public Eye Award , a former counter-event to the WEF . The Public Eye Awards have been held every year since 2000 . It is a counter-event to the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum ( WEF ) in Davos .", "13": "Public Eye Awards is a public competition of the worst corporations in the world . In 2011 , more than 50,000 people voted for companies that acted irresponsibly . At a ceremony at a Davos hotel , the `` winners '' in 2011 were named as Indonesian palm oil diesel maker , Neste Oil in Finland , and mining company AngloGold Ashanti in South Africa . According to Schweiz aktuell broadcast on 16 January 2015 , a public presence during the WEF 2015 , may not be guaranteed because the massively increased security in Davos . The Public Eye Award will be awarded for the last time in Davos : Public Eyes says Goodbye to Davos , confirmed by Rolf Marugg ( now Landrats politician ) , by not directly engaged politicians , and by the police responsible . `` Davos Man '' ( edit ) `` Davos Man '' is a neologism referring to the global elite of wealthy ( predominantly ) men , whose members view themselves as completely `` international '' . Davos men supposedly see their identity as a matter of personal choice , not an accident of birth . According to political scientist Samuel P. Huntington , who is credited with inventing the phrase `` Davos Man '' , they are people who `` have little need for national loyalty , view national boundaries as obstacles that thankfully are vanishing , and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the élite 's global operations '' . In his 2004 article `` Dead Souls : The Denationalization of the American Elite '' , Huntington argues that this international perspective is a minority elitist position not shared by the nationalist majority of the people . John Fonte of the Hudson Institute has suggested that the transnational ideology of Davos Man represents a major challenge to Francis Fukuyama 's assertion that liberal democracy represents the fulfillment of The End of History and the Last Man . Gender debate ( edit ) Since 2011 , the World Economic Forum has been addressing its very own gender quota , to introduce at least one woman for every five senior executives that attended . With apparent success , female participation increased significantly from 9 % to 15 % between 2001 and 2005 . In 2016 , 18 % of the WEF attendees were female , this number increased to 21 % in 2017 .", "14": "Stateless elitism erosion ( edit ) Hernando de Soto Polar of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy attributes a similar concept to Fernand Braudel , referring to it as the `` bell jar '' . Although internationally connected , each country 's elite lives in a bell jar in the sense of being out of touch with its own populace . Their isolation fosters a tendency to be oblivious to the fate of their fellow citizens . Lawrence Summers refers to this concept as the `` stateless elites '' , tied more to the success of the global economy than to any nation , and views it as eroding support for continuing globalization . See also ( edit ) 2009 Davos incident Asian Leadership Conference Boao Forum for Asia Davos process European Business Summit International Labour Organization International Transport Forum Istanbul World Political Forum St. Petersburg International Economic Forum Sustainable development World Knowledge Forum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Agreement signed with the WEF '' . ( press release ) . Federal Council , Swiss Confederation . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachman , Gideon ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` What 's on the mind of Davos man ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pigman . pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Pigman . pp. 6 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Kellerman . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Schwab and Kroos . 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Jump up ^ Webster , Camilla ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` The Davos Buzz '' Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Police Arrest 100 Davos Protesters '' Archived 23 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... CNN . 28 January 2001 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tight Security Surrounds Davos '' . CNN . 25 January 2001 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Michel Liechti , Giovanni Arcudi , Marisa Vonlanthen , `` Frontières entre police et armée '' Archived 18 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Cahier du GIPRI , n ° 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Open Forum Davos , Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund '' . Openforumdavos.ch . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pigman . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Open Forum '' . YouTube . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gowers , Andrew ( 22 January 2006 ) . `` Davos : Beanfeast of Pomp and Platitude '' .", "20": "The Sunday Times . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hernando de Soto Polar . The Mystery of Capital : Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else . Basic Books . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01614 - 6 Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence ( 27 April 2008 ) . `` America needs to make a new case for trade '' . FT.com . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Reference books ( edit ) Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World -- Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas . Oxford University Press ( New York City ) .", "21": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . 358 pages . Kellerman , Barbara ( 1999 ) . Reinventing Leadership -- Making the Connection Between Politics and Business . State University of New York Press ( Albany , New York ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 4071 - 1 . 268 pages . Moore , Mike ( 2003 ) . A World Without Walls -- Freedom , Development , Free Trade and Global Governance . Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge , England ; New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82701 - 0 . 292 pages . Pigman , Geoffrey Allen ( 2007 ) . The World Economic Forum -- A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Global Governance . Routledge ( London , England ; New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 70204 - 1 . 175 pages . Rothkopf , David J. ( 2008 ) . Superclass -- The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making . Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 27210 - 4 . 376 pages . Schwab , Klaus M. ; Kroos , Hein ( 1971 ) . Moderne Unternehmensführung im Maschinenbau . Verein Dt . Maschinenbau - Anst . e.V. . Maschinenbau - Verl ( Frankfurt om Main , Germany ) . OCLC 256314575 . Wolf , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Entertainment Economy -- How Mega-Media Forces Are Transforming Our Lives . Random House ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3042 - 9 . 336 pages . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Economic Forum . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World Economic Forum '' dated 2016 - 29 - 01 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article .", "22": "( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website `` The Forum 's youtube channel '' `` Behind the Scenes at Davos '' broadcast 14 February 2010 on 60 Minutes _́ How to Open the World Economic Forum _́ -- Matthias Lüfkens in Interview with 99FACES.tv `` Everybody 's Business : Strengthening International Cooperation in a More Interdependent World '' launched May 2010 , Doha , Qatar Global Shapers links ( edit ) The official website of the Global Shapers `` Who are the Global Shapers ? '' , World Economic Forum `` Who are the Global Shapers ? 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-143054837169120955	where are the giant redwoods located in california	[ "Humboldt County", "Del Norte County", "Humboldt County", "Del Norte County", "from the northern California coast north to the southern Oregon Coast", "the coast of northern California" ]	{ "0": "Redwood National and State Parks - wikipedia Redwood National and State Parks Jump to : navigation , search Redwood National and State Parks IUCN category II ( national park ) Fog in the forest Location of Redwood National and State Parks Location of Redwood National and State Parks Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location Humboldt County & Del Norte County , California , US Nearest city Crescent City Coordinates 41 ° 18 ′ N 124 ° 00 ′ W / 41.3 ° N 124 ° W / 41.3 ; - 124 Coordinates : 41 ° 18 ′ N 124 ° 00 ′ W / 41.3 ° N 124 ° W / 41.3 ; - 124 Area 139,000 acres ( 560 km ) Established August 27 , 1969 Visitors 536,297 ( in 2016 ) Governing body Co-managed by National Park Service and California Department of Parks and Recreation Website Redwood National and State Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( ix ) Reference 134 Inscription 1980 ( 4th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) The Redwood National and State Parks ( RNSP ) are a complex of several state and national parks located in the United States , along the coast of northern California . Comprising Redwood National Park ( established 1968 ) and California 's Del Norte Coast , Jedediah Smith , and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks ( dating from the 1920s ) , the combined RNSP contain 139,000 acres ( 560 km ) , and feature old - growth temperate rainforests . Located entirely within Del Norte and Humboldt Counties , the four parks , together , protect 45 % of all remaining coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) old - growth forests , totaling at least 38,982 acres ( 157.75 km ) . These trees are the tallest and one of the most massive tree species on Earth .", "1": "In addition to the redwood forests , the parks preserve other indigenous flora , fauna , grassland prairie , cultural resources , portions of rivers and other streams , and 37 miles ( 60 km ) of pristine coastline . In 1850 , old - growth redwood forest covered more than 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of the California coast . The northern portion of that area , originally inhabited by Native Americans , attracted many lumbermen and others turned gold miners when a minor gold rush brought them to the region . Failing in efforts to strike it rich in gold , these men turned toward harvesting the giant trees for booming development in San Francisco and other places on the West Coast . After many decades of unrestricted clear - cut logging , serious efforts toward conservation began . By the 1920s the work of the Save - the - Redwoods League , founded in 1918 to preserve remaining old - growth redwoods , resulted in the establishment of Prairie Creek , Del Norte Coast , and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Parks among others . Redwood National Park was created in 1968 , by which time nearly 90 % of the original redwood trees had been logged . The National Park Service ( NPS ) and the California Department of Parks and Recreation ( CDPR ) administratively combined Redwood National Park with the three abutting Redwood State Parks in 1994 for the purpose of cooperative forest management and stabilization of forests and watersheds as a single unit . The ecosystem of the RNSP preserves a number of threatened animal species such as the tidewater goby , Chinook salmon , northern spotted owl , and Steller 's sea lion . In recognition of the rare ecosystem and cultural history found in the parks , the United Nations designated them a World Heritage Site on September 5 , 1980 and part of the California Coast Ranges International Biosphere Reserve on June 30 , 1983 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Park management 3 Natural resources 3.1 Flora 3.2 Fauna 3.3 Invasive species 3.4 Geology 3.5 Climate 3.6 Fire management 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Reconstruction of a Yurok Native American plankhouse constructed of redwood boards Modern day native groups such as the Yurok , Tolowa , Karok , Chilula , and Wiyot all have historical ties to the region , and some Native American groups still live in the park area today . Archaeological study shows they arrived in the area as far back as 3,000 years ago . An 1852 census determined that the Yurok were the most numerous , with 55 villages and an estimated population of 2,500 . They used the abundant redwood , which with its linear grain was easily split into planks , as a building material for boats , houses , and small villages . For buildings , the planks would be erected side by side in a narrow trench , with the upper portions bound with leather strapping and held by notches cut into the supporting roof beams . Redwood boards were used to form a shallow sloping roof . Previous to Jedediah Smith in 1828 , no other explorer of European descent is known to have thoroughly investigated the inland region away from the immediate coast . The discovery of gold along the Trinity River in 1850 led to a minor secondary rush in California . This brought miners into the area and many stayed on at the coast after failing to strike it rich . This quickly led to conflicts wherein native peoples were placed under great strain , if not forcibly removed or massacred . By 1895 , only one third of the Yurok in one group of villages remained ; by 1919 , virtually all members of the Chilula tribe had either died or been assimilated into other tribes . The miners logged redwoods for building ; when this minor gold rush ended , some of them turned again to logging , cutting down the giant redwood trees .", "3": "Initially , over 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of the California and southwestern coast of Oregon were old - growth redwood forest , but by 1910 , extensive logging led conservationists and concerned citizens to begin seeking ways to preserve the remaining trees , which they saw being logged at an alarming rate . In 1911 , U.S. Representative John E. Raker , of California , became the first politician to introduce legislation for the creation of a redwood national park . However , no further action was taken by Congress at that time . The coast redwood is the tallest tree species on Earth . Preservation of the redwood stands in California is considered one of the most substantial conservation contributions of the Boone and Crockett Club . The Save - the - Redwoods League was founded in 1918 by Boone and Crockett Club members Madison Grant , John C. Merriam , Henry Fairfield Osborn , and future member , Frederick Russell Burnham . The initial purchases of land were made by club member Stephen Mather and William Kent . In 1921 , Boone and Crockett Club member John C. Phillips donated $32,000 to purchase land and create the Raynal Bolling Memorial Grove in the Humboldt Redwoods State Park . This was timely as U.S. Route 101 , which would soon provide nearly unfettered access to the trees , was under construction . Using matching funds provided initially by the County of Humboldt and later by the State of California , the Save - the - Redwoods League managed to protect areas of concentrated or multiple redwood groves and a few entire forests in the 1920s . As California created a state park system , beginning in 1927 , three of the preserved redwood areas became Prairie Creek Redwoods , Del Norte Coast Redwoods , and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Parks . A fourth became Humboldt Redwoods State Park , by far the largest of the individual Redwood State Parks , but not in the Redwood National and State Park system . Because of the high demand for lumber during World War II and the construction boom that followed in the 1950s , the creation of a national park was delayed . Efforts by the Save - the - Redwoods League , the Sierra Club , and the National Geographic Society to create a national park began in the early 1960s .", "4": "After intense lobbying of Congress , the bill creating Redwood National Park was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on October 2 , 1968 . The Save - the - Redwoods League and other entities purchased over 100,000 acres ( 400 km ) , which were added to existing state parks . In 1978 , 48,000 acres ( 190 km ) were added to Redwood National Park in a major expansion . However , only a fifth of that land was old - growth forest , the rest having been logged . This expansion protected the watershed along Redwood Creek from being adversely affected by logging operations outside the park . The federal and state parks were administratively combined in 1994 . The United Nations designated Redwood National and State Parks a World Heritage Site on September 5 , 1980 . The evaluation committee noted 50 prehistoric archaeological sites , spanning 4,500 years . It also cited ongoing research in the park by Humboldt State University researchers , among others . The park is part of a much larger region designated the California Coast Ranges International Biosphere Reserve on June 30 , 1983 . The California Coast Ranges biosphere is overseen by the University of California Natural Reserve System . The park has served as a filming location for numerous films . Scenes set on the forest moon Endor in Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi were filmed in the Tall Trees Redwood Grove in the northern part of Humboldt County , though the majority of filming was in private and public forests near the town of Smith River , California . Scenes for The Lost World : Jurassic Park as well as the movie Outbreak were filmed at the nearby Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and at Patrick 's Point State Park . Park management ( edit ) Map illustrates Redwood National and State Parks features and boundaries . Redwood National Park headquarters is located in Crescent City , California , with a service office located in Arcata and an operations center located in Orick , California . Lack of money has precluded major improvements , however , and timber companies have replanted much of the logged area with non-native tree species . Coastline areas , including dunes and coastal prairie , have been invaded by exotic species , partly due to the suppression of forest fires until the 1980s .", "5": "A fire management plan now allows controlled burning as one method to return the parkland to its original state . Since the redwoods were logged on the basis of accessibility , with inaccessible areas being cut last , large old - growth forest sections were isolated from one another , sometimes by many miles . In these cases it will be decades more before mature forest can return , regardless of the amount of money used to rehabilitate the ecosystem . The park has transformed a few logging roads into scenic public drives . These do not meet current safety standards , but funding to improve them is not available at present . Park structures such as visitor centers and employee housing also need updating to meet increasing demands . Park employees perform air and water quality surveys , monitor endangered and threatened species , and work closely with the California Coastal National Monument , which is managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management . In 2005 , the parks were authorized to expand another 25,000 acres ( 100 km ) to include the Mill Creek watershed . Natural resources ( edit ) The Redwood National and State Parks form one of the most significant protected areas of the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion . Flora ( edit ) It is estimated that old - growth redwood forest once covered close to 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of coastal northern California . 96 % of all old - growth redwoods have been logged , and almost half ( 45 % ) of the redwoods remaining are found in Redwood National and State Parks . The parks protect 38,982 acres ( 157.75 km ) of old - growth forest almost equally divided between federal 19,640 acres ( 79.5 km ) and state 19,342 acres ( 78.27 km ) management . Redwoods have existed along the coast of northern California for at least 20 million years and are related to tree species that existed 160 million years ago . The native range of coast redwood is from the northern California coast north to the southern Oregon Coast . The tree is closely related to the giant sequoia of central California , and more distantly to the dawn redwood which is indigenous to the Sichuan -- Hubei region of China .", "6": "Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth ; as of September 2006 , the tallest tree in the park was Hyperion at 379.1 feet ( 115.5 m ) , followed by Helios and Icarus which were 376.3 feet ( 114.7 m ) and 371.2 feet ( 113.1 m ) respectively . Sequoia sempervirens Before September 2006 , the tallest living specimen known was the Stratosphere Giant , outside the park in Humboldt Redwoods State Park , which was 370 feet ( 110 m ) in 2004 . For many years , one specimen simply named Tall Tree in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and within the RNSP was measured at 367.8 feet ( 112.1 m ) , but the top 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the tree was reported to have died in the 1990s . One tree that fell in 1991 was reported to be 372.04 feet ( 113.40 m ) . Only the giant sequoia has more mass . The largest redwood by volume is the 42,500 cubic foot ( 1,205 m3 ) Lost Monarch , located in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park . Mature Coast redwoods live an average of 500 -- 700 years and a few are documented to be 2,000 years old , making them some of the longest - living organisms on earth . They are highly resistant to disease , due to a thick protective bark and high tannin content . Redwoods prefer sheltered slopes , slightly inland and near water sources such as rivers and streams . Redwood trees develop enormous limbs that accumulate deep organic soils and can support tree - sized trunks growing on them . This typically occurs above 150 feet ( 46 m ) . Scientists have recently discovered that plants which normally grow on the forest floor also grow in these soils , well above ground . The soil mats provide homes to invertebrates , mollusks , earthworms , and salamanders . During drought seasons , some treetops die back , but the trees do not die outright . Instead , redwoods have developed mechanisms to regrow new trunks from other limbs .", "7": "These secondary trunks , called reiterations , also develop root systems in the accumulated soils at their bases . This helps transport water to the highest reaches of the trees . Coastal fog also provides up to one - third of their annual water needs . Another large tree commonly found in the forest is the coast Douglas - fir , which has been measured at heights of over 300 feet ( 91 m ) . Sitka spruce are plentiful along the coast and are better adapted to salty air than other species . The evergreen hardwood tanoak produces a nut similar to the acorns produced by the related genus Quercus ( oak ) . Both tanoaks and oaks are members of the beech family . Trees such as the Pacific madrone , bigleaf maple , California laurel , and red alder are also widespread throughout the parks . Huckleberry , blackberry , and salmonberry are part of the forest understory and provide food for many animal species . The California rhododendron and azalea are flowering shrubs common in the park , especially in old - growth forest . Plants such as the sword fern are prolific , particularly near ample water sources . In Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park , Fern Canyon is a well - known ravine 30 to 50 feet ( 9.1 to 15.2 m ) deep , with walls completely covered in ferns . Fauna ( edit ) Northern spotted owl ( Strix occidentalis caurina ) is a threatened species known to exist in the parks . The ecosystems of RNSP preserve a number of rare animal species . Numerous ecosystems exist , with seacoast , river , prairie , and densely forested zones all within the park . The tidewater goby is a federally listed endangered species that live near the Pacific coastline . The bald eagle , which usually nests near a water source , is listed as a state of California endangered species . The Chinook salmon , northern spotted owl , and Steller 's sea lion are a few of the other animal species that are threatened . Over 40 species of mammals have been documented , including the black bear , coyote , cougar , bobcat , beaver , river otter , black - tailed deer , and elk .", "8": "Along the coastline , California sea lions , Steller sea lions and harbor seals live near the shore and on seastacks , rocky outcroppings forming small islands just off the coast . Dolphins and Pacific gray whales are occasionally seen offshore . Roosevelt elk are the most readily observed of the large mammals in the park . Successful herds , brought back from the verge of extinction in the region , are now a common site in park areas south of the Klamath River . Many smaller mammals live in the high forest canopy . Different species of bats , such as the big brown bat , and other smaller mammals including the red squirrel and northern flying squirrel spend most of their lives well above the forest floor . Brown pelicans and double - crested cormorants are mainly found on cliffs along the coast and on seastacks , while sandpipers and gulls inhabit the seacoast and inland areas . Inland , freshwater - dependent birds such as the common merganser , osprey , red - shouldered hawk , great blue heron , and Steller 's jay are a few of the bird species that have been documented . At least 400 bird species have been documented in the forestlands . Reptiles and amphibians can also be found in the parks , with the northwestern ringneck snake , northern red - legged frog , Pacific giant salamander , and the rough - skinned newt most commonly seen . Invasive species ( edit ) Currently , there are over 200 exotic species known to live in Redwood National and State Parks . Of these thirty have been identified as invasive species , ten of these are considered threats to local species and ecosystems . Exotic species currently account for about a quarter of the total flora in the parks . Only about one percent of plant growth in old - growth areas are of exotic species , while areas such as the Bald Hills prairies have a relative cover of fifty to seventy - five percent exotic . The type of foreign vegetation also varies , with plants such as the English Ivy ( Hedera helix ) , Spotted Knapweed ( Centaurea maculosa ) , and the Poison Hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) . The spotted knapweed and poison hemlock are both under consideration for addition to a high priority watch list maintained by the park system .", "9": "Geology ( edit ) Coastline area The northern coastal region of California , which includes RNSP and the adjacent offshore area , is the most seismically active in the U.S. Frequent minor earthquakes in the park and offshore under the Pacific Ocean have resulted in shifting river channels , landslides , and erosion of seaside cliffs . The North American , Pacific , and Gorda Plates are tectonic plates that all meet at the Mendocino Triple Junction , only 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of the parks . During the 1990s , more than nine magnitude 6.0 earthquakes occurred along this fault zone resulting in 1 death and major financial loss , and there is always potential for a major earthquake . The park ensures that visitors are aware of the potential for a major earthquake through the use of pamphlets and information posted throughout the parks . The threat of a tsunami is of particular concern , and visitors to the seacoast are told to seek higher ground immediately after any significant earthquake . Both coastline and the Coast Ranges can be found within park boundaries . The majority of the rocks in the parks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage , uplifted from the ocean floor millions of years ago . These sedimentary rocks are primarily sandstone , siltstone , shale , and chert , with lesser amounts of metamorphic rocks such as greenstone . For the most part , these rocks are easily eroded , and can be viewed along the seacoast and where rivers and streams have cut small gorges . Formed during the Cretaceous Period , they are highly deformed from uplift and folding processes . In some areas , river systems have created fluvial deposits of sand , mud , and gravel , which are transported into the park from upstream . Redwood Creek follows the Grogan Fault ; along the west bank of the creek , schist and other metamorphic rocks can be found , while sedimentary rocks of the Franciscan Assemblage are located on the east bank . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Redwood National and State Parks ( Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park ;", "10": "Del Norte County ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 75 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 81 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 91 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 90 ( 32 ) 78 ( 26 ) 72 ( 22 ) 98 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 38.1 ( 3.4 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 42.3 ( 5.", "11": "7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 18 ( − 8 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 16 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 12.18 ( 309.4 ) 10.65 ( 270.5 ) 10.31 ( 261.9 ) 6.27 ( 159.3 ) 3.94 ( 100.1 ) 2.00 ( 50.8 ) 0.37 ( 9.4 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 1.21 ( 30.7 ) 5.00 ( 127 ) 11.42 ( 290.1 ) 15.72 ( 399.3 ) 79.6 ( 2,021.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) ( 2.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.6 15.7 17.1 14.0 9.0 5.3 1.9 2.0 3.8 7.7 16.3 17.4 127.8 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals ,", "12": "1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : Western Regional Climate Center ( records and snowfall 1948 -- 2006 ) Fog is persistent during the summer , as seen here , and the majority of fires are during the fall . The Redwood National and State Parks have an oceanic temperate rainforest climate , with cool - summer Mediterranean characteristics . Weather in RNSP is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean . Coastal temperatures generally range between 40 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit ( 4 -- 15 ° C ) all year round , while further from the coast summers are hotter and drier , and winters are colder . Redwoods mostly grow a mile or two ( 1.5 -- 3 km ) from the coast , and never more than 50 miles ( 80 km ) from it . In this temperate but humid coastal zone , the trees receive moisture from both heavy winter rains and persistent summer fog . The presence and consistency of the summer fog is actually more important to overall health of the trees than heavy precipitation . This fact is born out in annual precipitation totals , which range between 25 and 122 inches ( 64 and 310 cm ) annually , with healthy redwood forests throughout the areas of less precipitation because excessive needs for water are mitigated by the ever - present summer fog and the cooler temperatures it ensures . Snow is uncommon even on peaks above 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) , further exemplifying the mild , temperate nature of this northern latitude ; however , light snow mixed with rain is common during the winter months . Fire management ( edit ) Wildfires are a natural part of most terrestrial ecosystems . In many ways nature has adapted to fire , and the absence of fire can often be disadvantageous . Wildfire eliminates dead and decayed plant and tree matter , enriching the soil and ensuring that healthier trees have less competition for limited nutrients . Prescribed fire is currently part of the fire management plan and helps to eliminate exotic species of plants and allows a more fertile and natural ecosystem . Fire is also used to protect prairie grasslands and to keep out forest encroachment , ensuring sufficient rangeland for elk and deer . The oak forest regions also benefit from controlled burns , as Douglas fir would otherwise eventually take over and decrease biodiversity .", "13": "The use of fire in old - growth redwood zones reduces dead and decaying material , and lessens the mortality of larger redwoods by eliminating competing vegetation . In the park , a fire management plan monitors all fires , weather patterns and the fuel load ( dead and decaying plant material ) . This fuel load is removed from areas near structures and where fire poses high risk to the public , and controlled burns are used elsewhere . The National Interagency Fire Center provides additional firefighters and equipment in the event of a large fire . Recreation ( edit ) Scene along a hiking trail in Fern Canyon The DeMartin Redwood Youth Hostel , a low - amenities shared lodging facility ( near Klamath ) , has now closed . There are no hotels or motels within the parks boundaries . However , nearby towns such as Klamath , Requa , and Orick provide small hotels and inns , with extensive lodging options available in the regional trading centers of Crescent City on the northern end of the park and Arcata and Eureka located to the south . The park is about 260 miles ( 420 km ) north of San Francisco , and 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Portland , Oregon ; U.S. Route 101 passes through it from north to south . The Smith River National Recreation Area , part of the Six Rivers National Forest , is adjacent to the north end of RNSP . While the state parks have front country campsites that can be driven to , the federal sections of the park do not , and hiking is the only way to reach back country campsites . These are at Mill Creek campground in Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park and Jedediah Smith campground in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park , which together have 251 campsites ; the Elk Prairie campground in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park which has 75 ; and the Gold Bluffs Beach campground which has 25 campsites . Other nearby state parks have additional front country camping . Back country camping is by permit only and is only allowed in designated sites , except on gravel bars along Redwood Creek . Access to the back country is highly regulated to prevent overuse while permitting as many groups as possible to explore the forest . Camping in the back country is therefore limited to five consecutive nights , and 15 nights in any one year .", "14": "Proper food storage to minimize encounters with bears is strongly enforced , and hikers and backpackers are required to take out any trash they generate . Horse riders entering Redwood National Park Almost 200 miles ( 320 km ) of hiking trails exist in the parks , but during the rainy season some temporary footbridges are removed , as they would be destroyed by high streams . Throughout the year , trails are often wet and hikers need to be well prepared for rainy weather and consult information centers for updates on trail conditions . Horseback riding and mountain biking are popular but are only allowed on certain trails . Kayaking is popular along the seacoast and in the various rivers and streams . Kayakers and canoeists frequently travel the Smith River , which is the longest un dammed river remaining in California . Fishing for salmon and steelhead , a highly prized anadromous form of rainbow trout over 16 inches ( 41 cm ) , is best in the Smith and Klamath rivers . A California sport fishing license is required to fish any of the rivers and streams . Hunting is not permitted anywhere in the parks , but is allowed in nearby National Forests . The park has three visitor centers , where guided nature walks and general information are available , along with two additional information points . Each campground offers campfire talks during the summer months as well as guided tours . The parks have many picnic areas , which are all easily accessed by vehicle . See also ( edit ) The following three California State Parks are the only State Parks co-managed within the RNSP system : Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` National or State Park ? '' ( PDF ) . Redwood National and State Parks Visitor Guide . National Park Service . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Coy , Owen Cochran ( 1982 ) . The Humboldt Bay Region 1850 - 1875 . Humboldt County Historical Society . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Working Together '' . Redwood National and State Parks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Threatened / Endangered Species '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. World Heritage Sites '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Biosphere Reserves '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Indians of the Redwoods '' . Redwood History Basic Data . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward ( 1998 ) . `` Short Overview of California Indian History '' . California Native American Heritage Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nabokov , Peter ; Robert Easton ( October 25 , 1990 ) . Native American Architecture . U.S. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506665 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` American Indians '' . Area History . National Park Service . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Chilula '' . The Indians of the Redwoods . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Logging '' . Area History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , William G. ( 1955 ) . A History of the Boone and Crockett Club .", "16": "Boone and Crockett Club . pp. 81 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Schrepfer , Susan R. ( 1983 ) . The Fight to Save the Redwoods : A History of Environmental Reform , 1917 - 1978 . Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 130 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 08850 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Redwoods Timeline '' . Save the Redwoods League . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Redwood National Park ( includes Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park , Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park ) '' ( PDF ) . Protected Areas and World Heritage . United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` California Coast Ranges '' . MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` From the Giant Redwoods to the Sea '' . Humboldt County Film Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Plan for Redwood National and State Parks '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2004 Annual Performance Plan '' . Redwoods National Park . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . August 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle For Redwood National Park '' . Redwood History Basic Data . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About The Trees '' . National Park Service . October 14 , 2006 .", "17": "Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Glen , Martin ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Eureka ! New tallest living thing discovered '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Carle , Janet . `` Tracking the Tallest Tree '' . California State Park Rangers Association . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Coast Redwood and Sierra Redwood '' . The Redwoods of Coast and Sierra . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Redwood National and State Parks Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plants '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals '' . National Park Service . April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sakai , Howard . `` Vertebrate Species that occur at Redwood National and State Parks '' . Species in Parks Flora and Fauna Databases . Information Center for the Environment / National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/exotic-vegetation.htm Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/exotic-plant-species-list.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Geology '' . Natural Resources . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , David ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Mendocino Triple Junction Offshore Northern California '' . A Policy for Rapid Mobilization of USGS OBS ( RMOBS ) . U.S. Geological Survey .", "18": "Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CA Klamath '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath , California '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weather '' . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Park Geology '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prescribed Fire '' . Environmental Factors . National Park Service . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Management Plan Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Rewood National and State Parks . May 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campgrounds '' . National Park Service . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backcountry '' . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` California Sport Fishing Regulations for Smith River '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . May 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . References ( edit ) National Park Service . `` Redwood National and State Parks '' . Retrieved in 2006 . Redwood National and State Parks . `` Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved in 2006 . Redwood : A Guide to Redwood National and State Parks , California . Interior Dept. , National Park Service , Division of Publications . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 912627 - 61 - 1 .", "19": "External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redwood National Park . Official Redwood National and State Parks website Chronology : Establishment of the Redwood National Park by Willard E. Pratt . Forest History Society website . Rudolf W. Becking Collection at Humboldt State University Library . The HSU Redwoods Project Redwood National and State Parks . Protected areas of California ( hide ) National Park System National Parks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite National Preserves Mojave National Monuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains Cesar E. Chavez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods World War II Valor in the Pacific National Seashores Point Reyes National Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime National Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar National Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown State Parks State Parks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Annadel Año Nuevo Anza - Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell -- Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe - Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D.L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W.", "20": "Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur -- Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Patrick 's Point Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas - Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch State Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B.", "21": "Dewitt John Little Jug Handle Kruse Rhododendron Los Osos Oaks Mailliard Redwoods Mono Lake Tufa Montgomery Woods Point Lobos Smithe Redwoods Torrey Pines Tule Elk State Marine Reserves Albany Big Creek Carmel Pinnacles Del Mar Landing Emeryville Crescent Estero de Limantour Fitzgerald Laguna Beach Lovers Point Montara Moro Cojo Slough Natural Bridges Point Lobos Point Sur Russian River Stewarts Point State Historic Parks Anderson Marsh Antelope Valley Indian Museum Bale Grist Mill Benicia Capitol Bidwell Mansion Bodie California Citrus California State Indian Museum Chumash Painted Cave Colonel Allensworth Columbia Cowell Ranch / John Marsh El Presidio de Santa Barbara Empire Mine Folsom Powerhouse Fort Humboldt Fort Ross Fort Tejon Governor 's Mansion Hearst San Simeon Indian Grinding Rock Jack London La Purísima Mission Leland Stanford Mansion Los Angeles Los Encinos Malakoff Diggins Marconi Conference Center Marshall Gold Discovery Monterey Old Sacramento Old Town San Diego Olompali Petaluma Adobe Pigeon Point Light Station Pío Pico Point Sur Railtown 1897 San Juan Bautista San Pasqual Battlefield Santa Cruz Mission Santa Susana Pass Shasta Sonoma Sutter 's Fort Tomo - Kahni Wassama Round House Watts Towers of Simon Rodia Weaverville Joss House Will Rogers William B.", "22": "Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House State Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Robert W. Crown Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport - Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski State Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Lake Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa - Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle Park McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish - Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge State Vehicular Recreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Capitol Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Station Point Lobos Ranch Point Montara Light Station", "23": "Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon National Forests and Grasslands National Forests and Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt - Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River -- Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta -- Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National Wilderness Preservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson - Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Shasta Wilderness North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel Sanhedrin San Jacinto San Rafael Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly -- Middle Eel Yuki National Monuments and Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area Sand to Snow National Monument State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration", "24": "National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe - Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife Areas Wildlife Areas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara / Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains", "25": "Mendota Merrill 's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa - Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard / Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass Ecological Reserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin", "26": "Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi Marine Protected Areas Abalone Cove Albany Mudflats Anacapa Anacapa Año Nuevo Asilomar Atascadero Beach Bair Island Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Big Creek Big Sycamore Canyon Bodega Bolsa Chica Cambria Cardiff and San Elijo Carmel Bay Carmel Pinnacles Carrington Point Catalina Marine Science Center Corte Madera Marsh Crystal Cove Dana Point Del Mar Landing Doheny Doheny Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Elkhorn Slough Encinitas Estero de Limantour Fagan Marsh Farallon Islands Farnsworth Bank Fort Ross Gerstle Cove Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Gull Island Harris Point Heisler Park Hopkins Irvine Coast James V. Fitzgerald Judith Rock Julia Pfeiffer Burns La Jolla Laguna Beach Lovers Cove ( Catalina Island ) Lovers Point MacKerricher Manchester and Arena Rock Marin Islands Mia J.", "27": "Tegner Moro Cojo Slough Morro Bay Morro Bay Morro Beach Natural Bridges Niguel Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Peytonia Slough Piedras Blancas Piedras Blancas Pismo Pismo - Oceano Beach Point Buchon Point Buchon Point Cabrillo Point Fermin Point Lobos Point Reyes Headlands Point Sur Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Punta Gorda Redwood Shores Refugio Richardson Rock Robert E. Badham Robert W. Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego - Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Skunk Point Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South Laguna Beach South Point Swami 's Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock ( Cambria ) Bureau of Land Management National Landscape Conservation System National Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade - Siskiyou Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Conservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes", "28": "Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Matilija Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen / McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River Estuary University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Reserve Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Bodega Marine Box Springs Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jenny Pygmy Forest Jepson Prairie Kendall - Frost Mission Bay Marsh Kenneth S.", "29": "Norris Rancho Marino Landels - Hill Big Creek McLaughlin Motte Rimrock Quail Ridge Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza - Borrego Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Valentine Eastern Sierra Younger Lagoon Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St.", "30": "Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redwood_National_and_State_Parks&oldid=813372162 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Redwood National and State Parks National parks in California State parks of California Coast redwood groves Old growth forests Parks in Del Norte County , California Parks in Humboldt County , California Beaches of Del Norte County ,", "31": "California Protected areas established in 1968 1968 establishments in California World Heritage Sites in the United States Beaches of Northern California Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 09 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4892429640540595424	who has made the most premier league appearances	[ "Gareth Barry", "Gareth Barry", "Gareth Barry", "Gareth Barry", "Gareth Barry" ]	{ "0": "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league appearances Gareth Barry holds the record for most Premier League appearances , and is the only active player to have passed 500 appearances . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 12 players have managed to accrue 500 or more appearances in the Premier League . The first player to reach the milestone was midfielder Gary Speed , in representation of Leeds United , Everton , Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers ; his 500th match was Bolton 's 4 -- 0 win over West Ham United on 9 December 2006 . Speed held the record for most appearances until 14 February 2009 , when goalkeeper David James played his 536th match , for Portsmouth against his former team Manchester City . James ended with 572 appearances , a record which was broken by Ryan Giggs on 14 May 2011 , having played all of his matches for Manchester United . On 25 September 2017 , Gareth Barry broke Giggs ' record by playing his 633rd match , West Bromwich Albion 's 2 -- 0 loss at Arsenal . At the time of breaking the record , Barry ranked 8th in English top division appearances since the Second World War , trailing Giggs in 6th ( 672 total top division appearances ) and six other players . The only player from outside the United Kingdom to play 500 Premier League games is Australia goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer , for Middlesbrough , Fulham , Chelsea and Leicester City . Players ( edit ) Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League .", "1": "Correct as of 20 January 2018 ( UTC ) List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Rank Player Premier League Club ( s ) Appearances Barry , Gareth Gareth Barry Aston Villa , Manchester City , Everton , West Bromwich Albion 649 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 632 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 609 James , David David James Liverpool , Aston Villa , West Ham United , Manchester City , Portsmouth 572 Speed , Gary Gary Speed Leeds United , Everton , Newcastle United , Bolton Wanderers 535 6 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 516 7 Schwarzer , Mark Mark Schwarzer Middlesbrough , Fulham , Chelsea , Leicester City 514 8 Carragher , Jamie Jamie Carragher Liverpool 508 9 Neville , Phil Phil Neville Manchester United , Everton 505 10 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 504 10 Ferdinand , Rio Rio Ferdinand West Ham United , Leeds United , Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers 504 12 Campbell , Sol Sol Campbell Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Portsmouth , Newcastle United 503 See also ( edit ) List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Premier League records and statistics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bolton 4 - 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport. 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David James '' . The FA . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` Rejuvenated David James sets his sights on a new landmark '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Barry breaks Ryan Giggs ' Premier League appearance record '' . Sky Sports . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live MNF : Arsenal v West Brom '' . Monday Night Football . 25 September 2017 .", "2": "7 minutes in . Sky . Sky Sports Main Event HD . Jump up ^ Includes games played in the Football League First Division between 1946 and 1992 and subsequently all games played in the Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Schwarzer first overseas player to join 500 club '' . Premier League . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Player Stats '' . Premier League . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry", "3": "City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_500_or_more_appearances&oldid=821483986 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 19 : 35 .", "4": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5533906981191706877	who was the first chief minister of west bengal	[ "Prafulla Chandra Ghosh of the Indian National Congress", "Prafulla Chandra Ghosh", "Prafulla Chandra Ghosh", "Prafulla Chandra Ghosh", "Prafulla Chandra Ghosh" ]	{ "0": "List of chief Ministers of West Bengal - wikipedia List of chief Ministers of West Bengal Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of West Bengal Incumbent Mamata Banerjee since 20 May 2011 Residence 30B , Harish Chatterjee Street , Kalighat , Kolkata - 700026 Seat Bhawanipore Appointer Governor of West Bengal Inaugural holder Prafulla Chandra Ghosh Formation 15 August 1947 ( as Premier of West Bengal ) The Chief Minister of West Bengal is the chief executive of the eastern Indian state of West Bengal . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is a state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly , the state 's governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . West Bengal origins lie in Bengal , a province of the British Raj that included present - day Bangladesh . Between 1937 and 1947 it was intermittently governed by a popularly elected ministry , whose head is often designated the Premier of Bengal . In 1947 , Bengal province was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and East Pakistan . All three erstwhile Bengal premiers -- A.K. Fazlul Huq , Khawaja Nazimuddin and H.S. Suhrawardy -- became Pakistani citizens ; the latter two went on to become Prime Ministers of Pakistan in the 1950s . Since 1947 , there have been eight Chief Ministers of West Bengal . The first was Prafulla Chandra Ghosh of the Indian National Congress , who was succeeded by his party - mates Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy and Prafulla Chandra Sen. A decade of instability followed , marred by fractious coalition governments and frequent impositions of President 's rule . The instability ended with 1977 election victory of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( CPM ) .", "1": "Headed by Jyoti Basu , the CPM - led Left Front government was in office for over 23 years ( 1977 -- 2000 ) . Left rule in West Bengal continued for another 10 years under Buddhadeb Bhattacharya , before its defeat in the 2011 election by the Trinamool Congress . Appointed on 20 May 2011 , Trinamool leader Mamata Banerjee is the current incumbent , the state 's first woman chief minister . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colour key for parties 2 Prime Minister of Bengal 3 Chief Ministers of West Bengal 4 See also 5 Notes Colour key for parties ( edit ) All - India Muslim League All India Trinamool Congress Bangla Congress Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Independent Indian National Congress Krishak Praja Party N / A ( President 's rule ) Prime minister of Bengal ( edit ) Following partition , the former premiers of Bengal -- A.K. Fazlul Huq , Khawaja Nazimuddin and H.S. Suhrawardy -- all became Pakistani citizens . The latter two became Prime Ministers of Pakistan in the 1950s . No Name Took office Left office Duration Election Party A.K. Fazlul Huq 1 April 1937 1 December 1941 5 years , 351 days 1937 Krishak Praja Party 12 December 1941 29 March 1943 Khawaja Nazimuddin 29 April 1943 31 March 1945 2 years , 2 days All - India Muslim League H.S. Suhrawardy 23 April 1946 14 August 1947 1 year , 113 days 1946 Chief Ministers of West Bengal ( edit ) Writers ' Building , an 18th - century Company - era construction in Kolkata , serves as the office of West Bengal 's chief Minister . The first Chief Minister of West Bengal , Prafulla Chandra Ghosh , at Writers ' in 1947 The Presidential Standard of India . Between 1968 and 1977 , West Bengal came under President 's rule on four occasions .", "2": "With over 23 years in office , Jyoti Basu of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) is India 's longest - serving chief minister . Basu 's successor Buddhadeb Bhattacharya , who served for over 10 years No Name Took office Left office Duration Assembly ( election ) Party ( alliance ) Premier of West Bengal Prafulla Chandra Ghosh 15 August 1947 22 January 1948 160 days Not yet created Indian National Congress Bidhan Chandra Roy 23 January 1948 25 January 1950 2 years , 2 days Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 2 ) Bidhan Chandra Roy Bowbazar 26 January 1950 30 March 1952 12 years , 156 days ( total : 14 years , 158 days ) Not yet created Indian National Congress 31 March 1952 5 April 1957 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( January 1952 election ) 6 April 1957 2 April 1962 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( March 1957 election ) 3 April 1962 1 July 1962 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( February 1962 election ) Prafulla Chandra Sen Arambagh East 1 July 1962 28 February 1967 4 years , 242 days Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee Tamluk 1 March 1967 21 November 1967 265 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( February 1967 election ) Bangla Congress ( United Front ) ( 1 ) Prafulla Chandra Ghosh Jhargram 21 November 1967 19 February 1968 90 days ( total : 250 days ) Independent ( Progressive Democratic Front ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 20 February 1968 25 February 1969 1 year ,", "3": "5 days Dissolved N / A ( 4 ) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee Tamluk 25 February 1969 30 July 1970 1 year , 155 days Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 70 ) ( February 1969 election ) Bangla Congress ( United Front ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 July 1970 2 March 1971 215 days Dissolved N / A ( 4 ) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee Tamluk 2 April 1971 25 June 1971 84 days ( total : 2 years , 139 days ) Sixth Assembly ( 1971 ) ( March 1971 election ) Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 June 1971 19 March 1972 268 days Dissolved N / A 5 Siddhartha Shankar Ray Malda 20 March 1972 30 April 1977 5 years , 41 days Seventh Assembly ( 1972 -- 77 ) ( March 1972 election ) Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 20 June 1977 51 days Dissolved N / A 6 Jyoti Basu Satgacchia 21 June 1977 23 May 1982 23 years ,", "4": "137 days Eighth Assembly ( 1977 -- 82 ) ( June 1977 election ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( Left Front ) 24 May 1982 29 March 1987 Ninth Assembly ( 1982 -- 87 ) ( May 1982 election ) 30 March 1987 18 June 1991 Tenth Assembly ( 1987 -- 91 ) ( March 1987 election ) 19 June 1991 15 May 1996 Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( May 1991 election ) 16 May 1996 5 November 2000 Twelfth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( May 1996 election ) 7 Buddhadeb Bhattacharya Jadavpur 6 November 2000 14 May 2001 10 years , 188 days 15 May 2001 17 May 2006 Thirteenth Assembly ( 2001 -- 06 ) ( May 2001 election ) 18 May 2006 13 May 2011 Fourteenth Assembly ( 2006 -- 11 ) ( April -- May 2006 election ) 8 Mamata Banerjee Bhabanipur 20 May 2011 25 May 2016 6 years , 342 days Fifteenth Assembly ( 2011 -- 16 ) ( April -- May 2011 election ) All India Trinamool Congress 27 May 2016 Incumbent Sixteenth Assembly ( 2016 -- 21 ) ( April -- May 2016 election ) See also ( edit ) List of Governors of West Bengal List of rulers of Bengal Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief ministers of West Bengal . Jump up ^ During Fazlul Huq 's first term ( 1937 -- 41 ) , his ministry was formed in coalition with the Muslim League . His second government ( 1941 -- 43 ) , on the other hand , was propped up by eight parties , with the Muslim League in opposition . Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office .", "5": "Jump up ^ During 1 -- 8 July 1962 , Sen was acting Chief Minister of West Bengal . He was sworn - in as full - time chief minister on 9 July . ^ Jump up to : President 's rule may be imposed when the `` government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution '' , which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly . When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant , and the administration is taken over by the governor , who functions on behalf of the central government . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of West Bengal as well . Jump up ^ Premiers of Bengal . West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ De , Amalendu ; Rahim , Enayetur ( 2012 ) . `` Huq , AK Fazlul '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal ( pdf ) . BanglarMukh . Retrieved on 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Premiers / Chief Ministers of West Bengal Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Brief Information on Previous Assemblies . West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Origin and Growth of the West Bengal Legislature . West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji .", "6": "`` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Chief Ministers of West Bengal Prafulla Chandra Ghosh ( 1947 -- 48 ; 1967 -- 68 ) Bidhan Chandra Roy ( 1948 -- 1962 ) Prafulla Chandra Sen ( 1962 -- 67 ) Ajoy Mukherjee ( 1967 ; 1969 -- 70 ; 1971 ) Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 1972 -- 77 ) Jyoti Basu ( 1977 -- 2000 ) Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Mamata Banerjee ( 2011 -- ) Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K.", "7": "Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_West_Bengal&oldid=838485051 '' Categories : Chief Ministers of West Bengal Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states West Bengal - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col with deprecated parameters EngvarB from June 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8823076125131408628	who sings got my mind set on you	[ "James Ray", "George Harrison" ]	{ "0": "Got My Mind Set on You - wikipedia Got My Mind Set on You Jump to : navigation , search `` Got My Mind Set on You '' is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark and originally recorded by James Ray in 1962 , under the title `` I 've Got My Mind Set on You '' . An edited version of the song was released later in the year as a single on the Dynamic Sound label . In 1987 , George Harrison released a cover version of the song as a single , and released it on his album Cloud Nine , which he had recorded on his own Dark Horse Records label . Contents ( hide ) 1 George Harrison version 1.1 Music videos 1.2 Track listing 2 Other covers and parodies 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links George Harrison version ( edit ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' UK picture sleeve Single by George Harrison from the album Cloud Nine B - side `` Lay His Head '' Released 12 October 1987 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded 1987 , Friar Park Studios , Henley - on - Thames , Oxfordshire Genre Rock , pop rock Length 3 : 50 Label Dark Horse Songwriter ( s ) Rudy Clark Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne , George Harrison George Harrison singles chronology `` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 ) `` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 ) Cloud Nine track listing `` Breath Away from Heaven '' ( 10 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 11 ) Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver. 1 on YouTube Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver.", "1": "2 on YouTube Of Harrison 's three number - one singles in the US , it was both the only song not written or composed by Harrison himself and the only one without religious overtones . It also was not only the last US No. 1 hit by Harrison , but also from any of the ex-Beatles ( as of 2018 ) in the US . When the song hit No. 1 , it broke a three - way tie among Harrison , John Lennon , and Ringo Starr , all of whom had two No. 1 hit singles as solo artists ( discounting Paul McCartney 's work with Wings ) . It also happened to be the No. 1 single in the US the week immediately preceding the induction of The Beatles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , making Harrison one of the few inductees to have an active single on the US record charts at the time of induction . Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1988 . The single 's B - side is `` Lay His Head '' , a remixed version of the unreleased song from Harrison 's originally intended Somewhere in England album . The 12 - inch version of the single also adds an extended version of `` Got My Mind Set on You '' . In the UK the single spent four weeks at number two . It was kept off the number 1 spot by T'Pau 's `` China in Your Hand '' . The song was included in the Harrison compilation albums Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) and Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison ( 2009 ) . A live version was recorded for his Live in Japan ( 1992 ) album . In 2010 , AOL radio listeners chose `` Got My Mind Set on You '' as one of the 10 Best George Harrison Songs , appearing at number 4 on the list . Music videos ( edit ) Two music videos were released for the cover version . The first , directed by Gary Weis , starred Alexis Denisof trying for the heart of a girl in an amusement arcade . It featured Harrison and the band inside of a movie viewer , while the young man tries to win a toy ballerina for the girl . The second , which Weis also directed , depicts Harrison sitting and playing in a study .", "2": "As the song progresses , furniture and knick - knacks ( like a stuffed squirrel , sentient chainsaw , a statue and mounted stag and warthog ) begin to dance along with the song . In the middle of the video , Harrison ( through the use of a stunt double ) performs a backflip from his chair and follows it with a dance routine before jumping back to his seat . The second received significant airplay , and was nominated for three MTV VMAs . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' `` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51 `` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51 12 '' `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( Extended Version ) -- 5 : 17 `` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51 `` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51 Other covers and parodies ( edit ) Harrison 's version of the song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on his 1988 album Even Worse , as `` ( This Song 's Just ) Six Words Long '' poking fun at the repetitive nature of the lyrics . Shakin ' Stevens recorded the song for his 2006 album Now Listen .", "3": "Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 64 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 UK 15 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Brazil ( ABPD ) 44 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Hot 100 number - one hits of 1988 ( United States ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1988 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) AOL , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison - `` Got My Mind Set on You ( version 1 : nickelodeon ) '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 .", "4": "^ Jump up to : `` George Harrison - `` Got my mind set on you ( version 2 : chair ) '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Note : This reference gives Australian albums and singles information . It is used for chart peak positions as early materials were released before ARIA regulated the Australian charts itself ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30 : George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You Radio2 '' . VRT Top 30 . Radio2 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- George Harrison Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives on the Japanese Oricon Top 100 '' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- George Harrison '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( H ) '' . Springbok Radio . rock.co.za . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives in the UK '' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives on the Billboard Hot 100 '' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles -- 1987 '' . Cash Box Charts . Cash Box Magazine . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Nine -- George Harrison Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 47 , No.", "6": "12 , December 26 1987 '' . RPM Magazine . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup Year End Charts 1987 : Singles '' . Record Mirror . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 23 January 1988 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1988 '' . Kent Music Report . ARIA Charts . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Steve Hawtin . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . RPM Magazine . Hits of All Time . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1988 / Top 100 Songs of 1988 '' . Billboard Magazine . Music Outfitters , Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish single certifications -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You '' . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- George Harrison '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Enter George Harrison in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Womack , Kenneth ( June 30 , 2014 ) . Beatles Encyclopedia , The : Everything Fab Four . ABC - CLIO . External links ( edit ) Got My Mind Set On You by George Harrison - Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` You Win Again '' by Bee Gees Irish IRMA number - one single November 14 , 1987 Succeeded by `` China in Your Hand '' by T'Pau Preceded by `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' by Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single December 19 ,", "7": "1987 -- January 9 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Everywhere '' by Fleetwood Mac Preceded by `` So Emotional '' by Whitney Houston Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 16 , 1988 Succeeded by `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' by Michael Jackson Preceded by `` Faith '' by George Michael Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single January 16 , 1988 -- January 30 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Could 've Been '' by Tiffany Australian Music Report Singles Chart number - one single January 25 , 1988 Succeeded by `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes ( hide ) George Harrison singles discography 1970s 1970 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Is n't It a Pity '' ( US ) 1971 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` What Is Life '' ( UK ) `` What Is Life '' / `` Apple Scruffs '' ( US ) `` Bangla Desh '' / `` Deep Blue '' 1973 `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' / `` Miss O'Dell '' `` Dark Horse '' / `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' ( US ) `` Ding Dong , Ding Dong '' / `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' ( UK ) `` Ding Dong , Ding Dong '' / `` Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) '' ( US ) `` Dark Horse '' / `` Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) '' ( UK ) `` You '' / `` World of Stone '' `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' / `` Māya Love '' ( US ) 1976 `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' / `` Māya Love '' ( UK ) `` This Song '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' 1977 `` Crackerbox Palace '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' ( US ) `` True Love '' / `` Pure Smokey '' ( UK ) `` It 's What You Value '' / `` Woman Do", "8": "n't You Cry for Me '' ( UK ) 1979 `` Blow Away '' / `` Soft Touch '' ( UK ) `` Blow Away '' / `` Soft - Hearted Hana '' ( US ) `` Love Comes to Everyone '' / `` Soft - Hearted Hana '' ( UK ) `` Love Comes to Everyone '' / `` Soft Touch '' ( US ) `` Faster '' / `` Your Love Is Forever '' ( UK ) 1980s 1981 `` All Those Years Ago '' / `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Teardrops '' / `` Save the World '' 1982 `` Wake Up My Love '' / `` Greece '' `` I Really Love You '' / `` Circles '' `` Dream Away '' / `` Unknown Delight '' ( Japan ) 1985 `` I Do n't Want to Do It '' / `` Queen of the Hop '' 1986 `` Shanghai Surprise '' ( promo ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' / `` Lay His Head '' `` Devil 's Radio '' ( promo ) `` When We Was Fab '' / `` Zig Zag '' `` Cloud 9 '' ( promo ) `` This Is Love '' / `` Breath Away from Heaven '' `` Cheer Down '' / `` That 's What It Takes '' ( US ) `` Cheer Down '' / `` Poor Little Girl '' ( UK ) `` Poor Little Girl '' ( promo ) 2000s `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' / `` All Things Must Pass '' ( jukebox ) 2002 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Let It Down '' `` Stuck Inside a Cloud '' ( promo ) 2003 `` Any Road '' / `` Marwa Blues ''", "9": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got_My_Mind_Set_on_You&oldid=834276500 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1987 singles 1988 singles George Harrison songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Rudy Clark RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by George Harrison Dark Horse Records singles Music videos directed by Gary Weis Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2012 Use mdy dates from July 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული 日本語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9168660859139861094	two main types of research methods used in psychology	[ "Correlational research", "Descriptive research", "Experimental research", "Qualitative psychological research", "Quantitative psychological research", "qualitative data", "quantitative data", "qualitative", "quantitative" ]	{ "0": "List of psychological research methods - wikipedia List of psychological research methods Jump to : navigation , search Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal A wide range of research methods are used in psychology . These methods vary by the sources of information that are drawn on , how that information is sampled , and the types of instruments that are used in data collection . Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data , quantitative data or both . Qualitative psychological research is where the research findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures . Quantitative psychological research is where the research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference . Since qualitative information can be handled as such statistically , the distinction relates to method , rather than the topic studied . There are three main types of psychological research : Correlational research Descriptive research Experimental research The following are common research designs and data collection methods : Archival research Case study Computer simulation ( modeling ) Content analysis Event sampling methodology , also referred to as experience sampling methodology ( ESM ) , diary study , or ecological momentary assessment ( EMA ) Experiment , often with separate treatment and control groups ( see scientific control and design of experiments ) . See Experimental psychology for many details . Field experiment Interview , can be structured or unstructured . Meta - analysis Neuroimaging and other psychophysiological methods Observational study , can be naturalistic ( see natural experiment ) , participant or controlled .", "1": "Quasi-experiment Self - report inventory Survey , often with a random sample ( see survey sampling ) Twin study Research designs vary according to the period ( s ) of time over which data are collected : Retrospective cohort study : Subjects are chosen , then data are collected on their past experiences . Prospective cohort study : Subjects are recruited prior to the proposed independent effects being administered or occurring . Cross-sectional study , in which a population are sampled on all proposed measures at one point in time . Longitudinal study : Subjects are studied at multiple time points : May address the cohort effect and indicate causal directions of effects . Research in psychology has been conducted with both animals and human subjects : Animal study Human subject research References ( edit ) Stangor , Charles . ( 2007 ) . Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences . 3rd ed . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . Weathington , B.L. , Cunningham , C.J.L. , & Pittenger , D.P. ( 2010 ) . Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons , Inc .", "2": "Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F.", "3": "Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. LeDoux ( b .", "4": "1949 ) Richard Davidson ( b . 1951 ) Susan Fiske ( b . 1952 ) Roy Baumeister ( b . 1953 ) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks ( ( Category : Research ) MKJGKM , ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_psychological_research_methods&oldid=803646726 '' Categories : Experimental psychology Psychology lists Cognitive science lists Talk About Wikipedia Български Čeština Հայերեն Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7073063191952855764	who plays peter in what we do in the shadows	[ "Ben Fransham", "Ben Fransham", "Ben Fransham", "Ben Fransham", "Ben Fransham" ]	{ "0": "What We Do in the Shadows - Wikipedia What We Do in the Shadows Jump to : navigation , search What We Do in the Shadows New Zealand theatrical release poster Directed by Jemaine Clement Taika Waititi Produced by Taika Waititi Chelsea Winstanley Emanuel Michael Written by Jemaine Clement Taika Waititi Starring Taika Waititi Jemaine Clement Rhys Darby Jonathan Brugh Cori Gonzalez - Macuer Stu Rutherford Music by Plan 9 Cinematography Richard Bluck D.J. Stipsen Edited by Jonathan Woodford - Robinson Yana Gorskaya Tom Eagles Production companies Resnick Interactive Development Unison Films Defender Films Funny or Die New Zealand Film Commission Distributed by Madman Entertainment ( New Zealand ) Paramount Pictures The Orchard ( North America ) Release date 19 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) ( Sundance ) 15 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) ( Sydney ) 19 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 19 ) ( Embassy Theatre , Wellington ) 13 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 85 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English German Spanish Budget $1.6 million Box office $6.9 million What We Do in the Shadows is a 2014 New Zealand mockumentary horror comedy film about a group of vampires who live together in Wellington , that is written , directed by , and starring Jemaine Clement and Taika Waititi . It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2014 . The film was theatrically released on August 18 , 2014 by Madman Entertainment . The film earned $6.9 million on a $1.6 million budget .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media 6 Sequel and spin - off series 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A documentary crew follows four vampire roommates -- Viago , Vladislav , Deacon , and Petyr -- who share a flat in the Wellington suburb of Te Aro . Although Viago , Vladislav , and Deacon are all several centuries old , they have retained normal human appearances , but the 8,000 - year - old Petyr resembles Count Orlok and acts more savagely than the younger vampires . Each night , Viago , Vladislav , and Deacon prowl the streets of Wellington searching for people to kill , but they must stay in the flat during the day to avoid sunlight -- which is lethal to vampires -- and as such have not adapted to 21st - century life . Deacon has a human servant ( familiar ) , Jackie , who runs errands for the vampires , but she is frustrated that Deacon will not turn her into a vampire as he has promised . Jackie leads her ex-boyfriend Nick to the vampire 's flat so they can drink his blood ; he escapes before they can kill him , but as he leaves the flat , Petyr attacks him and later turns Nick into a vampire . Two months later the vampires accept Nick into their group and also bond with his human friend Stu , a computer programmer who shows them how to use modern technology such as YouTube ( to watch sunrises ) and cameras ( so they can see themselves ) . Viago in particular is able to find Katherine , his love from many years past , now an old woman in a rest home in Wellington . Despite being able to get his new friends into more popular bars and clubs , Nick struggles to adapt to life as a vampire and carelessly reveals his secret to strangers he meets . One of these strangers , a vampire hunter , breaks into the flat during the day and kills Petyr by exposing him to sunlight . The vampires are furious when they discover Nick has indirectly caused Petyr 's death , and banish him from the flat .", "2": "Some time later , the vampires receive an invitation to a masquerade ball , where they meet other undead and supernatural beings such as zombies and witches , as well as Vladislav 's ex-girlfriend Pauline , whom he nicknamed `` The Beast '' due to their hard break - up . Nick , Stu and Jackie also attend . To Deacon 's annoyance , Nick has turned Jackie into a vampire . When Pauline realizes that Stu and the camera - crew are human , the other guests try to kill them and Vladislav fights Pauline 's new boyfriend . Stu saves Vladislav by impaling Pauline 's boyfriend on a stick . The vampires manage to escape the ball with Stu and the film - crew , but encounter a group of werewolves who are about to transform in a forest . Stu and one of the cameramen are caught and attacked by the werewolves . Assuming Stu is dead , the vampires grieve for him . A while later , Stu ( having been turned into a werewolf himself ) reappears , and eventually reconciles the werewolves with the vampires , who allow them to stay in their flat with them . Nick also resurfaces and is accepted back into the home . Viago reconnects with Katherine , turning her into a vampire and ensuring they can be together forever . Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline and Jackie has made her husband her new familiar . A post-credits scene shows Deacon attempting to hypnotize the audience to forget the events of the film . Cast ( edit ) Taika Waititi as Viago , aged 379 -- the uptight leader of the household . Jemaine Clement as Vladislav , aged 862 -- a former tyrant with extreme powers . Jonathan Brugh as Deacon , aged 183 -- the `` young rebel '' of the group who is fond of knitting , erotic dancing , and `` being cool . '' Ben Fransham as Petyr , aged 8,000 -- a Nosferatu - like vampire who lives on the bottom floor of the flat in a stone coffin and generally keeps to himself . Jackie Van Beek as Jackie -- a human and Deacon 's familiar who cleans up after the vampires and connects them with potential victims .", "3": "Cori Gonzalez - Macuer as Nick -- an intended victim who is turned into a vampire by Petyr . Stu Rutherford as Stu -- Nick 's best friend who introduces the vampires to modern technology . Rhys Darby as Anton -- the leader of a local pack of werewolves . Ethel Robinson as Katherine -- the love of Viago 's life . Elena Stejko as Pauline -- Vladislav 's ex-girlfriend whom he calls `` The Beast . '' Karen O'Leary as Officer O'Leary -- an officer who gets called to the vampires ' house . Mike Minogue as Officer Minogue -- an officer who gets called to the vampires ' house . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) The film is based on a 2006 short film of the same name by Waititi and Clement . The new film was shot in Wellington in September 2012 , and is Waititi 's first feature since Boy . Stu Rutherford , an IT technician in real life , was initially told he would only have a bit part in the film so he would act more natural when filming his parts . He did not realize his role was so important until the film 's premiere . Stu had a cameo appearance in the original short film . Waititi revealed that there was so much footage filmed that three cuts were made : one focused primarily on jokes , one focused on story , and the final cut , a mix of the two . According to Waititi their favourite vampire films were The Lost Boys , Francis Ford Coppola 's Dracula and Interview with the Vampire . All those movies are heavily quoted or referenced in the film , along with many other horror movie classics . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was composed by Plan 9 . The film 's opening credits feature the song `` You 're Dead '' by Norma Tanega , after Clement and Waititi were introduced to the song by film editor Tom Eagles . The film 's trailer and ending feature the song `` Lastochka '' by the Russian rock band Leningrad .", "4": "Release ( edit ) The film was released in a limited release on February 13 , 2015 in New York City and Los Angeles , followed by a screening in San Francisco , Irvine , Philadelphia , Boston , Seattle , and Washington , D.C. The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015 , by Unison Films , The Orchard , and Paramount Pictures in association with Funny or Die and Paladin Pictures . Critical Response ( edit ) What We Do in the Shadows received critical acclaim and has a `` Certified Fresh '' score of 96 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 161 reviews with an average rating of 7.8 out of 10 . It is rated # 68 on the website 's list of Top 100 comedies of all time . The critical consensus states : `` Smarter , fresher , and funnier than a modern vampire movie has any right to be , What We Do in the Shadows is bloody good fun . '' The film also has a score of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . Fearnet called the film `` a great vampire comedy '' . Film School Rejects wrote a predominantly positive review , commenting that some of the film 's broader moments fell flat but compared it favorably to similar mockumentaries such as Best in Show . The film was warmly received by UK newspapers , with The Guardian 's film critic Peter Bradshaw describing it as `` the best comedy of the year '' , while The Telegraph 's Tim Robey found it `` desperately funny '' . Film International , in a positive review , commended the film for noting , with a double of Count Orlok locked in the vampires ' basement , that the true vampire film tradition is repressed by the current craze . Variety was more critical , writing that `` Some genre fans who prefer the silly to the satiric may bite , but the anemic pic is n't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality . '' Box Office ( edit ) What We Do in the Shadows grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US . Home media ( edit ) What We Do in the Shadows was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 26 , 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih .", "5": "Sequel and spin - off series ( edit ) A sequel to the film , which will focus on the werewolves depicted in What We Do in the Shadows , is currently in development . Originally rumoured to be titled What We Do in the Moonlight , the working title was later announced as We 're Wolves . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Waititi and Clement are planning a procedural comedy series based on the cops , Karen and Mike , who had minor roles in the film , titled Wellington Paranormal ( previously titled Paranormal Event Response Unit ) . The series is being funded by NZ On Air by granting Waititi and Clement $1 million to produce six 30 - minute episodes for the series , which will air on New Zealand channel TVNZ 2 in mid-2018 . An American version of the film is being planned , to be developed as a television series . A pilot has been ordered by FX . The pilot will feature Kayvan Novak , Matt Berry , Natasia Demetriou , and Harvey Guillen ; and executive produced by Scott Rudin , Paul Simms , Garrett Basch , and Eli Bush . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows ( 2015 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' What We Do in the Shadows ' is the First Must - See of 2015 '' . FirstShowing.net. 2015 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Review : What We Do in the Shadows '' . Mancunion , William Green , 15th November 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Taika and Jemaine unleash vampires in USA '' . The New Zealand Herald . Auckland. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sundance debut for Kiwi vampire spoof '' . Stuff.co.nz . The Dominion Post . 17 December 2013 .", "6": "Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do In The Shadows DVD Review '' . The Hollywood News , By Jazmine Sky Bradley - Apr 10 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Robey , Tim ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` What We Do in the Shadows , review : ' Desperately funny ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/10127770/IT-guy-turns-accidental-film-star Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/vampire-mockumentary-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-heading-for-cult-status/article22956380/ ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Rob ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' What We Do in the Shadows ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rob Hunter . `` 32 Things We Learned From the What We Do In the Shadows Commentary '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashley Hefnawy ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Jemaine Clement and Taika Waititi Shine a Light on ' What We Do in the Shadows ' '' . Shutterstock . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` What We Do in the Shadows Is Quote Critics ! '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` ' WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS ' creators reveal what they did n't do Critics ! '' . Fangoria . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows Reviews '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Scott ( 17 March 2014 ) .", "7": "`` FEARNET Movie Review : ' What We Do in the Shadows ' '' . Fearnet . Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` SXSW 2014 Review : ' What We Do In the Shadows ' Is Also a New Vampire Classic '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What We Do in the Shadows review -- best comedy of the year '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorrento , Matthew ( 28 February 2015 ) . `` So It Goes in What We Do in the Shadows ( 2014 ) '' . Film International . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) . `` What We Do in the Shadows Is Getting a Sequel . '' AVClub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Saathoff , Evan ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS Follow - up Gets A Snappy Title '' . ^ Jump up to : Miska , Brad ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` ' What We Do In the Shadows ' Police Spinoff Retitled to `` Wellington Paranormal '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Taika Waititi Planning ' What We Do in the Shadows ' TV Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do In The Shadows TV spin - off on the way '' . Radio New Zealand . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( 27 October 2017 ) .", "8": "`` Taika Waititi Says a WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS TV Show Is in Development '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website What We Do in the Shadows on IMDb What We Do in the Shadows at Box Office Mojo What We Do in the Shadows at Rotten Tomatoes What We Do in the Shadows at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Taika Waititi Two Cars , One Night ( 2004 ) Eagle vs Shark ( 2007 ) Boy ( 2010 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2014 ) Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows&oldid=821832435 '' Categories : 2014 films 2010s comedy horror films English - language films Films directed by Taika Waititi Films set in New Zealand Films shot in New Zealand Mockumentary films New Zealand comedy films New Zealand horror films Parody films Vampires in film Wellington in fiction Werewolves in film Zombie comedy films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use New Zealand English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Articles to be expanded from June 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "9": ", a non-profit organization . 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-7500628880962184409	who was the chief guest of india on independence day 2017	[ "Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan" ]	{ "0": "Republic Day ( India ) - Wikipedia Republic Day ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Republic Day The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India . The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) . Observed by India Type National Significance Inception of Constitution of India Celebrations Parades , distribution of sweets in schools , speeches and cultural dances Date 26 January Next time 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Frequency Annual Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act ( 1935 ) as the governing document of India . The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system , completing the country 's transition towards becoming an independent republic . 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence ( Purna Swaraj ) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime . It is one of three national holidays in India , the other two being Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Republic Day 2 Celebrations 2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade 2.2 Beating Retreat 3 Gallery 4 Republic Day parade chief guest 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References History of Republic Day ( edit ) India achieved independence from British raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi . The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30 ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth ( later Commonwealth of Nations ) . India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor - general .", "1": "The country , though , did not yet have a permanent constitution ; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935 . On 28 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution , with Dr BR Ambedkar as chairman . While India 's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule , the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution . A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 . The Assembly met , in sessions open to public , for 166 days , spread over a period of two years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution . After many deliberations and some modifications , the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand - written copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . Two days later , it came into effect throughout the whole nation . Celebrations ( edit ) President Rajendra Prasad ( in the horse - drawn carriage ) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath , New Delhi , in 1950 . The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India . On this day , ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath , which are performed as a tribute to India ; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage . In 2016 , on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day , the Protocol Department of the Government of Maharashtra held its first parade on the lines of the Delhi Republic Day parade along the entire stretch of Marine Drive in Mumbai . Delhi Republic Day parade ( edit ) Main article : Delhi Republic Day parade Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital , New Delhi . Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( the President 's residence ) , Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate , this event is the main attraction of India 's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days . The parade showcases India 's Defence Capability , Cultural and Social Heritage . Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy , and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations .", "2": "The President of India who is the Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Armed Forces , takes the salute . Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade . Beating Retreat ( edit ) Main article : Beating Retreat The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities . It is conducted on the evening of 29 January , the third day after the Republic Day . It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military , the Indian Army , Indian Navy and Indian Air Force . The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square , Vijay Chowk , flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( President 's Palace ) towards the end of Rajpath . The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the ( PBG ) , a cavalry unit . When the President arrives , the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute , which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem , Jana Gana Mana , by the Army . The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands , Pipe and Drum Bands , Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me , Mahatma Gandhi 's favourite hymn , and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end . Gallery ( edit ) Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan , lit up during Republic Day 2008 . Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor . Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day . Republic Day parade chief guest ( edit ) Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade . Erstwhile Yugoslavia ( twice invited ) has not been depicted in the map . 5 times ( France , UK ) 4 times ( Bhutan , Russia / USSR ) Thrice ( Indonesia , Mauritius ) Twice ( Brazil , Japan , Nepal , Nigeria , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Vietnam ) Once Uninvited Since 1950 , India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi .", "3": "During 1950 -- 1954 , Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues ( like Irwin Stadium , Kingsway , Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds ) . It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath . The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic , economic and political interests . During 1950s -- 1970s , a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India . In 1968 and 1974 , India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Note Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation , Note 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation ,", "4": "Note 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 No invitation No invitation Note 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Note 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995", "5": "President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin", "6": "Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines President Halimah Yacob Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ On each of these occasions , Lady Edwina Mountbatten from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade . 2. ^ Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade . 3. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 4. ^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent . The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn on 24 January 1966 ( only two days before the Republic Day ) . 5. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . 6. ^ Attended only the Beating Retreat See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day ( India ) . History of India Independence Day ( India ) Constitution Day ( India ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` Indian Independence Act 1947 '' . The National Archives , Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly DEBATES ( PROCEEDINGS ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Chap '' . Mod.nic.in . Archived from the original on 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curtain Raiser -- Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011 '' . Ministry of Defence. 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beating Retreat weaves soul - stirring musical evening '' . The Times of India . 29 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martial music rings down the curtain '' . The Times of India . 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yog Sandesh Jan - 10 English '' . Scribd.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) .", "8": "`` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=indira+gandhi+1966+republic+day&source=bl&ots=bSUOrdVuLx&sig=ici8mLsxXq72A3hZaS2AcajlYfs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMj9Tn1u_XAhWLlxoKHZzkALA4ChDoAQhfMAg#v=onepage&q=indira%20gandhi%201966%20republic%20day&f=false Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 .", "12": "Days of Importance to India National holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Central Government Holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Ambedkar Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Buddha 's Birthday Christmas Day Dussehra Diwali ( Deepavali ) Good Friday Guru Nanak 's Birthday Eid ul - Fitr Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Muharram Prophet Mohammad 's Birthday ( Id - e-Milad ) Bank Holidays Bank 's Holiday Ambedkar Jayanti Gandhi Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Maharaja Agresen Jayanti Kashiram Death Anniversary Dussehra ( Maha Navami ) Dussehra ( Vijaya Dashami ) Deepawali Deepawali ( Govardhan Puja ) Bhai Duj / Chitragupt Jayanti Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Guru Nanak 's birthday / Kartik Poornima Dr. B R. Ambedkar 's Nirwan Diwas Moharram Christmas Hindu holidays Bhogi / Lohri Makar Sankranti / Pongal / Maghi / Magh Bihu Thiruvalluvar Day Uzhavar Thirunal Farmers Day Vasant Panchami ( aka Saraswati Puja ) Ratha Saptami Maha Shivaratri Holi ( aka Dol ) Gudi Padwa / Ugadi / Puthandu Ram Navami Hanuman Jayanti Akshaya Tritiya / Maharishi Parashurama Jayanti Rath Jatra Nag Panchami or Guga - Navami Raksha Bandhan ( aka Rákhi Púrńimá ) Krishna Janmashtami Ganesh Chaturthi Onam Raja Parba Mahalaya Dussehra / Durga Puja Kumara Purnima ( aka Kojaagari Pornima ) Diwali ( aka Káli Puja ,", "13": "Deepavali and Diipávali ) Devotthan Ekadashi Hartalika Teej Jagaddhatri Puja Visvakarma Puja Nuakhai Chhath Bathukamma Bonalu Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident ,", "14": "1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V.", "15": "Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.", "16": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7901746249864619718	when does the 14th season of grey's anatomy come out	[ "September 28, 2017", "September 28, 2017", "September 28, 2017", "September 28, 2017", "September 28, 2017" ]	{ "0": "Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington .", "1": "The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen .", "2": "Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs ( episodes 1 -- 5 ) Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project .", "3": "Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season by ABC on February 10 , 2017 . It will premiere on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she will be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she will return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No.", "4": "overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family .", "5": "Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness .", "6": "Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting .", "7": "At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is ... a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident .", "8": "Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` Four Seasons in One Day '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) TBD 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m.", "9": "2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` Four Seasons in One Day '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m.", "10": "1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.4 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` Four Seasons in One Day '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) .", "11": "`` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) .", "12": "`` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal & How to Get Away With Murder - ABC Announces TGIT Return Dates '' . SpoilerTV . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - grey 's anatomy on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "14": "Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going ,", "16": "Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=819474888 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 15 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "17": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-896127746191949637	when was the first hunger games book published	[ "2008", "September 14, 2008", "September 14, 2008", "2008", "September 14, 2008" ]	{ "0": "The Hunger Games ( novel ) - wikipedia The Hunger Games ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search The Hunger Games North American first edition cover Author Suzanne Collins Cover artist Tim O'Brien Country United States Language English Series The Hunger Games trilogy Genre Adventure Dystopian Science fiction Published September 14 , 2008 ( Scholastic Press ) Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Pages 374 ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 02352 - 8 OCLC 181516677 LC Class PZ7. C6837 Hun 2008 Followed by Catching Fire The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins . It is written in the voice of 16 - year - old Katniss Everdeen , who lives in the future , post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America . The Capitol , a highly advanced metropolis , exercises political control over the rest of the nation . The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12 -- 18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle to the death . The book received mostly positive responses from major reviewers and authors . It was praised for its plot and character development . In writing The Hunger Games , Collins drew upon Greek mythology , Roman gladiatorial games , and contemporary reality television for thematic content . The novel won many awards , including the California Young Reader Medal , and was named one of Publishers Weekly 's `` Best Books of the Year '' in 2008 . The Hunger Games was first published in hardcover on September 14 , 2008 , by Scholastic , featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien . It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook . After an initial print of 200,000 , the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010 . Since its release , The Hunger Games has been translated into 26 languages , and publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories . The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy , followed by Catching Fire ( 2009 ) and Mockingjay ( 2010 ) .", "1": "A film adaptation , directed by Gary Ross and co-written and co-produced by Collins herself , was released in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Themes 4 Publication history 5 Critical reception 6 Film adaptation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background Collins has said that the inspiration for The Hunger Games came from channel surfing on television . On one channel she observed people competing on a reality show and on another she saw footage of the invasion of Iraq . The two `` began to blur in this very unsettling way '' and the idea for the book was formed . The Greek myth of Theseus served as a major basis for the story , with Collins describing Katniss as a futuristic Theseus , and Roman gladiatorial games provided the framework . The sense of loss that Collins developed through her father 's service in the Vietnam War was also an influence on the story , with Katniss having lost her father at age 11 , five years before the story begins . Collins stated that the deaths of young characters and other `` dark passages '' were the most difficult parts of the book to write , but that she had accepted that passages such as these were necessary to the story . She considered the moments where Katniss reflects on happier moments in her past to be more enjoyable . Plot See also : The Hunger Games universe The Hunger Games takes place in a nation known as Panem , established in North America after the destruction of the continent 's civilization by an unknown apocalyptic event . The nation consists of the wealthy Capitol and twelve surrounding , poorer districts under the Capitol 's dictatorial control . The Capitol exploits the districts for their natural resources and cheap labour . District 12 is in the coal - rich region that was once Appalachia , while the Capitol is in the Rocky Mountains . As punishment for a past rebellion against the Capitol , one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 from each district are selected by an annual lottery to participate in the Hunger Games , a contest in which the `` tributes '' must fight to the death in an outdoor arena until only one remains . The event is televised .", "2": "The story is narrated by 16 - year - old Katniss Everdeen , a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her 12 - year - old sister , Primrose . The male tribute is Peeta Mellark , a former schoolmate of Katniss who once gave her bread from his family 's bakery when her family was starving . Katniss and Peeta are taken to the Capitol . In the few days before the Games start , they are advised and supported by a team consisting of their drunken mentor , Haymitch Abernathy , the sole living District 12 victor of the Hunger Games ; Effie Trinket ; and two fashion stylists and three prep workers who help each tribute look his or her best . Katniss 's stylist , Cinna , is the only person at the Capitol she considers a friend . They are also introduced to the general public , given some training , and evaluated by the Gamemakers . Katniss and , to a lesser extent , Peeta set themselves apart from the other tributes . Rue , the petite 12 - year - old girl tribute from District 11 , takes to following them around . Each tribute is interviewed on television by Caesar Flickerman ; they use the opportunity to try to obtain `` sponsors '' , who can send them potentially life - saving gifts during the Games . In his interview , Peeta reveals his longtime unrequited love for Katniss . At first , Katniss believes this is simply a ploy to gain sponsors and make her let her guard down . ( Much later , she comes to accept he is sincere . ) Haymitch promotes their image as `` star - crossed lovers '' . Nearly half the tributes are killed in the first day of the Games , fighting over the weapons and supplies strewn around their starting point . Katniss nearly dies , ignoring Haymitch 's advice to flee immediately . She uses her well - practiced hunting and survival skills to hide in the woods . A few days later , an artificial fire drives Katniss toward the others . She is spotted and treed by the `` Careers '' ( tributes from the richer , loyal districts who have trained intensively for the Games ) ... and Peeta , who seems to have allied with them .", "3": "Rue is hiding in a nearby tree . Silently , she directs Katniss 's attention to a trackerjacker nest . Katniss saws through the branch holding the nest , sending it plummeting down . The venom of the flying insects kills one girl and drives the others away . However , Katniss is stung herself and begins hallucinating . Peeta returns , but instead of killing her , he tells her to run away . She and Rue become allies and friends , but Rue is later fatally wounded by another tribute , whom Katniss kills with an arrow . Katniss sings to Rue until she dies and spreads flowers over the body to show her defiance against the Capitol . In an unprecedented move , Rue 's district sends Katniss a gift of bread . Then a rule change is announced , allowing the tributes from the same district to win as a couple . Katniss finds and nurses a seriously wounded Peeta , while continuing to act the part of a girl in love to gain gifts . When the Gamemakers announce that what each contestant needs most will be provided at a feast , Katniss risks her life to obtain medicine for Peeta . She is pinned to the ground by Clove , who gloats about Rue while toying with the helpless Katniss . That talk costs Clove her life , however ; Thresh , the male District 11 tribute , kills her , but spares Katniss - once - for Rue 's sake . The medicine saves Peeta 's life . Finally , Katniss and Peeta are the last two survivors , but the Gamemakers cancel the rule change in an attempt to force them into a dramatic finale , in which one must kill the other . Instead , Katniss defiantly retrieves highly poisonous `` nightlock '' berries and offers half to Peeta . Realizing that Katniss and Peeta intend to commit suicide , the Gamemakers announce that they are the victors of the 74th Hunger Games . Although she receives a hero 's welcome , Katniss is warned by Haymitch that she has now become a target after defying the Capitol so publicly . Afterward , Peeta is heartbroken when he learns that her actions in the arena were part of a calculated ploy to gain sympathy from the audience .", "4": "However , Katniss is unsure of her own feelings . Themes The Hunger Games author Suzanne Collins in 2010 In an interview with Collins , it was noted that the novel `` tackles issues like severe poverty , starvation , oppression , and the effects of war among others . '' The novel deals with the struggle for self - preservation that the people of Panem face in their districts and the Hunger Games in which they must participate . The citizens ' starvation and their need for resources , both in and outside of the arena , create an atmosphere of helplessness that the main characters try to overcome in their fight for survival . Katniss needs to hunt to provide food for her family , resulting in the development of skills that are useful to her in the Games ( such as her proficiency with the bow and arrow ) , and represents her rejection of the Capitol 's rules in the face of life - threatening situations . On the subject of the Games ' parallels with popular culture , Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly writes that the book `` is an incisive satire of reality television shows '' , and that the character of Cinna `` almost seems like a contestant on a fascist version of Project Runway , using Katniss ' outfits as a vehicle to express potentially dangerous ideas . '' The choices the characters make and the strategies they use are often morally complex . The tributes build a personality they want the audience to see throughout the Games . Library journal Voice of Youth Advocates names the major themes of The Hunger Games as `` government control , ' big brother ' , and personal independence . '' The trilogy 's theme of power and downfall , similar to that of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , was pointed out by its publisher Scholastic . Laura Miller of The New Yorker finds the author 's stated premise of the Games -- an exercise in propaganda and a `` humiliating as well as torturous ( ... ) punishment '' for a failed uprising against the Capitol many years earlier -- to be unconvincing . `` You do n't demoralize and dehumanize a subject people by turning them into celebrities and coaching them on how to craft an appealing persona for a mass audience . '' But the story works much better if the theme is vicissitudes of high school and `` the adolescent social experience '' . Miller writes : `` The rules are arbitrary , unfathomable , and subject to sudden change .", "5": "A brutal social hierarchy prevails , with the rich , the good - looking , and the athletic lording their advantages over everyone else . To survive you have to be totally fake . Adults do n't seem to understand how high the stakes are ; your whole life could be over , and they act like it 's just some `` phase '' ! Everyone 's always watching you , scrutinizing your clothes or your friends and obsessing over whether you 're having sex or taking drugs or getting good enough grades , but no one cares who you really are or how you really feel about anything . '' Donald Brake from The Washington Times and pastor Andy Langford state that the story has Christian themes , such as that of self - sacrifice , which is found in Katniss ' substitution for her younger sister , analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus as a substitute for the atonement of sins . Brake , as well as another reviewer , Amy Simpson , both find that the story also revolves around the theme of hope , which is exemplified in the `` incorruptible goodness of Katniss ' sister , Primrose . '' Simpson also points to events similar to the Passion of Jesus ; in the Games , `` Christ figure '' Peeta Mellark is stabbed after warning Katniss to flee for her life , and is then buried in the ground and placed in a cave for three days before emerging with a new lease on life . Further , she finds that the Christian image of the Bread of Life is used throughout The Hunger Games ; in the story , Peeta gives Katniss a loaf of bread , saving the girl and her family from starvation . Publication History After writing the novel , Collins signed a six - figure deal for three books with Scholastic . First published as a hardcover in the United States on September 14 , 2008 , The Hunger Games had a first printing of 50,000 copies , which was bumped up twice to 200,000 copies . By February 2010 , the book had sold 800,000 copies , and rights to the novel had been sold in 38 territories worldwide . A few months later , in July , the book was released in paperback . The Hunger Games entered the New York Times Best Seller list in November 2008 , where it would feature for over 100 consecutive weeks .", "6": "By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in March 2012 , the book had been on USA Today 's best - sellers list for 135 consecutive weeks and has sold over 17.5 million copies . The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy ; it is followed by sequels Catching Fire ( 2009 ) and Mockingjay ( 2010 ) . In March 2012 , during the time of The Hunger Games film 's release , Scholastic reported 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print , including movie tie - in books . The Hunger Games ( and its sequels ) have sold exceptionally well in ebook format . Suzanne Collins is the first children 's or young adult author to sell over one million Amazon Kindle ebooks , making her the sixth author to join the `` Kindle Million Club '' . In March 2012 , Amazon announced that Collins had become the best - selling Kindle ebook author of all time . An audiobook version of The Hunger Games was released in December 2008 . Read by the actress Carolyn McCormick , it has a total running time of eleven hours and fourteen minutes . The magazine AudioFile said : `` Carolyn McCormick gives a detailed and attentive narration . However , she may rely too much on the strength of the prose without providing the drama young adult listeners often enjoy . '' School Library Journal also praised the audiobook , stating that `` McCormick ably voices the action - packed sequences and Katniss 's every fear and strength shines through , along with her doomed growing attraction to one of her fellow Tributes . '' The Tim O'Brien - designed cover features a gold `` mockingjay '' -- a fictional bird in The Hunger Games born by crossbreeding female mockingbirds and genetically engineered male `` jabberjays '' -- with an arrow engraved in a circle . This is a depiction of the pin worn by Katniss into the arena , given to her by the District 12 mayor 's daughter , Madge Undersee . The image matches the description of the pin that is given in the novel , except for the arrow : `` It 's as if someone fashioned a small golden bird and then attached a ring around it . The bird is connected to the ring only by its wing tips . '' Critical reception The Hunger Games has received critical acclaim .", "7": "In a review for The New York Times , John Green wrote that the novel was `` brilliantly plotted and perfectly paced '' , and that `` the considerable strength of the novel comes in Collins 's convincingly detailed world - building and her memorably complex and fascinating heroine . '' However , he also noted that , while allegorically rich , the book sometimes does not realize the allegorical potential that the plot has to offer and that the writing `` described the action and little else . '' Time magazine 's review was also positive , stating that it `` is a chilling , bloody and thoroughly horrifying book '' and praising what it called the `` hypnotic '' quality of the violence . In Stephen King 's review for Entertainment Weekly , he compared it to `` shoot - it - if - it - moves videogames in the lobby of the local eightplex ; you know it 's not real , but you keep plugging in quarters anyway . '' However , he stated that there were `` displays of authorial laziness that kids will accept more readily than adults '' and that the love triangle was standard for the genre . He gave the book a B grade . Elizabeth Bird of School Library Journal praised the novel , saying it is `` exciting , poignant , thoughtful , and breathtaking by turns '' , and called it one of the best books of 2008 . Booklist also gave a positive review , praising the character violence and romance involved in the book . Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review , praising the action and world - building , but pointed out that `` poor copyediting in the first printing will distract careful readers -- a crying shame '' . Rick Riordan , author of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series , claims it is the `` closest thing to a perfect adventure novel '' he has ever read . Stephenie Meyer ( author of the Twilight series ) endorsed the book on her website , saying , `` I was so obsessed with this book ... The Hunger Games is amazing . '' The Hunger Games received many awards and honors . It was named one of Publishers Weekly 's `` Best Books of the Year '' in 2008 and a The New York Times `` Notable Children 's Book of 2008 '' . It was the 2009 winner of the Golden Duck Award in the Young Adult Fiction Category .", "8": "The Hunger Games was also a `` 2008 Cybil Winner '' for fantasy and science - fiction books along with The Graveyard Book , one of School Library Journal 's `` Best Books 2008 '' , and a `` Booklist Editors ' Choice '' in 2008 . In 2011 , the book won the California Young Reader Medal . In the 2012 edition of Scholastic 's Parent and Child magazine , The Hunger Games was listed as the 33rd - best book for children , with the award for `` Most Exciting Ending '' . The novel is one of the top 5 best selling Kindle books of all time . However , the novel has also been controversial with parents ; it ranked in fifth place on the American Library Association 's list of frequently challenged books for 2010 , with `` unsuited to age group '' and `` violence '' being among the reasons cited . Similarities of The Hunger Games to Koushun Takami 's 1999 novel Battle Royale have been noted . Collins stated that she `` had never heard of that book or that author until my book was turned in . At that point , it was mentioned to me , and I asked my editor if I should read it . He said : ' No , I do n't want that world in your head . Just continue with what you 're doing ' . '' Susan Dominus of The New York Times reports that `` the parallels are striking enough that Collins 's work has been savaged on the blogosphere as a baldfaced ripoff '' of Battle Royale but argued that `` there are enough possible sources for the plot line that the two authors might well have hit on the same basic setup independently . '' Stephen King noted that the reality TV `` badlands '' were similar to Battle Royale , as well as his own novels The Running Man and The Long Walk . Film adaptation Main article : The Hunger Games ( film ) In March 2009 , Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement for The Hunger Games with Nina Jacobson 's production company Color Force , which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier . The studio , which had not made a profit for five years , raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000 -- one of its largest ever -- for the film .", "9": "Collins ' agent Jason Dravis remarked that `` they ( Lionsgate ) had everyone but the valet call us '' to help secure the franchise . Intending the film to have a PG - 13 rating , Collins adapted the novel for film herself , in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross . The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel , with Ross saying he `` felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective '' in its presentation of events , echoing Collins ' use of first person present in the novel . Twenty - year - old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen . Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began , Collins felt the role demanded `` a certain maturity and power '' and said she would rather the actress be older than younger . She added that Lawrence was the `` only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book '' and that she had `` every essential quality necessary to play Katniss . '' Lawrence , a fan of the books , took three days to accept the role , initially intimidated by the size of the production . Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast , in the roles of Peeta and Gale , respectively . Production began in late spring 2011 and the film was released on March 23 , 2012 . The film 's opening weekend brought in a non-sequel record $152.5 million ( USD ) in North America . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , based on the second novel in the series , was released the following year on November 22 , 2013 . See also Children 's literature portal Novels portal 2000s portal Book : The Hunger Games The Condemned Crypteia The Most Dangerous Game Series 7 : The Contenders `` The Lottery '' References Jump up ^ `` Mockingjay proves the Hunger Games is must - read literature '' . io9 . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , John A. ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` A dark horse breaks out : the buzz is on for Suzanne Collins 's YA series debut '' . Publishers Weekly .", "10": "Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Rick ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Killer Story : An Interview with Suzanne Collins , Author of ' The Hunger Games ' '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Difficult Part '' ( Video ) . Scholastic . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blasingame , James . `` The Hunger Games . '' Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy , vol. 52 , no . 8 , 2009 , p. 724 + . Academic OneFile , Accessed 6 Dec. 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne ( 2008 ) . The Hunger Games . Scholastic . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 02348 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mockingjay ( The Hunger Games # 3 ) '' . Powell 's Books . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hartmann , Cristina ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` What , If Anything , Does The Hunger Games Series Teach Us About Strategy ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : How reality TV explains the YA sensation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble , The Hunger Games ( Editorial Reviews ) '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games trilogy Discussion Guide '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Fresh Hell : What 's behind the boom in dystopian fiction for young readers ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brake , Donald ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` The religious and political overtones of Hunger Games '' . The Washington Times .", "11": "Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groover , Jessica ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Pastors find religious themes in ' Hunger Games ' '' . Independent Tribune . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Amy ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Jesus in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roback , Diane ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' to Conclude the Hunger Games Trilogy '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Suzanne Collins 's Third Book in The Hunger Games Trilogy to be Published on August 24 , 2010 '' . Scholastic . December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Best Sellers : Chapter Books : Sunday , November 2 , 2008 '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( September 5 , 2010 ) . `` Children 's Chapter Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA TODAY 's Best - Selling Books list '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' books : More than 36.5 M in print in the U.S. alone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Springen , Karen ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Hunger Games Franchise : The Odds Seem Ever in Its Favor '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Colby , Edward B. ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Hunger Games joins Amazon Kindle Million Club '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Hungry for Hunger Games : Amazon.com Reveals the Top Cities in the U.S. Reading The Hunger Games Trilogy '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games audiobook '' . Audible.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AudioFile audiobook review : The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins , Read by Carolyn McCormick '' . AudioFile . December 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Charli ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Multimedia Review '' . School Library Journal . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Sabrina Rojas ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' : We 're Judging ' Hunger Games ' Book Three By Its Cover '' . Hollywood Crush . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne ( 2008 ) . The Hunger Games . Scholastic . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 02348 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Scary New World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Review : The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins '' . Time . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : King , Stephen ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Book Review : The Hunger Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Review of the Day : The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins '' . School Library Journal . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Francisca ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Hunger Games '' . Booklist . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Editor Review '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick . `` Home -- Suzanne Collins '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephanie ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` September 17 , 2008 '' . The Official Website of Stephanie Meyer . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PW 's Best Books of the Year '' . Publishers Weekly . November 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Children 's Books of 2008 '' . The New York Times . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Duck Past Winners '' . GoldenDuckAwards.com . November 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cybils : The 2008 Cybils Winners '' . Cybils.com . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School Library Journal 's Best Books 2008 '' . School Library Journal . December 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Booklist Editors ' Choice : Books for Youth , 2008 '' . Booklist . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winners '' . California Young Reader Medal . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' .", "14": "Scholastic . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Charlotte 's Web ' tops list of ' 100 great books for kids ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarze , Kelly ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` The 5 Best - Selling Kindle Books of All Time '' . Mashable . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barak , Lauren ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` New Hampshire Parent Challenges ' The Hunger Games ' '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2010 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fujita , Akiko ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games , ' a Japanese Original ? '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dominus , Susan ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Suzanne Collins 's War Stories for Kids '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jay A. Fernandez and Borys Kit ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Lionsgate picks up ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sellers , John A. ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Hungry ? The Latest on ' The Hunger Games ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Lionsgate Movies '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lions Gate Has a Hit with ' Hunger Games . ' Can It Turn a Profit ? '' . The Daily Beast. April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Lions Gate won ' Hunger Games ' '' . Reuters .", "15": "March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hopkinson , Deborah ( September 2009 ) . `` A riveting return to the world of ' The Hunger Games ' '' . BookPage . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Springen , Karen ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Marketing ' Mockingjay ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ; Fritz , Ben ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Hunger Games director Gary Ross bows out of sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Trust '' . Writers Guild of America . March 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Gary Ross answers reader questions about ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Is Jennifer Lawrence the Katniss of your dreams ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' director Gary Ross talks about ' the easiest casting decision of my life ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Suzanne Collins talks Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` 9 Untold Secrets of the High Stakes ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Steven ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : A Brand - New Superstar '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Joshua L. ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth complete the love triangle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' exclusive : Why Gary Ross got the coveted job , and who suggested Megan Fox for the lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' gets release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brook ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Hunger Games Ticket Sales Set Record '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Hunger Games '' sequel eyes a new screenwriter , director Gary Ross will return `` . IFC News . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 .", "17": "External links Suzanne Collins 's official website Scholastic Official Site ( hide ) The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=The_Hunger_Games_(novel)&oldid=837818909 '' Categories : Dystopian novels 2008 science fiction novels 2008 American novels American adventure novels American novels adapted into films American post-apocalyptic novels American young adult novels Children 's science fiction novels Scholastic Corporation books The Hunger Games Sports in fiction Novels set in North America Books by Suzanne Collins Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 06 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3060307639232891656	mandatory elements in the definition of an adverse event (ae)	[ "any unfavourable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product" ]	{ "0": "Adverse event - wikipedia Adverse event Jump to : navigation , search For the House episode , see Adverse Events . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An adverse event ( AE ) is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment . An adverse event ( AE ) can therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign ( including an abnormal laboratory finding ) , symptom , or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal ( investigational ) product , whether or not related to the medicinal ( investigational ) product . AEs in patients participating in clinical trials must be reported to the study sponsor and if required could be reported to local ethics committee . Adverse events categorized as `` serious '' ( results in death , illness requiring hospitalization , events deemed life - threatening , results in persistent or significant disability / incapacity , a congenital anomaly / birth defect or medically important condition ) must be reported to the regulatory authorities immediately , whereas non-serious adverse events are merely documented in the annual summary sent to the regulatory authority . The sponsor collects AE reports from the local researchers , and notifies all participating sites of the AEs at the other sites , as well as both the local investigators ' and the sponsors ' judgment of the seriousness of the AEs . This process allows the sponsor and all the local investigators access to a set of data that might suggest potential problems with the study treatment while the study is still ongoing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of adverse events 2 Reporting of adverse events 3 Grades of AE 4 Database of adverse events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types of adverse events ( edit ) All clinical trials have the potential to produce AEs . AEs are classified as serious or non-serious ; expected or unexpected ; and study - related , possibly study - related , or not study - related . For example , while a study that tests the effectiveness of a new blood pressure cuff for a period of 10 minutes might seem innocuous , the potential exists for the patient 's skin to be irritated by the device .", "1": "Patients in that study might also die during that 10 - minute period . Both skin irritation and sudden death would be considered AEs . In this case , the skin irritation would be classified as not serious , unexpected , and possibly study - related . The death would be classified as serious and unexpected ( unless the patient was already at death 's door ) . The local researcher would use his / her medical judgment to determine whether the death could have been related to the study device . Both the skin irritation and the death are unexpected events , and should alert the researcher to the potential existence of a problem with the device ( for instance , it could have malfunctioned and shocked the patient ) . The researcher would report these AEs to the local Institutional Review Board and to the sponsor , and await direction on whether to stop the study . If the researcher feels there is an imminent danger posed by the device , he or she can use medical discretion to stop patients from participating in the study . An adverse event can also be declared in the normal treatment of a patient which is suspected of being caused by the medication being taken or a medical device used in the treatment of the patient . In Australia , ' Adverse EVENT ' refers generically to medical errors of all kinds , surgical , medical or nursing related . The most recent available official study ( 1995 ) indicated 18,000 deaths per year are a result of hospital care . The Medical Error Action Group is lobbying for legislation to improve the reporting of AEs and through quality control , minimize the needless deaths . Reporting of adverse events ( edit ) Main article : Monitoring in clinical trials Researchers participating in a clinical trial must report all adverse events to the drug regulatory authority of the respective country where the drug or device is to be registered ( e.g. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) if it is US ) . Serious AEs must be reported immediately ; minor AEs are ' bundled ' by the sponsor and submitted later . Grades of AE ( edit ) Clinical trial results often report the number of grade 3 and grade 4 adverse events .", "2": "Grades are defined : Grade 1 Mild AE Grade 2 Moderate AE Grade 3 Severe AE Grade 4 Life - threatening or disabling AE Grade 5 Death related to AE Database of adverse events ( edit ) The FDA provides a database for reporting of adverse events called the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database ( MAUDE ) ( 1 ) . The data consist of voluntary reports since June 1993 , user facility reports since 1991 , distributor reports since 1993 , and manufacturer reports since August 1996 , and is open for public view . Two private companies have also recently started providing access to analyzed adverse event information : Clarimed provides adverse event information for medical devices and AdverseEvents provides adverse event data for drugs . See also ( edit ) Clinical trial Good clinical practice ( GCP ) Data monitoring committees Serious adverse event Adverse effect Adverse drug reaction Pharmacovigilance EudraVigilance ( European Union ) Directive 2001 / 20 / EC ( European Union ) Adverse Event Reporting System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICH GCP Jump up ^ Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events External links ( edit ) ClinicalTrials.gov from US National Library of Medicine ICH Website FDA Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adverse_event&oldid=812854023 '' Categories : Clinical research Pharmaceutical industry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 07 : 09 . 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8044909700499569711	how much is the united states in debt to china	[ "1,200.5", "$1.06 trillion", "$1.06 trillion", "$1.06 trillion" ]	{ "0": "National debt of the United States - Wikipedia National debt of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt - ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Health care reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns of 1995 -- 96 2013 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation The national debt of the United States is the amount owed by the federal government of the United States . The measure of the public debt is the value of the outstanding Treasury securities at a point of time that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative total . A deficit year increases the debt because more money is spent than is received ; a surplus year decreases the debt because more money is received than spent . There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , such as non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts administered by the federal government that are owed to program beneficiaries , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year .", "1": "In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic monetary management operations . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , however , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . On November 7 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $14.3 trillion or about 76 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.4 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $19.8 trillion or about 106 % of the previous 12 months of GDP ; $6.2 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest of which were Japan and China at about $1.09 trillion for Japan and $1.06 trillion for China as of December 2016 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO short - term outlook 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt Federal Debt Held by the Public as a percentage of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , from 1940 to 2016 with future projections U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) .", "3": "The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion On January 26 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $13.62 trillion or about 75 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.34 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $18.96 trillion or about 104 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S.", "4": "debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of the owner , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie and Fannie required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' .", "5": "The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security .", "6": "Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows , if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP .", "7": "Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure was the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion .", "8": "So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits .", "9": "Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections .", "10": "To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . The largest holders were China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and oil exporters . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities .", "11": "However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget CBO : Public Debt Under `` Extended '' and `` Alternate '' Scenarios Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO short - term Outlook ( edit ) The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported in its February 2014 Budget and Economic Outlook ( which covers the 2014 -- 2024 period ) that deficits were projected to return to approximately the historical average relative to the size of the economy ( GDP ) by 2014 . The CBO estimated that under current law , the deficit would total $514 billion in fiscal year 2014 or 3.0 % GDP . Deficits would then slowly begin rising again through 2024 due primarily to the pressures of an aging population and rising healthcare costs per person . The debt to GDP ratio would remain stable for much of the decade then begin rising again toward the end of the 10 - year forecast window , from 74 % in 2014 to 79 % in 2024 . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt .", "12": "The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g.", "13": ", Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt was 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S.", "14": "debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e.", "15": "under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government .", "16": "CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ?", "17": "There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt .", "18": "The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt Total debt as % of GDP Public debt Public debt as % of GDP GDP ( $ billions ) 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.0 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.8 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.2 27.0 % 1,049 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.9 25.5 % 2,796 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400 40.8 % 5,915 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450 33.9 % 10,", "19": "150 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350 31.6 % 10,550 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550 32.7 % 10,900 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900 34.6 % 11,350 7,379 61.0 % 4,300 35.6 % 12,100 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600 35.7 % 12,900 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850 35.4 % 13,700 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050 35.3 % 14,300 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800 39.4 % 14,750 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550 52.4 % 14,400 13,551 91.6 % 9,000 61.0 % 14,800 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150 65.8 % 15,400 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250 70.3 % 16,050 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000 72.6 % 16,500 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800 74.2 % 17,200 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100 73.3 % 17,900 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. '", "20": "16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again .", "21": "Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,", "22": "790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders ( over $150 billion ) of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by August 2017 survey ) : Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of August 2017 Country Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2016 GDP ( est . )", "23": "Percent change since August 2016 China 1,200.5 6 % + 1 % Japan 1,101.7 22 % − 4 % Ireland 307.2 105 % + 15 % Brazil 273.6 15 % + 7 % Cayman Islands 260.0 n / a − 2 % Switzerland 248.3 38 % + 4 % United Kingdom 225.4 9 % + 10 % Luxembourg 213.4 359 % − 3 % Hong Kong 197.3 62 % + 3 % Taiwan 180.4 34 % -- 5 % Others 2,061.9 n / a + 1 % Grand total 6,269.7 n / a + 1 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S.", "24": "household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information .", "25": "( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % Asia 37 % 40 % 41 % South America and Mexico 41 % 37 % 35 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Mexico Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.", "26": "6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,", "27": "653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website .", "28": "In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) ( show ) Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 ,", "29": "1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L.", "30": "99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L.", "31": "110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds '' ( PDF ) . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Trust Fund 2010 Report Summary '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- What is the difference between the two types of federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the Deficit : Cash vs. Accrual '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac to Be Kept Off Budget , White House Says ( September 12 , 2008 ) , Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ The case for keeping Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac off the government 's books has gotten even weaker , professional.wsj.com ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Barr , Colin ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Paulson readies the ' bazooka ' '' , CNN.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timiraos , Nick ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Investor Fires Salvo Against Fannie , Freddie - Viewed March 2014 '' . WSJ . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Congress of the United States , Government Accountability Office ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` The federal government 's financial health : a citizen 's guide to the 2008 financial report of the United States government '' , pp. 7 -- 8 , gao.gov ; retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter G. Peterson Foundation ( April 2010 ) . `` Citizen 's guide 2010 : Figure 10 p. 16 '' .", "33": "Peter G. Peterson Foundation website ; retrieved February 5 , 2011 . 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Belen Sbrancia ( March 2011 ) `` The Liquidation of Government Debt '' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No.", "34": "16893 Jump up ^ David Wessel ( August 8 , 2012 ) `` When Interest Rates Turn Upside Down '' Wall Street Journal ( full text Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Summers ( June 3 , 2012 ) `` Breaking the negative feedback loop '' Reuters Jump up ^ William H. Gross ( May 2 , 2011 ) `` The Caine Mutiny ( Part 2 ) '' PIMCO Investment Outlook Jump up ^ `` Why the U.S. Government Never , Ever Has to Pay Back All Its Debt '' , The Atlantic , February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambrose Evans - Pritchard ( October 21 , 2012 ) `` IMF 's epic plan to conjure away debt and dethrone bankers '' The Telegraph Jump up ^ Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof ( August 2012 ) `` The Chicago Plan Revisited '' , International Monetary Fund working paper WP / 12 / 202 ; accessed November 6 , 2016 . 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Retrieved November 30 , 2014 .", "35": "Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and Oil Exporters holding respectively approximately $1.27 trillion , $1.22 trillion , $354 billion , $312 billion , and $279 billion as of September 2014 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Kimberly ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` The U.S. debt and how it got so big '' . About.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( March 4 , 2007 ) `` Just who owns the U.S. national debt ? '' MSNBC.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Steve ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` BIS says global downturn could be ' deeper and more protracted ' than expected '' . Forbes . 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Congressional Budget Office : Macroeconomic Analysis Division ; retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is China 's Ownership Of U.S. Debt A National Security Threat ? '' by Kenneth Rapoza , Forbes , 23 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` ... Should Americans be concerned that China has started dumping some of its Treasury holdings ? After all , it raises serious questions about whether China will keep lending Washington money to help finance the federal deficit in the future . '' : From `` China is dumping U.S. debt '' , CNN.com , September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Report on `` China 's Holdings of U.S. Securities : Implications for the U.S. Economy '' by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte , Congressional Research Service , 19 August 2013 Jump up ^ : `` ... What about indebtedness to foreigners ? ... To acquire ( U.S. gov 't bonds ) , China must export goods to us , not offset by equivalent imports . That is a cost to China . It 's a cost Beijing is prepared to pay , for its own reasons : export industries promote learning , technology transfer and product quality improvement , and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside . But that 's China 's business . For China , the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard . There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them ; ... its stock of T - bonds will just go on growing . And we will pay interest on it , not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers . There is no burden associated with this ; not now and not later . '' From `` In Defense of Deficits '' by James K. Galbraith , The Nation , March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ... The Chinese buy U.S. T - securities by transferring U.S.", "37": "dollars ( not yuan ) from their checking account at the Federal Reserve Bank to China 's T - security account , also at the Federal Reserve Bank . When ( ever ) the Chinese redeem those T - securities , the money is transferred back to China 's checking account at the Fed . During the entire purchase and redemption process , the dollars never leave the Fed . '' `` What Policies for Global Prosperity ? '' by Warren Mosler , September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bill , University of Newcastle ( Australia ) . `` The nearly infinite capacity of the US government to spend '' ( March 28 , 2012 ) ; `` The US government can buy as much of its own debt as it chooses '' ( August 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ... The US , as a sovereign currency issuer , faces no financial constraint . It can not be forced into default . It controls its policy interest rate . The rest of the world are users of the dollar ; not issuers . They can never hold ( the United States ) hostage . '' `` What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds ? '' by L. Randall Wray , University of Missouri - Kansas City , November 12 , 2013 . 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Kosiak , Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ; Arjun Makhijani , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research ; Robert S. Norris , Natural Resources Defense Council ; Kevin O'Neill , Institute for Science and International Security ; John E. Pike , Federation of American Scientists ; William J. Weida , Global Resource Action Center for the Environment ( 1998 ) . Atomic audit : the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940 . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 3 , 12 , 105 , 107 , 461 , 546 , 551 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 7774 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The peak U.S. inventory was around 35,000 nuclear weapons . The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc.", "44": "51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table Retrieved November 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cecchetti , Stephen G. et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` The future of public debt : prospects and implications '' , p. 3 . Bank for International Settlements ( website ) ; retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The United States enters the twilight zone -- MuniLand '' . Reuters . 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Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases '' ( PDF ) .", "45": "Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Raise US Debt Ceiling to $9 Trillion , Caused by Iraq War and Tax Breaks for the Rich '' . Usliberals.about.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL AUDIT - Bureau of the Public Debt 's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . The Joe I. Herbstman Memorial Collection of American Finance : Dedicated to Preserving the Visual History of the Nation 's Debt Documentary about the debt , `` Ten Trillion and Counting '' , by PBS Frontline `` Bureau of the Public Debt '' . publicdebt.ustreas.gov .", "46": "The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It public and intragovernmental Federal Debt : Answers to Frequently Asked Questions - Provides a broad range of information about federal debt including its relationship to the budget , ownership of the debt , debt management , and key policy considerations Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt Congressional Research Service The United States Public Debt , 1861 to 1975 Encyclopedia Article GAO Citizen 's Guide -- 2008 National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform United States National Debt Tracker interactive charts , including annual deficit and historical relationship to GDP . Historical Tables , Office of Management and Budget Historical documents on public debt , FRASER New York Times - Charting the American Debt Crisis - July 2011 U.S. Treasury Resource Center -- Treasury International Capital ( TIC ) System National Debt of USA in Realtime United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky", "47": "National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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-3123234845590594961	where did the race in grease take place	[ "Thunder Road", "the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges", "at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges", "Thunder Road", "at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges" ]	{ "0": "Grease ( film ) - wikipedia Grease ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Grease Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Robert Stigwood Allan Carr Screenplay by Bronte Woodard Based on Grease by Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Starring John Travolta Olivia Newton - John Stockard Channing Jeff Conaway Music by Michael Gibson Cinematography Bill Butler Edited by John F. Burnett Robert Pergament Production company RSO Records Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $395 million Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name . Written by Bronte Woodard and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut , the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors : bad boy Danny ( John Travolta ) and good girl Sandy ( Olivia Newton - John ) in the late 1950s . Grease was successful both critically and commercially . Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever . A sequel , Grease 2 , was released in 1982 , with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer in lead roles . Few of the original cast members reprised their roles .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Principal cast 2.2 School staff / others 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming locations 3.3 Post-production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home video 4.4 Awards 4.5 American Film Institute Recognition 4.6 Sequels and spin - offs 5 Soundtrack 6 Television 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1958 , Danny Zuko ( John Travolta ) and vacationing Sandy Olsson ( Olivia Newton - John ) met at the beach and fell in love . When the summer comes to an end , Sandy , who is going back to Australia , frets that they may never meet again , but Danny tells her that their love is `` only the beginning '' , and they will stay friends . The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School ( `` Grease '' ) . Danny , a greaser , is a member of the T - Birds , consisting of his best friend Kenickie ( Jeff Conaway ) , Doody ( Barry Pearl ) , Sonny ( Michael Tucci ) , and Putzie ( Kelly Ward ) . The Pink Ladies , a sassy , popular clique of girls , also arrive , consisting of Rizzo ( Stockard Channing ) , Frenchy ( Didi Conn ) , Marty ( Dinah Manoff ) , and Jan ( Jamie Donnelly ) . After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia , Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy , who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school . Unaware of each other 's presence at Rydell , Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair 's brief romance , without initially mentioning the other 's name . Sandy 's version emphasizes the romance of the affair , and the truth and purity , while Danny 's version is more sexual ( and therefore presumably less honest ) ( `` Summer Nights '' song ) .", "2": "When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko , Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally , where Sandy is cheering along with high - achiever and resident swot , Patty Simcox ( Susan Buckner ) . At the rally , Sandy catches the eye of a muscly member of the football team ( Lorenzo Lamas ) . When Sandy and Danny are reunited , they are initially elated , but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude , which offends Sandy . At the same rally , Kenickie reveals his new car , a dilapidated used jalopy , and announces he has entered it into a `` pinks '' street race at Thunder Road . Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover . Sandy vomits at trying her first cigarette , drinking a dessert wine , and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy . While she recovers in the bathroom , Rizzo makes fun of her innocent and virtuous nature ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ) . The T - Birds arrive in Kenickie 's car , and Rizzo departs with Kenickie , leaving the other T - Birds stranded . Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny , despite his earlier behavior ( `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) . As Kenickie and Rizzo start making love , the condom Kenickie is using breaks . The two are also interrupted by Leo Balmudo ( Dennis C. Stewart ) , leader of the T - Birds ' rival gang , the Scorpions , and his tall and brash girlfriend Cha - Cha ( Annette Charles ) . The next day , the T - Birds are looking over Kenickie 's car , and although they are initially skeptical of its potential , Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot - rodding sex machine ( `` Greased Lightnin ' '' ) . In an attempt to impress Sandy , Danny approaches Coach Calhoun ( Sid Caesar ) in an effort to become a high school athlete . Danny 's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball , wrestling or baseball , so Calhoun suggests cross-country running , in which Danny excels .", "3": "Danny 's running proves to impress Sandy , prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace ; when the other greasers arrive , Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort . Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up , while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance . Left alone , Frenchy -- who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school , only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink -- is visited by a guardian angel ( Frankie Avalon ) who advises her to return to Rydell ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . The school dance arrives , broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine ( Edd Byrnes ) , who flirts with Marty . Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha - Cha as their dates , while Danny and Sandy arrive together . Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition , but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through . Cha - Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance , and the two win ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . During the last dance ( `` Blue Moon '' ) , Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience , which Principal McGee ( Eve Arden ) vows to put on their permanent records . Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive - in theater . She 's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring , which she gleefully accepts . Moments later , Danny tries to aggressively make out with her , causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart , leaving Danny distraught ( `` Sandy '' ) . Meanwhile , because she skipped a period , Rizzo quietly admits she may be pregnant to Marty , who in turn tells Sonny , and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive - in , reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past . He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it , telling her he does n't run away from his mistakes . Rizzo tells him it was someone else 's mistake , a response that angers Kenickie .", "4": "At school the next day , word of Rizzo 's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox , who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by . A visibly hurt Rizzo , who thanks Sandy for her offer of help , sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . On the day of the race , Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out . Moments before the race is set to begin , Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie 's head , and Danny takes the helm of the car . Leo and Danny run a tight race , with Leo attempting to shred Danny 's tires with bladed hubcaps ( in a sequence paying homage to Ben - Hur ) ; Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out . Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny . She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' ) . On the last day of school , a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche ( Dody Goodman ) , in a speech over the intercom , tell the students that they could be future leaders . The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that , because they either never took or failed physical education , they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas . Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her , only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all . Overjoyed , they reunite . Danny shows up wearing a Letterman 's sweater and reveals he is now a letterman for the cross-country team , to the T - Birds ' dismay . Danny confesses it is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy , telling the T - Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time . The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle , dressed in black leather , and smoking a cigarette .", "5": "In song , the two admit they love each other and reunite ( `` You 're the One That I Want '' ) and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature . The gang realizes that high school is now over , and worries that they 'll never see each other again . Danny insists , `` Nah , that 'll never happen , '' and everyone celebrates their friendship ( `` We Go Together '' ) . As the song nears its conclusion , Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod , which takes flight , and the pair wave goodbye to their friends . Cast ( edit ) Principal cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Danny Zuko , who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T - Birds and as Sandy 's love interest Olivia Newton - John as Sandy Olsson , an Australian expatriate and ingénue , new member of the Pink Ladies ( at the end of the film ) and Danny 's girlfriend Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo , Danny 's former fling and the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique Jeff Conaway as Kenickie , Danny 's best friend , Rizzo 's love interest and the owner of Greased Lightnin ' Barry Pearl as Doody , a member of the T - Birds and Frenchy 's love interest Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer , a member of the T - Birds and Marty 's love interest Kelly Ward as Putzie , a member of the T - Birds and Jan 's boyfriend Didi Conn as Frenchy , Sandy 's closest friend in the Pink Ladies and Doody 's girlfriend Jamie Donnelly as Jan , a member of the Pink Ladies and Putzie 's girlfriend Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino , a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men and Sonny 's girlfriend School staff / others ( edit ) Eve Arden as Principal Greta McGee , who shows discomfort at the goings - on at Rydell High . Dody Goodman as Secretary Blanche Hodel , who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school .", "6": "Sid Caesar as Coach Vince Calhoun , the tough - talking gym teacher and coach of all the school 's perennially losing sports teams Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick , the class nerd Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , the head cheerleader and a rival for Danny 's affections Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum , a popular jock who competes for Sandy 's affections Dennis C. Stewart as Leo `` Craterface '' Balmudo , head of the Scorpions , a rival greaser gang Annette Charles as Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio , Leo 's girlfriend Joan Blondell as Vi , a waitress at the Frosty Palace Ellen Travolta as Waitress Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , on - air personality at KZAZ radio and television Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , a rock and roll band Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock , a rogue auto shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin ' for the T - Birds Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins Michael Biehn ( uncredited ) as Mike , a jock at Rydell high Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever , had a nascent singing career at the time ( including the top - 10 hit `` Let Her In '' in 1976 ) , and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease . He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted , including suggesting Randal Kleiser ( who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ) as director , and Olivia Newton - John , then known almost exclusively as a country music singer , as Sandy . Newton - John had done little acting before this film , with only one film credit ( the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow , which predated her singing breakthrough ) to her name up to that time . Before accepting the role , Newton - John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback .", "7": "The screen test was done with the drive - in movie scene . Newton - John , who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia , was unable to perform with a convincing American accent , and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian . Before Newton - John was hired , Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann - Margret , Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role ; Newton - John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing . In a case of life imitating art , Newton - John 's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character ; her next album after Grease , the provocatively titled Totally Hot , featured a much more sexual and pop - oriented approach , with Newton - John appearing on the album cover in similar all - leather attire and teased hair . Jeff Conaway , like Travolta , had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease ; he had played Danny Zuko during the show 's run on Broadway . Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show , the only cast member to do so ; as her hair had begun to gray by this point , she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character . Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser ; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical . Whereas `` Rump '' in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning , the renamed `` Putzie '' did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T - Birds , Sonny and Doody . Lorenzo Lamas was a last - minute replacement for Steven Ford , who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out . His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like most of the other T - Birds ( although Conaway and Ward were also blonds ) . Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film . Winkler , who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days , was originally chosen to play Danny . His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role .", "8": "Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun ; however , executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems ' previous work in adult films , and producers cast Sid Caesar instead . Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television ( Eve Arden , Frankie Avalon , Joan Blondell , Edd Byrnes , Alice Ghostley , Dody Goodman ) to be cast in supporting roles . Coincidentally , Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966 's Fireball 500 , the latter as an extra . Filming locations ( edit ) The car race in the film took place at the Los Angeles River . The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu 's Leo Carrillo State Beach , making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity . The exterior Rydell scenes , including the basketball , baseball and track segments , were shot at Venice High School in Venice , California , while the Rydell interiors , including the high school dance , were filmed at Huntington Park High School . The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood . The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers `` Greased Lightning '' and `` Beauty School Dropout '' . The drive - in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive - In ( it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place ) . The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River , between the First and Seventh Street Bridges , where many other films have been shot . The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School . And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles . Post-production ( edit ) Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca - Cola signs . Prior to the film 's release , producer Allan Carr had made a product - placement deal with Coca - Cola 's main competitor Pepsi ( for example , a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence ) . When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca - Cola products and signage , he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca - Cola logos from the scene .", "9": "As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time - consuming , optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca - Cola references . The ' blurring ' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster , but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged . According to Kleiser , `` We just had to hope that Pepsi would n't complain . They did n't . '' In the 2010 sing - along version ( see below ) , the blurred Coke poster has been digitally removed . In its place is more of the wavy wall design that surrounded it . John Wilson did the animated title sequence for the start of the film . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16 , 1978 and was an immediate box office success . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking at No. 2 ( behind Jaws 2 ) at the box office . Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally , totaling $394,955,690 worldwide . Globally , it was the highest - grossing musical ever , eclipsing the 13 - year - old record held by The Sound of Music , but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables , Mamma Mia ! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast . Grease is now the fourth highest - grossing live action musical . Critical reception ( edit ) Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978 .", "10": "Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film `` terrific fun '' , describing it as a `` contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen - age musical -- a larger , funnier , wittier and more imaginative - than - Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own '' ; Canby pointed out that the film was `` somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind , which recalls the science - fiction films of the ' 50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then , Grease is a multimillion - dollar evocation of the B - picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the ' 50s ( Do n't Knock the Rock , 1956 ) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s ( Beach Party , 1963 ) . '' Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4 's 100 greatest musicals in 2004 . The film holds a 75 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 61 critic reviews with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 and with a consensus that reads , `` Grease is a pleasing , energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old . '' It holds a score of 70 / 100 on similar website Metacritic . Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC - TV . It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary . The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Home Video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982 , with reissues in 1989 and 1994 ; the last VHS release was on June 23 , 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March .", "11": "On September 17 , 2002 , it was released on DVD for the first time . On September 19 , 2006 , it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin ' Rydell Edition , which came with a black Rydell High T - Bird jacket cover , a white Rydell `` R '' letterman 's sweater cover or the Target - exclusive Pink Ladies cover . It was released on Blu - ray Disc on May 5 , 2009 . Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Grease Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated Olivia Newton - John Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated `` Grease '' Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated `` You 're the One That I Want '' Nominated 1979 CIC Golden Screen Award Won Stockard Channing People 's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture Won `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated 2006 Grease Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD Nominated 2008 `` You 're the One That I Want '' TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room Nominated American Film Institute Recognition ( edit ) American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions : No. 97 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : No. 70 for `` Summer Nights '' AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals : No. 20 Sequels and spin - offs ( edit ) The sequel , Grease 2 ( 1982 ) , stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer . While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman , Sid Caesar , Eddie Deezen , Didi Conn , Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles . Dick Patterson returned , playing a different character .", "12": "It was not as successful , grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget . Patricia Birch , the original movie 's choreographer , directed the ill - fated sequel . It would be the only movie that she would direct . On July 8 , 2010 , a sing - along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S. A trailer was released in May 2010 , with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes , implying heavy editing ; however , Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film 's advertising , and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG - 13 for `` sexual content including references , teen smoking and drinking , and language . '' The movie was shown for two weekends only ; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend . On March 12 , 2013 , Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , exceeded only by another soundtrack album , from the film Saturday Night Fever , which also starred Travolta . The song `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music -- Original Song . The song `` You 're the One That I Want '' was released as a single prior to the film 's release and became an immediate chart - topper , despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time . Additionally , the dance number to `` You 're the One That I Want '' was nominated for TV Land 's award for `` Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room '' in 2008 . In the United Kingdom , the two Travolta / Newton - John duets , `` You 're the One That I Want '' and `` Summer Nights '' , were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best - selling singles of all time ( at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively ) . The movie 's title song was also a number - one hit single for Frankie Valli .", "13": "The song `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' references Sal Mineo in the original stage version . Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming , so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead . The references to Troy Donohue , Doris Day , Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version . Coincidentally , this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16 , 1977 , the date of Elvis Presley 's death . Some of the songs were not present in the film ; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are `` La Bamba '' by Ritchie Valens , `` Whole Lotta Shaking Going On '' by Jerry Lee Lewis , `` Alma Mater '' , `` Alma Mater Parody '' , and `` Rydell Fight Song '' . `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie ( instrumental ) '' , `` Mooning '' , and `` Freddy My Love '' are not present in the film , although all three are listed in the end credits in - addition to being on the soundtrack . ( Both `` Mooning '' and `` Rock'n'Roll Party Queen , '' the latter of which was played in the film as background music , were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film , replaced by the non-singing Putzie . In general , all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny , Rizzo , Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters , including Marty Maraschino 's number `` Freddy My Love , '' Kenickie 's `` Greased Lightnin ' , '' and Doody 's `` Those Magic Changes . ''", "14": ") The songs appear in the film in the following order : `` Love is a Many - Splendored Thing '' `` Grease '' `` Alma Mater '' `` Summer Nights '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Rydell Marching Band `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo and Pink Ladies `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' -- Sandy `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Danny and T - Birds `` La Bamba '' `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Rock n ' Roll Party Queen '' `` Rock n ' Roll is Here to Stay '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers ; Danny sings along onscreen `` Tears on My Pillow '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Hound Dog '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Blue Moon '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Sandy '' -- Danny `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` Alma Mater Parody '' ( instrumental ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` We Go Together '' -- Cast `` Grease ( Reprise ) '' Television ( edit ) Main article : Somos tú y yo : un nuevo día On August 17 , 2009 , a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela . The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez . The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grease at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Grease movie soundtrack earns its second # 1 hit '' . History.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Albums -- The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard.com .", "15": "Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Travolta , John . `` Inside the Actor 's Studio '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Windeler , Robert ( July 31 , 1978 ) . `` Ohh Sandy ! -- Olivia Newton - John '' . People . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ All music guide to country : the ... Google Books . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grease , ' ' Taxi ' Star Jeff Conaway Dies '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . ( Subscription required . ) . Print edition , May 28 , 2011 , p . A32 ^ Jump up to : Gliatto , Tom ; and O'Neill Anne - Marie . `` Grease Is the Word : Twenty Years Later , the Stars Are Still True to Their School '' , People , April 13 , 1998 . Accessed September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . Da Capo Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81655 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Film locations for Grease ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Filming Locations -- part 1 '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Scenesteal.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stupid Question '' . Archives.stupidquestion.net. 2000 - 10 - 26 .", "16": "Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Savant : GREASE and the Curse of Product Placement '' . Dvdtalk.com. 1998 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Week June 16 - 18 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Musical Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grease Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1978 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Movies of 1978 '' . Film.com. 2007 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1978 '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 16 , 1978 ) . `` A Slick Version of ' Grease ' : Fantasy of the 50 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 50 Best High School Movies ( 25 - 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wanna Sing - A-Long with Grease ? With Lyrics ? ! ? '' . Screencrave.com . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grease Sing - A-Long ' trailer cuts cigarette from iconic scene : Smoking was not removed from the film itself , Ocala.com , June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long -- Trailers , Videos , and Reviews ComingSoon.net Movie Database '' . Comingsoon.net . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long ( 2010 ) Trailer & Official Movie Site '' . Greasemovie.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ VH1 's `` Behind the Music : Grease '' Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077631/awards Jump up ^ BBC Radio -- Top selling singles of all time Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Tales of Ancient ' Grease ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venevisión estrena ' Somos tú y yo , un nuevo día , inspirada en Grease ' '' . Jump up ^ `` De regreso a los años 50 con el musical ' Grease ' '' .", "18": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grease ( film ) Official Sing - A-Long Site Grease on IMDb Grease at the TCM Movie Database Grease at AllMovie Grease at Box Office Mojo Grease at Rotten Tomatoes Grease at Metacritic Original 1978 Release Trailer on YouTube Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Grease_(film)&oldid=821928344 '' Categories : 1978 films English - language films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s romantic comedy films 1970s teen films American films American high school films American musical comedy films American rock music films American rock musicals American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films American teen comedy films American teen musical films American teen romance films Directorial debut films Films based on musicals Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in 1958 Films set in 1959 Films set in the 1950s Films shot in Los Angeles Films with live action and animation Flying cars in fiction Grease ( musical ) Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Allan Carr Screenplays by Bronte Woodard Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 12 : 32 . 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4326992806019599297	what is the maximum data rate for the 802.11a standard select one	[ "54 Mbit/s", "54 Mbit/s", "54 Mbit/s", "54 Mbit/s" ]	{ "0": "IEEE 802.11 - Wikipedia IEEE 802.11 Jump to : navigation , search This Linksys WRT54GS WiFi router from 2005 operates on the 2.4 GHz `` G '' standard , capable of transmitting 54 megabits per second . For comparison , this Netgear dual - band router from 2013 uses the AC standard , capable of transmitting 1900 megabits per second ( combined ) . IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control ( MAC ) and physical layer ( PHY ) specifications for implementing wireless local area network ( WLAN ) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4 , 3.6 , 5 , and 60 GHz frequency bands . They are created and maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) LAN / MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 ) . The base version of the standard was released in 1997 , and has had subsequent amendments . The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi - Fi brand . While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard , the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products . As a result , in the marketplace , each revision tends to become its own standard .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 General description 2 History 3 Protocol 3.1 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) 3.2 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) 3.3 802.11 b 3.4 802.11 g 3.5 802.11 - 2007 3.6 802.11 n 3.7 802.11 - 2012 3.8 802.11 ac 3.9 802.11 ad 3.10 802.11 af 3.11 802.11 ah 3.12 802.11 ai 3.13 802.11 aj 3.14 802.11 aq 3.15 802.11 ax 3.16 802.11 ay 3.17 802.11 - 2016 4 Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput 5 Channels and frequencies 5.1 Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band 5.2 Regulatory domains and legal compliance 6 Layer 2 -- Datagrams 6.1 Management frames 6.1. 1 Information Elements 6.2 Control frames 6.3 Data frames 7 Standards and amendments 7.1 In process 7.2 Standard vs. amendment 8 Nomenclature 9 Community networks 10 Security 11 Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment 12 See also 13 References 14 Footnotes 15 External links General description ( edit ) The 802.11 family consists of a series of half - duplex over-the - air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol . 802.11 - 1997 was the first wireless networking standard in the family , but 802.11 b was the first widely accepted one , followed by 802.11 a , 802.11 g , 802.11 n , and 802.11 ac . Other standards in the family ( c -- f , h , j ) are service amendments that are used to extend the current scope of the existing standard , which may also include corrections to a previous specification .", "2": "802.11 b and 802.11 g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band , operating in the United States under Part 15 of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations . Because of this choice of frequency band , 802.11 b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens , cordless telephones , and Bluetooth devices . 802.11 b and 802.11 g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) and orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing ( OFDM ) signaling methods , respectively . 802.11 a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band , which , for much of the world , offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band offering only three non-overlapping channels , where other adjacent channels overlap -- see list of WLAN channels . Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies ( channels ) may be realized , depending on the environment . 802.11 n can use either the 2.4 GHz or the 5 GHz band ; 802.11 ac uses only the 5 GHz band . The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries . In the US , 802.11 a and 802.11 g devices may be operated without a license , as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations . Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11 b and 802.11 g fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio band . Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11 b / g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations , allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption . History ( edit ) 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use . In 1991 NCR Corporation / AT&T ( now Nokia Labs and LSI Corporation ) invented a precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein , the Netherlands . The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems . The first wireless products were brought to the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s .", "3": "Vic Hayes , who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years , and has been called the `` father of Wi - Fi '' , was involved in designing the initial 802.11 b and 802.11 a standards within the IEEE . In 1999 , the Wi - Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the Wi - Fi trademark under which most products are sold . Protocol ( edit ) ( hide ) 802.11 network PHY standards 802.11 protocol Release date Fre - quency Band - width Stream data rate Allowable MIMO streams Modulation Approximate range Indoor Outdoor ( GHz ) ( MHz ) ( Mbit / s ) 802.11 - 1997 Jun 1997 2.4 22 1 , 2 N / A DSSS , FHSS 20 m ( 66 ft ) 100 m ( 330 ft ) Sep 1999 5 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 35 m ( 115 ft ) 120 m ( 390 ft ) 3.7 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) Sep 1999 2.4 22 1 , 2 , 5.5 , 11 N / A DSSS 35 m ( 115 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) g Jun 2003 2.4 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 38 m ( 125 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) n Oct 2009 2.4 / 5 20 Up to 288.8 MIMO - OFDM 70 m ( 230 ft ) 250 m ( 820 ft ) 40 Up to 600 ac Dec 2013 5 20 Up to 346.", "4": "8 8 35 m ( 115 ft ) 40 Up to 800 80 Up to 1733.2 160 Up to 3466.8 0.054 - 0.79 6 - 8 Up to 568.9 ad Dec 2012 60 2,160 Up to 6,757 ( 6.7 Gbit / s ) N / A OFDM , single carrier , low - power single carrier 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) ah Dec 2016 0.9 Up to 347 aj Est . Jul 2017 45 / 60 ax Est . Dec 2018 2.4 / 5 Up to 10.53 Gbit / s MIMO - OFDM ay Est . Nov 2019 60 8000 Up to 100,000 ( 100 Gbit / s ) OFDM , single carrier , 60 az Est . Mar 2021 60 802.11 Standard rollups 802.11 - 2007 Mar 2007 2.4 , 5 Up to 54 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2012 Mar 2012 2.4 , 5 Up to 150 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2016 Dec 2016 2.4 , 5 , 60 Up to 866.7 or 6,757 DSSS , OFDM IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 extended operation of 802.11 a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band . Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m . As of 2009 , it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC . Based on short guard interval ; standard guard interval is ~ 10 % slower . Rates vary widely based on distance , obstructions , and interference .", "5": "IEEE 802.11 af about using white space spectrum for WiFi based on the PHY layer of 802.11 ac 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ( legacy mode ) The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999 , but is now obsolete . It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second ( Mbit / s ) , plus forward error correction code . It specified three alternative physical layer technologies : diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit / s ; frequency - hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s ; and direct - sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s . The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz . Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies , such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band . Legacy 802.11 with direct - sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11 b . 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 a-1999 Originally described as clause 17 of the 1999 specification , the OFDM waveform at 5.8 GHz is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification , and provides protocols that allow transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to 54 Mbit / s . It has seen widespread worldwide implementation , particularly within the corporate workspace . While the original amendment is no longer valid , the term 802.11 a is still used by wireless access point ( cards and routers ) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5 GHz , 54 Mbit / s . The 802.11 a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard , but an OFDM based air interface ( physical layer ) . It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit / s , plus error correction code , which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit / s .", "6": "Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded , using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11 aa significant advantage . However , this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage : the effective overall range of 802.11 a is less than that of 802.11 b / g . In theory , 802.11 a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength , and , as a result , can not penetrate as far as those of 802.11 b . In practice , 802.11 b typically has a higher range at low speeds ( 802.11 b will reduce speed to 5.5 Mbit / s or even 1 Mbit / s at low signal strengths ) . 802.11 a also suffers from interference , but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with , resulting in less interference and better throughput . 802.11 b ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 b - 1999 The 802.11 b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit / s , and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard . 802.11 b products appeared on the market in early 2000 , since 802.11 b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard . The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11 b ( compared to the original standard ) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11 b as the definitive wireless LAN technology . Devices using 802.11 b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band . Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens , Bluetooth devices , baby monitors , cordless telephones , and some amateur radio equipment . 802.11 g ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 g - 2003 In June 2003 , a third modulation standard was ratified : 802.11 g . This works in the 2.4 GHz band ( like 802.11 b ) , but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11 a .", "7": "It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit / s exclusive of forward error correction codes , or about 22 Mbit / s average throughput . 802.11 g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11 b hardware , and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~ 21 % when compared to 802.11 a . The then - proposed 802.11 g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in January 2003 , well before ratification , due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs . By summer 2003 , most dual - band 802.11 a / b products became dual - band / tri-mode , supporting a and b / g in a single mobile adapter card or access point . Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process ; in an 802.11 g network , however , activity of an 802.11 b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11 g network . Like 802.11 b , 802.11 g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band , for example wireless keyboards . 802.11 - 2007 ( edit ) In 2003 , task group TGma was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard . REVma or 802.11 ma , as it was called , created a single document that merged 8 amendments ( 802.11 a , b , d , e , g , h , i , j ) with the base standard . Upon approval on March 8 , 2007 , 802.11 REVma was renamed to the then - current base standard IEEE 802.11 - 2007 . 802.11 n ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 n - 2009 802.11 n is an amendment that improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple - input multiple - output antennas ( MIMO ) . 802.11 n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands . Support for 5 GHz bands is optional . It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit / s to 600 Mbit / s .", "8": "The IEEE has approved the amendment , and it was published in October 2009 . Prior to the final ratification , enterprises were already migrating to 802.11 n networks based on the Wi - Fi Alliance 's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11 n proposal . 802.11 - 2012 ( edit ) In May 2007 , task group TGmb was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 2007 version of the 802.11 standard . REVmb or 802.11 mb , as it was called , created a single document that merged ten amendments ( 802.11 k , r , y , n , w , p , z , v , u , s ) with the 2007 base standard . In addition much cleanup was done , including a reordering of many of the clauses . Upon publication on March 29 , 2012 , the new standard was referred to as IEEE 802.11 - 2012 . 802.11 ac ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ac IEEE 802.11 ac - 2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11 , published in December 2013 , that builds on 802.11 n . Changes compared to 802.11 n include wider channels ( 80 or 160 MHz versus 40 MHz ) in the 5 GHz band , more spatial streams ( up to eight versus four ) , higher - order modulation ( up to 256 - QAM vs. 64 - QAM ) , and the addition of Multi-user MIMO ( MU - MIMO ) . As of October 2013 , high - end implementations support 80 MHz channels , three spatial streams , and 256 - QAM , yielding a data rate of up to 433.3 Mbit / s per spatial stream , 1300 Mbit / s total , in 80 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band . Vendors have announced plans to release so - called `` Wave 2 '' devices with support for 160 MHz channels , four spatial streams , and MU - MIMO in 2014 and 2015 . 802.11 ad ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information .", "9": "( November 2013 ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ad IEEE 802.11 ad is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . This frequency band has significantly different propagation characteristics than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands where Wi - Fi networks operate . Products implementing the 802.11 ad standard are being brought to market under the WiGig brand name . The certification program is now being developed by the Wi - Fi Alliance instead of the now defunct WiGig Alliance . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ad is 7 Gbit / s . TP - Link announced the world 's first 802.11 ad router in January 2016 . 802.11 af ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 af IEEE 802.11 af , also referred to as `` White - Fi '' and `` Super Wi - Fi '' , is an amendment , approved in February 2014 , that allows WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands between 54 and 790 MHz . It uses cognitive radio technology to transmit on unused TV channels , with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users , such as analog TV , digital TV , and wireless microphones . Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as GPS , and use the Internet to query a geolocation database ( GDB ) provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover what frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position . The physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11 ac . The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and VHF bands than in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands , which increases the possible range . The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide , depending on the regulatory domain . Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks . MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either space -- time block code ( STBC ) or multi-user ( MU ) operation .", "10": "The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels , and 35.6 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . With four spatial streams and four bonded channels , the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . 802.11 ah ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ah IEEE 802.11 ah defines a WLAN system operating at sub-1 GHz license - exempt bands , with final approval slated for September 2016 . Due to the favorable propagation characteristics of the low frequency spectra , 802.11 ah can provide improved transmission range compared with the conventional 802.11 WLANs operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands . 802.11 ah can be used for various purposes including large scale sensor networks , extended range hotspot , and outdoor Wi - Fi for cellular traffic offloading , whereas the available bandwidth is relatively narrow . The protocol intends consumption to be competitive with low power Bluetooth , at a much wider range . 802.11 ai ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ai IEEE 802.11 ai is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that added new mechanisms for a faster initial link setup time . 802.11 aj ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj is a rebanding of 802.11 ad for use in the 45 GHz unlicensed spectrum available in some regions of the world ( specifically China ) . 802.11 aq ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aq is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that will enable pre-association discovery of services . This extends some of the mechanisms in 802.11 u that enabled device discovery to further discover the services running on a device , or provided by a network . 802.11 ax ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ax IEEE 802.11 ax is the successor to 802.11 ac , and will increase the efficiency of WLAN networks . Currently in development , this project has the goal of providing 4x the throughput of 802.11 ac .", "11": "802.11 ay ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ay This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) IEEE 802.11 ay is a standard that is being developed . It is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . It will be an extension of the existing 11ad , aimed to extend the throughput , range and use - cases . The main use - cases include : indoor operation , out - door back - haul and short range communications . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ay is 20 Gbit / s . The main extensions include : channel bonding ( 2 , 3 and 4 ) , MIMO and higher modulation schemes . 802.11 - 2016 ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is a revision based on IEEE 802.11 - 2012 , incorporating 5 amendments ( 11ae , 11aa , 11ad , 11ac , 11af ) . In addition , existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features were removed or marked for removal . Some clauses and annexes have been renumbered . Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput ( edit ) Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 g Across all variations of 802.11 , maximum achievable throughputs are given either based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer - 2 data rates . This , however , does not apply to typical deployments in which data is being transferred between two endpoints , of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure and the other endpoint is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 n with 40MHz This means that , typically , data frames pass an 802.11 ( WLAN ) medium , and are being converted to 802.3 ( Ethernet ) or vice versa . Due to the difference in the frame ( header ) lengths of these two media , the application 's packet size determines the speed of the data transfer .", "12": "This means applications that use small packets ( e.g. , VoIP ) create dataflows with high - overhead traffic ( i.e. , a low goodput ) . Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets ( i.e. , the data rate ) and , of course , the energy with which the wireless signal is received . The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices . The same references apply to the attached graphs that show measurements of UDP throughput . Each represents an average ( UDP ) throughput ( please note that the error bars are there , but barely visible due to the small variation ) of 25 measurements . Each is with a specific packet size ( small or large ) and with a specific data rate ( 10 kbit / s -- 100 Mbit / s ) . Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well . These figures assume there are no packet errors , which if occurring will lower transmission rate further . Channels and frequencies ( edit ) See also : List of WLAN channels 802.11 b , 802.11 g , and 802.11 n - 2.4 utilize the 2.400 -- 2.500 GHz spectrum , one of the ISM bands . 802.11 a and 802.11 n use the more heavily regulated 4.915 -- 5.825 GHz band . These are commonly referred to as the `` 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands '' in most sales literature . Each spectrum is sub-divided into channels with a center frequency and bandwidth , analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided . The 2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels spaced 5 MHz apart , beginning with channel 1 , which is centered on 2.412 GHz . The latter channels have additional restrictions or are unavailable for use in some regulatory domains . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi channels in the 2.4 GHz band The channel numbering of the 5.725 -- 5.875 GHz spectrum is less intuitive due to the differences in regulations between countries . These are discussed in greater detail on the list of WLAN channels .", "13": "Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band ( edit ) In addition to specifying the channel center frequency , 802.11 also specifies ( in Clause 17 ) a spectral mask defining the permitted power distribution across each channel . The mask requires the signal be attenuated a minimum of 20 dB from its peak amplitude at ± 11 MHz from the centre frequency , the point at which a channel is effectively 22 MHz wide . One consequence is that stations can use only every fourth or fifth channel without overlap . Availability of channels is regulated by country , constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services . At one extreme , Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802.11 b , and 1 -- 13 for 802.11 g / n - 2.4 . Other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11 , and France allowed only 10 , 11 , 12 , and 13 ; however , they now allow channels 1 through 13 . North America and some Central and South American countries allow only 1 through 11 . Spectral masks for 802.11 g channels 1 -- 14 in the 2.4 GHz band Since the spectral mask defines only power output restrictions up to ± 11 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by − 50 dBr , it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits . It is more correct to say that , given the separation between channels , the overlapping signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel . Due to the near - far problem a transmitter can impact ( desense ) a receiver on a `` non-overlapping '' channel , but only if it is close to the victim receiver ( within a meter ) or operating above allowed power levels . Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices . 802.11 b was based on DSSS modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz , resulting in three `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 6 , and 11 ) . 802.11 g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz .", "14": "This occasionally leads to the belief that four `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 ) exist under 802.11 g , although this is not the case as per 17.4. 6.3 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the IEEE Std 802.11 ( 2012 ) , which states `` In a multiple cell network topology , overlapping and / or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz . '' and section 18.3. 9.3 and Figure 18 - 13 . This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels . The amount of interference seen on a configuration using channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 can have very small difference from a three - channel configuration , and in the paper entitled `` Effect of adjacent - channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs '' by Villegas this is also demonstrated . 802.11 non-overlapping channels for 2.4 GHz . Covers 802.11 b , g , n Although the statement that channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 are `` non-overlapping '' is limited to spacing or product density , the concept has some merit in limited circumstances . Special care must be taken to adequately space AP cells , since overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput . If more advanced equipment such as spectral analyzers are available , overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances . This way , more channels are available . Regulatory domains and legal compliance ( edit ) IEEE uses the phrase regdomain to refer to a legal regulatory region . Different countries define different levels of allowable transmitter power , time that a channel can be occupied , and different available channels . Domain codes are specified for the United States , Canada , ETSI ( Europe ) , Spain , France , Japan , and China . Most Wi - Fi certified devices default to regdomain 0 , which means least common denominator settings , i.e. , the device will not transmit at a power above the allowable power in any nation , nor will it use frequencies that are not permitted in any nation .", "15": "The regdomain setting is often made difficult or impossible to change so that the end users do not conflict with local regulatory agencies such as the United States ' Federal Communications Commission . Layer 2 -- datagrams ( edit ) The datagrams are called frames . Current 802.11 standards specify frame types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links . Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections . Each frame consists of a MAC header , payload , and frame check sequence ( FCS ) . Some frames may not have a payload . The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame . This frame control field is subdivided into the following sub-fields : Protocol Version : Two bits representing the protocol version . Currently used protocol version is zero . Other values are reserved for future use . Type : Two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame . Control , Data , and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11 . Subtype : Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames . Type and Subtype are used together to identify the exact frame . ToDS and FromDS : Each is one bit in size . They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system . Control and management frames set these values to zero . All the data frames will have one of these bits set . However communication within an Independent Basic Service Set ( IBSS ) network always set these bits to zero . More Fragments : The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission . Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set . Retry : Sometimes frames require retransmission , and for this there is a Retry bit that is set to one when a frame is resent . This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames . Power Management : This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange . Access points are required to manage the connection , and will never set the power - saver bit . More Data : The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system . The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power - saver mode . It indicates that at least one frame is available , and addresses all stations connected .", "16": "Protected Frame : The Protected Frame bit is set to one if the frame body is encrypted by a protection mechanism such as Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) , Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) , or Wi - FI Protected Access II ( WPA2 ) . Order : This bit is set only when the `` strict ordering '' delivery method is employed . Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty . The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field . This field can take one of three forms : Duration , Contention - Free Period ( CFP ) , and Association ID ( AID ) . An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields . Each field can carry a MAC address . Address 1 is the receiver , Address 2 is the transmitter , Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver . The remaining fields of the header are : The Sequence Control field is a two - byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames . The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number , and the last 12 bits are the sequence number . An optional two - byte Quality of Service control field that was added with 802.11 e . The payload or frame body field is variable in size , from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation , and contains information from higher layers . The Frame Check Sequence ( FCS ) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame . Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRC ) , it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames . As frames are about to be sent , the FCS is calculated and appended . When a station receives a frame , it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received . If they match , it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission . Management frames ( edit ) Management frames allow for the maintenance of communication . Some common 802.11 subtypes include : Authentication frame : 802.11 authentication begins with the Wireless network interface card ( WNIC ) sending an authentication frame to the access point containing its identity . With an open system authentication , the WNIC sends only a single authentication frame , and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating acceptance or rejection .", "17": "With shared key authentication , after the WNIC sends its initial authentication request it will receive an authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text . The WNIC sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point . The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key . The result of this process determines the WNIC 's authentication status . Association request frame : Sent from a station it enables the access point to allocate resources and synchronize . The frame carries information about the WNIC , including supported data rates and the SSID of the network the station wishes to associate with . If the request is accepted , the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC . Association response frame : Sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection to an association request . If it is an acceptance , the frame will contain information such an association ID and supported data rates . Beacon frame : Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID , and other parameters for WNICs within range . Deauthentication frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station . Disassociation frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection . It 's an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table . Probe request frame : Sent from a station when it requires information from another station . Probe response frame : Sent from an access point containing capability information , supported data rates , etc. , after receiving a probe request frame . Reassociation request frame : A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from range of the currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal . The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous access point . Reassociation response frame : Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC reassociation request frame . The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data rates . Information elements ( edit ) 2 . In terms of ICT , an Information Element ( IE ) is a part of management frames in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol . IEs are a device 's way to transfer descriptive information about itself inside management frames .", "18": "There are usually several IEs inside each such frame , and each is built of TLVs mostly defined outside the basic IEEE 802.11 specification . The common structure of an IE is as follows : ← 1 → ← 1 → ← 3 → ← 1 - 252 → -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Type Length OUI Data -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Whereas the OUI ( organizationally unique identifier ) is used only when necessary to the protocol being used , and the data field holds the TLVs relevant to that IE . Control frames ( edit ) Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations . Some common 802.11 control frames include : Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame : After receiving a data frame , the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no errors are found . If the sending station does n't receive an ACK frame within a predetermined period of time , the sending station will resend the frame . Request to Send ( RTS ) frame : The RTS and CTS frames provide an optional collision reduction scheme for access points with hidden stations . A station sends a RTS frame as the first step in a two - way handshake required before sending data frames . Clear to Send ( CTS ) frame : A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame . It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame . The CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting station transmits . Data frames ( edit ) Data frames carry packets from web pages , files , etc. within the body . The body begins with an IEEE 802.2 header , with the Destination Service Access Point ( DSAP ) specifying the protocol ; however , if the DSAP is hex AA , the 802.2 header is followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol ( SNAP ) header , with the Organizationally Unique Identifier ( OUI ) and protocol ID ( PID ) fields specifying the protocol . If the OUI is all zeroes , the protocol ID field is an EtherType value .", "19": "Almost all 802.11 data frames use 802.2 and SNAP headers , and most use an OUI of 00 : 00 : 00 and an EtherType value . Similar to TCP congestion control on the internet , frame loss is built into the operation of 802.11 . To select the correct transmission speed or Modulation and Coding Scheme , a rate control algorithm may test different speeds . The actual packet loss rate of an Access points vary widely for different link conditions . There are variations in the loss rate experienced on production Access points , between 10 % and 80 % , with 30 % being a common average . It is important to be aware that the link layer should recover these lost frames . If the sender does not receive an Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame , then it will be resent . Standards and amendments ( edit ) Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group , the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and Amendments exist : IEEE 802.11 - 1997 : The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz RF and infrared ( IR ) standard ( 1997 ) , all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard , except for Recommended Practices 802.11 F and 802.11 T .", "20": "IEEE 802.11 a : 54 Mbit / s , 5 GHz standard ( 1999 , shipping products in 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 b : Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit / s and 11 Mbit / s ( 1999 ) IEEE 802.11 c : Bridge operation procedures ; included in the IEEE 802.1 D standard ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 d : International ( country - to - country ) roaming extensions ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 e : Enhancements : QoS , including packet bursting ( 2005 ) IEEE 802.11 F : Inter-Access Point Protocol ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 g : 54 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz standard ( backwards compatible with b ) ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 h : Spectrum Managed 802.11 a ( 5 GHz ) for European compatibility ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 i : Enhanced security ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 j : Extensions for Japan ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2007 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments a , b , d , e , g , h , i , and j. ( July 2007 ) IEEE 802.11 k : Radio resource measurement enhancements ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 n : Higher - throughput improvements using MIMO ( multiple - input , multiple - output antennas ) ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 p : WAVE -- Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment ( such as ambulances and passenger cars ) ( July 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 r : Fast BSS transition ( FT ) ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 s : Mesh Networking , Extended Service Set ( ESS ) ( July 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 T : Wireless Performance Prediction ( WPP ) -- test methods and metrics Recommendation IEEE 802.11 u : Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd - party authorization of clients , e.g.", "21": ", cellular network offload ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 v : Wireless network management ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 w : Protected Management Frames ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 y : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 z : Extensions to Direct Link Setup ( DLS ) ( September 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2012 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments k , n , p , r , s , u , v , w , y , and z ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 aa : Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams ( June 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 ac : Very High Throughput < 6 GHz ; potential improvements over 802.11 n : better modulation scheme ( expected ~ 10 % throughput increase ) , wider channels ( estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz ) , multi user MIMO ; ( December 2013 ) IEEE 802.11 ad : Very High Throughput 60 GHz ( December 2012 ) -- see WiGig IEEE 802.11 ae : Prioritization of Management Frames ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 af : TV Whitespace ( February 2014 ) IEEE 802.11 ah : Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation ( e.g.", "22": ", sensor network , smart metering ) ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 ai : Fast Initial Link Setup ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments ae , aa , ad , ac , and af ( December 2016 ) In process ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj : China Millimeter Wave ( ~ December 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 ak : General Links ( ~ December 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 aq : Pre-association Discovery ( ~ August 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 ax : High Efficiency WLAN ( ~ July 2019 ) IEEE 802.11 ay : Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band ( ~ November 2019 ) IEEE 802.11 az : Next Generation Positioning ( ~ March 2021 ) IEEE 802.11 ba : Wake Up Radio ( ~ July 2020 ) 802.11 F and 802.11 T are recommended practices rather than standards , and are capitalized as such . 802.11 m is used for standard maintenance . 802.11 ma was completed for 802.11 - 2007 , 802.11 mb for 802.11 - 2012 , and 802.11 mc for 802.11 - 2016 . Standard vs. amendment ( edit ) Both the terms `` standard '' and `` amendment '' are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE standards . As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned , there is only one current standard ; it is denoted by IEEE 802.11 followed by the date that it was published . IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is the only version currently in publication , superseding previous releases . The standard is updated by means of amendments . Amendments are created by task groups ( TG ) . Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by a non-capitalized letter , for example , IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.11 b . Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m . In order to create a new version , TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments .", "23": "TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents . New versions of the IEEE 802.11 were published in 1999 , 2007 , 2012 , and 2016 . Nomenclature ( edit ) Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local - area networking operation , and may be unfamiliar to some readers . For example , Time Unit ( usually abbreviated TU ) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds . Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU ( rather than the nearly equal millisecond ) . Also the term `` Portal '' is used to describe an entity that is similar to an 802.1 H bridge . A Portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs . Community networks ( edit ) With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL , there is an ever - increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their broadband Internet connection . Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range , including passersby outside , to connect to the Internet . There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public . Security ( edit ) In 2001 , a group from the University of California , Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) security mechanism defined in the original standard ; they were followed by Fluhrer , Mantin , and Shamir 's paper titled `` Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 '' . Not long after , Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack . In the attack , they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks . The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution , 802.11 i ( previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11 e effort to enhance the MAC layer ) . The Wi - Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11 i draft . These started to appear in products in mid-2003 .", "24": "IEEE 802.11 i ( also known as WPA2 ) itself was ratified in June 2004 , and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard AES , instead of RC4 , which was used in WEP . The modern recommended encryption for the home / consumer space is WPA2 ( AES Pre-Shared Key ) , and for the enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server ( or another type of authentication server ) and a strong authentication method such as EAP - TLS . In January 2005 , the IEEE set up yet another task group `` w '' to protect management and broadcast frames , which previously were sent unsecured . Its standard was published in 2009 . In December 2011 , a security flaw was revealed that affects some wireless routers with a specific implementation of the optional Wi - Fi Protected Setup ( WPS ) feature . While WPS is not a part of 802.11 , the flaw allows an attacker within the range of the wireless router to recover the WPS PIN and , with it , the router 's 802.11 i password in a few hours . In late 2014 , Apple announced that its iOS 8 mobile operating system would scramble MAC addresses during the pre-association stage to thwart retail footfall tracking made possible by the regular transmission of uniquely identifiable probe requests . Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment ( edit ) Main article : 802.11 non-standard equipment Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802.11 extensions either by implementing proprietary or draft features . These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these extensions . See also ( edit ) Comparison of wireless data standards OFDM system comparison table Ultra-wideband Wi - Fi operating system support Wibree or Bluetooth low energy Wireless Gigabit Alliance -- also known as WiGig Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc . Wireless USB -- another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter - range applications TU ( time unit ) Gi - Fi , a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards White spaces ( radio ) TV White Space Database LTE - WLAN Aggregation References ( edit ) `` IEEE 802.11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control ( MAC ) and Physical Layer ( PHY ) Specifications '' ( PDF ) .", "25": "( 2012 revision ) . IEEE - SA . 5 April 2012 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2012.6178212 . `` IEEE 802.11 k - 2008 -- Amendment 1 : Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 12 June 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4544755 . `` IEEE 802.11 r - 2008 -- Amendment 2 : Fast Basic Service Set ( BSS ) Transition '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 15 July 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4573292 . `` IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 -- Amendment 3 : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in USA '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 6 November 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4669928 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEEE - SA Standards Board Operations Manual '' . IEEE - SA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARRLWeb : Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service '' . American Radio Relay League . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolter Lemstra , Vic Hayes , John Groenewegen , The Innovation Journey of Wi - Fi : The Road To Global Success , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 19971 - 9 Jump up ^ http://news.cnet.com/1200-1070-975460.html Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi Alliance : Organization '' . Official industry association web site . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines '' . Jan 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi CERTIFIED n : Longer - Range , Faster - Throughput , Multimedia - Grade Wi - Fi ® Networks '' ( registration required ) . Wi - Fi Alliance .", "26": "September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 n Delivers Better Range '' . Wi - Fi Planet . 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 ac : What Does it Mean for Test ? '' ( PDF ) . LitePoint . October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Wookbong ; Kwak , Jin - Sam ; Kafle , Padam ; Tingleff , Jens ; Yucek , Tevfik ; Porat , Ron ; Erceg , Vinko ; Lan , Zhou ; Harada , Hiroshi ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) . `` TGaf PHY proposal '' . IEEE P802. 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` 80211afDraft '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 ad - WLAN at 60 GHz : A Technology Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Rohde & Schwarz GmbH . November 21 , 2013 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ 802.11 ad Antenna Differences : Beamsteering , Gain and Range Jump up ^ Sun , Weiping ; Choi , Munhwan ; Choi , Sunghyun ( July 2013 ) . `` IEEE 802.11 ah : A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz '' ( PDF ) . Journal of ICT Standardization. 1 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 108 . doi : 10.13052 / jicts2245 - 800X. 125 . Jump up ^ http://www.oreillynet.com/wireless/2003/08/08/wireless_throughput.html Jump up ^ Angelakis , V. ; Papadakis , S. ; Siris , V.A. ; Traganitis , A. ( March 2011 ) . `` Adjacent channel interference in 802.11 a is harmful : Testbed validation of a simple quantification model '' . Communications Magazine . IEEE. 49 ( 3 ) : 160 -- 166 . ISSN 0163 - 6804 .", "27": "doi : 10.1109 / MCOM. 2011.5723815 Jump up ^ Wireless Networking in the Developing World : A practical guide to planning and building low - cost telecommunications infrastructure ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007 . p. 425 . page 14 Jump up ^ IEEE 802.11 - 2007 Jump up ^ `` IEEE - SA - News & Events '' . Standards.ieee.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 n - 2009 -- Amendment 5 : Enhancements for Higher Throughput '' . IEEE - SA . 29 October 2009 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2009.5307322 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE P802 - Task Group M Status '' . Jump up ^ `` Why did 802.11 - 2012 renumber clauses ? '' . Matthew Gast , Aerohive Networks . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Vivian ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) . `` New IEEE 802.11 ac TM Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher , Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs '' . IEEE . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . `` AC1900 : Innovation or 3D Wi - Fi ? '' . SmallNetBuilder . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Quantenna chipset to anchor speedy first ' Wave 2 ' Asus router '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . 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Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Flores , Adriana B. ; Guerra , Ryan E. ; Knightly , Edward W. ; Ecclesine , Peter ; Pandey , Santosh ( October 2013 ) . `` IEEE 802.11 af : A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lim , Dongguk ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) . `` TVWS Regulation and Standardization ( IEEE 802.11 af ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` P802. 11ah Project Authorization Request '' ( PDF ) . IEEE. 2010 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Sam ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` 802.11 ah : WiFi Standard for 900MHz '' . dailywireless.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` There 's a new type of Wi - Fi , and it 's designed to connect your smart home '' . theverge.com. 2016 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` IEEE 802.11 , The Working Group Setting the Standards for Wireless LANs '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . 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External links ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 working group Official timelines of 802.11 standards from IEEE List of all Wi - Fi Chipset Vendors -- Including historical timeline of mergers and acquisitions IEEE standards Current 488 730 754 Revision 854 828 829 896 1003 1014 1016 1076 1149.1 1154 1164 1275 1278 1284 1355 1394 1451 1497 1516 1541 1547 1584 1588 1596 1603 1613 1666 1667 1675 1685 1800 1801 1815 1850 1900 1901 1902 1904 1905 2030 11073 12207 14764 16085 16326 29148 42010 802 series 802.1 p Q Qat Qay w X ab ad AE ag ah ak aq ax az 802.11 d f g h i j k n p r s u w y ac ad af ah ai ax ay . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 12 . 14 . 15 .", "32": "1 . 4 . 4a . 16 d e . 17 . 18 . 20 . 21 . 22 Proposed P1363 P1619 P1699 P1823 P1906. 1 Superseded 754 - 1985 830 1219 1233 1362 1364 1471 See also IEEE Standards Association Category : IEEE standards Spread spectrum in digital communications Main articles Spread spectrum Code - division multiple access ( CDMA ) History Hedy Lamarr Commercial use More . Spread spectrum methods Direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) Frequency - hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS ) Chirp spread spectrum ( CSS ) Time - hopping spread spectrum ( THSS ) CDMA schemes W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA Major implementations Space Network ( NASA ) GPS Galileo GLONASS Bluetooth Cordless phones : DECT Cellular EV - DO Mobile IS - 95 ( aka cdmaOne ) CDMA2000 ( aka IS - 2000 ) Also Qualcomm Verizon Major concepts PN ( pseudorandom noise ) code Chip Near -- far problem Power spectral density ( PSD ) Process gain Rake receiver Low probability of intercept See also Digital communication Modulation Statistical multiplexing Waveform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11&oldid=807036881 '' Categories : Channel access methods IEEE 802.", "33": "11 Computer - related introductions in 1997 Wireless networking standards Local area networks Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 04 . 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-5043440364275106554	where are the summer olympics held this year	[ "Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics" ]	{ "0": "List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics .", "1": "London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games .", "2": "City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St.", "3": "Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe", "4": "S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964", "5": "000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America --", "6": "W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway", "7": "Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8", "8": "000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII --", "9": "2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games .", "10": "Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 ,", "11": "1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 ,", "12": "2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia .", "13": "( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St.", "15": "Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St.", "16": "Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.", "17": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=837813982 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6144099837933283715	a good that can be used in place of another good	[ "substitute good", "substitute good", "substitute good", "A substitute good" ]	{ "0": "Substitute good - wikipedia Substitute good Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) If the price of Y increases then demand of X increases A substitute good is one good that can be used instead of another . In consumer theory , substitute goods or substitutes are products that a consumer perceives as similar or comparable , so that having more of one product makes them desire less of the other product . Formally , X and Y are substitutes if , when the price of X rises , the demand for Y rises . Potatoes from different farms are an example : if the price of one farm 's potatoes goes up , then it can be presumed that fewer people will buy potatoes from that farm and source them from another farm instead . There are different degrees of substitutability . For example , a car and a bicycle may substitute to some extent : if the price of motor fuel increases considerably , one may expect that some people will switch to bicycles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Increase in price 3 Different types 3.1 Substitutability 3.2 Categorization 4 Substitutability of a good 5 Monopolistic competition 6 Perfect competition 7 Types of substitute goods 8 See also 9 References Introduction ( edit ) In economics , one way that two or more goods can be classified is by examining the relationship of the demand schedules when the price of one good changes . This relationship between demand schedules leads to classification of goods as either substitutes or complements . Substitute goods are goods which , as a result of changed conditions , may replace each other in use ( or consumption ) . A substitute good , in contrast to a complementary good , is a good with a positive cross elasticity of demand . This means a good 's demand is increased when the price of another good is increased ; both in the same direction . Conversely , the demand for a good is decreased when the price of another good is decreased .", "1": "If goods A and B are substitutes , an increase in the price of A will result in a leftward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift out . A decrease in the price of A will result in a rightward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift in . Substitute good graphical example Examples of substitute goods include margarine and butter , tea and coffee , beer and wine . Substitute goods not only occur on the consumer side of the market but also the producer side . Substitutable producer goods would include : petroleum and natural gas ( used for heating or electricity ) . The degree to which a good has a perfect substitute depends on how specifically the good is defined . Take for example , the demand for Rice Krispies cereal , which is a very narrowly defined good as compared to the demand for cereal generally . The fact that one good is substitutable for another has immediate economic consequences : insofar as one good can be substituted for another , the demands for the two kinds of good will be interrelated by the fact that customers can trade off one good for the other if it becomes advantageous to do so . Increase in price ( edit ) An increase in price ( ceteris paribus ) will result in an increase in demand for its substitute goods . If two goods have a high substitutability , the change in demand will be much greater . Thus , economists can predict that a spike in the cost of a particular brand of detergent is likely to result in a large change in demand for other brands , whereas a change in the price of pencils will have a much smaller effect on the demand for other stationery , such as pens on legal documents or pencils on most high - school maths homework . Different types ( edit ) Substitutability ( edit ) It is important to note that when speaking about substitute goods one is referring to two different kinds of goods ; so the `` substitutability '' of one good for another is always a matter of degree . One good is a perfect substitute for another only if it can be used in exactly the same way . In that case the utility of a combination is an increasing function of the sum of the two amounts , and theoretically , in the case of a price difference , there would be no demand for the more expensive good .", "2": "In microeconomics , two types of substitutes are being distinguished , gross substitutes and net substitutes . Good X i ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( i ) ) is said to be gross substitute of good Y ( \\ displaystyle Y ) if ∂ X i ∂ P Y > 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial X_ ( i ) ) ( \\ partial P_ ( Y ) ) ) > 0 ) Goods X and Y are said to be net substitutes if ∂ X i ∂ P Y U = c o n s t > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left. ( \\ frac ( \\ partial X_ ( i ) ) ( \\ partial P_ ( Y ) ) ) \\ right _ ( U = const ) > 0 ) where U = U ( X , Y ) ( \\ displaystyle U = U ( X , Y ) ) is a utility function for the two goods . Categorization ( edit ) Substitutes differ with respect to their category membership . Within - category substitutes are goods that are members of the same taxonomic category , goods sharing common attributes ( e.g. , chocolate , chairs , station wagons , etc . ) . Cross-category substitutes are goods that are members of different taxonomic categories but can satisfy the same goal . A person who can not have the chocolate that she desires , for example , might instead buy ice cream to satisfy her goal to have a dessert . Substitutability of a good ( edit ) Indifference curve for perfect substitutes Goods that are completely substitutable with each other are called perfect substitutes . They may be characterized as goods having a linear utility function or a constant marginal rate of substitution . Writeable compact disks from different manufacturers are often considered to be perfect substitutes . As the price of one brand of CD rises , consumers will be expected to substitute other brands of CD in a one - to - one fashion . This means that the total quantity of CDs purchased would not change . Imperfect substitutes have a lesser level of substitutability , and therefore exhibit variable marginal rates of substitution along the consumer indifference curve . The consumption points on the curve offer the same level of utility as before but the compensation now depends on the starting point of the substitution . An example of such a product is the soft drink .", "3": "As the price of Coca - Cola rises , consumers could be expected to substitute Pepsi . However , many consumers prefer one brand of soft drink over the other . Consumers who prefer Coke to Pepsi , for example , will not trade between them in a one - to - one fashion . Rather , a consumer would be willing to give relatively large amounts of Pepsi in exchange for relatively small amounts of Coke . People exhibit a strong preference for within - category substitutes to cross-category substitutes . Across a ten sets of different foods , a majority of research participants ( 79.7 % ) believed that a within - category substitute would better satisfy their craving for a food they could not have than a cross-category substitute . Unable to acquire a desired Godiva chocolate , for instance , a majority reported that they would prefer to eat a store - brand chocolate ( a within - category substitute ) than a chocolate - chip granola bar ( a cross-category substitute ) . This preference for within - category substitutes appears , however , to be misguided . Because within - category substitutes are more similar to the missing good , their inferiority to it is more noticeable . This creates a negative contrast effect , and leads within - category substitutes to be less satisfying substitutes than cross-category substitutes . Monopolistic competition ( edit ) Many markets for commonly used goods feature products which are perfectly substitutable yet are differently branded and marketed , a condition referred to as monopolistic competition . A good example may be the comparison between store brand and name brand versions of medications - the products may be identical but the packaging is differentiated by the vendors . Since the goods are essentially alike , the only genuine difference between them is the price - their vendors rely primarily on price and branding to effect sales . In those sectors consumer choice is usually driven by discriminate according to lowest price , with higher - priced variants relying on a sense of exclusivity created by slicker branding to maintain competitiveness . Gasoline / Petrol Milk Internet connectivity ( ISP services ) Electricity Telephony Airline tickets Perfect substitutability is significant in the era of deregulation , since there are usually several competing providers in a field ( e.g. electricity suppliers ) each retailing exactly the same product . The result is often aggressive price competition between the retailers . Perfect competition ( edit ) One of the requirements for perfect competition is that the products of competing firms should be perfect substitutes .", "4": "When this condition is not satisfied , the market is characterized by product differentiation . Types of substitute goods ( edit ) Unit - demand goods are goods from which the consumer wants only a single item . If the consumer has two items , then his utility is the maximum of the utilities he gains from each of these items . For example , consider a certain consumer that only wants a means of transportation , which may be either a car or a bicycle . His utility from a car is 100 and from a bicycle is 50 . If he has both a car and a bicycle , then he uses only the car so his utility is 100 . Unit - demand goods are always substitutes , since if the price of one good increases , the consumer will tend to want the other good ( Laizer 2016 ) . See also ( edit ) Competitive equilibrium Ersatz , the original German word List of economics topics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Walter ( 1998 ) . Microeconomic Theory . The Dryden Press . Jump up ^ Kroon , George E. ( 2007 ) . Macroeconomics the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 39 . ISBN 0764132377 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huh , Young Eun ; Vosgerau , Joachim ; Morewedge , Carey K. ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) . `` More Similar but Less Satisfying Comparing Preferences for and the Efficacy of Within - and Cross-Category Substitutes for Food '' . Psychological Science . 27 ( 6 ) : 894 -- 903 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956797616640705 . ISSN 0956 - 7976 . PMID 27142460 . Jump up ^ Browning , Edgar K ( 1999 ) . Microeconomic Theory & Applications 6th Edition . New York : Addison Wesley Educational Publishers .", "5": "( hide ) Types of goods Public goods Private goods ( includes household goods ) Common goods Common - pool resource Club goods Anti-rival goods Global public goods Global commons ( Non - ) Rivalrous goods and ( Non - ) Excludable goods Complementary goods vs. Substitute goods vs. Independent goods Free goods vs. Positional goods ( Non - ) Durable goods Intermediate goods ( producer goods ) Final goods Capital goods Inferior goods Normal goods ( Necessity goods ) Neutral goods Ordinary goods Information goods Giffen goods Luxury goods Veblen goods Superior goods Search goods ( Post - ) Experience goods Credence goods Merit goods Demerit goods Damaged goods Composite goods Intangible goods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitute_good&oldid=824898089 '' Categories : Goods ( economics ) Consumer theory Perfect competition Utility function types Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Íslenska ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4621948696356225060	where in the bible can i find the lord's prayer	[ "Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount", "Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples", "the Gospel of Matthew", "the Gospel of Luke" ]	{ "0": "Lord 's Prayer - wikipedia Lord 's Prayer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lord 's Prayer ( disambiguation ) , Our Father ( disambiguation ) and Pater Noster ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' redirects here . For the Iron Maiden song , see Hallowed Be Thy Name ( song ) . James Tissot -- The Lord 's Prayer ( Le Pater Noster ) -- Brooklyn Museum The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster , among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer which , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray : Pray then in this way ... ( Matthew 6 : 9 NRSV ) When you pray , say ... ( Luke 11 : 2 NRSV ) Two versions of this prayer are recorded : the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount , and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when `` one of his disciples said to him , ' Lord , teach us to pray , as John taught his disciples . ' '' The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . The Matthew account alone includes the `` Your will be done '' and the `` Rescue us from the evil one '' ( or `` Deliver us from evil '' ) petitions . Both original Greek texts contain the adjective epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature ; while controversial , `` daily '' has been the most common English - language translation of this word . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew . Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ( RSV - 2CE ) Our Father who art in heaven , hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread ; and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us ; and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . Luke 11 : 2 - 4 ( RSV - 2CE ) Father , hallowed be your name .", "1": "Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread ; and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us ; and lead us not into temptation . Initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel '' . The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with few exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . '' In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two - source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation 1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts 1.3 English versions 2 Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Petition 2.3 Second Petition 2.4 Third Petition 2.5 Fourth Petition 2.6 Fifth Petition 2.7 Sixth Petition 2.8 Seventh Petition 2.9 Doxology 3 Use as a language comparison tool 4 Relation to Jewish prayer 5 Musical settings 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.", "2": "2 Bibliography 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Gregorian chant Pater Noster The Lord 's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation ( edit ) Standard edition of Greek text Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ .", "3": "Vulgate Latin translation Pater noster , qui es in caelis , sanctificetur nomen tuum , adveniat regnum tuum , fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne inducas nos in tentationem ; sed libera nos a Malo .", "4": "Liturgical Greek and Latin texts ( edit ) Patriarchal Edition 1904 Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ , καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν .", "5": "Roman Missal Pater noster , qui es in caelis : sanctificetur nomen tuum ; adveniat regnum tuum ; fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne nos inducas in tentationem ; sed libera nos a malo . English versions ( edit ) Main article : History of the Lord 's Prayer in English A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer ( from Matthew ) There are several different English translations of the Lord 's Prayer from Greek or Latin , beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation . Of those in current liturgical use , the three best - known are : The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) of the Church of England The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America ( along with the doxology ) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and , in a slightly different form , by the Byzantine Rite ( `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory : of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever , and unto ages of ages . Amen . '' ) , among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison , and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all . Older English translations of the Bible , based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts , included it , but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament , such as that of the United Bible Societies . It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 .", "6": "The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord 's Prayer , but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969 , not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest ( in the official ICEL English translation : `` Deliver us , Lord , we pray , from every evil , graciously grant peace in our days , that , by the help of your mercy , we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress , as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour , Jesus Christ . '' ) that elaborates on the final petition , `` Deliver us from evil . '' For more information on this doxology , see Doxology , below . When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible , they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory forever '' into the Lord 's Prayer . Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition . 1928 Episcopal BCP ( with doxology ) ; Catholic version ( without doxology ) Our Father who art in heaven , Hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us , and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ( The 1928 BCP adds : For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever and ever Amen . ) 1662 Anglican BCP Our Father , which art in heaven , Hallowed be thy Name ; Thy kingdom come ; Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : Give us this day our daily bread ; And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; And lead us not into temptation , But deliver us from evil : When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer , the people here respond : Amen .", "7": "When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest , the prayer ends : For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . 1988 ELLC Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name , your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as in heaven . Give us today our daily bread . Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us . Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil . For the kingdom , the power , and the glory are yours now and for ever . Amen . Other English translations are also used . Though Matthew 6 : 12 uses the term debts , the older English versions of the Lord 's Prayer uses the term trespasses , while ecumenical versions often use the term sins . The latter choice may be due to Luke 11 : 4 , which uses the word sins , while the former may be due to Matthew 6 : 14 ( immediately after the text of the prayer ) , where Jesus speaks of trespasses . As early as the third century , Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses ( παραπτώματα ) in the prayer . Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita ( debts ) , most English - speaking Christians ( except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition ) use trespasses . The Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version ( known also as the King James Version ) , which in the prayer uses the words `` debts '' and `` debtors '' . All these versions are based on the text in Matthew , rather than Luke , of the prayer given by Jesus : Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 ( ESV ) `` Pray then like this : ' Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . '", "8": "'' Luke 11 : 2 -- 4 ( ESV ) And he said to them , `` When you pray , say : ' Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread , and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us . And lead us not into temptation . ' '' Analysis ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Greek Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) ( see above ) Introduction ( edit ) `` Our Father , which art in heaven '' This explains that God , the Father , rests in Heaven , and the plural word `` Our '' indicates that there are a group of God 's children who call him Father . Augustine interpreted `` heaven '' ( coelum , sky ) in this context as meaning `` in the hearts of the righteous , as it were in His holy temple '' . First petition ( edit ) `` Hallowed be thy Name ; '' See also : Names of God in Christianity and Matthew 6 : 9 Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God 's name as holy , as something that inspires awe and reverence , and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes , to `` put other people down , or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe '' . He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying : `` Understand what you 're talking about when you 're talking about God , this is serious , this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine , more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine . '' Second petition ( edit ) `` Thy kingdom come ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 `` This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer , ' May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days . ' In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God 's kingdom , but never defines the concept : `` He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition . '' Concerning how Jesus ' audience in the gospels would have understood him , G.E.", "9": "Ladd turns to the concept 's Hebrew Biblical background : `` The Hebrew word malkuth ( ... ) refers first to a reign , dominion , or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised . ( ... ) When malkuth is used of God , it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King . '' This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God 's rule in the world in the future , an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age . The request for God 's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level : as a reference to the belief , common at the time , that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God . Traditionally , the coming of God 's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for , not a human achievement . This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world . These believe that Jesus ' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring . Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word , basileia , means both kingdom and kingship ( i.e. , reign , dominion , governing , etc . ) , but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning . Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition : one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God 's will . Third petition ( edit ) `` Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows : `` Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of , then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place . But Jesus never told anybody -- neither his disciples nor us -- to pray , ' Get me out of here so I can go up there . ' His prayer was , ' Make up there come down here . ' Make things down here run the way they do up there . '' The request that `` thy will be done '' is God 's invitation to `` join him in making things down here the way they are up there . ''", "10": "Fourth petition ( edit ) `` Give us this day our daily ( epiousios ) bread ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 11 See also : Epiousios As mentioned earlier in this article , the original word ἐπιούσιος ( epiousios ) , commonly characterized as daily , is unique to the Lord 's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature . The word is almost a hapax legomenon , occurring only in Luke and Matthew 's versions of the Lord 's Prayer , and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts . While epiousios is often substituted by the word `` daily , '' all other New Testament translations from the Greek into `` daily '' otherwise reference hemeran ( ἡμέραν , `` the day '' ) , which does not appear in this usage . Via linguistic parsing , Jerome translated `` ἐπιούσιον '' ( epiousios ) as `` supersubstantialem '' in the Gospel of Matthew , but chose `` cotidianum '' ( `` daily '' ) in the Gospel of Luke . This wide - ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning : `` Taken in a temporal sense , this word is a pedagogical repetition of `` this day , '' to confirm us in trust `` without reservation . '' Taken in the qualitative sense , it signifies what is necessary for life , and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence . Taken literally ( epi - ousios : `` super-essential '' ) , it refers directly to the Bread of Life , the Body of Christ , the `` medicine of immortality , '' without which we have no life within us . '' Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay - Rheims Bible ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) .", "11": "Barclay M. Newman 's A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry : ἐπι ούσιος , ον ( εἰμί ) of doubtful meaning , for today ; for the coming day ; necessary for existence It thus derives the word from the preposition ἐπί ( epi ) and the verb εἰμί ( eimi ) , from the latter of which are derived words such as οὐσία ( ousia ) , the range of whose meanings is indicated in A Greek - English Lexicon . Fifth petition ( edit ) `` And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 12 The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering `` forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors '' . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say `` trespasses ... those who trespass against us '' . The `` debts '' form appears in the first English translation of the Bible , by John Wycliffe in 1395 ( Wycliffe spelling `` dettis '' ) . The `` trespasses '' version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale ( Tyndale spelling `` treaspases '' ) . In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with `` trespasses '' . This became the `` official '' version used in Anglican congregations . After the request for bread , Matthew and Luke diverge slightly . Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them . Luke , on the other hand , makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people . The word `` debts '' ( ὀφειλήματα ) does not necessarily mean financial obligations , as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word ( ὀφείλετε ) in passages such as Romans 13 : 8 . The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean `` debt '' or `` sin '' .", "12": "This difference between Luke 's and Matthew 's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic . The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin , not of supposed loans granted by God . Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers . It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others , so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time . Anthony C. Deane , Canon of Worcester Cathedral , suggested that the choice of the word `` ὀφειλήματα '' ( debts ) , rather than `` ἁμαρτίας '' ( sins ) , indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good . He linked this with the parable of the sheep and the goats ( also in Matthew 's Gospel ) , in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense , but failure to do right , missing opportunities for showing love to others . `` As we forgive ... '' . Divergence between Matthew 's `` debts '' and Luke 's `` sins '' is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement . The verses immediately following the Lord 's Prayer , show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin / debt ( by God ) is contingent on how we forgive others . Later , Matthew elaborates with Jesus ' Parable of the Unforgiving Servant . In this parable , forgiveness from the king ( God ) is conditional on the servant 's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him . Sixth petition ( edit ) `` And lead us not into temptation , '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer -- not to be led by God into peirasmos -- vary considerably . The range of meanings of the Greek word `` πειρασμός '' ( peirasmos ) is illustrated in New Testament Greek lexicons . In different contexts it can mean temptation , testing , trial , experiment .", "13": "Although the traditional English translation uses the word `` temptation '' and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray , Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1 : 13 -- 14 : `` Let no one say when he is tempted , ' I am being tempted by God ' , for God can not be tempted with evil , and he himself tempts no one . But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire . '' Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment , a theory supported by the use of the word `` peirasmos '' in this sense in Revelation 3 : 10 . Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture , such as those of Job . It is also read as : `` Do not let us be led ( by ourselves , by others , by Satan ) into temptations '' . Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread ( i.e. , material sustenance ) , it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given . A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26 : 41 and Luke 22 : 40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane . Joseph Smith , the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , in a translation of the Holy Bible which was not completed before his death , used this wording : `` And suffer us not to be led into temptation '' . In 2017 , Pope Francis , speaking on the Italian TV channel TV2000 , proposed that the wording be changed to `` do not let us fall into temptation '' , explaining that `` it is I who fall , it is not God who throws me into temptation '' . Seventh petition ( edit ) `` But deliver us from evil : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to `` evil '' in general or `` the evil one '' ( the devil ) in particular . In the original Greek , as well as in the Latin translation , the word could be either of neuter ( evil in general ) or masculine ( the evil one ) gender . Matthew 's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount , in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil .", "14": "Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues . However , the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources . While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term 's meaning , he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations , and that therefore the question is of no real consequence . Similar phrases are found in John 17 : 15 and 2 Thessalonians 3 : 3 . Doxology ( edit ) `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke 's version , nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew , representative of the Alexandrian text , although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the later Byzantine text . Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew . New translations generally omit it . The first known use of the doxology , in a less lengthy form ( `` for yours is the power and the glory forever '' ) , as a conclusion for the Lord 's Prayer ( in a version slightly different from that of Matthew ) is in the Didache , 8 : 2 . It has similarities with 1 Chronicles -- `` Yours , O LORD , is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty , for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours . Yours is the kingdom , O LORD , and you are exalted as head above all . '' In the Byzantine Rite , a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy . Following the last line of the prayer , the priest sings `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory , of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever and unto ages of ages . '' Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord 's Prayer , because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome . Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item , not as part of the Lord 's Prayer .", "15": "The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord 's Prayer with the doxology , sometimes without . Most Protestants append it to the Lord 's Prayer . Use as a language comparison tool ( edit ) Detail of the Europa Polyglotta published with Synopsis Universae Philologiae in 1741 ; the map gives the first phrase of the Lord 's Prayer in 33 different languages of Europe . In the course of Christianization , one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord 's Prayer , long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages . Since the 16th century , collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages . The first such collection , with 22 versions , was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner ( 1555 ; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot ) . Gessner 's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century , including Hieronymus Megiserus ( 1603 ) and Georg Pistorius ( 1621 ) . Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer , of which three were in fictional philosophical languages . Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used , while their true ( anonymous ) author was Andreas Müller . In 1700 , Lübeck 's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa . This edition was comparatively inferior , but a second , revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain . This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae ( 1741 ) to compile `` geographico - polyglot maps '' where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken . Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries .", "16": "Lord 's Prayer in Classical Chinese These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century ; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806 -- 1817 published the prayer in `` well - nigh five hundred languages and dialects '' . Samples of scripture , including the Lord 's Prayer , were published in 52 oriental languages , most of them not previously found in such collections , translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818 . Relation to Jewish Prayer ( edit ) There are similarities between the Lord 's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a ( Babylonian ) . `` Hallowed be thy name '' is reflected in the Kaddish . `` Lead us not into sin '' is echoed in the `` morning blessings '' of Jewish prayer . A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord 's Prayer : `` Our God in heaven , hallow thy name , and establish thy kingdom forever , and rule over us for ever and ever . Amen . '' There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29 : 10 -- 18 . Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books : the first part in Isaiah 63 : 15 -- 16 ( `` Look down from heaven and see , from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ... '' ) and Ezekiel 36 : 23 ( `` I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ... '' ) and Ezekiel 38 : 23 ( `` I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ... '' ) , the second part in Obadiah 1 : 21 ( `` Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau , and the kingdom shall be the LORD 's '' ) and 1 Samuel 3 : 18 ( `` ... It is the LORD .", "17": "Let him do what seems good to him '' ) , the third part in Proverbs 30 : 8 ( `` ... feed me with my apportioned bread '' ) , the fourth part in Sirach 28 : 2 ( `` Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done , and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray '' ) . `` Deliver us from evil '' can be compared with Psalm 119 : 133 ( `` ... let no iniquity get dominion over me . '' ) . Chumaceiro says that , because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God , `` Lead us not into temptation '' has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible / Christian Old Testament . The word `` πειρασμός '' , which is translated as `` temptation '' , could also be translated as `` test '' or `` trial '' , making evident the attitude of someone 's heart . Well - known examples in the Old Testament are God 's test of Abraham ( Genesis 22 : 1 ) , his `` moving '' ( the Hebrew word means basically `` to prick , as by weeds , thorns '' ) David to do ( numbering Israel ) what David later acknowledged as sin ( 2 Samuel 24 : 1 -- 10 ; see also 1 Chronicles 21 : 1 -- 7 ) , and the Book of Job . Musical settings ( edit ) In modern times , various composers have incorporated The Lord 's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies . Included among them are : 9th - 10th century : Gregorian chant 1878 : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 41 ) 1883 : Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov -- Otche Nash 1910 : Sergei Rachmaninoff -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 31 ) 1926 : Igor Stravinsky -- Otche Nash ( 1926 ) , arr .", "18": "Pater Noster ( Latin , some time later ) 1935 : The Lord 's Prayer ( Albert Hay Malotte song ) 1974 : The Lord 's Prayer ( Sister Janet Mead song ) -- 1974 hit song 1992 : John Serry Sr . -- The Lord 's Prayer for Organ & Chorus 1999 : John Tavener -- The Lord 's Prayer 2005 : Christopher Tin -- Baba Yetu 2016 : Chris M. Allport -- The Lord 's Prayer See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Amen Didache , an early book of rituals which mentions saying the prayer three times daily Discourse on ostentation , a portion of the Sermon on the Mount Five Discourses of Matthew High Priestly Prayer Prayer in the New Testament Novum Testamentum Graece , the primary source for most contemporary New Testament translations Textus Receptus Church of the Pater Noster on the Mount of Olives , Jerusalem References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luke 11 : 1 NRSV Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The summary of the whole Gospel '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie . `` Across the globe , Christians are united by Lord 's Prayer . '' Los Angeles Times , in Houston Chronicle , p . A13 , April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Farmer , William R. , The Gospel of Jesus : The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem , Westminster John Knox Press ( 1994 ) , p. 49 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25514 - 5 Jump up ^ The text given here is that of the latest edition of Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies and in the Nestle - Aland Novum Testamentum Graece . Most modern translations use a text similar to this one .", "19": "Most older translations are based on a Byzantine - type text with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς in line 5 ( verse 10 ) instead of ἐπὶ γῆς , and ἀφίεμεν in line 8 ( verse 12 ) instead of ἀφήκαμεν , and adding at the end ( verse 13 ) the doxology ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας . ἀμήν . Jump up ^ Three editions of the Vulgate : the Clementine edition of the Vulgate , which varies from the Nova Vulgata only in punctuation and in having `` ne nos inducas '' in place of `` ne inducas nos '' , and another edition of the Vulgate , which has `` qui in caelis es '' in place of `` qui es in caelis '' ; `` veniat '' in place of `` adveniat '' ; `` dimisimus '' in place of `` dimittimus '' ; `` temptationem '' in place of `` tentationem '' . Jump up ^ In the Nova Vulgata , the official Latin Bible of the Catholic Church , the last word is capitalized , indicating that it is a reference to Malus ( the Evil One ) , not to malum ( evil ) . Jump up ^ The doxology associated with the Lord 's Prayer in Byzantine Greek texts is found in four Vetus Latina manuscripts , only two of which give it in its entirety . The other surviving manuscripts of the Vetus Latina Gospels do not have the doxology . The Vulgate translation also does not include it , thus agreeing with critical editions of the Greek text . Jump up ^ The Greek Orthodox Church uses a slightly different Greek version. which can be found in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ( ( 1 ) Greek Orthodox Liturgy of St.", "20": "John Chrysostom ) ) , as presented in the ( 2 ) 1904 text of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ) and various Greek prayer books and liturgies . This is the Greek version of the Lord 's Prayer most widely used for prayer and liturgy today , and is similar to other texts of the Byzantine text - type used in older English Bible translations , with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς instead of ἐπὶ γῆς on line 5 and ἀφίεμεν instead of ἀφήκαμεν ( present rather than aorist tense ) in line 8 . The last part , ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν , is said by the priest after the prayer . Jump up ^ 2002 edition ; 1962 edition , pp. 312 − 313 Jump up ^ The version of the Lord 's Prayer most familiar to Christians until the Protestant Reformation , and beyond for Catholics , is that in the Roman Missal , which has had cultural and historical importance for most regions where English is spoken . The text is used in the Roman Rite liturgy ( Mass , Liturgy of the Hours , etc . ) . It differs from the Vulgate in having cotidianum in place of supersubstantialem . It does not add the Byzantine doxology : this is never joined immediately to the Lord 's Prayer in the Latin liturgy or the Latin Bible , but it appears , in the form quia tuum est regnum , et potestas , et gloria , in saecula , in the Mass of the Roman Rite , as revised in 1969 , separated from the Lord 's Prayer by the prayer , Libera nos , quaesumus ... ( the embolism ) , which elaborates on the final petition , libera nos a malo ( deliver us from evil ) .", "21": "Others have translated the Byzantine doxology into Latin as quia tuum est regnum ; et potentia et gloria ; per omnia saecula or in saecula saeculorum . Jump up ^ In editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of 1962 ( the edition of Pope John XXIII ) the word cotidianum was spelled quotidianum . Jump up ^ In Greek : Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων . Ἀμήν . Jump up ^ `` The 1928 Book of Common Prayer : Family Prayer '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church Jump up ^ `` The Communion '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Praying Together Jump up ^ Augustine , On the Sermon on the Mount , Book II , Chapter 5 , 17 -- 18 ; original text Jump up ^ Rowan Williams , The Lord 's Prayer Jump up ^ G. Dalman , The Words of Jesus ( 1909 ) , 99 . As cited in G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 137 Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 45 .", "22": "Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Hilda C. Graef , St. Gregory of Nyssa : The Lord 's Prayer and the Beatitudes ( Ancient Christin Writers , No. 18 ) , Paulist Press ( New York : 1954 ) , n. 68 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Ortberg , John Ortberg . `` God is Closer Than You Think '' . Zondervan , 2005 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 6 : 11 Interlinear : ' Our appointed bread give us to - day '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The New Greek - English Interlinear New Testament , 1993 , The United Bible Societies , ( basis : UBS4 Greek text ) , page x of Introduction Jump up ^ `` Matthew 20 : 2 Interlinear : and having agreed with the workmen for a denary a day , he sent them into his vineyard '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke 9 : 23 Interlinear : And he said unto all , ' If any one doth will to come after me , let him disown himself , and take up his cross daily , and follow me ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 6 : 1 Interlinear : And in these days , the disciples multiplying , there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews , because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 11 Interlinear : and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica , they received the word with all readiness of mind , every day examining the Writings whether those things were so ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 17 Interlinear : therefore , indeed , he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews , and with the worshipping persons , and in the market - place every day with those who met with him '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 19 : 9 Interlinear : and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving , speaking evil of the way before the multitude , having departed from them , he did separate the disciples , every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Corinthians 11 : 28 Interlinear : apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 3 : 13 Interlinear : but exhort ye one another every day , while the To - day is called , that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 10 : 11 Interlinear : and every priest , indeed , hath stood daily serving , and the same sacrifices many times offering , that are never able to take away sins '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven petitions '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cf. ( 3 ) Barclay M. Newman , A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , United Bible Societies 2010 ISBN 978 - 3 - 438 - 06019 - 8 . Partial preview ) Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : οὐσία Jump up ^ Chaignot , Mary Jane . Questions and Answers .", "24": "< http://biblewise.com/archives/2005/september/overview/questions.htm#trespasses > Accessed : 11 Feb 2013 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Nathan Eubank , Wages of Cross-Bearing and Debt of Sin ( Walter de Gruyter 2013 ISBN 978 - 31 - 1030407 - 7 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) John S. Kloppenborg , Q , the Earliest Gospel ( Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61164058 - 8 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ See : Theological Dictionary of the New Testament , edited by Kittel and Friedrich , Abridged in One Volume by Goeoffrey W. Bromiley ; William B. Eeerdmans Publishing Company , Grand Rapids , Mich ; 1985 ; Pages 746 -- 750 : Gives use of ὸφείλω opheilo ( to owe , be under obligation ) , ὸφειλή opheile ( debt , obligation ) and two other word forms as used in the New Testament and outside the New Testament , including use in Judaism . Jump up ^ Deane , Anthony C. ( 1926 ) . `` Our Father : A Study of the Lord 's Prayer . Chapter VI . Forgiveness '' . abcog.org . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Entry for Strong 's # 3986 : πειρασμός '' . StudyLight.org . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl , `` Answer to Job '' Jump up ^ Psalm 26 : 2 and Psalm 139 : 23 are respectful challenges for a test to prove the writer 's innocence and integrity . Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , pp. 451 -- 452 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ JST Matthew 6 : 14 Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis wants Lord 's Prayer changed '' . BBC News .", "25": "December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 452 Jump up ^ Nicholas Ayo , The Lord 's Prayer : A Survey Theological and Literary , University of Notre Dame Press ( 1993 ) , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 01292 - 2 Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 8 Jump up ^ David E. Aune , The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament ( Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland , The Text of the New Testament ( Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4098 - 1 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The doxology is not included in the following modern translations : American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version GOD 'S WORD Translation Good News Translation New International Reader 's Version New International Version New Living Translation Today 's New International Version . It is enclosed in square brackets in Holman Christian Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version . Two publications that are updates of the Authorized King James Version rather than new translations keep it : 21st Century King James Version and New King James Version ; but the second of these adds a note : `` `` NU - Text omits For Yours through Amen . '' Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Fathers - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ For instance , in Morning Prayer the doxology is included in the Lord 's Prayer in the Introduction , but not in the Prayers after the Apostles ' Creed . Jump up ^ Augustin Backer , Alois Backer , Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus ou notices bibliographiques , vol. 5 , 1839 , 304f . Jump up ^ Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in bey nahe fünf hundert Sprachen und Mundarten , 1806 -- 1817 , Berlin , Vossische Buchlandlung , 4 volumes .", "26": "Facsimile edition , Hildesheim - Nueva York , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 451 Jump up ^ Clontz , pp. 8 , 451 Jump up ^ `` Verdediging is geen aanval '' pp. 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office. The Lord 's Prayer , Composer : John Serry Sr. , September 2 , 1992 , # PAU 1 - 665 - 838 Bibliography ( edit ) Clark , D . The Lord 's Prayer . Origins and Early Interpretations ( Studia Traditionis Theologiae , 21 ) Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 56537 - 8 Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Augsburger , Myron . Matthew . Waco , Texas : Word Books , 1982 . Barclay , William . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume 1 Chapters 1 -- 10 . Edinburgh : Saint Andrew Press , 1975 . Beare , Francis Wright . The Gospel According to Matthew . Oxford : B. Blackwell , 1981 . Brown , Raymond E. The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer , article in Theological Studies ( 1961 ) Volume 22 , pages 175 - 208 : available online as a PDF file from the website of Marquette University ; also reprinted in New Testament Essays ( 1965 ) Clontz , T.E.", "27": "and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh '' , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 `` Lilies in the Field . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 ... Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 -- 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress , 1989 . Morris , Leon . The Gospel According to Matthew . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Underhill , Evelyn , Abba . A meditation on the Lord 's Prayer ( 1940 ) ; reprint 2003 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord 's Prayer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lord 's Prayer .", "28": "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Our Father Text Pater Noster : a chirographic opus in one hundred and twenty - six languages , by Z.W. Wolkowski Jewish Encyclopedia Max Heindel : Rosicrucian view Jehovah 's Witnesses view Rudolf Steiner lecture Lord 's Prayer Life of Jesus : Sermon on the Mount or on the Plain Preceded by Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount New Testament Events Succeeded by The Birds of Heaven in the Sermon on the Mount Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity", "29": "pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come ,", "30": "Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted .", "31": "Catholicism portal Structure of the Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Forms Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass Extraordinary form Mass of Paul VI Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Requiem Mass sine populo Votive Mass Order of Mass Pre-Mass Vesting prayers in the sacristy Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Liturgy of the Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Rite Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus First Reading Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Gospel verse / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles ' Creed General Intercessions Liturgy of the Eucharist Offertory Orate fratres / prayer over the gifts Preface Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna Eucharistic Prayer / Canon of the Mass oblation / epiclesis / Words of Institution / elevation / anamnesis texts and rubrics Roman Canon history Eucharistic Prayer II Memorial Acclamation Lord 's Prayer embolism / doxology Pax Sign of peace Agnus Dei Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunion Dismissal Ite , missa est / Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine Prayers Recessional hymn Participants Acolyte Altar server female Bishop Boat boy Cantor Choir Crucifer Deacon Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion Laity Eucharistic Congress Lector Priest Subdeacon Usher Parts of the Sanctuary /", "32": "Altar Altar crucifix Altar rails Ambo Communion bench Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Lavabo towel Pall Purificator Candles and lamps Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Votive candle Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Censer Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Liturgical books of the Roman Rite Ceremonial of Bishops Evangeliary Gospel Book Graduale Lectionary Roman Missal Vestments Alb Amice Chasuble Dalmatic Episcopal sandals Liturgical colours Headcover Humeral veil Pallium Pontifical Stole Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Liturgical year ( Roman Calendar ) Advent Christmastide Ordinary Time Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide Eucharistic discipline Abstemius Anima Christi Concelebration Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds", "33": "Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Frequent Communion Genuflection Host desecration Infant communion Intinction Reserved sacrament Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Eucharistic theology Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Mirae caritatis Mysterium fidei ( encyclical ) Origin of the Eucharist Real presence Transubstantiation Year of the Eucharist Stercoranism Regulations and concepts Ad orientem and versus populum Calendar of saints Canon law Code of Rubrics Commemoration Ecclesiastical Latin General Instruction of the Roman Missal Holy day of obligation Intercession of saints Ordinary and propers Pro multis Sunday Lord 's Day Vernacular Related Agape feast Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi ,", "34": "lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum ( apostolic constitution ) Pope Paul VI Catholic theology Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum Concilium Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Catholicism portal Order of the Divine Service in Lutheranism Preparatory Service Entrance hymn and Trinitarian formula ( known as the Invocation ) Penitential Rite including the Confiteor and Declaration of Grace ( or Asperges on Easter ) The Service of the Word Introit Gloria Patri Kýrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Oremus Collect Old Testament reading gradual ( or Responsorial Psalm ) Epistle Alleluia ( tract during Lent ) Gospel Hymn of the day Homily or Postil ( Sermon ) Nicene Creed ( Athanasian Creed on Trinity Sunday ) Offertory Prayers of the Faithful The Service of the Eucharist Preface ( Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna ) Eucharistic Prayer ( Epiclesis / Words of Institution / Memorial Acclamation ) Lord 's Prayer Sign of peace / pax ( elevation ) Agnus Dei Distribution Nunc dimittis Postcommunion Benedicamus Domino Benediction Dismissal Ite ,", "35": "missa est Participants Acolyte bishop cantor choir crucifer deacon elder laity lector Pastor ( or Priest ) usher Parts of the Sanctuary altar altar bell altar crucifix altar rails kneeler piscina processional cross tabernacle Candles altar candle paschal candle sanctuary lamp votive candle Liturgical vessels ciborium chalice cruet Liturgical objects collection basket holy water incense ( use ) paten sacramental bread ( wafer ) sacramental wine thurible Vestments alb chasuble dalmatic geneva gown humeral veil stole surplice tunicle Liturgical books and hymnals Agenda Christian Worship ( Supplement ) Evangelical Lutheran Hymn - Book Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Evangelical Lutheran Worship Lutheran Book of Worship Lutheran Hymnal Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement Lutheran Service Book Lutheran Worship Service Book and Hymnal Lutheranism portal VIAF : 175787845 LCCN : n80004245 GND : 7794291 - 7 SUDOC : 027414337 BNF : cb11946098p ( data ) BNE : XX3572498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord%27s_Prayer&oldid=838473948 '' Categories : Lord 's Prayer Biblical phrases Christian prayer Gospel of Matthew Latin religious phrases Rosary Sayings of Jesus Sermon on the Mount United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk", "36": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - 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6941993254369956277	when was the last time nebraska voted democrat	[ "1964" ]	{ "0": "United States presidential elections in Nebraska - wikipedia United States presidential elections in Nebraska Jump to : navigation , search Presidential elections in Nebraska No. of elections 38 Voted Democrat 7 Voted Republican 31 Voted other 0 Voted for winning candidate 24 Voted for losing candidate 14 Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Nebraska , ordered by year . Since its admission to statehood in 1867 , Nebraska has participated in every U.S. presidential election . Since 1992 Nebraska has split its electoral votes between congressional districts . Winners of the state are in bold . Year Winner ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Other national candidates Votes Percent Electoral Votes Notes 2016 Donald Trump 485,819 60.30 Hillary Clinton 273,858 34.00 - - ? 5 2012 Barack Obama 302,081 38.03 Mitt Romney 475,064 59.80 - 5 2008 Barack Obama 333,319 41.60 John McCain 452,979 56.53 - 5 Electoral votes split , four to McCain , one to Obama . George W. Bush 512,814 65.90 John Kerry 254,328 32.68 - 5 2000 George W. Bush 433,862 62.25 Al Gore 231,780 33.25 - 5 Bill Clinton 236,761 34.95 Bob Dole 363,467 53.65 Ross Perot 71,278 10.52 5 1992 Bill Clinton 217,344 29.40 George H.W. Bush 344,346 46.58 Ross Perot 174,687 23.63 5 1988 George H.W. Bush 398,447 60.15 Michael Dukakis 259,646 39.", "1": "20 - 5 1984 Ronald Reagan 460,054 70.55 Walter Mondale 187,866 28.81 - 5 1980 Ronald Reagan 419,937 65.53 Jimmy Carter 166,851 26.04 John B. Anderson 44,993 7.02 5 1976 Jimmy Carter 233,692 38.46 Gerald Ford 359,705 59.19 - 5 1972 Richard Nixon 406,298 70.50 George McGovern 169,991 29.50 - 5 1968 Richard Nixon 321,163 59.82 Hubert Humphrey 170,784 31.81 George Wallace 44,904 8.36 5 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 307,307 52.61 Barry Goldwater 276,847 47.39 - 5 1960 John F. Kennedy 232,542 37.93 Richard Nixon 380,553 62.07 - 6 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 378,108 65.51 Adlai Stevenson II 199,029 34.49 - 6 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 421,603 69.15 Adlai Stevenson II 188,057 30.85 - 6 1948 Harry S. Truman 224,165 45.85 Thomas E. Dewey 264,774 54.15 Strom Thurmond - - 6 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 233,246 41.42 Thomas E. Dewey 329,880 58.58 - 6 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 263,677 42.81 Wendell Willkie 352,201 57.19 - 7 1936 Franklin D.", "2": "Roosevelt 347,445 57.14 Alf Landon 247,731 40.74 - 7 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 359,082 62.98 Herbert Hoover 201,177 35.29 - 7 1928 Herbert Hoover 345,745 63.19 Al Smith 197,959 36.18 - 8 1924 Calvin Coolidge 218,585 47.09 John W. Davis 137,289 29.58 Robert M. La Follette Sr . 106,701 22.99 8 1920 Warren G. Harding 247,498 64.66 James M. Cox 119,608 31.25 - 8 1916 Woodrow Wilson 158,827 55.28 Charles E. Hughes 117,771 40.99 - 8 1912 Woodrow Wilson 109,008 43.69 Theodore Roosevelt 72,681 29.13 William H. Taft 54,226 21.74 8 1908 William H. Taft 126,997 47.60 William Jennings Bryan 131,099 49.14 - 8 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 138,558 61.38 Alton B. Parker 52,921 23.44 - 8 1900 William McKinley 121,835 50.46 William Jennings Bryan 114,013 47.22 - 8 1896 William McKinley 103,064 46.18 William Jennings Bryan 115,007 51.53 - 8 1892 Grover Cleveland 24,943 12.46 Benjamin Harrison 87,213 43.56 James B. Weaver 83,134 41.53 8 1888 Benjamin Harrison 108,425 53.", "3": "51 Grover Cleveland 80,552 39.75 - 5 1884 Grover Cleveland 54,391 40.53 James G. Blaine 76,912 57.31 - 5 1880 James A. Garfield 54,979 62.87 Winfield S. Hancock 28,523 32.62 James B. Weaver 3,950 4.52 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 31,915 64.7 Samuel J. Tilden 17,413 35.3 - 1872 Ulysses S. Grant 18,329 70.68 Horace Greeley 7,603 29.32 - 1868 Ulysses S. Grant 9,772 63.9 Horatio Seymour 5,519 36.1 - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 270 to win ; Nebraska Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For purposes of these lists , other national candidates are defined as those who won at least one electoral vote , or won at least ten percent of the vote in multiple states .", "4": "United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C.", "5": "West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska&oldid=787008434 '' Categories : United States presidential elections in Nebraska Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 June 2017 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8955197065025093046	who become the ceo of it wipro company in 2016	[ "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala" ]	{ "0": "Wipro - Wikipedia Wipro Jump to : navigation , search Wipro Ltd . Logo since 2017 Type Public Traded as BSE : 507685 NSE : WIPRO NYSE : WIT BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry IT services , IT consulting Founded 29 December 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 29 December 1945 ) ( Amalner , Maharashtra ) Founder Mohamed Azim Hashim Premji Headquarters Bengaluru , Karnataka , India Area served Worldwide Key people Azim Premji ( Chairman ) Abidali Neemuchwala ( CEO ) Services Digital Strategy , Business Consulting and IT Services Revenue US $ 8.48 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $1.70 billion ( 2017 ) Profit US $1.31 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $12.23 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $8.06 billion ( 2017 ) Owner Azim Premji ( 73.25 % ) Number of employees 166,790 ( Q1 2017 ) Website www.wipro.com Wipro Limited ( Western India Palm Refined Oils Limited or more recently , Western India Products Limited ) is an Indian Information Technology Services corporation headquartered in Bengaluru , India . In 2013 , Wipro demerged its non-IT businesses into separate companies to bring in more focus on independent businesses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early formative years 1.2 1966 -- 1992 1.3 1994 -- 2000 1.4 2001 -- present 2 Wipro Group of Companies 2.1 Western India Products Limited 2.1. 1 Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting 2.1. 2 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering 2.1.", "1": "3 Wipro GE Medical Systems 3 Sustainability at Wipro 4 Listing and shareholding 5 Employees 6 Awards and recognitions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Early formative years ( edit ) The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner , Maharashtra by Mohamed Premji as ' Western India Vegetable Products Limited ' , later abbreviated to ' Wipro ' . It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable and refined oils in Amalner , Maharashtra , India under the trade name s of Kisan , Sunflower , and Camel . In 1966 , after Mohamed Premji 's death , his son Azim Premji returned home from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21 . During the 1970s and 1980s , the company shifted its focus to new business opportunities in the IT and computing industry , which was at a nascent stage in India at the time . On 7 June 1977 , the name of the company changed from Western India Vegetable Products Limited , to Wipro Products Limited . The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain . In 1982 , the name was changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited . Meanwhile , Wipro continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of `` Ralak '' a Tulsi based family soap and `` Wipro Jasmine '' , a toilet soap . In 1988 Premji took a loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project . Later the entire loan amount was waived . 1966 -- 1992 ( edit ) In 1988 , Wipro diversified its product line into heavy - duty industrial cylinders and mobile hydraulic cylinders . A joint venture company with the United States ' General Electric in the name of Wipro GE Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd. was set up in 1989 for the manufacture , sales , and service of diagnostic and imaging products . Later , in 1991 , tipping systems and Eaton hydraulic products were launched . The Wipro Fluid Power division , in 1992 , developed expertise to offer standard hydraulic cylinders for construction equipment and truck tipping systems .", "2": "The market saw the launch of the `` Santoor '' talcum powder and `` Wipro Baby Soft '' range of baby toiletries in 1990 . 1994 -- 2000 ( edit ) In 1995 , Wipro set up an overseas design centre , Odyssey 21 , for undertaking projects and product developments in advanced technologies for overseas clients . Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems were amalgamated with Wipro in April that year . Five of Wipro 's manufacturing and development facilities secured the ISO 9001 certification during 1994 -- 95 . In 1999 , Wipro acquired Wipro Acer . Wipro became a more profitable , diversified corporation with new products such as the Wipro SuperGenius personal computers ( PCs ) . In 1999 , the product was the one Indian PC range to obtain US - based National Software Testing Laboratory ( NSTL ) certification for the Year 2000 ( Y2K ) compliance in hardware for all models . Wipro Limited joined hands with a global telecom major KPN ( Royal Dutch telecom ) to form a joint venture company `` Wipro Net Limited '' to provide internet services in India . The year 2000 was the year Wipro launched solutions for convergent networks targeted at Internet and telecom solution providers in the names of Wipro OSS Smart and Wipro WAP Smart . In the same year , Wipro got listed on New York Stock Exchange . In early 2000 Wipro Vice Chairman Vivek Paul and Azim Premji approached KPMG Consulting Vice Chairman Keyur Patel and CEO Rand Blazer to form a mega-outsourcing joint venture between the two organizations . 2001 -- present ( edit ) In February 2002 , Wipro became the first software technology and services company in India to be certified for ISO 14001 certification . Wipro also achieved ISO 9000 certification to become the first software company to get SEI People Capability Maturity Model ( PCMM ) Level 5 in 2002 . Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Group entered the market of compact fluorescent lamp s , with the launch of a range of CFL , under the brand name of Wipro Smartlite . As the company grew , a study revealed that Wipro was the fastest wealth creator for 5 years ( 1997 -- 2002 ) .", "3": "The same year witnessed the launch of Wipro 's own laptops with Intel 's Centrino mobile processor . Wipro also entered into an exclusive agreement with the owners of Chandrika for marketing of their soap in select states in India . It set up a wholly owned subsidiary company viz . Wipro Consumer Care Limited to manufacture consumer care and lighting products . In 2004 Wipro joined the billion dollar club . It also partnered with Intel for i - shiksha . The year 2006 saw Wipro acquire cMango Inc. , a US - based technology infrastructure Consulting firm Enabler , and a Europe - based retail solutions provider . In 2007 , Wipro signed a large deal with Lockheed Martin . It also entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Oki Techno Centre Singapore Pte Ltd ( OTCS ) and signed an R&D partnership contract with Nokia Siemens Networks in Germany . In 2008 Wipro 's entered the clean energy business with Wipro Eco Energy . In April 2011 , Wipro signed an agreement with Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) for the acquisition of their global oil and gas information technology practice of the commercial business services business unit . In 2012 Wipro acquired Australian Trade Promotions Management firm Promax Applications Group ( PAG ) for $35 million . In 2012 Wipro employed more than 70,000 H - 1B visa professional temporary workers in the United States . In 2012 Wipro Ltd. announced the demerger of its consumer care , lighting , furniture , infrastructure Engineering ( hydraulics and water and medical diagnostic business into a separate company to be named Wipro Enterprises Ltd . The merger became effective from 31 March 2013 . The demerged companies together contributed about 10 % of the revenues of Wipro Limited in previous financial year . In 2014 , Wipro signed a 10 - year $1.2 billion contract with ATCO , a Canadian Energy & Utilities corporation based out of Calgary , Alberta . This was the largest deal in Wipro 's history . In October 2016 , Wipro announced that it was buying Appirio , an Indianapolis - based cloud services company for $500 million .", "4": "Wipro Group of companies ( edit ) Western India products Limited ( edit ) Wipro Limited is a global provider of comprehensive IT solutions and services , including Systems Integration , Consulting , Information Systems outsourcing , IT - enabled services , R&D services . Wipro entered into the technology business in 1981 and has over 140,000 employees and clients across 54 countries . IT revenues were at $7.1 billion for the year ended 31 March 2015 , with a repeat business ratio of over 95 % . Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting ( edit ) Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting ( WCCLG ) , a business unit of Wipro Limited operates in the FMCG segment dealing in consumable commodities . Established in 1945 , its first product was vegetable oil , later sold under the brand name `` Sunflower Vanaspati '' . It sells personal care products , such as Wipro Baby Soft and Wipro Safewash , toilet soaps Santoor and Chandrika as well as Yardley . It sells lighting products , including Smartlite CFL , LED , and emergency lights . Through product sales and acquisitions , Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment . Wipro Infrastructure Engineering ( edit ) Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of Wipro Limited and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders , truck cylinders , and their components and solutions since 1976 . This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs and represents the Kawasaki , Sun Hydraulics and Teijin Seiki range of hydraulic products in India . It has entered into partnerships Kawasaki and aerospace giant EADS . In 2010 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering was the second largest independent manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders in the world . Wipro GE Medical Systems ( edit ) Wipro GE Medical Systems Limited is Wipro 's joint venture with GE Healthcare South Asia . It is engaged in the research and development of advanced solutions to cater to patient and customer needs in healthcare . This partnership , which began in 1990 , today includes gadgets and equipment for diagnostics , healthcare IT solutions and services to help healthcare professionals combat cancer , heart disease , and other ailments . There is complete adherence to Six Sigma quality standards in all products .", "5": "Sustainability at Wipro ( edit ) Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating ( ASR ) of Indian companies and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . In November 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics , Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1 / 10 . Listing and shareholding ( edit ) This section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( July 2017 ) Listing : Wipro 's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty . The American Depositary Shares of the company are listed at the NYSE since October 2000 . Shareholding : On 30 September 2013 , 73.51 % of the equity shares of the company were owned by the promoters : Azim Premji , his family members , partnership firms in which he is a partner and Trusts formed by him / his family . The remaining 26.49 % shares are owned by others . Shareholders ( as on 20 - January - 2016 ) Shareholding Promoter group led by Azim Premji 73.36 % Foreign Institutional Investors ( FII ) 10.68 % Indian Public 4.99 % Bodies Corporate 2.50 % Mutual Funds / UTI 1.90 % NRI 1.11 % Trusts / Others 0.77 % American Depositary Shares 2.30 % Total 100 % Employees ( edit ) At the end of December 31 , 2015 , its employee strength was 170,664 . Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro 's CEO after T.K. stepped down in early 2016 . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) In March 2017 , Wipro was recognized as one of the world 's most ethical companies by US - based Ethisphere Institute for the sixth consecutive year . In May 2016 , it was ranked 755th on the Forbes Global 2000 list .", "6": "Wipro won Gold Award for ' Integrated Security Assurance Service ( iSAS ) ' under the ' Vulnerability Assessment , Remediation and Management ' category of the 11th Annual 2015 Info Security PG 's Global Excellence Awards . Wipro won 7 awards , including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015 , India In 2014 , Wipro was ranked 52nd among India 's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report , a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory . Wipro was ranked 2nd in the Newsweek 2012 Global 500 Green companies . Wipro received the ' NASSCOM Corporate Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion , 2012 ' , in the category ' Most Effective Implementation of Practices & Technology for Persons with Disabilities ' . In 2012 , it was awarded the highest rating of Stakeholder Value and Corporate Rating 1 ( SVG 1 ) by ICRA Limited . It received National award for excellence in Corporate Governance from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the year 2004 . See also ( edit ) List of public listed software companies of India List of IT consulting firms List of IT companies in India List of companies of India Companies portal Information technology portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro : From a vegetable oil maker to an IT major '' . NDTV Profit . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro Financial Statements 2017 '' . Wipro Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Ltd . Share holding pattern '' . NDTV Profit . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's bagful of ideas '' . Business Today . 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Ltd . - Company Information '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro falls 12 % as stock adjusts to demerger '' . The Hindu . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History of Wipro '' . Money Control . Retrieved 15 November 2013 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` '' About Wipro `` '' . wipro.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Profile : Azim Premji '' . Mens XP . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro acquires 45 per cent of Wipro Net from KPN Telecom '' . The Financial Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company profile for Wipro '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History -- Wipro '' . The Economic Times . Economic Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Round - up '' . Capital Market . 2 May 1999 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In brief '' . The Financial Express . 16 February 1999 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro releases WAP solutions '' . The Hindu . 16 June 2000 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro lists on NYSE with marginal premium '' . 19 October 2000 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Tech gets ISO 14001 '' . Business Line . 9 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro world 's first to achieve level 5 in people 's assessment '' . Rediff . Jump up ^ `` Software Engineering Institute '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Lighting launches new range '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Is Fastest Wealth Creator For 5 Years : Study '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Wipro is biggest wealth creator during 1998 - 2003 : Study '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Acer , Wipro laptops have new wi - fi chips '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro To Market Chandrika Soap in Select States '' . The Financial Express .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys lease rights of Chandrika soap '' . Business Standards . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to set up consumer care unit in Himachal '' . Business Standards . Jump up ^ `` Wipro joins billion dollar club , announces 2 : 1 bonus shares '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Wipro and Intel launch ' I - Shiksha ' solution '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Intel Join Forces to Launch i - shiksha '' . Channel Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys US - based cMango for $20 M '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro bags US consulting co cMango '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's Wipro acquires Enabler '' . CNET News . Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Martin , Wipro To Light Ambar Jyoti in India '' . EFYTimes . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro , Lockheed Martin start ops in Gurgaon '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to Acquire Oki 's Wireless Chip Design Arm '' . PC World . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to manage R&D for Nokia Siemens '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to buy Nokia Siemens R&D unit in Berlin '' . EE Times Asia . Jump up ^ `` The Inside Story of Azim Premji 's Next Billion Dollar Plan '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Rahul Sachitanand ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Stable , yet supple '' . Business Today . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys part of SAIC IT business for $150 mn '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's Wipro to buy SAIC energy tech biz for $150 mln '' . Reuter . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to acquire Australia 's Promax Applications Group for Rs 192 crore '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to buy analytics firm Promax for $36 mn '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Employers '' ( PDF ) . H - 1B Temporary Visa Program -- Selected Statistics , FY 2012 .", "9": "OFFICE OF FOREIGN LABOR CERTIFICATION . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro hives off non-IT business into separate company '' . The Economic Times . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's Scheme of Arrangement for Demerger Effective from March 31 , 2013 '' . Wipro. 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro demerger scheme comes into effect '' . The Times of India . 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to demerge non-IT businesses '' . Business Standard . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azim Premji says son Rishad will never be CEO of Wipro '' . Indian Express . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys Canadian firm Atco I - Tek for $195 million '' . The Times of India . 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to acquire Appirio , A Global Cloud Services Company '' . www.wipro.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid . `` India 's Wipro buys cloud consultancy and work marketplace Appirio for $500 M '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ FORTUNE . `` Why IT Services Giant Wipro Is Snapping Up Appirio for $500 Million . Mithun Chatterjee can be the next CEO of Wipro Ltd as per as interview by Mr. premzi '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile for Wipro '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro launches iPhone app '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Results for the quarter and year ended March 31 , 2013 under IFRS '' ( PDF ) . Wipro .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Industry , Materials and Utilities '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting to launch Glucose tablets '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro sees high demand for CFL bulbs '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Ltd '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's Santoor is largest soap brand in South India '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro FMCG arm reports 26 % rise in revenues on strong demand '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Yardley 's proof of Wipro 's FMCG focus '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Company History -- Wipro Ltd '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Kawasaki in talks for hydraulic oil pumps '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Kawasaki enter into a joint venture '' . CIOL . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Infrastructure Engineering to set up Rs 50 cr plant in Bangalore '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Infrastructure Engineering ties up with EADS arm '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Pumping up the world '' . Made in India . Jump up ^ `` Wipro GE to consolidate healthcare biz '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` About Wipro GE Healthcare '' . GE Healthcare . Jump up ^ `` Six Sigma has worked wonders for Wipro GE '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Six Sigma has worked wonders for Wipro GE '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Wipro continues to lead in sustainability disclosures '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Nasdaq - 100 includes Wipro in Global Sustainability Index '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Named Among World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . EFYTimes . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Greener Electronics 18 WIPRO '' . Greenpeace . November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX '' .", "11": "BSE India . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (. csv ) '' . NSE India . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Form 20F '' . SEC.gov. 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top five takeaways from Wipro Q3 earnings '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro names Abid Ali Neemuchwala as CEO '' . The Hindu . 2016 - 01 - 04 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Voted World 's Most Ethical Firm '' . Jump up ^ `` Tata Steel , Wipro among world 's most ethical '' . Hindustan Times . 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro World 's Most Ethical company : Ethisphere Institute '' . indiainfoline.com. 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ethisphere Announces 2017 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Wipro on Forbes Global 2000 '' . Forbes . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro won Gold Award for ' Integrated Security Assurance Service ( iSAS ) ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Wipro won 7 awards , including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015 , India ' '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's Most Trusted Brands 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` 13 Indian firms in Newsweek 's global green ; Wipro no. 2 '' . Hindustan Times . 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways to ensure inclusivity and diversity at workplaces '' . Data Quest. 28 January 2013 .", "12": "Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro in highest category of stakeholder value creation : Icra '' . Economic Times . 10 February 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate governance award for Wipro '' . The Hindu . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wipro . Official website ( Mobile ) Business data for Wipro Limited : Reuters SEC filings `` The template below ( Major information technology companies ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Major information technology companies Largest IT companies Largest Internet companies Largest software companies Consulting and outsourcing Accenture Atos Booz Allen Hamilton BMC Software BT Global Services CACI Capgemini CGI Group Cognizant Deloitte Digital China DXC Technology Fujitsu HCL Technologies Hitachi Consulting IBM Global Services Indra Sistemas Infosys Infor KPMG Leidos NEC NTT DATA Orange Business Services T - Systems Tata Consultancy Services Tech Mahindra Unisys Wipro Imaging Canon Inc . HP Inc .", "13": "Eastman Kodak Fujifilm Hikvision Konica Minolta Kyocera Lexmark Nikon Olympus Corporation Panasonic Ricoh ( Pentax ) Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Sony Toshiba Xerox Information storage ADATA Dell Technologies ( Dell EMC ) Fujitsu Hitachi Data Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Kingston Technology LenovoEMC NetApp Oracle Corporation Plextor Samsung Electronics Seagate Technology Silicon Power Sony Toshiba Transcend Information Western Digital ( SanDisk ) Internet Baidu Facebook Google IAC / InterActiveCorp Microsoft Naver NetEase Netflix Oath Tencent Twitter Uber Vox Media Yandex Cloud computing Akamai Technologies Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Google IBM Microsoft Oracle Corporation Rackspace Salesforce.com E-commerce only Alibaba Group Amazon.com eBay Flipkart Groupon JD.com Shopify Rakuten Mainframes Fujitsu IBM Mobile devices Acer Inc . Amazon.com Apple ( iOS ) Asus BBK Electronics ( OPPO , OnePlus , Vivo ) BlackBerry Limited Google ( Android ) Hisense HTC Huawei Karbonn Lava ( XOLO ) Lenovo ( Motorola Mobility ) LG Electronics Meizu Micromax ( YU ) Microsoft Nokia ( HMD Global ) Panasonic Samsung Sony TCL Corporation Transsion True Xiaomi ZTE Networking equipment Avaya Cisco Systems Ericsson Fujitsu Hewlett Packard Enterprise Huawei Juniper Networks Motorola Solutions NEC Nokia Qualcomm ZTE OEMs Celestica Compal Electronics Flextronics Foxconn Jabil Pegatron Quanta Sanmina Corporation TPV Technology Wistron Corporation Personal computers and servers Acer Inc . Apple Inc . Asus Dell Fujitsu Huawei HP Inc . Lenovo LG Electronics Microsoft NEC Panasonic Positivo Razer Inc .", "14": "Samsung Electronics Toshiba Servers only Cisco Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Inspur Oracle Corporation Financial technology Euronet Worldwide FIS PayPal Fiserv Jack Henry SWIFT Square Point of sale Casio NCR Panasonic Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Star Micronics Toshiba Wincor Nixdorf Semiconductors ASE Group Fujitsu Infineon Technologies Integrated Micro-Electronics , Inc . Intel NXP Semiconductors ( Freescale ) ON Semiconductor Panasonic Renesas Electronics Samsung Electronics Sony STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Fabless Advanced Micro Devices Apple Inc . Broadcom Marvell Technology Group MediaTek Nvidia Qualcomm VIA Technologies Memory Micron Technology Samsung Electronics SanDisk SK Hynix Toshiba Foundries GlobalFoundries TSMC United Microelectronics Corporation Samsung Foundry SMIC Equipment ASML Applied Materials KLA - Tencor Lam Research Tokyo Electron Software Adobe Systems Amadeus IT Group Apple Inc . Autodesk BMC Software CA Technologies FIS Google Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Intuit Infor Microsoft Oracle Corporation Quest Software Sage Group SAP SE Symantec VMware Telecommunications América Móvil AT&T Bell Canada Bezeq Bharti Airtel Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BT Group CenturyLink China Mobile China Telecommunications Corporation China Telecom China Unicom Chunghwa Telecom Comcast Deutsche Telekom Digicel FLOW Hutchison Asia Idea Cellular Jio KDDI KPN KT Corporation Mahanagar Telephone Nigam MTN MTS Nippon NTT DoCoMo Oi Orange S.A.", "15": "PCCW Reliance Rogers Shaw Singtel SK Telecom SoftBank Mobile Spark Sprint Corporation Swisscom Taiwan Mobile Tata Teleservices Telecom Italia Telefónica Telenor Telus Telmex Telstra TPG Trilogy International Partners True Türk Telekom Veon Verizon Viettel Vivendi Vodafone Travel technology Amadeus IT Group Sabre Corporation Travelport Video games Activision Blizzard Atari Bandai Namco Capcom ‎ Deep Silver Disney Mobile Electronic Arts Epic Games Gameloft Glu Mobile LucasArts Koei Tecmo Konami Marvelous Microsoft NCsoft Nexon Nintendo Nippon Ichi Software Sega SNK Sony Square Enix Take - Two Interactive Tencent Ubisoft Valve Warner Bros . ZeniMax Methodology : FY2014 / 15 applicable revenues of over : groups 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 12 : US $3 billion ; group 4 : US $2 billion ; groups 5 , 13 , 16 : US $1 billion BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd .", "16": "ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wipro&oldid=819182478 '' Categories : BSE SENSEX Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Conglomerate companies established in 1945 Software companies of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Outsourcing companies Business process outsourcing companies of India Companies based in Bangalore International information technology consulting firms Information technology consulting firms of India Wipro CNX Nifty Business process outsourcing companies Outsourcing in India Computer companies of India Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award recipients Information technology companies of Bhubaneswar Indian brands 1945 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Indian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Self - contradictory articles from July 2017 All self - contradictory articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 Norsk Português Română Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 22 : 56 . 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-3010425579521817304	who does eric end up with in gossip girl	[ "Jenny" ]	{ "0": "Eric van der Woodsen - wikipedia Eric van der Woodsen Jump to : navigation , search Eric van der Woodsen Gossip Girl character Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Connor Paolo Information Full name Eric van der Woodsen Aliases Occupation Novels : College student ( at Brown ) Television : High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Sarah Lawrence College ) Family William van der Woodsen ( father ) Lillian `` Lily '' van der Woodsen ( mother ) Serena van der Woodsen ( sister ) Television : Bartholomew `` Bart '' Bass ( Former stepfather ) Rufus Humphrey ( stepfather ) Scott Rosson ( maternal half - brother ) Charles `` Chuck '' Bass ( adoptive stepbrother ) Daniel `` Dan '' Humphrey ( former stepbrother / brother - in - law ) Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey ( former stepsister ) Rick and Celia `` CeCe '' Rhodes ( maternal grandparents ) Relatives Carol Rhodes ( maternal aunt ) Lola Rhodes ( three - quarter sister ) Eric van der Woodsen ( spelled Erik in the novels ) is a fictional character from the book series Gossip Girl and the television series of the same name , in which he is portrayed by Connor Paolo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Reception 4 References Novel series ( edit ) Erik is described as similar to every van der Woodsen : tall , thin , and blonde . The older brother of Serena van der Woodsen , Erik van der Woodsen is not featured in the books very often .", "1": "A junior at Brown University , Serena has said he has `` at least six or seven different girlfriends he sleeps with routinely . '' On a trip to Sun Valley , Erik and Serena 's best friend Blair Waldorf dated briefly . Very close to his sister , Erik threw her a giant sweet sixteenth birthday bash and drove her up to Hanover on her first day of school there . Aside from his brief appearances , Erik remained a relatively quiet secondary character throughout the series , however he did have a bigger part in the Gossip Girl prequel , Gossip Girl : It Had to Be You . Tv series ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) In contrast to the novels , Eric 's character is more complex in the show , showing a mature understanding of family and relationships but faces the same troubles as most teenagers have . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times mentions his character 's deviation from the novels from `` an object of female lust '' to one of `` ... psychotherapy . '' But notes his strong bond with Serena , stating how he `` is misunderstood by all but his caring , if troubled , sister . '' Despite his mature persona , Eric is no stranger to the problems that most teens face as his stay at the Ostroff Center , a rehabilitation facility , is a result of his constant loneliness and his mother 's many unstable marriages . Connor Paolo notes that Eric 's lack of a father figure contributed to his suicide attempt . Season 1 ( edit ) At the beginning of the season , Eric has been living at the Ostroff Center , a high - class mental facility . Serena frequently visits him after coming back . As well as trying to convince the doctors and her mother Lilly to let him out . They let Eric out temporarily , during the Ivy League Mixer , where he develops a friendship with Jenny Humphrey . After Blair Waldorf humiliates his sister , telling the whole school she was attending the Ostroff Center during her absence having mistakenly seeing photos of Serena entering the center , Eric tells Blair he was the one attending the mental center and shows her the scars on his wrists from his suicide attempt . At Blair 's annual sleepover , Blair dares Jenny to break into the Ostroff Center and take Eric out for the night . Jenny and Blair succeed and they take him to a bar downtown . Lily is made aware of his disappearance and begins to panic .", "2": "She quickly informs Rufus , whose son , Dan , is on a date with Serena , after she can not get hold of her . They contact the couple to make sure Eric is alright and to bring him home . Later , Lily realizes that Eric is ready to come out of the medical center . He is present during Thanksgiving dinner at the Humphrey 's apartment when Lily and Rufus reveal they had a previous relationship years ago . Due to his mother 's engagement to billionaire Bart Bass , he develops a close friendship with Chuck Bass , whom he soon sees as a brother . He tries to warn Jenny about her new boyfriend Asher Hornsby ( Jesse Swenson ) but she mistakes this for Eric being in love with her . In the same episode , Dan and Georgina Sparks see Asher making out with someone outside of school . The news becomes public on Gossip Girl , and Jenny denies the rumor by saying she lost her virginity to Asher , which Eric knows is untrue . During a dinner with his family , Georgina outs him to back at Serena . Eric 's homosexuality upsets Lily , who blames herself for Eric getting institutionalized . Serena comforts him , and learns that Eric already came out to Chuck before her because he knew Chuck would n't judge him . He also explains that he had a relationship with someone while at the Ostroff Center , but now believed that it was over . At Asher and Jenny 's party , Eric helps Blair dethrone Jenny by revealing that Asher was indeed gay , and that they were involved . Asher denies this , but Blair sends a Gossip Girl blast with Eric and Asher 's emails . He and Lilly later reconcile . Season 2 ( edit ) During summer 2008 , Eric is staying with his sister and grandmother in The Hamptons . He receives a call from Jenny who tells him , she needs help to get in the Vitamin White Party . She apologizes to him about the incident with Asher and they become friends again . Eric introduces Tinsley Mortimer to Jenny to extend her contacts in the fashion industry . After the school year starts , although Serena complains about Lily 's new marriage and their new house rules , Eric thinks they should give the marriage a chance . Later , Eric introduces Jonathan Whitney ( Matt Doyle ) as his new boyfriend .", "3": "They break up after Bart tells Eric that Jonathan has been cheating on him . Eric lodges Jenny secretly in the Bass - van der Woodsen penthouse and goes with her to make the paperwork to divorce her parents . Eric then discovers that Bart hired his private detective , Andrew Tyler , to do research about his , Lily 's , and Serena 's past . He discovers that Lily was also institutionalized at a French sanatorium and that she did n't tell him so that she could be strong for him . Bart 's actions convince Lily to celebrate Thanksgiving with the Humphreys . After Bart 's death , Eric comes back with Jonathan and tries to convince Chuck to go back to their penthouse . Chuck and Eric officially go from close friends to brothers after Lily adopts her late husband 's son . Season 3 ( edit ) During summer 2009 , Eric is in his grandmother 's house with Jenny , Dan , and Rufus while Lily is in Montecito taking care of his and Serena 's grandmother , CeCe . He observes Jenny 's speech to the rest of Constance that end the school hierarchy . During Jenny 's gradual transformation as an Upper East Side Queen , he falls victim to Jenny and her cronies when a battle over the steps that Jonathan inadvertently started and ends with Eric being splattered with yogurt . The Halloween party that followed after had Jonathan being egged at the club opening , enraging Eric , who tells Jenny he wants nothing to do with her . Eric sabotages Jenny 's Cotillion by falsely sending a text to Graham Collins , the date Jenny wants using her phone which claims that Jonathan will be taking her to Cotillion . He joins forces with Blair , whom Jenny also offends publicly , in making Kira Abernathy , a Constance student whom Jenny regularly ignores , a threat to Jenny 's reign as Queen . Blair gives Kira a makeover and Eric blackmails Graham into becoming Kira 's escort instead of Jenny . Jenny soon endures public humiliation but manages to gain their respect by taking Nate as her escort for Cotillion . These events cause Jonathan to break up with Eric as he claims Eric has changed now that he 's resorted to scheming with Blair . After Cotillion , Jenny leaves with the other Upper East Side Queen Bees and leaves unaware that Eric has been responsible for her public embarrassment .", "4": "At Thanksgiving , Jenny discovers that Eric was the one behind her public embarrassment at Cotillion which sets her getting her revenge on him . Eric teams up with Kira and attempts to ruin Jenny by buying one of his accomplices the same bag as her and have the girls turn against her . This fails as Jenny reveals two identical bags handing them over to his accomplices , falsely apologizing for her actions but claiming that one of the girls whom Erica bought a bag for spoiled her surprise . Eric and Jenny then to a truce after Serena 's car accident . It is revealed in `` Inglourious Bassterds '' that Eric was in Japan and ends up meeting a potential love - interest named Elliot ( Luke Kleintank ) during a game of assassin on Nate 's birthday . On the day of Blair 's maid 's , Dorota , wedding , Eric wonders if Elliot is gay and discovers that he has a girlfriend during the wedding reception . Elliot then confides in Eric that he is bisexual , indicating that Eric still has a chance with him when Elliot tells him that his girlfriend left out of jealousy . Eric 's relationship with his father , William , is also observed when he coldly rejects him for not being there for him . He informs him that he is gay and had been institutionalized . His friendship with Jenny is once again tested when she reveals that she aided his father 's escape from the police . He coldly states that no one is forcing Jenny to stay and that she can leave if she wants to . Eric is the first to discover that Jenny lost her virginity to Chuck and tries to comfort a dismayed Jenny , who is sent away to finish high school in Hudson . Season 4 ( edit ) In `` The Undergraduates '' , Chuck tries to make amends with Rufus and Eric , by coming to Fashion Week with his new girlfriend , Eva . Eric , however , informs Rufus of Chuck 's season 1 assault on Jenny and says that his brother has been given too many chances to redeem himself , signaling the end of their once - close bond . When Jenny returns to the Upper East Side briefly for an interview with Tim Gunn , Eric attempts to help her make a good impression and keep her away from both Chuck and Blair . Later , he and Dan scheme against Blair and Chuck to get Jenny to come back for their parents ' anniversary .", "5": "The plan fails when Blair and Chuck sign a treaty and come to a truce . After Dan steals the treaty from Nate , Eric backs out of the plan . Eric unknowingly leads his parents to Blair 's party where Dan 's plan is about to go through , thinking Dan had abandoned the plan . Eric is present when Serena is admitted to the Ostroff Center . He is proud of her for going , but does not believe her when she denies overdosing . He is also present when Serena confronts Lily . Pepe angry at his mother for what happened to Ben Donovan and Bass Industries . When man from the Empire calls saying the judge from Ben 's case was there , Eric calls Serena , which makes her determined to take Lily down . In `` Damien Darko '' , it is revealed that Eric and Elliot broke up and he has been lying to his mother about being with Elliot when he has really been with Damien . When Jonathan goes with Eric to the W party , Eric ditches Jonathan to meet up with Damien . However , earlier Ben had seen Eric with Damien and called Serena . When they walk in on Eric and Damien , the two pretend to be couple and Ben lectures Eric about making bad choices . Eric promises not to see Damien anymore . Rufus confronts Eric , asking if he bought drugs from Damien and Eric says he bought some pills , but realizes it was stupid and promises to stop . But while he keeps that promise , when Damien calls Eric after Ben warns him away from Serena 's family , Eric agrees to hang out with him . Season 5 ( edit ) Rufus reveals in the season 5 premiere `` Yes , Then Zero '' that Jenny and Eric have moved to London to attend Saint Martins . During the episode `` Memoirs of an Invisible Dan '' , it 's mentioned that in Dan 's semi-autobiographical novel Inside Nate and Eric 's literary counterparts were meshed together . Season 6 ( edit ) Eric returns briefly for the series finale . Reception ( edit ) TV Line 's Michael Ausiello had reported that Connor Paolo had originally been offered to become a series regular for the show 's second season but kindly declined .", "6": "`` I 'm very happy with my position on the show and I have no interest in changing it , '' and that he may not be ready to face the same challenges as his other castmates stating that `` Watching Blake ( Lively ) and Penn ( Badgley ) and the things they have to deal with as ( a full - time cast members ) ... because they are on the posters and they are the face of the show , is not something I 'm totally ready for right now . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Reading , Writing and Raunch : Mean Girls Rule Prep School '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Martell , Alexandra ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Connor Paolo Wants Eric Van Der Woodsen to Go Postal '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Dennis ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Eric 's New and Surprisingly Hot `` Gossip Girl '' Love Interest `` . afterElton.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Dennis ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` Last Night 's Gossip Girl : The Bisexual Mating Dance '' . afterElton.com . Archived from the original on 19 May 2010 .", "7": "( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No.", "8": "1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_van_der_Woodsen&oldid=837401463 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Fictional college students Fictional gay males Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional models Fictional socialites Gossip Girl characters Male characters in literature Male characters in television Teenage characters in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 15 : 59 . 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7264112453286983469	who plays unis in she's the man	[ "Emily Perkins", "Emily Perkins", "Emily Perkins", "Emily Perkins", "Emily Perkins" ]	{ "0": "She 's the Man - wikipedia She 's the Man Jump to : navigation , search She 's the Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Fickman Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Tom Rosenberg Gary Lucchesi Screenplay by Karen McCullah Lutz Kirsten Smith Based on Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Starring Amanda Bynes Channing Tatum Laura Ramsey Emily Perkins Music by Nathan Wang Cinematography Greg Gardiner Edited by Michael Jablow Production company Lakeshore Entertainment The Donners ' Company Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $57.2 million She 's the Man is a 2006 American romantic comedy sports film directed by Andy Fickman and starring Amanda Bynes , Channing Tatum , Laura Ramsey and Emily Perkins . Inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night , it is a remake of the 1985 film Just One of the Guys . The film centers on teenager Viola Hastings who enters her brother 's school in his place , pretending to be a boy , in order to play with the boys ' soccer team after her team gets cut at her school . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Viola Hastings ( Amanda Bynes ) is a teen girl who plays for Cornwall College 's soccer team until the team gets cut . Meanwhile , her twin brother , Sebastian ( James Kirk ) , is supposed to enroll in Illyria , an elite boarding school , but he secretly goes to London with his fledgling band instead . Viola agrees to cover for him and decides to pass herself off as Sebastian , in hopes of joining their boys ' team and beating Cornwall to prove their coach and her cocky ex-boyfriend , Justin ( Robert Hoffman ) , wrong .", "1": "With the help of her stylist friend , Paul ( Jonathan Sadowski ) , she is transformed into `` Sebastian '' and attends Illyria in his place . While moving in , she meets her roommate , Duke Orsino ( Channing Tatum ) , an attractive soccer player and Illyria 's team captain . During tryouts , Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage ( Vinnie Jones ) and is assigned to second string , much to her dismay . Her teammates , including Duke , initially dislike `` Sebastian '' due to his awkward and strange behavior . However , with help from Paul once again , they begin to accept him into their social circle . `` Sebastian '' then gets the popular and pretty Olivia ( Laura Ramsey ) as his lab partner , which frustrates Duke , as he has feelings for her . `` Sebastian '' agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player . Coach Dinklage eventually notices `` Sebastian 's '' effort and improvement , thus promoting him to first string . At the Junior League carnival , where her mother has made her volunteer , Viola works a shift at the kissing booth and shares a kiss with Duke . Duke expresses to `` Sebastian '' that he might move on from Olivia as he is starting to like Viola now . Viola is delighted as she secretly feels the same way . Olivia who now has a crush on `` Sebastian '' , asks Duke out on a date in hopes that it will make `` Sebastian '' jealous . Viola , who is unaware of Olivia 's true intentions , is enraged instead because Duke has now abandoned his interest in Viola . When Viola finds out the truth , she encourages Olivia to tell `` Sebastian '' directly about her feelings . The situation becomes even more complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early , unbeknownst to Viola . As soon as he arrives at Illyria , Olivia confesses her feelings and kisses him . Duke , seeing this , believes his roommate has betrayed him . When `` Sebastian '' returns to their room , the two have an argument and Duke kicks him out . Viola oversleeps and misses the first half of the game , while the real Sebastian is mistaken for `` Sebastian '' and winds up poorly playing his sister 's game instead .", "2": "At half - time , Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places again . Duke , still furious at `` Sebastian '' , refuses to cooperate with him on the field . Determined to makes amends with Duke , `` Sebastian '' explains that he is actually Viola . Illyria wins the game when Viola scores a goal , finally humiliating Justin and the rest of the Cornwall boys . Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall , except for Duke who is hurt about Viola 's deception . Viola introduces Sebastian and Olivia officially , and they begin dating . Viola and Sebastian 's divorced parents also make up , exchanging contact information so as to be better parents towards their children . She invites Duke to her debutante ball , with an invitation delivered by Sebastian , now Duke 's roommate . Still hurt , Duke does n't respond to Viola 's invitation , which devastates her . At the ball , Viola is skeptical that Duke will show up ; she distracts herself by assisting Olivia , who is being escorted by Sebastian to the ball , and is touched when Paul asks to be her date . Her mother shows up with a dress that will suit Viola 's `` no ruffles '' policy , but Viola decides to go for a walk instead . She runs into Duke outside , who tells her that he has feelings for her , but that he does n't want there to be any more deception on her part ; Viola promises to be honest with him . Later , Monique is escorted by Justin , Olivia is escorted by Sebastian , and Viola and Duke enter the stage late , but together , with Viola in her new dress , much to the joy of her mother . Viola and Duke share a kiss before joining the crowd . At the end of the film , Viola and Duke are shown happily playing on Illyria 's soccer team together .", "3": "Cast ( edit ) Amanda Bynes as Viola / Sebastian Hastings Channing Tatum as Duke Orsino Laura Ramsey as Olivia Lennox Emily Perkins as Eunice Bates , Olivia 's nerdy , eccentric friend and Duke 's lab partner James Snyder as Malcolm Festes , the school nerd and Sebastian 's ( Viola 's ) rival Robert Hoffman as Justin Drayton , Viola 's ex-boyfriend and Duke 's rival James Kirk as Sebastian Hastings Alex Breckenridge as Monique Valentine , Sebastian 's superficial girlfriend Brandon Jay McLaren as Toby , one of Duke 's best friends Clifton Murray as Andrew , one of Duke 's best friends Jonathan Sadowski as Paul Antonio , one of Viola 's best friends and hair stylist Amanda Crew as Kia , one of Viola 's best friends Jessica Lucas as Yvonne , one of Viola 's best friends David Cross as Principal Horatio Gold Vinnie Jones as Coach Dinklage Julie Hagerty as Daphne Hastings , the mother of Viola and Sebastian John Pyper - Ferguson as Roger Hastings , the father of Viola and Sebastian Lynda Boyd as Cheryl , the debutante ball 's hostess Robert Torti as Coach Pistonek Mark Acheson as Groundskeeper Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened at # 4 at the North American box office making $10.7 million USD in its opening weekend . Its budget was approximately $20,000,000 . She 's the Man grossed a total of $33.7 million domestically with a total gross of $57.2 million worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave She 's the Man a rating of 43 % , based on 109 reviews . The critical consensus reads , `` Shakespeare 's wit gets lost in translation with She 's the Man 's broad slapstick , predictable jokes , and unconvincing plotline . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , the film has a rating score of 45 out of 100 based on 28 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . See also ( edit ) Hana - Kimi Dil Bole Hadippa !", "4": ", a Bollywood adaptation of the same story . Just One of the Guys References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` She 's the Man ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` She 's the Man Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` She 's the Man Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website She 's the Man on IMDb She 's the Man at Rotten Tomatoes She 's the Man at Metacritic She 's the Man at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Andy Fickman Who 's Your Daddy ?", "5": "( 2002 ) Reefer Madness ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) The Game Plan ( 2007 ) Race to Witch Mountain ( 2009 ) You Again ( 2010 ) Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Finding Dory ( 2017 ) William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 ", "6": "Richard III Henry VIII See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare", "7": "Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 1980 ( TV ) 1986 1988 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) Musical Your Own Thing ( 1968 ) Music Is ( 1976 ) Play On ! ( 1997 ) Illyria ( 2004 ) All Shook Up ( 2004 ) Adaptations Just One of the Guys ( 1985 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Dil Bole Hadippa !", "8": "( 2009 ) Opera Viola ( unfinished ) Story within a story `` Grace '' ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_the_Man&oldid=837683409 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s high school films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sports films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen romance films 2006 in women 's association football American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American sports comedy films American teen comedy films American teen romance films Association football films Cross-dressing in American films DreamWorks Pictures films Feminist films Films about women 's sports Films based on Twelfth Night Films directed by Andy Fickman Films produced by Gary Lucchesi Films produced by Tom Rosenberg Films set in the United States Films shot in Vancouver Lakeshore Entertainment films Teen films based on works by William Shakespeare Teen sports films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 10 : 10 . 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