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4784420206031467202	who wrote he ain't heavy he's my brother lyrics	[ "Bobby Scott", "Bob Russell", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bobby Scott", "Bob Russell" ]	{ "0": "He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother - wikipedia He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by The Hollies . For other uses , see He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother ( disambiguation ) . `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' Single by The Hollies B - side `` ' Cos You Like to Love Me '' Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 25 June and 7 August 1969 Abbey Road Studios Genre Baroque pop soft rock Length 4 : 20 Label Parlophone Epic Songwriter ( s ) Bob Russell and Bobby Scott Producer ( s ) Ron Richards The Hollies singles chronology `` Sorry Suzanne '' ( 1969 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Tell the Bottom From the Top '' ( 1970 ) `` Sorry Suzanne '' ( 1969 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Tell the Bottom From the Top '' ( 1970 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' is a popular music ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell . Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969 , the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and again for Neil Diamond in 1970 . It has been covered by many artists in subsequent years . The Hollies ' and Rufus Wainwright 's versions of the song were featured in the film Zoolander . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the song 2 Origin of the title 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Neil Diamond version 5 Bill Medley version 6 The Justice Collective version 6.1 Background 6.2 Personnel 6.3 Charts 6.3.", "1": "1 Year - end charts 6.4 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Origin of the song ( edit ) Scott and Russell had been introduced to each other by Johnny Mercer , at a California nightclub . Although Russell was dying of lymphoma and the pair met in person only three times , they managed to collaborate on the song . Origin of the title ( edit ) In 1884 , James Wells , Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland , in his book The Parables of Jesus tells the story of a little girl carrying a big baby boy . Seeing her struggling , someone asked if she was n't tired . With surprise she replied , `` No , he 's not heavy ; he 's my brother . '' In a 1918 publication by Ralph Waldo Trine titled The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit , he relates the following anecdote : `` Do you know that incident in connection with the little Scottish girl ? She was trudging along , carrying as best she could a boy younger , but it seemed almost as big as she herself , when one remarked to her how heavy he must be for her to carry , when instantly came the reply : ' He 's na heavy . He 's mi brither . ' '' The first editor of Kiwanis magazine , Roe Fulkerson , published a column in September 1924 carrying the title `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' , the first use of the phrase exactly as it is rendered in the song title . In the 1940s , the words , adapted as `` He ai n't heavy , Father , he 's my brother '' , were taken as a slogan for Boys Town children 's home by founder Father Edward Flanagan . Chart performance ( edit ) The Hollies ' recording , which featured Elton John on piano , was released in the UK on 1 September 1969 and on 1 December 1969 in the US . `` He Ai n't Heavy '' reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 7 in the US . The song , paired with rarity `` Carrie '' , was re-released in late 1988 in the UK following its use in a television advertisement for Miller Lite beer . It reached the No. 1 spot in the UK chart for two weeks in September 1988 .", "2": "Neil Diamond 's version of the song , recorded for his Tap Root Manuscript album , went to No. 20 on the Billboard `` Hot 100 Singles '' chart in late 1970 . The Osmonds covered the song on their 1970 album , Osmonds , as well as on the B - side of their chart - topper `` One Bad Apple ; '' the song is a staple at their concerts . Olivia Newton - John covered the song on her 1975 album `` Clearly Love '' , and it was released as the B - side of the single `` Let It Shine '' / `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' in January 1976 ; the single went to number one on the US Easy Listening ( adult contemporary ) chart and number thirty on the Billboard Hot 100 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 16 Canadian Top Singles 11 Canadian Adult Singles 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Listener ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 54 Canada 68 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Cash Box 58 Neil Diamond version ( edit ) The Neil Diamond version entered at # 68 on the Hot 100 on 7 November 1970 ( UNI Records , 55264 , length 4 : 09 ) . The flip side was `` Free Life '' . The song appears on the Neil Diamond album Tap Root Manuscript , which was released November 1970 . The song was played by KGB - AM radio , San Diego , California , in late 1970 , prior to the then - new Walk for Mankind , in dedication to those who would be walking for donations that day .", "3": "Bill Medley version ( edit ) Bill Medley recorded a version for the soundtrack of the film Rambo III . It was released as a single in the UK and peaked at # 25 , being in the chart the same time as the Hollies ' version in 1988 . The Justice Collective version ( edit ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' Single by The Justice Collective Released 17 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) Format CD single digital download 7 '' single Recorded October -- November 2012 Sleeper Studios , Metropolis Studios , Abbey Road Studios ( London ) Parr Street Studios , Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts ( Liverpool ) Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 33 Label Metropolis ( 5065001566387 ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Russell Bobby Scott Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Richard Flack Music video `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' on YouTube In 2012 , a version of the song was recorded , and was released on 17 December 2012 , by musicians and celebrities going under the name The Justice Collective , including Melanie C , Robbie Williams , Paul Heaton , Paloma Faith , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden , Kenny Dalglish , Alan Hansen , Rebecca Ferguson , Beverley Knight , and two original members of The Hollies , Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks , for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster . The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number one position for 2012 on the UK Singles Chart , beating The X Factor winner James Arthur , who was number one the previous week . Background ( edit ) After the News International phone hacking scandal , members of The Farm along with Pete Wylie and Mick Jones of The Clash performed at an anti-The Sun concert at the Liverpool Olympia in September 2011 . Following this they formed The Justice Tonight Band and toured the United Kingdom and Europe for the next year in order to raise awareness of the Hillsborough Justice Campaign . Initially , the idea was to re-release the 2009 single `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' by The Liverpool Collective featuring The Kop Choir ; however , this idea was rejected by Peter Hooton as only a relatively small number of people would buy it .", "4": "Inspired by Everton 's Hillsborough tribute on 17 September 2012 , the song was played at Goodison Park prior to their match against Newcastle United . It was then decided that a re-recording of this song by various artists including The Justice Tonight Band would be released as the charity single . Keith Mullen of The Farm recruited Guy Chambers to produce the single and with Chambers offering free use of his Sleeper Studios to record the song . On 25 October 2012 , Steve Rotheram , Guy Chambers and Kenny Dalglish announced plans of the single to be recorded by various artists such as Robbie Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , Paloma Faith , Beverley Knight , Melanie Chisholm , Holly Johnson , Mick Jones , Glen Campbell , Peter Hooton , Chris Sharrock , Glenn Tilbrook , Ren Harvieu , Dave McCabe , Paul Heaton , Hollie Cook , Jon McClure , John Power , Gerry Marsden , and two original members of The Hollies , Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks .", "5": "Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists Andy Brown ( Lawson ) Gerry Marsden ( Gerry and the Pacemakers ) Paul Heaton ( The Beautiful South ) Glenn Tilbrook ( Squeeze ) John Power ( Cast , The La 's ) Robbie Williams ( Take That ) Melanie C ( Spice Girls ) Rebecca Ferguson Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paloma Faith Beverley Knight Eliza Doolittle Dave McCabe ( The Zutons ) Peter Hooton ( The Farm ) Ren Harvieu Jon McClure ( Reverend and The Makers ) Paul McCartney ( The Beatles ) Shane MacGowan ( The Pogues ) Bobby Elliott ( The Hollies ) Tony Hicks ( The Hollies ) Hollie Cook ( The Slits ) LIPA Gospel Choir Clay Crosse Alan Hansen Peter Reid John Bishop Kenny Dalglish Neil Fitzmaurice Musicians Chris Sharrock ( Beady Eye ) -- drums David Catlin - Birch ( World Party ) -- bass Paul McCartney -- lead guitar Mick Jones ( The Clash ) -- electric guitar Andrew `` Davo '' Davitt -- acoustic guitar Guy Chambers -- piano Elton John -- piano Will Pound -- harmonica Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra -- strings Richard Blake -- trumpet / flugelhorn Matthew Lewis -- trombone / euphonium Meredith Moore -- French horn Will Roberts -- tuba Production Guy Chambers -- producer Richard Flack -- producer , engineer Oliver Som -- engineer Liam Nolan -- engineer Chris Taylor -- engineer Jon Withnall -- engineer Tony Draper -- engineer Alec Brits -- engineer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 17 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( Airplay Chart ) 33 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Rank UK Singles Chart 49 Other versions ( edit ) Another version by an unknown vocalist was used in the early 1990s by the New Zealand Police in a televised public service announcement .", "6": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Hollies -- Epic Anthology : From the Original Master Tapes Epic Records EGK 46161 liner notes Jump up ^ Epic Records 5 - 10532 45 RPM Jump up ^ The parables of Jesus . Books.google.com. 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Trine , Ralph Waldo ( 1918 ) . The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` ZipUSA : Boystown , Nebraska @ National Geographic Magazine '' . Ngm.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles and Album Charts '' . EveryHit.com. 16 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/all-the-number-ones-singles-list/_/1988/ Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Hollies -- He Ai n't Heavy - He 's My Brother '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 13 ( 5 ) . 21 March 1970 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Adult '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 12 ( 26 ) . 14 February 1970 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Hollies , The Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Hollies -- He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 19 December 1969 Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Hollies -- He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Hollies , The -- He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 21 , 1970 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 ^ Jump up to : `` I Am ... I Said , A Fan of Neil Diamond '' . Iaisnd.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond -- He Ai n't Heavy ... He 's My Brother ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney guests on Hillsborough charity single with Robbie Williams '' . Guardian UK . London . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough single is Christmas number one '' . Daily Telegraph UK . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Keith Mullin Players Interviews '' . Blue Kipper. 8 December 2012 .", "8": "Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gritt , Emma ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` The Justice Collective secure Christmas number one slot , outselling X Factor winner James Arthur by 45,000 copies '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listen To ... ... & Order ' He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother ' By The Justice Collective great red north ( LiverpoolFC.ca ) '' . Greatrednorth.wordpress.com. 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Justice Collective -- He Aint Heavy , He 's My Brother '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Promusicae ( Week : December 26 , 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC Online . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 .", "9": "Jump up ^ YouTube - NZ police commercial circa 1991 - ' He ai n't heavy , he 's my brother ' Jump up ^ NZ Police Commercial 1990s ( He ai n't heavy ... ) External links ( edit ) Preceded by `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' by Phil Collins UK Singles Chart number - one single ( The Hollies version ) 18 September 1988 -- 24 September 1988 Succeeded by `` Desire '' by U2 Preceded by `` Impossible '' by James Arthur UK Singles Chart number - one single ( The Justice Collective version ) 23 December 2012 -- 29 December 2012 Succeeded by `` Impossible '' by James Arthur The Hollies Graham Nash Allan Clarke Eric Haydock Bernie Calvert Terry Sylvester Bobby Elliott Tony Hicks Mikael Rickfors Peter Howarth Carl Wayne Ian Parker ( hide ) The Hollies album discography Studio albums Stay with The Hollies In The Hollies Style Hollies Would You Believe ? For Certain Because Evolution Butterfly Hollies Sing Dylan Hollies Sing Hollies Confessions of the Mind Distant Light Romany Hollies Another Night Write On Russian Roulette A Crazy Steal Five Three One - Double Seven O Four Buddy Holly What Goes Around Staying Power Then Now Always US albums Here I Go Again Hear ! Here ! Beat Group ! Bus Stop Stop ! Stop ! Stop !", "10": "Evolution Dear Eloise / King Midas In Reverse Words and Music By Bob Dylan He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother Moving Finger Clarke , Hicks , Sylvester , Calvert , Elliott Extended plays The Hollies Just One Look Here I Go Again We 're Through In the Hollies Style I 'm Alive I Ca n't Let Go Live albums Hollies Live Compilations The Hollies ' Greatest Hits ( US ) Hollies ' Greatest ( UK ) Hollies ' Greatest Hits ( GER ) Hollies ' Greatest Volume 2 ( UK ) The Hollies ' Greatest Hits ( US ) The Very Best of the Hollies ( US ) The History of the Hollies ( UK ) 20 Golden Greats ( UK ) The Best of the Hollies E.P. 's ( UK ) The Other Side of the Hollies ( UK ) Hollies ' Greatest ( US version ) ( US ) All the Hits and More -- The Definitive Collection ( UK ) Rarities ( UK ) The Air That I Breathe -- The Very Best of the Hollies ( UK ) 30th Anniversary Collection 1963 - 1993 The Hollies at Abbey Road 1963 to 1966 The Hollies at Abbey Road 1966 to 1970 The Hollies at Abbey Road 1973 to 1989 Greatest Hits ( UK ) A 's B 's & EP 's On a Carousel 1963 - 1974 : The Ultimate Hollies Midas Touch : The Very Best of The Hollies Box Sets The Long Road Home - The 40th Anniversary Collection At Abbey Road 1963 - 1989 Clarke ,", "11": "Hicks & Nash Years : The Complete Hollies April 1963 -- October 1968 The Hollies singles discography UK and US ( All Labels ) 1963 `` Stay '' / `` Now 's the Time '' 1964 `` Just One Look '' / `` Keep Off That Friend of Mine '' `` Here I Go Again '' / `` Baby That 's All '' ( UK ) - `` Lucille '' ( US ) `` We 're Through '' / `` Come On Back '' 1965 `` Yes I Will '' / `` Nobody '' `` I 'm Alive '' / `` You Know He Did '' `` Look Through Any Window '' / `` So Lonely '' 1966 `` I Ca n't Let Go '' / `` Running Through the Night ( UK ) - `` I 've Got a Way of my Own '' ( US ) `` Bus Stop '' / `` Do n't Run and Hide '' `` After the Fox ( with Peter Sellers ) '' / `` The Fox Trot ( Gold , Gold , Who 's Got the Gold ) '' ( Burt Bacharach ) `` Stop Stop Stop '' / `` It 's You '' 1967 `` On a Carousel '' / `` All the World Is Love '' `` Carrie Anne '' / `` Signs That Will Never Change '' `` King Midas in Reverse '' / `` Everything Is Sunshine '' ( UK ) - `` Water on the Brain '' ( US ) 1968 `` Jennifer Eccles '' / `` Open Up Your Eyes '' ( UK ) - `` Try It '' ( US ) `` Listen to Me '' / `` Do the Best You Can '' ( UK ) - `` Everything is Sunshine '' ( US ) 1969 `` Sorry Suzanne '' / `` Not That Way At All '' `` He Ai n't Heavy ,", "12": "He 's My Brother '' / `` Cos You Like to Love Me '' 1970 `` I Ca n't Tell the Bottom from the Top '' / `` Mad Professor Blyth '' `` Gasoline Alley Bred '' / `` Dandelion Wine '' 1971 `` Hey Willy '' / `` Row the Boat Together '' 1972 `` The Baby '' / `` Oh Granny '' `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' / `` Cable Car '' ( UK ) - `` Look What We 've Got '' ( US ) `` Magic Woman Touch '' / `` Indian Girl '' ( UK ) - `` Blue in the Morning '' ( US ) 1973 `` The Day That Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee '' / `` Born a Man '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' / `` No More Riders '' `` I 'm Down '' / `` Hello Lady Goodbye '' ( UK ) - `` Look Out Johnny ( There 's a Monkey on Your Back ) '' ( US - 1975 ) `` Sandy ( 4th July , Asbury Park ) '' / `` Second Hand Hang - Ups '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' / `` Musical Pictures '' UK only ( Parlophone ) ( Polydor ) ( EMI ) 1963 `` ( Ai n't That ) Just Like Me '' / `` Hey What 's Wrong With Me '' `` Searchin ' '' / `` Whole World Over '' 1965 `` If I Needed Someone '' / `` I 've Got a Way of My Own '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' / `` Layin ' to the Music '' 1976 `` Boulder to Birmingham '' / `` Crocodile Woman ( She Bites ) '' `` Star '' / `` Love is the Thing '' `` Daddy Do n't Mind '' / `` C'Mon '' `` Wiggle That Whotsit '' / `` Corrine '' 1977 `` Hello to Romance '' / `` 48 Hour Parole '' `` Amnesty '' / `` Crossfire '' 1979 `` Something to Live For '' / `` Song of the Sun ''", "13": "1980 `` Soldier 's Song '' / `` Draggin ' My Heels '' `` Heartbeat '' / `` Take Your Time ( new version ) '' 1981 `` Holliedaze ( A Medley ) '' / `` Holliepops ( A Medley ) '' `` Take My Love and Run '' / `` Driver '' 1985 `` Too Many Hearts Get Broken '' / `` You 're All Woman '' `` This Is It '' / `` You Gave Me Strength '' `` Reunion of the Heart '' / `` Too Many Hearts Get Broken '' 1989 `` Find Me a Family '' / `` No Rules '' 1993 `` The Woman I Love '' / `` Purple Rain ( Live Version ) '' 2005 `` Hope '' / `` Shine On Me '' US only ( Imperial ) ( Epic ) ( Atlantic ) 1967 `` Pay You Back With Interest '' / `` Whatcha Gonna Do ' Bout It '' `` Just One Look '' / `` Running Through the Night '' `` Dear Eloise '' / `` When Your Light 's Turned On '' `` If I Needed Someone '' / `` Yes I Will '' 1968 `` Do the Best You Can '' / `` Elevated Observations '' 1971 `` Survival of the Fittest '' / `` Man Without a Heart '' 1972 `` Long Dark Road '' / `` Indian Girl '' 1973 `` Jesus Was a Crossmaker '' / `` I Had a Dream '' `` Slow Down '' / `` Wo n't We Feel Good '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` Layin ' to the Music '' `` Another Night '' / `` Time Machine Jive '' 1976 `` Write On '' / `` Crocodile Woman ( She Bites ) '' 1977 `` Draggin ' My Heels '' / `` I Wo n't Move Over '' 1978 `` Writing on the Wall", "14": "'' / `` Burn Out '' `` If the Lights Go Out '' / `` Someone Else 's Eyes '' `` Casualty '' / `` Someone Else 's Eyes '' Italy only ( Parlophon ) 1967 `` Non Prego Per Me '' / `` Devi Avere Fiducia in Me '' `` Kill Me Quick '' / `` We 're Alive '' See also Discography Band members Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am . I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry ,", "15": "Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think . Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Paul Heaton Albums Fat Chance The Cross Eyed Rambler Acid Country What Have We Become ? Wisdom , Laughter and Lines Crooked Calypso Related The Housemartins The Beautiful South Robbie Williams singles Life thru a Lens `` Old Before I Die '' `` Lazy Days '' `` South of the Border '' `` Angels '' `` Let Me Entertain You '' I 've Been Expecting You `` Millennium '' `` No Regrets '' `` Strong '' `` She 's the One '' / `` It 's Only Us '' `` Win Some Lose Some '' Sing When You 're Winning `` Rock DJ '' `` Kids '' `` Supreme '' `` Let Love Be Your Energy '' `` Eternity '' / `` The Road to Mandalay '' `` Better Man '' Swing When You 're Winning `` Somethin ' Stupid '' `` Mr.", "16": "Bojangles / I Will Talk and Hollywood Will Listen '' Escapology `` Feel '' `` Come Undone '' `` Something Beautiful '' `` Sexed Up '' Greatest Hits `` Radio '' `` Misunderstood '' Intensive Care `` Tripping '' `` Make Me Pure '' `` Advertising Space '' `` Sin Sin Sin '' Rudebox `` Rudebox '' `` Lovelight '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Bongo Bong and Je ne t'aime plus '' Reality Killed the Video Star `` Bodies '' `` You Know Me '' `` Morning Sun '' In and Out of Consciousness `` Shame '' Take the Crown `` Candy '' `` Different '' `` Be a Boy '' Swings Both Ways `` Go Gentle '' `` Dream a Little Dream '' `` Shine My Shoes '' The Heavy Entertainment Show `` Party Like a Russian '' `` Love My Life '' `` Mixed Signals '' Other non-album singles `` Freedom '' `` United '' `` Close My Eyes '' Featured singles `` My Culture '' `` Goin ' Crazy '' `` The Days '' Melanie C singles Discography Northern Star `` Goin ' Down '' `` Northern Star '' `` Never Be the Same Again '' `` I Turn to You '' `` If That Were Me '' Reason `` Here It Comes Again '' `` On the Horizon '' `` Melt '' `` Yeh Yeh Yeh '' Beautiful Intentions `` Next Best Superstar '' `` Better Alone '' `` First Day of My Life '' This Time `` The Moment You Believe '' `` I Want Candy '' `` Carolyna '' `` This Time '' `` Understand '' The Sea `` Rock Me '' `` Think About It '' `` Weak '' `` Let There Be Love '' Stages `` I Know Him So Well '' Version of Me `` Anymore '' Featured singles `` When You 're Gone '' `` He Ai n't Heavy ,", "17": "He 's My Brother '' `` Let 's Groove '' Other songs `` Follow Me `` Let 's Love '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Numb '' Rebecca Ferguson Discography Studio albums Heaven Freedom Lady Sings the Blues Superwoman Singles `` Nothing 's Real but Love '' `` Too Good to Lose '' `` Glitter & Gold '' `` Backtrack '' `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' `` Teach Me How to Be Loved '' `` I Hope '' `` Light On '' `` All That I 've Got '' `` Bones '' Beverley Knight Studio albums The B - Funk Prodigal Sista Who I Am Affirmation Music City Soul 100 % Soul UK Soulsville Compilation albums Voice -- The Best of Beverley Knight The Collection 100 % -- The Remixes Soul UK -- The Remixes The Collection 1995 -- 2007 Extended plays Love Soul : Soul UK Live EP Singles `` Flavour of the Old School '' `` Down for the One '' `` Moving On Up ( on the Right Side ) '' `` Mutual Feeling '' `` Cast All Your Cares '' `` Made It Back '' `` Rewind ( Find a Way ) '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Sista Sista '' `` Get Up ! ''", "18": "`` Shoulda Woulda Coulda '' `` Gold '' `` Shape Of You ( Reshaped ) '' `` Come As You Are '' `` Not Too Late for Love '' `` Keep This Fire Burning '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` After You '' `` The Queen of Starting Over '' `` Every Step '' `` Beautiful Night '' `` In Your Shoes '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Mama Used to Say '' `` Cuddly Toy '' `` One More Try '' `` Round and Around '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Middle of Love '' `` Private Number '' `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' Studio albums with Leading Ladies Songs from the Stage Singles with Leading Ladies One Night Only I 'm Every Woman / Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Related articles Discography Who I Am Tour Affirmation Tour Voice - The Best of Tour Ultimate Tour 2006 Music City Soul Tour 100 % Tour Soul UK Tour Soulsville Tour I Love Soulsville Tour Paloma Faith Discography Studio albums Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful ? Fall to Grace A Perfect Contradiction The Architect Singles `` Stone Cold Sober '' `` New York '' `` Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful ? '' `` Upside Down '' `` Smoke & Mirrors '' `` Picking Up the Pieces '' `` 30 Minute Love Affair '' `` Never Tear Us Apart '' `` Just Be '' `` Ca n't Rely on You '' `` Only Love Can Hurt Like This '' `` Trouble with My Baby '' `` Ready for the Good Life '' `` Crybaby '' Featured singles `` Keep Moving '' `` Hard Times '' `` He Ai n't Heavy ,", "19": "He 's My Brother '' `` Changing '' Concert tours Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour Paloma Faith Autumn Tour 2014 Eliza Doolittle Studio albums Eliza Doolittle ( 2010 ) In Your Hands ( 2013 ) Extended plays Eliza Doolittle ( 2009 ) Singles `` Skinny Genes `` Pack Up '' `` Rollerblades '' `` Mr Medicine '' `` Big When I Was Little '' `` Let It Rain '' Featured singles `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` You & Me '' Concert tours Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour ( Supporting ) Related articles Paloma Faith Lloyd Wade Bashy Parlophone Paul McCartney singles discography 1970s 1971 `` Another Day '' / `` Oh Woman , Oh Why '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' / `` Too Many People '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` The Back Seat of My Car '' / `` Heart of the Country '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Eat at Home '' / `` Smile Away '' ( with Linda McCartney ) 1979 `` Wonderful Christmastime '' 1980s 1980 `` Coming Up '' `` Waterfalls '' `` Temporary Secretary '' 1982 `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( with Stevie Wonder ) `` Take It Away '' `` Tug of War '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Say Say Say '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Pipes of Peace '' 1984 `` No More Lonely Nights '' `` We All Stand Together '' 1985 `` Spies Like Us '' 1986 `` Press '' `` Pretty Little Head '' `` Stranglehold '' `` Only Love Remains '' `` Once Upon a Long Ago '' 1989 `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' `` My Brave Face '' / `` Flying to My Home '' `` This One '' `` Où est le Soleil ? ''", "20": "`` Figure of Eight '' `` Distractions '' ( promo ) 1990s `` Put It There '' / `` Mama 's Little Girl '' `` Birthday '' ( live ) / `` Good Day Sunshine '' ( live ) `` All My Trials '' ( live ) / `` C Moon '' ( live ) `` We Got Married '' ( promo ) 1991 `` The World You 're Coming Into '' / `` Tres Conejos '' `` Save the Child '' / `` The Drinking Song '' `` Hope of Deliverance '' 1993 `` C'Mon People '' `` Off the Ground '' `` Biker Like an Icon '' / `` Things We Said Today '' `` Transpiritual Stomp '' ( The Fireman ) 1995 `` A Leaf '' ( with Anya Alexeyev ) `` Come Together '' ( The Smokin ' Mojo Filters ) `` Young Boy '' `` The World Tonight '' `` Beautiful Night '' 1998 Rushes ( The Fireman ) 1999 Fluid ( Nitin Sawhney Remixes ) ( The Fireman ) `` No Other Baby '' / `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' `` Vo ! ce '' ( with Heather Mills ) `` Run Devil Run '' ( promo ) 2000s 2000 `` Free Now '' ( promo ) `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` Freedom '' / `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` I 'm Partial to Your Abracadabra '' ( promo ) 2002 `` Your Loving Flame '' ( promo ) `` Lonely Road '' ( promo ) `` Hello Goodbye '' ( promo ) `` Tropic Island Hum '' / `` We All Stand Together '' 2005 `` Sgt .", "21": "Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( with U2 ) `` Fine Line '' `` Jenny Wren '' `` Really Love You '' ( Twin Freaks ) 2006 `` This Never Happened Before '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Dance Tonight '' / `` Nod Your Head '' `` Ever Present Past '' 2008 `` Heal the Pain '' ( with George Michael ) `` Sing the Changes '' ( The Fireman ) 2009 `` Dance Til We 're High '' ( The Fireman ) `` My Soul '' ( with Nitin Sawhney ) `` Meat Free Monday '' `` Walk with You '' ( with Ringo Starr ) 2010s `` ( I Want to ) Come Home '' 2011 `` My Valentine '' 2012 `` Only Our Hearts '' Christmas Kisses : `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' / `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective ) `` Get Yourself Another Fool '' ( promo ) 2013 `` Out of Sight '' ( The Bloody Beetroots feat . McCartney & Youth ) `` New '' `` Queenie Eye '' 2014 `` Save Us '' `` Appreciate '' `` Early Days '' `` Hope for the Future '' `` Only One '' ( with Kanye West ) 2015 `` FourFiveSeconds '' ( with Rihanna & Kanye West ) `` All Day '' ( with Kanye West ) Book UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2010s `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) `` Rockabye '' ( Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie , 2016 ) `` Perfect '' ( Ed Sheeran ,", "22": "2017 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2010s `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_Ain%27t_Heavy,", "23": "_He%27s_My_Brother&oldid=838062734 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1969 songs 1969 singles 1970 singles 1988 singles 2012 singles Songs with lyrics by Bob Russell ( songwriter ) Songs written by Bobby Scott ( musician ) The Hollies songs Neil Diamond songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Parlophone singles Epic Records singles All - star recordings Charity singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UKindie Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 55 . 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2308037668603022608	what determines the number of senate seats held by each state	[ "Article One of the United States Constitution", "Article One of the United States Constitution" ]	{ "0": "United States Senate - wikipedia United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search For current members of the Senate , see Current members of the United States Senate . United States Senate 115th United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Senate Flag of the U.S. Senate Type Type Upper house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership President of the Senate Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 President pro tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2017 Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Since January 3 , 2015 Structure Seats 100 Political groups Majority ( 51 ) Republican ( 51 ) Minority ( 49 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independents ( 2 ) caucusing with the Democrats Length of term 6 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states . Last election November 8 , 2016 ( 34 seats ) Next election November 6 , 2018 ( 33 seats ) Meeting place Senate chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website senate.gov Constitution United States Constitution The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which along with the United States House of Representatives -- the lower chamber -- composes the legislature of the United States . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of its population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators .", "1": "From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C. As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere . The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate . In the Vice President 's absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the party holding a majority of seats , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership 2.1 Qualifications 2.2 Elections and term 2.2. 1 Term 2.2. 2 Elections 2.2. 3 Mid-term vacancies 2.3 Oath 2.4 Salary and benefits 2.5 Seniority 2.6 Expulsion and other disciplinary actions 3 Majority and minority parties 3.1 Seating 4 Officers 4.1 Presiding over the Senate 4.2 Party leaders 4.3 Non-member officers 5 Procedure 5.1 Daily sessions 5.1. 1 Debate 5.1. 2 Filibuster and cloture 5.1.", "2": "3 Voting 5.1. 4 Closed session 5.2 Calendars 5.3 Committees 6 Functions 6.1 Legislation 6.2 Checks and balances 7 Current composition and election results 7.1 Current party standings 7.2 115th Congress 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Official Senate histories 12 External links History Main article : History of the United States Senate The writers of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state , since it was sovereign , should be equally represented , and those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people , as the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom . This idea of having one chamber represent people equally , while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population , was known as the Connecticut Compromise . There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other . One was intended to be a `` People 's House '' directly elected by the people , and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents . The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government . The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally . The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation . First convened in 1789 , the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate . The name is derived from the senatus , Latin for council of elders ( from senex meaning old man in Latin ) . James Madison made the following comment about the Senate : In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority .", "3": "The senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , the people ought to have permanency and stability . The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state 's consent . The District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation allowed to vote in either House of the Congress . The District of Columbia elects two `` shadow U.S. Senators '' , but they are officials of the D.C. City Government and not members of the U.S. Senate . The United States has had 50 states since 1959 , thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959 . Historical graph of party control of the U.S. Senate and House as well as the presidency The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise , which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives , for a total minimum of three presidential Electors , regardless of population . In 1787 , Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island , whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming , based on the 1790 and 2000 censuses . This means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states . Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state , reducing the disparity of representation . Before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures . Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators , intrastate political struggles , and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators .", "4": "Membership Qualifications This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Article I , Section 3 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for senators : ( 1 ) they must be at least 30 years old ; ( 2 ) they must have been citizens of the United States for the past 9 years or longer ; and ( 3 ) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election . The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives . In Federalist No. 62 , James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the `` senatorial trust '' called for a `` greater extent of information and stability of character . '' The Senate ( not the judiciary ) is the sole judge of a senator 's qualifications . During its early years , however , the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members . As a result , three senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate : Henry Clay ( aged 29 in 1806 ) , Armistead Thomson Mason ( aged 28 in 1816 ) , and John Eaton ( aged 28 in 1818 ) . Such an occurrence , however , has not been repeated since . In 1934 , Rush D. Holt Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29 ; he waited until he turned 30 ( on the next June 19 ) to take the oath of office .", "5": "In November 1972 , Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29 , but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing - in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973 . The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution disqualifies from the Senate any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States . This provision , which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War , was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving . That Amendment , however , also provides a method to remove that disqualification : a two - thirds vote of both chambers of Congress . Elections and Term Originally , senators were selected by the state legislatures , not by popular elections . By the early years of the 20th century , the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums . Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment . Term Senators serve terms of six years each ; the terms are staggered so that approximately one - third of the seats are up for election every two years . This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds ( called classes ) , where the terms of one - third expired after two years , the terms of another third expired after four , and the terms of the last third expired after six years . This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union . The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election , except when a mid-term vacancy is being filled . Current senators whose six - year terms are set to expire on January 3 , 2019 , belong to Class I . The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene -- Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 originally set that date for the third day of December . The Twentieth Amendment , however , changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day . The Twentieth Amendment also states that Congress shall assemble at least once in every year and allows Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires .", "6": "Article 1 , Section 3 provides that the President has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion . A member who has been elected , but not yet seated , is called a `` senator - elect '' ; a member who has been appointed to a seat , but not yet seated , is called a `` senator - designate '' . Elections Further information : List of United States Senate elections Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even - numbered years , Election Day , and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives . Senators are elected by their state as a whole . In most states ( since 1970 ) , a primary election is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties , with the general election following a few months later . Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates vary from state to state . The winner is often the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote . In some states , runoffs are held if no candidate wins a majority . Mid-term vacancies The Seventeenth Amendment requires that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election . Whenever a Senator must be appointed or elected , the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state 's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator . If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state 's other seat , each seat is contested separately . A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six - year term expires ( i.e. not for a full term ) . The Seventeenth Amendment also allows state legislatures to give their governors the power `` to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct '' . The temporary appointee may run in the special election in their own right . This article or section appears to contradict itself on First forty - five states are mentioned . Then , `` thirty - seven of these states '' plus `` the other nine states '' are mentioned , which makes a total of forty - six states , not forty - five . Please see the talk page for more information . ( February 2017 ) As of 2015 , forty - five states permit their governors to make such appointments .", "7": "In thirty - seven of these states , the special election to permanently fill the U.S. Senate seat is customarily held at the next biennial congressional election . The other nine states require that special elections be held outside of the normal two - year election cycle in some or all circumstances . In four states ( Arizona , Hawaii , Utah , and Wyoming ) the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent . Oregon , Wisconsin and Oklahoma require special elections for vacancies with no interim appointment . In September 2009 , Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late Senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010 . In 2004 , Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day , but that conflicted with each other . The effect of the ballot - approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator . Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature -- not the people or the state generally -- it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature 's statute granting that authority . As a result , it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy .", "8": "Oath This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution . Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials ( except the President ) , including senators : I , ___ ___ , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . Salary and benefits The annual salary of each senator , since 2009 , is $174,000 ; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400 . In June 2003 , at least 40 of the then - senators were millionaires . Along with earning salaries , senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees , and are fully vested after five years of service .", "9": "Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) or Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . As it is for federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants ' contributions . Under FERS , senators contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . The amount of a senator 's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest 3 years of their salary . The starting amount of a senator 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them , and because they serve for longer terms , usually represent larger constituencies ( the exception being House at - large districts , which similarly cover entire states ) , sit on more committees , and have more staffers . Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives . Furthermore , three senators ( Warren Harding , John F. Kennedy , and Barack Obama ) have been elected president while serving in the Senate , while only one Representative ( James Garfield ) has been elected president while serving in the House , though Garfield was also a Senator - designate at the time of his election to the Presidency , having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy . Seniority Main article : Seniority in the United States Senate According to the convention of Senate seniority , the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the `` senior senator '' ; the other is the `` junior senator '' . This convention does not have official significance , though seniority generally is a factor in the selection of physical offices . In the 115th Congress , the most - senior `` junior senator '' is Maria Cantwell of Washington , who was sworn in on January 3 , 2001 and is currently 21st in seniority , behind Patty Murray who was sworn in on January 3 , 1993 and is currently 9th in seniority .", "10": "The most - junior `` senior senator '' is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana , who was sworn in January 3 , 2015 , and is currently 81st in seniority , ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3 , 2017 and is currently 98th in seniority . Expulsion and other disciplinary actions The Senate may expel a senator by a two - thirds vote . Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate 's history : William Blount , for treason , in 1797 , and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the Confederate secession . Although no senator has been expelled since 1862 , many senators have chosen to resign when faced with expulsion proceedings -- for example , Bob Packwood in 1995 . The Senate has also censured and condemned senators ; censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office . Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion , such as Robert Torricelli in 2002 . Majority and minority parties The `` Majority party '' is the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats ; if two or more parties are tied , the vice president 's affiliation determines which party is the majority party . The next - largest party is known as the minority party . The president pro tempore , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Independents and members of third parties ( so long as they do not caucus with or support either of the larger parties ) are not considered in determining which is the majority party . Seating A typical Senate desk At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides . The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials . One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle . The Democratic Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer 's right , and the Republican Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer 's left , regardless of which party has a majority of seats .", "11": "In this respect , the Senate differs from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and other parliamentary bodies in the Commonwealth of Nations and elsewhere . Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party . By custom , the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle . Forty - eight of the desks date back to 1819 , when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812 Burning of Washington . Further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the Union . It is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes their name on the inside of the desk 's drawer . Officers The Senate side of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. Except for the President of the Senate , the Senate elects its own officers , who maintain order and decorum , manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate , and interpret the Senate 's rules , practices and precedents . Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day - to - day functions of the Senate . Presiding over the Senate Under the Constitution , the Vice President serves as President of the Senate . He or she may vote in the Senate ( ex officio , for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate ) in the case of a tie , but is not required to . For much of the nation 's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the Vice President 's principal duties ( the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for President and Vice President and to open the certificates `` in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , '' so that the total votes could be counted ) . Since the 1950s , Vice Presidents have presided over few Senate debates . Instead , they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions , such as swearing in new senators , joint sessions , or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination , or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated . The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore ( Latin for `` president for a time '' ) who presides over the chamber in the vice president 's absence , and is , by custom , the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service .", "12": "Like the vice president , the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate , but typically delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority - party senator who presides over the Senate , usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis . Frequently , freshmen senators ( newly elected members ) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body . It is said that , `` in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for the Senate 's parliamentarian , who whispers what they should do '' . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber . The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the Speaker of the House . The presiding officer calls on senators to speak ( by the rules of the Senate , the first senator who rises is recognized ) ; ruling on points of order ( objections by senators that a rule has been breached , subject to appeal to the whole chamber ) ; and announcing the results of votes . Party leaders Each party elects Senate party leaders . Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen . The Senate Majority Leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes . Each party elects an assistant leader ( whip ) who works to ensure that his party 's senators vote as the party leadership desires . Non-member officers In addition to the Vice President , the Senate has several officers who are not members . The Senate 's chief administrative officer is the Secretary of the Senate , who maintains public records , disburses salaries , monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies , and oversees clerks . The Assistant Secretary of the Senate aids the secretary 's work . Another official is the Sergeant at Arms who , as the Senate 's chief law enforcement officer , maintains order and security on the Senate premises . The Capitol Police handle routine police work , with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight . Other employees include the Chaplain , who is elected by the Senate , and Pages , who are appointed . Procedure Daily sessions The Senate uses Standing Rules for operation . Like the House of Representatives , the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides .", "13": "The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials . Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays . Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television , usually by C - SPAN 2 . Senate procedure depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs and traditions . The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent . Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders . A senator may block such an agreement , but in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate , and may warn members who deviate from them . The presiding officer sometimes uses the gavel of the Senate to maintain order . A `` hold '' is placed when the leader 's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure . A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by a senator at any time . A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill , to negotiate changes to the bill , or to kill the bill . A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration . Holds can be overcome , but require time - consuming procedures such as filing cloture . Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the Leader , and are sometimes referred to as `` secret holds '' . A senator may disclose that he or she has placed a hold . The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the Senate , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . A senator may request a quorum call by `` suggesting the absence of a quorum '' ; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present . In practice , senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the presence of a quorum . Instead , quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings ; usually such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate . Once the need for a delay has ended , a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call .", "14": "Debate Debate , like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate , is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate . During debate , senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer , but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak . Thus , the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate . Customarily , the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , who is addressed as `` Mr. President '' or `` Madam President '' , and not to another member ; other Members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , senators do not refer to each other by name , but by state or position , using forms such as `` the senior senator from Virginia '' , `` the gentleman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee '' . Senators address the Senate standing next to their desk . Apart from rules governing civility , there are few restrictions on the content of speeches ; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate . The rules of the Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day . A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment ; hence , it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day . The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules ; thus , in most cases , senators may speak for as long as they please . Often , the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits . In other cases ( for example , for the budget process ) , limits are imposed by statute . However , the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved . Within the United States , the Senate is sometimes referred to as `` world 's greatest deliberative body '' . Filibuster and cloture Main articles : Filibuster in the United States Senate and Reconciliation ( United States Congress ) The filibuster is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely . A filibuster may entail long speeches , dilatory motions , and an extensive series of proposed amendments . The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture .", "15": "In most cases , cloture requires the support of three - fifths of the Senate ; however , if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body -- this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster -- a two - thirds majority is required . In current practice , the threat of filibuster is more important than its use ; almost any motion that does not have the support of three - fifths of the Senate effectively fails . This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen . Historically , cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority , so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster . However , motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years . If the Senate invokes cloture , debate does not end immediately ; instead , it is limited to 2 additional hours unless increased by another three - fifths vote . The longest filibuster speech in the Senate 's history was delivered by Strom Thurmond , who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Under certain circumstances , the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for a process called `` reconciliation '' by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster . This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours . Voting When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . The Senate often votes by voice vote . The presiding officer puts the question , and Members respond either `` Yea / Aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` Nay '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A senator , however , may challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and request a recorded vote . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the senators present . In practice , however , senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . When a recorded vote is held , the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order ; senators respond when their name is called . Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open .", "16": "The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer , but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes . A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries . If the vote is tied , the vice president , if present , is entitled to cast a tie - breaking vote . If the vice president is not present , the motion fails . Filibustered bills require a three - fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote ( which usually means 60 votes ) and get to the normal vote where a simple majority ( usually 51 votes ) approves the bill . This has caused some news media to confuse the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill , with for example USA Today erroneously stating `` The vote was 58 - 39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws . That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure '' . Closed session Main article : Closed sessions of the United States Senate On occasion , the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session . During a closed session , the chamber doors are closed , cameras are turned off , and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy , not instructed in the rules of the closed session , or not essential to the session . Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security , private communications from the president , or deliberations during impeachment trials . A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member , but an agreement usually occurs beforehand . If the Senate does not approve release of a secret transcript , the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the national archives . The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy . In 1973 the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session . Calendars The Senate maintains a Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar . The former identifies bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions . The latter identifies executive resolutions , treaties , and nominations reported out by Senate committee ( s ) and awaiting Senate floor action . Both are updated each day the Senate is in session .", "17": "Committees Main article : United States congressional committee Committee Room 226 in the Dirksen Senate Office Building is used for hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee . The Senate uses committees ( and their subcommittees ) for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . Formally , the whole Senate appoints committee members . In practice , however , the choice of members is made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual senators , giving priority based on seniority . Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength . Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as finance or foreign relations . Each standing committee may consider , amend , and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Furthermore , each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction . ( For instance , the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships , and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State . ) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The Senate also has several committees that are not considered standing committees . Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees ; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging . Legislation is referred to some of these committees , although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees . Committees may be established on an ad hoc basis for specific purposes ; for instance , the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal . Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks . The Congress includes joint committees , which include members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair ( usually a member of the majority party ) .", "18": "Formerly , committee chairs were determined purely by seniority ; as a result , several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even senility . Committee chairs are elected , but , in practice , seniority is rarely bypassed . The chairs hold extensive powers : they control the committee 's agenda , and so decide how much , if any , time to devote to the consideration of a bill ; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president ; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports . This last role was particularly important in mid-century , when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial . They also have considerable influence : senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not . The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century , largely in the 1970s . Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it , than they were before reform . The second - highest member , the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party , is known in most cases as the ranking member . In the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee on Ethics , however , the senior minority member is known as the vice chair . Recent criticisms of the Senate 's operations object to what the critics argue is obsolescence as a result of partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules . Functions Legislation Further information : Act of Congress Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress . However , the Constitution 's Origination Clause provides that `` All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result , the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes . Furthermore , the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills , or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds . Historically , the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House . However , when the Senate originates an appropriations bill , the House simply refuses to consider it , thereby settling the dispute in practice . The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures .", "19": "Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills , in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending . As Woodrow Wilson wrote : The Senate 's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of both houses is required for any bill , including a revenue bill , to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . Checks and balances The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to `` check and balance '' the powers of other elements of the Federal Government . These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president 's government appointments ; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments ; it tries all impeachments , and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes . The Senate has the power to try impeachments ; shown above is Theodore R. Davis 's drawing of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , 1868 The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate . Officials whose appointments require the Senate 's approval include members of the Cabinet , heads of most federal executive agencies , ambassadors , Justices of the Supreme Court , and other federal judges . Under Article II , Section 2 of the Constitution , a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation ; however , Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate 's consent ( usually , confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision - making authority ) . Typically , a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee . Thereafter , the nomination is considered by the full Senate . The majority of nominees are confirmed , but in a small number of cases each year , Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it .", "20": "In addition , the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed . Because of this , outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent ( there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history ) . The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are , however , subject to some constraints . For instance , the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate 's advice and consent . The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily ; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session . Nevertheless , presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee . Furthermore , as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States , although the Senate 's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials , it is not necessary for their removal . Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960 , the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments . U.S. Senate chamber c. 1873 : two or three spittoons are visible by desks The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties . The Constitution provides that the president may only `` make Treaties , provided two thirds of the Senators present concur '' in order to benefit from the Senate 's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process . However , not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law , even if they are considered treaties under international law . Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate . Similarly , the president may make congressional - executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress , rather than a two - thirds majority in the Senate . Neither executive agreements nor congressional - executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution , leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty - ratification process . However , courts have upheld the validity of such agreements . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments .", "21": "If the sitting President of the United States is being tried , the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial . During an impeachment trial , senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation . Conviction requires a two - thirds majority of the senators present . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( One resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . ) Only two presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . Electoral College deadlocks are rare . The Senate has only broken a deadlock once ; in 1837 , it elected Richard Mentor Johnson . The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice . Current composition and election results Party membership by state for the 115th Congress 2 Democrats 1 Democrat and 1 Republican 2 Republicans 1 Independent and 1 Democrat 1 Independent and 1 Republican Current party standings Main article : Current members of the United States Senate The party composition of the Senate during the 115th Congress : Affiliation Members Republican Party 51 Democratic Party 47 Independent Total 100 115th Congress The 115th United States Congress runs from January 3 , 2017 to January 3 , 2019 .", "22": "List of bills in the 115th United States Congress See also Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Elections in the United States List of African - American United States Senators United States Presidents and control of Congress Women in the United States Senate Classes of United States Senators Notes Jump up ^ The two independent senators , Angus King and Bernie Sanders , caucus with the Democrats . References ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of the United States '' . Senate.gov . March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amar , Vik D. ( 1988 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Senate and the Constitution '' . The Yale Law Journal . 97 ( 6 ) : 1111 -- 1130 . doi : 10.2307 / 796343 . JSTOR 796343 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Charles ; Reynolds , Mark ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections '' . Legislative Studies Quarterly . 15 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 523 . doi : 10.2307 / 439894 . JSTOR 439894 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( September 12 , 1999 ) . `` In Fight for Control of Congress , Tough Skirmishes Within Parties '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joseph S. Friedman ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate 's Hand : A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment , 1890 -- 1913 '' . University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` Agreeing to Disagree : Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship , 198 '' . Ingentaconnect.com . June 16 , 2006 . doi : 10.3162 / 036298008784311000 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary : senate '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Yates .", "23": "Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Non-voting members of Congress '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii becomes 50th state '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 1 '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 3 : `` The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state , chosen by the legislature thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home > Origins & Development > Institutional Development > Direct Election of Senators '' . Senate.gov . March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1801 -- 1850 , November 16 , 1818 : Youngest Senator . United States Senate . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' . U.S. Senate official website . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ `` The Term of A Senator - When Does It Begin and End ? - Senate 98 - 29 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . United States Printing Office . pp. 14 -- 15 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Filling U.S. Senate Vacancies : Perspectives and Contemporary Developments '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeLeo , Robert A.", "24": "( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Temporary Appointment of US Senator '' . Massachusetts Great and General Court . Jump up ^ DeLeo , Robert A. ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election '' . Massachusetts Great and General Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Stevens could keep seat in Senate '' . Anchorage Daily News . October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ United States Constitution , Article VI Jump up ^ See : 5 U.S.C. § 3331 ; see also : U.S. Senate Oath of Office ^ Jump up to : Salaries . United States Senate . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Congress Salaries and Benefits '' . Usgovinfo.about.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon ( June 13 , 2003 ) . `` Millionaires populate U.S. Senate '' . CNN . Retrieved June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , Richard A. `` Traditions of the United States Senate '' ( PDF ) . Page 4 . Jump up ^ `` Seating Arrangement '' . Senate Chamber Desks . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chamber Desks - Overview '' . United States Senate . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chamber Desks - Names Listed inside the Desk Drawer '' . United States Senate . Jump up ^ `` Glossary Term : vice president '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary Term : president pro tempore '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presiding Loses Its Prestige in Senate '' . rollcall.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin B. Gold , Senate Procedure and Practice , p. 39 : Every member , when he speaks , shall address the chair , standing in his place , and when he has finished , shall sit down .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest Deliberative Body '' . Time . July 5 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` World 's greatest deliberative body watch '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Senate reform : Lazing on a Senate afternoon '' . The Economist . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quinton , Jeff . `` Thurmond 's Filibuster '' . Backcountry Conservative . July 27 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reconciliation , 2 U.S.C. § 641 ( e ) ( Procedure in the Senate ) . ^ Jump up to : `` How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate '' . Nieman Watchdog . July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yea or Nay ? Voting in the Senate '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS20145.pdf Jump up ^ Amer , Mildred . `` Secret Sessions of Congress : A Brief Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-718.pdf Jump up ^ `` Calendars & Schedules '' via Senate.gov Jump up ^ See , for examples , American Dictionary of National Biography on John Sherman and Carter Glass ; in general , Ritchie , Congress , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ritchie , Congress , p. 44 . Zelizer , On Capitol Hill describes this process ; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party can now be bypassed , so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues . See in particular p. 17 , for the unreformed Congress , and pp. 188 -- 9 , for the Stevenson reforms of 1977 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Congress , pp . 44 , 175 , 209 Jump up ^ Mark Murray ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` The inefficient Senate '' . Firstread.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Packer , George ( January 7 , 2009 ) .", "26": "`` Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saturno , James . `` The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution : Interpretation and Enforcement '' , CRS Report for Congress ( Mar - 15 - 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Wirls , Daniel and Wirls , Stephen . The Invention of the United States Senate , p. 188 ( Taylor & Francis 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills , as distinguished from bills that levy taxes . See Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 - 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) . According to the Library of Congress , the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills , whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills . See Sullivan , John . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' , Library of Congress ( accessed August 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Sargent , Noel . `` Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions '' , Minnesota Law Review , Vol. 4 , p. 330 ( 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson Congressional Government , Chapter III : `` Revenue and Supply '' . Text common to all printings or `` editions '' ; in Papers of Woodrow Wilson it is Vol. 4 ( 1968 ) , p. 91 ; for unchanged text , see p. 13 , ibid . Jump up ^ Recess Appointments FAQ ( PDF ) . US Senate , Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 ; Ritchie , Congress p. 178 . Jump up ^ Bolton , John R. ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` Restore the Senate 's Treaty Power '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ For an example , and a discussion of the literature , see Laurence Tribe , `` Taking Text and Structure Seriously : Reflections on Free - Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol.", "27": "108 , No. 6 . ( Apr. 1995 ) , pp. 1221 -- 1303 . Jump up ^ Complete list of impeachment trials . Archived December 8 , 2010 , at WebCite United States Senate . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 Bibliography Further information : U.S. senator bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Baker , Richard A . The Senate of the United States : A Bicentennial History Krieger , 1988 . Baker , Richard A. , ed. , First Among Equals : Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly , 1991 . Barone , Michael , and Grant Ujifusa , The Almanac of American Politics 1976 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts ( 1975 ) ; new edition every 2 years David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress ( 2002 ) Caro , Robert A . The Years of Lyndon Johnson . Vol. 3 : Master of the Senate . Knopf , 2002 . Comiskey , Michael . Seeking Justices : The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas , 2004 . Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation XII : 2005 - 2008 : Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses ( 2010 ) ; massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , as well as major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . The Congress and the Nation 2009 - 2012 vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication . Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 ( 2005 ) ; Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly .", "28": "Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) , the first of the series Cooper , John Milton , Jr . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . Davidson , Roger H. , and Walter J. Oleszek , eds. ( 1998 ) . Congress and Its Members , 6th ed . Washington DC : Congressional Quarterly . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and member information ) Gould , Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club : A History Of The Modern United States Senate ( 2005 ) Hernon , Joseph Martin . Profiles in Character : Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate , 1789 -- 1990 Sharpe , 1997 . Hoebeke , C.H. The Road to Mass Democracy : Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment . Transaction Books , 1995 . ( Popular elections of senators ) Lee , Frances E. and Oppenheimer , Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . U. of Chicago Press 1999 . 304 pp . MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker . The American Senate : An Insider 's History . Oxford University Press , 2013 . 455 pp . McFarland , Ernest W . The Ernest W. McFarland Papers : The United States Senate Years , 1940 -- 1952 .", "29": "Prescott , Ariz. : Sharlot Hall Museum , 1995 ( Democratic majority leader 1950 -- 52 ) Malsberger , John W. From Obstruction to Moderation : The Transformation of Senate Conservatism , 1938 -- 1952 . Susquehanna U. Press 2000 Mann , Robert . The Walls of Jericho : Lyndon Johnson , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights . Harcourt Brace , 1996 Ritchie , Donald A. ( 1991 ) . Press Gallery : Congress and the Washington Correspondents . Harvard University Press . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . Rothman , David . Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869 -- 1901 ( 1966 ) Swift , Elaine K . The Making of an American Senate : Reconstitutive Change in Congress , 1787 -- 1841 . U. of Michigan Press , 1996 Valeo , Frank . Mike Mansfield , Majority Leader : A Different Kind of Senate , 1961 -- 1976 Sharpe , 1999 ( Senate Democratic leader ) VanBeek , Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995 Weller , Cecil Edward , Jr . Joe T. Robinson : Always a Loyal Democrat . U. of Arkansas Press , 1998 . ( Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s ) Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin , 1885 ; also 15th ed. 1900 , repr . by photoreprint , Transaction books , 2002 . Wirls , Daniel and Wirls , Stephen . The Invention of the United States Senate Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2004 .", "30": "( Early history ) Zelizer , Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 ( 2006 ) Zelizer , Julian E. , ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) ( overview ) Official Senate histories Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 1989 The following are published by the Senate Historical Office . Robert Byrd . The Senate , 1789 -- 1989 . Four volumes . Vol . I , a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate Vol. II , a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate 's operation and powers Vol . III , Classic Speeches , 1830 -- 1993 Vol. IV , Historical Statistics , 1789 -- 1992 Dole , Bob . Historical Almanac of the United States Senate Hatfield , Mark O. , with the Senate Historical Office . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789 -- 1993 ( essays reprinted online ) Frumin , Alan S. Riddick 's Senate Procedure . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1992 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Senate '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Senate . The United States Senate Official Website Sortable contact data Senate Chamber Map Standing Rules of the Senate Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 to Present List of Senators who died in office , via PoliticalGraveyard.com Chart of all U.S. Senate seat - holders , by state , 1978 -- present , via Texas Tech University A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 , via Tufts University Bill Hammons ' American Politics Guide -- Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index Works by or about United States Senate at Internet Archive First U.S.", "31": "Senate session aired by C - SPAN via C - SPAN Senate Manual via govinfo.gov ( U.S. Government Publishing Office ) United States Senate Calendars and Schedules United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Upper houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan", "38": "Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Defunct Austria British Raj Burma Ceylon Dominican Republic East Germany Fiji Greece Iran Irish Free State Japan Kingdom of Serbia Malta Mauritania Nepal New Zealand Northern Ireland Portugal Prussia Russian Empire Senegal South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Sweden Thailand Turkey Venezuela Weimar Germany Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of abolished upper houses List of legislatures by country National lower houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures VIAF : 129637095 LCCN : n79022161 ISNI :", "39": "0000 0001 2323 8060 GND : 1020979 - 7 SUDOC : 027483762 BNF : cb12001698w ( data ) Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00889 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate&oldid=821359839 '' Categories : United States Senate National upper houses Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Infobox legislature with background color Use mdy dates from April 2016 Self - contradictory articles from February 2017 All self - contradictory articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español", "40": "Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2055788643958254872	when was the lupus foundation of america founded	[ "1977", "1977", "1977", "1977", "1977" ]	{ "0": "Lupus Foundation of America - wikipedia Lupus Foundation of America Jump to : navigation , search Lupus Foundation of America Founded 1977 ; 41 years ago ( 1977 ) Focus `` Improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus through programs of research , education , support and advocacy . '' Location Washington , D.C. , U.S. Area served United States Key people Sandra C. Raymond ( Chief Executive Officer ) and Stevan Gibson ( President ) Website http://www.lupus.org The Lupus Foundation of America ( LFA ) , founded in 1977 , is a national voluntary health organization based in Washington , D.C. with a network of chapters , offices and support groups located in communities throughout the United States . The Foundation is devoted to solving the mystery of lupus , one of the world 's cruelest , most unpredictable and devastating diseases , while giving caring support to those who suffer from its brutal impact . Its mission is to improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus through programs of research , education , support and advocacy . The Lupus Foundation of America is a charitable organization with tax - exempt status granted under Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the Internal Revenue Code . The Foundation is a BBB Accredited Charity and highly rated by Charity Navigator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research 2 Education & Support 3 Advocacy 4 Awareness 5 References 6 External links Research ( edit ) The Lupus Foundation of America 's National Research Program is focused on identifying the causes of lupus , accelerating development of new treatments and finding cures . It employs a three - pronged approach to advancing the science and medicine of lupus - lead efforts to improve lives today and find cures , fund direct grants to researchers in medical institutions across the U.S. to advance the lupus research field , and advocate for new money and expanded resources from the biggest funders in research - the federal government and the pharmaceutical and biotech industry . The Lupus Foundation of America 's Center for Clinical Trials Education also provides a comprehensive search tool for clinical trials , points to consider before participating in a clinical trial and a guide to clinical research terms .", "1": "The Foundation 's direct grant programs , combined with their advocacy efforts , have led to a total investment of $80 million for lupus research and education . Education & support ( edit ) The Foundation provides answers to questions and gives caring support to people with lupus and their loved ones . The organization works with lupus experts to answer questions , provide tools , resources and referrals to doctors who treat lupus , and help guide all those affected by lupus toward a better quality of life . In 2016 , the Foundation conducted a National Needs Assessment on Lupus to take a broad , yet in - depth look at the very specific needs and wants of the diverse lupus patient , caregiver and health care professional communities . In response , the Foundation created the National Resource Center on Lupus -- a one - stop resource for all things lupus . The National Resource Center on Lupus aims to connect , empower and educate those whose lives are impacted by lupus by providing trustworthy , reliable and high - quality resources , programs and emotional support services . The Foundation also developed more than 600 medically - reviewed resources in English and Spanish about all aspects of lupus . New content is added on a regular basis developed in response to the needs of the lupus community . Children and teens with the disease can find specialized content created just for them based on their input and unique perspectives ... Through their National Health Educator Call Center and programs conducted by their National Network , the organization provides direct education , support and referrals for more than 40,000 people . They also provide information to nearly 9 million people through their website annually . Advocacy ( edit ) The Lupus Foundation of America and its network of lupus activists across the country have worked diligently to stimulate more than $66 million in federal and state funds for lupus research and education programs . The organization works daily with the United States Congress , federal government agencies and state legislatures to make biomedical research and innovation for lupus a priority . The Foundation 's activists successfully stimulated more than $90 million in new funding for lupus research and education programs since 2004 . The Foundation stimulated $28 in federal lupus research and education for every $1 invested in advocacy .", "2": "Awareness ( edit ) The Foundation 's signature fundraising program , Walk to End Lupus Now TM , has events in more than 60 communities and 70,000 participants , generating visibility , public understanding and support for people with lupus . Money raised is used to support lupus research , education and advocacy programs that serve to improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus . The Foundation 's multi-media campaign , KNOW LUPUS , continues to educate people about lupus and its impact , has resulted in more than $31 million in donated media and 839 million impressions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America , Inc . IRS Form 990 '' ( PDF ) . Guidestar . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Report - Lupus Foundation of America '' . BBB Wise Giving Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator Rating - Lupus Foundation of America '' . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Medical Scientific Advisory Council '' . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Google Analytics '' . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) The Lupus Foundation of America 's Website The Lupus Foundation of America 's National Resource Center on Lupus Walk to End Lupus Now Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Foundation_of_America&oldid=825656815 '' Categories : Lupus organizations Health charities in the United States Organizations established in 1977 Medical and health organizations based in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 01 . 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-429661761446961913	who drafted the document of the un declaration of human rights	[ "Eleanor Roosevelt, United States (Chair)", "Peng Chun Chang, Republic of China", "Charles Habib Malik, Lebanon", "William Roy Hodgson, Australia", "Hernán Santa Cruz, Chile", "René Cassin, France", "Alexander E. Bogomolov, Soviet Union", "Charles Dukes, United Kingdom", "John Peters Humphrey, Canada", "Eleanor Roosevelt", "Peng Chun Chang", "Charles Habib Malik", "William Roy Hodgson", "Hernán Santa Cruz", "René Cassin", "Alexander E. Bogomolov", "Charles Dukes", "John Peters Humphrey" ]	{ "0": "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human rights - wikipedia Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human rights Jump to : navigation , search John Peters Humphrey The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted from early 1947 to late 1948 by Drafting Committee the first United Nations Commission on Human Rights . Further discussion and amendments were made by the Commission on Human Rights , the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations . Members of the Commission who contributed significantly to the creation of the Declaration included Canadian John Peters Humphrey of the United Nations Secretariat , Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States ( who chaired the Drafting Committee ) , René Cassin of France , Charles Malik of Lebanon , P.C. Chang of Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , and Hansa Mehta of India among others . While not a member of the drafting committee , the French philosopher Jacques Maritain was influential in the lead up to the drafting of the Universal Declaration , advocacy for it within UNESCO in 1947 - 8 , and in its subsequent advancement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership of the Drafting Committee 2 The drafting process 3 Controversies 4 UDHR timeline 4.1 1945 4.2 1946 4.3 1947 4.4 1948 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Membership of the Drafting Committee ( edit ) The Drafting Committee included Eleanor Roosevelt , United States ( Chair ) Peng Chun Chang , Republic of China Charles Habib Malik , Lebanon William Roy Hodgson , Australia Hernán Santa Cruz , Chile René Cassin , France Alexander E. Bogomolov , Soviet Union Charles Dukes , United Kingdom John Peters Humphrey , Canada The Drafting process ( edit ) John Peters Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . In this role , he produced the first draft of a list of rights that were to form the basis of the Declaration . A portico with four columns , which Cassin saw as a metaphor for the format of his draft The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft which was prepared by René Cassin working from the Humphrey draft .", "1": "The structure was influenced by the Code Napoleon , including a preamble and introductory general principles . Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple , with a foundation , steps , four columns and a pediment . Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks , with their principles of dignity , liberty , equality and brotherhood . The seven paragraphs of the preamble , setting out the reasons for the Declaration , are represented by the steps . The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns . The first column ( articles 3 - 11 ) constitutes rights of the individual , such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . The second column ( articles 12 - 17 ) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society . The third column ( articles 18 - 21 ) is concerned with spiritual , public and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association . The fourth column ( articles 22 - 27 ) sets out social , economic and cultural rights . In Cassin 's model , the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together . These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations . The Cassin draft was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights and was to undergo editing in the Commission , then in further drafts considered by the Third Committee of the United Nations , and finally in a draft before the General Assembly of the United Nations , which ultimately adopted the Declaration on 10 December 1948 . The vote for the declaration was 48 to 0 with eight abstentions : the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , Czechoslovakia , the People 's Republic of Poland , the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , the Union of South Africa , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Controversies ( edit ) The first controversy to resolve was related to the very origin of the human rights , basically the discussion between the supporters of the concepts of natural rights ( which humans are endowed by God or Nature ) and positive rights ( which humans acquire as a result of a rational agreement ) . The second controversy was basically between the positions of the Marxist theory of the Soviet Bloc and the liberal theory of the Western World .", "2": "In philosophical terms , the Soviet Bloc criticized the individualist stance of the issue , arguing in favor of the collectivism approach , where the rights of the collective dominate that of an individual . In political terms , the Soviet Union and its satellites , facing mounting accusations of human rights violations ( and defending itself in the `` And you are lynching Negroes '' style ) , argued that the declaration is a mere formality if it would not consider guarantees of economic and social rights . However these objections were of surprisingly little consequence , because the Soviet Block was not very active during the seating of the Commission , perhaps indicating a preestablished decision not to sign the Declaration . Another issue is the legal status of the declaration . The majority considered the document to be mainly of moral character . At the same time some participants argued in favor of adding certain legal aspects in terms of international law . British representatives in particular were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation . ( It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force , giving a legal status to most of the Declaration ) Udhr timeline ( edit ) Source : United Nations Year Book 1948 - 1949 , pp. 524 et seq 1945 ( edit ) United Nations Conference on International Organization , San Francisco 1946 ( edit ) 15 February , Establishment of `` Nuclear Committee '' of Commission on Human Rights . 29 April - 20 May 1946 - First Meeting of the Nuclear Committee . 21 June 1946 - The UN Economic and Social Council adopts terms of reference of permanent Commission on Human Rights 1947 ( edit ) 27 January - 10 February - First Meeting of the Commission on Human Rights , Lake Success , New York . Drafting Committee established . 9 June - 25 June - First Meeting of the Drafting Committee , Lake Success , New York . Draft outline of an International Bill of Human Rights prepared by the UN Secretariat ( `` the Humphrey Draft '' ) . Drafting Committee splits work into two documents : preparation of a declaration of human rights and a working paper on a draft international convention on human rights . 2 December - 17 December - Second Session of the Commission on Human Rights , Geneva .", "3": "Commission begins to consider work on three projects : a declaration on human rights , and international convention on human rights and measures for implementation and enforcement 1948 ( edit ) 3 May - 21 May , Second Session of the Drafting Committee , Lake Success , New York . 24 May - 18 June , Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights , Lake Success , New York . Commission adopts a draft Declaration and transmits it to the Economic and Social Council . 26 August , Economic and Social Council transmits draft to the General Assembly . 30 September - 7 December , Third Committee of General Assembly spends 81 meetings considering the Declaration . 168 resolutions for amendments to the draft , submitted and considered . 1 -- 4 December , Sub-committee of Third Committee charged with cross checking 5 official language versions . 10 December , Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War . P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China , which was recognised as the government of China at the time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/humanrights.pdf Archived 2014 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Drafting Committee , Dag Hammarskjöld Library Research Guides Jump up ^ Johannes Morsink , The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , University of Pennsylvania Press , p 5 Jump up ^ Glendon , pp 62 - 64 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Glendon , A World Made New : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Chapter 10 Jump up ^ http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/udhr/udhr_general/drafting_history_10.html ^ Jump up to : `` РАЗРАБОТКА ВСЕОБЩЕЙ ДЕКЛАРАЦИИ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА ( 1946 -- 1948 ГГ . ) '' , Глен Джонсон ( Glen Johnson ) , Развитие личности no . 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Final authorized text .", "4": "The British Library . September 1952 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Johannes Morsink , `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Origins , Drafting & Intent '' ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1999 ) . Mary Ann Glendon , `` A World Made New : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Random House New York , 2001 Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University ( Centre for the Study of Human Rights ) , including article by article commentary , video interviews , discussion of meaning , drafting and history . John Nurser , `` For All Peoples and All Nations . Christian Churches and Human Rights . '' . ( Geneva : WCC Publications , 2005 ) . External links ( edit ) Text of the UDHR ( English ) Official translations of the UDHR UDHR Facebook page Librivox : Human - read audio recordings in several Languages Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UN Library , Geneva ) Audio - visual materials Video interview with Mary Ann Glendon author of `` A World Made New : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' on the drafting of the Declaration . Text , Audio , and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt 's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Animated presentation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Amnesty International , from Youtube ( English , 20 minutes and 23 seconds ) Audio : Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration , 6 November 1948 . UN Department of Public Information introduction to the drafters of the Declaration . UN video archives of speeches on adoption of the Declaration .", "5": "Human rights Human 's Children 's Intersex Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&oldid=832795541 '' Categories : 1948 in law Human rights instruments United Nations General Assembly resolutions History of human rights 1947 in the United Nations 1948 in the United Nations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2316219466458554937	aphasia is a term defining difficulty or loss of ability to	[ "comprehend and formulate language", "comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions", "comprehend and formulate language", "formulate language" ]	{ "0": "Aphasia - wikipedia Aphasia Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Aphagia . For other uses , see Aphasia ( disambiguation ) . Aphasia Pronunciation / əˈfeɪʒə / , / əˈfeɪziə / or / eɪ ˈfeɪziə / Classification and external resources Specialty Neurology , psychiatry ICD - 10 F80. 0 - F80. 2 , R47. 0 ICD - 9 - CM 315.31 , 784.3 , 438.11 DiseasesDB 4024 MedlinePlus 003204 eMedicine neuro / 437 MeSH D001037 ( edit on Wikidata ) Dysphasia Classification and external resources Specialty Neurology ICD - 10 F80. 1 , F80. 2 , R47. 0 ICD - 9 - CM 438.12 , 784.5 ( edit on Wikidata ) Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions . This damage is typically caused by a cerebral vascular accident ( stroke ) , or head trauma ; however , these are not the only possible causes . To be diagnosed with aphasia , a person 's speech or language must be significantly impaired in one ( or several ) of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period ( progressive aphasia ) . The four communication modalities are auditory comprehension , verbal expression , reading and writing , and functional communication . The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak , read , or write ; intelligence , however , is unaffected . Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well . Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language . In contrast , the use of formulaic expressions in everyday communication is often preserved . One prevalent deficit in the aphasias is anomia , which is a deficit in word finding ability . The term aphasia implies that one or more communication modalities in the brain have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly .", "1": "Aphasia does not refer to damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits , which produces abnormal speech ; that is , aphasia is not related to the mechanics of speech but rather the individual 's language cognition ( although a person can have both problems ) . An individual 's `` language '' is the socially shared set of rules as well as the thought processes that go behind verbalized speech . It is not a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty , such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment . Aphasia affects about 2 million people in the US and 250,000 people in Great Britain . Though nearly 180,000 people in the US acquire the disorder a year , 84.5 % of people have never heard of the condition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Related behaviors 1.1. 1 Subcortical 2 Causes 3 Classification 3.1 Boston classification 3.2 Classical - localizationist approaches 3.3 Cognitive neuropsychological approaches 3.4 Progressive aphasias 3.5 Deaf aphasia 3.6 Severity 4 Prevention 5 Management 5.1 Intensity of treatment 5.2 Individualized service delivery 6 Outcomes 7 History 7.1 Etymology 8 Notable cases 9 Further Research 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury , although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems such as dysarthria or apraxia and not primarily due to aphasia . Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain . Signs and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may vary in severity and level of disruption to communication . Often those with aphasia will try to hide their inability to name objects by using words like thing . So when asked to name a pencil they may say it is a thing used to write .", "2": "Inability to comprehend language Inability to pronounce , not due to muscle paralysis or weakness Inability to speak spontaneously Inability to form words Inability to name objects ( anomia ) Poor enunciation Excessive creation and use of personal neologisms Inability to repeat a phrase Persistent repetition of one syllable , word , or phrase ( stereotypies ) Paraphasia ( substituting letters , syllables or words ) Agrammatism ( inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion ) Dysprosody ( alterations in inflexion , stress , and rhythm ) Incomplete sentences Inability to read Inability to write Limited verbal output Difficulty in naming Speech disorder Speaking gibberish Inability to follow or understand simple requests Related behaviors ( edit ) Given the previously stated signs and symptoms the following behaviors are often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for incurred speech and language deficits : Self - repairs : Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis - attempts to repair erred speech production . Speech disfluencies : Include previously mentioned disfluencies including repetitions and prolongations at the phonemic , syllable and word level presenting in pathological / severe levels of frequency . Struggle in non-fluent aphasias : A severe increase in expelled effort to speak after a life where talking and communicating was an ability that came so easily can cause visible frustration . Preserved and automatic language : A behavior in which some language or language sequences that were used so frequently , prior to onset , they still possess the ability to produce them with more ease than other language post onset . Subcortical ( edit ) Subcortical aphasias characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion . Possible sites of lesions include the thalamus , internal capsule , and basal ganglia . Causes ( edit ) Regions of the left hemisphere that can give rise to aphasia when damaged Aphasia is most often caused by stroke , but any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia . Some of these can include brain tumors , traumatic brain injury , and progressive neurological disorders . In rare cases , aphasia may also result from herpesviral encephalitis .", "3": "The herpes simplex virus affects the frontal and temporal lobes , subcortical structures , and the hippocampal tissue , which can trigger aphasia . In acute disorders , such as head injury or stroke , aphasia usually develops quickly . When caused by brain tumor , infection , or dementia , it develops more slowly . Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue on the figure below can potentially result in aphasia . Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the left hemisphere , including the thalamus , the internal and external capsules , and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia . The area and extent of brain damage or atrophy will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms . A very small number of people can experience aphasia after damage to the right hemisphere only . It has been suggested that these individuals may have had an unusual brain organization prior to their illness or injury , with perhaps greater overall reliance on the right hemisphere for language skills than in the general population . Primary progressive aphasia ( PPA ) , while its name can be misleading , is actually a form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of aphasia . It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while other cognitive domains are mostly preserved , such as memory and personality . PPA usually initiates with sudden word - finding difficulties in an individual and progresses to a reduced ability to formulate grammatically correct sentences ( syntax ) and impaired comprehension . The etiology of PPA is not due to a stroke , traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) , or infectious disease ; it is still uncertain what initiates the onset of PPA in those affected by it . Epilepsy can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom . Aphasia is also listed as a rare side - effect of the fentanyl patch , an opioid used to control chronic pain . Classification ( edit ) Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders , rather than a single problem . Each individual with aphasia will present with their own particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses . Consequently , it is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that can occur in different people , let alone decide how they might best be treated . Most classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad classes .", "4": "A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias ( where speech remains fluent , but content may be lacking , and the person may have difficulties understanding others ) , and the nonfluent aphasias ( where speech is very halting and effortful , and may consist of just one or two words at a time ) . However , no such broad - based grouping has proven fully adequate . There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping , and aphasias can be highly selective . For instance , people with naming deficits ( anomic aphasia ) might show an inability only for naming buildings , or people , or colors . It is important to note that there are typical difficulties with speech and language that come with normal aging as well . As we age language can become more difficult to process resulting in slowing of verbal comprehension , reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties . With each of these though , unlike some aphasias , functionality within daily life remains intact . Boston classification ( edit ) Major characteristics of different types of aphasia according to the Boston classification Type of aphasia Speech repetition Naming Auditory comprehension Fluency Broca 's aphasia Moderate -- severe Moderate -- severe Mild difficulty Non-fluent , effortful , slow Wernicke 's aphasia Mild -- severe Mild -- severe Defective Fluent paraphasic Conduction aphasia Poor Poor Relatively good Fluent Mixed transcortical aphasia Moderate Poor Poor Non-fluent Transcortical motor aphasia Good Mild -- severe Mild Non-fluent Transcortical sensory aphasia Good Moderate -- severe Poor Fluent Global aphasia Poor Poor Poor Non-fluent Anomic aphasia Mild Moderate -- severe Mild Fluent Individuals with Wernicke 's aphasia , also referred to as receptive or fluent aphasia , may speak in long sentences that have no meaning , add unnecessary words , and even create new `` words '' ( neologisms ) . For example , someone with receptive aphasia may say , `` You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before '' , meaning `` The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk '' .", "5": "They have poor auditory and reading comprehension , and fluent , but nonsensical , oral and written expression . Individuals with receptive aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding the speech of both themselves and others and are , therefore , often unaware of their mistakes . Receptive language deficits usually arise from lesions in the posterior portion of the left hemisphere at or near Wernicke 's area . It is often the result of trauma to the temporal region of the brain , specifically damage to Wernicke 's area . Trauma can be the result from an array of problems , however it is most commonly seen as a result of stroke Individuals with Broca 's aphasia frequently speak short , meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort . It is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia . Affected people often omit small words such as `` is '' , `` and '' , and `` the '' . For example , a person with expressive aphasia may say , `` Walk dog , '' which could mean `` I will take the dog for a walk '' , `` You take the dog for a walk '' or even `` The dog walked out of the yard '' . Individuals with expressive aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees . Because of this , they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems . Individuals with anomic aphasia have difficulty with naming . People with this aphasia may have difficulties naming certain words , linked by their grammatical type ( e.g. , difficulty naming verbs and not nouns ) or by their semantic category ( e.g. , difficulty naming words relating to photography but nothing else ) or a more general naming difficulty . People tend to produce grammatic , yet empty , speech . Auditory comprehension tends to be preserved . Anomic aphasia is the aphasial presentation of tumors in the language zone ; it is the aphasial presentation of Alzheimer 's disease . Anomic aphasia is the mildest form of aphasia , indicating a likely possibility for better recovery . Individuals with transcortical sensory aphasia , in principle the most general and potentially among the most complex forms of aphasia , may have similar deficits as in receptive aphasia , but their repetition ability may remain intact .", "6": "Global aphasia is considered a severe impairment in many language aspects since it impacts expressive and receptive language , reading , and writing . Despite these many deficits , there is evidence that has shown individuals benefited from speech language therapy . Even though individuals with global aphasia will not become competent speakers , listeners , writers , or readers , goals can be created to improve the individual 's quality of life . Individuals with global aphasia usually respond well to treatment that includes personally relevant information , which is also important to consider for therapy . Individuals with conduction aphasia have deficits in the connections between the speech - comprehension and speech - production areas . This might be caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus , the structure that transmits information between Wernicke 's area and Broca 's area . Similar symptoms , however , can be present after damage to the insula or to the auditory cortex . Auditory comprehension is near normal , and oral expression is fluent with occasional paraphasic errors . Paraphasic errors include phonemic / literal or semantic / verbal . Repetition ability is poor . Conduction and transcortical aphasias are caused by damage to the white matter tracts . These aphasias spare the cortex of the language centers , but instead create a disconnection between them . Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus . The arcuate fasciculus is a white matter tract that connects Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . People with conduction aphasia typically have good language comprehension , but poor speech repetition and mild difficulty with word retrieval and speech production . People with conduction aphasia are typically aware of their errors . Transcortical aphasias include transcortical motor aphasia , transcortical sensory aphasia , and mixed transcortical aphasia . People with transcortical motor aphasia typically have intact comprehension and awareness of their errors , but poor word finding and speech production . People with transcortical sensory and mixed transcortical aphasia have poor comprehension and unawareness of their errors . Despite poor comprehension and more severe deficits in some transcortical aphasias , small studies have indicated that full recovery is possible for all types of transcortical aphasia .", "7": "Classical - localizationist approaches ( edit ) Cortex Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most probably gave rise to them . Inspired by the early work of nineteenth century neurologists Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke , these approaches identify two major subtypes of aphasia and several more minor subtypes : Expressive aphasia ( also known as `` motor aphasia '' or `` Broca 's aphasia '' ) , which is characterized by halted , fragmented , effortful speech , but well - preserved comprehension relative to expression . Damage is typically in the anterior portion of the left hemisphere , most notably Broca 's area . Individuals with Broca 's aphasia often have right - sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg , because the left frontal lobe is also important for body movement , particularly on the right side . Receptive aphasia ( also known as `` sensory aphasia '' or `` Wernicke 's aphasia '' ) , which is characterized by fluent speech , but marked difficulties understanding words and sentences . Although fluent , the speech may lack in key substantive words ( nouns , verbs , adjectives ) , and may contain incorrect words or even nonsense words . This subtype has been associated with damage to the posterior left temporal cortex , most notably Wernicke 's area . These individuals usually have no body weakness , because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement . Conduction aphasia , where speech remains fluent , and comprehension is preserved , but the person may have disproportionate difficulty where repeating words or sentences . Damage typically involves the arcuate fasciculus and the left parietal region . Transcortical motor aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia , which are similar to Broca 's and Wernicke 's aphasia respectively , but the ability to repeat words and sentences is disproportionately preserved . Recent classification schemes adopting this approach , such as the `` Boston - Neoclassical Model '' , also group these classical aphasia subtypes into two larger classes : the nonfluent aphasias ( which encompasses Broca 's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia ) and the fluent aphasias ( which encompasses Wernicke 's aphasia , conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia ) .", "8": "These schemes also identify several further aphasia subtypes , including : anomic aphasia , which is characterized by a selective difficulty finding the names for things ; and global aphasia , where both expression and comprehension of speech are severely compromised . Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional , more `` pure '' forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language skill . For example , in pure alexia , a person may be able to write but not read , and in pure word deafness , they may be able to produce speech and to read , but not understand speech when it is spoken to them . Cognitive neuropsychological approaches ( edit ) Although localizationist approaches provide a useful way of classifying the different patterns of language difficulty into broad groups , one problem is that a sizeable number of individuals do not fit neatly into one category or another . Another problem is that the categories , particularly the major ones such as Broca 's and Wernicke 's aphasia , still remain quite broad . Consequently , even amongst individuals who meet the criteria for classification into a subtype , there can be enormous variability in the types of difficulties they experience . Instead of categorizing every individual into a specific subtype , cognitive neuropsychological approaches aim to identify the key language skills or `` modules '' that are not functioning properly in each individual . A person could potentially have difficulty with just one module , or with a number of modules . This type of approach requires a framework or theory as to what skills / modules are needed to perform different kinds of language tasks . For example , the model of Max Coltheart identifies a module that recognizes phonemes as they are spoken , which is essential for any task involving recognition of words . Similarly , there is a module that stores phonemes that the person is planning to produce in speech , and this module is critical for any task involving the production of long words or long strings of speech . Once a theoretical framework has been established , the functioning of each module can then be assessed using a specific test or set of tests . In the clinical setting , use of this model usually involves conducting a battery of assessments , each of which tests one or a number of these modules . Once a diagnosis is reached as to the skills / modules where the most significant impairment lies , therapy can proceed to treat these skills .", "9": "Progressive aphasias ( edit ) Primary progressive aphasia ( PPA ) is a neurodegenerative focal dementia that can be associated with progressive illnesses or dementia , such as frontotemporal dementia / Pick Complex Motor neuron disease , Progressive supranuclear palsy , and Alzheimer 's disease , which is the gradual process of progressively losing the ability to think . Gradual loss of language function occurs in the context of relatively well - preserved memory , visual processing , and personality until the advanced stages . Symptoms usually begin with word - finding problems ( naming ) and progress to impaired grammar ( syntax ) and comprehension ( sentence processing and semantics ). < American Speech - Language - Hearing Association > The loss of language before the loss of memory differentiates PPA from typical dementias . People suffering from PPA may have difficulties comprehending what others are saying . They can also have difficulty trying to find the right words to make a sentence . There are three classifications of Primary Progressive Aphasia : Progressive nonfluent aphasia ( PNFA ) , Semantic Dementia ( SD ) , and Logopenic progressive aphasia ( LPA ) ( ( Jargon aphasia Progressive Jargon Aphasia ) ) is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the person 's speech is incomprehensible , but appears to make sense to them . Speech is fluent and effortless with intact syntax and grammar , but the person has problems with the selection of nouns . Either they will replace the desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other connection or they will replace it with sounds . As such , people with jargon aphasia often use neologisms , and may perseverate if they try to replace the words they can not find with sounds . Substitutions commonly involve picking another ( actual ) word starting with the same sound ( e.g. , clocktower - colander ) , picking another semantically related to the first ( e.g. , letter - scroll ) , or picking one phonetically similar to the intended one ( e.g. , lane - late ) . Deaf aphasia ( edit ) There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among deaf individuals . Sign languages are , after all , forms of language that have been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of language .", "10": "Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular way or watching another individual act in the same manner . These mirror neurons are important in giving an individual the ability to mimic movements of hands . Broca 's area of speech production has been shown to contain several of these mirror neurons resulting in significant similarities of brain activity between sign language and vocal speech communication . Facial communication is a significant portion of how animals interact with each other . Humans use facial movements to create , what other humans perceive , to be faces of emotions . While combining these facial movements with speech , a more full form of language is created which enables the species to interact with a much more complex and detailed form of communication . Sign language also uses these facial movements and emotions along with the primary hand movement way of communicating . These facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain . When dealing with damages to certain areas of the brain , vocal forms of communication are in jeopardy of severe forms of aphasia . Since these same areas of the brain are being used for sign language , these same , at least very similar , forms of aphasia can show in the Deaf community . Individuals can show a form of Wernicke 's aphasia with sign language and they show deficits in their abilities in being able to produce any form of expressions . Broca 's aphasia shows up in some people , as well . These individuals find tremendous difficulty in being able to actually sign the linguistic concepts they are trying to express . Severity ( edit ) The severity of the type of aphasia varies depending on the size of the stroke . However , there is much variance between how often one type of severity occurs in certain types of aphasia . For instance , any type of aphasia can range from mild to profound . Regardless of the severity of aphasia , people can make improvements due to spontaneous recovery and treatment in the acute stages of recovery . Klebic et al. ( 2011 ) found that people with severe aphasia improved after receiving therapy for a year , consequently reducing the severity of their aphasia . Additionally , while most studies propose that the greatest outcomes occur in people with severe aphasia when treatment is provided in the acute stages of recovery , Robey ( 1998 ) also found that those with severe aphasia are capable of making strong language gains in the chronic stage of recovery as well .", "11": "This finding implies that persons with aphasia have the potential to have functional outcomes regardless of how severe their aphasia may be . While there is no distinct pattern of the outcomes of aphasia based on severity alone , global aphasia typically make functional language gains , but may be gradual since global aphasia affects many language areas . Prevention ( edit ) Following are some precautions that should be taken to avoid aphasia , by decreasing the risk of stroke , the main cause of aphasia : Exercising regularly Eating a healthy diet Keeping alcohol consumption low and avoiding tobacco use Controlling blood pressure Management ( edit ) When addressing Wernicke 's aphasia , according to Bakheit et al. ( 2007 ) , the lack of awareness of the language impairments , a common characteristic of Wernicke 's aphasia , may impact the rate and extent of therapy outcomes . Klebic et al. ( 2011 ) suggests that people benefit from continuing therapy upon discharge from the hospital to ensure generalization . Robey ( 1998 ) determined that at least 2 hours of treatment per week is recommended for making significant language gains . Spontaneous recovery may cause some language gains , but without speech - language therapy , the outcomes can be half as strong as those with therapy . When addressing Broca 's aphasia , better outcomes occur when the person participates in therapy , and treatment is more effective than no treatment for people in the acute period . Two or more hours of therapy per week in acute and post-acute stages produced the greatest results . High intensity therapy was most effective , and low intensity therapy was almost equivalent to no therapy . People with global aphasia are sometimes referred to as having irreversible aphasic syndrome , often making limited gains in auditory comprehension , and recovering no functional language modality with therapy . With this said , people with global aphasia may retain gestural communication skills that may enable success when communicating with conversational partners within familiar conditions . Process - oriented treatment options are limited , and people may not become competent language users as readers , listeners , writers , or speakers no matter how extensive therapy is . However , people 's daily routines and quality of life can be enhanced with reasonable and modest goals . After the first month , there is limited to no healing to language abilities of most people .", "12": "There is a grim prognosis leaving 83 % who were globally aphasic after the first month they will remain globally aphasic at the first year . Some people are so severely impaired that their existing process - oriented treatment approaches offer signs of progress , and therefore can not justify the cost of therapy . Perhaps due to the relative rareness of conduction aphasia , few studies have specifically studied the effectiveness of therapy for people with this type of aphasia . From the studies performed , results showed that therapy can help to improve specific language outcomes . One intervention that has had positive results is auditory repetition training . Kohn et al. ( 1990 ) reported that drilled auditory repetition training related to improvements in spontaneous speech , Francis et al. ( 2003 ) reported improvements in sentence comprehension , and Kalinyak - Fliszar et al. ( 2011 ) reported improvements in auditory - visual short - term memory . Most acute cases of aphasia recover some or most skills by working with a speech - language pathologist . Recovery and improvement can continue for years after the stroke . After the onset of Aphasia , there is approximately a six - month period of spontaneous recovery ; during this time , the brain is attempting to recover and repair the damaged neurons . Improvement varies widely , depending on the aphasia 's cause , type , and severity . Recovery also depends on the person 's age , health , motivation , handedness , and educational level . There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias . The reason that there is no universal treatment for aphasia is because of the nature of the disorder and the various ways it is presented , as explained in the above sections . Aphasia is rarely exhibited identically , implying that treatment needs to be catered specifically to the individual . Studies have shown that , although there is no consistency on treatment methodology in literature , there is a strong indication that treatment in general has positive outcomes . Therapy for aphasia ranges from increasing functional communication to improving speech accuracy , depending on the person 's severity , needs and support of family and friends . Group therapy allows individuals to work on their pragmatic and communication skills with other individuals with aphasia , which are skills that may not often be addressed in individual one - on - one therapy sessions . It can also help increase confidence and social skills in a comfortable setting .", "13": "Evidence dose not support the use of transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) for improving aphasia after stroke . Specific treatment techniques include the following : Copy and Recall Therapy ( CART ) - repetition and recall of targeted words within therapy may strengthen orthographic representations and improve single word reading , writing , and naming Visual Communication Therapy ( VIC ) - the use of index cards with symbols to represent various components of speech Visual Action Therapy ( VAT ) - typically treats individuals with global aphasia to train the use of hand gestures for specific items Functional Communication Treatment ( FCT ) - focuses on improving activities specific to functional tasks , social interaction , and self - expression Promoting Aphasic 's Communicative Effectiveness ( PACE ) - a means of encouraging normal interaction between people with aphasia and clinicians . In this kind of therapy the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than treatment itself . People are asked to communicate a given message to their therapists by means of drawing , making hand gestures or even pointing to an object Melodic Intonation Therapy ( MIT ) - aims to use the intact melodic / prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue retrieval of words and expressive language Other - i.e. drawing as a way of communicating , trained conversation partners Semantic feature analysis ( SFA ) - a type of aphasia treatment that targets word - finding deficits . It is based on the theory that neural connections can strengthened by using using related words and phrases that are similar to the target word , to eventually activate the target word in the brain . SFA can be implemented in multiple forms such as verbally , written , using picture cards , etc . The SLP provides prompting questions to the individual with aphasia in order for the person to name the picture provided . Studies show that SFA is an effective intervention for improving confrontational naming . Melodic intonation therapy is used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be effective in some cases . However , there is still no evidence from randomized controlled trials confirming the efficacy of MIT in chronic aphasia . MIT is used to help people with aphasia vocalize themselves through speech song , which is then transferred as a spoken word . Good candidates for this therapy include people who have had left hemisphere strokes , non-fluent aphasias such as Broca 's , good auditory comprehension , poor repetition and articulation , and good emotional stability and memory .", "14": "An alternative explanation is that the efficacy of MIT depends on neural circuits involved in the processing of rhythmicity and formulaic expressions ( examples taken from the MIT manual : `` I am fine , '' `` how are you ? '' or `` thank you '' ) ; while rhythmic features associated with melodic intonation may engage primarily left - hemisphere subcortical areas of the brain , the use of formulaic expressions is known to be supported by right - hemisphere cortical and bilateral subcortical neural networks . According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders ( NIDCD ) , involving family with the treatment of an Aphasic loved one is ideal for all involved , because while it will no doubt assist in their recovery , it will also make it easier for members of the family to learn how best to communicate with them . `` Aphasia '' . National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . When a person 's speech is insufficient , different kinds of augmentative and alternative communication could be considered such as alphabet boards , pictorial communication books , specialized software for computers or apps for tablets or smartphones . Intensity of treatment ( edit ) The intensity of aphasia therapy is determined by the length of each session , total hours of therapy per week , and total weeks of therapy provided . There is no consensus about what `` intense '' aphasia therapy entails , or how intense therapy should be to yield the best outcomes . A 2016 Cochrane review of speech and language therapy for people with aphasia found that treatments that are higher intensity , higher dose or over a long duration of time led to significantly better functional communication but people were more likely to drop out of high intensity treatment ( up to 15 hours per week ) . Intensity of therapy is also dependent on the recency of stroke . People with aphasia react differently to intense treatment in the acute phase ( 0 -- 3 months post stroke ) , sub-acute phase ( 3 -- 6 months post stroke ) , or chronic phase ( 6 + months post stroke ) . Intensive therapy has been found to be effective for people with nonfluent and fluent chronic aphasia , but less effective for people with acute aphasia. > People with sub-acute aphasia also respond well to intensive therapy of 100 hours over 62 weeks .", "15": "This suggests people in the sub-acute phase can improve greatly in language and functional communication measures with intensive therapy compared to regular therapy . Individualized service delivery ( edit ) Intensity of treatment should be individualized based on the recency of stroke , therapy goals , and other specific characteristics such as age , size of lesion , overall health status , and motivation . Each individual reacts differently to treatment intensity and is able to tolerate treatment at different times post-stroke . Intensity of treatment after a stroke should be dependent on the person 's motivation , stamina , and tolerance for therapy . Outcomes ( edit ) If the symptoms of aphasia last longer than two or three months after a stroke , a complete recovery is unlikely . However , it is important to note that some people continue to improve over a period of years and even decades . Improvement is a slow process that usually involves both helping the individual and family understand the nature of aphasia and learning compensatory strategies for communicating . `` Aphasia FAQs '' . National Aphasia Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . After a traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) or cerebrovascular accident ( CVA ) , the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes , which may result in improved language function . This is referred to as spontaneous recovery . Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without treatment , and the brain begins to reorganize and change in order to recover . There are several factors that contribute to a person 's chance of recovery caused by stroke , including stroke size and location . Age , sex , and education have not been found to be very predictive . Specific to aphasia , spontaneous recovery varies among affected people and may not look the same in everyone , making it difficult to predict recovery . Though some cases of Wernicke 's aphasia have shown greater improvements than more mild forms of aphasia , people with Wernicke 's aphasia may not reach as high a level of speech abilities as those with mild forms of aphasia . History ( edit ) The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian papyrus , the Edwin Smith Papyrus , which details speech problems in a person with a traumatic brain injury to the temporal lobe .", "16": "During the second half of the 19th century , aphasia was a major focus for scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages of the field of psychology . In medical research , speechlessness was described as an incorrect prognosis , and there was no assumption that underlying language complications existed . Broca and his colleagues were some of the first to write about aphasia , but Wernicke was the first credited to have written extensively about aphasia being a disorder that contained comprehension difficulties . Despite claims of who reported on aphasia first , it was F.J. Gall that gave the first full description of aphasia after studying wounds to the brain , as well as his observation of speech difficulties resulting from vascular lesions . Etymology ( edit ) Aphasia is from Greek a - ( `` without '' ) + phásis ( φάσις , `` speech '' ) . The word aphasia comes from the word ἀφασία aphasia , in Ancient Greek , which means `` speechlessness '' , derived from ἄφατος aphatos , `` speechless '' from ἀ - a - , `` not , un '' and φημί phemi , `` I speak '' . Notable cases ( edit ) Ralph Waldo Emerson Terry Jones Ronald Reagan -- caused by late stages of Alzheimer 's disease Lee Sedol Further research ( edit ) Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains vs aphasic brains . This will help researchers to understand exactly what the brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain Injury ( TBI ) and how different areas of the brain respond after such an injury . Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy . Research is in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs might be used in addition to speech - language therapy in order to facilitate recovery of proper language function . It 's possible that the best treatment for Aphasia might involve combining drug treatment with therapy , instead of relying on one over the other . One other method being researched as a potential therapeutic combination with speech - language therapy is brain stimulation .", "17": "One particular method , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( TMS ) , alters brain activity in whatever area it happens to stimulate , which has recently led scientists to wonder if this shift in brain function caused by TMS might help people re-learn languages . The research being put into Aphasia has only just begun . Researchers appear to have multiple ideas on how Aphasia could be more effectively treated in the future . `` Aphasia '' . National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Agnosia Aphasiology Aprosodia Auditory processing disorder Lethologica Lists of language disorders Origin of speech References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damasio , A.R. ( February 1992 ) . `` Aphasia '' . N Engl J Med. 326 ( 8 ) : 531 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199202203260806 . 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American Speech Language Hearing Association . Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663§ion=Treatment Jump up ^ Alexander , MP ; Hillis , AE ( 2008 ) . `` Aphasia '' . In Georg Goldenberg ; Bruce L Miller ; Michael J Aminoff ; Francois Boller ; DF Swaab . Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology : Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 88 . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 287 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51897 - 2 . OCLC 733092630 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Manasco , Hunter . `` The Aphasias '' . Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders . p. 93 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Davis & Stanton , 2005 . Semantic Feature Analysis as a Functional Therapy Tool . Contemporary Issues In Communication Science and Disorders . '' 35 , 85 - 92 . Jump up ^ Maddy , K.M. ; Capilouto , G.J. ; McComas , K.L. `` The effectiveness of semantic feature analysis : An evidence - based systematic review '' . 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Jump up ^ Russo , Maria Julieta ( 2017 ) . `` High - technology Augmentative Communication for adults with post-stroke aphasia : a systematic review '' . Expert Review of Medical Devices . April 26 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Brady , MC ; Kelly , H ; Godwin , J ; Enderby , P ; Campbell , P ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 6 ) : CD000425 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000425. pub4 . PMID 27245310 . ^ Jump up to : Cherney LR ; Patterson JP ; Raymer AM ( 2011 ) . `` Intensity of aphasia therapy : Evidence and efficacy '' . Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports . 11 ( 6 ) : 560 -- 569 . doi : 10.1007 / s11910 - 011 - 0227 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Sage K ; Snell C ; Lambon Ralph MA ( 2011 ) . `` How intensive does anomia therapy for people with aphasia need to be ? '' . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation . 21 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 09602011.2010. 528966 . Jump up ^ Palmer R ( 2015 ) . `` Innovations in aphasia treatment after stroke : Technology to the rescue '' . British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 38 : 38 -- 42 . doi : 10.12968 / bjnn. 2015.11. sup2. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Watila , M.M. ; Balarabe , S.A. ( 2015 ) . `` Factors predicting post-stroke aphasia recovery '' . Journal of the Neurological Sciences . 352 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 12 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jns. 2015.03. 020 . PMID 25888529 . Jump up ^ Laska AC ; Hellblom A ; Murray V ; Kahan T ; Arbin M ( 2001 ) . `` Aphasia in acute stroke and relation to outcome '' . Journal of Internal Medicine . 249 : 413 -- 422 . doi : 10.1046 / j.", "28": "1365 - 2796.2001. 00812. x . Jump up ^ McCrory , P. R ; Berkovic , S. F ( 2001 ) . `` Concussion : The history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions '' . Neurology . 57 ( 12 ) : 2283 -- 9 . doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 57.12. 2283 . PMID 11756611 . Jump up ^ Eling , Paul ; Whitaker , Harry ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 36 History of aphasia '' . History of Neurology . Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 95 . pp. 571 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / S0072 - 9752 ( 08 ) 02136 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52009 - 8 . Jump up ^ Boller , F. `` Johann Baptiste Schmidt : a pioneer in the history of aphasia '' . Archives of Neurology . 34 : 306 -- 307 . doi : 10.1001 / archneur. 1977.00500170060011 . Jump up ^ Riese , W. ( 1947 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The early history of aphasia '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 21 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 334 . ISSN 0007 - 5140 . PMID 20257374 . Jump up ^ ἀφασία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus . Jump up ^ ἄφατος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus . Jump up ^ Richardson , Robert G. ( 1995 ) . Emerson : the mind on fire : a biography . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08808 - 5 . OCLC 31206668 . Jump up ^ CNN , Susan Scutti ( 23 September 2016 ) .", "29": "`` Terry Jones diagnosed with rare dementia '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan Turns 89 '' . CBSNews.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In South Korea , dreams of board - game fame at the school of go '' . 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 -- via Japan Times Online . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Aphasia Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Look up aphasia or aphemia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Aphasia at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Luria 's Areas of the Human Cortex Involved in Language Illustrated summary of Luria 's book Traumatic Aphasia Video clips showing people with expressive - type aphasia A video clip with a person exhibiting receptive aphasia Topics related to Aphasia Symptoms and signs : Speech and voice / Symptoms involving head and neck ( R47 -- R49 ,", "30": "784 ) Aphasias Acute Aphasias Expressive aphasia Receptive aphasia Conduction aphasia Anomic aphasia Global aphasia Transcortical sensory aphasia Transcortical motor aphasia Mixed transcortical aphasia Progressive Aphasias Progressive nonfluent aphasia Semantic dementia Logopenic progressive aphasia Speech disturbances Speech disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia / ‎ Apraxia of speech Auditory verbal agnosia Dysarthria Schizophasia Aprosodia / Dysprosody Specific language impairment Thought disorder Pressure of speech Derailment Clanging Circumstantiality Communication disorders Developmental dyslexia / Alexia Agnosia Astereognosis Prosopagnosia Visual agnosia Gerstmann syndrome Developmental coordination disorder / Apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Dyscalculia / Acalculia Agraphia Voice disturbances Dysphonia / Aphonia Bogart -- Bacall syndrome Nose Post-nasal drip Epistaxis Mouth Orofacial pain Toothache Galvanic pain Barodontalgia Fremitus Tooth mobility Bruxism Trismus Ageusia Hypogeusia Dysgeusia Parageusia Hypergeusia Xerostomia Halitosis Drooling Hypersalivation Neck Neck mass Cervical lymphadenopathy Other Headache Auditory processing disorder Otalgia Velopharyngeal inadequacy Velopharyngeal insufficiency Hypersensitive gag reflex Jaw claudication Hypomimia Lesions of spinal cord and brain Spinal cord / vascular myelopathy sensory : Sensory ataxia Tabes dorsalis motor : Motor neurone disease mixed : Brown - Séquard syndrome cord syndrome ( Posterior Anterior Central / Syringomyelia ) Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord ( B12 ) Cauda equina syndrome Anterior spinal artery syndrome Brainstem Medulla ( CN 8 , 9 , 10 ,", "31": "12 ) Lateral medullary syndrome / Wallenberg PICA Medial medullary syndrome / Dejerine ASA Pons ( CN 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ) Upper dorsal pontine syndrome / Raymond Céstan syndrome Lateral pontine syndrome ( AICA ) ( lateral ) Medial pontine syndrome / Millard - Gubler syndrome / Foville 's syndrome ( basilar ) Locked - in syndrome Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Midbrain ( CN 3 , 4 ) Weber 's syndrome ventral peduncle , PCA Benedikt syndrome ventral tegmentum , PCA Parinaud 's syndrome dorsal , tumor Nothnagel 's syndrome Claude 's syndrome Other Alternating hemiplegia Cerebellum lateral ( Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Intention tremor ) medial ( Cerebellar ataxia ) Basal ganglia Chorea Dystonia Parkinson 's disease Cortex ACA syndrome MCA syndrome PCA syndrome frontal lobe : Expressive aphasia Aboulia parietal lobe : Receptive aphasia Hemispatial neglect Gerstmann syndrome Astereognosis occipital lobe : Bálint 's syndrome Cortical blindness Pure alexia temporal lobe : Cortical deafness Prosopagnosia Thalamus Thalamic syndrome Other Subclavian steal syndrome Upper motor neurone lesion ( Clasp - knife response ) Lower motor neurone lesion Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders ( F80 -- F83 , 315 ) General conditions Speech and language impairment , communication disorder Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau -- Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue Scholastic skills ,", "32": "learning disorder Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia ( Disorder of written expression ) Motor function Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech Other Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy", "33": "Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder", "34": "Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis NDL : 00571290 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "35": "php?title=Aphasia&oldid=832872685 '' Categories : Aphasias Alexia ( condition ) Communication disorders Language disorders Symptoms and signs : Speech and voice Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Infobox medical condition All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Limburgs Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "36": ", a non-profit organization . 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-1833051064924762940	who plays alec ramsay in the black stallion	[ "Kelly Reno", "Kelly Reno", "Kelly Reno", "Kelly Reno", "Kelly Reno" ]	{ "0": "Kelly Reno - Wikipedia Kelly Reno Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Kelly Reno '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kelly Reno ( 1966 - 06 - 19 ) June 19 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Pueblo , Colorado , U.S. Occupation Actor , rancher , trucker Years active 1979 -- 1985 Spouse ( s ) Lynette Tuttle ( m . 1986 ; div. 1996 ) Annette Crump ( m . 1998 ; div. 2005 ) Dawn Hickey ( m . 2007 ) Children Three ( with Tuttle ) One stepdaughter ( with Hickey ) Kelly Reno ( born June 19 , 1966 , in Pueblo , Colorado ) is a former child actor who was cast at age 11 in the role of Alec Ramsey , the young boy who is marooned on a deserted island along with a horse , in The Black Stallion ( based on the novel by Walter Farley ) . The film was made in 1977 . Reno also appeared in the 1983 film adaptation of The Black Stallion Returns , alongside Vincent Spano . Reno 's acting career was cut short when the pick - up truck he was driving was hit by a semi-truck .", "1": "He had severe injuries and the long recovery time put an end to his acting career . In 1985 he appeared as an Alamo messenger who travels through time in an episode entitled `` Alamo Jobe '' in Steven Spielberg 's Amazing Stories . After 20 years as a cattle rancher , he became a semi-truck driver . He lives in Colorado with his third wife and her daughter ( Shaina ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Films 1.2 Television 2 Bibliography 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 The Black Stallion Alec Ramsey The Black Stallion Returns Brady 's Escape Miki Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Merv Griffin Show Himself 1985 Amazing Stories ( TV series ) Alamo Jobe Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 372 - 373 . External links ( edit ) Kelly Reno on IMDb VIAF : 66074482 LCCN : no97030641 ISNI : 0000 0000 4190 156X GND : 1031749829 BNF : cb142199525 ( data ) BIBSYS : 11050985 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "2": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Reno&oldid=831587328 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people American male child actors People from Pueblo , Colorado Truck drivers American film actor , 1960s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from November 2015 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from November 2015 Unreferenced BLPs from November 2015 All unreferenced BLPs All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 09 : 27 . 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891746977133226745	who wrote you must have been a beautiful baby	[ "music by Harry Warren", "lyrics by Johnny Mercer", "Harry Warren", "Johnny Mercer", "music by Harry Warren", "lyrics by Johnny Mercer", "music by Harry Warren", "lyrics by Johnny Mercer" ]	{ "0": "You Must Have been a Beautiful Baby - wikipedia You Must Have been a Beautiful Baby Jump to : navigation , search `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' Featured in the 1938 film Hard to Get Song by Dick Powell Published 1938 Composer ( s ) Harry Warren Lyricist ( s ) Johnny Mercer `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' is a popular song with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Johnny Mercer , published in 1938 by Remick Music Corporation . It was featured in the Warner Brothers movie Hard to Get , released November 1938 , in which it was sung by Dick Powell . Originally , the song was recorded by Bing Crosby for the biggest - selling hit version , while other contemporaneous hit versions included recordings by Tommy Dorsey ( with vocal by Edythe Wright ) and Russ Morgan . It was also revived by Bobby Darin in 1961 , reaching the charts again that year . The song has been recorded by many other artists ( see below for a partial list ) and is considered a popular standard . It was used frequently in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons , also produced by Warner Brothers , under the musical direction of Carl W. Stalling .", "1": "Recorded versions ( edit ) Russ Morgan and his orchestra ( recorded August 26 , 1938 , released by Decca Records as catalog number 2125A , with the flip side `` This Is Madness '' ) Tommy Dorsey and his Clambake 7 with vocal by Edythe Wright ( recorded September 29 , 1938 , released by Victor Records as catalog number 26066 , with the flip side `` Sailing at Midnight '' ) Blue Barron and his orchestra ( recorded October 1 , 1938 , released by Bluebird Records as catalog number 7886 and by Montgomery Ward Records as catalog number 7537 , both with the flip side `` It 's Time to Say Aloha '' ) Bing Crosby ( recorded October 14 , 1938 , released by Decca Records as catalog number 2147A , with the flip side `` Summertime '' ) Chick Bullock ( recorded October 20 , 1938 , released by Conqueror Records as catalog number 9149 , with the flip side `` I Wo n't Tell a Soul '' ) Dorothy Carless and Sam Costa ( `` two voices and a piano '' ) in February 1939 , released by Regal Zonophone ( MR 2984 ) . Robert Clary ( released by Capitol Records as catalog number 891 , with the flip side `` Alouette '' ) Perry Como ( recorded March 21 , 1946 , released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 1916 , with the flip side `` A Garden in the Rain '' ) Bobby Darin ( recorded on June 19 , 1961 released as Atco 6206 , with the flip side `` Sorrow Tomorrow '' ; the biggest hit version , reaching U.S. # 5 and UK # 10 ) Joe Loss & his Band with vocal by Chick Henderson ( recorded January 21 , 1939 released on Regal Zonophone MR - 2992 ) The Dave Clark Five ( released in 1967 as a U.S. single on Epic Records , catalog number 10179 , with the flip side `` Man in the Pin - Stripe Suit '' ) . Their version peaked at number thirty - five and was their seventeenth and final Top 40 hit Johnny Mercer ( recorded January , 1974 , released on the album My Huckleberry Friend . )", "2": "Red Norvo and his orchestra ( vocal : Mildred Bailey ; released by Brunswick Records as catalog number 8240 , with the flip side `` Just You , Just Me '' ) Bob Smith and the Herman Chittison Trio ( released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 2266 , with the flip side `` Where 's Sam ? '' ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Edward Foote ( 2000 ) . Popular Songs of the 20th Century : Chart Detail & Encyclopedia , 1900 - 1949 . St. Paul , Minnesota : Paragon House . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 789 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Joel Whitburn Presents a Century of Pop Music . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 135 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.alfred.com/Products/The-Looney-Tunes-Songbook--00-35330.aspx ^ Jump up to : Decca Records in the 2000 to 2499 series Jump up ^ Victor Records in the 26000 to 26499 series ^ Jump up to : Bluebird Records in the 7500 to 7999 series ^ Jump up to : Montgomery Ward Records in the 7500 to 7999 series Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conqueror Records in the 9000 to 9499 series Jump up ^ Capitol Records in the 500 to 999 series Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20 - 1500 to 20 - 1999 series Jump up ^ Atco Records in the 6050 to 6792 series Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 129 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Brunswick Records in the 8000 to 8517 series Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20 - 2000 to 20 - 2499 series Bobby Darin Discography Studio albums Bobby Darin ( 1958 ) That 's All ( 1960 ) This is Darin ( 1960 ) For Teenagers Only ( 1960 ) The 25th Day of December ( 1960 ) Two of a Kind ( 1961 ) Love Swings ( 1961 ) Twist with Bobby Darin ( 1961 ) Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles ( 1962 ) Things and Other Things ( 1962 ) Oh ! Look at Me Now ( 1962 ) You 're the Reason I 'm Living ( 1963 ) It 's You or No One ( 1963 ) 18 Yellow Roses ( 1963 ) Earthy !", "4": "( 1963 ) Golden Folk Hits ( 1963 ) Winners ( 1964 ) From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) Venice Blue ( 1965 ) Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile ( 1966 ) In a Broadway Bag ( Mame ) ( 1966 ) If I Were a Carpenter ( 1966 ) Inside Out ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto ( 1968 ) Commitment ( 1969 ) Live albums Darin at the Copa ( 1960 ) Live at the Desert Inn ( 1987 ) Compilation albums The Bobby Darin Story ( 1961 ) Aces Back to Back ( 2004 ) Singles `` Splish Splash '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` Dream Lover '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` Beyond the Sea '' `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' `` Things '' `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Darlin ' Be Home Soon '' Related articles Beyond the Sea ( film ) Dream Lover : The Bobby Darin Musical Book : Bobby Darin Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St.", "5": "Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr.", "6": "Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America ,", "7": "I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Must_Have_Been_a_Beautiful_Baby&oldid=797262214 '' Categories : Songs with music by Harry Warren 1938 songs Bobby Darin songs Looney Tunes songs Songs with lyrics by Johnny Mercer Mildred Bailey songs Talk About Wikipedia Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4315543730143212934	which is the default file extension for an audio file in windows media player	[ "Windows Media Video (WMV)", "Windows Media Audio (WMA)", "Advanced Systems Format (ASF)", "Windows Playlist (WPL)", "Windows Media Audio (WMA)", "Windows Media Audio (WMA)", "Windows Media Audio (WMA)" ]	{ "0": "Windows Media Player - wikipedia Windows Media Player Jump to : navigation , search Windows Media Player A component of Microsoft Windows Windows Media Player 12 running on Windows 8 Details Type Media player Included with Windows 3.0 MM and Windows 3.1 Windows 9x Windows 2000 to Windows 10 Windows CE and Windows Mobile Mac OS 8 and 9 Also available for Windows NT 4.0 , Mac OS 7 , Mac OS X , Solaris Replaces ActiveMovie Control , CD Player , DVD Player ( Win32 version ) Related components Windows Media Center , Microsoft Movies & TV Windows Media Player ( WMP ) is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio , video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system , as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile - based devices . Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for classic Mac OS , Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued . In addition to being a media player , Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs , burn recordable discs in Audio CD format or as data discs with playlists such as an MP3 CD , synchronize content with a digital audio player ( MP3 player ) or other mobile devices , and enable users to purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores . Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player , adding features beyond simple video or audio playback . Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . The default file formats are Windows Media Video ( WMV ) , Windows Media Audio ( WMA ) , and Advanced Systems Format ( ASF ) , and its own XML based playlist format called Windows Playlist ( WPL ) . The player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM . Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player . It was released on July 22 , 2009 along with Windows 7 and has not been made available for previous versions of Windows nor has it been updated since for Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 . Unlike Windows 8 , Windows RT does not run Windows Media Player .", "1": "Beginning with the Fall Creators Update of Windows 10 , WMP is disabled by default and must be reinstalled through the Programs and Features control panel . ActiveMovie was the immediate ancestor of Windows Media Player v6. x Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Core playback and library functions 2.2 Visualizations 2.3 Format support 2.3. 1 Windows Media Player Mobile 2.4 Disc burning , ripping , and playback 2.5 Portable device sync 2.6 Enhanced playback features 2.7 Shell integration 2.8 Extensibility 2.9 Online features 2.10 Media streaming 2.11 Skin Mode 3 Security issues 4 Other versions 4.1 Windows Mobile 4.2 Mac OS X 5 Website 6 European Commission case 7 Release history 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Media Player 5 The first version of Windows Media Player appeared in 1991 , when Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions was released . Originally called Media Player , this component was included with `` Multimedia PC '' - compatible machines but not available for retail sale . It was capable of playing . mmm animation files , and could be extended to support other formats . It used MCI to handle media files . Being a component of Windows , Media Player shows the same version number as that of the version Windows with which it was included . Microsoft continually produced new programs to play media files . In November of the following year , Video for Windows was introduced with the ability to play digital video files in an AVI container format , with codec support for RLE and Video1 , and support for playing uncompressed files . Indeo 3.2 was added in a later release . Video for Windows was first available as a free add - on to Windows 3.1 , and later integrated into Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 . In 1995 , Microsoft released ActiveMovie with DirectX Media SDK . ActiveMovie incorporates a new way of dealing with media files , and adds support for streaming media ( which the original Media Player could not handle ) .", "2": "In 1996 , ActiveMovie was renamed DirectShow . However , Media Player continued to come with Windows until Windows XP , in which it was officially renamed Windows Media Player v5. 1 . ( `` v5. 1 '' is the version number of Windows XP . ) In 1999 , Windows Media Player 's versioning broke away from that of Windows itself . Windows Media Player 6.4 came as an out - of - band update for Windows 95 , Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 that co-existed with Media Player and became a built - in component of Windows 2000 , Windows ME and Windows XP with an mplayer2. exe stub allowing to use this built - in instead of newer versions . Windows Media Player 7.0 and its successors also came in the same fashion , replacing each other but leaving Media Player and Windows Media Player 6.4 intact . Windows XP is the only operating system to have three different versions of Windows Media Player ( v5. 1 , v6. 4 and v8 ) side by side . All versions branded Windows Media Player ( instead of simply Media Player ) support DirectShow codecs . Windows Media Player version 7 was a large revamp , with a new user interface , visualizations and increased functionality . Windows Vista , however , dropped older versions of Windows Media Player in favor of v11 . Beginning with Windows Vista , Windows Media Player supports the Media Foundation framework besides DirectShow ; as such it plays certain types of media using Media Foundation as well as some types of media using DirectShow . Windows Media Player 12 was released with Windows 7 . It included support for more media formats and added new features . With Windows 8 , however , the player did not receive an upgrade . On April 16 , 2012 , Microsoft announced that Windows Media Player would not be included in Windows RT , the line of Windows designed to run on ARM based devices . Features ( edit ) Core playback and library functions ( edit ) Windows Media Player supports playback of audio , video and pictures , along with fast forward , reverse , file markers ( if present ) and variable playback speed ( seek & time compression / dilation introduced in WMP 9 Series ) . It supports local playback , streaming playback with multicast streams and progressive downloads .", "3": "Items in a playlist can be skipped over temporarily at playback time without removing them from the playlist . Full keyboard - based operation is possible in the player . Windows Media Player supports full media management , via the integrated media library introduced first in version 7 , which offers cataloguing and searching of media and viewing media metadata . Media can be arranged according to album , artist , genre , date et al. Windows Media Player 9 Series introduced Quick Access Panel to browse and navigate the entire library through a menu . The Quick Access Panel was also added to the mini mode in version 10 but was entirely removed in version 11 . WMP 9 Series also introduced ratings and Auto Ratings . Windows Media Player 10 introduced support for aggregating pictures , Recorded TV shows , and other media into the library . A fully featured tag editor was featured in versions 9 - 11 of WMP , called the Advanced Tag Editor . However , the feature was removed in Windows Media Player 12 . Since WMP 9 Series , the player features dynamically updated Auto Playlists based on criteria . Auto Playlists are updated every time users open them . WMP 9 Series and later also supports Auto Ratings which automatically assigns ratings based on the number of times a song is played . Pre-populated auto playlists are included in Windows Media Player 9 Series . Custom Auto Playlists can be created only on Windows XP and later . In Windows Media Player 11 , the Quick Access Panel was removed and replaced with an Explorer - style navigation pane on the left which can be customized for each library to show the user selected media or metadata categories , with contents appearing on the right , in a graphical manner with thumbnails featuring album art or other art depicting the item . Missing album art can be added directly to the placeholders in the Library itself ( though the program re-renders all album art imported this way into 1x1 pixel ratio , 200x200 resolution jpegs ) . There are separate Tiles , Icons , Details or Extended Tiles views for Music , Pictures , Video and Recorded TV which can be set individually from the navigation bar . Entries for Pictures and Video show their thumbnails . Version 11 also introduced the ability to search and display results on - the - fly as characters are being entered , without waiting for Enter key to be hit . Incremental search results are refined based on further characters that are typed .", "4": "Stacking allows graphical representations of how many albums there are in a specific category or folder . The pile appears larger as the category contains more albums . The List pane includes an option to prompt the user to remove items skipped in a playlist upon save or skip them only during playback . Visualizations ( edit ) Windows Media Player 11 running in mini mode ( in Windows XP MCE ) showing the `` Bars and Waves '' visualization While playing music , Windows Media Player can show visualizations . The current three visualizations are Alchemy , which was first introduced in version 9 , Bars and Waves , which has been used since version 7 , and Battery , introduced version 8 . `` Musical Colors '' was removed starting with version 9 , but is retained if Windows Media Player was upgraded from version 7 or 8 . Version 11 and above refrains from having the former `` Ambience '' , `` Particle '' , `` Plenoptic '' , and `` Spikes '' visualizations . The `` Battery '' visualization was similarly removed in later editions of version 12 . The reason for their removal was that the visualizations do not support full screen controls ( either the visualization gets shifted to the left while there is a thick black bar to the right side of the screen , that there are no full screen controls , or that the visualization have DXE Problems ) . More visualizations such as `` BlazingColors '' , `` ColorCubes '' , `` Softie the Snowman , '' and `` Yule Log '' can be downloaded from Microsoft 's website . Format support ( edit ) The player includes intrinsic support for Windows Media codecs and also WAV and MP3 media formats . On Windows XP and above with WMP 9 Series and later , the Windows Media Audio Professional codec is included which supports multichannel audio at up to 24 - bit 192 kHz resolution . Windows Media Player 11 includes the Windows Media Format 11 runtime which adds low bitrate support ( below 128 kbit / s for WMA Pro ) , support for ripping music to WMA Pro 10 and updates the original WMA to version 9.2 . Support for any media codec and container format can be added using specific DirectShow filters or Media Foundation codecs ( Media Foundation codecs only in Windows Vista and later ) .", "5": "The player will not play MP3 files that contain compressed ID3 headers ( `` tags '' ) ; trying to do so results in a `` The input media file is invalid '' error message . MP3 playback support was built - in beginning with version 6.1 and audio CD playback was natively supported with version 7 . DVD playback features minus the necessary decoders were integrated into Windows Media Player 8 for Windows XP . The player activates DVD and Blu - ray playback functionality with support for menus , titles and chapters , parental controls and audio track language selection if compatible decoders are installed . MPEG - 2 and Dolby Digital ( AC - 3 ) decoders were included beginning with Windows Media Player 11 on Windows Vista ( Home Premium and Ultimate editions only ) . Windows Media Player 12 adds native support for H. 264 and MPEG - 4 Part 2 video formats , ALAC , AAC audio and 3GP , MP4 and MOV container formats . Windows Media Player 12 is also able to play AVCHD formats (. M2TS and . mts ) . As of Windows 10 , Windows Media Player 12 can play FLAC , HEVC , ASS and SubRip subtitle , and Matroska container formats . Windows Media Player Mobile ( edit ) Windows Media Player Mobile 10 on Windows Mobile 6.5 supports MP3 , ASF , WMA and WMV using WMV or MPEG - 4 codecs . Disc burning , ripping , and playback ( edit ) Windows Media Player features integrated Audio CD - burning support since version 7 as well as data CD burning support since Windows Media Player 9 Series on Windows XP and later . Data CDs can have any of the media formats supported by the player . While burning Data CDs , the media can , optionally , be transcoded into WMA format and playlists can be added to the CD as well . Starting with WMP 9 Series , audio CDs can be burnt with volume leveling .", "6": "Audio CDs can be ripped as WMA or WMA 10 Pro ( WMA 10 Pro in WMP 11 and later ) at 48 , 64 , 96 , 128 , 160 and 192 kbit / s , WMA lossless ( 470 to 940 kbit / s ) ( 9 Series on XP and later ) , WMA variable bitrate ( from 40 - 75 kbit / s up to 240 - 355 kbit / s ) , MP3 at 128 , 192 , 256 and 320 kbit / s , or uncompressed WAV ( WAV ripping in WMP 11 and later ) . Since WMP 9 Series , 20 bit high - resolution CDs ( HDCDs ) are also supported , if capable audio hardware is present . Audio can be ripped using error correction and ripped audio can be protected with Windows Media DRM . Ripping to MP3 is supported only in Windows Media Player 8 for Windows XP and later if a compatible MP3 encoder is installed . Windows Media Player 10 included the Fraunhofer MP3 Professional encoder . Information on CDs such as album name , artist and track listings can optionally be automatically downloaded from the online Windows Media database when the CD is inserted . Version 11 added support for ripping audio CDs to WAV and WMA 10 Pro formats . For burning , version 11 shows a graphical bar indicating how much space will be used on the disc and introduced Disc spanning which splits a burn list onto multiple discs in case the content does not fit on one disc . Portable device Sync ( edit ) Windows Media Player allows the user to connect , share and sync data with portable handheld devices and game consoles since version 7 . Media can be optionally transcoded to a format better suited for the target device , automatically , when synchronizing . When deleting playlists from devices , Windows Media Player can automatically remove their contents . Devices can be formatted using Windows Media Player 9 Series and later . Version 10 and later support the Media Transfer Protocol and Auto Sync . Auto Sync allows users to specify criteria such as recently added music or highest rated songs , by which media will be automatically synchronized with the portable device and other advanced features like setting the clock on the portable device automatically , communicating with the device to retrieve the user 's preferences .", "7": "Windows Media Player 10 also introduced the UMDF - based Windows Portable Devices API . Version 11 has improved synchronization features for loading content onto PlaysForSure - compatible portable players . WMP 11 supports reverse - synchronization , by which media present on the portable device can be replicated back to the PC . Shuffle Sync can be used to randomize content synced with the portable device , Multi PC Sync to synchronize portable device content across multiple PCs and Guest Sync to synchronize different content from multiple PCs with the portable device . Portable devices appear in the navigation pane of the library where their content can be browsed and searched . Windows Media Player 's ' Sync ' function has options that allow it to be set to automatically down - convert ( transcode ) high bit - rate song files to a lower bit - rate . This down - conversion function is switched on by default . This is useful for providing low bit - rate files to those portable devices that need them , and to save space on portable devices with smaller storage capacities . For high bit - rate capable devices with sufficient storage capabilities , the down conversion process can be omitted . In versions 11 ( 2006 ) and 12 ( 2009 ) , the Quality settings that the user has selected in the Windows Media Player settings for Sync , for that specific portable device , are used to control the quality ( bit - rate ) of files that are copied to the portable device . Leaving the Quality settings to Automatic will often result in 192kbs files being copied to the portable device . Manual settings can also be made . 192kbs is the highest quality down - conversion bit - rate that can be manually selected when the Sync function 's down - conversion function is turned on . Lower bit - rates can also be selected . For portable devices that can handle high bit - rate files , the best quality files are obtained by leaving the down - conversion process switched off ( unchecked ) for that specific device . In Windows Media Player Version 11 , switching off the down - conversion function is done in the Quality tab of the Advanced Options of the Sync settings for the device . In Windows Media Player Version 12 , switching off the down - conversion function is done in the Quality tab of the Properties for the device in the Select Settings for the device in the Sync Options menu .", "8": "When set up in such a way , Windows Media Player 's ' Sync ' function can be used to sync unchanged high bit - rate song files to suitable portable devices ( i.e. those capable of using file formats such as WMA Lossless , mp3 - 360kbs , etc . ) . For example , some users have created large song libraries on their PCs containing . wma formatted song files using the high bit - rate WMA Lossless ( WMA - LL ) protocol , or using other high bit - rate song file formats . The WMA - LL protocol is selectable in Windows Media Player as an option when ripping songs from CDs . The resulting bit - rates seen on ripped WMA - LL files are often 3 to 6 times higher than 192kbs , and can typically fall anywhere in the range of 600kbs to 1200kbs , depending on the quality of the source file that was present on the CD in the first place . The sound quality is much improved over the default rate , although the file size is larger . At the time that Versions 11 and 12 were released , the capabilities and capacities of portable devices typically required down - conversion of the bit - rates of the files placed on the portable devices . Thus , Sync down - conversion was turned on by default . This was to ensure playability of the files and to ensure that the file sizes were small enough to efficiently fit a reasonably large selection of songs on the portable device . In recent years ( circa 2012 ) , portable devices became available that could natively play these Windows Media Player produced high bit - rate WMA - LL files ( and others ) , and that have storage capacities suitable for large collections of high bit - rate song files . This made it much more practicable and desirable to use software programs such as Windows Media Player to synchronize previously PC - bound libraries of high bit - rate songs to these new portable devices . For example , the Samsung Galaxy Note II ( 2012 ) can natively play unchanged high bit - rate Windows Media Player WMA - LL files . It can also be equipped with a micro-SDXC ( flash NAND ) memory card chip to expand the storage capacity to a size that is suitable for large collections of high bit - rate songs ( up to 80GB total storage ) .", "9": "By 2012 , the maximum total solid - state ( flash NAND ) storage of such portable devices available had reached 96GB . In the case of certain models of the Samsung Galaxy S III , this is achieved with up to 32GB of NAND flash storage integrated into the device and an additional 64GB mSDXC NAND flash storage `` memory card '' inserted into the micro-SD expansion card slot . Enhanced playback features ( edit ) Windows Media Player features universal brightness , contrast , saturation and hue adjustments and pixel aspect ratio for supported video formats . It also includes a 10 - band graphic equalizer with presets and SRS WOW audio post-processing system . Windows Media Player can also have attached audio and video DSP plug - ins which process the output audio or video data . Video Smoothing was introduced in WMP 9 Series ( Windows XP and later only ) which upscales frame - rate by interpolating added frames , in effect giving a smoother playback on low - framerate videos . The player supports subtitles and closed - captioning for local media , video on demand streaming or live streaming scenarios . Typically Windows Media captions support the SAMI file format but can also carry embedded closed caption data . The player can use video overlays or VMR ( Video Mixing Renderer ) surfaces , if the video card supports them . In Windows XP , it uses VMR7 by default , but can also be made to use the more advanced YUV mixing mode by enabling the `` Use high quality mode '' option in Advanced Performance settings . This turns on deinterlacing , scaling and improved color accuracy . WMP 9 Series introduced native playback for deinterlacing for TV output . Version 9 introduced DXVA accelerated playback . Version 11 introduced improved support for DirectX accelerated decoding of WMV video ( DXVA decoding ) . Up to version 11 , it supported static lyrics and `` Synchronized Lyrics '' , by which different lines of lyrics can be time - stamped , so that they display only at those times . Synchronized Lyrics also were accessible through the Advanced Tag Editor which was removed in version 12 . Since Windows Media Player 9 Series , the player supports crossfading , audio dynamic range ( Quiet Mode ) for WMA Pro and WMA Lossless , and auto volume leveling for certain media which includes volume level / gain information such as MP3 or Windows Media .", "10": "The player also supports extensive configurable privacy and security settings . Shell integration ( edit ) The player has Windows Explorer shell integration to add files and playlist to the Now Playing pane and other playlists can be controlled from the Windows Explorer shell itself , via right - click menu . The My Music folder also includes a separate My Playlists folder where playlists are maintained . When the player is closed and reopened , simply clicking the play button restores the last playlist even if it was not saved . Starting with Windows Media Player 10 , the playlist pane is also visible from the Library view . AutoPlay handlers in Windows expose various Windows Media Player tasks . Windows Media Player 11 running in mini mode in Windows Vista and Windows XP respectively . Notice the difference in the logo . Up to version 11 , it featured a taskbar - mounted Mini mode in which the most common media control buttons are presented as a toolbar on the Windows taskbar . Flyout windows can display media information , the active visualization or the video being played back . Mini-mode was introduced as a shell player powertoy for Windows Media Player 8 in Windows XP and integrated later into WMP 9 Series . Mini-mode has been removed in Windows Media Player 12 in favor of controls in the taskbar 's interactive thumbnail preview which lacks volume control , a progress bar and information displayed whenever a new song is played . The user interface has been redesigned in Windows Media Player 12 such that the Now Playing view plays media in a separate minimalist window with floating playback controls , and also gives access to the current playlist , visualizations , and enhancements . Enhancements are housed in individual undocked windows . The library view includes the rest of the media management functions . It also can preview songs from the library when users hover over the media file and click the Preview button . Windows Media Player 12 can play unprotected songs from the iTunes library . The taskbar - integrated Mini-player has been replaced with controls in the taskbar 's interactive thumbnail preview ( called the Thumbnail Toolbar ) , albeit minus the volume control function , track and album information shown whenever a new song is played and the progress bar . The taskbar icon also supports jump lists introduced in Windows 7 .", "11": "The thumbnail viewer of Windows Media Player 12 in Windows 7 Home Premium Extensibility ( edit ) The player has skinning support since version 7 and includes a color chooser since version 8 . Not all functions are usually exposed in skin mode . Windows Media Player 10 allows setting the video border color . Color chooser has been removed in Windows Media Player 12 . It supports visualizations and Info Center View ( Info Center View in WMP 9 Series and later ) which displays media metadata fetched from the internet . Full screen visualizations are supported in WMP 9 Series and later . It supports Background plug - ins , window plug - ins and Now Playing plug - ins to control media playback besides DSP and renderer plug - ins . Plug - in support was introduced in Windows Media Player 9 Series . Online features ( edit ) The player integrates web - browsing support to browse online music stores , shop for music and tune to internet radio stations since version 7 . It provides an embeddedable ActiveX control for Internet Explorer so that developers can play Windows Media on web pages . Windows Media Player 10 and later feature integration with a large number of online music stores and selecting a music store switches the Info Center view , radio and other online features to use services from that store . Purchased music from a particular store appears in a separate library node under the respective category . Media streaming ( edit ) Previously , Microsoft had released Windows Media Connect for Windows XP to stream media content with its built - in UPnP media server . With version 11 of Windows Media Player , Media Sharing was integrated and allows content ( Music , Pictures , Video ) to be streamed to and from Universal Plug and Play ( UPnP ) AV enabled devices such as the PS3 , Xbox 360 , and Roku SoundBridge . This includes DRM protected PlaysForSure content . WMP 11 on Windows Vista can also act as a client to connect to remote media libraries using this feature ; this is not available on the Windows XP version . With version 12 , media streaming was further improved .", "12": "While previous versions streamed media to UPnP compliant devices ( Digital Media Server role ) and could play media by fetching it from a network share ( Digital Media Player role ) , Windows Media Player 12 can access media from the shared media libraries on the network or HomeGroup , stream media to DLNA 1.5 compliant devices and allows itself ( once the remote control option is turned on ) to be remotely controlled by Digital Media Controller devices which stream media ( Digital Media Renderer role ) . Similarly , the Play To feature once enabled for remote PCs , by turning on remote control of the player , allows compliant devices and computers to be discovered and controlled remotely from a computer running Windows Media Player 12 ( Digital Media Controller role ) . If the devices do not support the streamed format , Windows Media Player 12 transcodes the format on - the - fly . Media from a home network can also be streamed over the internet using an Online ID Provider service , which handles discovery of the computer 's IP address , authorization , security , connectivity and Quality of Service issues . Skin mode ( edit ) Windows Media Player also features skins . Currently , Windows Media Player has two default skins : `` Corporate '' , which was first introduced in version 8 , and `` Revert '' , which first shipped with version 9 . In versions 7 and 8 , there were many unusual skins such as `` Heart '' , `` Headspace '' , `` Canvas '' , `` Goo '' , and `` Atomic '' , which were removed starting with version 9 , but are retained if the player is upgraded , although some can still be downloaded from an archive of the Microsoft website . `` QuickSilver '' , `` Compact '' , and `` 9SeriesDefault '' were removed starting with version 11 , but are similarly retained if upgraded from version 9 or 10 . This Corporate skin is not deletable . Security issues ( edit ) Microsoft Windows Media Runtime in Windows 2000 , Windows XP , Windows Vista and Windows Server contained a coding error that permitted `` remote code execution if a user opened a specially crafted media file '' . Such a file would allow the attacker to `` then install programs ; view , change , or delete data ; or create new accounts with full user rights '' , if the account on which the file was played had administrator privileges . The problem was addressed in a critical update issued on September 8 , 2009 .", "13": "Other versions ( edit ) Microsoft has also released versions of Windows Media Player for other platforms including Windows Mobile , classic Mac OS , Mac OS X , Palm - size PC , Handheld PC , and Solaris . Of these , only the Windows Mobile edition continues to be actively developed and supported by Microsoft . Version 1 of the Zune software was also based on Windows Media Player ; later versions are not . Windows Mobile ( edit ) Windows Media Player 10.3 Mobile on a Windows Mobile Professional device Windows Media Player for Pocket PC was first announced on January 6 , 2000 , and has been revised on a schedule roughly similar to that of the Windows version . Currently known as `` Media Player 10 Mobile '' , this edition ( released in October 2004 ) closely resembles the capabilities of the Windows version of WMP 10 , including playlist capabilities , a media library , album art , WMA Lossless playback , support for DRM - protected media , video playback at 640 × 480 with stereo sound , and the same Energy Blue interface aesthetics also seen in Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 . It also supports synchronization with the desktop version of WMP 10 , and additionally supports synchronizing and transcoding of recorded television shows from Media Center . Media Player 10 Mobile is not available as a download from Microsoft ; distribution is done solely through OEM partners , and is typically included on devices based on Windows Mobile . Windows Mobile 6 includes a copy of Windows Media Player 10 Mobile , but with a similar ( but not quite identical ) theme as Windows Media Player 11 . Mac OS X ( edit ) Version 9 was the final version of Windows Media Player to be released for Mac OS X before development was canceled by Microsoft . It was developed by the Windows Media team at Microsoft instead of the Macintosh Business Unit and released in 2003 . On release the application lacked many basic features that were found in other media players such as Apple 's iTunes and QuickTime . It also lacked support for many media formats that version 9 of the Windows counterpart supported on release 10 months earlier . The Mac version supported only Windows Media encoded media ( up to version 9 ) enclosed in the ASF format , lacking support for all other formats such as MP4 , MPEG , and Microsoft 's own AVI format .", "14": "On the user interface front , it did not prevent screensavers from running during playback , it did not support file drag - and - drop , nor did it support playlists . While Windows Media Player 9 had added support for some files that use the WMV9 codec ( also known as the WMV3 codec by the FourCC ) , in other aspects it was seen as having degraded in features from previous versions . On January 12 , 2006 Microsoft announced it had ceased development of Windows Media Player for Mac . Microsoft now distributes a third - party plugin called WMV Player ( produced and maintained by Flip4Mac ) which allows some forms of Windows Media to be played within Apple 's QuickTime Player and other QuickTime - aware applications . Website ( edit ) WindowsMedia.com Type of site Media player website Available in Owner Microsoft Created by Microsoft Revenue Yes Website Archived official website at the Wayback Machine ( archive index ) Commercial No Registration No Users Launched October 8 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( 1999 - 10 - 08 ) Current status Active Written in ASP.NET This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) WindowsMedia.com is a media player website owned and operated by Microsoft . European Commission case ( edit ) In March 2004 , the European Commission in the European Union Microsoft antitrust case fined Microsoft € 497 million and ordered the company to provide a version of Windows without Windows Media Player , claiming Microsoft `` broke European Union competition law by leveraging its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems onto the markets for work group server operating systems and for media players '' . The company has made available a compliant version of its flagship operating system under the negotiated name `` Windows XP N '' , though the product has not been very successful . Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Windows 8 are also available in `` N '' editions . Still , with these editions , it is possible to either install Windows Media Player ( XP / Vista ) or the Media Restore Pack through Windows Update ( Vista ) to add the media player .", "15": "Release History ( edit ) Prior to the release of Windows Media Player in Windows 98 Second Edition , separate programs , CD Player , Deluxe CD Player , DVD Player and Media Player , were included in old versions of Microsoft Windows for playback of media files . Windows Media Player versions Version Original release Included with Available for Microsoft Windows Windows Media Player 12 July 22 , 2009 Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 8.1 Windows 10 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows Server 2016 N / A Windows Media Player 11 October 30 , 2006 Windows Server 2008 Windows Vista Windows XP Windows XP x64 Edition Windows Media Player 10 September 2 , 2004 Windows Server 2003 ( SP1+ ) Windows XP x64 Edition ( SP2+ ) Windows Server 2003 Windows XP Windows XP x64 Edition Windows Media Player 9 Series January 7 , 2003 Windows XP ( SP2+ ) Windows Server 2003 ( RTM ) Windows XP Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows 98 SE Windows Media Player for Windows XP ( version 8 ) October 25 , 2001 Windows XP ( RTM & SP1 ) N / A Windows Media Player 7.1 May 16 , 2001 N / A Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95 Windows Media Player 7.0 July 17 , 2000 Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95 Windows Media Player 6.4 April 29 , 1999 Windows 2000 Windows ME ( hidden ) Windows XP ( hidden ) Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95 Windows Media Player 6.1 September 29 , 1997 Windows 98 SE Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95 Microsoft Media Player 5.1 Windows XP ( hidden ) N / A Media Player 5.0 1999 Windows 2000 ( hidden ) N / A Media Player 4.", "16": "9 2000 Windows ME ( hidden ) N / A Media Player 4.1 1998 Windows 98 Windows 98 SE ( hidden ) N / A Media Player 4.0 1995 Windows 95 Windows NT 4.0 N / A Media Player 3.51 1995 Windows NT 3.51 N / A Media Player 3.5 Windows NT 3.5 N / A Media Player 3.15 1992 N / A Windows 3.1 with Video for Windows Media Player 3.1 1992 Windows 3.1 Windows NT 3.1 N / A Media Player 3.0 1991 N / A Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extension Windows Mobile Windows Media Player 10.3 Mobile February 12 , 2007 ( Windows Mobile 6 ) Windows Mobile 6.1 Windows Mobile 6 Windows Mobile 5.0 Windows Media Player 10.2 Mobile ? Windows Mobile 5.0 N / A Windows Media Player 10.1 Mobile May 10 , 2005 Windows Mobile 5.0 N / A Windows Media Player 10 Mobile October 12 , 2004 Windows Mobile 2003 SE N / A Windows Media Player 9.0.", "17": "1 March 24 , 2004 Windows Mobile 2003 SE N / A Windows Media Player 9 Series June 23 , 2003 Windows Mobile 2003 N / A Windows Media Player 8.5 October 11 , 2002 Pocket PC 2002 N / A Windows Media Player 8.01 July 2002 Pocket PC 2002 N / A Windows Media Player 8 October 4 , 2001 ( Pocket PC ) Pocket PC 2002 Smartphone 2002 N / A Windows Media Player 7.1 May 21 , 2001 Pocket PC 2000 N / A Windows Media Player 7 December 12 , 2000 Pocket PC 2000 N / A Windows Media Player 1.2 September 7 , 2000 Handheld PC 2000 N / A Windows Media Player 1.1 ? Palm - size PC CE 2.11 N / A Windows Media Player April 19 , 2000 Pocket PC 2000 N / A Mac Windows Media Player 9 Series November 7 , 2003 N / A Mac OS X Windows Media Player 7 July 24 , 2001 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 8 Windows Media Player 6.3 July 17 , 2000 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 7 Solaris Windows Media Player 6.3 July 17 , 2000 N / A Solaris See also ( edit ) Comparison of media players Comparison of video player software Media Transfer Protocol Windows Media Encoder Windows Media Services Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except for `` N '' and `` KN '' editions of Windows , as well as Windows RT Jump up ^ Windows Media Player 6.4 was shipped side - by - side with later versions of WMP in Windows ME and Windows XP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Brandon ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Windows 7 Has Been Released to Manufacturing '' . Blogging Windows . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Windows Media Player 12 - Windows 7 features '' .", "18": "Windows . Microsoft . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://winaero.com/blog/kb4046355-deletes-windows-media-player/ Jump up ^ https://winaero.com/blog/restore-windows-media-player-windows-10/ Jump up ^ `` Windows Version History '' . Support ( 4.0 ed . ) . Microsoft . September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lineback , Nathan . `` Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions '' . Toasty Tech . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video for Windows '' . PC Tech Guide . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blome , Michael ; Wasson , Mike ( July 2002 ) . `` DirectShow : Core Media Technology in Windows XP Empowers You to Create Custom Audio / Video Processing Components '' . MSDN Magazine . Microsoft . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ C : \\ Windows \\ system32 \\ myplay32. exe . Windows XP . Microsoft Corporation . Jump up ^ `` MPLAYER2. EXE Is Linked to Missing Export MSDXM. OCX '' . Support . Microsoft . April 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DSP Plug - in Packaging '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Brandon ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Windows Announcing the Windows 8 Editions '' . The Windows Blog . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Bright ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Hands on : Windows Media Player 12 's surprising new features '' . ArsTechnica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 RC to natively support . mov files '' . Chakkaradeep Chandran .", "19": "Neowin.net . February 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 next generation camera support '' . Download Center . Microsoft . Archived from the original ( PPTX ) on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Formats supported by Windows Media Player Mobile '' . MSDN . Microsoft . April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Media Player manual '' . Download Center . Microsoft . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on June 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Kiriaty , Yochay ; Goldshtein , Sasha ( July 2009 ) . `` Introducing The Taskbar APIs '' . MSDN Magazine . Microsoft . Thumbnail Toolbars . ^ Jump up to : Sinofsky , Steven ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Media Streaming with Windows 7 '' . Engineering Windows 7 . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Skins for Windows Media Player '' . Windows . Microsoft . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Bulletin MS09 - 047 : Critical Vulnerabilities in Windows Media Format Could Allow Remote Code Execution '' . Microsoft TechNet . Microsoft . September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MS09 - 047 : Description of the security update for Windows Media Format Runtime , Windows Media Services , and Media Foundation : September 8 , 2009 '' . Support . Microsoft . September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Unveils Windows Media Player for Palm - Size and Pocket PCs '' . News Center . Microsoft . January 6 , 2000 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Media Components for QuickTime '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Microsoft . Download Center .", "20": "`` be used to restore Windows Media Player and related technologies to N and KN editions of Windows Vista . '' Retrieved July 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Get Windows Media Player '' . Windows . Microsoft . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MS09 - 037 : Description of the security update for Windows Media Player : August 11 , 2009 '' . Support . Microsoft . May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Release of Windows Media 9 Series Starts Next Wave of Digital Media '' . News Center . Microsoft . January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 Brings Click and Play Digital Media To Millions Around the Globe '' . News Center . Microsoft . July 17 , 2000 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Liron , Marc ( 2004 ) . `` A Little Windows Media Player History ... '' . Windows XP Media Player - The Best There Is ? . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . windowsupdateerror.com Windows Live Support `` The default codecs that are included with Windows Media Player 9 and with Windows Media Player 10 ( Revision 1.1 ) '' . Microsoft Support Center . Microsoft Corporation . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 .", "21": "External links ( edit ) Official website Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps 3D Builder Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub Get Help Groove Magnifier Mail Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal.", "22": "dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax File Manager Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Windows Store DVD Player Hover !", "23": "Mahjong Minesweeper Media player software Free software Windows Media Player Classic Mpxplay QuuxPlayer Linux active Baudline cmus Helix Kaffeine Music on Console Noise Parole Rhythmbox Totem Xine XMMS2 inactive JuK Muine Ogle DVD Player XMMS Cross-platform active Audacious Clementine DeaDBeeF Exaile ffplay Kodi Mpg123 MPlayer / mpv ( SMPlayer ) Music Player Daemon qmmp Quod Libet VLC inactive Amarok Banshee Miro Nightingale Songbird Zinf Freeware Windows Adobe Media Player AIMP BS. Player CrystalPlayer Dell MediaDirect foobar2000 GOM Player jetAudio KMPlayer MadCat Media Browser Media Go MediaMonkey Mod4Win MusicBee MusikCube InterActual Player PotPlayer QuickTime Quintessential Player Style Jukebox Winamp Cross-platform Boxee DivX Player iTunes Plex QuickTime RealPlayer Commercial ( proprietary ) Windows Connect Player Iriver plus 3 JRiver Media Center PowerDVD TotalMedia Theatre SonicStage WinDVD Windows Media Center Windows Media Player Yahoo !", "24": "Music Jukebox Linux Fluendo DVD Player macOS DVD Player Front Row Peel Mobile CoreAVC CorePlayer Core Pocket Media Player doubleTwist RealPlayer TuneWiki Winamp Lists Video players Audio players Free software audio players Portable media players Personal video recorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Media_Player&oldid=806183822 '' Categories : 1991 software Mac OS media players MacOS media players Microsoft software Microsoft Windows multimedia technology Pocket PC software Tag editors Windows CD ripping software Windows components Windows media players Windows Mobile Standard software Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from March 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tetun ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "25": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-909543708804159189	when was rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead written	[ "1966", "1966" ]	{ "0": "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead - wikipedia Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Tom Stoppard 's play . For the 1990 film , see Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( film ) . Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead Written by Tom Stoppard Characters Rosencrantz Guildenstern The Player Alfred Hamlet Tragedians King Claudius Gertrude Polonius Ophelia Horatio Fortinbras Soldiers , courtiers , and musicians Date premiered 24 August 1966 Place premiered Edinburgh Fringe Original language English Subject Genre Tragic comedy Setting Shakespeare 's Hamlet Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , often referred to as just Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , is an absurdist , existentialist tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard , first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966 . The play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from Shakespeare 's Hamlet , the courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . The action of Stoppard 's play takes place mainly `` in the wings '' of Shakespeare 's , with brief appearances of major characters from Hamlet who enact fragments of the original 's scenes . Between these episodes the two protagonists voice their confusion at the progress of events occurring onstage without them in Hamlet , of which they have no direct knowledge . Comparisons have also been drawn with Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot , for the presence of two central characters who almost appear to be two halves of a single character . Many plot features are similar as well : the characters pass time by playing Questions , impersonating other characters , and interrupting each other or remaining silent for long periods of time .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Characters 3 Synopsis 4 Summary 4.1 Act One 4.2 Act Two 4.3 Act Three 5 Motifs and ideas 6 Metatheatre 7 Notable productions 7.1 United Kingdom 7.2 Broadway and Off - Broadway 7.3 Radio adaptation 7.4 Film adaptation 8 Reception 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Title ( edit ) The title is taken directly from the final scene of Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In earlier scenes , Prince Hamlet , having been exiled to England by the treacherous King of Denmark ( his uncle , who murdered Hamlet 's father to obtain the throne ) discovered en route a letter from the King carried by his old but now untrusted friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . The letter commanded Hamlet 's death upon his arrival in England . Hamlet rewrote the letter to command Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths and escaped back to Denmark . By the end of Shakespeare 's play , Prince Hamlet , Laertes , Ophelia , Polonius , King Claudius and Gertrude all lie dead . An ambassador from England arrives to bluntly report `` Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead '' ( Hamlet . Act V , Scene II , line 411 ) and so they join all the stabbed , poisoned , and drowned key characters . By the end of Hamlet , Horatio is the only main figure left alive . A previous , satirical play of a similar nature named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was written by W.S. Gilbert in 1874 and performed in 1891 . Characters ( edit ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern : a pair of schoolmates and childhood friends of Hamlet . They forget who they are quite often .", "2": "Rosencrantz is simple - minded and is okay with taking things at face value and letting other people do the thinking . Guildenstern is more of a thinker and worries about the consequences and implications for him of an action . The Player : A travelling actor with his fair share of wits . He speaks of theatre being only about Love , Blood , and Rhetoric . Stating that everything must contain blood , that it is compulsory and that most things end in death . He is often keeping tabs on the young boy Alfred ( one of his tragedians ) . Hamlet : the Prince of Denmark , nephew to Claudius . Throughout the play he seems to be putting on a different face for different people much as he does in Shakespeare 's work . Tragedians : travelling with the Player , including Alfred . They provide a chorus for the audience and react to specific things that the player says . The Player is often called a puppet master because of the way he controls them as well as everyone else in the play . King Claudius : the King of Denmark , Hamlet 's uncle and stepfather . Sends for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to learn what afflicts Hamlet . Then sends the three off to England with a letter to the English king stating that , as a favour to him and Denmark , Hamlet should be killed on the spot . Gertrude : the Queen of Denmark , and Hamlet 's mother . Polonius : Claudius 's chief adviser . He sees through most of Hamlet 's lies and acts but does n't care enough to bring it to too much attention . Ophelia : Polonius 's daughter . She drifts across the stage from time to time , though no mention of her death is ever present in the play . Horatio : A friend and schoolmate of Hamlet . He has the last line of the play in the scripted work , which is a direct quote from Hamlet . He says these lines as he is holding his dead friend . Fortinbras : the nephew of the King of Norway . Appears at the end of the play to take over Denmark , since the Danish monarchy has fallen .", "3": "Synopsis ( edit ) The play concerns the misadventures and musings of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two minor characters from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet who are childhood friends of the prince , focusing on their actions with the events of Hamlet as background . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is structured as the inverse of Hamlet ; the title characters are the leads , not supporting players , and Hamlet himself has only a small part . The duo appears on stage here when they are off - stage in Shakespeare 's play , with the exception of a few short scenes in which the dramatic events of both plays coincide . In Hamlet , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are used by the King in an attempt to discover Hamlet 's motives and to plot against him . Hamlet , however , mocks them derisively and outwits them , so that they , rather than he , are executed in the end . Thus , from Rosencrantz 's and Guildenstern 's perspective , the action in Hamlet is largely nonsensical and comical . After the two characters witness a performance of The Murder of Gonzago -- the story within a story in the play Hamlet -- they find themselves on a boat taking Prince Hamlet to England with the troupe that staged the performance . They are intended to give the English king a message telling him to kill Hamlet . Instead , Hamlet discovers this and switches the letter for another , telling the king to kill Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . During the voyage , the two are ambushed by pirates and lose their prisoner , Hamlet , before resigning themselves to their fate and presumably dying thereafter . Summary ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The play opens with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern betting on coin flips . Rosencrantz , who bets heads each time , wins ninety - two flips in a row . The extreme unlikeliness of this event according to the laws of probability leads Guildenstern to suggest that they may be `` within un - , sub - or supernatural forces '' . The audience learns why they are where they are : the King has sent for them . Guildenstern theorizes on the nature of reality , focusing on how an event becomes increasingly real as more people witness it .", "4": "A troupe of Tragedians arrives and offers the two men a show . They seem capable only of performances involving bloodbaths . The next two scenes are from the plot of Hamlet . The first , involving Hamlet and Ophelia , takes place off - stage in the Shakespeare ( the stage directions repeat exactly the words in which Ophelia , in the original , describes the event to Polonius ) . The second is taken directly from Hamlet , and is Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's first appearance in that play . Here the Danish king and queen , Claudius and Gertrude , ask the two to discover the nature of Hamlet 's recent madness . The royal couple demonstrate an inability to distinguish the two courtiers from one another , as indeed do the characters themselves to their irritation . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to practise for their meeting with the Prince by one pretending to be Hamlet and the other asking him questions , but they glean no new information from it . The act closes with another scene from Hamlet in which they finally meet the Prince face to face . Act two ( edit ) The act opens with the end of the conversation between Rosencrantz , Guildenstern , and Hamlet . Guildenstern tries to look on the bright side , while Rosencrantz makes it clear that the pair had made no progress , that Hamlet had entirely outwitted them . The Player returns to the stage . He is angry that the pair had not earlier stayed to watch their play because , without an audience , his Tragedians are nothing . He tells them to stop questioning their existence because , upon examination , life appears too chaotic to comprehend . The Player , Rosencrantz , and Guildenstern lose themselves in yet another illogical conversation that demonstrates the limits of language . The Player leaves in order to prepare for his production of The Murder of Gonzago , set to be put on in front of Hamlet and the King and Queen . The royal couple enters and begins another short scene taken directly from Hamlet : they ask about the duo 's encounter with the Prince , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern inform them about his interest in the Tragedians ' production . After the king and queen leave , the partners contemplate their job .", "5": "They see Hamlet walk by but fail to seize the opportunity to interrogate him . The Tragedians return and perform their dress rehearsal of The Murder of Gonzago . The play moves beyond the scope of what the reader sees in Hamlet ; characters resembling Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are seen taking a sea voyage and meeting their deaths at the hands of English courtiers , foreshadowing their true fate . Rosencrantz does not quite make the connection , but Guildenstern is frightened into a verbal attack on the Tragedians ' inability to capture the real essence of death . The stage becomes dark . When the stage is once again visible , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern lie in the same position as had the actors portraying their deaths . The partners are upset that they have become the pawns of the royal couple . Claudius enters again and tells them to find where Hamlet has hidden Polonius ' corpse . After many false starts they eventually find Hamlet , who leaves with the King . Rosencrantz is delighted to find that his mission is complete , but Guildenstern knows it is not over . Hamlet enters , speaking with a Norwegian soldier . Rosencrantz decides that he is happy to accompany Hamlet to England because it means freedom from the orders of the Danish court . Guildenstern understands that wherever they go , they are still trapped in this world . Act three ( edit ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern find themselves on a ship that has already set sail . The audience is led to believe that the pair has no knowledge of how they got there . At first , they try to determine whether they are still alive . Eventually , they recognize that they are not dead and are on board a boat . They remember that Claudius had given them a letter to deliver to England . After some brief confusion over who actually has the letter , they find it and end up opening it . They realize that Claudius has asked for Hamlet to be killed . While Rosencrantz seems hesitant to follow their orders now , Guildenstern convinces him that they are not worthy of interfering with fate and with the plans of kings . The stage becomes black and , presumably , the characters go to sleep .", "6": "Hamlet switches the letter with one he has written himself , an act which takes place off stage in Hamlet . The pair discovers that the Tragedians are hidden ( ' impossibly ' , according to the stage directions ) in several barrels on deck . They are fleeing Denmark because their play had offended Claudius . When Rosencrantz complains that there is not enough action , pirates attack . Hamlet , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , and the Player all hide in separate barrels . The lights dim . When the lights come on again , Hamlet has vanished ( in Hamlet it is reported that he was kidnapped by pirates from the ship ) . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern panic , and re-read the letter to find that it now calls for them to be put to death instead of the prince . Guildenstern can not understand why he and Rosencrantz are so important as to necessitate their executions . The Player tells Guildenstern that all paths end in death . Guildenstern snaps and draws the Player 's dagger from his belt , shouting at him that his portrayals of death do not do justice to the real thing . He stabs the Player and the Player appears to die . Guildenstern fully believes he has killed the Player . Seconds later , the Tragedians begin to clap and the Player stands up and brushes himself off , revealing the knife to be a theatrical one with a retractable blade . The Tragedians then act out the deaths from the final scene of Hamlet . The lighting shifts so that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are the only ones visible . Rosencrantz still does not understand why they must die . Still , he resigns himself to his fate and his character disappears . Guildenstern wonders when he passed the point where he could have stopped the series of events that has brought him to this point . He disappears as well . The final scene features the last few lines from Shakespeare 's Hamlet , as the Ambassador from England announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead . Motifs and ideas ( edit ) Absurdity Stoppard emphasizes the randomness of the world .", "7": "In the beginning of Act One , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern bet on coin flips and Rosencrantz wins with heads ninety - two times in a row . Guildenstern creates a series of syllogisms in order to interpret this phenomenon , but nothing truly coincides with the law of probability . Art vs. Reality The players help demonstrate the conflict between art and reality . The world in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern live lacks order . However , art allows people that live in this world . As the Player says , `` There 's a design at work in all art . '' Art and the real world are in conflict . In order to reach out to the only reality he can be sure of , Guildenstern exclaims , `` No one gets up after death - there is no applause - there is only silence and some second - hand clothes , and that 's death . '' Stoppard also uses his characters to comment on the believability of theatre . While Guildenstern criticises the Player for his portrayal of death , he believes the Player 's performance when Guildenstern thinks he has stabbed him with a knife . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern believe exactly what the actors want them to believe . Metatheatre ( edit ) Metatheatre is a central structural element of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Scenes that are staged as plays , dumb shows , or commentaries on dramatic theory and practice , are prominent in both Stoppard 's play and Shakespeare 's original tragedy Hamlet ) . In Hamlet , metatheatrical elements include the Player 's speech ( 2.2 ) , Hamlet 's advice to the Players ( 3.2 ) , and the meta - play `` The Mousetrap '' ( 3.3 ) . Since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are characters from Hamlet itself , Stoppard 's entire play can be considered a piece of metatheatre . Bernardina da Silveira Pinheiro observes that Stoppard uses metatheatrical devices to produce a `` parody '' of the key elements of Shakespeare 's Hamlet that includes foregrounding two minor characters considered `` nonentities '' in the original tragedy .", "8": "Notable productions ( edit ) United kingdom ( edit ) The play had its first incarnation as a 1964 one - act titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear . The expanded version under the current title was first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe on 24 August 1966 , by the Oxford Theatre Group . The play debuted in London with a production directed by Derek Goldby and designed by Desmond Heeley at the Old Vic . It premiered on 11 April 1967 , with John Stride as Rosencrantz , Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern , Graham Crowden as the Player , and John McEnery as Hamlet . The play returned to the National Theatre on 14 December 1995 and this production with Adrian Scarborough as Rosencrantz and Simon Russell Beale as Guildenstern subsequently toured to Belfast , Cork , Bath , Newcastle , Sheffield and Bradford . In 2011 the play was revived in a production directed by Sir Trevor Nunn , opening at Chichester Festival Theatre before transferring to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London 's West End ( June -- August 2011 ) . It starred Samuel Barnett and Jamie Parker . Tim Curry was originally scheduled to appear as The Player , but dropped out during preview performances at Chichester Festival Theatre , due to ill health and was replaced by Chris Andrew Mellon . In 2013 , an excerpt of the play was performed by Benedict Cumberbatch ( Rosencrantz ) and Kobna Holdbrook - Smith ( Guildenstern ) on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the National Theatre . From 25 February to 6 May 2017 the play returned to The Old Vic in a production celebrating its 50th anniversary , directed by David Leveaux and starring Daniel Radcliffe as Rosencrantz and Joshua McGuire as Guildenstern . Broadway and off - Broadway ( edit ) The Royal National Theatre production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had a year - long Broadway run from 9 October 1967 , through 19 October 1968 , initially at the Alvin Theatre , then transferring to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on 8 January 1968 . The production , which was Stoppard 's first on Broadway , totalled eight previews and 420 performances .", "9": "It was directed by Derek Goldby and designed by Desmond Heeley and starred Paul Hecht as the Player , Brian Murray as Rosencrantz and John Wood as Guildenstern . The play was nominated for eight Tony Awards , and won four : Best Play , Scenic and Costume Design , and Producer ; the director and the three leading actors were nominated for Tonys , but did not win . The play also won Best Play from the New York Drama Critics Circle in 1968 , and Outstanding Production from the Outer Critics Circle in 1969 . The play was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season : A Candid Look at Broadway . A revival in Burbank , California during the early 1980s featured Matthew Faison as Guildenstern and Lane Davies as Rosencrantz . The play had a 1987 New York revival by Roundabout Theatre at the Union Square Theatre , directed by Robert Carsen and featuring John Wood as the Player , Stephen Lang as Rosencrantz and John Rubinstein as Guildenstern . It ran for 40 performances from 29 April to 28 June 1987 . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' . Radio adaptation ( edit ) The play has been adapted twice for BBC Radio 3 , first on 24 December 1978 directed by John Tydeman ; the cast included Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern , Edward Hardwicke as Rosencrantz , Freddie Jones as The Player , Robert Lang as Claudius , Maxine Audley as Gertrude , Angela Pleasence as Ophelia , and Martin Jarvis as Hamlet .", "10": "The second adaptation was broadcast on 15 July 2007 as part of a celebration of Stoppard 's 70th birthday ; the production was directed by Peter Kavanagh with Danny Webb as Rosencrantz , Andrew Lincoln as Guildenstern , Desmond Barrit as The Player , John Rowe as Polonius , Abigail Hollick as Ophelia , Liza Sadovy as Gertrude , Simon Treves as Claudius and John Dougall as Hamlet . A 1983 radio adaptation was broadcast on the BBC World Service on 17 October directed by Gordon House , with Nigel Anthony as Rosencrantz , Nicky Henson as Guildenstern , Jack May as The Player , John Duttine as Hamlet , Peter Vaughan as Claudius , Marcia Warren as Gertrude , Eileen Tully as Ophelia , Cyril Shaps as Polonius and Alex Jennings as a Tragedian . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( film ) Film rights to the play were originally bought by MGM in 1968 for a reported $350,000 plus 10 % of the profits . John Boorman was announced as director with Bob Chartoff and Irwin Winkler to produce . However the film was not made . The play was eventually adapted for a film released in February 1990 , with screenplay and direction by Stoppard . The motion picture is Stoppard 's only film directing credit : `` ( I ) t began to become clear that it might be a good idea if I did it myself -- at least the director would n't have to keep wondering what the author meant . It just seemed that I 'd be the only person who could treat the play with the necessary disrespect . '' The cast included Gary Oldman as Rosencrantz , Tim Roth as Guildenstern , Richard Dreyfuss as the Player , Joanna Roth as Ophelia , Ian Richardson as Polonius , Joanna Miles as Gertrude , Donald Sumpter as Claudius , and Iain Glen as Hamlet . Reception ( edit ) Upon its release , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead received critical acclaim . Clive Barnes of The New York Times described his play as `` very funny , very brilliant , very chilling . ''", "11": "See also ( edit ) Theatre portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh : Cradle of shows that conquered the world '' Independent 2 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Michael H. Hutchins ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` A Tom Stoppard Bibliography : Chronology '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jim Hunter ( 2000 ) . Tom Stoppard : Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead , Jumpers , Travesties , Arcadia . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Garrett Ziegler ( 2008 ) . `` Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead : Themes , Motifs & Symbols '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Ian ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Lecture on Stoppard , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead '' . Jump up ^ ( See John Fleming 's analysis in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 2017 ) http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html Jump up ^ Pinheiro , Bernardina da Silveira ( 2002 ) . `` Stoppard 's and Shakespeare 's Views on Metatheater '' . In Resende , Aimara da Cunha ; Burns , Thomas LaBorie . Foreign Accents : Brazilian Readings of Shakespeare . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 185 , 194 . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 753 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Alberge , Dalya ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` National Theatre : Night of the stars celebrates 50 years '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Michael Berry ( 24 May 2004 ) . `` Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead '' . Michael Berry 's Web Pages . Retrieved 23 June 2008 .", "12": "Jump up ^ National Theatre programme for this production printed by Batley Brothers Printers , Clapham , London SW4 0JN , 1995 Jump up ^ http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/spip.php?page=popup_image&id_article=1989 Jump up ^ See Marianne Drugeon 's analysis of Leveaux ' production in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( Toulouse , 2017 ) http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html# Jump up ^ `` Glenda Jackson leads Old Vic season '' . www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review -- Daniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard 's sprightly comedy '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld. 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Warren , Jim . `` Director 's Notes '' . American Shakespeare Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Only Die Twice By A.H. WEILER . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 25 Feb 1968 : D17 . Jump up ^ Brunette , Peter ( 20 February 1991 ) . `` Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon . Blood on the Stage , 1975 - 2000 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery , and Detection . p. 344 .", "13": "Further reading ( edit ) Stoppard , Tom ( 1967 ) . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead . London : Faber and Faber . OCLC 228670971 . Stoppard , Tom ( 2017 ) . John Fleming Nathalie Rivere de Carles , eds . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead . Toulouse : Presses Universitaires du Midi . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead at the Internet Broadway Database Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead at the Internet off - Broadway Database Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead at Playbill A Tom Stoppard Bibliography : Chronology at sondheimguide.com . Tony Award for Best Play ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ?", "14": "( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1948 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much ,", "15": "methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D.", "16": "( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io ,", "17": "Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No.", "18": "65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Tom Stoppard Stage plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Enter a Free Man The Real Inspector Hound After Magritte Jumpers Travesties Dirty Linen and New - Found - Land Professional Foul Every Good Boy Deserves Favour Night and Day Dogg 's Hamlet , Cahoot 's Macbeth 15 - Minute Hamlet Undiscovered Country On the Razzle The Real Thing Rough Crossing Dalliance Hapgood Arcadia Indian Ink The Invention of Love The Coast of Utopia Rock ' n ' Roll The Hard Problem Radio plays Artist Descending a Staircase The Dog It Was That Died In the Native State Darkside Screenplays Three Men in a Boat The Boundary Despair Brazil Empire of the Sun Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( also directed ) The Russia House Billy Bathgate Poodle Springs Shakespeare in Love Enigma Anna Karenina Parade 's End Tulip Fever John Whiting Award 1967 -- 1969 Tom Stoppard for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Wole Soyinka for The Interpreters ( shared ) ( 1967 ) Peter Nichols for A Day in the Death of Joe Egg ( 1967 ) Peter Barnes for The Ruling Class and Edward Bond for Narrow Road to the Deep North ( shared ) ( 1968 ) Howard Brenton for Christie in Love ( 1969 ) 1970 -- 1979 Freehold Company and Peter Hulton ( joint ) for Freehold on Antigone", "19": "( 1970 ) Mustapha Matura for As Time Goes By ( 1971 ) Heathcote Williams for AC / DC ( 1972 ) John Arden ( 1973 ) David Rudkin ( 1974 ) David Edgar for Destiny ( 1975 ) David Lan for The Winter Dancers ( 1976 ) David Halliwell and Snoo Wilson for The Glad Hand ( shared ) ( 1978 ) Stephen Bill ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1989 David Pownall for Beef ( 1981 ) Karim Alrawi for Migrations ( 1982 ) Peter Flannery for Our Friends in the North ( 1983 ) Ron Hutchinson for The Rat in the Skull ( 1984 ) Guy Hibbert for On the Edge and Heidi Thomas for Shamrocks & Crocodiles ( shared ) ( 1985 ) Nick Dear for The Art of Success ( 1986 ) Iain Heggie for American Bagpipes ( 1988 ) Billy Roche for A Handful of Stars ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 1999 Lucy Gannon for Keeping Tom Nice ( 1990 ) Terry Johnson for Imagine Drowning ( 1991 ) Rod Wooden for Your Home in the West ( 1992 ) Martin Crimp for The Treatment and Helen Edmundson for The Clearing ( shared ) ( 1993 ) Jonathan Harvey for Beautiful Thing ( 1994 ) Joe Penhall for Some Voices ( 1995 ) Ayub Khan - Din for East is East ( 1996 ) Ann Coburn for Get Up and Tie Your Fingers ( 1997 ) Roy Williams for Starstruck ( 1998 / 9 ) 2000 -- 2009 David Greig for The Cosmonaut 's Last Message .", "20": "and Tanika Gupta for The Waiting Room ( shared ) ( 2000 ) Zinnie Harris for Further than the Furthest Thing ( 2001 ) Peter Rumney for Jumping on my Shadow ( 2002 ) Rona Munro for Iron ( 2003 ) Owen McCafferty for Scenes from the Big Picture ( 2004 ) Fin Kennedy for How to Disappear Completely and Never Be Found ( 2005 ) James Philips for The Rubenstein Kiss and Fraser Grace for Breakfast with Mugabe ( shared ) ( 2006 ) Dennis Kelly for Taking Care of Baby ( 2007 ) Bryony Lavery for Stockholm ( 2008 ) Alexi Kaye Campbell for The Pride ( 2009 ) 2010 -- 9999 Tim Crouch for The Author and Lucy Kirkwood for It Felt Empty When The Heart Went At First But It Is Alright Now ( shared ) ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead&oldid=806657324 '' Categories : 1966 books 1968 plays Debut plays Existentialist plays Metafictional plays New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners Parallel literature British plays adapted into films Plays and musicals based on Hamlet Plays by Tom Stoppard Tony Award - winning plays Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2015 All articles needing style editing CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 11 : 34 . 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1862639185051508137	who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas	[ "Kathy Najimy", "Kathy Najimy", "Kathy Najimy", "Kathy Najimy", "Kathy Najimy" ]	{ "0": "A Madea Christmas ( film ) - Wikipedia A Madea Christmas ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Madea Christmas Theatrical film poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Matt Moore Written by Tyler Perry Starring Tyler Perry Anna Maria Horsford Larry the Cable Guy Chad Michael Murray Tika Sumpter Eric Lively Alicia Witt Lisa Whelchel Kathy Najimy Sweet Brown JR Lemon Music by Christopher Young Cinematography Alexander Gruszynski Edited by Maysie Hoy Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $53.4 million A Madea Christmas is a 2013 American Christmas comedy - drama film directed , written , produced by and starring Tyler Perry . This is the first Christmas themed film from the writer - director ; and also an adaptation of his play of the same name , though it has a completely different plot . This is the seventeenth film by Perry , and the eighth in the Madea franchise . It was released in theaters on December 13 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 5 Home media 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Atlanta , Georgia Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons ( Tyler Perry ) has been talked into getting a job at a local store by her great - niece Eileen Murphy ( Anna Maria Horsford ) .", "1": "Madea gets fed up with the customers and starts speaking rudely , causing herself to get fired on her first day . She then asks for her paycheck , but her boss tells her they will mail it . Infuriated , Madea steals a dress and some money from the cash register , then leaves . Meanwhile , Eileen 's daughter , Lacey Williams ( Tika Sumpter ) , who is working as a teacher at a small school in Alabama and married to a white man named Connor ( Eric Lively ) , has many problems on her hands : the school does not have enough money to fund its annual Christmas Jubilee . This angers the townsfolk , thus pressuring Lacey to have her ex-boyfriend , Oliver ( JR Lemon ) , fund the school through his business . Lacey also wants one of her students , Bailey McCoy ( Noah Urrea ) to sing in the Christmas Jubilee . Stuck with many issues to deal with , she tells her mother that she will not be able to come home for Christmas . Eileen , determined to see her daughter for Christmas , decides to pay Lacey a surprise visit . She brings Madea , who is hesitant at first , with her , and has Oliver , who is on his way with a contract for the sponsorship , as their ride , as Eileen feels that Lacey and Oliver could still be a couple . The trio then head to Alabama , where Lacey lives . Following a short run - in with the Ku Klux Klan , the trio eventually make it to Alabama . This makes things awkward , since Lacey was not expecting her mother to come see her , and Eileen has never wanted Lacey to marry a white man . Lacey has made her mother believe that Connor is the `` farm help '' at her house . Lacey 's student Bailey is the son of Tanner McCoy , who Connor has had issues with since childhood . Connor is threatened by Tanner not to plant corn , which he wants to do , saying he will beat him up , as he did frequently when they were children , if he is not coerced . Lacey goes to the meeting with the school principal , Oliver , and the town mayor to go over the contract for Oliver 's representatives ' sponsorship of the jubilee . While she is out , Madea looks after Lacey 's class .", "2": "Bailey walks into the class late and begins to get bullied by the girls of his class . Madea tells the meanest of them to leave Bailey alone and that they need to learn to be nicer to people . When Madea turns around to write her name on the chalkboard , one of the students steals her purse . Madea tells the students a modern day version of the story of the first Christmas , in order to keep the class busy . When Madea realizes that her purse is missing , she tries to then tell the children the story of Easter , but then loses her temper half way through the story and demands that somebody find her purse . Meanwhile , with the contract glazed over and signed , the town and school now have the money they need . Lacey then prepares to return to her class , but is interrupted by Oliver , who gives her a kiss . While she tries to tell Oliver that she is married and is not interested in getting back together with him , her and the principal discover that Madea has tied the girl that stole her purse to the cross decoration in the classroom . Connor 's parents , Buddy ( Larry the Cable Guy ) , and Kim ( Kathy Najimy ) , arrive at Connor and Lacey 's house , as they have come to visit him for Christmas and are told that they must not mention that he and Lacey are married , as they do not know that Eileen has never wanted Lacey to marry a white man . Meanwhile , Eileen decides to get a Christmas tree and cuts down one with a yellow ribbon wrapped around it in the backyard , not knowing that Kim planted the tree in memory of her deceased father . When Eileen learns of this , she expresses no remorse , upsetting Kim . That night , Eileen walks in on Buddy and Kim , seeing Buddy with a sheet over his head , convincing her that Buddy is in the KKK . Now scared , she bars the door to the room that she and Madea are sharing . The next day , while helping Connor with the farm animals , Madea reveals to Connor and Buddy that she knows Connor and Lacey are together ( but not that they are married ) . When Connor informs Madea of this , also stating that Lacey is planning to tell Eileen about their marriage on Christmas day , Madea warns that Eileen will become upset .", "3": "While at the school that same day , it is discovered by the mayor and several towns people - including Tanner McCoy - that Oliver 's representatives require that if they are going to sponsor the jubilee , it must be a holiday jubilee . This means that there may not be any references to Jesus , God , or the Bible . The company that is sponsoring the event is Sheldon Construction Company , which caused the jobs of many of the citizens in the town to shut down . Angered at these facts , Tanner and the other citizens convince the mayor to fire Lacey . This upsets Bailey , and he complains to his father , who does not take what his son says into consideration . Later that day , Buddy and Kim learn of Eileen 's beliefs and become offended . Kim threatens Eileen , causing Eileen to try and kick Connor 's parents out of the house . Madea forces Lacey to confess the truth to her mother and reveals that Eileen despises white people because her husband left her for a white woman when Lacey was 2 years old ; she has lied about the story and said that a white man killed her husband . She also reveals other truths that Eileen has hidden from her daughter . Hypocritically angered by the lies she has heard , Eileen packs her bags and sits outside of the house , hoping for a taxi to come by and pick her up . Buddy , Kim , and Madea try to convince her to come back into the house , but to no avail . The three give up on Eileen , resulting in her deciding to walk into town and take a bus back to Atlanta . Connor walks into he and Lacey 's bedroom and finds Lacey sitting on the bed , thinking about all that has happened to her that day . Lacey reveals that Tanner caused her to lose her job , setting Connor off . He storms out of the house in a fit of rage , gets into his truck and heads off to Tanner 's house , Buddy riding along . While walking to town , Eileen discovers Tanner in his truck , which has been crashed and knocked upside down . Eileen helps Tanner out of the truck before it explodes . Connor and Buddy drive up to this . Connor punches Tanner in the face and demands that Eileen get into his truck .", "4": "He tells Tanner to stay away from him and Lacey and says that he is planting the corn that Tanner told him not to plant . Connor , Buddy and Eileen then drive away , while Tanner , now with a change of heart , walks back to his house . Back at Connor and Lacey 's house , Eileen finally accepts Connor and Lacey 's marriage . However , not everything has yet been settled , as Tanner and his wife pull up to the house . Connor at first demands that they leave his property , but Tanner apologizes for the things he has done and thanks Eileen for saving him . After the reconciliation , Connor asks Tanner if he wants to help him with the corn , to which Tanner gratefully says yes . At the Christmas Jubilee , Lacey thanks the Sheldon Construction Company for helping to sponsor the event ( while at the same time announcing promises to help the town that were not in the original agreement , knowing that the company would have no choice but to oblige considering the repercussions if they were to back out ) . Bailey sings `` Mary , Did You Know '' , with his parents cheering him on . Lacey also reveals to Oliver that she is married to Connor as the jubilee commences . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons Larry the Cable Guy as Buddy Williams Kathy Najimy as Kim Williams Chad Michael Murray as Tanner McCoy Anna Maria Horsford as Eileen Murphy Tika Sumpter as Lacey Williams ( née Murphy ) Eric Lively as Conner Williams JR Lemon as Oliver Alicia Witt as Amber Lisa Whelchel as Nancy Porter Noah Urrea as Bailey McCoy Ashlee Heath as Audry Caroline Kennedy as Lucy Sweet Brown as herself Antoine Dodson as YouTube guy Jonathan Chase as Alfred Vickie Eng as Customer # 6 Daniel Mann as Austin Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack for the film was released in stores by Motown Records November 25 . This was the first soundtrack to a Tyler Perry film since 2010 's For Colored Girls and the first Madea soundtrack since 2006 's Madea 's Family Reunion and 2008 's Meet the Browns .", "5": "It featured Smokey Robinson , Mariah Carey , Brian McKnight , James Brown , KEM , Boyz II Men , Kelly Rowland , Jeremih , Stevie Wonder , Jackson 5 , Pearl Bailey , Ashanti , Mprynt & Kevin Ross . Reception ( edit ) A Madea Christmas was panned by critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 18 % rating , based on 33 reviews , with the consensus : `` It boasts a few laughs , but overall , Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas ranks among Perry 's least entertaining or substantive works . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 28 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Home media ( edit ) A Madea Christmas was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 25 , 2014 . The DVD contains a first look at the opening of the upcoming animated feature `` Madea 's Tough Love '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Result Golden Raspberry Award Worst Picture Ozzie Areu Nominated Matt Moore Nominated Tyler Perry Nominated Worst Director Nominated Worst Screenplay Nominated Worst Actress Won Worst Screen Combo Nominated That worn - out wig and dress Nominated Larry the Cable Guy Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` A Madea Christmas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ RED Interactive Agency . `` A Madea Christmas -- '' . Tylerperry.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 .", "6": "External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas on IMDb Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas at the TCM Movie Database Tyler Perry 's A Madea Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Independent films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ?", "7": "For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Madea_Christmas_(film)&oldid=804625530 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American comedy films American Christmas films Film scores by Christopher Young Films about interracial romance Films based on plays Films directed by Tyler Perry Films shot in Atlanta Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 36 . 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3018508708756779	hazels boyfriend in the fault in our stars	[ "17-year-old Augustus Waters, an ex-basketball player and amputee", "Augustus Waters" ]	{ "0": "The Fault in Our Stars - wikipedia The Fault in Our Stars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2012 novel . For the film based on the novel , see The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) . For the film 's soundtrack , see The Fault in Our Stars ( soundtrack ) . The Fault in Our Stars Author John Green Cover artist Rodrigo Corral Country United States Language English Genre Young adult novel Realistic fiction Published January 10 , 2012 ( Dutton Books ) Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Pages 317 ISBN 0 - 525 - 47881 - 7 The Fault in Our Stars is the sixth novel by author John Green , published in January 2012 . The title is inspired by Act 1 , Scene 2 of Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , in which the nobleman Cassius says to Brutus : `` The fault , dear Brutus , is not in our stars , / But in ourselves , that we are underlings . '' The story is narrated by Hazel Grace Lancaster , a 16 - year - old girl with cancer . Hazel is forced by her parents to attend a support group where she subsequently meets and falls in love with 17 - year - old Augustus Waters , an ex-basketball player and amputee . A feature film adaptation of the novel directed by Josh Boone and starring Shailene Woodley , Ansel Elgort and Nat Wolff was released on June 6 , 2014 . Both the book and its film adaptation were met with strong critical and commercial success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Critical reception 4 Film adaptation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Hazel Grace Lancaster -- a 16 - year - old with cancer that has spread to her lungs -- attends a cancer patient support group at her mother 's behest . At first , she hesitates because she feels like it has done her nothing .", "1": "She thinks attending the support group could be the worst part of her life , until a particular support meeting , Hazel meets a 17 - year - old boy named Augustus Waters , whose osteosarcoma caused him to lose his right leg , which was replaced with a prosthetic . Augustus is at the support meeting to support Isaac , a boy Augustus ' age with eye cancer . Upon catching Augustus staring at her , Hazel suddenly feels self - conscious . They meet after the Support Group and converse on the fact that they were not `` literally '' in the heart of Jesus , but in a basement . When everything seems to go well , Augustus pulls out a cigarette and puts it between his lips . Hazel is disgusted by this and yells at him saying that he 's already got cancer and he wants to pay money for more cancer , `` Not being able to breathe sucks , '' she yells . Augustus calmly explains the metaphor , which is , `` You put the thing that kills you right between your teeth but you do n't give it the power to kill you . '' Hazel , impressed by this , goes to his place to watch a movie . Hazel and Augustus strike a bond immediately and agree to read each other 's favorite novels . Augustus gives Hazel The Price of Dawn , and Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction , a novel written by Peter Van Houten , who lives in Amsterdam , about a cancer - stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel 's own experience . After Augustus finishes reading her book , he is frustrated upon learning that the novel ends abruptly without a conclusion . Hazel explains the novel 's author had retreated following the novel 's publication and has not been heard from since . A week later , Augustus reveals to Hazel that he has tracked down Van Houten 's assistant , Lidewij , and , through her , has managed to start an e-mail correspondence with Van Houten . The two write to Van Houten with questions regarding the novel 's ending and the fate of the mother of Anna . Van Houten eventually replies , explaining that he can only answer Hazel 's questions in person . At a picnic , Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam to meet Van Houten . While in Amsterdam , Augustus confesses his love for Hazel .", "2": "Hazel and Augustus finally meet Van Houten but are shocked to find that he is a mean - spirited drunk . Horrified by Van Houten 's behavior , Lidewij confesses to having arranged the meeting on his behalf , angering Van Houten , who proceeds to insult Hazel 's cancer , starting an argument and causing Hazel and Augustus to flee from the drunken author 's home . Later that night they have sex in Augustus 's hotel room , the first time for both of them . Augustus confesses that his cancer has returned . The two affirm their love and support for each other . Upon their return to Indianapolis , Augustus 's health worsens and he ends up in the ICU for a few days . Fearing his death , Augustus invites Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral , where they give eulogies . An extremely sick Augustus dies soon after . This leaves Hazel heartbroken and she does n't know what to do with herself . After this traumatic event , Van Houten shows up at Augustus 's funeral to apologize to Hazel . Hazel learns that Augustus was writing a sequel to An Imperial Affliction . Hazel reads Augustus 's words . He says getting hurt in this world is inevitable , but we do get to choose whom we allow to hurt us , and that he is happy with his choice , and hopes she likes her choice too . The book closes with Hazel stating that she is happy with her choice . Publication history ( edit ) On December 21 , 2011 , Barnes & Noble accidentally shipped 1500 copies of The Fault in Our Stars before the release date to people who had pre-ordered the book . Green released a statement saying , `` Mistakes happen . The people who made this error were not bad or incompetent people , and they were not acting maliciously . We all make mistakes , and it is not my wish to see Barnes and Noble or any of their employees vilified . '' Many people who received the book pledged not to read it until its release date , January 10 , 2012 , or discuss it until the next day , January 11 , as per a request of Green 's not to spoil it for other readers .", "3": "Most kept to this promise , leaving the experience untarnished for those who got the book on the intended release date . The book rose to # 84 on the Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble bestseller lists in June 2011 shortly after its title was announced . Green promised that every pre-order would be hand - signed by him , requiring him to sign every copy of the first printing . He proposed that the general public vote on the color Sharpie he would use to sign the books , resulting in him signing the 150,000 books with a variety of Sharpie colors , each in proportion to the amount of votes received for that color . However , some people who ordered from international booksellers received unsigned copies because those bookstores , including Amazon UK , underestimated how many books they needed and ordered more after the signing was complete , but Green agreed to fix this problem , telling people with unsigned pre-orders to email him so they could be sent a signed bookplate . Many fans submitted their book cover designs to various outlets including Tumblr and Twitter , tagging Green in these posts so he could see them . The sizeable number of posts received prompted Green 's publisher Penguin to seek a fan - designed cover for a reprint of one of Green 's other books , An Abundance of Katherines . The Fault in Our Stars debuted at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children 's Chapter Books and remained in that spot for seven consecutive weeks . A Hebrew edition of The Fault in Our Stars was published in Israel in August 2012 and more editions of the novel are forthcoming in Dutch , German , Spanish , French , Swedish , Danish , Icelandic , Chinese , and Portuguese . The Fault in Our Stars has also gained places on several bestseller lists . It was # 1 on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list , # 1 on the Indiebound bestseller list , and # 9 on The Bookseller bestseller list . The novel was also The New York Times Book Review Editor 's Choice . As of January 2013 , there are nearly 1 million copies of the novel in print . In December 2012 , it was announced that a special edition with a silver cover and an expanded Q&A , dubbed the ' Exclusive Collector 's Edition ' , would be available from Barnes and Noble .", "4": "All or at least most of the copies first available for purchase of this edition of the book contained a printing error wherein several pages of the first chapter were replaced with pages from the Q&A section at the back of the book . Critical reception ( edit ) The Fault in Our Stars received critical acclaim . Critics mostly praised the book for its humor , strong characters , language , themes and new perspective on cancer and romance . The New York Times ' review of the book called it `` a blend of melancholy , sweet , philosophical and funny '' and said that it `` stays the course of tragic realism '' , while noting that the book 's unpleasant plot details `` do nothing to diminish the romance ; in Green 's hands , they only make it more moving . '' NPR 's Rachel Syme noted that `` ( Green 's ) voice is so compulsively readable that it defies categorization , '' saying that the `` elegantly plotted '' book `` may be his best . '' Time called The Fault in Our Stars `` damn near genius . '' Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` ( Augustus and Hazel 's ) love story is as real as it is doomed , and the gut - busting laughs that come early in the novel make the luminous final pages all the more heartbreaking '' , and gave the novel an overall A − grade . Amazon.com calls it `` insightful , bold , irreverent , and raw '' and Green 's `` most ambitious and heartbreaking work yet . '' The Manila Bulletin says that the book is `` a collection of maudlin scenes and trite observations about the fragility of life and the wisdom of dying . And while it does talk about those things and more , the treatment of it is far from being maudlin or trite . '' The Manila Bulletin also added that `` Just two paragraphs into the work , and he immediately wallops the readers with such an insightful observation delivered in such an unsentimental way that its hard not to shake your head in admiration . '' The Manila Bulletin stated that The Fault in Our Stars was a triumph for John Green . USA Today called it a `` elegiac comedy . '' They gave the book a rating of four out of four stars. The School Library Journal stated that it was `` a strong choice for Adult Collections . ''", "5": "The Fault in Our Stars received a starred review from Kirkus Reviews , who described it as `` a smartly crafted intellectual explosion of a romance . '' Several well - known authors have contributed their own positive reviews for the book . Jodi Picoult , author of My Sister 's Keeper , calls The Fault in Our Stars `` an electric portrait of young people who learn to live life with one foot in the grave . '' She goes on to say that the novel is `` filled with staccato bursts of humor and tragedy . '' Bestselling author of The Book Thief , Markus Zusak , describes it as `` a novel of life and death and the people caught in between '' and `` John Green at his best '' . Pertaining to Green 's writing throughout the book , E. Lockhart , author of The Boyfriend List , says `` He makes me laugh and gasp at the beauty of a sentence or the twist of a tale . He is one of the best writers alive and I am seething with envy of his talent . '' Time named The Fault in Our Stars as the # 1 fiction book of 2012 . Kirkus Reviews listed it among the top 100 children 's books of 2012 . It also made USA Today 's list of the top 10 books of 2012 . In 2013 , the Edmonton Journal named the book one of their `` favourite books of the year . '' One notable unfavorable opinion appeared in the Daily Mail . In the piece , the plot of The Fault in Our Stars was described as `` mawkish at best , exploitative at worst '' and the book was characterized as belonging to the `` sick - lit '' young adult genre , together with other young - adult novels such as Never Eighteen and Before I Die . This entire genre , as well as the genre of young - adult novels dealing with suicide and self - harm ( the piece mentions Thirteen Reasons Why , By the Time You Read This , I 'll Be Dead , The Lovely Bones , and Red Tears ) was criticized as being `` distasteful '' and inappropriate for their target audience of teens .", "6": "The Guardian criticized the piece , pointing out in particular that The Fault in Our Stars was chosen by The Guardian as that month 's `` teen book club choice '' because `` it 's a gripping read , featuring two compelling characters , that deals sensitively and even humorously with a difficult situation without descending into mawkishness . '' In general , The Guardian faulted the Daily Mail for suggesting that the issues of illness , depression , and sexuality are inappropriate precisely `` in the one place where difficult subjects have traditionally been most sensitively explored for teens : fiction written specifically for them . '' For his part , in an interview for The Guardian , John Green said : `` The thing that bothered me about The Daily Mail piece was that it was a bit condescending to teenagers . I 'm tired of adults telling teenagers that they are n't smart , that they ca n't read critically , that they are n't thoughtful , and I feel like that article made those arguments . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) In January 2012 , Fox 2000 , a division of 20th Century Fox , optioned the rights to adapt the novel into a feature film . Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber wrote the adapted screenplay . Josh Boone signed on to direct a year later , in February 2013 . Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen produced the film . Shailene Woodley stars as Hazel , while Ansel Elgort plays Augustus . Nat Wolff was cast as Isaac , the friend who introduces them , and Laura Dern stars as Hazel 's mother . Sam Trammell was cast as Mr. Lancaster , Hazel 's father . On August 29 , 2013 , John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick , and on September 6 , 2013 , Green announced that Willem Dafoe would portray Peter Van Houten . Principal photography began on August 26 , 2013 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , which doubled for the novel 's setting of Indianapolis , Indiana , with a few days in Amsterdam , before concluding October 16 , 2013 . The film was released on June 6 , 2014 , in the United States .", "7": "It was positively received by critics , with praise going to Woodley 's performance as well as the entire film . The film also proved to be commercially successful , retaining the No. 1 spot at the box - office during its opening weekend , and grossed over $307 million worldwide against its budget of $12 million . It was released on Blu - Ray and DVD on September 16 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) United States portal 2010s portal Children 's literature portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Deahl , Rachel ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Options John Green 's ' Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` The Leaking of The Fault in Our Stars '' . John Green 's Tumblr . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` There Will Be NO SPOILERS ! ! ! '' . Vlogbrothers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , Jeffrey A ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Tweeting from a La - Z - Boy , An Unfinished Book Hits No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Vlogbrothers . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Question Tuesday : The Fault in Our Stars is Here Edition '' . John Green Books . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , John . `` An Abundance of Covers Competition '' . Penguin Group . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : January 29 , 2012 '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Heyman , Marshall ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and the Sociable '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JohnGreenBooks.com : The Fault in Our Stars '' . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bob Minzesheimer ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` John and Hank Green rock Carnegie Hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Rachel ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Fault in Our Stars ' collector 's edition publish date pushed back '' . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Standiford , Natalie ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Tenacity of Hope '' . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Syme , Rachel ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Fault In Our Stars ' : Love In A Time Of Cancer '' . NPR . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lev Grossman ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Topic of Cancer '' . Time . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephan Lee ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com : The Fault in Our Stars '' . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love in The Time Of The Big C '' . Manila Bulletin . 9 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Minzesheimer , Bob ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) . `` ' The Fault in Our Stars '' : not a cancer book `` . USA Today . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . School Library Journal . April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Kirkus Reviews . 10 January 2012 .", "9": "Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lev Grossman ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Fiction Books '' . Time . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Vicky . `` Best Children 's Books of 2012 ( Page 24 ) '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Deirdre Donahue , Jocelyn McClurg , Carol Memmott , Bob Minzesheimer and Craig Wilson ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` 10 books we loved in 2012 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Le Blanc , Brittney ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Edmonton Journal staff pick favourite books of the year '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tanith , Carey ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) . `` The ′ sick - lit ′ books aimed at children : It 's a disturbing phenomenon . Tales of teenage cancer , self - harm and suicide ... '' The Daily Mail . United Kingdom . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pauli , Michelle ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ′ Sick - lit ′ ? Evidently young adult fiction is too complex for The Daily Mail '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` John Green : ' I 'm tired of adults telling teenagers that they are n't smart ' '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars Movie Lands Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Laura Dern Joins ' Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Variety .", "10": "Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Shailene Woodley offered lead role for ' The Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Ansel Elgort offered lead in ' The Fault in Our Stars ' opposite Shailene Woodley -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Nat Wolff cast as Isaac in ' The Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David , Jesse ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . `` True Blood 's Trammell Joins Fault in Our Stars '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schooley , Tim ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Fox 2000 shoots for ' Stars ' in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Business Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Axelrad , Jacob ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` New film ' Fault in Our Stars ' to be shot in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Lindsay ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` ' The Fault In Our Stars ' movie gets a release date '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault In Our Stars ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault In Our Stars '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 .", "11": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fault in Our Stars ( hide ) Works by John Green Fiction Looking for Alaska ( 2005 ) An Abundance of Katherines ( 2006 ) Paper Towns ( 2008 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2012 ) Turtles All the Way Down ( 2017 ) Co-authored fiction Let It Snow : Three Holiday Romances ( 2008 ) Will Grayson , Will Grayson ( 2010 ) YouTube projects Vlogbrothers ( 2007 -- present ) Crash Course ( 2011 -- present ) The Art Assignment ( 2014 -- present ) Adaptations The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 film ) Paper Towns ( 2015 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=The_Fault_in_Our_Stars&oldid=837633877 '' Categories : 2012 American novels Novels about cancer American young adult novels American romance novels Novels set in Amsterdam Novels set in Indianapolis American novels adapted into films Novels by John Green Books by YouTube personalities Books with cover art by Rodrigo Corral Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5591916942641139377	who has won the most games in nfl 2017	[ "Dallas Cowboys" ]	{ "0": "NFL win -- loss records - wikipedia NFL win -- loss records Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of win -- loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League ( NFL ) teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 Playoffs 3 Notes 4 References Regular season ( edit ) George Halas ( right ) of the Chicago Bears , who have recorded the most regular season wins . The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their regular season win -- loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2017 NFL regular season . For teams that previously played in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , their AAFC win - loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL -- AAFC merger . However , for teams that played in the American Football League ( AFL ) , their AFL win - loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL . Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win - loss record . Best win -- loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Tied Pct . First NFL Season Total Games Division Dallas Cowboys 502 374 6 . 573 1960 882 NFC East Green Bay Packers 737 562 37 . 565 1921 1,336 NFC North Chicago Bears 749 579 42 . 562 1920 1,370 NFC North Miami Dolphins 445 351 . 559 1966 800 AFC East 5 New England Patriots 489 386 9 . 558 1960 884 AFC East 6 Minnesota Vikings 470 390 10 . 546 1961 870 NFC North 7 Baltimore Ravens 190 161 . 541 352 AFC North 8 New York Giants 687 585 33 .", "1": "539 1925 1,305 NFC East 9 Denver Broncos 470 404 10 . 537 1960 884 AFC West 10 San Francisco 49ers 528 460 14 . 534 1950 1,002 NFC West 11 Pittsburgh Steelers 614 538 20 . 532 1933 1,172 AFC North 12 Oakland Raiders 462 411 11 . 529 1960 884 AFC West 13 Indianapolis Colts 506 453 7 . 527 1953 966 AFC South 14 Kansas City Chiefs 457 415 12 . 524 1960 884 AFC West 15 Seattle Seahawks 334 325 . 507 1976 660 NFC West 16 Washington Redskins 595 581 28 . 506 1932 1,202 NFC East 17 Carolina Panthers 183 184 . 499 1995 368 NFC South 18 Los Angeles Chargers 435 438 11 . 498 1960 884 AFC West 19 Los Angeles Rams 555 559 21 . 498 1937 1,135 NFC West 20 Cleveland Browns 462 482 10 . 490 1950 954 AFC North 21 Philadelphia Eagles 568 594 26 . 489 1933 1,188 NFC East 22 Tennessee Titans 422 456 6 . 481 1960 884 AFC South 23 Buffalo Bills 409 467 8 . 467 1960 884 AFC East 24 Detroit Lions 553 648 32 .", "2": "461 1930 1,233 NFC North 25 Cincinnati Bengals 351 417 . 457 1968 772 AFC North 26 New York Jets 397 479 8 . 454 1960 884 AFC East 27 Jacksonville Jaguars 165 203 0 . 448 1995 368 AFC South 28 New Orleans Saints 349 432 5 . 447 1967 786 NFC South 29 Atlanta Falcons 351 443 6 . 443 1966 790 NFC South 30 Houston Texans 110 146 0 . 430 2002 256 AFC South 31 Arizona Cardinals 550 740 40 . 429 1920 1,330 NFC West 32 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 255 404 . 387 1976 660 NFC South Playoffs ( edit ) Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise , the team with the highest playoff win -- loss percentage , during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory Marvin Lewis , head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals , who have registered the lowest playoff win - loss percentage of all time The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their playoff win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of 2017 -- 18 NFL Wild Card round . Best win -- loss record in division Team active in playoffs Rank Team Games Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Division Baltimore Ravens 23 15 8 . 652 2014 AFC North New England Patriots 53 34 19 . 642 2017 AFC East Green Bay Packers 56 34 22 . 607 2016 NFC North San Francisco 49ers 50 30 20 . 600 2013 NFC West 5 Pittsburgh Steelers 61 36 25 .", "3": "590 2017 AFC North 6 Oakland Raiders 44 25 19 . 568 2016 AFC West 7 Dallas Cowboys 61 34 27 . 557 2016 NFC East 8 ( tie ) Denver Broncos 42 23 19 . 548 2015 AFC West 8 ( tie ) Washington Redskins 42 23 19 . 548 2015 NFC East 10 Carolina Panthers 17 9 8 . 529 2017 NFC South 11 Seattle Seahawks 31 16 15 . 516 2016 NFC West 12 ( tie ) Philadelphia Eagles 42 21 21 . 500 2017 NFC East 12 ( tie ) Jacksonville Jaguars 14 7 7 . 500 2017 AFC South 14 New York Giants 49 24 25 . 490 2016 NFC East 15 Indianapolis Colts 45 22 23 . 489 2014 AFC South 16 Miami Dolphins 41 20 21 . 488 2016 AFC East 17 Chicago Bears 35 17 18 . 486 NFC North 18 New York Jets 25 12 13 . 480 AFC East 19 Buffalo Bills 30 14 16 . 467 2017 AFC East 20 New Orleans Saints 18 8 10 . 444 2017 NFC South 21 Arizona Cardinals 16 7 9 . 438 2015 NFC West 22 Los Angeles Rams 44 19 25 . 432 2017 NFC West 23 ( tie ) Tennessee Titans 35 15 20 .", "4": "429 2017 AFC South 23 ( tie ) Houston Texans 7 . 429 2016 AFC South 25 Atlanta Falcons 24 10 14 . 417 2017 NFC South 26 Minnesota Vikings 49 20 29 . 408 2017 NFC North 27 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15 6 9 . 400 2007 NFC South 28 Los Angeles Chargers 28 11 17 . 393 2013 AFC West 29 Cleveland Browns 31 11 20 . 355 2002 AFC North 30 Detroit Lions 20 7 13 . 350 2016 NFC North 31 Kansas City Chiefs 27 9 18 . 333 2017 AFC West 32 Cincinnati Bengals 19 5 14 . 263 2015 AFC North Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Browns ' regular season win -- loss record does not include a 47 -- 4 -- 3 record compiled in the All - America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949 , nor does their playoff record include the 5 -- 0 record compiled during the same period . Likewise , the 49ers ' AAFC regular season win -- loss record of 38 -- 14 -- 2 , nor their 1 - 1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the `` Boston Patriots '' from 1960 -- 1970 , before adopting the `` New England Patriots '' name , which they have played under since the 1971 season . The team was also briefly known as the `` Bay State Patriots '' prior to the 1971 season . Jump up ^ The Colts played under the `` Baltimore Colts '' name from 1953 -- 1983 , before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current `` Indianapolis Colts '' name , which they have played under since the 1984 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro Football Reference .", "5": "Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Emmons , Mark ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` 49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that do n't count '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots -- Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dewdney , Mike ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Bay State Patriots '' . Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Jamison ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` 30 years on , Baltimore better without Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 .", "6": "National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_win -- loss_records&oldid = 822014201 '' Categories : National Football League lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia", "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 3, 6, 1, 4, 0, 2, 5 ]	[ 3, 6, 1, 4, 0 ]
-7942290859136471251	when did italy enter the second world war	[ "10 June 1940", "10 June 1940", "10 June 1940" ]	{ "0": "Military History of Italy during World war II - wikipedia Military History of Italy during World war II Jump to : navigation , search Italy and its colonies in May 1940 ( Dodecanese islands and Tientsin concession in China are not shown ) Part of a series on the History of Italy Ancient ( show ) Prehistoric Italy Etruscan civilization ( 12th -- 6th c. BC ) Magna Graecia ( 8th -- 7th c. BC ) Ancient Rome ( Roman Italy ) ( 753 BC -- 476 AD ) Medieval ( show ) Italy in the Middle Ages Kingdom Odoacer 's Ostrogothic Vandal Lombard Byzantine reconquest of Italy ( 6th -- 8th c . ) Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE Islam and Normans in southern Italy Maritime Republics and Italian city - states Guelphs and Ghibellines Early modern ( show ) Italian Renaissance ( 14th -- 16th c . ) Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) Foreign domination ( 1559 -- 1814 ) Italian unification ( 1815 -- 1861 ) Modern ( show ) Monarchy ( 1861 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Fascism and Colonial Empire ( 1918 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War II ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Republic ( 1945 -- present ) Years of Lead ( 1970s -- 1980s ) By topic ( show ) List of historic states Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Genetic Military Music Postage Railway Timeline Italy portal The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology , politics , and diplomacy , while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors .", "1": "The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime , which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean ( the Mare Nostrum , or the Italian Empire ) , were partially met with the annexation of Albania and the Province of Ljubljana , and the occupation of British Somaliland and other territories , but ultimately collapsed after defeats in the East and North African campaigns . In July 1943 , following the Allied invasion of Sicily , Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III , provoking a civil war . Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign . The northern half of the country was occupied by Germans with the fascists help and made a collaborationist puppet state ( with more than 600,000 soldiers ) , while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces , which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army ( at its height numbering more than 50,000 men ) , helped by circa 350,000 partisans of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Imperial ambitions 1.2 Industrial strength 1.3 Economy 1.4 Military 2 Outbreak of the Second World War 2.1 Decision to intervene 3 Italy enters the war : June 1940 3.1 Invasion of France 4 North Africa 4.1 Invasion of Egypt 4.2 Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat 5 East Africa 6 Balkans 6.1 Invasion of Albania 6.2 Invasion of Greece 6.3 Invasion of Yugoslavia 7 Mediterranean 8 Eastern Front 9 Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War 9.1 Allied invasion of Sicily , Fall of Mussolini and Armistice 9.2 Civil War , Allied advance and Liberation 10 Italy and Japan after the surrender 11 Casualties 12 Aftermath 13 Controversies of historiography 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) Imperial ambitions ( edit ) Main article : Imperial Italy ( fascist ) Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936 .", "2": "During the late 1920s , the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion , arguing that Italy needed an outlet for its `` surplus population '' and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion . The immediate aspiration of the regime was political `` hegemony in the Mediterranean -- Danubian -- Balkan region '' , more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest `` of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz '' . Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by ancient Roman dominance in the same regions . There were designs for a protectorate over Albania and for the annexation of Dalmatia , as well as economic and military control of Yugoslavia and Greece . The regime also sought to establish protective patron -- client relationships with Austria , Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence . Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims , Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea , which was considered strategically vital , since the Mediterranean was Italy 's only conduit to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . In 1935 , Italy initiated the Second Italo - Ethiopian War , `` a nineteenth - century colonial campaign waged out of due time '' . The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army `` to help conquer '' Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also `` exposed ( the ) vulnerabilities '' of the British and French . This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals . In 1936 , the Spanish Civil War broke out . From the beginning , Italy played an important role in the conflict . Their military contribution was so vast , that it played a decisive role in the victory of the rebel forces led by Francisco Franco . Mussolini had engaged in `` a full - scale external war '' due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire , and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating `` a warrior culture '' . The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German - Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship , resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936 .", "3": "Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin - Rome Axis , which Europe would revolve around . The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following League of Nations sanctions , similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain , and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War . The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany , and Mussolini falling under Adolf Hitler 's influence from which `` he never escaped '' . In October 1938 , in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement , Italy demanded concessions from France . These included a free port at Djibouti , control of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti railroad , Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company , some form of French - Italian condominium over French Tunisia , and the preservation of Italian culture on Corsica with no French assimilation of the people . The French refused the demands , believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti . On 30 November 1938 , Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano addressed the Chamber of Deputies on the `` natural aspirations of the Italian people '' and was met with shouts of `` Nice ! Corsica ! Savoy ! Tunisia ! Djibouti ! Malta ! '' Later that day , Mussolini addressed the Fascist Grand Council `` on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of ' Fascist dynamism ' . '' These were Albania ; Tunisia ; Corsica , an integral part of France ; the Ticino , a canton of Switzerland ; and all `` French territory east of the River Var '' , including Nice , but not Savoy . Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world 's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty . On 4 February 1939 , Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session . He delivered a long speech on international affairs and the goals of his foreign policy , `` which bears comparison with Hitler 's notorious disposition , minuted by colonel Hossbach '' . He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy . This was followed by `` the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean '' .", "4": "He called Corsica , Tunisia , Malta , and Cyprus `` the bars of this prison '' , and described Gibraltar and Suez as the prison guards . To break British control , her bases on Cyprus , Gibraltar , Malta , and in Egypt ( controlling the Suez Canal ) would have to be neutralized . On 31 March , Mussolini stated that `` Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica , Bizerta , Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls . '' Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies -- Britain and France -- would someday need to be faced down . Through armed conquest Italian North Africa and Italian East Africa -- separated by the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan -- would be linked , and the Mediterranean prison destroyed . Then , Italy would be able to march `` either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia , or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa '' . As early as September 1938 , the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania . On 7 April , Italian forces landed in the country and within three days had occupied the majority of the country . Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for `` ' living space ' to ease its overpopulation '' as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans . On 22 May 1939 , Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel joining both countries in a military alliance . The pact was the culmination of German - Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature . Rather , the pact was designed for a `` joint war against France and Britain '' , although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would not take place for several years . However , despite the Italian impression , the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to invade Poland . Industrial strength ( edit ) Mussolini 's Under - Secretary for War Production , Carlo Favagrossa , had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for major military operations until at least October 1942 . This had been made clear during the Italo - German negotiations for the Pact of Steel , whereby it was stipulated that neither signatory was to make war without the other earlier than 1943 .", "5": "Although considered a great power , the Italian industrial sector was relatively weak compared to other European major powers . Italian industry did not equal more than 15 % of that of France or of Britain in militarily critical areas such as automobile production : the number of automobiles in Italy before the war was around 374,000 , in comparison to around 2,500,000 in Britain and France . The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to mechanize its military . Italy still had a predominantly agricultural - based economy , with demographics more akin to a developing country ( high illiteracy , poverty , rapid population growth and a high proportion of adolescents ) and a proportion of GNP derived from industry less than that of Czechoslovakia , Hungary and Sweden , in addition to the other great powers . In terms of strategic materials , in 1940 , Italy produced 4.4 mega tonnes ( Mt ) of coal , 0.01 Mt of crude oil , 1.2 Mt of iron ore and 2.1 Mt of steel . By comparison , Great Britain produced 224.3 Mt of coal , 11.9 Mt of crude oil , 17.7 Mt of iron ore , and 13.0 Mt of steel and Germany produced 364.8 Mt of coal , 8.0 Mt of crude oil , 29.5 Mt of iron ore and 21.5 Mt of steel . Most raw material needs could be fulfilled only through importation , and no effort was made to stockpile key materials before the entry into war . Approximately one quarter of the ships of Italy 's merchant fleet were in foreign ports at the outbreak of hostilities , and , given no forewarning , were immediately impounded . Economy ( edit ) Between 1936 and 1939 , Italy had supplied the Spanish `` Nationalist '' forces , fighting under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War , with large number of weapons and supplies practically free . In addition to weapons , the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ( `` Corps of Volunteer Troops '' ) had also been dispatched to fight for Franco . The financial cost of the war was between 6 and 8.5 billion lire , approximately 14 to 20 per cent of the country 's annual expenditure . Adding to these problems was Italy 's extreme debt position .", "6": "When Benito Mussolini took office , in 1921 , the government debt was 93 billion lire , un-repayable in the short to medium term . Only two years later this debt had increased to 405 billion lire . German coal entering Italy through the Brenner Pass . The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940 . In September 1939 , Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy . Coal from Germany , which was shipped out of Rotterdam , was declared contraband . The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train , over the Alps , and Britain offered to supply all of Italy 's needs in exchange for Italian armaments . The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany . On 2 February 1940 , however , Mussolini approved a draft contract with the Royal Air Force to provide 400 Caproni aircraft ; yet he scrapped the deal on 8 February . British intelligence officer , Francis Rodd , believed that Mussolini was convinced to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2 -- 8 February , a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome , Percy Loraine . On 1 March , the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy . Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940 . In April Britain began strengthening their Mediterranean Fleet to enforce the blockade . Despite French uncertainty , Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to `` create an impression of weakness '' . Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940 , an amount that even exceeded Mussolini 's demand of August 1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war . Military ( edit ) The Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) was comparatively depleted and weak at the commencement of the war . Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number . The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I . The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) was the Fiat CR. 42 , which , though an advanced biplane , with excellent performance , was obsolete against monoplane fighters of other nations .", "7": "Of the Regia Aeronautica 's approximately 1,760 aircraft , only 900 could be considered in any way combat - worthy . The Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers . Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles . Almost 40 % of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending . Recognizing the Navy 's need for close air support , the decision was made to build carriers . Three series of modern fighters , capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms , were in development , with a few hundred of each eventually being produced . The Carro Armato P40 tank , roughly equivalent to the M4 Sherman and Panzer IV medium tanks , was designed in 1940 ( though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture was not able to begin before the Armistice , owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines , which were themselves undergoing a development push ; total Italian tank production for the war -- about 3,500 -- was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France ) . The Italians were pioneers in the use of self - propelled guns , both in close support and anti-tank roles . Their 75 / 46 fixed AA / AT gun , 75 / 32 gun , 90 / 53 AA / AT gun ( an equally deadly but less famous peer of the German 88 / 55 ) , 47 / 32 AT gun , and the 20 mm AA autocannon were effective , modern weapons . Also of note were the AB 41 and the Camionetta AS 42 armoured cars , which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type . None of these developments , however , precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor . The relatively weak economy , lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce suitable quantities of armaments and supplies were therefore the key material reasons for Italian military failure . On paper Italy had one of the world 's largest armies , but the reality was the opposite . According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith , the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war 's beginning .", "8": "Irrespective of the attempts to modernize , the majority of Italian army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport . There was insufficient budget to train the men in the services , such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front , when it was too late to be of use . Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions , rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war . In any event , a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum . Senior leadership was also a problem . Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning . Comando Supremo ( the Italian High Command ) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini 's intentions , after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution . The result was that there was no central direction for operations ; the three military services tended to work independently , focusing only on their fields , with little inter-service cooperation . Discrepancies in pay existed for personnel who were of equal rank , but from different units . Outbreak of the Second World war ( edit ) See also : Military production during World War II Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , marked the beginning of World War II . Despite being an Axis power , Italy remained non-belligerent until June 1940 . Decision to intervene ( edit ) Following the German conquest of Poland , Mussolini hesitated to enter the war . The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean , General Sir Archibald Wavell , correctly predicted that Mussolini 's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war . Wavell would compare Mussolini 's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board : `` I think he must do something . If he can not make a graceful dive , he will at least have to jump in somehow ; he can hardly put on his dressing - gown and walk down the stairs again . ''", "9": "Initially , the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism ( though there was some provocation ) , which led to a lack of consistency in planning , with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences . Mussolini was well aware of the military and material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting . Italy enters the war : June 1940 ( edit ) See also : Fall of France and Italian invasion of France Italy and its colonies in 1940 , before the start of the Western Desert Campaign . On 10 June 1940 , as the French government fled to Bordeaux during the German invasion , declaring Paris an open city , Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France . As he said to the Army 's Chief - of - Staff , Marshal Badoglio : I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought . Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies . About Mussolini 's declaration of war in France , President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said : On this tenth day of June 1940 , the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor . The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in North Africa and the Mediterranean . After Italy entered the war , pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the Campagna concentration camp of some of Italy 's Jewish refugees . Invasion of France ( edit ) See also : Italian - occupied France Occupied France in 1940 ; the Italian zone is shown in yellow . In June 1940 , after initial success , the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified Alpine Line . On 24 June 1940 , France surrendered to Germany . Italy occupied a swathe of French territory along the Franco - Italian border . During this operation , Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded . A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to frostbite .", "10": "Late in the Battle of Britain , Italy contributed an expeditionary force , the Corpo Aereo Italiano , which took part in the Blitz from October 1940 until April 1941 , at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn . In November 1942 , the Italian Royal Army occupied south - eastern Vichy France and Corsica as part of Case Anton . From December 1942 , Italian military government of French departments east of the Rhône River was established , and continued until September 1943 , when Italy quit the war . This had the effect of providing a de facto temporary haven for French Jews fleeing the Holocaust . In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of France under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop complained to Mussolini that `` Italian military circles ... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question . '' The Italian Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux , code named BETASOM , and thirty two Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic . Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with CA class midget submarines in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack , the Leonardo da Vinci , was sunk in May 1943 . The armistice put a stop to further planning . North Africa ( edit ) Invasion of Egypt ( edit ) Main articles : Italian invasion of Egypt , North African Campaign , Western Desert Campaign , and Tunisia Campaign The Italian invasion and British counter-offensive The Italians fared poorly in North Africa almost from the beginning . Within a week of Italy 's declaration of war on 10 June 1940 , the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya . In an ambush east of Bardia , the British captured the Italian 10th Army Engineer - in - Chief , General Lastucci . On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo , the Governor - General of Libya , was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk . Mussolini ordered Balbo 's replacement , General Rodolfo Graziani , to launch an attack into Egypt immediately .", "11": "Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation , and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed ; nevertheless , Mussolini ordered him to proceed . On 13 September , elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the border into Egypt . Lightly opposed , they advanced about 100 km ( 62 mi ) to Sidi Barrani , where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps . At this time , the British had only 36,000 troops available ( out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command ) to defend Egypt , against 236,000 Italian troops . The Italians , however , were not concentrated in one location . They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the east and thus spread out from the Tunisian border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt . At Sidi Barrani , Graziani , unaware of the British lack of numerical strength , planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions , ammunition , and fuel , establish a water pipeline , and extend the via Balbia to that location , which was where the road to Alexandria began . This task was being obstructed by British Royal Navy attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean . At this stage Italian losses remained minimal , but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on . Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani 's sluggishness . However , according to Bauer he had only himself to blame , as he had withheld the trucks , armaments , and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success . Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh . General Rodolfo Graziani . Graziani and his staff lacked faith in the strength of the Italian military . One of his officers wrote : `` We 're trying to fight this ... as though it were a colonial war ... this is a European war ... fought with European weapons against a European enemy . We take too little account of this in building our stone forts ... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now . '' ( This was a reference to the Second Italo - Abyssinian War where Italian forces had fought against a relatively poorly equipped opponent . )", "12": "Balbo had said `` Our light tanks , already old and armed only with machine guns , are completely out - classed . The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour . '' Italian forces around Sidi Barrani had severe weaknesses in their deployment . Their five main fortifications were placed too far apart to allow mutual support against an attacking force , and the areas between were weakly patrolled . The absence of motorised transport did not allow for rapid reorganisation , if needed . The rocky terrain had prevented an anti-tank ditch from being dug and there were too few mines and 47 mm anti-tank guns to repel an armoured advance . By the summer of 1941 , the Italians in North Africa had regrouped , retrained and rearmed into a much more effective fighting force , one that proved to be much harder for the British to overcome in encounters from 1941 to 1943 . Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat ( edit ) See also : Operation Sonnenblume Rommel meets Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli , February 1941 . On 8 December 1940 , the British launched Operation Compass . Planned as an extended raid , it resulted in a force of British , Indian , and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 10th Army . Pressing the British advantage home , General Richard O'Connor succeeded in reaching El Agheila , deep in Libya ( an advance of 500 miles ( 800 km ) ) and taking some 130,000 prisoners . The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army , and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether . Winston Churchill , however , directed the advance be stopped , initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania , and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece . Weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps started to arrive in North Africa ( February 1941 ) , along with six Italian divisions including the motorized Trento and armored Ariete . German General Erwin Rommel now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa , although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops .", "13": "Though subordinate to the Italians , under Rommel 's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at Tobruk , which they failed to capture . After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched Operation Crusader in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year . In January 1942 the Axis struck back again , advancing to Gazala where the front lines stabilised while both sides raced to build up their strength . At the end of May , Rommel launched the Battle of Gazala where the British armoured divisions were soundly defeated . The Axis seemed on the verge of sweeping the British out of Egypt , but at the First Battle of El Alamein ( July 1942 ) General Claude Auchinleck halted Rommel 's advance only 90 mi ( 140 km ) from Alexandria . Rommel made a final attempt to break through during the Battle of Alam el Halfa but Eighth Army , by this time commanded by Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery , held firm . After a period of reinforcement and training the Allies assumed the offensive at the Second Battle of Alamein ( October / November 1942 ) where they scored a decisive victory and the remains of Rommel 's German - Italian Panzer Army were forced to engage in a fighting retreat for 1,600 mi ( 2,600 km ) to the Libyan border with Tunisia . After the Operation Torch landings in the Vichy French territories of Morocco and Algeria ( November 1942 ) British , American and French forces advanced east to engage the German - Italian forces in the Tunisia Campaign . By February , the Axis forces in Tunisia were joined by Rommel 's forces , after their long withdrawal from El Alamein , which were re-designated the Italian First Army ( under Giovanni Messe ) when Rommel left to command the Axis forces to the north at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass . Despite the Axis success at Kasserine , the Allies were able to reorganise ( with all forces under the unified direction of 18th Army Group commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander ) and regain the initiative in April .", "14": "The Allies completed the defeat of the Axis armies in North Africa in May 1943 . East Africa ( edit ) Main article : East African Campaign Fascist poster calling for revenge against the British takeover of Italian East Africa . In addition to the well - known campaigns in the western desert during 1940 , the Italians initiated operations in June 1940 from their East African colonies of Ethiopia , Italian Somaliland , and Eritrea . As in Egypt , Italian forces ( roughly 70,000 Italian soldiers and 180,000 native troops ) outnumbered their British opponents . Italian East Africa , however , was isolated and far from the Italian mainland , leaving the forces there cut off from supply and thus severely limited in the operations they could undertake . Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions , one into the Sudan and the other into Kenya . Then , in August 1940 , the Italians advanced into British Somaliland . After suffering and inflicting few casualties , the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland , retreating by sea to Aden . The Italian invasion of British Somaliland was one of the few successful Italian campaigns of World War II accomplished without German support . In the Sudan and Kenya , Italy captured small territories around several border villages , after which the Italian Royal Army in East Africa adopted a defensive posture in preparation for expected British counterattacks . The Regia Marina maintained a small squadron in the Italian East Africa area . The `` Red Sea Flotilla '' , consisting of seven destroyers and eight submarines , was based at the port of Massawa in Eritrea . Despite a severe shortage of fuel , the flotilla posed a threat to British convoys traversing the Red Sea . However , Italian attempts to attack British convoys resulted in the loss of four submarines and one destroyer . Italian war cemetery in Keren , Eritrea . On 19 January 1941 , the expected British counter-attack arrived in the shape of the Indian 4th and Indian 5th Infantry Divisions , which made a thrust from the Sudan . A supporting attack was made from Kenya by the South African 1st Division , the 11th African Division , and the 12th African Division . Finally , the British launched an amphibious assault from Aden to re-take British Somaliland .", "15": "Fought from February to March , the outcome of the Battle of Keren determined the fate of Italian East Africa . In early April , after Keren fell , Asmara and Massawa followed . The Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa also fell in April 1941 . The Viceroy of Ethiopia , Amedeo , Duke of Aosta , surrendered at the stronghold of Amba Alagi in May . He received full military honours . The Italians in East Africa made a final stand around the town of Gondar in November 1941 . When the port of Massawa fell to the British , the remaining destroyers were ordered on final missions in the Red Sea , some of them achieving small successes before being scuttled or sunk . At the same time , the last four submarines made an epic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to Bordeaux in France . Some Italians , after their defeat , waged a guerilla war mainly in Eritrea and Ethiopia , that lasted until fall 1943 . Notable among them was Amedeo Guillet . Balkans ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Italian War , Axis Occupation of Greece , and World War II in Yugoslavia Invasion of Albania ( edit ) In early 1939 , while the world was focused on Adolf Hitler 's aggression against Czechoslovakia , Mussolini looked to the Kingdom of Albania , across the Adriatic Sea from Italy . Italian forces invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and swiftly took control of the small country . Even before the invasion , Albania had been politically dominated by Italy ; after the invasion it was formally made part of Italy and the Italian king took the Albanian crown . Along with the intervention in the Spanish Civil War and the invasion of Abyssinia , the invasion of Albania was part of the Italian contribution to the disintegration of the collective security the League of Nations instituted after World War I. As such , it was part of the prelude to World War II . Invasion of Greece ( edit ) On 28 October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War by launching an invasion of the Kingdom of Greece from Albania . In part , the Italians attacked Greece because of the growing influence of Germany in the Balkans . Both Yugoslavia and Greece had governments friendly to Germany .", "16": "Mussolini launched the invasion of Greece in haste after the Kingdom of Romania , a state which he perceived as lying within the Italian sphere of influence , allied itself with Germany . The order to invade Greece was given by Mussolini to Badoglio and Army Chief of Staff Mario Roatta on 15 October , with the expectation that the attack would commence within 12 days . Badoglio and Roatta were appalled given that , acting on his orders , they had demobilised 600,000 men three weeks prior . Given the expected requirement of at least 20 divisions to facilitate success , the fact that only eight divisions were currently in Albania , and the inadequacies of Albanian ports and connecting infrastructure , adequate preparation would require at least three months . Nonetheless , D - day was set at dawn on 28 October . The initial Italian offensive was quickly contained , and the invasion soon ended in an embarrassing stalemate . Taking advantage of Bulgaria 's decision to remain neutral , the Greek Commander - in - Chief , Lt Gen Alexandros Papagos , was able to establish numerical superiority by mid-November , prior to launching a counter-offensive that drove the Italians back into Albania . In addition , the Greeks were naturally adept at operating in mountainous terrain , while only six of the Italian Army 's divisions , the Alpini , were trained and equipped for mountain warfare . Only when the Italians were able to establish numerical parity was the Greek offensive stopped . By then they had been able to penetrate deep into Albania . An Italian `` Spring Offensive '' in March 1941 , which tried to salvage the situation prior to German intervention , amounted to little . The Italian Army was still pinned down in Albania by the Greeks when the Germans began their invasion of Greece on 6 April . Crucially , the bulk of the Greek Army ( fifteen divisions ) was left deep in Albania as the German attack approached . After British troops arrived in Greece in March 1941 , British bombers operating from Greek bases could reach the Romanian oil fields , vital to the German war effort . Hitler decided that he had to help the Italians and committed German troops to invade Greece via Yugoslavia ( where a coup had deposed the German - friendly government ) . Invasion of Yugoslavia ( edit ) Italian Bersaglieri in Yugoslavia , 1941 .", "17": "On 6 April 1941 , the Wehrmacht invasions of Yugoslavia ( Operation 25 ) and Greece ( Operation Marita ) both started . Together with the rapid advance of the German forces the Italians attacked Yugoslavia in Dalmatia and pushed the Greeks finally out of Albania . On 17 April , Yugoslavia surrendered to the Germans and the Italians . On 30 April , Greece too surrendered to the Germans and Italians , and was divided into German , Italian and Bulgarian sectors . The invasions ended with a complete Axis victory in May when Crete fell . On 3 May , during the triumphal parade in Athens to celebrate the Axis victory , Mussolini started to boast of an Italian Mare Nostrum in the Mediterranean sea . Some 28 Italian divisions participated in the Balkan invasions . The coast of Yugoslavia was occupied by the Italian Army , while the rest of the country was divided between the Axis forces ( a German and Italian puppet State of Croatia was created , under the nominal sovereignty of Prince Aimone , Duke of Aosta , but actually governed by the Croatian fascist Ante Pavelić ) . The Italians assumed control of most of Greece with their 11th Army , while the Bulgarians occupied the northern provinces and the Germans the strategically most important areas . Italian troops would occupy parts of Greece and Yugoslavia until the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943 . In spring 1941 , Italy created a Montenegrin client state and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the Governorship of Dalmatia ( Governatorato di Dalmazia ) . Yugoslav Partisans fought a guerilla war against the occupying forces until 1945 . In 1942 the Italian military commander in Croatia refused to hand over Jews in his zone to the Nazis . Mediterranean ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Mediterranean Battleship Vittorio Veneto firing upon the Allied cruisers during the Battle of Cape Matapan In 1940 , the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) could not match the overall strength of the British Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea . After some initial setbacks , the Italian Navy declined to engage in a confrontation of capital ships .", "18": "Since the British Navy had as a principal task the supply and protection of convoys supplying Britain 's outposts in the Mediterranean , the mere continued existence of the Italian fleet ( the so - called `` fleet in being '' concept ) caused problems to Britain , which had to utilise warships sorely needed elsewhere to protect Mediterranean convoys . On 11 November , Britain launched the first carrier strike of the war , using a squadron of Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers . This raid at Taranto left three Italian battleships crippled or destroyed for the loss of two British aircraft shot down . The Italian navy found other ways to attack the British . The most successful involved the use of frogmen and riding manned torpedoes to attack ships in harbour . The 10th Light Flotilla , also known as Decima Flottiglia MAS or Xa MAS , which carried out these attacks , sank or damaged 28 ships from September 1940 to the end of 1942 . These included the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and Valiant ( damaged in the harbour of Alexandria on 18 December 1941 ) , and 111,527 long tons ( 113,317 t ) of merchant shipping . The XMAS used a particular kind of torpedo , the SLC ( Siluro a Lenta Corsa ) , whose crew was composed of two frogmen , and motorboats packed with explosives , called MTM ( Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato ) . Following the attacks on these two battleships , an Italian - dominated Mediterranean Sea appeared much more possible to achieve . However , this was only a brief happy time for Mussolini . The oil and supplies brought to Malta , despite heavy losses , by Operation Pedestal in August and the Allied landings in North Africa , Operation Torch , in November 1942 , turned the fortunes of war against Italy . The Axis forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia in six months after the Battle of El Alamein , while their supply lines were harassed day after day by the growing and overwhelming aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies . By the summer of 1943 the Allies were poised for an invasion of the Italian homeland . Eastern front ( edit ) Italian troops in Russia , July 1942 .", "19": "Main article : Italian participation in the Eastern Front In July 1941 , some 62,000 Italian troops of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia ( Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia , or CSIR ) left for the Eastern Front to aid in the German invasion of the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) . In July 1942 , the Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) expanded the CSIR to a full army of about 200,000 men named the Italian Army in Russia ( Armata Italiana in Russia , or ARMIR ) . The ARMIR was also known as the `` Italian 8th Army . '' From August 1942 -- February 1943 , the Italian 8th Army took part in the Battle of Stalingrad . At Stalingrad , the 8th Army suffered heavy losses ( some 20,000 dead and 64,000 captured ) when the Soviets isolated the German forces in Stalingrad by attacking the over-stretched Hungarian , Romanian , and Italian forces protecting the German 's flanks . By the summer of 1943 , Rome had withdrawn the remnants of these troops to Italy . Many of the Italian POWs captured in the Soviet Union died in captivity due to the harsh conditions in the Soviet prison camps . Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil war ( edit ) Main articles : Italian Campaign ( World War II ) and Italian Civil War Allied invasion of Sicily , fall of Mussolini and armistice ( edit ) Main article : 25 Luglio American soldiers landing on Sicily . On 10 July 1943 , a combined force of American and British Commonwealth troops invaded Sicily . German generals again took the lead in the defence and , although they lost the island after weeks of bitter fights , they succeeded in ferrying large numbers of German and Italian forces safely off Sicily to the Italian mainland . On 19 July , an Allied air raid on Rome destroyed both military and collateral civil installations . With these two events , popular support for the war diminished in Italy . On 25 July , the Grand Council of Fascism voted to limit the power of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and handed control of the Italian armed forces over to King Victor Emmanuel III . The next day Mussolini met with the King , was dismissed as prime minister , and was then imprisoned .", "20": "A new Italian government , led by General Pietro Badoglio and Victor Emmanuel III , took over in Italy . Although they publicly declared that they would keep fighting alongside the Germans , the new Italian government began secret negotiations with the Allies to come over to the Allied side . On 3 September , a secret armistice was signed with the Allies at Fairfield Camp in Sicily . The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September . By then , the Allies were on the Italian mainland . On 3 September , British troops crossed the short distance from Sicily to the ' toe ' of Italy in Operation Baytown . Two more Allied landings took place on 9 September at Salerno ( Operation Avalanche ) and at Taranto ( Operation Slapstick ) . The Italian surrender meant that the Allied landings at Taranto took place unopposed , with the troops simply disembarking from warships at the docks rather than assaulting the coastline . German panzer in Rome , 1944 . Because of the time it took for the new Italian government to negotiate the armistice , the Germans had time to reinforce their presence in Italy and prepare for their defection . In the first weeks of August they increased the number of divisions in Italy from two to seven and took control of vital infrastructure . Once the signing of the armistice was announced on 8 September , German troops quickly disarmed the Italian forces and took over critical defensive positions in Operation Achse . This included Italian - occupied southeastern France and the Italian - controlled areas in the Balkans . Only in Sardinia , Corsica , and in part of Apulia and Calabria were Italian troops able to hold their positions until the arrival of Allied forces . In the area of Rome , only one infantry division -- the Granatieri di Sardegna -- and some small armoured units fought with commitment , but by 11 September they were overwhelmed by superior German forces . King Victor Emmanuel III and his family , with Marshal Badoglio , General Mario Roatta , and others , abandoned Rome on 9 September . General Caroni , who was tasked with defending Rome , was given duplicitous orders to have his troops abandon Rome ( something he did not want to do ) , and essentially to provide rear guard protection to the King and his entourage so they could flee to the Abruzzi hills , and later out to sea .", "21": "They later landed at Brindisi . Most importantly , Badoglio never gave the order `` OP 44 '' for the Italian people to rise up against the Germans until he knew it was too late to do any good ; that is , he belatedly issued the order on 11 September . However , from the day of the announcement of the Armistice , when Italian citizens , military personnel and military units decided to rise up and resist on their own , they were sometimes quite effective against the Germans . On 9 September , two German Fritz X guided bombs sank the Italian battleship Roma off the coast of Sardinia . A Supermarina ( Italian Naval Command ) broadcast led the Italians to initially believe this attack was carried out by the British . Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans in Corfu , September 1943 . On the Greek island of Cephallonia , General Antonio Gandin , commander of the 12,000 - strong Italian Acqui Division , decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force . The battle raged from 13 -- 22 September , when the Italians were forced to surrender after suffering some 1,300 casualties . The ensuing massacre of several thousand Italian prisoners of war by the Germans stands as one of the worst single war crimes committed by the Wehrmacht . Italian troops captured by the Germans were given a choice to keep fighting with the Germans . About 94,000 Italians accepted and the remaining 710,000 were designated Italian military internees and were transported as forced labour to Germany . Some Italian troops that evaded German capture in the Balkans joined the Yugoslav ( about 40,000 soldiers ) and Greek Resistance ( about 20,000 ) . The same happened in Albania . After the German invasion , deportations of Italian Jews to Nazi death camps began . However , by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp , all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants . Rev. Aldo Brunacci of Assisi , under the direction of his bishop , Giuseppe Nicolini , saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi . In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome . In November 1943 Jews of Genoa and Florence were deported to Auschwitz .", "22": "It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the Holocaust . Civil war , Allied advance and liberation ( edit ) Italian Social Republic poster saying : `` Germany is truly your friend '' . Further information : Italian resistance movement About two months after Benito Mussolini was stripped of power , he was rescued by the Germans in Operation Eiche ( `` Oak '' ) . The Germans re-located Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a new Fascist state , the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI ) . Many Italian personalities joined the RSI , like General Rodolfo Graziani . The Allied armies continued to advance through Italy despite increasing opposition from the Germans . The Allies soon controlled most of southern Italy , and Naples rose against and ejected the occupying German forces . The Allies organized some Italian troops in the south into what were known as `` co-belligerent '' or `` royalist '' forces . In time , there was a co-belligerent army ( Italian Co-Belligerent Army ) , navy ( Italian Co-Belligerent Navy ) , and air force ( Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force ) . These Italian forces fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war . Other Italian troops , loyal to Mussolini and his RSI , continued to fight alongside the Germans ( among them were the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano , the National Republican Army ) . From this point on , a large Italian resistance movement located in northern Italy fought a guerilla war against the German and RSI forces . Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943 . Americans entering Bologna , 1945 Winston Churchill had long regarded southern Europe as the military weak spot of the continent ( in World War I he had advocated the Dardanelles campaign , and during World War II he favoured the Balkans as an area of operations , for example in Greece in 1940 ) . Calling Italy the `` soft underbelly '' of the Axis , Churchill had therefore advocated this invasion instead of a cross-channel invasion of occupied France . But Italy itself proved anything but a soft target : the mountainous terrain gave Axis forces excellent defensive positions , and it also partly negated the Allied advantage in motorized and mechanized units .", "23": "The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945 , after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line , leading to the surrender of German and RSI forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May . Mussolini was captured and killed on 28 April 1945 by the Italian resistance while attempting to flee . Italy and Japan after the surrender ( edit ) Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943 . Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King of Savoy , who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the enemy , or with the Duce and the newly created Repubblica Sociale Italiana , which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans . Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war , while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives , although under strict surveillance by the Kempeitai . The Italian concession of Tientsin was occupied by Japanese troops after resistance from its garrison . The Social Republic of Italy later formally gave it to the Japanese puppet state in China . The news of Italy 's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines Giuliani , Cappellini and Torelli travelling to Singapore , then occupied by Japan , to take a load of rubber , tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany 's war industry . All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army , and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany . The Kriegsmarine assigned new officers to the three units , who were renamed as U-boat U. IT. 23 , U. IT. 24 and U. IT. 25 , taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally - ho in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy upon Germany 's surrender in 1945 .", "24": "Alberto Tarchiani , an anti-fascist journalist and activist , was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio , which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces . On his suggestion , Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945 . The purpose of this act , which brought no military follow - up , was mainly to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference , as a reward for its co-belligerence . However , the British Prime Minister Churchill and John Foster Dulles were resolutely against the idea , and so Italy 's new government was left out of the Conference . Italy and Japan negotiated the resumption of their respective diplomatic ties after 1951 , and later signed several bilateral agreements and treaties . Casualties ( edit ) The 11th - century Abbey of Monte Cassino , almost completely destroyed as an effect of Allied bombings in 1944 , stands as a powerful symbol of the huge devastation Italy suffered during the war . Nearly four million Italians served in the Italian Army during the Second World War and nearly half a million Italians ( including civilians ) lost their lives between June 1940 and May 1945 . Fascist propaganda poster denouncing Allied bombings of Italian cities ( `` Here are the ' Liberators ' ! '' ) . The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940 -- 45 losses listed the following data : Total military dead and missing from 1940 -- 45 : 291,376 Losses prior to the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943 : 204,346 ( 66,686 killed , 111,579 missing , 26,081 died of disease ) Losses after the Armistice : 87,030 ( 42,916 killed , 19,840 missing , 24,274 died of disease ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) Fascist forces .", "25": "Losses by branch of service : Army 201,405 Navy 22,034 Air Force 9,096 Colonial Forces 354 Chaplains 91 Fascist militia 10,066 Paramilitary 3,252 Not indicated 45,078 Military losses by theatre of war : Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) Soviet Union 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) At sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) Other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) . Prisoner - of - war losses are included with military losses mentioned above . Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence have however revised the military deaths to 319,207 : Army 246,432 ; Navy 31,347 ; Air Force 13,210 ; Partisan formations 15,197 ; RSI armed forces 13,021 . Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) in air attacks . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940 -- 41 . Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000 . Included in the losses are also 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union ( 1942 -- 1954 ) . The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons .", "26": "Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,562 ( including Libya ) . After the armistice with the Allies , some 650,000 members of the Italian armed forces who refused to side with the occupying Germans were interned in concentration and labour camps . Of these , around 50,000 died while imprisoned or while under transportation . A further 29,000 died in armed struggles against the Germans while resisting capture immediately following the armistice . Aftermath ( edit ) The Treaty of Peace with Italy , 1947 spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire , along with other border revisions . The Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 compelled Italy to pay $360,000,000 ( US dollars at 1938 prices ) in war reparations : $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia , $105,000,000 to Greece , $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union , $25,000,000 to Ethiopia and $5,000,000 to Albania . Italy also agreed to pay £ 1,765,000 to Greek nationals whose property in Italian territory had been destroyed or seized during the war . In the Italian constitutional referendum , 1946 the Italian monarchy was abolished , having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule . Unlike in Germany and Japan , no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders , though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them ( such as Mussolini ) at the end of the war . Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on April 28 , 1945 . Controversies of historiography ( edit ) Allied press reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive . British wartime propaganda trumpeted the destruction of the Italian 10th Army by a significantly smaller British force during the early phase of the North African Campaign . The propaganda from this Italian collapse , which was designed to boost British morale during a bleak period of the war , left a lasting impression . The later exploits of Rommel and German accounts of events tended to disparage their Italian allies and downplay their contributions ; these German accounts were used as a primary source for the Axis side by English - language historians after the war .", "27": "Kenneth Macksey wrote in 1972 , that after the split in the Italian state and the reinforcement of fascist Italy by German troops , `` the British threw out the Italian Chicken only to let in the German Eagle '' , for example. . James Sadkovich , Peter Haining , Vincent O'Hara , Ian Walker and others have attempted to reassess the performance of the Italian forces . Many previous authors used only German or British sources , not considering the Italian ones , hampered by few Italian sources being translated into English . Contemporary British reports ignored an action of Bir El Gobi , where a battalion of Giovani Fascisti held up the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade and destroyed dozens of tanks of the 22nd Armoured Brigade . Sadkovich , Walker and others have found examples of actions where Italian forces were effective , yet are rarely discussed by most histories . During the Tunisian Campaign , where Italian units were involved in most encounters , such as Kasserine Pass , Mareth , Akarit and Enfidaville , it was observed by General Alexander , `` ... the Italians fought particularly well , outdoing the Germans in line with them '' . Rommel also conceded praise on several occasions . Other times , German mistakes were blamed on Italians , or the Germans left the Italians in hopeless situations where failure was unavoidable . Questionable German advice , broken promises and security lapses had direct consequences at the Battle of Cape Matapan , in the convoy war and North Africa . According to Sadkovich , Rommel often retreated leaving immobile infantry units exposed , withdrew German units to rest even though the Italians had also been in combat , would deprive the Italians of their share of captured goods , ignore Italian intelligence , seldom acknowledge Italian successes and often resist formulation of joint strategy . Alan J. Levine , an author who has also extensively worked with Italian sources , points out that while Allied efforts to choke off Rommel 's supply lines were eventually successful and played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Africa , the Italians who defended it , especially navy commanders , were not feeble - minded or incompetent at all .", "28": "He criticises Rommel for ignoring the good advice of Italians during the Crusader Offensive ( although he also presents a positive picture of the Field Marshal in general ) , and in review of Sadkovich 's work The Italian Navy in World War II , criticises it for being unreliable and recommends Bragadin and the Italian official history instead . Gerhard L. Weinberg , in his 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture `` Military History -- Some Myths of World War II '' ( 2011 ) complained that `` there is far too much denigration of the performance of Italy 's forces during the conflict . '' In addition , Italian ' cowardice ' did not appear to be more prevalent than the level seen in any army , despite claims of wartime propaganda . Ian Walker wrote : ... it is perhaps simplest to ask who is the most courageous in the following situations : the Italian carristi , who goes into battle in an obsolete M14 tank against superior enemy armour and anti-tank guns , knowing they can easily penetrate his flimsy protection at a range where his own small gun will have little effect ; the German panzer soldier or British tanker who goes into battle in a Panzer IV Special or Sherman respectively against equivalent enemy opposition knowing that he can at least trade blows with them on equal terms ; the British tanker who goes into battle in a Sherman against inferior Italian armour and anti-tank guns , knowing confidently that he can destroy them at ranges where they can not touch him . It would seem clear that , in terms of their motto Ferrea Mole , Ferreo Cuore , the Italian carristi really had `` iron hearts '' , even though as the war went on their `` iron hulls '' increasingly let them down . -- Walker The problems that stand out to the vast majority of historians pertain to Italian strategy and equipment . Italian equipment was , in general , not up to the standard of either the Allied or the German armies . An account of the defeat of the Italian 10th Army noted that the incredibly poor quality of the Italian artillery shells saved many British soldiers ' lives . More crucially , they lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds and their high command did not take necessary steps to plan for most eventualities . This was compounded by Mussolini 's assigning unqualified political favourites to key positions .", "29": "Mussolini also dramatically overestimated the ability of the Italian military at times , sending them into situations where failure was likely , such as the invasion of Greece . See also ( edit ) Italy portal World War II portal Black Brigades Italian Army equipment in World War II Italian Campaign ( World War II ) , Allied operations in and around Italy , from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe Italian war crimes List of World War II Battles MVSN ( Blackshirts ) North African Campaign timeline Treaty of Peace with Italy , 1947 Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ The decision to continue with a front - line biplane fighter , due to the success of the highly manoeuvrable Fiat CR. 32 during the Spanish Civil war was probably one of the most glaring strategic oversights . Another was the mistaken belief that fast bombers need no fighter escort , particularly modern aircraft with radar support . Jump up ^ Italian doctrine envisaged a blitzkrieg style approach as early as 1936 - 8 , considerably beyond what most theorists discerned at the time . This stressed massed armour , massed and mobile artillery , action against enemy flanks , deep penetration and exploitation , and the ' indirect ' approach . Their manuals envisioned M tanks as the core , P tanks as the mobile artillery and reserves for the ' Ms ' and L tanks . These were to be combined with fast ( celere ) infantry divisions and forward anti-tank weapons . The Italians were never able to build the armoured divisions described in their manuals -- although they often attempted to mass what they had to make up for the poor performance of some pieces . Jump up ^ This was being expedited through the conversion of two passenger liners and the scavenging of parts from other vessels . The SS Roma , converted into the Aquila , received 4 - shaft turbine engines scavenged from the unfinished light cruisers Cornelio Silla and Paolo Emilio . She was to have a maximum complement of 51 Reggiane Re. 2001 fighters . The decision to build carriers came late . The Aquila was virtually ready by the time of the armistice with the Allies in 1943 . She was captured by the Germans , who scuttled her in 1945 . Jump up ^ Fiat G.", "30": "55 , Macchi C. 205 , & Reggiane Re. 2005 ; Italian fighters built around the Daimler - Benz DB 605 engine . Jump up ^ For example : the Fiat G55 Centauro received much German interest and was defined by Oberst Petersen , advisor to Goering , as the `` best Axis fighter '' and the Macchi C. 205 `` Veltro '' fighter has been argued by many to be the best Italian fighter ( and one of the best overall ) of the war . Jump up ^ The M13 / 40s and M14 / 41s were not ( initially ) obsolete when they entered service in late 1940 / 1941 . Their operators ( in the form of the Ariete and Littoro divisions ) met with much unaccredited success . Yet they became obsolete as the war progressed . It was necessary to maintain production and they suffered unduly as a result of the Italian 's inability to produce a suitable successor in time and in numbers . Jump up ^ In light of the economic difficulties it was proposed , in 1933 , by Marshal Italo Balbo to limit the number of divisions to 20 and ensure that each was fully mobile for ready response , equipped with the latest weaponry and trained for amphibious warfare . The proposal was rejected by Mussolini ( and senior figures ) who wanted large numbers of divisions to intimidate opponents . To maintain the number of divisions , each became binary , consisting of only two regiments , and therefore equating to a British brigade in size . Even then , they would often be thrown into battle with an under strength complement . Jump up ^ The French and British , for their part had caused Italy a long list of grievances since during WWI through the extraction of political and economic concessions and the blockading of imports . Aware of Italy 's material and planning deficiencies leading up to WWII , and believing that Italy 's entry into the war on the side of Germany was inevitable , the English blockaded German coal imports from 1 March 1940 in an attempt to bring Italian industry to a standstill . The British and the French then began amassing their naval fleets ( to a twelve - to - two superiority in capital ships over the Regia Marina ) both in preparation and provocation . They thought wrongly that Italy could be knocked out early , underestimating its determination .", "31": "Prior to this , from 10 September 1939 , the Italians made several attempts to intermediate peace . While Hitler was open to it , the French were not responsive and the British only invited the Italians to change sides . For Mussolini , the risks of staying out of the war were becoming greater than those for entering . Jump up ^ Graziani believed the British were over 200,000 strong . Jump up ^ Walker states that the Greeks had assembled 250,000 men against 150,000 Italians ; Bauer states that by 12 November , General Papagos had at the front over 100 infantry battalions fighting in terrain to which they were accustomed , compared with less than 50 Italian battalions . Jump up ^ Other examples : Bishop and Warner ( 2001 ) -- `` It was Germany 's misfortune to be allied to Italy ... the performance of most Italian infantry units risable ... could be relied on to fold like a house of cards ... dash and elan but no endurance '' ; Morrison ( 1984 ) -- `` There was also the Italian fleet to guard against , on paper , but the ' Dago Navy ' had long been regarded by British tars as a huge joke '' . Jump up ^ Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein Rommel stated : `` The Italians were willing , unselfish and good comrades in the frontline . There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units , especially the motorised elements , far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years . Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers '' . During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively . On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein , Rommel wrote : `` The German soldier has impressed the world , however the Italian Bersaglieri has impressed the German soldier . ''", "32": "Describing the behaviour of the ' Ariete Armoured division ' during the last phases of the battle of El Alamein , Rommel also wrote : Enormous dust - clouds could be seen south and south - east of headquarters ( of the DAK ) , where the desperate struggle of the small and inefficient Italian tanks of XX Corps was being played out against the hundred or so British heavy tanks which had come round their open right flank . I was later told by Major von Luck , whose battalion I had sent to close the gap between the Italians and the Afrika Korps , that the Italians , who at that time represented our strongest motorised force , fought with exemplary courage . Tank after tank split asunder or burned out , while all the time a tremendous British barrage lay over the Italian infantry and artillery positions . The last signal came from the Ariete at about 15.30 hours : `` Enemy tanks penetrated south of Ariete . Ariete now encircled . Location 5 km north - west Bir el Abd . Ariete tanks still in action . '' ( ... ) In the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades , from whom we had probably always demanded more than they , with their poor armament , had been capable of performing . Jump up ^ Ripley asserted : `` The Italians supplied the bulk of the Axis troops fighting in North Africa , and too often the German Army unfairly ridiculed Italian military effectiveness either due to its own arrogance or to conceal its own mistakes and failures . In reality , a significant number of Italian units fought skilfully in North Africa , and many `` German '' victories were the result of Italian skill - at - arms and a combined Axis effort . '' Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith documented multiple instances of Italian armour advancing against such odds , including when a disproportionate number of their contingent were knocked out . Jump up ^ The phrase `` prisoner in the Mediterranean '' had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925 , by the naval minister Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel . Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding . Citations Jump up ^ Gianni Oliva , I vinti ei liberati : 8 settembre 1943 - 25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni , Mondadori , 1994 .", "33": "^ Jump up to : Mack Smith 1982 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , pp. 184 and 198 . Jump up ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Preston 1999 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Preston 1996 , pp. 22 , 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 73 -- 74 , 154 . Jump up ^ Grenville 2001 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Atkin 2011 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Burgwyn 1997 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Clark 2005 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Salerno 2002 , pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Knox 2000 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Clark 2005 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2009 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Mallett 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Zabecki 1999 , p. 1353 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 73 , 291 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1994 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Steinberg ( 1990 ) , pp. 189,191 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 231 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) pp.", "34": "45 , 47 , 88 -- 89,148,152,167,222 -- 4,247,322 -- 6,360,405 -- 6,415 ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bonner and Wiggin ( 2006 ) , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Cliadakis 1974 , p. 178 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mallett 1997 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1989 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Jensen 1968 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng ( Eds . ) ( 2002 ) , pp. 680 -- 681 ^ Jump up to : Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) pp. 290 -- 91 ; and references therein Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) pp. 30 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Sadkovich ( 1991 ) pp. 287 -- 291 Jump up ^ Steinberg ( 1990 ) , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng ( Eds . ) ( 2002 ) , pp. 684 -- 685,930 , 1061 Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Sadkovich ( 1991 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) pp. 149,164 Jump up ^ Henderson , Jim . `` Autoblinda '' . Commando Supremo : Italy at War website . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p.", "35": "112 - 13 Jump up ^ Mussolini , Peter Neville , pg 140 , Routledge , 2004 ISBN 0 - 415 - 24989 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , pp. 96,493 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , pp. 90 -- 95 Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2008 ) . The Real History of World War II . Sterling Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4090 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Nelson Page ( 1920 ) chapt . XXIII ^ Jump up to : O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Badoglio , Pietro ( 1946 ) . L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale ( Italy in the Second World War ) ( in Italian ) . Milan : Mondadori . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Voices of World War II , 1937 -- 1945 '' . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Italy and the Jews -- Timeline by Elizabeth D. Malissa Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 95 Jump up ^ Jowett , Philip S. ( 2001 ) . The Italian Army 1940 -- 1945 : Africa 1940 -- 43 . Men - at - Arms. 2 . Osprey . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 865 - 8 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Carrier , Dr Richard ( March 2015 ) . `` Some Reflections on the Fighting Power of the Italian Army in North Africa , 1940 -- 1943 '' . War in History . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . ISSN 0968 - 3445 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Wilmott 1944 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Bauer 2000 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Tompkins , Peter , Italy Betrayed , Simon & Schuster ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Charles T. , Forgotten battles : Italy 's war of liberation , 1943 -- 1945 . Illustrated ed. , Publisher : Lexington Books , Year : 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0195 - 1 , p. 14 Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Charles T. , Forgotten battles : Italy 's war of liberation , 1943 -- 1945 . Illustrated ed. , Publisher : Lexington Books , Year : 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0195 - 1 , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 -- History -- Warlords : Churchill '' . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Battle At Gallipoli , 1915 '' . EyeWitness to History , www.eyewitnesstohistory.com . Ibis Communications , Inc. 2001 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 .", "37": "CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sicily July 10 -- August 17 , 1943 -- World War II Multimedia Database '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Doody , Richard . `` Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 -- 1945 '' . The World at War worldatwar.net . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito . Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa -- Edizioni 1986 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica ' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome 1957 Jump up ^ `` The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy A first attempt Demographic Research Vol 13 , No. 15 '' . Demographic-research.org . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Del Boca , Angelo , The Ethiopian war . Univ. of Chicago Press . 1969 ISBN 0 - 226 - 14217 - 5 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 p. 90 Jump up ^ Rudolph Joseph Rummel , Democide : Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 p. 47 Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick , The Destiny of Europe 's Gypsies . Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0 - 465 - 01611 - 1 p. 184 Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Palmieri , Marco ; Avagliano .", "38": "`` Breve storia dell'internamento militare italiano in Germania Dati , fatti e considerazioni '' ( PDF ) . Associazione Nazionale Reduci dalla Prigionia , dall'Internamento , dalla Guerra di Liberazione e loro Familiari ( A.N.R.P. ) . p. 39 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ITALIAN PAYMENT TO GREECE '' . Cairns Post ( 15,963 ) . Queensland , Australia . 9 May 1953 . p. 5 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 284 -- 301 & 310 -- 312 Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. xiv -- xvi Jump up ^ Macksey ( 1972 ) , p. 163 Jump up ^ Bishop and Warner ( 2001 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Morrison ( 1984 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Lee , ed. by Loyd E. ( 1997 ) . World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with general sources : a handbook of literature and research ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Westport , Conn. ( u.a. ) : Greenwood Press . p. 142 . ISBN 9780313293252 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , p299 Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1991 , pp. 297 , 298 -- 299 , 302 -- 303 , 310 Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , pp.", "39": "71 , 82 -- 85 , 92 -- 95 , 100 -- 101 , 109 -- 129,153 -- 155 , 171 -- 179 Jump up ^ O'Hara & Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , pp. 52 -- 55 ; O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. XV , 91 -- 98,136 -- 137 ; Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , p. 14 ; Johnston ( 2000 ) , p. 13 ; Steinberg ( 1990 ) , p. 208 ; Zabecki ( 1999 ) , p. 1578 ; Wilmot ( 1944 ) , p. 8 , 46 ; Rommel & Pimlott ( 1994 ) , p. 128 Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 428 Jump up ^ Rommel & Pimlott ( 1994 ) , p. 128 Jump up ^ Jon E. Lewis ( 1999 ) , The Mammoth Book of True War Stories , p. 318 Jump up ^ `` El Alamein 2 '' ( in Italian ) . Ardito2000 website . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ The Rommel Papers , p. 325 Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Ripley ( 2003 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. XV , 91 -- 98,136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 296 -- 301 Jump up ^ Levine 1999 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Levine , Alan ( 2012 ) . From Axis Victories to the Turn of the Tide : World War II , 1939 - 1943 . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 127 , 129 , 138 , 139 . ISBN 9781597977968 . Jump up ^ Levine , Alan J. ( 1999 ) .", "40": "The War Against Rommel 's Supply Lines , 1942 - 1943 . Praeger . p. 183 . ISBN 9780275965211 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , 2011 , Some Myths of World War II , p. 707 Jump up ^ See for example : Bauer ( 2000 ) , Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , Haining ( 2005 ) , O'Hara ( 2009 ) , Ripley ( 2003 ) , Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , Walker ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith ( 2003 ) , pp. 299 -- 311 Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Joseph 2009 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 11 -- 29 References ( edit ) Bauer , Eddy ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The History of World War II ( rev . ed . ) . London : Orbis . ISBN 1 - 85605 - 552 - 3 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 2165 - 6 . Bishop , Chris , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia : Weapons of World War II . New York : Barnes & Noble Inc . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 1022 - 8 . Bishop , Chris ; Warner , Adam , eds. ( 2001 ) . German Campaigns of World War II . London : Grange Books . ISBN 1 - 84013 - 420 - 8 . Bierman , John ; Smith , Colin ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . War without Hate : The Desert Campaign of 1940 -- 1943 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200394 - 7 . Bonner , William ; Wiggin , A. ( 2006 ) .", "41": "Empire of Debt : The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 98048 - X . Caccia Dominioni de Sillavengo , Paolo ( 1966 ) . Alamein 1933 -- 1962 : An Italian Story . trans . Dennis Chamberlin . London : Allen & Unwin . OCLC 2188258 . Ceva , Lucio , Storia delle Forze Armati Italiane , Turin , 1981 . De Waal , Franz ( 1990 ) . Peacemaking Among Primates . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 65921 - X . Eden , Paul ; Moeng , S. , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft . Enderby , Leicester : Silverdale Books ; Aerospace Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85605 - 705 - 4 . Ehlers , Robert S. Jr . The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) Garibaldi , Luciano ( 2001 ) . Century of War . New York : Friedman / Fairfax . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 342 - 2 . Haining , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Chianti Raiders : The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain . London : Robson Books . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 829 - 2 . Irving , David ( 1977 ) . The Trial of the Fox : The Search for the True Field Marshal Rommel . New York : William Morrow . Johnston , Mark ( 2000 ) . Fighting the Enemy : Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78222 - 8 . Mackenzie , Compton ( 1951 ) . Eastern Epic : September 1939 -- March 1943 Defence . I. London : Chatto & Windus . OCLC 1412578 . Macksey , Kenneth J. ( 1972 ) .", "42": "Tank Warfare : A History of Tanks in Battle . New York : Stein and Day . Morison , Samuel E. ( 1984 ) . Operations in North African Wars 1942 -- June 1943 . Boston : Little Brown . O'Hara , Vincent P. ; Cernuschi , Enrico ( 2009 ) . Dark Navy : The Regina Marina and the Armistice of 8 September 1943 . Ann Arbor : Nimble Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934840 - 91 - 7 . O'Hara , Vincent P. ( 2009 ) . Struggle for the Middle Sea : The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean 1940 -- 1945 . London : Conway . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84486 - 102 - 6 . Page , Thomas Nelson ( 1920 ) . Italy and the World War . New York : Scribner 's . Quartermaine , Luisa ( 2000 ) . Mussolini 's Last Republic : Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic ( R.S.I. ) 1943 -- 45 . Elm Bank modern language studies . Intellect Books . ISBN 1 - 902454 - 08 - 1 . Ripley , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Wehrmacht : The German Army of World War II , 1939 -- 1945 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 312 - 1 . Rothenberg , Gunther Erich ( 1981 ) . The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20260 - 4 . Sadkovich , James . J , ' The Italo - Greek War in Context : Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy ' , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 28 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1993 ) , pp. 439 -- 464. JSTOR 260641 Sadkovich , James . J. ( 1991 ) . `` Of Myths and Men : Rommel and the Italians in North Africa '' . The International History Review .", "43": "XIII ( 2 ) : 284 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.1991. 9640582 . JSTOR 40106368 . Steinberg , Jonathan ( 1990 ) . All Or Nothing : The Axis and the Holocaust , 1941 -- 1943 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07142 - 9 . Tompkins , Peter ( 1966 ) . Italy Betrayed . Simon & Schuster . Toppe , Generalmajor Alfred ( 1990 ) ( ~ 1947 ) . German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II ( PDF ) . II . The Black Vault . Washington : U.S. Marine Corps . FMFRP 12 - 96 - II . Retrieved 1 December 2007 . Walker , Ian W. ( 2003 ) . Iron Hulls , Iron Hearts : Mussolini 's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa . Ramsbury : The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 86126 - 646 - 4 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1995 ) . Germany , Hitler and World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47407 - 8 . Zabecki , David T. ( 1999 ) . World War II in Europe : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7029 - 1 . External links ( edit ) ABC - CLIO Schools ; Minorities and Women During World War II -- `` Italian Army '' , by A.J.L. Waskey `` Comando Supremo : Italy at War '' Mussolini 's War Statement -- Declaration of War against USA , 11 December 1941 Armistice with Italy ; 3 September 1943 text of the armistice agreement between the Allies and Italy Video : WWII Italian Forces in Combat Italy articles History Chronology Prehistory Italic peoples Ancient Italian peoples Pre-Nuragic Sardinia", "44": "Nuragic peoples Etruscan Civilization Nuragic Civilization Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies Magna Graecia Ancient Rome Kingdom Republic Empire Middle Ages Italy under Odoacer Ostrogoths Byzantine Italy Lombards Regnum Italiae Sardinian Judgedoms Arabs Normans Guelphs and Ghibellines Italian city - states Maritime republics Renaissance Italian Wars Early Modern period Unification Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 Sicilian revolution of 1848 First War of Independence Crimean War Second War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third War of Independence Capture of Rome Monarchy and the World Wars Kingdom of Italy Colonial Empire World War I Fascist Italy World War II Resistance Civil War Republic Economic Boom Years of Lead Years of Mud Mani pulite By topic Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Military Music Postal Railways Geography Peninsula Northern Northwest Northeast Central Southern South Insular Fauna Flora Volcanology Volcanoes Mountains Prealps Alps Apennines Beaches Canals Caves Earthquakes Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Politics Constitution Elections Referendums Foreign relations Missions Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Chamber of Deputies Senate", "45": "Political parties President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Regions Provinces Metropolitan cities Comune Municipalities Cities Economy Economic history Milan Naples Rome Turin Regions by GDP Automotive industry Banking Central Bank Companies Energy Government debt Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Internet Tourism Trade unions Transportation Welfare Society Abortion Adoption Billionaires Capital punishment Corruption Crime Demographics Education Secondary Higher Universities Emigration Fathers ' rights movement Feminism Gambling Health Healthcare Immigration LGBT rights Nobility Prostitution Racism Religion Smoking Social class Terrorism Women Culture Duecento Trecento Quattrocento Cinquecento Seicento Settecento Architecture Art Castles Cinema Cuisine Beer Wine Decorations Design Fashion Festivals Folklore Italophilia Italophobia Italian language Regional Italian Italian literature Languages of Italy Media Newspapers Radio TV Monuments Mythology Music Classical Folk Opera Popular National symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Regions National monument Personification People Philosophy Public holidays Festa della Repubblica Sculpture Sport Traditions World Heritage Sites Italy portal WikiProject Commons Quotes News Travel Category", "46": "History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Manchukuo Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Nordic states Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - 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5185978890489959594	who drives the number 95 car in nascar	[ "Michael Christopher McDowell", "Michael Christopher McDowell", "Michael Christopher McDowell", "Michael Christopher McDowell" ]	{ "0": "Michael McDowell ( Racing driver ) - wikipedia Michael McDowell ( Racing driver ) Jump to : navigation , search Michael McDowell McDowell at Daytona International Speedway in 2017 Michael Christopher McDowell ( 1984 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1984 ( age 32 ) Glendale , Arizona Achievements 2004 Star Mazda Championship Champion Awards 2007 ARCA Re / MAX Series Rookie of the Year 2003 Star Mazda Championship Rookie of the Year Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series career 245 races run over 10 years Car no. , team No. 95 ( Leavine Family Racing ) 2016 position 30th Best finish 30th ( 2016 ) First race 2008 Goody 's Cool Orange 500 ( Martinsville ) Last race 2017 Hollywood Casino 400 ( Kansas ) Wins Top tens Poles 0 5 0 NASCAR Xfinity Series career 94 races run over 9 years 2016 position 93rd Best finish 13th ( 2009 ) First race 2007 O'Reilly Challenge ( Texas ) Last race 2016 Road America 180 ( Road America ) First win 2016 Road America 180 ( Road America ) Wins Top tens Poles 20 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career 2 races run over 2 years Best finish 111th ( 2009 ) First race 2007 Kroger 200 ( Martinsville ) Last race 2009 Heluva Good ! 200 ( Loudon ) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 0 Champ Car career 2 races run over 1 year Best finish 21st ( 2005 ) First race 2005 Lexmark Indy 300 ( Surfers Paradise ) Last race 2005 Gran Premio Telmex Tecate ( Mexico City ) Wins Podiums Poles 0 0 0 Statistics current as of October 22 , 2017 . Michael Christopher McDowell ( born December 21 , 1984 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver .", "1": "He currently competes full - time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No. 95 Chevrolet SS for Leavine Family Racing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Open wheel 3 Grand - Am 4 ARCA 5 NASCAR 5.1 2007 -- 2008 5.1. 1 Crash at Texas Motor Speedway 5.2 2009 5.3 2010 -- 2011 5.4 2012 -- 2013 5.5 2014 5.6 2015 -- 2016 5.7 2017 6 Personal life 7 Images 8 Motorsports career results 8.1 American Open - Wheel series 8.1. 1 Champ Car 8.2 NASCAR 8.2. 1 Monster Energy Cup Series 8.2. 1.1 Daytona 500 8.2. 2 Xfinity Series 8.2. 3 Camping World Truck Series 8.3 ARCA Re / Max Series 8.4 24 Hours of Daytona 9 References 10 External links Early career ( edit ) McDowell started out his career at the age of three racing BMX bicycles . He would always win his division because there were not any other three - or four - year - olds to compete against . At the start of each race , someone would have to hold him in the starting gate because his feet did not reach the ground . Then , when McDowell was eight years old , he moved to karting with help from his mother Tracy , his father Bill , and his older brother Billy , who were all avid race fans . After ten years in karts , he would win not only the World Karting Association championship , but he would also take back to back undefeated International Kart Federation championships , along with 18 consecutive feature wins . Open wheel ( edit ) From karts McDowell moved into Formula Renault with World Speed Motorsports in 2002 and won the Infineon Raceway , Las Vegas , and Firebird International Raceway events in his rookies season . Moving up the ladder , Michael would move to the Star Mazda Series in 2003 .", "2": "He took victories at Sebring and Road America en route to a runner - up finish in the points . McDowell won seven races in 2004 en route to winning the series championship . McDowell would be picked up by Champ Car team Rocketsports for Surfer 's Paradise and Mexico City , but decided to move on in 2005 to the Grand - Am Cup Series . Grand - Am ( edit ) During his run for the Star Mazda championship , Michael would meet businessman Rob Finlay at the Bob Bondurant School of High Performance Driving , where McDowell was an instructor . McDowell and Finlay soon established a partnership , and McDowell would drive his first sports car , a Porsche 996 in the Grand - Am Cup Series for Finlay Motorsports . In 2005 , Michael would stay at Finlay , but moved up to the Rolex Sports Car Series , joining veteran Memo Gidley in a BMW powered Riley sponsored by the Make A Wish Foundation . Together , they finished sixth in the overall points and took the team 's first victory at Mexico City . McDowell made history by becoming the youngest driver to stand on podium for a Grand - Am race at Barber Motorsports Park , and became the first driver since Mario Andretti to compete in both an open wheel race and a sports car race in the same weekend . Michael would also drive the team 's No. 60 BMW M3 in the Grand - Am Cup series to a podium finish at Daytona . McDowell would stick with Finlay for 2006 , and was again partnered with Gidley . The duo would improve to fourth in points despite being winless . Michael would also drive a No. 15 Ford Mustang with owner Finlay , driving the car to a win at Barber . He would cap off his Grand - Am year with a second - place finish at Miller Motorsports Park . McDowell returned to the series for the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona , driving for Michael Shank Racing and finishing third . ARCA ( edit ) ARCA RE / MAX Series owner Eddie Sharp would put McDowell behind the wheel of his No. 2 Dodge for five races of the 2006 season , starting with the Governor 's Cup 200 at the Milwaukee Mile , where he scored a 34th - place finish .", "3": "McDowell finished in sixth place at Salem , fifth at Talladega , and fourth at Iowa . Michael would return to ESR to run the full schedule for Rookie of the Year honors in 2007 . McDowell was involved in controversy at Toledo when his ESR teammate , Ken Butler III spun him late in the race . Butler would take his first win while McDowell would rally for a top ten finish . Michael got his first stock car win at Kentucky Speedway . He followed that up with wins at Pocono , Chicago , and the season finale at Toledo . Although Michael was in contention for the ARCA Re / Max Seroes championship all season , he was unable to pose a serious threat to Frank Kimmel for Kimmel 's ninth championship . Michael would score a second - place finish in the points along with Rookie of the Year honors , as well as scoring nine pole positions during the season . As McDowell moved to NASCAR , his ESR ride was taken over by former Formula One driver Scott Speed . NASCAR ( edit ) 2007 -- 2008 ( edit ) McDowell would make his NASCAR debut in the Craftsman Truck Series . Driving the No. 17 for Darrell Waltrip Motorsports , McDowell would qualify 29th and finish 30th after a late wreck . McDowell moved to the Busch Series as a developmental driver for Nextel Cup Series team Michael Waltrip Racing . Driving the No. 00 Toyota , McDowell drove at Texas , Phoenix , and Homestead , finishing respectively 20th , 14th , and 32nd . McDowell was chosen to drive the No. 00 Cup Series car in 2008 after Dale Jarrett 's retirement ; David Reutimann replaced Jarrett in the No. 44 UPS car . McDowell started 34th and finished 26th in his Sprint Cup debut , the Goody 's Cool Orange 500 , after a flat tire near the end of the race . After the race , he was criticized by veteran driver Jeff Burton for having blocked Burton 's way to leader Denny Hamlin near the end of the race ( McDowell was racing for the Lucky Dog free pass , which Burton did not realize at the time of his comments ) . In early August 2008 , McDowell was pulled from the No.", "4": "00 Toyota Camry Sprint Cup car in favor of veteran NASCAR driver Mike Skinner for three races . Skinner helped evaluate the team 's progress , while trying to get the No. 00 into the top 35 in owner points , though McDowell returned to the ride at Richmond on September 6 , 2008 . McDowell was again pulled from the No. 00 Toyota Camry when he failed to qualify for the Camping World RV 400 at Kansas on September 28 . McDowell 's contract was not renewed by MWR for 2009 , when Michael Waltrip decided not to retire and the team did not have sponsorship for another car . Crash at Texas Motor Speedway ( edit ) Panorama of McDowell 's crash in sequence at Texas Motor Speedway McDowell 's car on the tow truck after the crash While performing a qualifying attempt for the 2008 Samsung 500 at Texas Motor Speedway on April 4 , 2008 McDowell had an accident that was strikingly similar to that of another racer with a road - racing background ; Gordon Smiley ( who died in a crash during Indianapolis 500 time trials in 1982 ) . McDowell 's right front sway bar broke entering Turn 1 , which caused the car to hit the SAFER barrier almost head on at approximately 185 miles per hour ( 298 km / h ) , according to data obtained and reported by SPEED channel ( 185 mph to zero mph in one foot , as reported by SPEED 's Bob Dillner , before reaccelerating the other direction ) . The car spun around once while tipping onto its roof , and then barrel - rolled eight times with fire coming out of the engine compartment , shedding debris in all directions , until coming to a stop back onto its tires . A huge dark mark was seen on the SAFER barrier , which showed how hard the car hit the barrier , which had to be repaired ( the barrier moved inward when the car hit it ) , and as a result , qualifying for the race was delayed by an hour . The safety features of the barrier , the HANS device and the Car of Tomorrow racecar protected him . Because of this , he walked away from the crash without injury , and waved to the stunned crowd .", "5": "Since his old car was destroyed , he had to switch to a backup , and ended up starting at the back of the pack in the race . 2009 ( edit ) McDowell 's 2009 No. 47 Nationwide car In 2009 , McDowell drove a part - time schedule for JTG Daugherty Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series . On February 25 , 2009 McDowell 's first child , Trace Christopher , was born , named after Michael 's late mother , Tracy . The baby boy was 7 pounds , 7 ounces and born at 7 : 00 a.m. McDowell next attempted the April 2009 race at Talladega for Prism Motorsports in the Sprint Cup Series , as regular driver Dave Blaney had a family obligation . After JTG Daugherty Racing ran out of sponsorship support after the second race at Daytona International Speedway , it was announced that he would drive the next two races for MacDonald Motorsports . He also competed several races with Tommy Baldwin Racing in the No. 36 Toyota Camry . McDowell remained in the top 10 for most of the season . McDowell also competed in the Camping World Truck Series in 2009 for ThorSport Motorsports driving the No. 98 Chevy Silverado . 2010 -- 2011 ( edit ) In 2010 , McDowell started the season for Prism Motorsports . He drove the No. 55 car , then moved to the No. 46 team of Whitney Motorsports . In 2011 , McDowell drove the No. 66 Toyota for HP Racing in the Sprint Cup Series . JGR also added the Bucyrus 200 at Road America to McDowell 's schedule , leaving open the possibility of more races added . McDowell also drove one race for Joe Gibbs in the Sprint Cup Series at Texas after NASCAR parked Kyle Busch following his actions at a Truck Series event . 2012 -- 2013 ( edit ) McDowell 's 2013 Sprint Cup car In 2012 , McDowell ran the Joe Gibbs Racing No. 18 Nationwide Series car in select races , and competed in the Sprint Cup Series for Phil Parsons Racing ( formerly HP Racing ) full - time ; the team secured full sponsorship for the first five races of the season .", "6": "It formed a partnership with Whitney Motorsports and Mike Curb to field McDowell 's car , which carried the No. 98 . In the 2013 Daytona 500 , McDowell recorded a then - career high 9th - place finish . Later in the season in the Nationwide Series , McDowell won the pole for the inaugural Nationwide Children 's Hospital 200 at Mid-Ohio . McDowell finished 2nd behind A.J. Allmendinger . 2014 ( edit ) In October 2013 , it was announced that McDowell would be moving to Leavine Family Racing 's No. 95 Ford for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season . McDowell failed to qualify for the Daytona 500 . McDowell had a Sprint Cup career - best seventh - place finish in the Coke Zero 400 . In the Cheez - It 355 at The Glen , on lap 64 , Greg Biffle came up on Ryan Newman 's front bumper , turning him into the outside retaining wall . His car ricocheted off the wall into McDowell 's path , and with the force of the impact , the rear end housing was snapped , causing him to get airborne . His housing was then forced into the wall . The race was red - flagged , though both drivers were unharmed . 2015 -- 2016 ( edit ) McDowell racing during his first NASCAR win at Road America McDowell returned to the LFR No. 95 car for a 20 - race schedule in 2015 . The team merged with Circle Sport in 2016 and switched to Chevrolet , with McDowell splitting the schedule with Ty Dillon with sponsorship from Thrivent Financial , Cheerios , and WRL Contractors among others . McDowell was able to get a 10th place finish in the 2016 Coke Zero 400 , his best finish of the season so far . At the end of the season at Homestead , McDowell drove the No. 59 Chevrolet after CSLFR purchased a charter from the closing Tommy Baldwin Racing . McDowell ran decent all night and towards the end , he was able to avoid the big wreck involving Championship contender Carl Edwards , and was able to get a 10th place finish , his first non restrictor plate top 10 finish .", "7": "McDowell drove for Richard Childress Racing in the No. 2 Rheem Chevrolet in a one - race deal at Road America which got McDowell his first NASCAR victory . McDowell led the final 24 laps en route to the win . 2017 ( edit ) McDowell returned to Leavine Family Racing 's No. 95 Chevrolet in 2017 . He started the season with a 15th place finish in the Daytona 500 . At Kansas , McDowell scored a season - best 13th place finish . At Dover , McDowell scored his third straight top 20 finish , a career first , after avoiding a last lap crash , finishing 19th . At Daytona for the Coke Zero 400 , McDowell spent most of race towards the front and competed late for the win , before ending the race with a career - best 4th place finish , his first career top 5 finish . It was also the best finishing result for Leavine Family Racing as a team . On September 19 , 2017 , Leavine announced Kasey Kahne would be replacing McDowell in the No. 95 for the 2018 season . Personal life ( edit ) McDowell is married to Jami and they have three children , Trace , Emma and Rylie . McDowell and Justin Marks currently own a karting facility called the GoPro Motorplex , located 30 miles north of Charlotte , North Carolina . The facility opened in October 2012 and is inspired by another karting track located in Parma , Italy .", "8": "Images ( edit ) McDowell in 2008 2010 Nationwide car Racing at Road America in 2011 McDowell at Road America in 2012 Motorsports career results ( edit ) American Open - Wheel series ( edit ) ( key ) Champ Car ( edit ) Champ Car results Year Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Rank Points 2005 Rocketsports Racing LBH MTY MIL POR CLE TOR EDM SJO DEN MTL LVS SRF 12 MXC 11 21st 19 NASCAR ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) Monster Energy Cup Series ( edit ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 MENCC Pts 2008 Michael Waltrip Racing 00 Toyota DAY CAL LVS ATL BRI MAR 26 TEX 33 PHO 34 TAL 26 RCH 40 DAR 28 CLT 32 DOV 30 POC 27 MCH 37 SON 21 NHA 42 DAY 25 CHI 43 IND 34 POC 24 GLN 25", "9": "MCH BRI CAL RCH 20 NHA 27 DOV 29 KAN DNQ TAL CLT MAR ATL TEX PHO HOM 40th 1466 2009 Prism Motorsports 66 Toyota DAY CAL LVS ATL BRI MAR TEX PHO TAL DNQ RCH DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON NHA DAY CHI IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL 52nd 326 Tommy Baldwin Racing 36 Toyota RCH 41 NHA 41 DOV 38 KAN DNQ CAL 40 CLT DNQ MAR 41 TAL TEX 41 PHO 41 HOM 43 Prism Motorsports 55 Toyota DAY 33 CAL 42 LVS 42 ATL 42 BRI MAR 43 RCH DNQ DAR 40 DOV 42 CLT 42 POC 39 MCH SON NHA 41 DAY DNQ CHI DNQ IND 42 POC 43 GLN 42 MCH 42 BRI 43 45th 870 66 PHO 43 TEX 41 TAL Whitney Motorsports 46 Chevy ATL 39 KAN 40 CAL 39 CLT 39 MAR DNQ TAL 35 TEX DNQ PHO DNQ HOM", "10": "DNQ Dodge RCH DNQ NHA 43 DOV 39 2011 HP Racing 66 Toyota DAY DNQ PHO 41 LVS 41 BRI 43 CAL 43 MAR 32 TEX 40 TAL DNQ RCH 40 DAR 43 DOV 43 CLT 39 KAN 41 POC 41 MCH 43 SON 30 DAY 42 KEN 41 NHA 40 IND 37 POC GLN 41 MCH BRI 39 ATL 41 RCH 39 CHI 43 NHA 37 DOV 40 KAN 39 CLT 39 TAL 40 MAR 39 TEX QL PHO 40 HOM 43 36th 139 Joe Gibbs Racing 18 Toyota TEX 33 2012 Phil Parsons Racing 98 Ford DAY 30 PHO 43 LVS 38 BRI 31 CAL 38 MAR 40 TEX 41 KAN 40 RCH 39 TAL 43 DAR DNQ CLT 36 DOV 42 POC 39 MCH 38 SON KEN 38 DAY 43 NHA 40 IND DNQ POC GLN MCH BRI 23 ATL DNQ RCH 41 CHI 43 NHA 37 DOV 38 TAL 31 CLT 31 KAN 43 MAR 39 TEX 38 PHO 38 HOM 41", "11": "37th 187 2013 DAY 9 PHO LVS 43 BRI 42 CAL 42 MAR 43 TEX 43 KAN 42 RCH 41 TAL 21 DAR 42 CLT 42 DOV 42 POC 40 MCH 42 SON KEN 38 DAY 42 NHA 42 IND 32 POC 40 BRI 41 ATL 42 RCH 43 CHI 43 DOV 43 KAN 38 CLT 40 TAL 15 MAR 26 TEX 43 PHO 32 HOM 43 37th 210 Front Row Motorsports 35 Ford GLN 38 MCH Phoenix Racing 51 Chevy NHA 30 2014 Leavine Family Racing 95 Ford DAY DNQ PHO 33 LVS 43 BRI 37 CAL MAR 37 TEX 30 DAR RCH DNQ TAL 36 KAN CLT 30 DOV POC MCH SON 24 KEN DAY 7 NHA IND 26 POC GLN 42 MCH BRI 18 ATL DNQ RCH CHI 32 NHA DOV KAN 35 CLT 29 TAL 41 MAR TEX 30 PHO 31 HOM 21 37th 255 2015 DAY 31 ATL 27 LVS 30 PHO CAL", "12": "MAR TEX 31 BRI 22 RCH TAL DNQ KAN 36 CLT 30 DOV POC MCH SON 34 DAY DNQ KEN DNQ NHA IND 31 POC GLN 20 MCH BRI 31 DAR RCH 42 CHI DNQ NHA DOV CLT 31 KAN TAL 28 MAR TEX 34 PHO HOM 33 39th 213 2016 Circle Sport -- Leavine Family Racing 59 Chevy DAY 15 HOM 10 30th 500 95 ATL 33 LVS 29 PHO 26 CAL 31 MAR 24 TEX BRI 29 RCH 31 TAL 21 KAN 28 DOV 20 CLT 34 POC MCH SON 39 DAY 10 KEN NHA 39 IND 23 POC 23 GLN 17 BRI 19 MCH 31 DAR 27 RCH 12 CHI 37 NHA 26 DOV CLT 14 KAN 22 TAL 16 MAR 18 TEX 23 PHO 34 2017 Leavine Family Racing DAY 15 ATL 29 LVS 18 PHO 24 CAL 33 MAR 26 TEX 23 BRI 26 RCH 29 TAL 34 KAN 13 CLT 19 DOV 19 POC 24 MCH 23 SON", "13": "14 DAY KEN 23 NHA 26 IND 18 POC 18 GLN 12 MCH 27 BRI 20 DAR 19 RCH 16 CHI 30 NHA 23 DOV 27 CLT 35 TAL 30 KAN 18 MAR TEX PHO HOM - * - * - Qualified but replaced by Josh Wise Daytona 500 ( edit ) Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish Prism Motorsports Toyota 29 33 2011 HP Racing DNQ 2012 Phil Parsons Racing Ford 11 30 2013 38 9 2014 Leavine Family Racing Ford DNQ 2015 23 31 2016 Circle Sport -- Leavine Family Racing Chevrolet 39 15 2017 Leavine Family Racing 22 15 Xfinity Series ( edit ) NASCAR Xfinity Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NXSC Pts 2007 Michael Waltrip Racing 00", "14": "Toyota DAY CAL MXC LVS ATL BRI NSH TEX PHO TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY CHI GTY IRP CGV GLN MCH BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX 20 PHO 14 HOM 32 94th 291 2008 DAY 27 CAL LVS ATL BRI NSH TEX PHO MXC TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY CHI GTY IRP CGV 112th 119 MSRP Motorsports 91 Chevy GLN 42 MCH BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX PHO HOM 2009 JTG Daugherty Racing 47 Toyota DAY 14 CAL 36 LVS 6 BRI 31 TEX 17 NSH 15 PHO 11 TAL 15 RCH 8 DAR 33 CLT 20 DOV 11 NSH 8 KEN 29 MLW 14 NHA 15 DAY 13 KAN 39 13th 3449 MacDonald Motorsports 81 Dodge CHI 25 GTY 32 IRP 28 Whitney Motorsports", "15": "26 Dodge IOW 8 GLN 27 MCH 17 BRI 10 RCH 19 CAL 38 96 CGV 11 ATL 35 DOV 29 KAN DNQ CLT 23 MEM 21 TEX 29 PHO 25 HOM MacDonald Motorsports 81 Dodge DAY 24 CAL 21 LVS 39 BRI 18 NSH 37 PHO 18 TEX 26 TAL 23 RCH 29 DAR 19 DOV 30 CLT 20 NSH 30 KEN 28 ROA 33 NHA 20 DAY 35 CHI 35 GTY DNQ IRP 20 IOW 13 GLN 10 MCH 28 BRI 20 CGV 37 ATL 27 RCH 37 DOV 28 KAN 19 CAL 18 CLT 26 GTY 30 TEX 36 PHO 26 HOM DNQ 21st 2770 2011 Joe Gibbs Racing 18 Toyota DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL TEX TAL NSH RCH DAR DOV IOW 7 CLT CHI MCH ROA 12 DAY KEN NHA NSH IRP 10 IOW 9 GLN CGV BRI ATL RCH CHI DOV KAN CLT TEX PHO HOM", "16": "106th 0 2012 DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL TEX RCH TAL DAR IOW CLT DOV ROA KEN DAY NHA CHI IND IOW 6 GLN CGV 6 BRI ATL RCH CHI KEN 111th 0 20 MCH 7 SR2 Motorsports 00 Toyota DOV 40 CLT KAN TEX PHO HOM 2013 27 DAY PHO LVS BRI 40 CAL 36 100th 0 00 TEX DNQ RCH 22 TAL DAR CLT DOV IOW MCH BRI DNQ ATL RCH CHI KEN DOV KAN CLT Joe Gibbs Racing 18 Toyota ROA 34 KEN DAY NHA CHI IND IOW GLN MOH TriStar Motorsports 10 Toyota TEX 40 PHO 91 HOM 40 2014 Joe Gibbs Racing 20 Toyota DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL TEX DAR RCH TAL IOW 7 CLT DOV MCH ROA KEN DAY NHA CHI IND", "17": "IOW GLN MOH BRI ATL RCH CHI 87th 0 Team Penske 22 Ford KEN 8 DOV KAN CLT TEX PHO HOM 2016 Richard Childress Racing Chevy DAY ATL LVS PHO CAL TEX BRI RCH TAL DOV CLT POC MCH IOW DAY KEN NHA IND IOW GLN MOH BRI ROA 1 * DAR RCH CHI KEN DOV CLT KAN TEX PHO HOM 93rd 0 Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results Year Team No .", "18": "Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 NCWTC Pts 2007 Darrell Waltrip Motorsports 17 Toyota DAY CAL ATL MAR KAN LOW MFD DOV TEX MCH MLW MEM KEN IRP NSH BRI GTW NHA LVS TAL MAR 30 ATL TEX PHO HOM 117th 0 2009 ThorSport Racing 98 Chevy DAY CAL ATL MAR KAN CLT DOV TEX MCH MLW MEM KEN IRP NSH BRI CHI IOW GTW NHA 14 LVS MAR TAL TEX PHO HOM 111th 0 Season still in progress Ineligible for series points ARCA Re / Max Series ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) ARCA Re / Max Series results Year Team No .", "19": "Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ARSC Pts 2006 Eddie Sharp Racing Dodge DAY NSH SLM WIN KEN TOL POC MCH KAN KEN BLN POC GTW NSH MCH ISF MIL 34 TOL DSF CHI 38 SLM 6 TAL 5 IOW 40th 965 2007 DAY 10 USA 18 NSH 33 SLM KAN 11 WIN 22 * KEN 39 TOL 7 * IOW POC 6 BLN 2 * KEN POC NSH 19 ISF MIL GTW DSF 36 CHI SLM TAL 33 TOL 2nd 5455 Toyota MCH 8 24 Hours of Daytona ( edit ) ( key ) 24 Hours of Daytona results Year Class No Team Car Co-drivers Laps Position Class Pos . 2005 DP 19 Ten Motorsports BMW Riley DP Memo Gidley Michael Valiante Jonathan Bomarito 465 42 19 2006 DP 19 Playboy / Uniden Racing Ford Crawford DP Memo Gidley Alex Barron 716 6 6 2007 DP 19 Finlay Motorsports Ford Crawford DP Rob Finlay Michael Valiante Bobby Labonte 627 10 10 2008 DP 09 Spirit of Daytona Racing Porsche Fabcar DP Guy Cosmo Marc - Antoine Camirand 652 15 10 2011 DP 6 Michael Shank Racing Ford Dallara DP A.J.", "20": "Allmendinger Justin Wilson 719 7 7 2012 DP 6 Michael Shank Racing Ford Dallara DP Jorge Goncalvez Felipe Nasr Gustavo Yacamán 761 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael McDowell Career Statistics - Racing-Reference.info '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : New car proved it works , but NASCAR ca n't rest ; April 4 , 2008 ; Jeff Hammond ; Fox Sports ; Retrieved April 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Warren , Lee ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Michael McDowell Has Promising Opportunities in 2012 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` McDowell gets full - time ride with Parsons team '' . NASCAR.com . Turner Sports . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wackerlin , Jeff ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` McDowell , Yeley Shine at Daytona '' . Motor Racing Network . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rusty ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` McDowell on pole for Nationwide race at Mid-Ohio '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nationwide Children 's Hospital 200 '' . NASCAR. 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` McDowell gets 2014 Cup ride with Leavine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Daytona Qualifying and Starting Lineup '' . Jayski 's Silly Season Site . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Daytona '' . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR MEDIA TOUR DAY 3 : Ty Dillon , Michael McDowell to split time in 95 car '' . WDBJ . January 21 , 2016 .", "21": "Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Matthew ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR playoff driver Kasey Kahne to drive for Leavine Family Racing in 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael McDowell '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` NASCAR drivers flock to kart track , racer 's Disneyland '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael McDowell ( racing driver ) . Official website Michael McDowell driver statistics at Racing - Reference Sporting positions Preceded by Luis Schiavo Star Mazda Championship Champion Succeeded by Raphael Matos Leavine Family Racing Personnel Bob Leavine Sharon Leavine Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 95 ) Michael McDowell Former drivers Cup Series Ty Dillon Blake Koch Scott Riggs Reed Sorenson Scott Speed David Starr Nationwide Series Reed Sorenson Hillman - Circle Sport LLC Personnel Joe Falk Mike Hillman Former drivers Circle Sport -- Leavine Family Racing Ty Dillon Michael McDowell Circle Sport -- The Motorsports Group Jeffrey Earnhardt Boris Said Hillman - Circle Sport LLC Michael Annett Mike Bliss Landon Cassill Ryan Ellis Brendan Gaughan Timmy Hill Alex Kennedy Travis Kvapil Bobby Labonte Stephen Leicht B.J. McLeod Tony Raines Morgan Shepherd David Stremme Austin Dillon Jeff Green Michael Waltrip Hermie Sadler Elliott Sadler Brian Scott Derek White Hillman Racing - Team 7 Motorsports Jeb Burton Ward Burton C.E. Falk Brandon Knupp Jason Leffler Stephen Leicht Ryan Lynch B.J. McLeod Travis Miller Ryan Truex Cole Whitt Jeff Agnew LTD Powersports T.J.", "22": "Bell LJ Racing Todd Bodine Kevin Lepage Dick Trickle Mike Wallace Ranier Racing with Hillman Austin Dillon Landon Cassill Ryan Preece Kyle Benjamin Travis Miller Brian Wong Corey LaJoie Spencer Davis Brandon Jones Richard Childress Racing Personnel Richard Childress Mike Dillon Dave Marcis Chocolate Myers Danny Efland Jason Jarrett Drivers Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 3 ) Austin Dillon ( 27 ) Paul Menard ( 31 ) Ryan Newman Xfinity Series ( 2 ) Austin Dillon / Paul Menard / Ben Kennedy ( 3 ) Ty Dillon / Scott Lagasse Jr . / Brian Scott ( 21 ) Daniel Hemric ( 33 ) Brandon Jones ( 62 ) Brendan Gaughan Crew chiefs Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 3 ) Gil Martin / Slugger Labbe ( 27 ) Justin Alexander ( 31 ) Luke Lambert / Todd Parrott Xfinity Series ( 2 ) Mike Hillman Jr . ( 3 ) Danny Stockman Jr . / Nick Harrison ( 33 ) Nick Harrison / Danny Stockman Jr . ( 62 ) Shane Wilson Past drivers A.J. Allmendinger Dave Blaney Clint Bowyer Jeff Burton Richard Childress Cale Conley Joey Coulter Matt Crafton Mike Dillon Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt Jr . Tim George Jr . Jeff Green Robby Gordon Kevin Harvick Ron Hornaday Jr . Sam Hornish Jr . Scott Lagasse Jr . Stephen Leicht Michael McDowell Casey Mears Brandon Miller Steve Park Jeff Purvis Ricky Rudd Elliott Sadler Jay Sauter Johnny Sauter Kirk Shelmerdine Morgan Shepherd Mike Skinner Regan Smith Scott Wimmer Partnerships and affiliations Circle Sport -- The Motorsports Group Germain Racing GMS Racing Jeremy Clements Racing JTG Daugherty Racing Leavine Family Racing Joe Gibbs Racing Management Joe Gibbs J.D.", "23": "Gibbs Curtis Markham Jimmy Makar Drivers Monster Energy Cup Series ( 11 ) Denny Hamlin ( 18 ) Kyle Busch ( 19 ) Daniel Suárez ( 20 ) Matt Kenseth Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Daniel Suárez / Kyle Busch / Kyle Benjamin / Christopher Bell / Regan Smith ( 19 ) Matt Tifft ( 20 ) Erik Jones / Denny Hamlin / Kyle Benjamin / Christopher Bell / Ryan Preece / James Davison ARCA Racing Series ( 18 ) Matt Tifft / Riley Herbst JGRMX Justin Brayton Crew chiefs Cup Series ( 11 ) Mike Wheeler ( 18 ) Adam Stevens ( 19 ) Dave Rogers ( 20 ) Jason Ratcliff Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Chris Gayle ( 19 ) Scott Graves ( 20 ) Chris Gabehart Past drivers Aric Almirola Dakoda Armstrong Mike Bliss Justin Boston Brad Coleman Matt Crafton Matt DiBenedetto Carl Edwards Coy Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Kenny Habul Drew Herring Sam Hornish Jr . Dale Jarrett Owen Kelly Ross Kenseth Bobby Labonte Jason Leffler Joey Logano Michael McDowell Mike McLaughlin Jeff Purvis David Ragan Elliott Sadler Brian Scott Tony Stewart Ryan Truex Brian Vickers Darrell Wallace Jr . J.J.", "24": "Yeley Partnerships and affiliations Furniture Row Racing Kyle Busch Motorsports RAB Racing Red Horse Racing Venturini Motorsports Team Penske Personnel Roger Penske Tim Cindric Walter Czarnecki Travis Geisler Michael Kranefuss IndyCar Series Drivers ( 1 ) Simon Pagenaud ( 2 ) Josef Newgarden ( 3 ) Hélio Castroneves ( 12 ) Will Power ( 22 ) Juan Pablo Montoya Race engineers ( 3 ) Ron Ruzewski ( 12 ) David Faustino Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ( 2 ) Brad Keselowski ( 22 ) Joey Logano Crew chiefs ( 2 ) Paul Wolfe ( 22 ) Todd Gordon NASCAR Xfinity Series Drivers ( 22 ) Brad Keselowski / Joey Logano / Ryan Blaney / Alex Tagliani / Sam Hornish Jr . / Austin Cindric Crew chiefs ( 22 ) Brian Wilson Supercars ( DJR Team Penske ) Drivers ( 12 ) Fabian Coulthard ( 17 ) Scott McLaughlin Personnel Dick Johnson Ludo Lacroix Former drivers Formula One Mark Donohue John Watson IndyCar A.J. Allmendinger Alex Barron Gary Bettenhausen Ryan Briscoe Mark Donohue Gil de Ferran Emerson Fittipaldi Sam Hornish Jr . Rick Mears André Ribeiro Danny Sullivan Paul Tracy Al Unser Sr . Al Unser Jr . Bobby Unser NASCAR Justin Allgaier Bobby Allison A.J. Allmendinger Kurt Busch Mark Donohue Brendan Gaughan Sam Hornish , Jr .", "25": "Travis Kvapil Dave Marcis Jeremy Mayfield Michael McDowell Ryan Newman David Stremme Rusty Wallace Sports cars Timo Bernhard Mark Donohue Romain Dumas Patrick Long Lucas Luhr Sascha Maassen Hélio Castroneves Ryan Briscoe Supercars Marcos Ambrose Scott Pye Indianapolis 500 wins 1972 ( Donohue ) 1979 ( Mears ) 1981 ( B. Unser ) 1984 ( Mears ) 1985 ( Sullivan ) 1987 ( A. Unser ) 1988 ( Mears ) 1991 ( Mears ) 1993 ( Fittipaldi ) 1994 ( Unser Jr . ) 2001 ( Castroneves ) 2002 ( Castroneves ) 2003 ( de Ferran ) 2006 ( Hornish ) 2009 ( Castroneves ) 2015 ( Montoya ) National Championships ( IndyCar ) 1977 ( Sneva ) 1978 ( Sneva ) 1979 ( Mears ) 1981 ( Mears ) 1982 ( Mears ) 1983 ( A. Unser ) 1985 ( A. Unser ) 1988 ( Sullivan ) 1994 ( Unser Jr . )", "26": "2000 ( de Ferran ) 2001 ( de Ferran ) 2006 ( Hornish ) 2014 ( Power ) 2016 ( Pagenaud ) 2017 ( Newgarden ) National Championships ( NASCAR ) 2012 ( Keselowski ) Daytona 500 wins 2008 ( Newman ) 2015 ( Logano ) Partnerships and affiliations Brad Keselowski Racing DJR Team Penske Wood Brothers Racing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McDowell_(racing_driver)&oldid=806951986 '' Categories : Living people 1984 births Sportspeople from Glendale , Arizona Racing drivers from Arizona 24 Hours of Daytona drivers NASCAR drivers ARCA Racing Series drivers Champ Car drivers Pro Mazda Championship drivers Rolex Sports Car Series drivers 20th - century American racing drivers 21st - century American racing drivers Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1180168003678804636	i was a great islamic scholar and mathematician who died in 1131 ce	[ "Omar Khayyam" ]	{ "0": "Omar Khayyam - wikipedia Omar Khayyam Jump to : navigation , search `` Omar the Tentmaker '' and `` Khayyam '' redirect here . For the 1922 film , see Omar the Tentmaker ( film ) . For other uses , see Khayyam ( disambiguation ) . Omar Khayyam عمر خیام ‎ Bust by Abolhassan Sadighi ( c. 1960 ) in Nishapur , Iran 18 May 1048 Nishapur , Khorasan , Iran 4 December 1131 ( aged 83 ) Nishapur , Khorasan , Iran Nationality Persian School Mathematics , Persian poetry , Persian philosophy Main interests Mathematics , Astronomy , Avicennism , Poetry Influences ( show ) Avicenna , al - Khwārizmī , Euclid , Apollonius of Perge Influenced ( show ) Tusi , Al - Khazini , Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand , John Wallis , Saccheri , Edward FitzGerald Omar Khayyam ( Persian pronunciation : ( xæjˈjɑːm ) ; عمر خیّام ( Persian ) ; 18 May 1048 -- 4 December 1131 ) was a Persian mathematician , astronomer , and poet . As a mathematician , he is most notable for his work on the classification and solution of cubic equations , where he provided geometric solutions by the intersection of conics . As an astronomer , he composed a calendar which proved to be a more accurate computation of time than that proposed five centuries later by Pope Gregory XIII . Omar was born in Nishapur , in northeastern Iran . He spent most of his life near the court of the Karakhanid and Seljuq rulers in the period which witnessed the First Crusade . There is a tradition of attributing poetry to Omar Khayyam , written in the form of quatrains ( rubāʿiyāt رباعیات ‎ ) .", "1": "This poetry became widely known to the English - reading world due to the translation by Edward FitzGerald ( Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , 1859 ) , which enjoyed great success in the Orientalism of the fin de siècle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Mathematics 2.1 Theory of parallels 2.1. 1 The real number concept 2.2 Geometric algebra 2.2. 1 The solution of cubic equations 2.3 Binomial theorem and extraction of roots 3 Astronomy 4 Other works 5 Poetry 6 Philosophy 6.1 Religious views 7 Reception 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Life ( edit ) Omar Khayyam was born in Nishapur , a leading metropolis in Khorasan during medieval times that reached its climax of prosperity in the eleventh century under the Seljuq dynasty . Nishapur was then religiously a major center of Zoroastrians . It is likely that Khayyam 's father was a Zoroastrian who had converted to Islam . He was born into a family of tent - makers ( Khayyam ) . His full name , as it appears in the Arabic sources , was Abu'l Fath Omar ibn Ibrāhīm al - Khayyām . In medieval Persian texts he is usually simply called Omar Khayyām . The historian Bayhaqi , who was personally acquainted with Omar , provides the full details of his horoscope : `` he was Gemini , the sun and Mercury being in the ascendant ( ... ) '' . This was used by modern scholars to establish his date of birth as 18 May 1048 . His boyhood was passed in Nishapur . His gifts were recognized by his early tutors who sent him to study under Imam Muwaffaq Nīshābūrī , the greatest teacher of the Khorasan region who tutored the children of the highest nobility . In 1073 , at the age of twenty - six , he entered the service of Sultan Malik - Shah I as an adviser .", "2": "In 1076 Khayyam was invited to Isfahan by the vizier and political figure Nizam al - Mulk to take advantage of the libraries and centers in learning there . His years in Isfahan were productive . It was at this time that he began to study the work of Greek mathematicians Euclid and Apollonius much more closely . But after the death of Malik - Shah and his vizier ( presumably by the Assassins ' sect ) , Omar had fallen from favour at court , and as a result , he soon set out on his pilgrimage to Mecca . A possible ulterior motive for his pilgrimage reported by Al - Qifti , is that he was attacked by the clergy for his apparent skepticism . So he decided to perform his pilgrimage as a way of demonstrating his faith and freeing himself from all suspicion of unorthodoxy . He was then invited by the new Sultan Sanjar to Marv , possibly to work as a court astrologer . He was later allowed to return to Nishapur owing to his declining health . Upon his return , he seemed to have lived the life of a recluse . Khayyam died in 1131 , and is buried in the Khayyam Garden . Mathematics ( edit ) `` Cubic equation and intersection of conic sections '' the first page of two - chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran University . Khayyam was famous during his life as a mathematician . His surviving mathematical works include : A commentary on the difficulties concerning the postulates of Euclid 's Elements ( Risāla fī šarḥ mā aškala min muṣādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis , completed in December 1077 ) , On the division of a quadrant of a circle ( Risālah fī qismah rub ' al - dā'irah , undated but completed prior to the treatise on algebra ) , and On proofs for problems concerning Algebra ( Maqāla fi l - jabr wa l - muqābala , most likely completed in 1079 ) . He furthermore wrote a treatise on extracting the n root of natural numbers , which has been lost .", "3": "Theory of parallels ( edit ) See also : History of non-Euclidean geometry and Parallel postulate A part of Khayyam 's commentary on Euclid 's Elements deals with the parallel axiom . The treatise of Khayyam can be considered the first treatment of the axiom not based on petitio principii , but on a more intuitive postulate . Khayyam refutes the previous attempts by other mathematicians to prove the proposition , mainly on grounds that each of them had postulated something that was by no means easier to admit than the Fifth Postulate itself . Drawing upon Aristotle 's views , he rejects the usage of movement in geometry and therefore dismisses the different attempt by Al - Haytham . Unsatisfied with the failure of mathematicians to prove Euclid 's statement from his other postulates , Omar tried to connect the axiom with the Fourth Postulate , which states that all right angles are equal to one another . Khayyam was the first to consider the three cases of acute , obtuse , and right angle for the summit angles of a Khayyam - Saccheri quadrilateral , three cases which are exhaustive and pairwise mutually exclusive . After proving a number of theorems about them , he proved that the Postulate V is a consequence of the right angle hypothesis , and refuted the obtuse and acute cases as self - contradictory . Khayyam 's elaborate attempt to prove the parallel postulate was significant for the further development of geometry , as it clearly shows the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries . The hypothesis of the acute , obtuse , and that of the right angle are now known to lead respectively to the non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry of Gauss - Bolyai - Lobachevsky , to that of Riemannian geometry , and to Euclidean geometry . Tusi 's commentaries on Khayyam 's treatment of parallels made its way to Europe . John Wallis , the professor of geometry at Oxford , translated Tusi 's commentary into Latin . Jesuit geometrician Girolamo Saccheri , whose work ( euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus , 1733 ) is generally considered as the first step in the eventual development of non-Euclidean geometry , was familiar with the work of Wallis .", "4": "The American historian of mathematics , David Eugene Smith mentions that Saccheri `` used the same lemma as the one of Tusi , even lettering the figure in precisely the same way and using the lemma for the same purpose '' . He further says that `` Tusi distinctly states that it is due to Omar Khayyam , and from the text , it seems clear that the latter was his inspirer . '' The real number concept ( edit ) This treatise on Euclid contains another contribution dealing with the theory of proportions and with the compounding of ratios . Khayyam discusses the relationship between the concept of ratio and the concept of number and explicitly raises various theoretical difficulties . In particular , he contributes to the theoretical study of the concept of irrational number . Displeased with Euclid 's definition of equal ratios , he redefined the concept of a number by the use of a continuous fraction as the means of expressing a ratio . Rosenfeld and Youschkevitch ( 1973 ) argue that `` by placing irrational quantities and numbers on the same operational scale , ( Khayyam ) began a true revolution in the doctrine of number . '' Likewise , it was noted by D.J. Struik that Omar was `` on the road to that extension of the number concept which leads to the notion of the real number . '' Geometric algebra ( edit ) Omar Khayyam 's construction of a solution to the cubic x + 2x = 2x + 2 . The intersection point produced by the circle and the hyperbola determine the desired segment . Rashed and Vahabzadeh ( 2000 ) have argued that because of his thoroughgoing geometrical approach to algebraic equations , Khayyam can be considered the precursor of Descartes in the invention of analytic geometry . In The Treatise on the Division of a Quadrant of a Circle Khayyam applied algebra to geometry . In this work , he devoted himself mainly to investigating whether it is possible to divide a circular quadrant into two parts such that the line segments projected from the dividing point to the perpendicular diameters of the circle form a specific ratio . His solution , in turn , employed several curve constructions that led to equations containing cubic and quadratic terms .", "5": "The solution of cubic equations ( edit ) Khayyam was the first to geometrically solve every type of cubic equation , so far as positive roots are concerned . The treatise on algebra contains his work on cubic equations . It is divided into three parts : ( i ) equations which can be solved with compass and straight edge , ( ii ) equations which can be solved by means of conic sections , and ( iii ) equations which involve the inverse of the unknown . Khayyam produced an exhaustive list of all possible equations involving lines , squares , and cubes . He considered three binomial equations , nine trinomial equations , and seven tetranomial equations . For the first and second degree polynomials , he provided numerical solutions by geometric construction . He concluded that there are fourteen different types of cubics that can not be reduced to an equation of a lesser degree . For these he could not accomplish the construction of his unknown segment with compass and straight edge . He proceeded to present geometric solutions to all types of cubic equations using the properties of conic sections . The prerequisite lemmas for Khayyam 's geometrical proof include Euclid VI , Prop 13 , and Apollonius II , Prop 12 . The positive root of a cubic equation was determined as the abscissa of a point of intersection of two conics , for instance , the intersection of two parabolas , or the intersection of a parabola and a circle , etc . However , he acknowledged that the arithmetic problem of these cubics was still unsolved , adding that `` possibly someone else will come to know it after us '' . This task remained open until the sixteenth century , where algebraic solution of the cubic equation was found in its generality by Cardano , Del Ferro , and Tartaglia in Renaissance Italy . Whoever thinks algebra is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain . No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and geometry are different in appearance . Algebras are geometric facts which are proved by propositions five and six of Book two of Elements . Omar Khayyam In effect , Khayyam 's work is an effort to unify algebra and geometry . This particular geometric solution of cubic equations has been further investigated by M. Hachtroudi and extended to solving fourth - degree equations .", "6": "Although similar methods had appeared sporadically since Menaechmus , Khayyam 's work can be considered the first systematic study and the first exact method of solving cubic equations . The mathematician Woepcke ( 1851 ) who offered translations of Khayyam 's algebra into French praised him for his `` power of generalization and his rigorously systematic procedure . '' Binomial theorem and extraction of roots ( edit ) See also : History of binomial theorem From the Indians one has methods for obtaining square and cube roots , methods based on knowledge of individual cases -- namely the knowledge of the squares of the nine digits 1 , 2 , 3 ( etc . ) and their respective products , i.e. 2 × 3 etc . We have written a treatise on the proof of the validity of those methods and that they satisfy the conditions . In addition we have increased their types , namely in the form of the determination of the fourth , fifth , sixth roots up to any desired degree . No one preceded us in this and those proofs are purely arithmetic , founded on the arithmetic of The Elements . Omar Khayyam Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra In his algebraic treatise , Khayyam alludes to a book he had written on the extraction of the n ( \\ displaystyle n ) th root of the numbers using a law which he had discovered which did not depend on geometric figures . This book was most likely titled The difficulties of arithmetic ( Moškelāt al - hesāb ) , and is not extant . Based on the context , some historians of mathematics such as D.J. Struik , believe that Omar must have known the formula for the expansion of the binomial ( a + b ) n ( \\ displaystyle ( a + b ) ^ ( n ) ) , where n is a positive integer . The case of power 2 is explicitly stated in Euclid 's elements and the case of at most power 3 had been established by Indian mathematicians . Khayyam was the mathematician who noticed the importance of a general binomial theorem . The argument supporting the claim that Khayyam had a general binomial theorem is based on his ability to extract roots . The arrangement of numbers known as Pascal 's triangle enables one to write down the coefficients in a binomial expansion .", "7": "This triangular array sometimes is known as Omar Khayyam 's triangle . Astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Jalali calendar The Jalali calendar was introduced by Omar Khayyam alongside other mathematicians and astronomers in Nishapur . Today it is one of the oldest calendars in the world as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today . Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the vernal equinox , it has no intrinsic error , but this makes it an observation - based calendar . In 1074 , Omar Khayyam was commissioned by Sultan Malik - Shah to build an observatory at Isfahan and reform the Persian calendar . There was a panel of eight scholars working under the direction of Khayyam to make large - scale astronomical observations and revise the astronomical tables . Recalibrating the calendar fixed the first day of the year at the exact moment of the passing of the Sun 's center across vernal equinox . This marks the beginning of spring or Nowrūz , a day in which the Sun enters the first degree of Aries before noon . The resulted calendar was named in Malik - Shah 's honor as the Jalālī calendar , and was inaugurated on Friday , March 15 , 1079 . The observatory itself was disused after the death of Malik - Shah in 1092 . The Jalālī calendar was a true solar calendar where the duration of each month is equal to the time of the passage of the Sun across the corresponding sign of the Zodiac . The calendar reform introduced a unique 33 - year intercalation cycle . As indicated by the works of Khazini , Khayyam 's group implemented an intercalation system based on quadrennial and quinquennial leap years . Therefore , the calendar consisted of 25 ordinary years that included 365 days , and 8 leap years that included 366 days . The calendar remained in use across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries . In 1911 the Jalali calendar became the official national calendar of Qajar Iran . In 1925 this calendar was simplified and the names of the months were modernized , resulting in the modern Iranian calendar .", "8": "The Jalali calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian calendar of 1582 , with an error of one day accumulating over 5,000 years , compared to one day every 3,330 years in the Gregorian calendar . Moritz Cantor considered it the most perfect calendar ever devised . One of his pupils Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand relates that Khayyam apparently did not have a belief in astrology and divination : `` I did not observe that he ( scil . Omar Khayyam ) had any great belief in astrological predictions , nor have I seen or heard of any of the great ( scientists ) who had such belief . '' While working for Sultan Sanjar as an astrologer he was asked to predict the weather - a job that he apparently did not do well . George Saliba ( 2002 ) explains that the term ilm al nujūm , used in various sources in which references to Omar 's life and work could be found , has sometimes been incorrectly translated to mean astrology . He adds : `` from at least the middle of the tenth century , according to Farabi 's enumeration of the sciences , that this science , ilm al nujūm , was already split into two parts , one dealing with astrology and the other with theoretical mathematical astronomy . '' A popular claim to the effect that Khayyam believed in heliocentrism is based on Edward FitzGerald 's popular but anachronistic rendering of Khayyam 's poetry , in which the first lines are mistranslated with a heliocentric image of the Sun flinging `` the Stone that puts the Stars to Flight '' . Other works ( edit ) See also : specific gravity He has a short treatise devoted to Archimedes ' principle ( in full title , On the Deception of Knowing the Two Quantities of Gold and Silver in a Compound Made of the Two ) . For a compound of gold adulterated with silver , he describes a method to measure more exactly the weight per capacity of each element . It involves weighing the compound both in air and in water , since weights are easier to measure exactly than volumes . By repeating the same with both gold and silver one finds exactly how much heavier than water gold , silver and the compound were .", "9": "This treatise was extensively examined by Eilhard Wiedemann who believed that Khayyam 's solution was more accurate and sophisticated than that of Khazini and Al - Nayrizi who also dealt with the subject elsewhere . Another short treatise is concerned with music theory in which he discusses the connection between music and arithmetic . Khayyam 's contribution was in providing a systematic classification of musical scales , and discussing the mathematical relationship among notes , minor , major and tetrachords . Poetry ( edit ) Rendition of a ruba'i from the Bodleian ms , rendered in Shekasteh calligraphy . The earliest allusion to Omar Khayyam 's poetry is from the historian Imad ad - Din al - Isfahani , a younger contemporary of Khayyam , who explicitly identifies him as both a poet and a scientist ( Kharidat al - qasr , 1174 ) . One of the earliest specimens of Omar Khayyam 's Rubiyat is from Fakhr al - Din Razi . In his work Al - tanbih ' ala ba 'd asrar al - maw'dat fi'l - Qur'an ( ca . 1160 ) , he quotes one of his poems ( corresponding to quatrain LXII of FitzGerald 's first edition ) . Daya in his writings ( Mirsad al - ' Ibad , ca . 1230 ) quotes two quatrains , one of which is the same as the one already reported by Razi . An additional quatrain is quoted by the historian Juvayni ( Tarikh - i Jahangushay , ca . 1226 - 1283 ) . In 1340 Jajarmi includes thirteen quatrains of Khayyam in his work containing an anthology of the works of famous Persian poets ( Munis al - ahrār ) , two of which have hitherto been known from the older sources . A comparatively late manuscript is the Bodleian MS . Ouseley 140 , written in Shiraz in 1460 , which contains 158 quatrains on 47 folia . The manuscript belonged to William Ouseley ( 1767 - 1842 ) and was purchased by the Bodleian Library in 1844 .", "10": "There are occasional quotes of verses attributed to Omar in texts attributed to authors of the 13th and 14th centuries , but these are also of doubtful authenticity , so that skeptic scholars point out that the entire tradition may be pseudepigraphic . Hans Heinrich Schaeder in 1934 commented that the name of Omar Khayyam `` is to be struck out from the history of Persian literature '' due to the lack of any material that could confidently be attributed to him . De Blois ( 2004 ) presents a bibliography of the manuscript tradition , concluding pessimistically that the situation has not changed significantly since Schaeder 's time . Five of the quatrains later attributed to Omar are found as early as 30 years after his death , quoted in Sindbad - Nameh . While this establishes that these specific verses were in circulation in Omar 's time or shortly later , it does n't imply that the verses must be his . De Blois concludes that at the least the process of attributing poetry to Omar Khayyam appears to have begun already in the 13th century . Edward Granville Browne ( 1906 ) notes the difficulty to disentangle the authentic from the spurious quatrains : `` while it is certain that Khayyam wrote many quatrains , it is hardly possible , save in a few exceptional cases , to assert positively that he wrote any of those ascribed to him '' . In addition to the Persian quatrains , there are twenty - five Arabic poems attributed to Khayyam which are attested by historians such as al - Isfahani , Shahrazuri ( Nuzhat al - Arwah , ca . 1201 - 1211 ) , Qifti ( Tārikh al - hukamā , 1255 ) , and Hamdallah Mustawfi ( Tarikh - i guzida , 1339 ) . Richard N. Frye ( 1975 ) emphasizes that there are a number of other Persian scholars who occasionally wrote quatrains , including Avicenna , Ghazzali , and Tusi .", "11": "He concludes that it is also possible that poetry with Khayyam was the amusement of his leisure hours : `` these brief poems seem often to have been the work of scholars and scientists who composed them , perhaps , in moments of relaxation to edify or amuse the inner circle of their disciples '' . The poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam has contributed greatly to his popular fame in the modern period as a direct result of the extreme popularity of the translation of such verses into English by Edward FitzGerald ( 1859 ) . FitzGerald 's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam contains loose translations of quatrains from The Bodleian manuscript . It enjoyed such success in the fin de siècle period that a bibliography compiled in 1929 listed more than 300 separate editions , and many more have been published since . Philosophy ( edit ) Khayyam considered himself intellectually to be a student of Avicenna . According to Al - Bayhaqi , he was reading the metaphysics in Avicenna 's the Book of Healing before he died . There are six philosophical papers believed to have been written by Khayyam . One of them , On existence ( Fi'l - wujūd ) , is written in Persian and deals with the subject of existence and its relationship to universals . Another paper , titled The necessity of contradiction in the world , determinism and subsistence ( Darurat al - tadād fi'l - ' ālam wa'l - jabr wa'l - baqā ' ) , is written in Arabic and deals with free will and determinism . The titles of his other works are On being and necessity ( Risālah fī'l - kawn wa'l - taklīf ) , The Treatise on Transcendence in Existence ( Al - Risālah al - ulā fi'l - wujūd ) , On the knowledge of the universal principles of existence ( Risālah dar ' ilm kulliyāt - i wujūd ) , and Abridgement concerning natural phenomena ( Mukhtasar fi'l - Tabi'iyyāt ) .", "12": "Religious views ( edit ) Ottoman Era inscription of a poem written by Omar Khayyam at Morića Han in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina Statue of Omar Khayyam in Bucharest A literal reading of Khayyam 's quatrains leads to the interpretation of his philosophic attitude toward life as a combination of pessimism , nihilism , Epicureanism , fatalism , and agnosticism . This view is taken by Iranologists such as Arthur Christensen , H. Schaeder , Richard N. Frye , E.D. Ross , E.H. Whinfield and George Sarton . Conversely , the Khayyamic quatrains have also been described as mystical Sufi poetry . However , this is the view of a minority of scholars . In addition to his Persian quatrains , J.C.E. Bowen ( 1973 ) mentions that Khayyam 's Arabic poems also `` express a pessimistic viewpoint which is entirely consonant with the outlook of the deeply thoughtful rationalist philosopher that Khayyam is known historically to have been . '' Edward FitzGerald emphasized the religious skepticism he found in Khayyam . In his preface to the Rubáiyát he claimed that he `` was hated and dreaded by the Sufis '' , and denied any pretense at divine allegory : `` his Wine is the veritable Juice of the Grape : his Tavern , where it was to be had : his Saki , the Flesh and Blood that poured it out for him . '' Sadegh Hedayat is one of the most notable proponents of Khayyam 's philosophy as agnostic skepticism , and according to Jan Rypka ( 1934 ) , he even considered Khayyam an atheist . Hedayat ( 1923 ) states that `` while Khayyam believes in the transmutation and transformation of the human body , he does not believe in a separate soul ; if we are lucky , our bodily particles would be used in the making of a jug of wine . ''", "13": "In a later study ( 1934 -- 35 ) he further contends that Khayyam 's usage of Sufic terminology such as `` wine '' is literal and that he turned to the pleasures of the moment as an antidote to his existential sorrow : `` Khayyam took refuge in wine to ward off bitterness and to blunt the cutting edge of his thoughts . '' In this tradition , Omar Khayyam 's poetry has been cited in the context of New Atheism , e.g. in The Portable Atheist by Christopher Hitchens . Al - Qifti ( ca . 1172 -- 1248 ) appears to confirm this view of Omar 's philosophy . In his work The History of Learned Men he reports that Omar 's poems were only outwardly in the Sufi style , but were written with an anti-religious agenda . He also mentions that he was at one point indicted for impiety , but went on a pilgrimage to prove he was pious . The report has it that upon returning to his native city he concealed his deepest convictions and practised a strictly religious life , going morning and evening to the place of worship . In the context of a piece entitled On the Knowledge Of the Principals of Existence , Khayyam endorses the Sufi path . Csillik ( 1960 ) suggests the possibility that Omar Khayyam could see in Sufism an ally against orthodox religiosity . Other commentators do not accept that Omar 's poetry has an anti-religious agenda and interpret his references to wine and drunkenness in the conventional metaphorical sense common in Sufism . The French translator J.B. Nicolas held that Omar 's constant exhortations to drink wine should not be taken literally , but should be seen in Sufi terms as representing an enlightened state . The view of Omar Khayyam as a Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard ( 1915 ) , Idries Shah ( 1999 ) , and Dougan ( 1991 ) who attributes the reputation of hedonism to the failings of FitzGerald 's translation , arguing that Omar 's poetry is to be understood as `` deeply esoteric '' .", "14": "On the other hand , Iranian experts such as Mohammad Ali Foroughi and Mojtaba Minovi unanimously rejected the hypothesis that Omar Khayyam was a Sufi . Foroughi stated that Khayyam 's ideas may have been consistent with that of Sufis at times but there is no evidence that he was formally a Sufi . Aminrazavi ( 2007 ) states that `` Sufi interpretation of Khayyam is possible only by reading into his Rubāʿīyyāt extensively and by stretching the content to fit the classical Sufi doctrine . '' Furthermore , Frye ( 1975 ) emphasizes that Khayyam was intensely disliked by a number of celebrated Sufi mystics who belonged to the same century . This includes Shams Tabrizi ( spiritual guide of Rumi ) , Najm al - Din Daya who described Omar Khayyam as `` an unhappy philosopher , atheist , and materialist '' , and Attar who regarded him not as a fellow - mystic but a free - thinking scientist who awaited punishments hereafter . Seyyed Hossein Nasr argues that it is `` reductive '' to use a literal interpretation of his verses ( many of which are of uncertain authenticity to begin with ) to establish Omar Khayyam 's philosophy . Instead , he adduces Khayyam 's interpretive translation of Avicenna 's treatise Discourse on Unity ( Al - Khutbat al - Tawhīd ) , where he expresses orthodox views on Divine Unity in agreement with the author . The prose works believed to be Omar 's are written in the Peripatetic style and are explicitly theistic , dealing with subjects such as the existence of God and theodicy . As noted by Bowen these works indicate his involvement in the problems of metaphysics rather than in the subtleties of Sufism . As evidence of Khayyam 's faith and / or conformity to Islamic customs , Aminrazavi mentions that in his treatises he offers salutations and prayers , praising God and Muhammad . In most biographical extracts , he is referred to with religious honorifics such as Imām , The Patron of Faith ( Ghīyāth al - Dīn ) , and The Evidence of Truth ( Hujjat al - Haqq ) .", "15": "He also notes that biographers who praise his religiosity generally avoid making reference to his poetry , while the ones who mention them often do not praise his religious character . For instance Al - Bayhaqi 's account which antedates by some years other biographical notices , speaks of Omar as a very pious man who professed orthodox views down to his last hour . On the basis of all the existing textual and biographical evidence , the question remains somewhat open , and as a result Khayyam has received sharply conflicting appreciations and criticisms . Reception ( edit ) `` A Ruby kindles in the vine '' , illustration for FitzGerald 's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Adelaide Hanscom Leeson ( c. 1905 ) . `` At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam '' by Jay Hambidge ( 1911 ) . Omar Khayyam was held in very high esteem by his contemporaries and the immediately succeeding generations who pay unstinted tribute to his scientific work . On the other hand , according to Richard Nelson Frye Khayyam 's status as a poet of the first rank is a comparatively late development . It was not unusual for him to be given flowery epithets such as `` Proof of Truth '' , `` Philosopher of the World '' , `` Lord of the Wise Men of East and West '' . Shahrazuri ( d . 1300 ) calls him `` Successor to Avicenna '' , and Al - Qifti ( d . 1248 ) even though disagreeing with his views concedes he was `` unrivalled in his knowledge of natural philosophy and astronomy '' . Al - Zamakhshari ( d . 1143 / 4 ) calls him `` Sage of the World '' or `` Philosopher of the Universe '' . Thomas Hyde was the first European to call attention to Omar and to translate one of his quatrains into Latin ( Historia religionis veterum Persarum eorumque magorum , 1700 ) . Western interest in Persia grew with the Orientalism movement in the 19th century .", "16": "Joseph von Hammer - Purgstall ( 1774 - 1856 ) translated some of Khayyam 's poems into German in 1818 , and Gore Ouseley ( 1770 - 1844 ) into English in 1846 , but Khayyam remained relatively unknown in the West until after the publication of Edward FitzGerald 's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in 1859 . FitzGerald 's work at first was unsuccessful but was popularised by Whitley Stokes from 1861 onward , and the work came to be greatly admired by the Pre-Raphaelites . In 1872 FitzGerald had a third edition printed which increased interest in the work in America . By the 1880s , the book was extremely well known throughout the English - speaking world , to the extent of the formation of numerous `` Omar Khayyam Clubs '' and a `` fin de siècle cult of the Rubaiyat '' Khayyam 's poems have been translated into many languages , many of the more recent ones are more literal than that of FitzGerald . FitzGerald 's translation was a factor in rekindling interest in Khayyam as a poet even in his native Iran . Sadegh Hedayat in his Songs of Khayyam ( Taranehha - ye Khayyam , 1934 ) reintroduced Omar 's poetic legacy to modern Iran . Under the Pahlavi dynasty , a new monument of white marble , designed by the architect Houshang Seyhoun , was erected over his tomb . A statue by Abolhassan Sadighi was erected in Laleh Park , Tehran in the 1960s , and a bust by the same sculptor was placed near Khayyam 's mausoleum in Nishapur . In 2009 , the state of Iran donated a pavilion to the United Nations Office in Vienna , inaugurated at Vienna International Center . In 2016 , three statues of Khayyam were unveiled : one at the University of Oklahoma , one in Nishapur and one in Florence , Italy . Over 150 composers have used the Rubaiyat as their source of inspiration . The earliest such composer was Liza Lehmann .", "17": "FitzGerald rendered Omar 's name as `` Tentmaker '' , and the anglicized name of `` Omar the Tentmaker '' resonated in English - speaking popular culture for a while . Thus , Nathan Haskell Dole published a novel called Omar , the Tentmaker : A Romance of Old Persia in 1898 . Omar the Tentmaker of Naishapur is a historical novel by John Smith Clarke , published in 1910 . `` Omar the Tentmaker '' is also the title of a 1914 play by Richard Walton Tully in an oriental setting , adapted as a silent film in 1922 . US General Omar Bradley was given the nickname `` Omar the Tent - Maker '' in World War II . The name has also been recorded as a slang expression for `` penis '' . The lunar crater Omar Khayyam was named in his honour in 1970 , as was the minor planet 3095 Omarkhayyam discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1980 . The statue of Khayyam in United Nations Office in Vienna as a part of Persian Scholars Pavilion donated by Iran . See also ( edit ) Iran portal Biography portal Poetry portal Astronomy portal Mathematics portal Astronomy in medieval Islam Mathematics in medieval Islam Nozhat al - Majales Omar Khayyam ( film ) The Keeper : The Legend of Omar Khayyam Notes ( edit ) For instance , in the work of Al - Qifti or Abu'l - Hasan Bayhaqi . For instance , in the work of Rashid - al - Din Hamadani or in Munis al - ahrār . ^ Jump up to : `` Omar Khayyam ( Persian poet and astronomer ) '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Aminrazavi . An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia , Vol. 1 : From Zoroaster to ' Umar Khayyam , I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Multiple Authors . `` KHAYYAM , OMAR '' .", "18": "Encyclopædia Iranica Online . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mehdi Aminrazavi , The Wine of Wisdom : The Life , Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam , Oneworld Publications ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Struik , D. ( 1958 ) . Omar Khayyam , mathematician . The Mathematics Teacher , 51 ( 4 ) , 280 - 285 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Omar Khayyam '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press ( 1975 ) : Richard Nelson Frye ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , E. ( 1958 ) . Omar Khayyam . The Mathematics Teacher , Vol. 59 , No. 2 ( 1966 ) , pp. 140 - 142 . ^ Jump up to : The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm , George Sarton , Isis , Vol. 29 , No. 1 ( Jul. , 1938 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Edward FitzGerald , Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , Ed . Christopher Decker , ( University of Virginia Press , 1997 ) , xv ; `` The Saljuq Turks had invaded the province of Khorasan in the 1030s , and the city of Nishapur surrendered to them voluntarily in 1038 . Thus Omar Khayyam grew to maturity during the first of the several alien dynasties that would rule Iran until the twentieth century . '' . Jump up ^ Peter Avery and John Heath - Stubbs , The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam , ( Penguin Group , 1981 ) , 14 ; `` These dates , 1048 - 1031 , tell us that Khayyam lived when the Saljuq Turkish Sultans were extending and consolidating their power over Persia and when the effects of this power were particularly felt in Nishapur , Khayyam 's birthplace . ^ Jump up to : E.D.R. , & H.A.R.G.", "19": "( 1929 ) . The Earliest Account of ' Umar Khayyām . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , University of London , 5 ( 3 ) , 467 - 473 . ^ Jump up to : Great Muslim Mathematicians . Penerbit UTM ( July 2000 ) : Mohaini Mohamed Jump up ^ ( Rozenfeld 1988 , pp. 64 -- 65 ) Jump up ^ ( Katz 1998 , p. 270 ) . Excerpt : In some sense , his treatment was better than ibn al - Haytham 's because he explicitly formulated a new postulate to replace Euclid 's rather than have the latter hidden in a new definition . Jump up ^ Rolwing , R. , & Levine , M. ( 1969 ) . THE PARALLEL POSTULATE . The Mathematics Teacher , 62 ( 8 ) , 665 - 669 . Jump up ^ Smith , David , 1935 , `` Euclid , Omar Khayyam and Saccheri , '' Scripta Mathematica . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , G. ( 2003 ) . Journal of the American Oriental Society , 123 ( 1 ) , 248 - 249 . Jump up ^ Howard Eves , Omar Khayyam 's Solution of Cubic Equations , The Mathematics Teacher ( 1958 ) , pages 302 - 303 . Jump up ^ `` Omar Al Hay of Chorassan , about 1079 AD did most to elevate to a method the solution of the algebraic equations by intersecting conics . '' Guilbeau , Lucye ( 1930 ) , `` The History of the Solution of the Cubic Equation '' , Mathematics News Letter , 5 ( 4 ) : 8 -- 12 , doi : 10.2307 / 3027812 , JSTOR 3027812 Jump up ^ Bijan Vahabzadeh , `` KHAYYAM , OMAR xv . As Mathematician '' , Encyclopædia Iranica . Jump up ^ Netz , R. ( 1999 ) . Archimedes Transformed : The Case of a Result Stating a Maximum for a Cubic Equation .", "20": "Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 54 ( 1 ) , 1 - 47 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah A. Kent , & David J. Muraki. ( 2016 ) . A Geometric Solution of a Cubic by Omar Khayyam ... in Which Colored Diagrams Are Used Instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners . The American Mathematical Monthly , 123 ( 2 ) , 149 - 160 . Jump up ^ A.R. Amir - Moez , `` A Paper of Omar Khayyám '' , Scripta Mathematica 26 ( 1963 ) , pp. 323 -- 37 Jump up ^ The Mathematics Teacher , 25 ( 4 ) , 238 - 241 . ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ A.R. Amir - Moez , Khayyam 's Solution of Cubic Equations , Mathematics Magazine , Vol. 35 , No. 5 ( November 1962 ) , pp. 269 -- 271 . This paper contains an extension by the late Mohsen Hashtroodi of Khayyam 's method to degree four equations . Jump up ^ Mathematical Masterpieces : Further Chronicles by the Explorers , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : E.H. Whinfield , The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam , Psychology Press ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Muslim extraction of roots '' . Mactutor History of Mathematics . Jump up ^ J.L. Coolidge , The Story of the Binomial Theorem , Amer . Math . Monthly , Vol. 56 , No. 3 ( Mar. , 1949 ) , pp. 147 -- 157 Jump up ^ دقیق ترین تقویم جهان ، هدیه خیام به ایرانیان ( in Persian ) . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور ( in Persian ) .", "21": "Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ پژوهش‌های ایرانی پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی ( in Persian ) . Ghiasabadi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ پژوهش‌های ایرانی گاهشماری تقویم جلالی ( in Persian ) . Ghiasabadi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Akrami , Musa . `` The development of Iranian calendar : historical and astronomical foundations '' . arXiv.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Panaino , A ; Abdollahy , R ; Balland , D. `` CALENDARS ( In the Islamic period ) '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Charlotte ( 1996 ) , `` The ninth - century renaissance in astronomy '' , The Physics Teacher , 34 ( 5 ) : 268 -- 272 , Bibcode : 1996PhTea ... 34 ... 268F , doi : 10.1119 / 1.2344432 . Jump up ^ Heydari - Malayeri , M. `` concise review of the Iranian calendar '' . arXiv.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Saliba , G. ( 2002 ) . Iranian Studies , 35 ( 1 / 3 ) , 220 - 225 . Jump up ^ Donald and Marilynn Olson ( 1988 ) , ' Zodiac Light , False Dawn , and Omar Khayyam ' , The Observatory , vol. 108 , p. 181 - 182 . `` Rex Pay , 2000 '' . Humanistictexts.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Dashti ( translated by L.P.", "22": "Elwell - Sutton ) , In Search of Omar Khayyam , Routledge Library Editions : Iran ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Edward Denison Ross , Omar Khayyam , Bulletin of the School Of Oriental Studies London Institution ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Francois De Blois , Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey : Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period ( 2004 ) , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Francois De Blois , Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey : Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period ( 2004 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Ambrose George Potter , A Bibliography of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Francois De Blois , Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey : Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period ( 2004 ) , p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : Nasr , S.H. , & Aminrazavi , M. ( 2007 ) . Anthology of philosophy in Persia : from Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam . Jump up ^ Boscaglia , F. ( 2015 ) . Pessoa , Borges and Khayyam . Variaciones Borges ^ Jump up to : Ross , E. ( 1898 ) . Al - Musaffariyé : Containing a Recent Contribution to the Study of ' Omar Khayyām . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 349 - 366 . Jump up ^ Aminrazavi , Mehdi . `` Umar Khayyam '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : J.C.E. Bowen. ( 1973 ) . The Rubāՙiyyāt of Omar Khayyam : A Critical Assessment of Robert Graves ' and Omar Ali Shah 's Translation . Iran , 11 , 63 - 73 . Jump up ^ Davis , Dick . `` FitzGerald , Edward '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ FitzGerald , E.", "23": "( 2010 ) . Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( p. 12 ) . Champaign , Ill. : Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Schenker , D. ( 1981 ) . Fugitive Articulation : An Introduction to `` The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam '' . Victorian Poetry , 19 ( 1 ) , 49 - 64 . Jump up ^ Hedayat 's `` Blind Owl '' as a Western Novel . Princeton Legacy Library : Michael Beard Jump up ^ Katouzian , H. ( 1991 ) . Sadeq Hedayat : The life and literature of an Iranian writer ( p. 138 ) . London : I.B. Tauris Jump up ^ Bashiri , Iraj . `` Hedayat 's Learning '' . Jump up ^ Hitchens , C. ( 2007 ) . The portable atheist : Essential readings for the nonbeliever ( p. 7 ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo . Jump up ^ CSILLIK , B. ( 1960 ) . THE REAL ' OMAR KHAYYĀM . Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , 10 ( 1 ) , 59 - 77 . Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23682646 Jump up ^ Albano , G. ( 2008 ) . The Benefits of Reading the `` Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám '' as Pastoral . Victorian Poetry , 46 ( 1 ) , 55 - 67 . Jump up ^ C.H.A. Bjerregaard , Sufism : Omar Khayyam and E. Fitzgerald , The Sufi Publishing Society ( 1915 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Idries Shah , The Sufis , Octagon Press ( 1999 ) , pp. 165 - 166 Jump up ^ `` Every line of the Rubaiyat has more meaning than almost anything you could read in Sufi literature '' Abdullah Dougan Who is the Potter ? Gnostic Press 1991 ISBN 0 - 473 - 01064 - X Jump up ^ S.H.", "24": "Nasr , 2006 , Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present , Chapter 9. , pp. 165 -- 183 Jump up ^ Meyerhof , M. ( 1948 ) . ' Alī al - Bayhaqī 's Tatimmat Siwān al - Hikma : A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam . Osiris , 8 , 122 - 217 . Jump up ^ Ali Dasht , In Search of Omar Khayyam ( 2012 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , H. ( 1905 ) . XVIII . Omar Khayyam . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , 37 ( 3 ) , 521 - 526 . Jump up ^ J.D. Yohannan , Persian Poetry in England and America , 1977. , p. 202 . Jump up ^ The Great Umar Khayyam : A Global Reception of the Rubaiyat ( AUP -- Leiden University Press ) by A.A. Seyed - Gohrab , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simidchieva , M. ( 2011 ) . FitzGerald 's Rubáiyát and Agnosticism . In A. Poole , C. Van Ruymbeke , & W. Martin ( Eds . ) , FitzGerald 's Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám : Popularity and Neglect ( pp. 55 - 72 ) . Anthem Press . Jump up ^ UNIS . `` Monument to Be Inaugurated at the Vienna International Centre , ' Scholars Pavilion ' donated to International Organizations in Vienna by Iran '' . Jump up ^ `` Khayyam statue finally set up at University of Oklahoma '' . Tehran Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Lavoie , The Private Life of General Omar N. Bradley ( 2015 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Kimmel , Christine Milrod , Amanda Kennedy , Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis ( 2014 ) , p. 93 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names -- p. 255 . Books.google.com. 1979 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Browne , E. ( 1899 ) . Yet More Light on ' Umar - i - Khayyām . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 409 - 420 . Jump up ^ Ross , E. ( 1927 ) . ' Omar Khayyam . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , University of London , 4 ( 3 ) , 433 - 439 . References ( edit ) Turner , Howard R. ( 1997 ) . Science in Medieval Islam : An Illustrated Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78149 - 0 . Jos Biegstraaten ( 2008 ) . `` Omar Khayyam ( Impact On Literature And Society In The West ) '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica . vol. 15 . Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation . Nasr , S.H. ( 2006 ) . Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present : Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6799 - 6 . Katz , Victor ( 1998 ) . A History of Mathematics : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . p. 879 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01618 - 1 . KnoebelNasr , Arthur ; Laubenbacher , Reinhard ; Lodder , Jerry ; Pengelley , David ( 2007 ) . Mathematical Masterpieces : Further Chronicles by the Explorers . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 33061 - 5 . ed. by J.A. Boyle. ( 1968 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran ( 5 ) : The Saljug and Mongol Periods . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06936 - X .", "26": "CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Smith , David Eugene ( 1935 ) . `` Euclid , Omar Khayyâm , and Saccheri '' . Scripta Mathematica . III ( 1 ) : 5 -- 10 . OCLC 14156259 . Rozenfeld , Boris A. ( 1988 ) . A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry : Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space . Springer Verlag . pp. 65 , 471 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96458 - 4 . E.G. Browne ( 1998 ) . Literary History of Persia . ( Four volumes , 2,256 pages , and 25 years in the writing ) . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0406 - X Jan Rypka ( 1968 ) . History of Iranian Literature . Reidel Publishing Company . OCLC 460598 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 0143 - 1 Omar Khayyam : Vierzeiler ( Rubāʿīyāt ) übersetzt von Friedrich Rosen mit Miniaturen von Hossein Behzad . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86931 - 622 - 2 Details For further reference : R.M. Chopra , Great Poets of Classical Persian , June 2014 , Sparrow Publication , Kolkata . ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 89140 - 99 - 1 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Omar Khayyám Wikiquote has quotations related to : Omar Khayyam Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omar Khayyam . Hashemipour , Behnaz ( 2007 ) . `` Khayyām : Ghiyāth al ‐ Dīn Abū al ‐ Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm al ‐ Khayyāmī al ‐ Nīshāpūrī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp.", "27": "627 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Umar Khayyam , at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Khayyam 's works in original Persian at Ganjoor Persian Library Khayyam in Tarikhema.ir Works by Omar Khayyam at Project Gutenberg Works by Omar Khayyám at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Omar Khayyam at Internet Archive Works by Omar Khayyam at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) The illustrated Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám at Internet Archive . Omar Khayyam 's Rubaiyat as translated by Edward Fitzgerald -- 1st edition The Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam -- The Internet Classics Archive Illustrations to the Rubaiyat by Adelaide Hanscom Barney Rickenbacker , Exploring Khayyaam website . Different versions of well - known quatrains compared , with notes . Persian literature Old Behistun Inscription Old Persian inscriptions Ganjnameh Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island Middle Ayadgar - i Zariran Counsels of Adurbad - e Mahrspandan Dēnkard Book of Jamasp Book of Arda Viraf Karnamak - i Artaxshir - i Papakan Cube of Zoroaster Dana - i Menog Khrat Shabuhragan of Mani Shahrestanha - ye Eranshahr Bundahishn Menog - i Khrad Jamasp Namag Dadestan - i Denig Anthology of Zadspram Warshtmansr Zand - i Wahman yasn Drakht - i Asurig Shikand - gumanig Vizar Classical 900s", "28": "Rudaki Abu - Mansur Daqiqi Ferdowsi ( Shahnameh ) Abu Shakur Balkhi Abu Tahir Khosrovani Shahid Balkhi Bal'ami Rabia Balkhi Abusaeid Abolkheir ( 967 -- 1049 ) Avicenna ( 980 -- 1037 ) Unsuri Asjadi Kisai Marvazi Ayyuqi 1000s Bābā Tāher Nasir Khusraw ( 1004 -- 1088 ) Al - Ghazali ( 1058 -- 1111 ) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari ( 1006 -- 1088 ) Asadi Tusi Qatran Tabrizi ( 1009 -- 1072 ) Nizam al - Mulk ( 1018 -- 1092 ) Masud Sa 'd Salman ( 1046 -- 1121 ) Moezi Neyshapuri Omar Khayyām ( 1048 -- 1131 ) Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani Ahmad Ghazali Hujwiri Manuchehri Ayn - al - Quzat Hamadani ( 1098 -- 1131 ) Uthman Mukhtari Abu - al - Faraj Runi Sanai Banu Goshasp Borzu - Nama Afdal al - Din Kashani Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al - Daylami Mu'izzi Mahsati Ganjavi 1100s Hakim Iranshah Suzani Samarqandi Hassan Ghaznavi Faramarz Nama Shahab al - Din Suhrawardi ( 1155 -- 1191 ) Adib Sabir Falaki Shirvani Am'aq Najm al - Din Razi Attār ( 1142 -- c.", "29": "1220 ) Khaghani ( 1120 -- 1190 ) Anvari ( 1126 -- 1189 ) Faramarz - e Khodadad Nizami Ganjavi ( 1141 -- 1209 ) Fakhr al - Din al - Razi ( 1149 -- 1209 ) Kamal al - din Esfahani Shams Tabrizi ( d. 1248 ) 1200s Abu Tahir Tarsusi Awhadi Maraghai Shams al - Din Qays Razi Sultan Walad Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī Afdal al - Din Kashani Fakhr - al - Din Iraqi Mahmud Shabistari ( 1288 -- 1320s ) Abu'l Majd Tabrizi Amir Khusro ( 1253 -- 1325 ) Saadi ( Bustan / Golestān ) Bahram - e-Pazhdo Pur - Baha Jami Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo Rumi Homam Tabrizi ( 1238 -- 1314 ) Nozhat al - Majales Khwaju Kermani Sultan Walad 1300s Ibn Yamin Shah Ni'matullah Wali Hafez Abu Ali Qalandar Fazlallah Astarabadi Nasimi Emad al - Din Faqih Kermani 1400s Ubayd Zakani Salman Sawaji Hatefi Jami Kamal Khujandi Ahli Shirzi ( 1454 -- 1535 ) Fuzûlî ( 1483 -- 1556 ) Ismail I ( 1487 -- 1524 ) Baba Faghani Shirzani 1500s Faizi ( 1547 -- 1595 ) Abu'l - Fazl ( 1551", "30": "-- 1602 ) Vahshi Bafqi ( 1523 -- 1583 ) ' Orfi Shirazi 1600s Taleb Amoli Saib Tabrizi ( 1607 -- 1670 ) Kalim Kashani Hazin Lāhiji ( 1692 -- 1766 ) Saba Kashani Bēdil Dehlavi ( 1642 -- 1720 ) Naw'i Khabushani 1700s Neshat Esfahani Abbas Foroughi Bastami ( 1798 -- 1857 ) 1800s Ghalib ( 1797 -- 1869 ) Mahmud Saba Kashani ( 1813 -- 1893 ) Contemporary Poetry Iran Ahmadreza Ahmadi Mehdi Akhavan - Sales Hormoz Alipour Qeysar Aminpour Aref Qazvini Manouchehr Atashi Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani Mohammad - Taqi Bahar Reza Baraheni Simin Behbahani Dehkhoda Hushang Ebtehaj Bijan Elahi Parviz Eslampour Parvin E'tesami Forough Farrokhzad Hossein Monzavi Hushang Irani Iraj Mirza Bijan Jalali Siavash Kasraie Esmail Khoi Shams Langeroodi Mohammad Mokhtari Nosrat Rahmani Yadollah Royaee Tahereh Saffarzadeh Sohrab Sepehri Mohammad - Reza Shafiei Kadkani Mohammad - Hossein Shahriar Ahmad Shamlou Manouchehr Sheybani Nima Yooshij Fereydoon", "31": "Moshiri Rasoul Yunan Armenia Edward Haghverdian Afghanistan Nadia Anjuman Wasef Bakhtari Raziq Faani Khalilullah Khalili Youssof Kohzad Massoud Nawabi Abdul Ali Mustaghni Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni Farzona Iskandar Khatloni Abolqasem Lahouti Gulrukhsor Safieva Loiq Sher - Ali Payrav Sulaymoni Mirzo Tursunzoda Uzbekistan Asad Gulzoda Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Novels Ali Mohammad Afghani Ghazaleh Alizadeh Bozorg Alavi Reza Amirkhani Mahshid Amirshahi Reza Baraheni Simin Daneshvar Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Reza Ghassemi Houshang Golshiri Aboutorab Khosravi Ahmad Mahmoud Shahriyar Mandanipour Abbas Maroufi Iraj Pezeshkzad Short stories Jalal Al - e-Ahmad Shamim Bahar Sadeq Chubak Simin Daneshvar Nader Ebrahimi Ebrahim Golestan Houshang Golshiri Sadegh Hedayat Mohammad - Ali Jamalzadeh Aboutorab Khosravi Mostafa Mastoor Jaafar Modarres - Sadeghi Houshang Moradi Kermani Bijan Najdi Shahrnush Parsipur Gholam - Hossein Sa'edi Bahram Sadeghi Goli Taraqqi Plays Reza Abdoh Mirza", "32": "Fatali Akhundzadeh Hamid Amjad Bahram Beyzai Mohammad Charmshir Alireza Koushk Jalali Hadi Marzban Bijan Mofid Hengameh Mofid Abbas Nalbandian Akbar Radi Pari Saberi Mohammad Yaghoubi Screenplays Saeed Aghighi Rakhshan Bani - E'temad Bahram Beyzai Hajir Darioush Pouran Derakhshandeh Asghar Farhadi Bahman Farmanara Farrokh Ghaffari Behrouz Gharibpour Bahman Ghobadi Fereydun Gole Ebrahim Golestan Ali Hatami Abolfazl Jalili Ebrahim Hatamikia Abdolreza Kahani Varuzh Karim - Masihi Samuel Khachikian Abbas Kiarostami David Mahmoudieh Majid Majidi Mohsen Makhmalbaf Dariush Mehrjui Reza Mirkarimi Rasoul Mollagholipour Amir Naderi Jafar Panahi Kambuzia Partovi Rasul Sadr Ameli Mohammad Sadri Parviz Shahbazi Sohrab Shahid - Saless Translators Amrollah Abjadian Jaleh Amouzgar Najaf Daryabandari Behzad Ghaderi Sohi Mohammad Ghazi Lili Golestan Sadegh Hedayat Saleh Hosseini Ahmad Kamyabi Mask Mohammad Moin Ebrahim Pourdavoud Hamid Samandarian Jalal Sattari Jafar Shahidi Ahmad Shamlou Ahmad Tafazzoli Abbas Zaryab Essayists Aydin Aghdashloo Mohammad", "33": "Ebrahim Bastani Parizi Ehsan Yarshater Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language , but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary . At one time , Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world . Today it is the official language of Iran , Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan . VIAF : 100210377 LCCN : n79105787 ISNI : 0000 0001 2283 6122 GND : 118736302 SELIBR : 196261 SUDOC : 027053008 BNF : cb119181488 ( data ) ULAN : 500245123 MusicBrainz : 4e49f8fa - 20b0 - 47c0 - bc2c - 37fe9e9e6221 NLA : 35584149 NDL : 00451778 NKC : jn20010601215 ICCU : IT \\ ICCU \\ CFIV \\ 096900 BNE : XX1057335 SNAC : w6vd701t Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_Khayyam&oldid=838253704 '' Categories : Omar Khayyam 1048 births 1131 deaths Algebra Philosophers from Nishapur Mathematicians from Nishapur 11th - century Persian poets 12th - century Persian poets Medieval Persian astronomers Medieval Persian mathematicians Persian philosophers Persian spiritual writers 11th - century mathematicians 12th - century mathematicians Medieval Persian writers Astronomers of medieval Islam Mathematicians of medieval Islam 12th - century astronomers 11th - century Iranian people 12th - century Iranian people Seljuq scholars Seljuq - period poets Persian physicists Persian poets Hidden categories : CS1 uses Persian - language script ( fa ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) Articles containing Persian - language text", "34": "Articles with hCards Articles containing Arabic - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी", "35": "Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe", "36": "Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 41 . 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7225402972374213361	where does sleeping freshmen never lie take place	[ "J.P. Zenger High" ]	{ "0": "Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie - wikipedia Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie Jump to : navigation , search Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie Book Cover Author David Lubar Cover artist R. Lawrence Amari Country United States Language English Genre Young adult novel Publisher Speak Publication date 2005 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 240780 - 6 Followed by Sophomores and Other Oxymorons Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie is a 2005 young adult novel by David Lubar . It is a story about the high school experiences of a fourteen - year - old boy named Scott Hudson . The book was one of the ALA 's book picks for 2006 . Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie follows the character of Scott Hudson as he attempts to survive high school and attract the attention of his crush Julia , a girl who recently became beautiful . If dealing with school activities and growing up is n't stressful enough , Scott 's mother has announced that she 's going to have a baby . In an attempt to make all of this more manageable , Scott tries to write down tips for getting through daily life and high school for his unborn sibling . The novel follows Scott 's journey as he learns what to do and what not to do in high school as well as balancing activities , homework , friendships , and relationships with girls . Sophomores and Other Oxymorons is a sequel to the book and was released on August 18 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Scott Hudson enters J.P. Zenger High as a freshman , along with his three best friends , Mitch , Patrick , and Kyle , and quickly realizes that it is very different from middle school . Upperclassmen are intimidating and will steal any lunch money along with loose change if you stand in the wrong place . Scott gets put in advanced classes , including an Honors English class which , despite the amount of homework , is his favorite class . His teacher , Mr. Franka , becomes a mentor to him .", "1": "Scott finds out that he 's not in classes with his friends since he 's carrying all honors and college prep classes . He tries his best from the very start to get the attention of Julia Baskins , a girl who was in his kindergarten class and has recently become very beautiful over the summer . Because of her beauty she quickly blends in with the popular girls and is attracted to the football players who are often bullying Scott . Scott is also connected to another classmate named Louden , who is better known as Mouth . Scott tries every attempt to get Julia 's attention such as joining the school paper , because he thinks that she is part of the staff , only to discover that she has written only a single column for the paper . He then runs for student council , after finding out that Julia is also running as well , and wins a seat , only to find out that she has not won . Because of this , Scott resigns from his position on the student council . It turns out that a lot of other members also resigned including the president meaning Julia who happened to have the 2nd most amount of votes is now president . He also auditions for the school play and is selected as a member of the crew , thinking that Julia is also auditioning for the play . However , Julia has not been selected as a member of the cast or crew . Soon , a new girl named Lee arrives at school , who wears face pins and weird clothes , and has wildly colored hair . Both soon realize that they share the same interests , but he ca n't get past his crush on Julia . Scott suddenly has another `` friend '' named Wesley , a high school senior . Though they share some interests , they have little in common . Then to put the cherry on top of all this excitement going on in his life , his mother announces that she is pregnant . He copes with all of this by creating a tip book for his soon - to - be baby sibling to help him , or her , survive high school when they get to it . In his entries to the baby , he often shows disdain by using degrading terms to talk to it such as `` Smelly '' or `` Blob of unformed goo '' . But he writes it to be a good older brother to this new baby since Scott 's own brother was never very present .", "2": "As time goes by , Scott tries to find his place , but he starts to lose his best friends . Mitch finds a girlfriend and soon forgets the group , Patrick moves to Texas , then to Japan , and Kyle joins the wrestling team and soon puts Scott down for having a crush on Julia . Soon , Julia 's boyfriend Vernon beats up Scott after finding out from Kyle ( who lost a fight with Scott ) that Scott has a crush on his girlfriend . Scott realizes that what a person says and does can affect the life of another after Mouth attempts to commit suicide . Later , he learns that not everything is what it seems once he finds out that his older brother , Bobby , who is struggling to find a job , can barely read . Scott 's mother eventually gives birth to a new baby boy , whom they name Sean . Meanwhile , Bobby finds a job through guitar - playing and Julia eventually starts dating a nicer guy , though she is now close to Scott enough to give him a kiss on the cheek . Characters ( edit ) Scott Hudson : Scott is the main protagonist and narrator . A young boy who starts off in the novel transitioning from middle school to high school . At the start he struggles to keep up with the level of homework , dealing with upperclassmen , and maintaining a relationship with his friends . On top of all that , he also finds himself crushing on a girl who he previously did n't notice . Scott is very well - read and smart . He starts off in high school being in honors classes while his childhood friends are in less advanced classes , becomes involved in many activities in school and ends up making some very interesting friends throughout his freshmen year . Julia Baskins : A girl who was in kindergarten with Scott . Scott refers to her at first sight as `` an honest - to - goodness goddess '' . She shares an honors English course with Scott and often says the things he is thinking which only increases his admiration for her . She is extremely intelligent and kind but finds her place with the popular girls and pays no attention to Scott . Lee : A new girl that comes to school in October . She sports bright green short chopped hair , lots of piercings , some of which are actually safety pins , and wears all black . Her and Scott start to get along after bonding about poetry and literature talked about in their honors English class .", "3": "She is misunderstood by everyone in school and is often bullied for her appearance . Scott protects her when there is a threat posted on her locker and each time after in the book . She proves to be the best friend Scott has because of their similar interests . Wesley Cobble : A senior who is feared by most of the other students in the school . He often shakes down freshmen for their loose change and lunch money . Befriends Scott after Scott lies to him about why he was in the principal 's office . He then bonds with Scott over good books and unexpected food favorites like hot cocoa with little marshmallows . He becomes an older brother figure for Scott . Bobby Hudson : Scott 's older brother . He comes and goes , often looking like he was dragged through the mud whenever he shows up again . He is a good brother to Scott but never very present . Used to be in a band with his friends and has trouble keeping a steady job . Later on Scott finds out that the reason Bobby struggles so much with certain things is because he has trouble reading . Kyle : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . Very athletic and sarcastic towards Scott . He sticks by him the longest but soon gets wrapped up with the friends he makes on the wrestling team and hangs out with them more than Scott . Patrick : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . Often makes fun of Scott for reading all the time , but for the most part , never has too much to say . Halfway through their freshmen year , he has to move away to Texas and then to Japan because of his father 's job . Mouth : A kid who has been in Scott 's classes since kindergarten . Louden is his real name , but nobody ever mentions him by anything other than Mouth . He is called Mouth because he never stops talking and often finds himself in sticky situations because of this word vomit . He thinks he is always doing what is best but it often will get someone in trouble because he does n't know better . Due to stress and rejection , Mouth tries to commit suicide by hanging himself , but survives , and is then transferred to a different school . Mitch : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . He quickly gets a girlfriend coming into high school and ignores his friends from that point on .", "4": "Vernon : A member of the school football team and Julia 's boyfriend , Vernon is tough and sometimes bullies other people . He gets angry when there is no mention of him in the school paper . He then beats Scott up when he finds out about his crush on Julia . Because of this however , Julia dumps him and starts dating someone else . Themes ( edit ) Brotherhood : There are several brothers in the book as well as bonds that are like brothers. There is the weak bond between Scott and his older brother Bobby ; the hate bond that Scott has with his soon - to - be baby brother or sister ; the bond between Scott and his childhood friends that slowly diminishes ; the new bond between Scott and Wesley ; and the faint bond between Scott and his AP English teacher . Growing Up : An obvious theme for a book about going from middle school to high school . Scott deals with fitting in , dealing with stress , a new baby on the way to be his sibling , and growing apart from his friends as they find their own space in high school . Scott learns a lot about himself throughout his freshmen year as well . He learns about standing up for himself and what it means to be a good friend . Actions have Consequences : Another theme is that actions have consequences . Scott has to grow up to be able to make the decisions in life , yet sometimes it can lead to consequences . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception for Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie was mixed to positive , with TeenReads praising the character of Scott Hudson . Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was `` Fresh , funny and perfectly plausible as a demonstration of various writing exercises for classroom use , but only if you like laughter . '' AudioFile praised the production values of the audio version . The School Library Journal called Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie `` an excellent choice for public and school libraries '' . Publishers Weekly wrote that the book `` strains too hard to be clever '' and that `` most readers will breathe a sigh of relief when the gimmicks start to fade '' . Booklist criticized Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie , stating that it `` delivers too many messages as Scott learns one important lesson after another '' but that `` most readers will find plenty of amusing , accurate observations about freshman life , from the insecurities of first dates to the dangers of walking the hall between classes '' .", "5": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ALA Book Picks 2006 School Library Journal Jump up ^ Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie TeenReads Jump up ^ Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie Kirkus Reviews Jump up ^ Audiobook Reviews SLEEPING FRESHMEN NEVER LIE AudioFile Jump up ^ Audio : Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie School Library Journal Jump up ^ Children 's review : Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie Publishers Weekly Jump up ^ Booklist Review : Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie Booklist External links ( edit ) Official author page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleeping_Freshmen_Never_Lie&oldid=815238663 '' Categories : 2005 American novels American young adult novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 50 . 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96833482883405603	where was the witch of blackbird pond published	[ "Houghton Mifflin", "United States", "Houghton Mifflin", "Houghton Mifflin", "1958" ]	{ "0": "The Witch of Blackbird Pond - wikipedia The Witch of Blackbird Pond Jump to : navigation , search The Witch of Blackbird Pond 1958 first edition Author Elizabeth George Speare Country United States Language English Genre Children 's novel , Historical novel , Realistic Fiction Publisher Houghton Mifflin Publication date December 1 , 1958 Media type Hardcover Paperback Audio Pages 249 pages ISBN 0 - 395 - 07114 - 3 ( reissue ) Preceded by Calico Captive Followed by The Bronze Bow The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children 's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare , published in 1958 . The story takes place in late - 17th century New England . It won the Newbery Medal in 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Allusions to local geography 4 References Plot summary ( edit ) In April 1687 , 16 year - old Katherine Tiler ( known throughout the story as Kit Tyler ) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50 - year - old man tries to marry her . She goes to Wethersfield , Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel and Uncle Matthew in their Puritan community . In Connecticut , there is a brief stop in Saybrook , a small town just downriver from Wethersfield , where four new passengers board the Dolphin , the ship on which Kit is traveling . As the small rowboat returns to the ship , a small girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her mother to get it back for her . Her mother , Goodwife Cruff , harshly strikes Prudence and tells her not to be foolish . Impulsively , Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll . She nearly freezes in the frigid water because she was used to the pleasantly warm water in Barbados , her old home . When she returns to the rowboat , she is met with astonished suspicion , as few people in Connecticut could swim so well . Goodwife Cruff is the most cynical of them all , believing Kit is a witch , saying , `` No respectable woman could stay afloat like that . ''", "1": "But Kit knew how to swim because she lived in the islands . On the slow trip upriver , Kit befriends John Holbrook , another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with Reverend Gershom Bulkeley . After the Dolphin reaches Wethersfield , Kit admits to the captain of the ship that neither her aunt nor uncle knows she is coming . She says that they would welcome her because she is family . When she arrives in Wethersfield , Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados . In her previous home , she had servants , but here she is expected to work along with the rest of the family . There is none of the luxury to which she was accustomed , and even the weather is miserably cold . She has two cousins , Mercy ( who is crippled ) and Judith . She is required to attend church meeting services twice each Sunday , which she finds long and dull . She meets the rich , 25 - year - old William Ashby , who begins courting her , though she does not care for him ; originally , her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William , but soon sets her sights on John Holbrook , now a divinity student studying with local minister Gershom Bulkeley . Kit 's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching the dame school for the young children of Wethersfield who are preparing for traditional school . Everything goes well until one day , bored with the normal lessons , Kit decides the children will act out a part from the Bible , the tale of the Good Samaritan . Mr. Eleazer Kimberly , the head of the school , enters the house just as things get out of hand . He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school . Heartbroken , Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind , elderly Hannah Tupper , who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker , and does not attend Meeting . As fellow outcasts , Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond , and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship , Kit keeps visiting Hannah . During one of her visits , she again meets the handsome Nathaniel ( Nat ) Eaton , son of the captain of the Dolphin .", "2": "Without realizing it , she falls in love with him , and though he does n't say so , Nat loves her as well . Unfortunately , Nat is banished from Wethersfield after setting lit jack - o - lanterns in the windows of William Ashby 's unfinished home with two of his shipmates out of jealousy ; he will get 30 lashes if he returns to Wethersfield . Kit also begins secretly teaching Prudence to read and write ; Goodwife Cruff claims the child is a halfwit and refuses to allow her to attend the dame school . When a deadly illness sweeps through Wethersfield , a mob gathers to kill Hannah by burning her house , since everyone believes she is a witch who has cursed the town . Kit risks her life to warn Hannah , and the two women escape to the river just as the Dolphin appears from the early morning mist . Kit flags it down , and she explains to Nat the events of the night . Hannah refuses to leave without her cat , so Nat courageously dashes ashore , risking trouble with the town council for stepping foot in Wethersfield . After taking Hannah aboard , Nat then invites Kit to come with them . She refuses , explaining how Mercy is gravely ill , though Nat believes Kit fears risking her engagement to William Ashby . After the Dolphin sails away , Kit returns home to find that Mercy 's fever has broken . In the middle of the same night , the townspeople come for Kit ; Goodwife Cruff 's husband has accused Kit of being a witch . The next day , after a night in the sheriff 's freezing shed , she is asked to explain the presence of her hornbook in Hannah 's house and a copybook with Prudence 's name written throughout , as the townspeople fear that she and Hannah had been casting a spell over the girl . Kit refuses to explain that it is Prudence herself who wrote her name in the book , as she does not wish Prudence to get in trouble with her parents . Then , just as the case seems to be decided , Nat appears with Prudence , who testifies that she herself wrote her name in the hornbook .", "3": "To demonstrate her literacy , Prudence reads a Bible passage and writes her name , thus convincing her father both that she is intelligent and that no witchcraft could be involved , as the devil would be foolish to allow a child to be taught to use the Bible against himself . While Nat is initially in trouble for returning and evades capture , Matthew Wood intervenes on his behalf and gets the sentence remitted because Nat came back to see justice done , not to cause further mayhem . Soon after , two engagements are announced : Mercy to John Holbrook and Judith to William Ashby . Kit decides to return to Barbados . However , she soon realizes that she is truly in love with Nat , and she waits for him to return . Nat returns to Wethersfield with his half bought ship , the Witch , named after for Kit . Kit asks to come on board the Witch but Nat says no , not until he owns the ship completely head to toe and they go off to visit Uncle Matthew . Characters ( edit ) Katherine Tyler : Better known as `` Kit , '' she is the protagonist , an independent , rebellious , and kind girl from aristocratic family in Barbados who lived with her grandfather before he died and struggles to find a new identity in Wethersfield as she lives with her Puritan aunt , Rachel , in the colony . Sir Francis Tyler : Kit 's grandfather ( deceased ) . Hannah Tupper : A Quaker and outcast who is often rumored to be a witch . Nathaniel Eaton : Called `` Nat '' by most . He is Captain Eaton 's son , and also Kit Tyler 's true love and eventual husband . Rachel Wood : Kit 's gentle aunt , the timid wife of Matthew Wood . Matthew Wood : Kit 's strict Anti-Royalist uncle , an independent man . Husband of Rachel Wood . Mercy Wood : Kit 's compassionate and patient cousin , sister of Judith , daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood , a cripple . Marries John Holbrook . Judith Wood : Kit 's haughty cousin , sister of Mercy , daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood . Marries William Ashby . William Ashby : Kit 's rich suitor , ends up marrying Judith . John Holbrook : Student of Dr.", "4": "Gershom Bulkeley , who teaches him about theology , religion , and medicine , who is absorbed in learning , considers his teacher the highest of them all , and often does n't think for himself . Ends up marrying Mercy . Dr. Gershom Bulkeley : Royalist minister ( historical figure ) , teacher of John Holbrook . Goodwife Cruff : Narrow - minded local woman who accuses Kit of being a witch . Mother of Prudence Cruff . Goodman Adam Cruff : Goodwife Cruff 's meek husband and father of Prudence Cruff . Prudence Cruff : Cruff 's young , mistreated daughter who befriends Kit . Captain Eaton : Captain of the Dolphin and Nat 's father . Mistress Eaton : Captain Eaton 's wife . Eleazer Kimberly : Puritan schoolmaster ( historical figure ) . Governor Edmund Andros : Governor of the Dominion of New England ( including Connecticut ) , an officer of the King 's Dragoons , and a knight ( historical figure ) . Captain Samuel Talcott : Magistrate ( historical figure ) . Allusions to local geography ( edit ) Many places in the novel are actual locations in Old Wethersfield , Connecticut . They include : Blackbird Pond ( later renamed Wethersfield Cove ) Great Meadows Congregational church on Main Street Buttolph - Williams House is considered to be the house Kit lived in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare . Random House . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Speare , Elizabeth George . The Witch of Blackbird Pond . New York , Bantam Doubleday Dell Books , 1993 . p. 224 . Jump up ^ Speare , Elizabeth George . The Witch of Blackbird Pond . New York , Bantam Doubleday Dell Books , 1993 . p. 144 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Great Meadows Conservation Trust , Wethersfield , Rocky Hill and Glastonbury CT Awards Preceded by Rifles for Watie Newbery Medal recipient 1959 Succeeded by Onion John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Witch_of_Blackbird_Pond&oldid=838455908 '' Categories : 1958 American novels Novels set in the American colonial era Novels set in Connecticut Newbery Medal - winning works Wethersfield , Connecticut Houghton Mifflin books Novels set in the 17th century American children 's novels Children 's historical novels 1958 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 36 . 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-8809021152684240367	when is the president sworn into office (date and time of an odd or even year)	[ "at noon on the 20th day of January" ]	{ "0": "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twentieth Amendment ( Amendment XX ) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20 , and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3 . It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president - elect . The Twentieth Amendment was adopted on January 23 , 1933 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Historical background 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Effect of the amendment 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January , and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January , of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified ; and the terms of their successors shall then begin . Section 2 . The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day . Section 3 .", "1": "If , at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President , the President elect shall have died , the Vice President elect shall become President . If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term , or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify , then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified , declaring who shall then act as President , or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected , and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified . Section 4 . The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them , and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them . Section 5 . Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article . Section 6 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission . Historical background ( edit ) Page 1 of joint resolution submitting the Twentieth Amendment for ratification ( source : National Archives ) Page 2 of joint resolution Article I , Section 4 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once per year , on the first Monday in December , though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions . The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials , but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end . In September 1788 , after the necessary nine states had ratified the Constitution , the Congress of the Confederation set March 4 , 1789 , as the date `` for commencing proceedings '' of the newly reorganized government .", "2": "Despite the fact that the new Congress and presidential administration did not begin operation until April , March 4 was deemed to be the beginning of the newly elected officials ' terms of office , and thus of the terms of their successors . The Constitution did not specify a date for federal elections , but by the time of the second presidential election in 1792 , Congress had passed a law requiring presidential electors to be chosen during November or early December . By 1845 , this was narrowed to a single day , in early November . Congressional elections were generally held on the same day . The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long , four - month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the president . For Congress , the situation was perhaps even more awkward . Because Article I , Section 4 , Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December , after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired , a lame duck session was required by the Constitution in even - numbered years ; the next session was n't required until the next December , meaning that new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected . Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year , but this never became a regular practice , despite the Constitution allowing for it . In practice , Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd - numbered years , and in a short lame duck session in December of even - numbered years . The long lame duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century , when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital , but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age . From the early 19th century onward , it also meant that a lame duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner . Each institution could do this on the theory that at best , a lame duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems , whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time , and a fresh electoral mandate , to examine and address the problems that the nation faced . These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just completed election cycle .", "3": "This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933 , after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt , respectively , plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives . Under the Constitution at the time , these presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively .", "4": "Proposal and ratification ( edit ) The Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2 , 1932 , and the following states ratified it : Virginia ( March 4 , 1932 ) New York ( March 11 , 1932 ) Mississippi ( March 16 , 1932 ) Arkansas ( March 17 , 1932 ) Kentucky ( March 17 , 1932 ) New Jersey ( March 21 , 1932 ) South Carolina ( March 25 , 1932 ) Michigan ( March 31 , 1932 ) Maine ( April 1 , 1932 ) Rhode Island ( April 14 , 1932 ) Illinois ( April 21 , 1932 ) Louisiana ( June 22 , 1932 ) West Virginia ( July 30 , 1932 ) Pennsylvania ( August 11 , 1932 ) Indiana ( August 15 , 1932 ) Texas ( September 7 , 1932 ) Alabama ( September 13 , 1932 ) California ( January 4 , 1933 ) North Carolina ( January 5 , 1933 ) North Dakota ( January 9 , 1933 ) Minnesota ( January 12 , 1933 ) Arizona ( January 13 , 1933 ) Montana ( January 13 , 1933 ) Nebraska ( January 13 , 1933 ) Oklahoma ( January 13 , 1933 ) Kansas ( January 16 , 1933 ) Oregon ( January 16 , 1933 ) Delaware ( January 19 , 1933 ) Washington ( January 19 , 1933 ) Wyoming ( January 19 , 1933 ) Iowa ( January 20 , 1933 ) South Dakota ( January 20 , 1933 ) Tennessee ( January 20 , 1933 ) Idaho ( January 21 , 1933 ) New Mexico ( January 21 , 1933 ) Missouri ( January 23 , 1933 ) Missouri was the 36th state to ratify , satisfying the requirement that three - fourths of the then 48 states approve the amendment .", "5": "The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states : Georgia ( January 23 , 1933 ) Ohio ( January 23 , 1933 ) Utah ( January 23 , 1933 ) Massachusetts ( January 24 , 1933 ) Wisconsin ( January 24 , 1933 ) Colorado ( January 24 , 1933 ) Nevada ( January 26 , 1933 ) Connecticut ( January 27 , 1933 ) New Hampshire ( January 31 , 1933 ) Vermont ( February 2 , 1933 ) Maryland ( March 24 , 1933 ) Florida ( April 26 , 1933 ) Effect of the Amendment ( edit ) Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment moved the beginning of the presidential and vice presidential terms from March 4 to noon on January 20 , reducing by about six weeks the time when the incumbent president and vice president would be serving as lame ducks . Section 1 also moved the start of congressional terms from March 4 to noon on January 3 . Section 2 moved the start of congressional sessions from the first Monday in December to noon on January 3 of the same year . This removed the requirement for a lame duck session , but Congress still normally meets in December of election years . Because of Section 2 , if the Electoral College fails to resolve who will be the president or vice president , the incoming Congress , as opposed to the outgoing one , would choose who would occupy the unresolved office or offices . The first congressional terms to begin under Section 1 were those of the 74th Congress , on January 3 , 1935 . The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin under Section 1 were the second terms of President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner , on January 20 , 1937 . Section 3 provides that if the president - elect dies before Inauguration Day , the vice president - elect will be sworn in as president on that day . If there is no president - elect , or the president - elect fails to meet all of the Constitution 's qualifications to be president , Section 3 provides that the vice president - elect would become acting president on Inauguration Day until there is a president who does qualify .", "6": "Section 3 also allows Congress to determine who should be acting president if a new president and vice president have not been chosen by Inauguration Day . The Constitution was originally silent on this point , an omission that nearly caused a constitutional crisis when Congress seemed deadlocked in resolving the election of 1800 . On February 15 , 1933 , twenty - three days after the amendment was adopted , President -- elect Roosevelt was the target of an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara . Roosevelt was not injured , but pursuant to Section 3 Vice President - elect Garner would have become president on March 4 , 1933 had the attempt been successful . Section 4 permits Congress to pass a law that clarifies what should occur if either the House of Representatives must elect the president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies , or the Senate must elect the vice president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies . Congress has never enacted such a statute . The amendment was adopted on January 23 , 1933 . Pursuant to Section 5 , the changes made by Sections 1 and 2 took effect on October 15 , 1933 . This delay resulted in the start of congressional terms in 1933 , and the first inauguration of President Roosevelt and Vice President John N. Garner , taking place on March 4 , 1933 . Section 5 also resulted in the 73rd Congress not being required to meet until January 3 , 1934 . Therefore , pursuant to a presidential proclamation , a special 100 - day session of Congress was convened from March 9 to June 16 , 1933 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 - 27 Archives.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Failure of the Founding Fathers : Jefferson , Marshall , and the Rise of Presidential Democracy . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . pp. 117 -- 8 . Jump up ^ The bill originally specified a 30 - day period for the states to choose their electors . Annals of Congress , House of Representatives , 2nd Congress , 1st Session , p.", "7": "278 Jump up ^ Statutes at Large , 28th Congress , 2nd Session , p. 721 Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Failure of the Founding Fathers : Jefferson , Marshall , and the Rise of Presidential Democracy . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lame Ducks ' Doom Sealed '' -- Missouri Is 36th State To Ratify 20th Amendment To Constitution `` , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , January 24 , 1933 , p1 Jump up ^ See Twelfth Amendment for details on how the Congress would choose . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Failure of the Founding Fathers : Jefferson , Marshall , and the Rise of Presidential Democracy . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . pp. 77ff . Jump up ^ `` Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Continuity of Government Commission . June 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalt , Brian C. ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Do n't Kill the Candidate : Remedying Congress 's Failure to Use Section 4 of the Twentieth Amendment '' . Michigan State University College of Law . pp. 18 -- 19 . SSRN 2635633 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution . CRS Annotated Constitution : Twentieth Amendment ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII", "8": "Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit", "9": "General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "10": "php?title=Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=817394475 '' Categories : 1933 in American law 1933 in American politics 72nd United States Congress 73rd United States Congress Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Presidency of the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7179754224203704932	when was the last time there was a school shooting in canada	[ "January 22, 2016", "January 22, 2016", "January 22, 2016", "January 22, 2016", "January 22, 2016" ]	{ "0": "List of massacres in Canada - wikipedia List of massacres in Canada Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of events in Canada for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word massacres . Massacre is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as `` the indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people or ( less commonly ) animals ; carnage , butchery , slaughter in numbers '' . It also states that the term is used `` in the names of certain massacres of history ''. Thomas W. Gallant definition of Massacres ; deliberate slaughter of a large number of people in a violent way , especially when they can not defend themselves . The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Canada and its predecessors . Some events in which numerous individuals were wounded are also included . For single perpetrator events and shooting sprees , see Lists of rampage killers and Category : Spree shootings in Canada For school shootings , see Category : School shootings in Canada / Category : School killings in Canada For North American First Nations massacres , see List of American First Nations massacres . For terrorism , see Terrorism in Canada . For serial killers , see List of serial killers in Canada . Name Date Location Deaths Notes Lachine massacre August 5 , 1689 Lachine , Quebec 72 part of King William 's War Port - la - Joye Massacre July 11 , 1746 Port - la - Joye , Ile St.", "1": "Jean ( Hillsborough River ( Prince Edward Island ) ) 34 part of King George 's War Grand Pre Massacre February 10 , 1747 Grand Pre , Nova Scotia 67 part of King George 's War Dartmouth Massacre May 13 , 1751 Dartmouth , Nova Scotia 20 part of Father Le Loutre 's War Bloody Falls Massacre July 17 , 1771 The location now known as Kugluk / Bloody Falls Territorial Park near Kugluktuk , Nunavut 20 Chilcotin War April 30 , 1864 Bute Inlet , British Columbia 19 Cypress Hills massacre June 1 , 1873 Cypress Hills , Saskatchewan 23 Mass Murder perpetrated by American bison , and wolf hunters and American and Canadian whisky traders and cargo haulers against a camp of Assiniboine people . One of the main contributing reasons for the formation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Black Donnellys massacre February 4 , 1880 Lucan Biddulph , Ontario 5 Murder of five members of the Donnelly family an armed mob , after which their farm was burned down . The event was the culmination of long - standing conflict between the family and other residents , none of the mob were ever convicted . Frog Lake Massacre April 2 , 1885 Frog Lake , Alberta 9 part of the North - West Rebellion Shell Lake murders August 15 , 1967 Shell Lake , Saskatchewan 9 Mass murder of nine members of the Peterson family on their farm , targetted randomly by Victor Ernest Hoffman . Buffalo Narrows axe slayings 30 January 1969 Buffalo Narrows , Saskatchewan 7 Dale Nelson murders September 4 , 1970 Creston , British Columbia 8 participated in cannibalism , necrophilia , and pedophilia William Lepine ( AKA William McConnell ) murders August 28 , 1972 Kettle Valley , British Columbia 6 After absconding from a secure psychiatric hospital , killed 6 people and injured 3 others using a . 22 - caliber rifle and a . 30 - caliber rifle .", "2": "Attacks occurred at four difference locations in the Kettle Valley on a single day . Located and apprehended by police the next day . At trial , was found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity on six counts of murder . Psychiatric evidence indicated that he suffered from schizophrenia with nihilistic delusions and believed he was chosen to save the world from a nuclear holocaust by killing the victims . Blue Bird Café Fire Sep 1 , 1972 Montreal , Quebec 37 37 people murdered using arson . Fire intentionally started by Gilles Eccles , James O'Brien , Jean - Marc Boutin , using either gasoline or a Molotov Cocktail , after being refused entry to the café for being too drunk . Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting May 28 , 1975 Brampton , Ontario School Shooting St. Pius X High School shooting October 27 , 1975 Ottawa , Ontario School Shooting , 5 injured , 1 killed prior to school incident Wells Gray Provincial Park Family Murders August 2 , 1982 Wells Gray Provincial Park , British Columbia 6 Three generations of a family were murdered by David Shearing 18 km ( 11.2 mi ) North of Clearwater , British Columbia National Assembly shootings May 8 , 1984 Quebec City , Quebec 3 killed and 13 wounded in an attack on the Quebec National Assembly . Lennoxville massacre March 24 , 1985 Lennoxville , Quebec 5 part of the Quebec Biker war École Polytechnique massacre December 6 , 1989 Montreal , Quebec 15 Perpetrator killed 14 people and injured 14 , before taking his own life . School Shooting . Ontario Glove Factory murders February 3 , 1992 Waterloo , Ontario Patrick Dombroskie shot and killed boss and co-workers .", "3": "Sydney River McDonald 's murders May 7 , 1992 Sydney , Nova Scotia 1 disabled Concordia University massacre August 24 , 1992 Montreal , Quebec School Shooting , 4 killed , 1 injured Giant Mine bombing September 18 , 1992 Yellowknife , Northwest Territories 9 48 - year - old striking gold miner set explosives inside the mine , which killed nine strikebreaking workers . Mark Chahal massacre April 6 , 1996 Vernon , B.C. 9 Estranged husband murdered wedding party . OC Transpo massacre April 6 , 1999 Ottawa , Ontario 5 A former OC Transpo employee shot six people , killing four , in a shooting spree at OC Transpo 's St. Laurent Boulevard garage , before killing himself . An inquest into the shooting revealed that the shooter had been the subject of bullying . W.R. Myers High School April 28 , 1999 Taber , Alberta School Shooting. 1 other injured . Cruse family murders 14 June 2002 Grimsby , Ontario 5 Ex-boyfriend travelled from U.S. with handgun and killed ex-girlfriend , her parents , her 6 - year - old child , and himself . Penticton Reserve Shooting Oct 30 , 2004 Penticton Indian Reservation After drinking 35 beers and snorting cocaine , Dustin Paul shot five friends and relatives while they were all partying at a campsite , killing three of them before slitting his own throat . Claiming in court that he heard a voice telling him to do it , Paul lived to be convicted of three counts of second - degree murder and two counts of attempted murder , and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 16 years . Mayerthorpe tragedy March 3 , 2005 near Mayerthorpe , Alberta 5 James Roszko shot and killed 4 RCMP officers during a property seizure of his farm , he later turned the gun on himself . Shedden massacre April 8 , 2006 Shedden , Ontario 8 Gang related killing of own gang members .", "4": "Richardson family murders April 22 , 2006 Medicine Hat , Alberta 12 - year - old girl and her 23 - year - old boyfriend killed girl 's parents and 8 - year - old brother . Dawson College shooting September 13 , 2006 Montreal , Quebec School Shooting . C.W. Jeffreys Collegiate Institute May , 23 , 2007 Toronto , Ontario School Shooting . Claresholm highway massacre December 15 , 2011 Claresholm , Alberta 21 - year - old man shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and two young men who were passengers in the same vehicle . The man also shot the female driver , before taking his own life . Danzig Street shooting July 16 , 2012 West Hill , Toronto , Ontario Mass shooting at a block party that left 2 dead and 23 injured . Les Racines de vie Montessori April 5 , 2013 Gatineau , Quebec School Shooting . Daycare worker killed , shooter committed suicide . 2014 Calgary stabbing April 14 , 2014 Calgary , Alberta 5 22 - year old Matthew de Grood fatally stabbed five people at a party . He was subsequently found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder on 5 counts of First Degree Murder . 2014 Moncton shootings June 4 , 2014 Moncton , New Brunswick 24 - year - old from Moncton , shot five armed officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) , killing three and severely injuring two . 2014 Edmonton killings December 29 , 2014 Edmonton , Alberta 8 53 - year - old Phu Lam shot and killed 7 in one Edmonton residence , then went to a home in south Edmonton where he killed Cyndi Duong because he found he was raising child that was not his biologically own . Phu Lam was found the next day after committing suicide in Fort Saskatchewan .", "5": "La Loche shootings January 22 , 2016 La Loche , Saskatchewan An unidentified 17 - year - old student allegedly shot and killed two of his cousins at their home , then went to La Loche Community School and continued firing , killing a teacher and an assistant and wounding several others . School Shooting . Scarborough crossbow attack 25 August 2016 Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario 35 - year - old Brett Ryan killed 3 people and wounded 2 others with a crossbow before being apprehended by police . Quebec City mosque shooting January 29 , 2017 Quebec City , Quebec 6 Single gunman killed 6 people and wounded 18 others . Toronto van attack April 23 , 2018 North York , Toronto , Ontario 10 Single driver killed 10 people and wounded 15 others in a vehicle - ramming attack . See also ( edit ) List of conflicts in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gallant , Thomas W. ( 2001 ) . `` review of Levene , Roberts The Massacre in History '' . Crime , History & Societies. 5 ( 1 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` massacre . '' Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House , Inc . December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seven murder counts laid in northern axe deaths '' . The Phoenix . January 31 , 1968 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow Lakes News , September 05 , 2012 '' . Issuu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulletin - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archivsuche '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Calgary Herald - Google News Archivsuche '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman opens fire in Ottawa , killing five '' . CBC News .", "6": "1999 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Workplace mistrust persists , 10 years after OC Transpo shooting : driver '' . CBC News . 2009 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy in Grimsby '' . Niagara This Week . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fong , Petti . `` Penticton murderer recalls hearing voices '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Killer to serve at least 16 years for shootings on B.C. reserve '' . CBC News . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen dies after Toronto school shooting '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` Claresholm Highway Murders : Anniversary Of Roadside Shooting That Claimed 4 Lives '' . Huffpost Alberta . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rush , Curtis ; Poisson , Jayme ; Powell , Betsy ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Danzig St. shooting : First - degree murder charges laid in July shootings '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers Limited . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daycare worker shot in Gatineau identified as French man , 38 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew de Grood found not criminally responsible in Brentwood murders '' . Global News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Moncton shootings : 3 RCMP officers dead , 2 wounded '' . CBC . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man charged in Toronto crossbow killings is a convicted bank robber '' . cbc.ca . CBC .", "7": "Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 dead , 2 arrested after shooting at Quebec City mosque '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9 dead , 16 injured after van strikes pedestrians in North York '' . CBC News . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 .", "8": "( hide ) Lists of massacres List of events named massacres List of massacres at sea By country or territory Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt El Salvador Finland France Germany Greece Great Britain Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Syria Pakistan Mandatory Palestine Palestinian territories Peru Philippines Poland Romania Russia Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia By war Albigensian Crusade World War I World War II Yugoslavia 1948 Palestine War Eritrean War Nagorno - Karabakh War Croatian War Bosnian War Algerian Civil War Kosovo War Syrian Civil War Massacres Massacres by country Massacres by year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Canada&oldid=838546613 '' Categories : Lists of massacres by country Canada history - related lists Massacres in Canada Lists of disasters in Canada Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Incomplete lists from May 2017 Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "9": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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422507927579350549	when did the us cut off trade with cuba	[ "1961", "1961", "1962" ]	{ "0": "Cuba -- United States relations - wikipedia Cuba -- United States relations Jump to : navigation , search Cuba -- United States relations Cuba United States Diplomatic Mission Cuban Embassy , Washington , D.C. United States Embassy , Havana Envoy Ambassador José Rodríguez Chargé d'affaires Lawrence Gumbiner The Embassy of Cuba to the United States in Washington , DC . The Embassy of the United States to Cuba in Havana . Cuba and the United States restored diplomatic relations on 20 July 2015 , which had been severed in 1961 during the Cold War . U.S. diplomatic representation in Cuba is handled by the United States Embassy in Havana , and there is a similar Cuban Embassy in Washington , D.C. . The United States , however , continues to maintain its commercial , economic , and financial embargo , which makes it illegal for U.S. corporations to do business with Cuba . Leaders in both houses of Congress as well as President Donald Trump support the embargo , although the Cuban government has called for it to be repealed . The hold of the Spanish Empire on possessions in the Americas was reduced in the 1820s as a result of the Spanish American wars of independence ; only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) that resulted from the Cuban War of Independence . Under the Treaty of Paris , Cuba became a U.S. protectorate ; the U.S. gained a position of economic and political dominance over the island , which persisted after it became formally independent in 1902 . Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , bilateral relations deteriorated substantially . In 1961 , the U.S. severed diplomatic ties with Cuba and began pursuing covert operations to topple the Communist regime . Moreover , the U.S. imposed and subsequently tightened a comprehensive set of restrictions and bans vis - à - vis the Cuban regime as retaliation for the nationalization of U.S. corporations ' property by Cuba . Meanwhile , several organizations , including a nearly unanimous United Nations General Assembly , have called for `` an end to the United States ' decades - long economic , commercial and financial embargo against Cuba . '' On 17 December 2014 , U.S.", "1": "President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announced the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the U.S. , which media sources have named `` the Cuban Thaw '' . Negotiated in secret in Canada and Vatican City over preceding months , and with the assistance of Pope Francis , the agreement led to the lifting of some U.S. travel restrictions , fewer restrictions on remittances , U.S. banks access to the Cuban financial system , and the establishment of a U.S. embassy in Havana , which closed after Cuba became closely allied with the USSR in 1961 . The countries ' respective `` interests sections '' in one another 's capitals were upgraded to embassies on 20 July 2015 . On 20 March 2016 , President Barack Obama visited Cuba , becoming the first President in 88 years to visit the island . On June 16 , 2017 President Donald Trump announced that he was suspending the policy for unconditional sanctions relief for Cuba , while also leaving the door open for a `` better deal '' between the US and Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Independence in Cuba 1.2 Relations 1900 -- 1959 1.3 Post-revolution relations 1.4 After the Cold War 1.4. 1 Tightening embargo 1.4. 2 Vision for `` democratic transition '' 1.5 The `` Cuban Thaw '' 1.6 Trump administration 1.6. 1 Health issues of American diplomats in Cuba 2 Trade relations 3 Guantánamo Bay 4 U.S. public opinion on Cuba -- United States relations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 8 External links Historical background ( edit ) John Quincy Adams , who as U.S. Secretary of State compared Cuba to an apple that , if severed from Spain , would gravitate towards the U.S. Relations between the Spanish colony of Cuba and polities on the North American mainland first established themselves in the early 18th century through illicit commercial contracts by the European colonies of the New World , trading to elude colonial taxes .", "2": "As both legal and illegal trade increased , Cuba became a comparatively prosperous trading partner in the region , and a center of tobacco and sugar production . During this period Cuban merchants increasingly traveled to North American ports , establishing trade contracts that endured for many years . The British occupation of Havana in 1762 opened up trade with the British colonies in North America , and the rebellion of the thirteen colonies in 1776 provided additional trade opportunities . Spain opened Cuban ports to North American commerce officially in November 1776 and the island became increasingly dependent on that trade . Detail of 1591 map of Florida and Cuba After the opening of the island to world trade in 1818 , trade agreements began to replace Spanish commercial connections . In 1820 Thomas Jefferson thought Cuba is `` the most interesting addition which could ever be made to our system of States '' and told Secretary of War John C. Calhoun that the United States `` ought , at the first possible opportunity , to take Cuba . '' In a letter to the U.S. Minister to Spain Hugh Nelson , Secretary of State John Quincy Adams described the likelihood of U.S. `` annexation of Cuba '' within half a century despite obstacles : `` But there are laws of political as well as of physical gravitation ; and if an apple severed by the tempest from its native tree can not choose but fall to the ground , Cuba , forcibly disjoined from its own unnatural connection with Spain , and incapable of self support , can gravitate only towards the North American Union , which by the same law of nature can not cast her off from its bosom . '' In August 1851 , 40 Americans who took part in Narciso López 's filibustering expedition in Cuba , including William L. Crittenden , were executed by Spanish authorities in Havana . In 1854 , a secret proposal known as the Ostend Manifesto was devised by U.S. diplomats , interested in adding a slave state to the Union . The Manifesto proposed buying Cuba from Spain for $130 million . If Spain were to reject the offer , the Manifesto implied that , in the name of Manifest Destiny , war would be necessary . When the plans became public , because of one author 's vocal enthusiasm for the plan , the manifesto caused a scandal , and was rejected , in part because of objections from anti-slavery campaigners .", "3": "The 10th United States Infantry Regiment -- The Army of Occupation in Havana circa 1898 . By 1877 , Americans purchased 83 percent of Cuba 's total exports . North Americans were also increasingly taking up residence on the island , and some districts on the northern shore were said to have more the character of America than Spanish settlements . Between 1878 and 1898 American investors took advantage of deteriorating economic conditions of the Ten Years ' War to take over estates they had tried unsuccessfully to buy before while others acquired properties at very low prices . Above all this presence facilitated the integration of the Cuban economy into the North American system and weakened Cuba 's ties with Spain . Independence in Cuba ( edit ) See also : Spanish -- American War As Cuban resistance to Spanish rule grew , rebels fighting for independence attempted to get support from U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant . Grant declined and the resistance was curtailed , though American interests in the region continued . U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine wrote in 1881 of Cuba , `` that rich island , the key to the Gulf of Mexico , and the field for our most extended trade in the Western Hemisphere , is , though in the hands of Spain , a part of the American commercial system ... If ever ceasing to be Spanish , Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination . '' 1900 Campaign poster for the Republican Party depicting American rule in Cuba After some rebel successes in Cuba 's second war of independence in 1897 , U.S. President William McKinley offered to buy Cuba for $300 million . Rejection of the offer , and an explosion that sank the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor , led to the Spanish -- American War . In Cuba the war became known as `` the U.S. intervention in Cuba 's War of Independence '' . On the 10th December 1898 Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris and , in accordance with the treaty , Spain renounced all rights to Cuba . The treaty put an end to the Spanish Empire in the Americas and marked the beginning of United States expansion and long - term political dominance in the region . Immediately after the signing of the treaty , the U.S. - owned `` Island of Cuba Real Estate Company '' opened for business to sell Cuban land to Americans .", "4": "U.S. military rule of the island lasted until 1902 when Cuba was finally granted formal independence . Opening page of the Platt Amendment . Relations 1900 -- 1959 ( edit ) The Teller Amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain in 1898 disavowed any intention of exercising `` sovereignty , jurisdiction or control '' over Cuba , but the United States only agreed to withdraw its troops from Cuba when Cuba agreed to the eight provisions of the Platt Amendment , an amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriations Act authored by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt , which would allow the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs if needed for the maintenance of good government and committed Cuba to lease to the U.S. land for naval bases . Cuba leased to the United States the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay , where a United States Naval Station had been established in 1898 . The Platt Amendment defined the terms of Cuban - U.S. relations for the following 33 years and provided the legal basis for U.S. military interventions with varying degrees of support from Cuban governments and political parties . Despite recognizing Cuba 's transition into an independent republic , United States Governor Charles Edward Magoon assumed temporary military rule for three more years following a rebellion led in part by José Miguel Gómez . In the following 20 years the United States repeatedly intervened militarily in Cuban affairs : 1906 -- 09 , 1912 and 1917 -- 22 . In 1912 U.S. forces were sent to quell protests by Afro - Cubans against discrimination . By 1926 U.S companies owned 60 % of the Cuban sugar industry and imported 95 % of the total Cuban crop , and Washington was generally supportive of successive Cuban governments . However , internal confrontations between the government of Gerardo Machado and political opposition led to his military overthrow by Cuban rebels in 1933 . U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles requested U.S. military intervention . President Franklin D. Roosevelt , despite his promotion of the Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America , ordered 29 warships to Cuba and Key West , alerting United States Marines , and bombers for use if necessary . Machado 's replacement , Ramón Grau assumed the Presidency and immediately nullified the Platt amendment .", "5": "In protest , the United States denied recognition to Grau 's government , Ambassador Welles describing the new regime as `` communistic '' and `` irresponsible '' . The rise of General Fulgencio Batista in the 1930s to de facto leader and President of Cuba for two terms ( 1940 -- 44 and 1952 -- 59 ) led to an era of close co-operation between the governments of Cuba and the United States . The United States and Cuba signed another Treaty of Relations in 1934 . Batista 's second term as President was initiated by a military coup planned in Florida , and U.S. President Harry S. Truman quickly recognized Batista 's return to rule providing military and economic aid . The Batista era witnessed the almost complete domination of Cuba 's economy by the United States , as the number of American corporations continued to swell , though corruption was rife and Havana also became a popular sanctuary for American organized crime figures , notably hosting the infamous Havana Conference in 1946 . U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Arthur Gardner later described the relationship between the U.S. and Batista during his second term as President : Batista had always leaned toward the United States . I do n't think we ever had a better friend . It was regrettable , like all South Americans , that he was known -- although I had no absolute knowledge of it -- to be getting a cut , I think is the word for it , in almost all the things that were done . But , on the other hand , he was doing an amazing job . As armed conflict broke out in Cuba between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Batista government , the U.S. was urged to end arms sales to Batista by Cuban president - in - waiting Manuel Urrutia Lleó . Washington made the critical move in March 1958 to prevent sales of rifles to Batista 's forces , thus changing the course of the revolution irreversibly towards the rebels . The move was vehemently opposed by U.S. ambassador Earl T. Smith , and led U.S. State Department adviser William Wieland to lament that `` I know Batista is considered by many as a son of a bitch ... but American interests come first ... at least he was our son of a bitch . ''", "6": "Post-revolution relations ( edit ) See also : Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis Until Castro , the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . -- Earl T. Smith , former American Ambassador to Cuba , during 1960 testimony to the U.S. Senate U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower officially recognized the new Cuban government after the 1959 Cuban Revolution which had overthrown the Batista government , but relations between the two governments deteriorated rapidly . Within days Earl T. Smith , U.S. Ambassador to Cuba , resigned his post to be replaced by Philip Bonsal . The U.S. government became increasingly concerned by Cuba 's agrarian reforms and the nationalization of industries owned by U.S. citizens . Between 15 and 26 April 1959 , Fidel Castro and a delegation of representatives visited the U.S. as guests of the Press Club . This visit was perceived by many as a charm offensive on the part of Castro and his recently initiated government , and his visit included laying a wreath at the Lincoln memorial . After a meeting between Castro and Vice-President Richard Nixon , where Castro outlined his reform plans for Cuba , the U.S. began to impose gradual trade restrictions on the island . On 4 September 1959 , Ambassador Bonsal met with Cuban Premier Fidel Castro to express `` serious concern at the treatment being given to American private interests in Cuba both agriculture and utilities . '' As state intervention and take - over of privately owned businesses continued , trade restrictions on Cuba increased . The U.S. stopped buying Cuban sugar and refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil , with a devastating effect on the island 's economy , leading to Cuba turning to their newfound trading partner the Soviet Union for petroleum . In March 1960 , tensions increased when the freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana Harbor , killing over 75 people . Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the sinking of the Maine , though admitting he could provide no evidence for his accusation . That same month , President Eisenhower quietly authorized the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to organize , train , and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro .", "7": "Each time the Cuban government nationalized American citizens properties , the American government took countermeasures , resulting in the prohibition of all exports to Cuba on 19 October 1960 . Consequently , Cuba began to consolidate trade relations with the USSR , leading the U.S. to break off all remaining official diplomatic relations . Later that year , U.S. diplomats Edwin L. Sweet and William G. Friedman were arrested and expelled from the island having been charged with `` encouraging terrorist acts , granting asylum , financing subversive publications and smuggling weapons '' . On 3 January 1961 the U.S. withdrew diplomatic recognition of the Cuban government and closed the embassy in Havana . Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy believed that Eisenhower 's policy toward Cuba had been mistaken . He criticized what he saw as use of the U.S. government influence to advance the interest and increase the profits of private U.S. companies instead of helping Cuba to achieve economic progress , saying that Americans dominated the island 's economy and had given support to one of the bloodiest and most repressive dictatorships in the history of Latin America . `` We let Batista put the U.S. on the side of tyranny , and we did nothing to convince the people of Cuba and Latin America that we wanted to be on the side of freedom '' . In 1961 Cuba resisted an armed invasion by about 1,500 CIA trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs . President John F. Kennedy 's complete assumption of responsibility for the venture , which provoked a popular reaction against the invaders , proved to be a further propaganda boost for the Cuban government . The U.S. began the formulation of new plans aimed at destabilizing the Cuban government . These activities were collectively known as the `` Cuban Project '' ( also known as Operation Mongoose ) . This was to be a coordinated program of political , psychological , and military sabotage , involving intelligence operations as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders . The Cuban project also proposed attacks on mainland U.S. targets , hijackings and assaults on Cuban refugee boats to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government , these proposals were known collectively as Operation Northwoods . A U.S.", "8": "Senate Select Intelligence Committee report later confirmed over eight attempted plots to kill Castro between 1960 and 1965 , as well as additional plans against other Cuban leaders . After weathering the failed Bay of Pigs invasion , Cuba observed as U.S. armed forces staged a mock invasion of a Caribbean island in 1962 named Operation Ortsac . The purpose of the invasion was to overthrow a leader whose name , Ortsac , was Castro spelled backwards . Tensions between the two nations reached their peak in 1962 , after U.S. reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet construction of intermediate - range missile sites . The discovery led to the Cuban Missile Crisis . Trade relations also deteriorated in equal measure . In 1962 , President John F. Kennedy broadened the partial trade restrictions imposed after the revolution by Eisenhower to a ban on all trade with Cuba , except for non-subsidized sale of foods and medicines . A year later travel and financial transactions by U.S. citizens with Cuba was prohibited . The United States embargo against Cuba was to continue in varying forms . Relations began to thaw during President Lyndon B. Johnson 's tenure continuing through the next decade and a half . In 1964 Fidel Castro sent a message to Johnson encouraging dialogue , he wrote : I seriously hope that Cuba and the United States can eventually respect and negotiate our differences . I believe that there are no areas of contention between us that can not be discussed and settled within a climate of mutual understanding . But first , of course , it is necessary to discuss our differences . I now believe that this hostility between Cuba and the United States is both unnatural and unnecessary -- and it can be eliminated . Through the late 1960s and early 1970s a sustained period of aircraft hijackings between Cuba and the U.S. by citizens of both nations led to a need for cooperation . By 1974 , U.S. elected officials had begun to visit the island . Three years later , during the Carter administration , the U.S. and Cuba simultaneously opened interests sections in each other 's capitals . In 1980 , after 10,000 Cubans crammed into the Peruvian embassy seeking political asylum , Castro stated that any who wished to do so could leave Cuba , in what became known as the Mariel boatlift .", "9": "Approximately 125,000 people left Cuba for the United States . Poster in Bay of Pigs In 1977 , Cuba and the United States signed a maritime boundary treaty in which the countries agreed on the location of their border in the Straits of Florida . The treaty was never sent to the United States Senate for ratification , but the agreement has been implemented by the U.S. State Department . In 1981 President Ronald Reagan 's new administration announced a tightening of the embargo . The U.S. also re-established the travel ban , prohibiting U.S. citizens from spending money in Cuba . The ban was later supplemented to include Cuban government officials or their representatives visiting the U.S. In 1985 Radio y Televisión Martí , backed by Ronald Reagan 's administration , began to broadcast news and information from the U.S. to Cuba . After the Cold War ( edit ) The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early - 1990s , leaving Cuba without its major international sponsor . The ensuing years were marked by economic difficulty in Cuba , a time known as the Special Period . U.S. law allowed private humanitarian aid to Cuba for part of this time . However , the long standing U.S. embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by the Cuban Democracy Act ( the `` Torricelli Law '' ) and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act ( known as the Helms - Burton Act ) . The 1992 act prohibited foreign - based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba , travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens , and family remittances to Cuba . Sanctions could also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba . As a result , multinational companies had to choose between Cuba and the U.S. , the latter being a much larger market . On 24 February 1996 , two unarmed Cessna 337s flown by the group `` Brothers to the Rescue '' were shot down by Cuban Air Force MiG - 29 , killing three Cuban - Americans and one Cuban U.S. resident . The Cuban government claimed that the planes had entered into Cuban airspace .", "10": "Some veterans of CIA 's 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion , while no longer being sponsored by the CIA , are still active , though they are now in their seventies or older . Members of Alpha 66 , an anti-Castro paramilitary organization , continue to practice their AK - 47 skills in a camp in South Florida . In January 1999 , U.S. President Bill Clinton eased travel restrictions to Cuba in an effort to increase cultural exchanges between the two nations . The Clinton administration approved a two - game exhibition series between the Baltimore Orioles and Cuban national baseball team , marking the first time a Major League Baseball team played in Cuba since 1959 . At the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 , Castro and Clinton spoke briefly at a group photo session and shook hands . U.N. Secretary - General Kofi Annan commented afterwards , `` For a U.S. president and a Cuban president to shake hands for the first time in over 40 years -- I think it is a major symbolic achievement '' . While Castro said it was a gesture of `` dignity and courtesy '' , the White House denied the encounter was of any significance . In November 2001 , U.S. companies began selling food to the country for the first time since Washington imposed the trade embargo after the revolution . In 2002 , former U.S. President Jimmy Carter became the first former or sitting U.S. president to visit Cuba since 1928 . Tightening embargo ( edit ) Relations deteriorated again following the election of George W. Bush . During his campaign Bush appealed for the support of Cuban - Americans by emphasizing his opposition to the government of Fidel Castro and supporting tighter embargo restrictions Cuban Americans , who until 2008 tended to vote Republican , expected effective policies and greater participation in the formation of policies regarding Cuba - U.S. relations . Approximately three months after his inauguration , the Bush administration began expanding travel restrictions . The United States Department of the Treasury issued greater efforts to deter American citizens from illegally traveling to the island . Also in 2001 , five Cuban agents were convicted on 26 counts of espionage , conspiracy to commit murder , and other illegal activities in the United States . On 15 June 2009 , the U.S. Supreme Court denied review of their case .", "11": "Tensions heightened as the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs , John R. Bolton , accused Cuba of maintaining a biological weapons program . Many in the United States , including ex-president Carter , expressed doubts about the claim . Later , Bolton was criticized for pressuring subordinates who questioned the quality of the intelligence John Bolton had used as the basis for his assertion . Bolton identified the Castro government as part of America 's `` axis of evil , '' highlighting the fact that the Cuban leader visited several U.S. foes , including Libya , Iran and Syria . Following his 2004 reelection , Bush declared Cuba to be one of the few `` outposts of tyranny '' remaining in the world . Cuban propaganda poster in Havana featuring a Cuban soldier addressing a threatening Uncle Sam . The translation reads : `` Imperialist sirs , we have absolutely no fear of you ! '' In January 2006 , United States Interests Section in Havana began , in an attempt to break Cuba 's `` information blockade '' , displaying messages , including quotes from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , on a scrolling `` electronic billboard '' in the windows of their top floor . Following a protest march organized by the Cuban government , the government erected a large number of poles , carrying black flags with single white stars , obscuring the messages . On 10 October 2006 , the United States announced the creation of a task force made up of officials from several U.S. agencies to pursue more aggressively American violators of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba , with penalties as severe as 10 years of prison and hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines for violators of the embargo . In November 2006 , U.S. Congressional auditors accused the development agency USAID of failing properly to administer its program for promoting democracy in Cuba . They said USAID had channeled tens of millions of dollars through exile groups in Miami , which were sometimes wasteful or kept questionable accounts . The report said the organizations had sent items such as chocolate and cashmere jerseys to Cuba . Their report concluded that 30 % of the exile groups who received USAID grants showed questionable expenditures . After Fidel Castro 's announcement of resignation in 2008 , U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte said that the United States would maintain its embargo .", "12": "Vision for `` Democratic transition '' ( edit ) Condoleezza Rice convenes a meeting of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba in December 2005 In 2003 , the United States Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba was formed to `` explore ways the U.S. can help hasten and ease a democratic transition in Cuba . '' The commission immediately announced a series of measures that included a tightening of the travel embargo to the island , a crackdown on illegal cash transfers , and a more robust information campaign aimed at Cuba . Castro insisted that , in spite of the formation of the Commission , Cuba is itself `` in transition : to socialism ( and ) to communism '' and that it was `` ridiculous for the U.S. to threaten Cuba now '' . In a 2004 meeting with members of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba , President Bush stated , `` We 're not waiting for the day of Cuban freedom ; we are working for the day of freedom in Cuba . '' The President reaffirmed his commitment to Cuban - Americans just in time for his 2004 reelection with promises to `` work '' rather than wait for freedom in Cuba . In April 2006 , the Bush administration appointed Caleb McCarry `` transition coordinator '' for Cuba , providing a budget of $59 million , with the task of promoting the governmental shift to democracy after Castro 's death . Official Cuban news service Granma alleges that these transition plans were created at the behest of Cuban exile groups in Miami , and that McCarry was responsible for engineering the overthrow of the Aristide government in Haiti . In 2006 , the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba released a 93 - page report . The report included a plan that suggested the United States spend $80 million to ensure that Cuba 's communist system did not outlive the death of Fidel Castro . The plan also feature a classified annex that Cuban officials mistakenly claimed could be a plot to assassinate Fidel Castro or a United States military invasion of Cuba . The `` Cuban Thaw '' ( edit ) Main article : Cuban thaw Relations between Cuba and the United States remain tenuous , but since Fidel Castro stepped down from official leadership of the Cuban state and Barack Obama became president of the United States , they have improved .", "13": "The Capitolio Nacional in Havana , built in 1929 and said to be modeled on the Capitol building in Washington , D.C. In April 2009 , Obama , who had received nearly half of the Cuban Americans vote in the 2008 presidential election , began implementing a less strict policy towards Cuba . Obama stated that he was open to dialogue with Cuba , but that he would only lift the trade embargo if Cuba underwent political change . In March 2009 , Obama signed into law a congressional spending bill which eased some economic sanctions on Cuba and eased travel restrictions on Cuban - Americans ( defined as persons with a relative `` who is no more than three generations removed from that person '' ) traveling to Cuba . The April executive decision further removed time limits on Cuban - American travel to the island . Another restriction loosened in April 2009 was in the realm of telecommunications , which would allow quicker and easier access to the internet for Cuba . The loosening of restrictions is likely to help nonprofits and scientists from both countries who work together on issues of mutual concern , such as destruction of shared biodiversity and diseases that affect both populations . At the 2009 5th Summit of the Americas , President Obama signaled the opening of a new beginning with Cuba . Obama 's overtures were reciprocated , to some degree , by new Cuban President Raúl Castro . On 27 July 2012 , Raúl Castro said that the Government of Cuba is willing to hold talks with the United States government to `` discuss anything '' . On 10 December 2013 , at a state memorial service for Nelson Mandela , Barack Obama and Raúl Castro shook hands , with Castro saying in English : `` Mr. President , I am Castro . '' Though both sides played down the handshake ( much like the Clinton handshake of 2000 ) , an adviser to Obama said that Obama wanted to improve relations with Cuba , yet had concerns about human rights on the island . US President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro , in Havana , March 2016 . Obama ` s visit to Cuba was the first by an American president in more than 80 years . Beginning in 2013 , Cuban and U.S. officials held secret talks brokered in part by Pope Francis and hosted in Canada and Vatican City to start the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States .", "14": "On 17 December 2014 , the framework of an agreement to normalize relations and eventually end the longstanding embargo was announced by Castro in Cuba and Obama in the United States . Cuba and the United States pledged to start official negotiations with the aim of reopening their respective embassies in Havana and Washington . As part of the agreement , aid worker Alan Gross and an unnamed Cuban national working as a U.S intelligence asset were released by the Cuban government , which also promised to free an unspecified number of Cuban nationals from a list of political prisoners earlier submitted by the United States . For its part , the U.S. government released the last three remaining members of the Cuban Five . Reaction to this change in policy within the Cuban - American community was mixed , and Cuban - American senators Bob Menendez ( D - NJ ) , Marco Rubio ( R - FL ) , and Ted Cruz ( R - TX ) all condemned the Obama administration 's change in policy . However , opinion polls indicated the thaw in relations was broadly popular with the American public . High - level diplomats from Cuba and the United States met in Havana in January 2015 . While the talks did not produce a significant breakthrough , both sides described them as `` productive '' , and Cuban Foreign Ministry official Josefina Vidal said further talks would be scheduled . Under new rules implemented by the Obama administration , restrictions on travel by Americans to Cuba are significantly relaxed as of 16 January 2015 , and the limited import of items like Cuban cigars and rum to the United States is allowed , as is the export of American computer and telecommunications technology to Cuba . On 14 April 2015 , the Obama administration announced that Cuba would be removed from the United States `` Terrorist Sponsor '' list . The House and Senate had 45 days from 14 April 2015 to review and possibly block this action , but this did not occur , and on 29 May 2015 , the 45 days lapsed , therefore officially removing Cuba from the United States ' list of state sponsors of terrorism . This move by President Obama further departs the United States from the Cold War conflict and its strain on Cuba -- United States relations . On 1 July 2015 , President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume , and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana .", "15": "Relations between Cuba and the United States were formally re-established on 20 July 2015 , with the opening of the Cuban embassy in Washington and the U.S. embassy in Havana . Barack Obama visited Cuba for three days in March 2016 . In August 2016 , JetBlue Flight 387 landed in Santa Clara , becoming the first direct commercial flight to travel between the two countries since the early 1960s . On November 28 , 2016 , the first normally scheduled commercial flight after more than 50 years landed in Havana from Miami on an American Airlines jet . Trump administration ( edit ) With the election of Republican Donald Trump as U.S. president , the state of relations between the United States and Cuba was unclear as of January 2017 . While a candidate for the presidency , Trump criticized aspects of the Cuban Thaw , suggesting he could suspend the normalization process unless he can negotiate `` a good agreement '' . On June 16 , 2017 , President Trump announced that he was suspending what he called a `` completely one - sided deal with Cuba '' ( referring to Obama 's policy of granting Cuba economic sanctions relief for nothing in return ) . A new policy aims to impose new restrictions with regards to travel and funding , however travelling via airlines and cruise lines will not be prohibited completely . Moreover , diplomatic relations remain intact and embassies in Washington D.C. and Havana stay open . Health issues of American diplomats in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Health - related incidents at the United States Embassy in Havana In the summer of 2017 , reports surfaced that American and Canadian diplomats stationed in Havana had experienced unusual physical symptoms affecting the brain -- including hearing loss , dizziness , and nausea . American investigators have been unable to identify the cause of these symptoms . In September 2017 , the U.S. ordered nonessential diplomats and families out of Cuba as a result of these mysterious health issues . Trade relations ( edit ) Under the Trade Sanctions Reform and Enhancement Act of 2000 , exports from the United States to Cuba in the industries of food and medical products are permitted with the proper licensing and permissions from the U.S. Department of Commerce and the United States Department of the Treasury . The Obama administration eased specific travel and other restrictions on Cuba in January 2011 .", "16": "A delegation from the United States Congress called on Cuban president Raúl Castro on 24 February 2012 to discuss bilateral relations . The Congress delegation included Patrick Leahy , Democratic Senator from the state of Vermont and chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary , and Richard Shelby , Republican Senator from the state of Alabama and ranking member of the Committee of Banking , Housing and Urban Matters ; they went to Cuba as part of a delegation of Senators and Representatives of the Congress of United States . Travel and import restrictions imposed by the United States were further relaxed by executive action in January 2015 as part of the Cuban Thaw . Guantánamo Bay ( edit ) A U.S. Navy sailor during a live - fire exercise at the Mobile Inshore Underwater Warfare Site ( MIUW ) at Guantánamo Bay , Cuba . See also : Guantanamo Bay Naval Base The U.S. continues to operate a naval base at Guantánamo Bay under a 1903 lease agreement `` for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations '' . The U.S. issues a check to Cuba annually for its lease , but since the revolution , Cuba has cashed only one payment . The Cuban government opposes the treaty , arguing that it violates article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , titled `` Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force '' . However , Article 4 , titled `` Non-retroactivity of the present Convention '' of the same document states that Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties shall not be retroactively applied to any treaties made before itself . The leasing of land like the Guantánamo Bay tract was one of the requirements of the Platt Amendment , conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba following the Spanish -- American War . U.S. public opinion on Cuba -- United States relations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Over time , the United States ' laws and foreign policy regarding Cuba has changed drastically due to strained relationship .", "17": "Beginning with opposition to the Castro led Independence Revolution in Cuba , the Spanish -- American War , naval use of Guantanamo Bay Trade restrictions imposed by Nixon , and a trade embargo opened in the year 2000 . Since the 1990s , American public opinion of Cuba has overall become more favorable , and people became more supportive of ending the trade embargo as well as re-establishing diplomatic ties to Cuba . Gallup 's poll that asked , `` Is your overall opinion of Cuba very favorable , mostly favorable , mostly unfavorable or very unfavorable ? , '' began in 1997 with only 10 % of people voting favorable , or mostly favorable and in 2015 , Cuba 's favorability reached 46 % , almost half of the population believing Cuba to be very or mostly favorable , the highest percentage since the question has been asked . That question has a had a constant rise in favorability , while asking whether or not Cuba was a serious threat had a constant decrease . According to the Roper Center , 68 % of people in 1983 viewed Cuba has a serious or moderately serious threat to the United States , while in 2014 only 25 % of the American population see Cuba as a threat . In a separate question by Gallup , `` Do you favor or oppose re-establishing diplomatic relationships with Cuba ? '' this question has varied quite a bit over time , reaching its highest 71 % in 1999 and most recently 51 % in 2015 . Data is likely to change more with higher favorability proceeding President Obama 's 2016 actions to lift the Cold War embargo policy off of Cuba . See also ( edit ) Agreement for Democracy Cuban Americans Americans in Cuba Spain -- United States relations United States -- Vietnam relations Canada -- Cuba relations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Introduction Council on Foreign Relations . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly Demands End to Cuba Blockade for Twenty - Second Year As Speakers Voice Concern over Impact on Third Countries '' . United Nations General Assembly , Department of Public Information , News and Media Division , New York . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Pope 's Diplomatic Miracle : Ending the U.S. - Cuba Cold War '' . The Daily Beast. 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` First take : Key points from the President 's announcement on Cuba Sanctions '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Fursenko and Naftali , The Cuban Missile Crisis . pp. 40 -- 47 Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Cuba '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 21 December 2014 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Original Spanish : `` Mientras permitimos que Batista nos colocara de lado de la tiranía , nada hicimos para convencer al pueblo de Cuba y Latinoamérica que queríamos estar de lado de la libertad . '' , Mariano Ospina Peña , Las Elecciones Presidenciales de 1960 Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , La Bahía de Cochinos Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , caballerosandantes.net ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Americas -- Castro marks Bay of Pigs victory '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Angelo Trento . Castro and Cuba : From the revolution to the present . Arris books . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` AARC Public Digital Library -- Interim Report : Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders , pg '' . ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . 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Cuba : Between Reform And Revolution , New York , NY . 2006 , p326 ^ Jump up to : Krogstad , Jens ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` After decades of GOP support , Cubans shifting toward the Democratic Party '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bush Tightens Cuba Embargo '' . Antiwar.com . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Newsmax.com - Breaking news from around the globe : U.S. news , politics , world , health , finance , video , science , technology , live news stream '' . Newsmax.com . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton faces tough questioning from Democrats McClatchy Newspapers ( archived from the original on 21 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` CNN.com -- Breaking News , U.S. , World , Weather , Entertainment & Video News '' . Archives.cnn.com . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ US and Cuba 's complex relations BBC Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Americas -- US Havana messages outrage Castro '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US tightens Cuba embargo enforcement '' . TurkishPress.com. 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba aid money ' wasted ' by exiles '' . BBC News . 16 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castro 's resignation wo n't change U.S. policy , official says '' . Jump up ^ Rigoberto Diaz . Castro Calls Rice ' Mad ' Archived 22 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... News24 , 24 December 2005 Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Programmes -- Crossing Continents -- Planning for a Cuba without Castro '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 27 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine .", "22": "Jump up ^ `` Cuban official discounts US action '' . Television New Zealand . 14 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ CBS News . `` Cuba Vows Communist Succession Post-Castro , U.S. Dreams of Democratic Transition , but Cuba Promises Communist Succession After Fidel Castro '' . Cbs. news . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jonathan C. Poling , Obama Administration loosens restrictions on Cuba travel Akin Gump Jump up ^ `` Cuban Assets Control Regulations , 31 CFR Part 515 : General License for Visits to Close Relatives in Cuba '' , 11 March 2009 , Department of the Treasury . Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Obama eases curbs on Cuba travel '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Boom , Brian ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Biodiversity without Borders '' . Science & Diplomacy. 1 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Jiménez , Marguerite ( 6 September 2014 ) . `` Epidemics and Opportunities for U.S. - Cuba Collaboration '' . Science & Diplomacy. 3 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Obama offers Cuba ' new beginning ' '' . BBC News . 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Castro : Cuba willing to sit down with US '' . Associated Press via Yahoo News . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Pascal ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Obama shakes hand of Cuba 's Raul Castro at Mandela memorial '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr President , I am Castro ' : Raul to Obama '' . aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ Carol E. Lee and Jared A. Favole ( 10 December 2013 ) .", "23": "`` Obama - Castro Handshake Shows Thaw in Relations With Cuba '' . WSJ . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. to normalize relations with Cuba ; ' Isolation has not worked ' '' . CTV.ca. 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Cuba restore ties after 50 years '' . Reuters. 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed US - Cuba relations biggest success in Vatican diplomacy in decades '' . The Guardian . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Announces U.S. and Cuba Will Resume Relations '' . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . 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The Inquirer . Philadelphia : Interstate General Media , LLC . Retrieved 17 December 2014 .", "24": "Rogers , Alex ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Cuban - American Senators Rip Obama 's Cuba Trade '' . Time . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Weaver , Al ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Ted Cruz : Normalization Of U.S. / Cuban Relations ' A Tragic Mistake ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Nelson , Rebecca ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Ted Cruz : Obama 's New Cuba Policy ' Will Be Remembered as a Tragic Mistake ' '' . National Journal . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / ORC Poll : Americans side with Obama on Cuba '' . WTSP. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Cuba find ' profound differences ' in first round of talks '' . The Washington Post . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moving swiftly , U.S. eases travel and trade rules on Cuba '' . Chicago Tribune . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Archibold , Randall C. ; Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US removes Cuba from list of state sponsors of terror '' . BBC.com . BBC News . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama announces re-establishment of U.S. - Cuba diplomatic ties '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Cuba re-establish diplomatic relations '' . CNNPolitics.com . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` Obama lands in Cuba as first US president to visit in nearly a century '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 .", "25": "Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppmann , Patrick ; Marsh , Rene ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` US commercial flights take off for Cuba '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` In another Cuba - U.S. milestone , a commercial flight leaves Miami and lands in Havana '' . LA Times . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Business or Politics ? What Trump Means for Cuba '' . The New York Times . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Merica and Jim Acosta . `` Trump chips away at Obama 's legacy on Cuba '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Cordelia . `` Trump cancels Obama 's ' one - sided deal ' with Cuba '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Elise Labott and Patrick Oppmann ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` State Department orders nonessential diplomats and families out of Cuba following mysterious attacks '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Tillerson Says U.S. May Close Cuba Embassy Over Mystery Ailments '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Administration Continues to Loosen the Rules Regarding Cuba '' . ABC News . 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ latina , prensa . `` Presidente cubano intercambia con senadores estadounidenses '' . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Boadle , Anthony ( 17 August 2007 ) . `` Castro : Cuba not cashing US Guantanamo rent checks '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castro is Letting Rent for U.S. Base Pile Up '' . New York Times . 3 October 1979 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties '' ( PDF ) . Legal.un.org. 1969 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Air Force Fellows Program Maxwell AFB . The United States and Cuba -- Past , Present and Future ( 2014 ) Excerpt Bergad , Laird W. Histories of Slavery in Brazil , Cuba , and the United States ( Cambridge U. Press , 2007 ) . 314 pp . Freedman , Lawrence . Kennedy 's Wars : Berlin , Cuba , Laos , and Vietnam ' ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) Online Andrea Gremels , ed. ( 2016 ) : Cuba : ¿ Tránsito o cambio ? . In : Romanische Studien 3 ( 2016 ) , 23 -- 116 . http://romanischestudien.de/index.php/rst/issue/view/5 . Hernández , Jose M. Cuba and the United States : Intervention and Militarism , 1868 -- 1933 ( 2013 ) Horne , Gerald . Race to Revolution : The United States and Cuba during Slavery and Jim Crow . New York : Monthly Review Press , 2014 . LeoGrande , William M. and Peter Kornbluh . Back Channel to Cuba : The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana . ( UNC Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1469617633 Offner , John L. An Unwanted War : The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( U of North Carolina Press , 1992 ) Online Sáenz , Eduardo , and Rovner Russ Davidson , eds . The Cuban Connection : Drug Trafficking , Smuggling , and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution ( U of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) online Jones , Howard . The Bay of Pigs ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) online Pérez , Louis A. , Jr . Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos ( ( U. of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . 352 pp Pérez , Louis A. , Jr .", "27": "Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy ( 2003 ) Welch , Richard E. Response to Revolution : The United States and the Cuban Revolution , 1959 -- 1961 ( ( U of North Carolina Press , 1985 ) Online Primary sources ( edit ) Hoff , Rhoda , & Margaret Regler , eds . Uneasy Neighbors : Cuba and the United States ( Franklin Watts , 1997 ) 185 pp. From Columbus to Castro Rhodes , James Ford ( 1893 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 , Vol. II : 1854 -- 1860 . New York : Harper & Bros. OCLC 272963 . 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-2659168512523622985	who was allowed to vote in scottish referendum	[ "British citizens who were resident in Scotland", "citizens of other Commonwealth countries who were resident in Scotland", "citizens of other European Union countries who were resident in Scotland", "members of the House of Lords who were resident in Scotland", "Service/Crown personnel serving in the UK or overseas in the British Armed Forces or with Her Majesty's Government who were registered to vote in Scotland", "European Union (EU) or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged sixteen years or over could vote, a total of almost 4,300,000 people", "European Union (EU) or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged sixteen years or over", "British citizens who were resident in Scotland", "citizens of other Commonwealth countries who were resident in Scotland", "citizens of other European Union countries who were resident in Scotland", "members of the House of Lords who were resident in Scotland", "Service/Crown personnel serving in the UK or overseas in the British Armed Forces or with Her Majesty's Government who were registered to vote in Scotland" ]	{ "0": "Scottish independence referendum , 2014 - wikipedia Scottish independence referendum , 2014 Jump to : navigation , search For the proposed second referendum , see Proposed second Scottish independence referendum . `` Indyref '' redirects here . For other uses of the term , see Independence referendum . Scottish independence referendum Should Scotland be an independent country ? Location Scotland Date 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) Results Votes % Yes 1,617,989 7001447000000000000 ♠ 44.70 % No 2,001,926 7001553000000000000 ♠ 55.30 % Valid votes 3,619,915 7001999100000000000 ♠ 99.91 % Invalid or blank votes 3,429 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 % Total votes 3,623,344 100.00 % Registered voters / turnout 4,283,392 7001845900000000000 ♠ 84.59 % Results by council area Yes No Note : saturation of colour denotes strength of vote Scotland This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Scotland Government ( show ) First Minister Nicola Sturgeon Deputy First Minister John Swinney Cabinet 8th government Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Civil Service Directorates Public bodies Executive agencies Local government Parliament ( show ) Presiding Officer Ken Macintosh Acts Statutory Instruments Shadow Cabinets Members ( MSPs ) 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 Elections 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 Next Constituencies and electoral regions Legislative Consent Motion Law ( show ) Supreme Court ( UK ) Supreme Courts Sheriff Courts Land Courts Justice of the Peace Courts Lord Lyon Court Scotland in the UK ( show ) Her Majesty 's Government Scotland Office Sec. of State : D. Mundell Under - Sec.", "1": ": A. Dunlop UK Parliament Grand Committee Select Committee Reserved matters Elections Constituencies Current Westminster MPs Scotland in the EU ( show ) European Parliament elections Constituency Administrative divisions ( show ) Local government Convention of Scottish Local Authorities Other countries Atlas National and regional referendums held within the United Kingdom and its constituent countries Northern Ireland border poll 1973 United Kingdom EC referendum Scottish devolution referendum 1979 Welsh devolution referendum 1979 Scottish devolution referendum 1997 Welsh devolution referendum 1997 Greater London Authority referendum 1998 NI Good Friday Agreement referendum 1998 NE England devolution referendum Welsh devolution referendum 2011 United Kingdom AV referendum 2011 Scottish independence referendum 2014 United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on 18 September 2014 . The referendum question , which voters answered with `` Yes '' or `` No '' , was `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? '' The `` No '' side won , with 2,001,926 ( 55.3 % ) voting against independence and 1,617,989 ( 44.7 % ) voting in favour . The turnout of 84.6 % was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the introduction of universal suffrage . The Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 , setting out the arrangements for the referendum , was passed by the Scottish Parliament in November 2013 , following an agreement between the Scottish Government and the United Kingdom government . To pass , the independence proposal required a simple majority . With some exceptions , European Union ( EU ) or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged sixteen years or over could vote , a total of almost 4,300,000 people . This was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include sixteen and seventeen year olds in Scotland . Yes Scotland was the main campaign group for independence , while Better Together was the main campaign group in favour of maintaining the union . Many other campaign groups , political parties , businesses , newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved . Prominent issues raised during the referendum included which currency an independent Scotland would use , public expenditure , EU membership , and North Sea oil .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation of the United Kingdom 1.2 Devolution 1.3 2007 SNP administration 1.4 2011 SNP administration 2 Administration 2.1 Date 2.2 Eligibility to vote 2.3 Legality of a referendum 2.4 Electoral supervision 2.5 Referendum wording 2.6 Campaign structures 2.6. 1 Cost and funding 2.6. 2 Campaigning organisations 2.6. 3 Advertising 2.6. 4 Donations 2.7 Voting process 2.8 Outcome of the vote 3 Issues 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Border controls and immigration 3.3 Childcare 3.4 Citizenship 3.5 Defence 3.5. 1 Budget 3.5. 2 Nuclear weapons 3.5. 3 NATO membership 3.5. 4 Intelligence 3.6 Democracy 3.7 Economy 3.7. 1 Currency 3.7. 2 Government revenues and expenditure 3.8 Energy 3.8. 1 Energy market 3.8. 2 North Sea oil 3.9 European Union 3.9. 1 Future status of the United Kingdom in the European Union 3.10 Health care 3.10. 1 Specialist treatment 3.11 International relations 3.12 Monarchy 3.13 Pensions 3.14 Sport 3.15 Status of Northern and Western Isles 3.16 Universities 3.16. 1 Scientific research 3.16. 2 Student funding 3.17 Welfare 4 Responses 4.1 Public events 4.1.", "3": "1 Hands Across The Border 4.2 Online campaigns 4.3 Debates 4.4 Accusations of BBC bias 4.5 Intimidation 5 Opinion polling 6 Voting 6.1 Administration 6.2 Voting places and times 6.3 Count of votes 7 Results 7.1 Totals 7.2 By area 7.2. 1 By UK Parliament constituency 7.2. 2 By Scottish Parliament constituency 8 Reactions to the result 8.1 Domestic reaction 8.2 International reaction 8.3 Allegations of voting irregularities 8.4 Violence in Glasgow 8.5 Increase in political activism 8.6 Further devolution 8.7 Political developments 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Formation of the United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : History of the formation of the United Kingdom The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were established as independent countries during the Middle Ages . After fighting a series of wars during the 14th century , the two monarchies entered a personal union in 1603 ( the Union of the Crowns ) when James VI of Scotland also became James I of England . The two nations were temporarily united under one government when Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of a Commonwealth in 1653 , but this was dissolved when the monarchy was restored in 1660 . Scotland and England united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 , factors in favour of union being , on the Scottish side , the economic problems caused by the failure of the Darien scheme and , on the English , securing the Hanoverian line of succession . Great Britain in turn united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Most of Ireland left the Union in 1922 to form the Irish Free State ; consequently , the full name of the United Kingdom since 1927 is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Devolution ( edit ) The Labour Party was committed to home rule for Scotland in the 1920s , but it slipped down its agenda in the following years .", "4": "The Scottish National Party ( SNP ) was founded in 1934 , but did not achieve significant electoral success until the 1960s . A document calling for home rule , the Scottish Covenant , was signed by 2,000,000 people ( out of a population of 5,000,000 ) in the late - 1940s . Home rule , now known as Scottish devolution , did not become a serious proposal until the late - 1970s as the Labour Government of James Callaghan came under electoral pressure from the SNP . A proposal for a devolved Scottish Assembly was put to a referendum in 1979 . A narrow majority of votes were cast in favour of change , but this had no effect due to a requirement that the number voting ' Yes ' had to exceed 40 % of the total electorate . No further constitutional reform was proposed until Labour returned to power in a landslide electoral victory in 1997 , when a second Scottish devolution referendum was held ; as Labour 's 1997 manifesto had promised to do so . Clear majorities expressed support for both a devolved Scottish Parliament and that Parliament having the power to vary the basic rate of income tax . The Scotland Act 1998 established the new Scottish Parliament , first elected on Thursday 6 May 1999 , with power to legislate on unreserved matters within Scotland . 2007 SNP administration ( edit ) Further information : Government of the 3rd Scottish Parliament The Scottish First Minister , Alex Salmond , and the Deputy First Minister , Nicola Sturgeon , at the launch of the National Conversation , 14 August 2007 Debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament A commitment to hold a referendum in 2010 was part of the SNP 's election manifesto when it contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election . The press were largely hostile towards the SNP , with a headline for The Scottish Sun in May 2007 stating -- along with an image of a hangman 's noose -- `` Vote SNP today and you put Scotland 's head in the noose '' . As a result of that election , the SNP became the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and formed a minority government led by the First Minister , Alex Salmond . The SNP administration launched a ' National Conversation ' as a consultation exercise in August 2007 , part of which included a draft referendum bill , the Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill .", "5": "After this , a white paper for the proposed Referendum Bill was published , on 30 November 2009 . It detailed 4 possible scenarios , with the text of the Bill and Referendum to be revealed later . The scenarios were : no change ; devolution per the Calman Review ; further devolution ; and full independence . The Scottish government published a draft version of the bill on 25 February 2010 for public consultation ; Scotland 's Future : Draft Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill Consultation Paper contained a consultation document and a draft version of the bill . The consultation paper set out the proposed ballot papers , the mechanics of the proposed referendum , and how the proposed referendum was to be regulated . Public responses were invited . The bill outlined three proposals : the first was full devolution or ' devolution max ' , suggesting that the Scottish Parliament should be responsible for `` all laws , taxes and duties in Scotland '' , with the exception of `` defence and foreign affairs ; financial regulation , monetary policy and the currency '' , which would be retained by the British government . The second proposal outlined Calman - type fiscal reform , gaining the additional powers and responsibilities of setting a Scottish rate of income tax that could vary by up to 10p in the pound compared with the rest of the UK , setting the rate of stamp duty land tax and `` other minor taxes '' , and introducing new taxes in Scotland with the agreement of the UK Parliament , and finally , `` limited power to borrow money '' . The third proposal was for full independence . In the 3rd Scottish Parliament only 50 of 129 MSPs ( 47 SNP , 2 Greens , and Margo MacDonald ) supported a referendum . The Scottish government withdrew the bill after failing to secure opposition support . 2011 SNP administration ( edit ) Further information : Government of the 4th Scottish Parliament The SNP repeated its commitment to hold a referendum when it published its 2011 Scottish parliamentary election manifesto . Days before the election , Salmond stated that legislation for a referendum would be proposed in the `` 2nd half of the parliament '' , as he wanted to secure more powers for the Scottish Parliament via the Scotland Bill first . The SNP gained an overall majority in the election , winning 69 from 129 seats , thereby gaining a mandate to hold an independence referendum .", "6": "In January 2012 , the UK government offered to legislate to provide the Scottish Parliament with the powers to hold a referendum , providing it was `` fair , legal and decisive '' . This would set `` terms of reference for the referendum '' , such as its question ( s ) , elector eligibility and which body would organise the vote . As the UK government worked on legal details , including the timing of the vote , Salmond announced an intention to hold the referendum in the autumn of 2014 . Negotiations continued between the two governments until October 2012 , when the Edinburgh Agreement was reached . The Scottish Independence Referendum ( Franchise ) Act 2013 was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 27 June 2013 and received Royal Assent on 7 August 2013 . On 15 November 2013 , the Scottish government published Scotland 's Future , a 670 - page white paper laying out the case for independence and the means through which Scotland might become an independent country . Administration ( edit ) Date ( edit ) The Scottish government announced on 21 March 2013 that the referendum would be held on 18 September 2014 . This date was intentionally chosen as it was the 100th anniversary of royal assent to the Irish Home Rule Act . Some media reports mentioned that 2014 would also be the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn and that Scotland would also host the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 Ryder Cup . Salmond agreed that the presence of these events made 2014 a `` good year to hold a referendum '' . Eligibility to vote ( edit ) Under the terms of the 2010 Draft Bill , the following people were entitled to vote in the referendum : British citizens who were resident in Scotland ; citizens of other Commonwealth countries who were resident in Scotland ; citizens of other European Union countries who were resident in Scotland ; members of the House of Lords who were resident in Scotland ; Service / Crown personnel serving in the UK or overseas in the British Armed Forces or with Her Majesty 's Government who were registered to vote in Scotland . Convicted prisoners were not able to vote in the referendum .", "7": "The European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) earlier ruled that this restriction was unlawful , but Scottish judge Lord Glennie said that he believed the ECHR judgment would apply only to parliamentary elections . Appeals against his ruling were rejected by the Court of Session in Edinburgh and the UK Supreme Court . The normal voting age was reduced from 18 to 16 for the referendum , as it was SNP policy to reduce the voting age for all elections in Scotland . The move was supported by Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Greens . In January 2012 , Elaine Murray MSP of Labour led a debate arguing that the franchise should be extended to Scots living outside Scotland , including the approximately 800,000 living in the other parts of the UK . This was opposed by the Scottish Government , which argued that it would greatly increase the complexity of the referendum and stated that there was evidence from the United Nations Human Rights Committee that other nations `` might question the legitimacy of a referendum if the franchise is not territorial '' . In the House of Lords , Baroness Symons argued that the rest of the UK should be allowed to vote on Scottish independence , on the grounds that it would affect the whole country . This argument was rejected by the British government , as the Advocate General for Scotland Lord Wallace said that `` whether or not Scotland should leave the United Kingdom is a matter for Scotland '' . Wallace also pointed to the fact that only two of 11 referendums since 1973 had been across all of the United Kingdom . Professor John Curtice also argued that the Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum of 1973 ( the `` border poll '' ) created a precedent for allowing only those resident in one part of the UK to vote on its sovereignty . Legality of a referendum ( edit ) There was debate as to whether the Scottish Parliament had the power to legislate for a referendum relating to the issue of Scottish independence , as the constitution is a reserved matter for the UK Parliament . The Scottish government insisted in 2010 that they could legislate for a referendum , as it would be an `` advisory referendum on extending the powers of the Scottish Parliament '' , whose result would `` have no legal effect on the Union '' . Lord Wallace , Advocate General for Scotland , said in January 2012 that holding a referendum concerning the constitution would be outside the legislative power of the Scottish Parliament and that private individuals could challenge a Scottish Parliament referendum bill .", "8": "The two governments signed the Edinburgh Agreement , which allowed for the temporary transfer of legal authority . In accordance with the Edinburgh Agreement , the UK government drafted an Order in Council granting the Scottish Parliament the necessary powers to hold , on or before 31 December 2014 , an independence referendum . The draft Order was approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament , and the Order , titled The Scotland Act 1998 ( Modification of Schedule 5 ) Order 2013 , was approved by Queen Elizabeth II , following the advice of Her Ministers , at a meeting of the Privy Council on 12 February 2013 . Under the powers temporarily transferred from Westminster under the section 30 Order , the Scottish Parliament adopted the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 , summoning the referendum , defining the question to be asked , giving the date on which the referendum was to be held , and establishing the rules governing the holding of the referendum . The Bill for the Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 14 November 2013 and received Royal Assent on 17 December 2013 . Under section 36 of the Act , it came into force the day after Royal Assent . Electoral supervision ( edit ) The Electoral Commission was responsible for overseeing the referendum , `` with the exception of the conduct of the poll and announcement of the result , and the giving of grants . In its role of regulating the campaign and campaign spending , the Electoral Commission will report to the Scottish Parliament . ( ... ) The poll and count will be managed in the same way as ( local ) elections , by local returning officers ( ... ) and directed by a Chief Counting Officer '' . Referendum wording ( edit ) The Edinburgh Agreement stated that the wording of the question would be decided by the Scottish Parliament and reviewed for intelligibility by the Electoral Commission . The Scottish government stated that its preferred question was `` Do you agree that Scotland should be an independent country ? '' The Electoral Commission tested the proposed question along with three other possible versions . Their research found that the `` Do you agree '' preface made it a leading question , which would be more likely to garner a positive response . The question was amended to `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? '' , which the Electoral Commission found was the most neutral and concise of the versions tested .", "9": "Campaign structures ( edit ) Cost and funding ( edit ) In the 2010 Draft Bill , the Scottish government proposed that there would be a designated organisation campaigning for a ' Yes ' vote and a designated organisation campaigning for a ' No ' vote , both of which would be permitted to spend up to £ 750,000 on their campaign and to send one free mailshot to every household or voter in the referendum franchise . There was to be no public funding for campaigns . Political parties were each to be allowed to spend £ 100,000 . This proposed limit on party spending was revised to £ 250,000 in 2012 . In 2013 , new proposals by the Electoral Commission for the 16 - week regulated period preceding the poll were accepted . They allowed the two designated campaign organisations to spend up to £ 1.5 million each and for the parties in Scotland to spend the following amounts : £ 1,344,000 ( SNP ) ; £ 834,000 ( Labour ) ; £ 396,000 ( Conservatives ) ; £ 201,000 ( Liberal Democrats ) ; £ 150,000 ( Greens ) . An unlimited number of other organisations could register with the Electoral Commission , but their spending was limited to £ 150,000 . Groups spending more than £ 250,000 were required to submit audited returns to the Commission by 18 March 2015 . According to the Scottish government 's consultation paper published on 25 February 2010 , the cost of the referendum was `` likely to be around £ 9.5 million '' , mostly spent on running the poll and the count . Costs would also include the posting of one neutral information leaflet about the referendum to every Scottish household , and one free mailshot to every household or voter in the poll for the designated campaign organisations . In April 2013 , the projected cost of the referendum was £ 13.3 million ; the final administrative cost was £ 15.85 million . Campaigning organisations ( edit ) Yes campaign poster on a shop Tenement block in Leith with both Yes and No referendum posters and Union flag The campaign in favour of Scottish independence , Yes Scotland , was launched on 25 May 2012 . Its chief executive was Blair Jenkins , formerly the Director of Broadcasting at STV and Head of News and Current Affairs at both STV and BBC Scotland .", "10": "The campaign was supported by the SNP , the Scottish Green Party ( which also created `` its own pro-independence campaign to run alongside Yes Scotland '' ) and the Scottish Socialist Party . At its launch , Salmond stated that he hoped one million people in Scotland would sign a declaration of support for independence . On 22 August 2014 , Yes Scotland announced that the one million target had been surpassed . The campaign in favour of Scotland remaining in the UK , Better Together , was launched on 25 June 2012 . It was led by Alistair Darling , former Chancellor of the Exchequer , and had support from the Conservative Party , Labour Party and Liberal Democrats . Advertising ( edit ) Political advertising on television and radio in the UK was prohibited by the Communications Act 2003 , with the exception of permitted party political broadcasts . Three major cinema chains stopped showing adverts by referendum campaign groups after receiving negative feedback from their customers . Donations ( edit ) In December 2013 the Better Together campaign declared that it had received donations of £ 2,800,000 . Six - figure contributions were made by businessmen Ian Taylor and Donald Houston , and by author C.J. Sansom ; almost 27,000 donations of under £ 7,500 had been received by the same date . A later donation came from writer J.K. Rowling , who announced in June 2014 that she had given £ 1,000,000 to the Better Together campaign . In the following month , whisky distiller William Grant & Sons announced a donation of approximately £ 100,000 . On 12 August 2014 , Better Together announced that it had raised enough money to cover the maximum spending permitted and was no longer accepting donations . This was attributed in part to a large number of small donations being received after the first televised debate between First Minister Alex Salmond and Labour MP Alistair Darling . As of May 2014 , the Yes Scotland campaign had declared £ 4,500,000 in cash donations . EuroMillions lottery - winners Chris and Colin Weir gave £ 3,500,000 . A six - figure donation was given by investment fund manager Angus Tulloch ; approximately 18,000 donations of less than £ 7,500 had been made by the same date .", "11": "Voting process ( edit ) Voting for the referendum commenced on 27 August 2014 , with the receipt of ballots by postal voters . As of 15 August , 680,235 eligible voters had registered for postal voting , a 20 % increase compared with March 2014 . During the postal vote phase , Police Scotland arrested a man from Glasgow on suspicion of selling his vote on eBay . The registration deadline for referendum voters was 2 September 2014 . Several councils reported the processing of `` unprecedented '' numbers of new registrations , while others received `` tens of thousands '' of applications in the final week . Outcome of the vote ( edit ) The UK government stated that , if a simple majority of the votes cast were in favour of independence , then `` Scotland would become an independent country after a process of negotiations '' . If the majority was against independence , Scotland would continue within the United Kingdom . Further powers would be devolved to the Scottish Parliament as a result of the Scotland Act 2012 . The Electoral Commission prepared an information leaflet which confirmed that the UK and Scottish governments had reached agreement on these points . David Cameron said in May 2014 that he believed that the referendum would be `` ' irreversible and binding '' . In the event of a majority for Yes , the Scottish Government had proposed an independence date of 24 March 2016 . It was suggested that , following the conclusion of negotiations , the UK Parliament would legislate for Scottish independence to take place on the date that had been negotiated . A report by a UK House of Lords committee , published in May 2014 , said that the UK could opt to delay the independence date . Issues ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) In 2013 , as part of a European Union ( EU ) member state , Scottish farmers received £ 583 million in subsidy payments from the EU under the Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) . Annual CAP payments are made to the UK , which then determines how much to allocate to each of the devolved administrations , including Scotland . In the last CAP agreement , farmers in the UK qualified for additional convergence payments because Scottish farmers receive a lower average single farm payment per hectare , mainly due to the mountainous terrain in Scotland . Supporters of independence therefore believed that an independent Scotland would receive greater agricultural subsidies than when part of the UK .", "12": "Opponents of independence believed that Scottish farmers benefited because the UK was one of the larger EU member states and therefore had a greater say in CAP negotiations . They also questioned whether an independent Scotland would immediately receive full subsidy payments from the EU , as recent new member states had their subsidies phased in . Border controls and immigration ( edit ) The Scottish government proposed that there would be no border controls on the Anglo -- Scottish border . The UK has some opt - outs from EU policies . One is the opt - out from the Schengen Area , meaning there are full passport checks for travellers from other EU countries except the Republic of Ireland , which is part of the Common Travel Area ( CTA ) with the UK . The Scottish government proposed that an independent Scotland should remain outside the Schengen Area and join the CTA , ensuring that no passport controls would be needed at the Anglo - Scottish border . Nicola Sturgeon commented that an independent Scotland would negotiate with the EU to have the same visa arrangements as the UK has . Alistair Carmichael , the Secretary of State for Scotland , said in January 2014 that it would make sense for Scotland to be in the CTA , but it would have to operate similar immigration policies to the rest of the UK . This position was supported by Home Secretary Theresa May , who said in March 2014 that passport checks should be introduced if Scotland adopted a looser immigration policy . The Conservative MP Richard Bacon said there would be `` no reason '' for border controls to be implemented . Childcare ( edit ) In the white paper Scotland 's Future , the Scottish government pledged to expand childcare provision in an independent Scotland . The paper stated that this policy would cost £ 700 million , but that this would be financed by increased tax revenue from an additional 100,000 women returning to work . Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont said that the policy should be implemented immediately if the Scottish government believed it would have a beneficial effect , but Salmond responded that under devolution the costs of the policy would have to be financed by cuts elsewhere in public expenditure . In March 2014 , the National Day Nurseries Association said that the plan could not be implemented unless greater funding was provided by local authorities to private nurseries .", "13": "A report by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre questioned the economic benefit of the policy , pointing out that there were only 64,000 mothers of children aged between 1 and 5 who were economically inactive . A spokesman for Salmond said that the estimated total 104,000 women would enter the workforce over a longer period , as future generations of mothers would also be able to work , stating : `` The key point about the policy is that it does n't happen on one day or one year and then cease . '' Citizenship ( edit ) The Scottish government proposed that all British citizens who had been born in Scotland would automatically become Scottish citizens on the date of independence , regardless of whether or not they were then living in Scotland . British citizens `` habitually resident '' in Scotland would also be considered Scottish citizens , even if they already held the citizenship of another country . Every person who would automatically be considered a Scottish citizen would be able to opt out of Scottish citizenship provided they already held the citizenship of another country . The Scottish government also proposed that anyone with a Scottish parent or grandparent would be able to apply for registration as a Scottish citizen , and any foreign national living in Scotland legally , or who had lived in Scotland for at least 10 years at any time and had an ongoing connection to Scotland , should be able to apply for naturalisation as a Scottish citizen . UK Home Secretary Theresa May said future policies of an independent Scottish government would affect whether Scottish citizens would be allowed to retain British citizenship . An analysis paper published by the UK government in January 2014 stated that it was likely that Scots would be able to hold dual citizenship ; however , the duality was considered with respect to all other countries , not specifically to the rest of the UK . The possibility of holding dual UK -- Scotland citizenships could be subject to the `` proof of affinity '' . Defence ( edit ) Budget ( edit ) The SNP said that there was a defence underspend of `` at least £ 7.4 billion '' between 2002 and 2012 in Scotland and that independence would allow the Scottish government to correct this imbalance . In its white paper , the Scottish government planned that an independent Scotland would have a total of 15,000 regular and 5,000 reserve personnel across land , air and maritime forces by 2026 .", "14": "In July 2013 , the SNP proposed that there would be a £ 2.5 billion annual military budget in an independent Scotland . The House of Commons Defence Select Committee said that the £ 2.5 bn budget was too low . Andrew Murrison , UK Minister for International Security Strategy agreed and said it was `` risible '' for the SNP to suggest it could create an independent force by `` salami - slicing '' from current British armed forces units . The House of Commons defence committee also stated that Scottish independence would have a negative effect on its industry , while the UK government said it would not be willing to build warships in a foreign country . Geoff Searle , the director of BAE Systems ' Type 26 Global Combat Ship programme , said in June 2014 that the company had no alternative plan for shipbuilding , but this position was later revised by the Chairman of BAE , who stated that they could resume shipbuilding in the English city of Portsmouth if an independent Scotland was established . The chief executive of Thales , one of Britain 's largest defence suppliers , said that if Scotland became independent that this might raise questions about continued investment from his firm . The Royal United Services Institute said in 2012 that an independent Scotland could set up a Scottish Defence Force , comparable in size and strength to those of other small European states like Denmark , Norway and Ireland , at an annual cost of £ 1.8 billion . The authors acknowledged that an independent Scotland would `` need to come to some arrangement with the rest of the UK '' on intelligence - gathering , cyber-warfare and cyber-defence , that the future cost of purchasing and maintaining equipment of its forces might be higher due to smaller orders , and that recruitment and training `` may prove problematic '' in the early years . Dorcha Lee , a former colonel in the Irish Army , said that Scotland could eschew forming an army based on inherited resources from the British Army and instead follow an Irish model of a limited self - defence force . Nuclear weapons ( edit ) A Trident missile - armed Vanguard class ballistic missile submarine leaving its base in the Firth of Clyde The Trident nuclear missile system is based at Coulport weapons depot and naval base of Faslane in the Firth of Clyde area .", "15": "While the SNP objects to having nuclear weapons on Scottish territory , British military leaders have said that there is no alternative site for the missiles ; in April 2014 , several British military leaders co-signed a letter stating that forcing Trident to leave Scottish waters would place the UK nuclear deterrent in jeopardy . Nowhere to Go , a report by Scottish CND , concluded that the removal of Trident from Scotland would force unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom , as the weapons have no viable alternative base . A report by the Royal United Services Institute said that relocating Trident would be `` very difficult , but not impossible '' and estimated that it would take about 10 years and create an additional cost of around £ 3 billion . A seminar hosted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace stated that the Royal Navy would have to consider a range of alternatives , including disarmament . A report in 2013 from the Scotland Institute think tank suggested a future Scottish government could be convinced to lease the Faslane nuclear base to the rest of the UK to maintain good diplomatic relations and expedite NATO entry negotiations . NATO membership ( edit ) Current map of NATO , member states shown in dark blue In 2012 the SNP dropped a long - standing policy of opposition in principle to NATO membership . MSPs John Finnie and Jean Urquhart resigned from the SNP over the policy change . The Scottish Green Party and Scottish Socialist Party remained opposed to continued membership of NATO . The SNP position that Trident nuclear weapons should be removed from Scotland but that it should hold NATO membership was criticised by Willie Rennie , leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats , and Patrick Harvie , co-convenor of the Scottish Green Party . Alex Salmond said it would be `` perfectly feasible '' to join NATO while maintaining an anti-nuclear stance and that Scotland would pursue NATO membership only `` subject to an agreement that Scotland will not host nuclear weapons and NATO continues to respect the right of members to only take part in UN sanctioned operations '' . In 2013 , Professor Malcolm Chalmers of the Royal United Services Institute stated that `` pragmatists '' in the SNP accepted that NATO membership would be likely to involve a long - term basing deal enabling the UK to keep Trident on the Clyde .", "16": "The former Secretary General of NATO and Scottish Labour peer Lord Robertson said in 2013 that `` either the SNP accept the central nuclear role of NATO ... or they reject the nuclear role of NATO and ensure that a separate Scottish state stays out of the world 's most successful defence alliance . '' General Richard Shirreff criticised SNP proposals for defence and questioned whether other NATO members would accept an independent Scotland that rejected the principle of nuclear deterrence . This was disputed by Mariot Leslie , a former UK permanent representative to NATO , who stated that NATO would not want to disrupt its arrangements by excluding Scotland . Intelligence ( edit ) A UK government paper on security stated that Police Scotland would lose access to the intelligence apparatus of the UK , including MI5 , SIS and GCHQ . The paper also said that an independent Scottish state would need to build its own security infrastructure . Theresa May commented that an independent Scotland would have access to less security capability , but would not necessarily face a reduced threat . In 2013 , Allan Burnett , former head of intelligence with Strathclyde Police and Scotland 's counter-terrorism co-ordinator until 2010 , said that `` an independent Scotland would face less of a threat , intelligence institutions will be readily created , and allies will remain allies '' . Peter Jackson , professor of security at the University of Glasgow , agreed that Special Branch could form a `` suitable nucleus '' of a Scottish equivalent of MI5 , and that Scotland could forego creating an equivalent of MI6 , instead `` relying on pooled intelligence or diplomatic open sources '' like Canada or the Nordic countries . Baroness Ramsay , a Labour peer and former case officer with MI6 , said that the Scottish government 's standpoint on intelligence was `` extremely naïve '' and that it was `` not going to be as simple as they think '' . Nicola Sturgeon stated that Scotland would create its own security service like MI5 to work alongside police and tackle terrorism , cyber attacks and serious organised crime . She also stated that creating an external intelligence agency would remain an option . Democracy ( edit ) The Scottish government and pro-independence campaigners said that a democratic deficit existed in Scotland because the UK was a unitary state that did not have a codified constitution . The SNP also described the unelected House of Lords as an `` affront to democracy '' .", "17": "The `` democratic deficit '' label has sometimes been used to refer to the period between the 1979 and 1997 UK general elections , during which the Labour Party held a majority of Scottish seats but the Conservative Party governed the whole of the UK . Alex Salmond said in September 2013 that instances such as this amounted to a lack of democracy , and that `` the people who live and work in Scotland are the people most likely to make the right choices for Scotland '' . In January 2012 , Patrick Harvie said : `` Greens have a vision of a more radical democracy in Scotland , with far greater levels of discussion and decision making at community level . '' The Scottish Government intended that an independent Scotland should have a written constitution which `` expresses our values , embeds the rights of our citizens and sets out clearly how our institutions of state interact with each other and serve the people '' . Menzies Campbell wrote in April 2014 that any democratic deficit had been addressed by creating the devolved Scottish Parliament , and that `` Scotland and the Scottish have enjoyed influence beyond our size or reasonable expectation '' within the British government and the wider political system . Conservative MP Daniel Kawczynski said in 2009 that the asymmetric devolution in place in the UK has created a democratic deficit for England . This is more commonly known as the West Lothian question , which cites the anomaly where English MPs can not vote on affairs devolved to Scotland , but Scottish MPs can vote on the equivalent subjects in England . Kawczynski also pointed out that the average number of voters in a parliamentary constituency is larger in England than in Scotland . During the campaign each of the three main UK parties conducted reviews into devolution , with each recommending that more powers should be devolved to the Scottish Parliament . On the morning prior to a televised debate between Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling , a joint statement was published by Better Together . Co-signed by the 3 main UK party leaders , it stated a commitment to grant Scotland increased power over domestic taxes and parts of the social security system . Boris Johnson , the Conservative mayor of London , stated his opposition to giving the Scottish Parliament greater fiscal powers . During the second televised debate , Salmond challenged Darling to specify which additional powers that could help create greater employment in Scotland would be granted if there was a `` no '' vote .", "18": "During a visit to Scotland later that week , David Cameron promised more powers `` soon '' . On 8 September , former Prime Minister Gordon Brown suggested a timetable for the additional powers to be implemented in the event of a `` no '' vote . He proposed that work on a new Scotland Act would begin immediately after the referendum , resulting in the publication of a white paper by the end of November 2014 . Two days before the referendum , the three main UK party leaders ( Cameron , Miliband and Clegg ) publicly pledged to introduce `` extensive new powers '' by the timetable suggested and that the Barnett formula of public funding would be continued . Economy ( edit ) A principal issue in the referendum was the economy . The UK Treasury issued a report on 20 May 2013 which said that Scotland 's banking systems would be too big to ensure depositor compensation in the event of a bank failure . The report indicated that Scottish banks would have assets worth 1,254 % of GDP , which is more than Cyprus and Iceland before the last global financial crisis . It suggested Scottish taxpayers would each have £ 65,000 of potential liabilities during a hypothetical bailout in Scotland , versus £ 30,000 as part of the UK . Economists including Andrew Hughes Hallett , Professor of Economics at St Andrews University , rejected the idea that Scotland would have to underwrite these liabilities alone . He observed that banks operating in more than one country can be given a joint bailout by multiple governments . In this manner , Fortis Bank and the Dexia Bank were bailed out collectively by France , Belgium , and the Netherlands . The Federal Reserve System lent more than $1 trillion to British banks , including $446 billion to the Royal Bank of Scotland ( RBS ) , because they had operations in the United States . Robert Peston reported in March 2014 that RBS and Lloyds Banking Group might be forced to relocate their head offices from Edinburgh to London in case of Scottish independence , due to a European law brought in after the 1991 collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International . Financial groups The Royal Bank of Scotland , Lloyds , Clydesdale Bank , TSB and Tesco Bank later announced that they planned to move their registered headquarters from Scotland to England in the event of Scotland voting for independence ; most indicated that they had no immediate intention to transfer any jobs .", "19": "Weir Group , one of the largest private companies based in Scotland , commissioned a study by Oxford Economics into the potential economic effects of Scottish independence . It found that Weir would pay more corporation tax , despite the Scottish government 's proposal to cut the rate of corporation tax , due to it no longer being able to offset losses in Scotland against profits in the rest of the UK . It also stated that independence would result in additional costs and complexity in the operation of business pension schemes . The report found that 70 % of all Scottish exports are sold to the rest of the UK , which it said would particularly affect the financial services sector . Standard Life , one of the largest businesses in the Scottish financial sector , said in February 2014 that it had started registering companies in England in case it had to relocate some of its operations there . In February 2014 , the Financial Times noted that Scotland 's per capita GDP is bigger than that of France when a geographic share of oil and gas is taken into account , and still bigger than that of Italy when it is not . As of April 2014 , Scotland had a similar rate of unemployment to the UK average ( 6.6 % ) and a lower fiscal deficit ( including as a percentage of GDP ) than the rest of the UK . Scotland performed better than the UK average in securing new Foreign Direct Investment in 2012 -- 13 ( measured by the number of projects ) , although not as well as Wales or Northern Ireland . GDP growth during 2013 was lower in Scotland than in the rest of the UK , although this was partly due to an industrial dispute at the Grangemouth Refinery . Deutsche Bank issued a report in the week prior to the referendum and the media reported on 13 September that David Folkerts - Landau , the bank 's chief economist , had concluded : `` While it may sound simple and costless for a nation to exit a 300 year - old union , nothing could be further from the truth '' . Folkerts - Landau claimed that the economic prospects after a `` yes '' vote were `` incomprehensible , '' citing Winston Churchill 's 1925 Gold Standard decision and the actions of America 's Federal Reserve that triggered the Great Depression of the 1930s , as other mistakes of a similar magnitude . The Swiss UBS financial services company supported the position of the Deutsche Bank .", "20": "Supporters of independence have said that Scotland does not meet its full economic potential because it is subject to the same economic policy as the rest of the UK . In 2013 , the Jimmy Reid Foundation published a report stating that UK economic policy had become `` overwhelmingly geared to helping London , meaning Scotland and other UK regions suffer from being denied the specific , local policies they need '' . Later in January 2014 , Colin Fox said that Scotland is `` penalised by an economic model biased towards the South East of England '' . In November 2013 , Chic Brodie said that Scotland was `` deprived '' of economic benefit in the 1980s after the Ministry of Defence blocked oil exploration off the West of Scotland , ostensibly to avoid interference with the UK 's nuclear weapons arsenal . Currency ( edit ) Another major economic issue was the currency that would be used by an independent Scotland . The principal options were to establish an independent Scottish currency , join the euro , or retain the pound sterling ( a form of currency substitution ) . Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s , the SNP 's policy was that an independent Scotland should adopt the euro , though this was relegated to a long - term rather than short - term goal by the party 's 2009 conference . There was disagreement over whether Scotland would be required to join the euro if it wished to become an EU member state in its own right . All new members are required to commit to joining the single currency as a prerequisite of EU membership , but they must first be party to ERM II for two years , something that requires an own currency . The Scottish government argued that countries have a de facto opt - out from the euro because they are not obliged to join ERM II . For example , Sweden has not yet adopted the euro . The people of Sweden rejected adopting the euro in a 2003 referendum and its government has not joined by refusing to enter ERM II . The SNP favoured continued use of sterling in an independent Scotland through a formal currency union with the UK , with the Bank of England setting its interest rates and monetary policy and acting as its central bank .", "21": "The white paper Scotland 's Future identified five key reasons that a currency union `` would be in both Scotland and the UK 's interests immediately post-independence '' : Scotland 's main trading partner is the UK ( 2⁄3 of exports in 2011 ) ; `` companies operating in Scotland and the UK ( ... have ) complex cross-border supply chains '' ; there is high labour mobility ; `` on key measurements of an optimal currency area , the Scottish and UK economies score well '' ; and short - term economic trends in the UK and Scotland have `` a relatively high degree of synchronicity '' . In June 2012 , Alistair Darling said voters in the rest of the UK could choose not to be in a currency union with Scotland . Former Prime Minister Sir John Major rejected the idea of a currency union , saying it would require the UK to underwrite Scottish debt . Another former Prime Minister , Gordon Brown , said the SNP proposal would create a `` colonial relationship '' between Scotland and Westminster . The Welsh First Minister , Carwyn Jones , said in November 2013 that he would seek a veto on a currency union between Scotland and the rest of the UK . Yes Scotland said that a currency union would benefit both Scotland and the rest of the UK , as Scotland 's exports would boost the balance of payments , and consequently strengthen the exchange rate of sterling . Meanwhile , UK economists and financial experts stated that the effect on the balance of payments and the exchange rate would be `` largely neutral '' . Sterling fell by almost one cent against the US dollar in a day early in September 2014 , due to an opinion poll showing a swing towards the Yes campaign . The Financial Times reported a few days later that `` Asset managers , investors and pension savers are moving billions of pounds out of Scotland '' because of fears that Scotland would leave the UK . The newspaper also reported that `` ' exit clauses ' are being inserted into commercial property contracts in Scotland to allow buyers to scrap deals or renegotiate prices if voters opt for independence '' . The Scottish government stated that not having a currency union could cost businesses in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland £ 500 million in transaction charges when trading with an independent Scotland ; Plaid Cymru treasury spokesperson Jonathan Edwards commented that such costs were a `` threat to Welsh business '' .", "22": "Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont said that any additional transaction costs would fall largely on Scottish companies , costing businesses in Scotland 11 times more than those in England . The Institute of Directors stated that any new transaction costs would `` pale in comparison to the financial danger of entering an unstable currency union . '' If Scotland joined a currency union with the UK , some fiscal policy constraints could be imposed on the Scottish state . Banking experts have said that being the `` junior partner '' in a currency arrangement could amount to `` a loss of fiscal autonomy for Scotland '' . Dr Angus Armstrong of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research wrote that the implicit constraints on its economic policy would be more restrictive than the explicit ones it faces as a member of the UK . Salmond said in February 2014 that an independent Scotland in a currency union would retain tax and spending powers . Gavin McCrone , former chief economic adviser to the Scottish Office , stated that Scotland 's retention of the pound would be pragmatic initially , but problematic thereafter if a Scottish government wished to implement independent policies , and he warned that keeping the pound could lead to the relocation of Scottish banks to London . The Chancellor of the Exchequer , as well as equivalent post-holders in the two other main UK political parties , rejected the idea of a formal currency union with an independent Scotland in February 2014 . Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls said the SNP 's proposals for a currency union were `` economically incoherent '' , and that any currency option for an independent Scotland would be `` less advantageous than what we have across the UK today '' . After the three main UK political parties ruled out a formal currency union as a possibility , the Adam Smith Institute said that the economies of Panama , Ecuador and El Salvador `` demonstrate that the informal use of another country 's currency can foster a healthy financial system and economy '' . In September 2014 , former European Commissioner Olli Rehn stated that an independent Scotland would be unable to meet EU membership requirements if it shared sterling informally , as it would not have an independent central bank . Rehn 's comment was disputed by Salmond , who restated his belief that a sterling currency union would be formed and pledged to create the necessary financial institutions . The Scottish Socialist Party favoured an independent Scottish currency , pegged to sterling in the short term .", "23": "The Scottish Green Party said that keeping sterling as `` a short term transitional arrangement '' should not be ruled out , but also said that the Scottish Government should `` keep an open mind about moving towards an independent currency '' . The Jimmy Reid Foundation , in early 2013 , described retention of the pound as a good transitional arrangement , but recommended the eventual establishment of an independent Scottish currency to `` insulate '' Scotland from the UK 's `` economic instability '' . Other proponents of an independent Scottish currency included Yes Scotland chairman Dennis Canavan and former SNP deputy leader Jim Sillars . On 9 September 2014 , Mark Carney , governor of the Bank of England , said that a currency union between an independent Scotland and the remainder of the UK would be `` incompatible with sovereignty '' . Carney was involved in a `` Q&A '' session at the Trades Union Congress and further explained that cross-border ties on tax , spending and banking rules are a prerequisite : `` You only have to look across the continent to look at what happens if you do n't have those components in place ... You need tax , revenues and spending flowing across those borders to help equalise , to an extent , some of the inevitable differences ( across the union ) . '' A spokesperson for the SNP 's finance minister responded , saying `` Successful independent countries such as France , Germany , Finland and Austria all share a currency -- and they are in charge of 100 % of their tax revenues , as an independent Scotland would be . At present under devolution , Scotland controls only 7 % of our revenues . '' Carney 's comments received vocal support from Darling and the GMB trade union , the latter of which supports the retention of the current UK formation . Government revenues and expenditure ( edit ) The Barnett formula has resulted in higher per - capita public spending in Scotland than England . Including an allocation of North Sea oil revenue based on geography , Scotland also produced more per capita tax revenue than the UK average in the years immediately preceding the referendum . The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported in November 2012 that a geographic share of North Sea oil would more than cover the higher public spending , but warned that oil prices are volatile and that they are drawn from a finite resource .", "24": "The Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland report for 2012 / 13 found that North Sea oil revenue had fallen by 41.5 % and that Scotland 's public spending deficit had increased from £ 4.6 billion to £ 8.6 billion . In May 2014 , the UK government published an analysis identifying a `` Union dividend '' of £ 1,400 per year for each person in Scotland , mainly due to the higher level of public spending . The Scottish government disputed this analysis , saying that each Scot would be £ 1,000 better off per year under independence by 2030 . Three economic experts said that both estimates were possible , but they both depended on unknown variables such as the division of UK government debt , future North Sea oil revenues , possible spending commitments of an independent Scotland and future productivity gains . In its analysis , the UK government also estimated setup costs of £ 1.5 billion ( 1 % of GDP ) for establishing an independent state , or possibly £ 2.7 billion ( 180 public bodies costing £ 15 million each ) . Patrick Dunleavy of the London School of Economics criticised the UK government 's `` ludicrous '' use of his research in arriving at the latter figure . The Treasury said that their main figure ( £ 1.5 billion ) was based on estimates by professor Robert Young of Western University . Two of the main unionist parties in Scotland called on the SNP to publish their own estimate of the setup costs of an independent state , but the Scottish government said that an estimate was not possible as the final bill would depend on negotiations with the rest of the UK . Professor Dunleavy estimated immediate setup costs of £ 200 million in a report commissioned by the Sunday Post newspaper , with `` total transition costs '' of between £ 600 million and £ 1,500 million in the first 10 years of independence . The credit rating that an independent Scotland would merit also became a subject of debate . The credit - rating agency Fitch stated in 2012 that it could not give an opinion on what rating Scotland would have , because Scottish finances would largely depend on the result of negotiations between the UK and Scotland on the division of assets and liabilities .", "25": "Standard & Poor 's , another credit - rating agency , asserted in February 2014 that Scotland would face `` significant , but not unsurpassable '' challenges , and that `` even excluding North Sea output and calculating per capita GDP only by looking at onshore income , Scotland would qualify for our highest economic assessment '' . Research published by Moody 's in May 2014 said that an independent Scotland would be given an A rating , comparable with Poland , the Czech Republic and Mexico . An A rating would be two grades below its current rating for the UK , which Moody 's said would be unaffected by Scottish independence . Energy ( edit ) Energy market ( edit ) Most issues regarding energy are controlled by the UK government , although control over planning laws allows the Scottish government to prevent the construction of new nuclear power stations in Scotland . Supporters of independence want to retain a single energy market for the whole of Great Britain after independence , in order to maintain price stability and support for suppliers . Opponents have said that independence would threaten the single energy market . Euan Phimister , professor of economics at Aberdeen University , has said that although independence would affect the relationship , it is likely that there would be continued English demand for electricity generated in Scotland because OFGEM projections suggest that there is little spare capacity . The second largest supplier of energy in the UK , SSE plc , believes that a single market would be the most likely outcome under independence , although it would require negotiations and may involve changes to the existing system . Labour MP Caroline Flint has said that independence would mean higher energy bills in Scotland , as its customers would have to pay more to support renewable energy in Scotland , which represents one third of the UK total . Euan Phimister has said that bills are likely to increase across the whole of Great Britain because renewable schemes and new nuclear power stations in England are both receiving higher subsidies than the power plants which will shortly close due to environmental regulations . He also said that there is a distinction between existing and proposed renewable schemes in that the existing schemes have already been paid for , whereas any new construction requires the promise of subsidy from the consumer . Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Davey stated Scottish generators would no longer be eligible for UK subsidies , which would increase energy bills for consumers . North Sea oil ( edit ) Approximately 90 % of the United Kingdom 's North Sea oil fields are located in Scottish territorial waters .", "26": "The tax revenue generated from an offshore site is not counted within the nation or region nearest to it , but is instead allocated to the UK Continental Shelf . The revenue from North Sea oil has been used to support current expenditure , rather than creating a sovereign oil fund . The SNP believes that a portion of the revenues should be invested in a sovereign oil fund . The Scottish government , citing industry regulator Oil and Gas UK , estimated in Scotland 's Future that there were 24 billion barrels of oil equivalent ( boe ) remaining to be extracted . Sir Ian Wood , founder of oil services company Wood Group , said in August 2014 that he believed there were between 15 and 16.5 billion boe and that the impact from declining production would be felt by 2030 . In September 2014 , an investigation by industry recruitment website Oil and Gas People stated that there were extensive oil reserves to the west of the Western Isles and Shetland . The report anticipated that the region would be developed within the next 10 years because of improvements in drilling technology , rig design and surveying . European union ( edit ) Current map of the European Union , member states shown in dark blue See also : Future enlargement of the European Union § Possible future scenarios The SNP advocated that an independent Scotland should become a full member state of the European Union ( EU ) with some exemptions , such as not having to adopt the euro . There was debate over whether Scotland would be required to re-apply for membership , and if it could retain the UK 's opt - outs . The European Commission ( EC ) offered to provide an opinion to an existing member state on the matter , but the British government confirmed it would not seek this advice , as it did not want to negotiate the terms of independence ahead of the referendum . There is no precedent for an EU member state dividing into two sovereign countries after joining the EU . Supporters of independence stated that an independent Scotland would become an EU member by treaty amendment under Article 48 of the EU treaties . Opponents said that this would not be possible and that an independent Scotland would need to apply for EU membership under Article 49 , which would require ratification by each member state .", "27": "Christina McKelvie , Convener of the European and External Relations Committee of the Scottish Parliament , in March 2014 asked Viviane Reding , Vice-President of the European Commission , whether Article 48 would apply . Reding replied that EU treaties would no longer apply to a territory when it secedes from a member state . She also indicated that Article 49 would be the route to apply to become a member of the EU . José Manuel Barroso , president of the European Commission , stated earlier that an independent Scotland would have to apply for membership , while the rest of the UK would continue to be a member . In 2014 , he reiterated that Scotland joining the EU would be `` extremely difficult , if not impossible '' . The former prime minister Sir John Major suggested in November 2013 that Scotland would need to re-apply for EU membership , but that this would mean overcoming opposition to separatists among many existing member states , particularly Spain . It may block Scottish membership of the EU , amid fears of repercussions with separatist movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country : in November 2013 the Spanish Prime Minister , Mariano Rajoy , said : `` I know for sure that a region that would separate from a member state of the European Union would remain outside the European Union and that should be known by the Scots and the rest of the European citizens . '' He also stated that an independent Scotland would become a `` third country '' outside the EU and would require the consent of all 28 EU states to rejoin the EU , but that he would not seek to block an independent Scotland 's entry . Salmond cited a letter from Mario Tenreiro of the EC 's secretariat general that said it would be legally possible to renegotiate the situation of the UK and Scotland within the EU by unanimous agreement of all member states . Spain 's position was reiterated two days before the referendum by the Spanish European affairs minister , who said `` It is crystal clear that any partner member - state that leaves the member state is out of the European Union . If they want to apply again , they would have to follow the procedure of article 49 of the treaties . '' Professor Sir David Edward , a former European Court judge , stated that the EU institutions and member states would be `` obliged '' to start negotiations before independence took effect to decide the future relationship .", "28": "He said this would be achieved by agreed amendment of the existing Treaties ( Article 48 ) , rather than a new Accession Treaty ( Article 49 ) . Graham Avery , the EC 's honorary director general , agreed with Edward . Avery wrote a report , published by the European Policy Centre , which said that EU leaders would probably allow Scotland to be part of the EU because of the legal and practical difficulties that would arise from excluding it . In a research paper , Professor Sionaidh Douglas - Scott of Oxford University stated that the EU law normally takes a `` pragmatic and purposive approach '' to issues that are not already provided for by existing treaties . Research published by the Economic and Social Research Council in August 2014 concluded that it was unlikely that an independent Scotland would be cut off from the rights and obligations of EU membership for any period of time , even if Scotland was not formally a member state of the EU from its date of independence . In January 2013 , the Republic of Ireland 's Minister of European Affairs , Lucinda Creighton , stated that `` if Scotland were to become independent , Scotland would have to apply for membership and that can be a lengthy process '' ; she later clarified , writing that she `` certainly did not at any stage suggest that Scotland could , should or would be thrown out of the EU '' . In May 2013 , Roland Vaubel , an Alternative for Germany adviser , published a paper stating that Scotland would remain a member of the EU upon independence , and suggested there would need to be negotiations between the British and Scottish governments on sharing `` the rights and obligations of the predecessor state '' . Vaubel also said that Barroso 's comments on the legal position had `` no basis in the European treaties '' . Future status of the United Kingdom in the European union ( edit ) In January 2013 , the British Prime Minister , David Cameron , committed the Conservative Party to a referendum before the end of 2017 on UK membership of the EU if they won the 2015 general election . Legislation for an in / out EU referendum was approved by the House of Commons in November 2013 . Studies showed some divergence in attitudes to the EU in Scotland and the rest of the UK .", "29": "Although a Scottish government review based on survey data between 1999 and 2005 found that people in Scotland reported `` broadly similar Eurosceptic views as people in Britain as a whole '' , Ipsos MORI noted in February 2013 that voters in Scotland said they would choose to remain in the EU in a referendum , while there was a majority for withdrawal in England . Yes Scotland said that the UK government plans for an EU referendum have caused `` economic uncertainty '' for Scotland . During a CBI Scotland event attended by Cameron , businessman Mike Rake criticised him for creating uncertainty about EU membership . In response to such criticism , Cameron pointed to examples of inward investment in the UK that he said was not happening in the rest of Europe . Some commentators have suggested that the UK leaving the EU would undermine the case for Scottish independence , since free trade , freedom of movement and the absence of border controls with the UK could no longer be assumed . Health care ( edit ) Responsibility for health care has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament since it was established in 1999 . The Scottish government has enacted health policies which are different from those in England , such as abolishing charges for prescriptions and elderly personal care . NHS Scotland has been operationally independent of the NHS in the rest of the United Kingdom since the formation of the NHS in 1948 . Supporters of independence argue that independence is needed because possible reductions in the NHS budget in England would result in reduced funding for Scotland , which would make it difficult to maintain the existing service . Harry Burns , a former chief medical officer for Scotland , said in July 2014 that he thought independence could be beneficial for public health because it may give people greater control of their lives . In May 2014 , about 100 medical workers , including surgeons , consultant doctors , GPs , pharmacists , dentists , hospital porters and janitors joined a pro-independence campaign group called NHS for Yes . Its co-founder described health care in Scotland as `` a shining example of self - government for Scotland demonstrably being far better than Westminster government '' and said independence would `` protect ( NHS Scotland ) from future Westminster funding cuts , and the damaging impact of privatisation south of the border '' . In contrast , opponents argued that a subsequent drop in funding to an independent Scottish Government would have a significantly larger affect upon the budget .", "30": "Concerns were also raised about the impact on the large medical research sector in Scotland from the loss of UK wide research funding . Two days before the referendum , papers indicating `` a funding gap of £ 400 -- £ 450m in the next two financial years , 2015 -- 17 '' , for Scotland 's NHS , resulting from Scottish government policies , were leaked to the media . A Scottish government spokesperson commented that the papers were from `` part of the regular discussions among NHS leaders to plan for NHS Scotland 's future '' . Specialist treatment ( edit ) Opponents of independence say that being part of the UK is crucial in allowing Scots to obtain specialist treatment elsewhere in the UK . At present , NHS Scotland has reciprocal arrangements in place with the NHS services in the rest of the UK and specialist services are shared . Vote No Borders , a unionist campaign group , ran a cinema advert claiming that Scots would find it more difficult to obtain treatment at the Great Ormond Street Hospital ( GOSH ) , a London facility which specialises in care for children . Vote No Borders withdrew the advert after GOSH complained that it had not been consulted about the advert and stated that they have reciprocal health care agreements with numerous countries . International relations ( edit ) The white paper on independence proposes that an independent Scotland would open around 100 embassies around the world . David Cameron has suggested an independent Scotland would be `` marginalised '' at the United Nations , where the UK is a permanent member of the Security Council . John Major has suggested that , after Scottish independence , the remaining UK could lose its permanent seat at the UN Security Council . Monarchy ( edit ) See also : Union of the Crowns Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom A republic is favoured by some pro-independence political parties and organisations , including the Scottish Green Party and the Scottish Socialist Party . The SNP is in favour of an independent Scotland retaining the Queen as head of state . Christine Grahame has said she believes that party policy is to hold a referendum on the matter , due to a 1997 SNP conference resolution . Some media reports suggested that the announcement on 8 September of the pregnancy of Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge with her second child would help pro-union sentiment . The Queen 's official position on Scottish independence was neutral .", "31": "Just prior to the referendum , Elizabeth II said in a private conversation that she hoped people would `` think very carefully about the future '' , a statement quickly published widely in the media . Pensions ( edit ) UK State Pensions are managed by the UK government , paying £ 113.10 per week to a single person who is of state pension age in 2013 / 14 . The state pension age for men is 65 , but this is due to rise to 66 in 2020 and 67 by 2028 . Research by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research found that an independent Scotland could delay these increases , due to a lower life expectancy . The Scotland 's Future white paper pledged to maintain a state pension at a similar rate to the UK . Former prime minister Gordon Brown said in April 2014 that Scotland had an above - average share of the public - sector pension bill and concluded that pensions would be protected by sharing risks and resources within the UK . UK government pensions minister Steve Webb said in May 2014 that Scots would be entitled to the current levels of state pension after independence because they had accumulated rights within the existing system . Webb went on to say that there would need to be negotiations between the UK and Scotland as to how these pensions would be paid . In relation to private pension schemes , a report by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland expressed concern that there were no plans to deal with EU regulations that may affect the funding of cross-border defined benefit schemes . The EC decided in March 2014 not to relax these regulations , which require cross-border schemes to be fully funded . Sport ( edit ) Scotland hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow , less than two months before the referendum . The Scottish team won a record number of gold medals , which Alan Bisset said would help give voters more belief and confidence . Sunday Herald columnist Ian Bell took an opposing view , saying that sporting success would be unlikely to aid support for independence , due to the lengthy and passionate debate on the subject . Former Labour first minister Henry McLeish published a report in May 2014 that found no obvious barriers to an independent Scotland competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics . McLeish said that some athletes , particularly those in team sports , may choose to compete for the existing Great Britain team rather than Scotland , as they would be nationals of both states .", "32": "International Olympic Committee representative Craig Reedie pointed out that Scotland would need to obtain United Nations membership and may want to set its own Olympic qualifying standards , which would need to be done in the period between independence ( March 2016 ) and the closing date for entries ( July 2016 ) . Gordon Brown pointed to the 2012 medal count for Great Britain , saying that it showed the success of a union that included the two nations . Scottish athletes were involved in 13 of the 65 medals won by Great Britain in 2012 , but only three of those were won by Scots without assistance from other athletes . Sir Chris Hoy said in May 2013 that it could `` take time '' for Scottish athletes to `` establish themselves in a new training environment '' , indicating that the good performance of Scottish athletes in the Great Britain team would not automatically translate into that of an independent Scotland team . Hoy also said that he believed the lack of facilities and coaching infrastructure in Scotland would have to be addressed by an independent state . Status of Northern and Western Isles ( edit ) Main article : Constitutional status of Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles The prospect of an independent Scotland raised questions about the future of the Northern Isles ( Orkney and Shetland ) and the Western Isles , island groups off the Scottish mainland . Some islanders called for separate referendums to be held in the islands on 25 September 2014 , one week after the Scottish referendum . In March 2014 , the Scottish Parliament published the online petition it had received calling for such referendums , which was supported by Shetland MSP Tavish Scott . The proposed referendums would have asked islanders to choose from three options : that the island group should become an independent country ; that it should remain in Scotland ; or that ( in the event of Scottish independence ) it should remain in the UK . The third option would have implemented a conditional promise made in 2012 by an SNP spokesperson , who said that Orkney and Shetland could remain in the United Kingdom if their `` drive for self - determination '' was strong enough . Politicians in the three island groups referred to the Scottish referendum as the most important event in their political history `` since the inception of the island councils in 1975 '' .", "33": "Angus Campbell , leader of the Western Isles , said that the ongoing constitutional debate offered the `` opportunity for the three island councils to secure increased powers for our communities to take decisions which will benefit the economies and the lives of those who live in the islands '' . In a meeting of the island councils in March 2013 , leaders of the three territories discussed their future in the event of Scottish independence . This included whether the islands could demand and achieve autonomous status within either Scotland or the rest of the UK . Among the scenarios proposed were achieving either Crown Dependency status or self - government modelled after the Faroe Islands , in association with either Scotland or the UK . Steven Heddle , Orkney 's council leader , described pursuing Crown Dependency status as the least likely option , as it would threaten funding from the EU , which is essential for local farmers . Alasdair Allan , MSP for the Western Isles , said independence could have a positive impact on the isles , as `` crofters and farmers could expect a substantial uplift in agricultural and rural development funding via the Common Agricultural Policy if Scotland were an independent member state of the EU '' . In July 2013 , the Scottish government made the Lerwick Declaration , indicating an interest in devolving power to Scotland 's islands . By November , it had made a commitment to devolve further powers to Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles in the event of independence . Steven Heddle called for legislation to that effect to be introduced regardless of the referendum result . A day before the referendum Alistair Carmichael , the MP for Orkney and Shetland , and then - Secretary of State for Scotland , suggested that if Shetland were to vote strongly against independence but the Scottish national vote was narrowly in favour , then a discussion should be had about Shetland becoming a self - governing crown dependency outside of independent Scotland , similar to the Isle of Man . He stated that he did not want such circumstances to arise , `` and the best way to avoid this was to vote no in the referendum . '' Universities ( edit ) Scientific research ( edit ) In 2012 -- 13 , Scottish universities received 13.1 % of Research Councils UK funding . Alan Trench of University College London has said that Scottish universities receive a `` hugely disproportionate '' level of funding and would no longer be able to access it following independence .", "34": "Willie Rennie , leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats , has suggested that independence would mean Scottish universities losing £ 210m in research funding . The Institute of Physics in Scotland warned that access to international facilities such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider , the European Space Agency , and European Southern Observatory could require renegotiation by the Scottish government . It also expressed concerns about research funding from UK charities and the reaction of international companies with Scottish facilities . The Scottish government 's education secretary , Michael Russell , has said that Scotland 's universities have a `` global reputation '' that would continue to attract investment after independence . In September 2013 , the principal of the University of Aberdeen said that Scottish universities could continue to access UK research funding through a `` single research area '' that crossed both nations ' boundaries . David Bell , professor of economics at the University of Stirling , said that cross-border collaboration might continue , but Scottish universities could still lose their financial advantage . Roger Cook of the Scotland Institute pointed out that although Scottish universities do receive a higher share of Research Councils funding , they are much less dependent on this as a source of funding than their counterparts in England . Professors from Scotland 's five medical schools have written an open letter warning that independence would mean Scotland 's researcher base being `` denied its present ability to win proportionately more grant funding '' . Questions have been asked whether Scotland , as an economy of a smaller size than the UK , would still support the same level of research activity , and what additional efforts might be required to establish a system of research councils `` north of the border '' . Jo Shaw , Salvesen chair of European institutions at the University of Edinburgh , noted that in smaller states , relationships between universities and research funders become `` cosy '' , and lead to a `` corporatist '' approach . Student funding ( edit ) See also : Tuition fees in the United Kingdom Students domiciled in Scotland do not pay tuition fees . Students domiciled in the rest of the UK are charged fees of up to £ 9,000 per annum by Scottish universities , but those from other EU member states are not charged fees , in order to comply with EU law . If Scotland became an independent state , students from the rest of the UK would be in the position in which students from the rest of the EU are .", "35": "A University of Edinburgh study found that this would cause a loss in funding and could potentially squeeze out Scottish students . The study suggested three courses of action for an independent Scotland : introduce tuition fees for all students ; negotiate an agreement with the EU where a quota of student places would be reserved for Scots ; or introduce a separate admissions service for students from other EU member states , with an admission fee attached . It concluded that the EU may allow a quota system for some specialist subjects , such as medicine , where there is a clear need for local students to be trained for particular careers , but that other subjects would not be eligible . The study also found that their third suggestion would run against the spirit of the Bologna agreement , which aims to encourage EU student mobility . The Scottish government stated in its white paper , Scotland 's Future , that the present tuition fees arrangement would remain in place in an independent Scotland , as the EU allows for different fee arrangements in `` exceptional circumstances '' . Jan Figel , a former EU commissioner for education , said in January 2014 that it would be illegal for an independent Scotland to apply a different treatment to students from the rest of the UK . The Law Society of Scotland concurred . A report by a House of Commons select committee stated that it would cost an independent Scottish government £ 150 million to provide free tuition to students from the rest of the UK . A group of academics campaigning for independence expressed concern that the present arrangements would not continue if Scotland stayed within the UK , due to public spending cuts in England and the consequential effects of the Barnett formula . Welfare ( edit ) The Yes campaign has argued that control of welfare policy would be a major benefit of independence . According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies , independence would `` give the opportunity for more radical reform , so that the ( welfare ) system better reflects the views of the Scottish people '' . Yes Scotland and deputy first minister Nicola Sturgeon have said the existing welfare system can only be guaranteed by voting for independence . In September 2013 , the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations ( SCVO ) , which represents charities , called for a separate welfare system to be established in Scotland . In November 2013 , the Scottish government pledged to use the powers of independence to reverse key aspects of the Welfare Reform Act 2012 , which was implemented across the UK despite opposition from a majority of Scotland 's MPs .", "36": "It said it would abolish Universal Credit and the bedroom tax . The SNP has also criticised Rachel Reeves , Labour 's shadow secretary of state for work and pensions , for saying a future UK Labour government would be even tougher on benefits than the Cameron ministry . In January 2012 , sources close to the prime minister told The Scotsman that `` a unified tax and benefit system is at the heart of a united country '' and that these powers could not be devolved to Scotland after the referendum , though Liberal Democrat Michael Moore said in August 2013 that devolution of parts of the welfare budget should be `` up for debate '' . Labour politician Jim Murphy , a former Secretary of State for Scotland , has argued that he is `` fiercely committed '' to devolving welfare powers to the Scottish Parliament , but also warned that independence would be disruptive and would not be beneficial . Scottish Labour 's Devolution Commission recommended in March 2014 that some aspects of the welfare state , including housing benefit and attendance allowance , should be devolved . Feminist economist Ailsa McKay , a supporter of the Radical Independence movement , argued that an independent Scotland should change its welfare system dramatically by offering all its people a basic income . Responses ( edit ) See also : List of endorsements in the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 Public events ( edit ) Pro-independence campaigners in Peebles . Jim Murphy speaking against Scottish independence in Glasgow . A number of demonstrations in support of independence were co-ordinated since the announcement of the referendum . The March and Rally for Scottish Independence in September 2012 drew a crowd of between 5,000 and 10,000 people to Princes Street Gardens . The event was repeated in September 2013 ; police estimated that over 8,000 people took part in the march , while organisers and the Scottish Police Federation claimed between 20,000 and 30,000 people took part in the combined march and rally . The March and Rally was criticised in both 2012 and 2013 for the involvement of groups like the Scottish Republican Socialist Movement and Vlaamse Volksbeweging . Five days before the referendum vote , the Orange Order -- a Protestant brotherhood -- held a major anti-independence march and rally in Edinburgh .", "37": "It involved at least 15,000 Orangemen , loyalist bands and supporters from Scotland and across the UK , and was described as the biggest pro-Union demonstration of the campaign up to that date . A rally for UK unity , organised by the Let 's Stay Together campaign , was attended by 5,000 people in London 's Trafalgar Square on the Monday preceding the referendum . Similar events were held in London , Bristol , Leeds , Cardiff , Manchester and Belfast on the day before the referendum . Labour MP Jim Murphy conducted a Scotland - wide tour while campaigning for the No side , with the objective of visiting 100 towns and cities in 100 days before the referendum . On 28 August he suspended his tour , after being hit by an egg in Kirkcaldy , resuming his public speaking again on 3 September . Murphy said that he had been subjected to `` co-ordinated abuse '' from Yes supporters and pointed to evidence on social media to support this . Better Together released footage of events in the tour where he was heckled by members of the public , some of whom called him a `` traitor '' , `` parasite '' , `` terrorist '' and `` quisling '' . David Cameron said that `` there 's nothing wrong with a bit of heckling , but throwing things is n't necessarily part of the democratic process '' . Alex Salmond pointed out that people had `` every entitlement to peaceful protest '' , but also said that `` people should n't throw eggs at somebody full stop '' . Hands across the border ( edit ) Hands Across The Border was a campaign founded in support of Scotland remaining in the United Kingdom . The campaign was the idea of Conservative politician Rory Stewart , MP for Penrith and The Border . In July 2014 , the campaign initiated the construction of a large cairn on the Anglo - Scottish border at Gretna . The cairn was named ' The Auld Acquaintance ' , and was constructed by stones brought from across the UK and placed on the cairn by members of the public who wished to show their support for Scotland staying in the United Kingdom . The cairn was completed in September 2014 , days before the referendum was held . The campaign received support from several public figures .", "38": "Online campaigns ( edit ) At the launch of the Yes Scotland campaign in May 2012 , Alex Salmond said that the case for independence would be driven by community activism and `` online wizardry '' . The not - for - profit and non-partisan What Scotland Thinks project tracked poll and survey data , including online activity , during the referendum campaign . Using data from the Applied Quantitative Methods Network ( AQMeN ) research centre , the project compiled the social media activity of the two main campaigns , Yes Scotland and Better Together , by monitoring their respective Facebook and Twitter accounts since August 2013 . What Scotland Thinks published a report in February 2014 stating that the Yes Scotland campaign was gaining more Facebook likes . Following the launch of the White Paper on 26 November , the average gap between the two Facebook pages grew from about 8,000 to about 23,000 by February 2014 . Analysis of the campaigns ' Twitter accounts showed the gap between the campaigns increased from approximately 8,000 followers in August 2013 to 13,804 followers in February 2014 , in favour of Yes Scotland . The project published a further report in June 2014 saying that greater online activity for Yes Scotland had continued . Professor Michael Keating said in April 2014 that the pro-independence movement was visibly stronger and fighting a `` ground war '' , while unionist supporters were fighting an `` ' air war ' of facts and figures '' . The launch of online celebrity videos from both viewpoints was reported by the media in mid-July 2014 . The `` Let 's Stay Together '' campaign group produced a YouTube video called `` ' Scotland , you 're my best friend ' '' , featuring John Barrowman , Ross Kemp and Eddie Izzard . A pro-independence video was produced by Yes Scotland and appeared on the campaign 's YouTube channel . Titled `` ✘ on September 18th # voteYes '' , the video features 32 people , including David Hayman , Martin Compston and Stuart Braithwaite . English language brochure produced by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office comparing the 2014 Crimean status referendum with the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . The pro-independence organisation National Collective was identified by the Independent newspaper as the initiators of an online hashtag campaign that began in mid-August 2014 .", "39": "Writing for the Independent , Antonia Molloy said that the previous `` # IndyReasons '' hashtag campaign served as the inspiration for the `` # YesBecause '' campaign that was observed on the Twitter , Facebook and Vine social media platforms . From 21 August , users were invited to explain their reasons for voting `` Yes '' and # YesBecause was trending on Twitter after an hour from the launch . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) reported on 22 August that a `` # NoBecause '' campaign emerged in opposition to the Collective . Debates ( edit ) For more details on the first televised debate between Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling , see Salmond & Darling : The Debate . For more details on the second televised debate between Salmond and Darling , see Scotland Decides : Salmond versus Darling . Debates over the issue of independence took place on television , in communities , and within universities and societies since the announcement of the referendum . The STV current affairs programme Scotland Tonight televised a series of debates : Nicola Sturgeon v Michael Moore , Sturgeon v Anas Sarwar , Sturgeon v Alistair Carmichael and Sturgeon v Johann Lamont . On 21 January 2014 , BBC Two Scotland broadcast the first in a series of round - table debates , which was filmed in Greenock and chaired by James Cook . The Yes campaign repeatedly called for there to be a televised debate between UK Prime Minister David Cameron and First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond . These calls for a one - on - one debate were dismissed by Cameron on the basis that the referendum is `` for Scots to decide '' and the debate should be `` between people in Scotland who want to stay , and people in Scotland who want to go '' . Calls for such a debate were also supported by former Prime Minister Gordon Brown who said it would be a `` good idea '' . Better Together chairman Alistair Darling accused Salmond of `` running scared '' from debating him instead , although Sturgeon stated in 2013 that a Salmond -- Darling debate would take place at some point . Darling refused a public debate with Yes Scotland chairman Blair Jenkins . UKIP leader Nigel Farage also challenged Salmond to debate , but Farage was dismissed by an SNP spokeswoman as `` an irrelevance in Scotland '' . After weeks of negotiation , a debate between Salmond and Darling was arranged .", "40": "The programme , titled as Salmond & Darling : The Debate , was broadcast by STV on 5 August 2014 . The debate , moderated by Bernard Ponsonby , saw both politicians make opening statements and cross-examine each other before taking questions from the audience . At the end of the clash , they were both given the chance to make a closing speech . Both campaign groups claimed victory in the debate . A snap poll conducted by ICM stated Darling won the debate by 56 % to 44 % . In his analysis of the ICM poll , Professor John Curtice detected little movement either way as a result of the debate . A second debate between Salmond and Darling , titled Scotland Decides : Salmond versus Darling was shown on BBC One Scotland ( and BBC Two in the rest of the UK ) on 25 August , and was hosted by Glenn Campbell . Salmond was perceived to have won the debate , and a snap poll conducted by ICM Research stated Salmond won the debate by 71 % to 29 % . Accusations of BBC bias ( edit ) In January 2014 , a year - long academic study by Dr John Robertson at the University of the West of Scotland found that coverage by the BBC and the Scottish commercial channel STV had favoured the No campaign , although Robertson conceded that this was partly due to there being more major political parties in favour of No . In March 2014 , BBC Scotland chiefs appeared before a Scottish Parliament committee to face questions from MSPs about the broadcaster 's coverage . During that session , BBC Scotland director Ken MacQuarrie disputed the findings of Dr Robertson 's study , saying that its conclusions were largely based upon `` flawed analysis '' and had contained factual errors . During the latter stages of the campaign there were further allegations by some independence supporters that the BBC -- the UK 's national broadcaster -- was biased against Scottish independence . In an interview for the Sunday Herald , Alex Salmond said he believed the BBC had been unconsciously biased against independence . Former BBC journalist Paul Mason commented : `` Not since Iraq have I seen BBC News working at propaganda strength like this '' . The BBC replied that `` Our coverage of the referendum story is fair and impartial in line with the editorial guidelines '' .", "41": "Alex Massie wrote in The Spectator that the BBC 's coverage was consistent with their attitude towards other government proposals of such magnitude and that it was incumbent upon the Yes campaign to prove its assertions . On 29 June , several hundred independence supporters gathered in a demonstration outside the BBC Scotland headquarters in Glasgow in protest at the BBC 's alleged bias . A week before the vote , BBC political editor Nick Robinson said in a news item that Salmond `` did n't answer '' his questions at a press conference . Several thousand independence supporters protested at the BBC Scotland headquarters , accusing the BBC of broadcasting pro-Union `` propaganda '' and `` lies '' . The Independent reported that the protesters accused Robinson of working `` with the Treasury to spread lies about the dangers to business and financial services of an independent Scotland '' . Alastair Campbell said that the `` organised protests '' amounted to media censorship `` not far off '' Vladimir Putin 's Russia , telling Twitter users they should `` Vote YES for intimidation '' . The National Union of Journalists ( NUJ ) asked people to think about the implications of alleging journalistic bias when its members were only asking difficult questions . Robinson later expressed his `` regret '' at using the phrase `` did n't answer '' in his report and criticised the protests . Speaking after the referendum , Yes Scotland chief executive Blair Jenkins said that he did not believe there was a `` systemic bias '' against Yes or any `` corporate intent to disadvantage the Yes campaign '' . Intimidation ( edit ) In addition to the incidents described above , there were reports of intimidation during the campaign . A survey of the 133 business leaders who signed a public letter backing the Union reported that half of respondents `` said that they had felt intimidated or pressurised by SNP or the Yes campaign as a result of their views '' . The Daily Telegraph reported that other businesspeople had been unwilling to express an opinion on the referendum publicly because they were concerned about a loss of business from the SNP - led Scottish government or local government . The NUJ called for abuse and bullying of its members , which had been led by online attacks , to end , commenting that , `` For the duration of the referendum there has been hostility to journalists doing their jobs '' . The Scottish Police Federation stated that criminal acts related to the referendum were few in number and criticised those `` suggesting a minority of mindless idiots are representative of anything '' .", "42": "Opinion polling ( edit ) Main article : Opinion polling for the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 Results of polls to 11 September 2014 . Red : no , green : yes Professor John Curtice stated in January 2012 that polling showed support for independence at 32 % -- 38 % of the Scottish population , a slight decline from 2007 , when the SNP first formed the Scottish government . By 2012 , there had been no poll evidence of majority support for independence , although the share `` vehemently opposed to independence '' had declined . According to Curtice , the polls were stable during most of 2013 , with `` no '' leading by an average of 17 % with a year to go . Polling expert Nate Silver said in 2013 that the yes campaign had `` virtually no chance '' of winning the referendum . Silver later said that although his prediction had been proven `` right '' , he had done little research beforehand . The gap narrowed after the release of the Scottish government white paper on independence : an average of 5 polls in December 2013 and January 2014 gave 39 % yes and 61 % no , once ' do n't knows ' had been excluded . The polls tightened further after the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , stated in February that the UK government was opposed to a currency union ; the average yes support increased to 43 % , once ' do n't knows ' had been excluded . There was little movement in the following months , with the average continuing to show 43 % yes and 57 % no ( excluding do n't knows ) in July 2014 and August 2014 . In September , polls indicated that the vote would be closer than was indicated earlier . On 6 September a YouGov poll gave those in favour 47 % versus 45 % for those against ; excluding those undecided , the figures were 51 % and 49 % , respectively . The final polls , taken in the last few days of the campaign , indicated a lead for No of 4 -- 6 % . There was no exit poll ; instead , soon after polling stations had closed , YouGov released a final poll that had been taken during the day of voting , indicating 46 % Yes , 54 % No .", "43": "Writing after the referendum , Nate Silver pointed out that the final margin of victory for No was greater than that indicated by the opinion polls . He suggested that this could have been due to less enthusiastic voters being more pro-Union , which may not have been reflected in the polls . Stephen Fisher , a sociology professor at Oxford University , noted in a study of other constitutional referendums that pollsters had tended to overestimate the `` Yes '' option . Voting ( edit ) Administration ( edit ) The Scottish Independence Referendum Bill identified the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland as Chief Counting Officer for the referendum . The Chief Counting Officer , Mary Pitcaithly , was supported by a Counting Officer in each of the 32 local authority areas of Scotland , who was typically the Chief Executive for that local authority . Each Counting Officer had a referendum team , which included : Electoral Registration Officers . They compiled and maintained the electoral register and lists of postal and proxy voters . Presiding Officers ( one per polling place ) . They were responsible for the overall management of the polling place . Poll Clerks . They assisted the Presiding Officer at their polling place . Polling Station Inspectors ( optional ) . They toured the area polling stations ( the specific part / room of the polling place in which votes were cast ) . Voting places and Times ( edit ) Voting took place between 07 : 00 and 22 : 00 BST in `` polling places '' , which included schools , church halls , libraries and community centres . Those who were still queuing when polls closed were not denied the chance to vote . Count of votes ( edit ) Counting began after polls closed . Votes from the 32 local government areas were counted and announced by each area separately . Results came in during the early hours of 19 September , with the first result being from Clackmannanshire , and the last being from Highland . Results ( edit ) 55.3 % voted against independence , with a turnout of 84.6 % . 28 of the 32 council areas voted `` No '' , although the four areas that voted `` Yes '' ( Dundee , Glasgow , North Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire ) contained over 20 % of the Scottish electorate . The overall turnout of 84.6 % was very high for Scotland .", "44": "Turnout was around 50 -- 60 % for elections to the Scottish and UK parliaments in the early 21st century . The most recent United Kingdom general election with a comparable turnout was in 1950 , when 83.9 % voted . The last ballot in the United Kingdom with a higher turnout than 84.6 % was in January 1910 , when no women and fewer men were allowed to vote ( i.e. before universal suffrage applied to UK elections ) . Of the 32 areas , East Dunbartonshire had the highest turnout at 91.0 % , and Glasgow the lowest at 75.0 % . An academic study , surveying 5,000 Scottish voters soon after the referendum , found that the majority for No was formed by an `` unusual alliance '' of the very young , average earners , Protestants and women . The study supported polling evidence that there was a gender gap , but countered beliefs that higher earners had supported No and that younger voters had mostly voted Yes . According to John Curtice , polling evidence indicates that support for independence was highest among those aged in their late 20 's and early 30 's , with a higher No vote among those aged between 16 -- 24 . There was an age gap at the referendum , with elderly voters being the most likely to vote against independence and younger voters aged under 55 , with the exception of those aged between 16 -- 24 , generally being more in favour of independence . Those in C2DE , or `` working class '' , occupations were slightly more likely to vote in favour of independence than those in ABC1 , or `` middle class '' , occupations , however , there was a significant discrepancy in voting between those living in the most deprived areas and those living in the least deprived areas , with those in more deprived areas being significantly more likely to vote in favour of independence and those in more affluent areas being more likely to vote against independence . This has been picked up by other academics , with data from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation study from 2012 indicating that the 6 most deprived local authorities in Scotland returned the highest Yes vote shares at the referendum . Totals ( edit ) Referendum result Scottish independence referendum , 2014 National result Choice Votes % No 2,001,926 55.30 % Yes 1,", "45": "617,989 44.70 % Vaild votes 3,619,915 99.91 % Invalid or blank votes 3,429 0.09 % Total votes 3,623,344 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 4,283,392 84.59 % Voting age population and turnout 4,436,428 81.67 % BBC News , General Register Office for Scotland Referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) : Yes : 1,617,989 ( 44.7 % ) No : 2,001,926 ( 55.3 % ) ▲ By area ( edit ) Local authority Yes votes No votes Yes ( % ) No ( % ) Valid votes Turnout ( % ) Aberdeen 59,390 84,094 41.4 % 58.6 % 143,484 81.7 % Aberdeenshire 71,337 108,606 39.6 % 60.4 % 179,943 87.2 % Angus 35,044 45,192 43.7 % 56.3 % 80,236 85.7 % Argyll and Bute 26,324 37,143 41.5 % 58.5 % 63,467 88.2 % Clackmannanshire 16,350 19,036 46.2 % 53.8 % 35,386 88.6 % Dumfries and Galloway 36,614 70,039 34.3 % 65.7 % 106,653 87.5 % Dundee 53,620 39,880 57.3 % 42.7 % 93,500 78.8 % East Ayrshire 39,762 44,442 47.2 % 52.8 % 84,204 84.5 % East Dunbartonshire 30,", "46": "624 48,314 38.8 % 61.2 % 78,938 91.0 % East Lothian 27,467 44,283 38.3 % 61.7 % 71,750 87.6 % East Renfrewshire 24,287 41,690 36.8 % 63.2 % 65,977 90.4 % Edinburgh 123,927 194,638 38.9 % 61.1 % 318,565 84.4 % Eilean Siar 9,195 10,544 46.6 % 53.4 % 19,739 86.2 % Falkirk 50,489 58,030 46.5 % 53.5 % 108,519 88.7 % Fife 114,148 139,788 45.0 % 55.0 % 253,936 84.1 % Glasgow 194,779 169,347 53.5 % 46.5 % 364,126 75.0 % Highland 78,069 87,739 47.1 % 52.9 % 165,808 87.0 % Inverclyde 27,243 27,329 49.9 % 50.1 % 54,572 87.4 % Midlothian 26,370 33,972 43.7 % 56.3 % 60,342 86.8 % Moray 27,232 36,935 42.4 % 57.6 % 64,167 85.4 % North Ayrshire 47,072 49,016 48.9 % 51.1 % 96,088 84.4 % North Lanarkshire 115,783 110,922 51.1 % 48.", "47": "9 % 226,705 84.4 % Orkney 4,883 10,004 32.8 % 67.2 % 14,887 83.7 % Perth and Kinross 41,475 62,714 39.8 % 60.2 % 104,189 86.9 % Renfrewshire 55,466 62,067 47.2 % 52.8 % 117,533 87.3 % Scottish Borders 27,906 55,553 33.4 % 66.6 % 83,459 87.4 % Shetland 5,669 9,951 36.3 % 63.7 % 15,620 84.4 % South Ayrshire 34,402 47,247 42.1 % 57.9 % 81,649 86.1 % South Lanarkshire 100,990 121,800 45.3 % 54.7 % 222,790 85.3 % Stirling 25,010 37,153 40.2 % 59.8 % 62,163 90.1 % West Dunbartonshire 33,720 28,776 54.0 % 46.0 % 62,396 87.9 % West Lothian 53,342 65,682 44.8 % 55.2 % 119,024 86.2 % Scotland 1,617,989 2,001,926 44.7 % 55.3 % 3,619,915 84.6 % By UK Parliament constituency ( edit ) Constituency Member of Parliament Majority ( 2010 ) Number of votes Proportion of votes Valid votes Notes Yes votes No votes Yes ( % ) No ( % ) Argyll and Bute Alan Reid 7.", "48": "6 % 26,324 37,143 41.5 % 58.5 % 63,467 East Lothian Fiona O'Donnell 24.9 % 27,467 44,283 38.3 % 61.7 % 71,750 East Renfrewshire Jim Murphy 20.4 % 24,287 41,690 36.8 % 63.2 % 65,977 Edinburgh East Sheila Gilmore 23.0 % 27,500 30,632 47.3 % 52.7 % 58,232 Edinburgh North and Leith Mark Lazarowicz 3.6 % 28,813 43,253 40.0 % 60.0 % 72,181 Edinburgh South Ian Murray 0.7 % 20,340 38,298 34.7 % 65.3 % 58,738 Edinburgh South West Alistair Darling 18.6 % 24,659 39,509 38.4 % 61.6 % 64,249 Edinburgh West Mike Crockart 8.2 % 22,615 42,946 34.5 % 65.5 % 65,625 Na h - Eileanan an Iar Angus MacNeil 12.8 % 9,195 10,544 46.6 % 53.4 % 19,739 Inverclyde Iain McKenzie 20.8 % 27,243 27,329 49.9 % 50.1 % 54,572 Midlothian David Hamilton 26.4 % 26,370 33,972 43.7 % 56.3 % 60,342 Moray Angus Robertson 13.6 % 27,232 36,935 42.4 % 57.6 % 64,", "49": "167 Orkney and Shetland Alistair Carmichael 51.3 % 10,552 19,955 34.6 % 65.4 % 30,507 Stirling Anne McGuire 17.9 % 25,010 37,153 40.2 % 59.8 % 62,163 West Dunbartonshire Gemma Doyle 41.2 % 33,720 28,776 54.0 % 46.0 % 62,396 Notes : This is an incomplete list as not all local authorities counted by ward or constituency . The constituency results are primarily obtained through local authority breakdowns of the result or the constituency boundaries being co-terminous with the local government district . By Scottish Parliament constituency ( edit ) Constituency Member of Scottish Parliament Majority ( 2011 ) Number of votes Proportion of votes Valid votes Notes Yes votes No votes Yes ( % ) No ( % ) Clydesdale Aileen Campbell 14.1 % 16,733 25,391 39.8 % 60.3 % 42,124 Cumbernauld and Kilsyth Jamie Hepburn 13.7 % 30,821 28,486 52.0 % 48.0 % 59,307 East Kilbride Linda Fabiani 6.5 % 31,309 36,365 46.3 % 53.7 % 67,674 Falkirk East Angus MacDonald 12.6 % 24,757 29,754 45.4 % 54.5 % 54,511 Falkirk West Michael Matheson 20.4 % 25,732 28,276 47.6 % 52.3 % 54,008 Glasgow Anniesland Bill Kidd 0.0 % 23,718 22,976 50.8 % 49.2 % 46,694 Glasgow Cathcart James Dornan 6.", "50": "1 % 26,499 23,688 52.8 % 47.2 % 50,187 Glasgow Kelvin Sandra White 3.6 % 23,976 21,742 52.4 % 47.6 % 45,718 Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn Patricia Ferguson 6.3 % 24,079 18,094 57.1 % 42.9 % 42,173 Glasgow Pollok Johann Lamont 2.7 % 26,807 22,956 53.9 % 46.1 % 49,763 Glasgow Provan Paul Martin 10.8 % 25,217 19,046 57.0 % 43.0 % 44,263 Glasgow Shettleston John Mason 2.8 % 23,137 21,911 51.3 % 48.7 % 45,102 Glasgow Southside Nicola Sturgeon 19.2 % 21,346 18,934 53.0 % 47.0 % 40,280 Motherwell and Wishaw John Pentland 2.4 % 29,102 27,848 51.1 % 48.9 % 59,307 Na h - Eileanan an Iar Alasdair Allan 36.7 % 9,195 10,544 46.6 % 53.4 % 19,739 Orkney Liam McArthur 10.5 % 4,883 10,004 32.8 % 67.2 % 14,887 Paisley George Adam 0.9 % 22,040 21,690 50.4 % 49.6 % 43,730 Rutherglen James Kelly 6.6 % 20,844 20,915 49.9 % 50.1 % 41,759 Shetland Tavish Scott 17.", "51": "2 % 5,669 9,951 36.3 % 63.7 % 15,620 Notes : This is an incomplete list as not all local authorities counted by ward or constituency . The constituency results are primarily obtained through local authority breakdowns of the result or the constituency boundaries being co-terminous with the local government district . Reactions to the result ( edit ) Domestic reaction ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II issued a politically neutral statement following the referendum , stating that it was `` a result that all of us throughout the United Kingdom will respect '' . She said that she and her family would support all efforts to `` work constructively for the future of Scotland and indeed all parts of this country '' . Prime Minister David Cameron said he was `` delighted '' with the result , adding : `` it would have broken my heart to see our United Kingdom come to an end and I know that this sentiment was shared not just by people across our country but also around the world '' . While attending a public event later in September , Cameron told Michael Bloomberg , a former mayor of New York City , that the Queen had `` purred down the line '' when he informed her of the result . Cameron admitted he was `` very embarrassed '' for revealing the Queen 's political view , which she had guarded in her own comments . Alex Salmond , the Scottish First Minister and leader of the SNP , stated that he accepted the `` verdict of the people '' and called upon `` all Scots to follow suit in accepting the democratic verdict of the people of Scotland '' . He called the referendum a `` triumph for the democratic process and for participation in politics '' . He also resigned as SNP leader and as Scottish First Minister , saying that `` for me as leader my time is nearly over but for Scotland the campaign continues and the dream shall never die '' . Northern Ireland 's First Minister Peter Robinson and Welsh First Minister Carwyn Jones responded positively to the result . Robinson was `` delighted Scotland has voted to remain in the Union '' . International reaction ( edit ) There was a large international reaction to the results of the Scottish independence referendum . The White House congratulated Scotland on their `` full and energetic exercise of democracy '' .", "52": "President Barack Obama noted the `` debate , discussion , and passionate yet peaceful deliberations '' and welcomed the result , saying he looked forward to `` continuing our strong and special relationship with all the people of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . John Baird , the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada , welcomed the decision and praised the conduct of the referendum . The Premier of Quebec , Philippe Couillard , said that there were limited comparisons between Scotland and Quebec , where the sovereignty movement lost referendums in 1980 and 1995 , and suggested a devolved model similar to federalism as a possible future model for the UK : `` I think that if the Scots had what we have , Quebecers within Canada , they probably would be quite happy '' . Stéphane Bédard , leader of the Parti Québécois , described himself as `` disappointed '' by the result . German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that , `` We ( the German government ) have always respected the fact that this referendum was called and that the central government in London agreed to this . And now we respect the outcome of it as well '' . When asked how she felt about the result she replied `` I will not comment on this but just smile '' . The Prime Minister of Ireland , Enda Kenny , stated that the Irish government would respect the `` democratic decision that Scotland should remain as part of the United Kingdom '' , he went on to say how `` As neighbours , friends and partners across political , economic , cultural and many other spheres , relations between Ireland and Britain have never been stronger . We look forward to working with all parties across these islands in the years ahead . The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 is the historic template for harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands . In particular , it has led to a transformation in relationships between the two great traditions on this island '' . Matteo Renzi , Prime Minister of Italy , released a statement saying that `` The Italian government , also in its capacity as duty president of the EU , hails the result of the vote democratically expressed by the Scottish people , '' he later sent a message to David Cameron where he said that Scotland `` recognised and appreciated diversity '' without `` fragmenting '' .", "53": "In a press release following the referendum , the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated : `` It is an understandable and logical desire of the Scottish people for the central authorities to guarantee respect for their national and cultural identity , language and traditions and also give them more independence to take decisions on Scotland 's socioeconomic development and its standing in the united state . We have noted that the UK government has extended concrete promises in this regard . We believe that these factors are extremely important not only for Scotland but also in the general context of devolution processes '' . Facing the result of the referendum , Erna Solberg , Prime Minister of Norway , stated to Norwegian broadcaster NRK she was ' glad ' Scotland chose to remain in union and that Scottish independence could have become challenging for Norway as a neighbouring country . Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy , in a video message , said that the Scottish have avoided serious consequences and `` have chosen the most favourable option for everyone ; for themselves , for all of Britain and for the rest of Europe '' . Iñigo Urkullu , the President of the Basque Country , stated on the day of the referendum that as the British Government had allowed Scotland to freely decide its own future , the responsibility of the Basque government was to `` follow Scotland 's footsteps '' in securing a similar agreement in Spain . Artur Mas , President of the Generalitat of Catalonia , described the referendum as a model for a future vote in the Catalonia , and said `` What happened in Scotland is not a setback for us , because what we really want in Catalonia is to have the chance to vote '' . On the day after the Scottish referendum , the Catalan parliament voted to hold a `` popular consultation '' on Catalan independence . The Spanish government said that such a vote would be unconstitutional , but a referendum was held on 9 November 2014 anyway . The large majority ( 80 % ) voted for Catalonia to be an independent country , although two - thirds of Catalans did not participate in the referendum . Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen said that he fully respected `` the choice that the people of Scotland have made '' . President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso said the Scottish vote was good for a `` united , open and stronger Europe '' .", "54": "Allegations of voting irregularities ( edit ) Ten voters discovered that someone had voted under their names at polling stations in Glasgow , a method of fraud termed ' personation ' , and this led to an investigation by Police Scotland . During a BBC results broadcast , Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said that No campaigners had been `` taking tallies '' of postal votes and that those showed that No was in the lead . This resulted in complaints to the Electoral Commission because the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 states that people attending proceedings related to the receipt of postal votes must not attempt to ascertain the outcome or `` communicate any information '' from that voting . The Electoral Commission , who can not investigate criminal allegations , passed the complaints onto Police Scotland . A formal investigation was subsequently opened , which concluded that there was no criminality . According to official Russian observers , the conditions under which the votes were counted were not up to international standards and that the procedure used made it impossible to check on irregularities . Russia 's criticism came just months after the international community rejected the results of a Kremlin - backed referendum held in the Russian - occupied Ukrainian territory of Crimea . Russian officials said that the strong performance of the SNP in the 2015 UK general election confirmed their suspicions about the Scottish referendum . A petition demanding a second referendum , based on allegations of vote miscounting , gained more than 70,000 signatures in 24 hours . The petitioners referred to news footage that they claim showed unprocedural emptying of the boxes , a vote - counter placing Yes - votes between No - votes , an official filling in ballot papers , and Yes - votes on top of stacks placed on No - votes sorting tables , as well as two false fire - alarms and subsequent evacuation of polling stations . In response , the Chief Counting Officer , Mary Pitcaithly , declared that the referendum had been `` properly conducted '' . An official spokesperson reiterated this point , saying that they were `` satisfied that all counts throughout Scotland were properly conducted '' and that incidents in the footage could be `` easily explained '' and were being presented as a `` ' conspiracy ' theory '' . Violence in Glasgow ( edit ) Acts of violence were committed in Glasgow 's George Square after the referendum result .", "55": "On the night of 19 September , hundreds of unionists arrived to celebrate the ' No ' vote and some attacked independence supporters who had gathered in George Square , Glasgow . Many of the unionists waved Union Jacks or loyalist flags and chanted `` Rule , Britannia ! '' Some appeared to make Nazi salutes and shouted racist abuse . Police officers were drafted in to separate the groups but some unionists broke through police lines . A number of people were reportedly beaten and bottles were thrown . A press photographer told The Scotsman he saw people being `` kicked about '' and was forced to flee after being threatened . By the end of the following month , the police had made 32 arrests in relation to the events . The violence was condemned by politicians from both the ' Yes ' and ' No ' camps . Increase in political activism ( edit ) In the weeks following the referendum , thousands of people joined the Scottish National Party , the Scottish Green Party or the Scottish Socialist Party , which had all campaigned for a ' Yes ' vote . The parties claimed that many of the new members were former Scottish Labour Party members . By 2 October 2014 , SNP membership had tripled from 25,000 to 75,000 people , overtaking the Liberal Democrats as the third - largest political party in the UK . Conservative MP David Mundell said that 80,000 people had signed up to their `` Friends of the Union '' group during the campaign . These people had not necessarily become full members of the Conservative Party because they were not focused on increasing the number of `` card - carrying '' members . Following the referendum , there were calls for greater unity within Scottish unionism and to vote tactically against nationalist candidates . A grassroots campaign called `` Scotland in Union '' aimed to encourage tactical voting at the 2015 UK general election and to publicise the benefits of Scotland being a part of the United Kingdom . Analysis by the Electoral Reform Society prior to the 2015 general election identified some constituencies where tactical voting could succeed , but also pointed out that many voters would find it difficult to support another political party . Writing after the election , Professor John Curtice said that in only one constituency , ( Edinburgh South ) ; could it be said that tactical voting succeeded in defeating an SNP candidate .", "56": "Further devolution ( edit ) Main article : Smith Commission Two days before the referendum , the leaders of the three main UK political parties publicly pledged to devolve `` extensive new powers '' to the Scottish Parliament . They also agreed to a timetable proposed by Gordon Brown . In his speech responding to the referendum results , David Cameron said that an all - party commission , chaired by Lord Smith of Kelvin , would oversee the implementation of the new powers . Cameron also called for an answer to the West Lothian question , by removing the right of Scottish MPs to vote on legislation relating only to England . This proposal was opposed by Gordon Brown , who signed a petition calling for the additional powers to be devolved without any other conditions being attached . The proposals were debated at length by the UK and Scottish parliaments . The bill devolving further powers to Scotland was passed unanimously by the Scottish Parliament in March 2016 . Political developments ( edit ) After the referendum , the SNP took a clear lead over the other parties in Scottish opinion polls . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election , the SNP received 1,454,436 votes , 50.0 % of the Scottish vote and 56 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the election . The Scottish Labour Party lost forty of their forty - one seats and the Scottish Liberal Democrats lost ten of their eleven seats -- all to the SNP . They replaced the Liberal Democrats as the third largest party in the House of Commons . As the Conservatives won an overall majority in the 2015 UK general election , a UK - wide referendum on European Union membership was held in June 2016 . An overall majority of the UK voted to leave the EU ( for `` Brexit '' ) , while all of Scottish council areas voted to remain in the EU . Shortly afterwards , First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced her intention to prepare legislation for a proposed second Scottish independence referendum . In the June 2017 UK general election , the first major electoral test after the EU referendum , the SNP won 35 of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons . 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The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Trident : Nowhere to Go '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Trident relocation ' very difficult but not impossible ' '' . BBC . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Independence May Impact U.S. Trident Missile Program Global Security Newswire '' . NTI. 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Simon ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Independent Scotland ' faces dilemma between Trident and Nato ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNP members vote to ditch the party 's anti-Nato policy '' . BBC . 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two MSPs resign from SNP over party 's Nato stance '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Year on : How Was it for Them ? '' . The Herald . 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Prof Patrick Dunleavy says Treasury claims ' ludicrous ' '' . BBC . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Treasury figure for cost of Yes vote ' badly misrepresents ' key research -- says academic whose own work it was based on '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 .", "75": "Jump up ^ `` Voters will not be told cost of Yes vote before referendum '' . The Herald . 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Prof Patrick Dunleavy makes £ 200m start - up claim '' . BBC . 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Start - up cost ' up to £ 1.5 bn ' '' . BBC . 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Eddie ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Scottish independence : SNP pound freedom warning '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . 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BBC . 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Minister for European Affairs '' . www.scotreferendum.com . Scottish Government . 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Advisory Board '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Paul ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Adviser to German Government : ' Indy Scotland Would Still Be in Europe ' '' . Sunday Herald . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron promises in / out referendum on EU '' . BBC . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum bill gets Commons approval '' . BBC . 29 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attitudes Towards the European Union and the Challenges in Communicating ' Europe ' : Building a Bridge Between Europe and its Citizens '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scots want EU referendum but would vote to stay in '' . Ipsos MORI. 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . 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BBC . 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Independence : Cameron Warns On UN Security Council Place '' . The Huffington Post . 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Stacey , Kiran ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Scots independence threat to UK influence , says Sir John Major '' . Financial Times .", "80": "Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonell , Hamish ( 24 November 2012 ) . `` Radicals threaten Salmond and Scottish independence campaign '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNP minister : I think indy Scotland should vote on the Queen '' . 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Simon ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Queen ' may not remain monarch of an independent Scotland ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Torrance , David . The Battle for Britain . Biteback Publishing . p. 67 . 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Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : European Commission reverses pensions decision '' . BBC . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickie , Mure ( 27 July 2014 ) . `` Golden games performance boosts Scotland before referendum '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independence poll good for Games '' . The Herald . 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish independence : Athletes ' could choose Team Scotland ' for Rio Olympics '' . BBC . 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Scotland ' would have to compete in Team GB at 2016 Olympics ' '' . STV News . 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who will claim the Olympics ? '' . Al Jazeera. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : ' Scotland Olympic team could be in Rio ' '' . BBC . 18 September 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Shetland may reconsider its place in Scotland after yes vote , says Carmichael '' . The Guardian . 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmichael sets record straight on independence comments '' . 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland analysis : Science and research '' ( PDF ) . UK Government . November 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK link funds R&D funding in Scotland '' . www.scotlibdems.org.uk. 27 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish independence : Scientists setback fears '' . The Scotsman. 21 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish university research at risk from independence , claim LibDems '' . 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Unis ' could get UK funds ' '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Publishing . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Benefits could switch easily after a Yes vote , say SNP expert group '' . 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Only a Yes vote will meet demands for more powers '' . 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland needs a separate welfare system , say charities '' . 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Paper preview : SNP key pledge : we 'll scrap UK welfare reforms in a fairer Scotland '' . 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 .", "85": "Jump up ^ `` Sturgeon : we 'll kick out the bedroom tax in an independent Scotland '' . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Labour will be tougher than Tories on benefits , promises new welfare chief '' . 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNP comment on Joseph Rowntree Foundation 's report '' . 24 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report reveals dismal future no campaign offers '' . 13 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No further tax powers for Scotland , says David Cameron '' . 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Moore : welfare budget could be devolved '' . 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Labour 's Jim Murphy warns of ' disruptive change ' '' . BBC . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Andrew ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Labour reveal plans following No vote '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ailsa McKay : Citizens ' financial rights '' . The Scotsman. 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands at Scottish independence rally in Edinburgh '' . BBC News . 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Scotspolfed '' . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Reaction to rejection of independence by voters in Scotland : Taoiseach says attention will now turn to the changes in terms of devolution of powers , which will be ' closely followed in Ireland ' '' . Inside Ireland . 20 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland votes no to independence : world reaction '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comment by the Information and Press Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding the Scottish independence referendum '' .", "96": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ NRK : -- Skotsk kalddusj for dem som ønsker løsrivelse 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish no vote best outcome for Europe , says Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy '' . Reuters. 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Urkullu : La voluntad del Gobierno vasco es avanzar por el camino de Escocia '' ( Urkullu : The responsibility of the Basque government is to follow in Scotland 's footsteps ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Elena Gyldenkerne ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Catalonia call independence vote despite Scottish ' no ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catalan leader orders referendum on independence from Spain '' . Reuters. 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Catalonia 's push for independence from Spain '' . BBC News . 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Reuters 19 September 2014 ^ Jump up to : Green , Chris ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` ' Scottish referendum results : 10 counts of electoral fraud alleged in Glasgow '' . The Independent . 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External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Scotland sets date for referendum Wikinews has related news : Scotland says ' No ' in independence referendum Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scottish independence referendum , 2014 . Scottish Government Referendum 2014 site UK Government Referendum 2014 site Scottish Independence Referendum Bill from the Scottish Parliament Text of the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Scotland Decides on stv.tv BBC Q&A Yes Scotland , official campaign for a Yes vote Better Together , official campaign for a No vote ESRC Debate Guide List of registered campaigners in the Scottish Independence Referendum Edd McCracken ; Dr Nicola McEwen ; Dr Simon Clark ; Professor Stephen Tierney ; Professor Ewen Cameron ( 2013 ) . `` The Scottish Independence Debate '' . Soundcloud ( Podcast ) . The University of Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Scottish independence referendum , 2014 Referendum question `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? ''", "100": "Key events Choosing Scotland 's Future National Conversation Election of SNP majority government Edinburgh Agreement March and Rally for Scottish Independence Scotland 's Future Smith Commission 2014 Commonwealth Games Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Scottish National Party Scottish Green Party Scottish Socialist Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish Labour Party Scottish Conservative Party Scottish Liberal Democrats UK Independence Party Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Yes Scotland Advocating a `` No '' vote Better Together Other campaign groups For a `` Yes '' vote Business for Scotland Generation Yes Labour for Independence National Collective Women for Independence Radical Independence Campaign For a `` No '' vote United with Labour Legislation Referendum Act Referendum ( Franchise ) Act Televised debates Salmond & Darling : The Debate Scotland Decides : Salmond versus Darling Scotland Decides : The Big , Big Debate Related topics Endorsements Opinion polling Orkney ,", "101": "Shetland and the Western Isles The Case for an Independent Socialist Scotland Result Results Politics Portal Elections and referendums in Scotland Scottish elections Pre-1707 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 Next UK elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2005 2015 2017 Local elections 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1999 2003 2007 2012 2017 Referendums 1979 1997 2014 Local referendums Scottish licensing referendums Strathclyde ( water ) 1994 Edinburgh ( congestion charge ) 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_independence_referendum,", "102": "_2014&oldid=818291895 '' Categories : Scottish independence 2014 elections in the United Kingdom 2014 in Scotland 2014 referendums Home rule in the United Kingdom Independence referendums Proposed laws of Scotland Referendums in Scotland Scottish independence referendum , 2014 September 2014 events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pages move - protected due to dispute Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska", "103": "Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2173020676240256743	where do royal families get their money from	[ "the hereditary revenues of the Crown", "the hereditary revenues of the Crown" ]	{ "0": "Finances of the British Royal family - wikipedia Finances of the British Royal family Jump to : navigation , search The British royal family is financed by the hereditary revenues of the Crown . The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate , a part of the Crown 's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons , to meet the costs of the sovereign 's official expenditures . This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences , staffing , travel and state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall , a parliamentary annuity , and income from private investments . The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign 's financial affairs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Income 1.1 Civil List 1.2 Sovereign Grant 1.3 Duchy of Lancaster 1.4 Duchy of Cornwall 1.5 Parliamentary annuities 1.6 Taxation 2 Assets 2.1 Private wealth of the Queen 2.2 Crown Estate 2.3 Assets held in trust 3 References Income ( edit ) Civil List ( edit ) Main article : Civil list Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012 . The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch 's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom . In modern times , the Government 's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List . Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances . The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household . The Queen received an annual £ 7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012 .", "1": "The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants - in - Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster . The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011 - 12 and 2012 - 13 was £ 30 million per annum , followed by a 14 % cut in the following year . However , the Treasury provided an additional £ 1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012 . Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 - 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses . Sovereign Grant ( edit ) Main article : Sovereign Grant Act 2011 Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants - in - Aid was replaced . From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury . The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government 's revenue from The Crown Estate . The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 - 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 - 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household . On November 18 , 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15 % to 25 % to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace .", "2": "The percentage is set to revert to 15 % when the project is finished in 2027 . Duchy of Lancaster ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Lancaster The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British Sovereign ( now Queen Elizabeth II ) consisting of land holdings and other assets . As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns , the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate 's capital . The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse , providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch . In the financial year ending 31 March 2015 , the Duchy was valued at £ 472 million , providing £ 16 million in income . In 2017 , the Paradise Papers revealed that the Duchy held investments in two offshore financial centres , the Cayman Islands and Bermuda . Both are British Overseas Territories of which Queen Elizabeth II is monarch , and nominally appoints governors . Britain handles foreign policy for both islands to a large extent , but Bermuda has been self - governing since 1620 . The Duchy 's investments included First Quench Retailing off - licences and rent - to - own retailer BrightHouse . Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn posited whether the Queen should apologize , saying anyone with money offshore for tax avoidance should `` not just apologise for it , ( but ) recognise what it does to our society '' . A spokesman for the Duchy said that all of their investments are audited and legitimate and that the Queen voluntarily pays taxes on income she receives from Duchy investments . Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Cornwall The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch 's eldest child . The Duke of Cornwall ( Charles , Prince of Wales ) receives revenue towards charitable work and official activities , supported by The Queen 's Grant - in - aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property . These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family . The Duchess of Cornwall , The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income , assisted by grants - in aid from The Queen .", "3": "For the fiscal year 2011 - 12 the Duchy was valued at £ 728 million with an annual profit of £ 18.3 million paid to the Prince . Parliamentary annuities ( edit ) The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £ 359,000 per year from the Treasury . In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities . The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen 's younger children among others . The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list . By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities ( all children or cousins of the Queen ) receiving a combined total of £ 1.5 million annually . Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury . The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh . Subsequently the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties , including the Princess Royal , the Duke of York , and the Earl and Countess of Wessex , have mainly been met through the Queen 's income from the Duchy of Lancaster . Taxation ( edit ) The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues . A `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996 , 2009 and 2013 . It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch . The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption . The details of the payments are private .", "4": "The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse ( which includes the Duchy of Lancaster ) that is not used for official purposes . The Sovereign Grant is exempted . A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993 . Many of the Sovereign 's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards . Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen 's private assets . Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch . The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way . Assets ( edit ) Private wealth of the Queen ( edit ) The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio , though her personal wealth and income are not known . Jock Colville , a former private secretary to the Queen ( when she was Princess Elizabeth ) and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million in 1971 ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited her mother 's estate , thought to have been worth £ 70 million ( the equivalent of about £ 105 million today ) . Forbes magazine estimated the Queen 's net worth at around $500 million ( about £ 325 million ) in 2011 , while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million ( about £ 275 million ) in 2015 .", "5": "In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen 's wealth as being £ 310 million ( $504 million ) , and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen . The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £ 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom ; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List 's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989 . She was number one on the list when it began in 1989 . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen . Crown Estate ( edit ) Main article : Crown Estate The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , producing £ 211 million for the Treasury in the financial year 2007 -- 8 . and with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . The Crown Estate is not the private property of the Monarch . It can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity , nor do any revenues , or debts , from the estate accrue to her . Instead the Crown Estate is owned by the Crown , a corporation representing the legal embodiment of the State . It is held in trust and governed by Act of Parliament , to which it makes an annual report . Revenue from the Crown Estate is thought to be due to double in real terms between 2010 and 2020 with additional lease revenues deriving from the development of offshore wind farms within Britain 's Renewable Energy Zone , the rights of which were granted to the Crown Estate by the Energy Act 2004 . Assets held in trust ( edit ) A number of State possessions are held in trust by the Sovereign . The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British royal family . It is one of the largest and most important art collections in the world , containing over 7,000 paintings , 40,000 watercolours and drawings , about 150,000 old master prints , historical photographs , tapestries , furniture , ceramics , books , gold and silver plate , arms and armour , jewellery and other works of art . The collection includes the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London ( including the crown , orb and sceptre ) . It is physically dispersed between thirteen Royal residences and former residences across Britain .", "6": "Although the collection belongs to the sovereign , it is not the personal property of Elizabeth II as a private individual . Instead the collection is held in trust by the Queen for her successors and the nation . The Treasury refers to these assets as `` vested in the sovereign and can not be alienated '' . Income is generated by the collection from public admissions and other sources . This income is received by the Royal Collection Trust , the collection 's management charity , and not by the Queen . The occupied royal palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle are held in trust by the sovereign . The Royal Household is expected to use the Sovereign Grant to maintain the palaces . In May 2009 the Queen requested an extra £ 4 million annually from the government to carry out a backlog of repairs to Buckingham Palace . In 2010 , the Royal Household requested an additional grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport but were refused on the basis that the scheme was `` aimed at schools , hospitals , councils and housing associations for heating programmes which benefit low - income families '' . Over a third of the Royal estate was in disrepair by 2012 - 13 according to a report by the Public Accounts Committee . The cost of restoration was estimated to be £ 50 million , but the Reserve Fund was at a historic low of £ 1m . The Monarch is also responsible for using the Sovereign Grant to pay the wages of 431 of the approximately 1200 Royal Household staff , amounting to £ 18.2 million in 2014 - 15 . In 2013 , the Guardian newspaper reported that Buckingham Palace was using zero - hour contract for its summer staff and in 2015 it was reported that at least four senior officials had been made redundant to reduce costs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sovereign 's gracious message to the House of Commons re : The Sovereign Grant Bill '' ( PDF ) . Buckingham Palace . 29 June 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Bill -- Further background information provided to Members of Parliament in advance of the Bill 's Second Reading Debate on 14 July 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Treasury .", "7": "July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office , accessed 13 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royals ' cost the taxpayer £ 37.4 m ' '' . BBC News . 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 28 June 2002 ) . `` First look at royal finances fails to satisfy MPs '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Spending Review : Royal family to face 14 % cuts '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Royal ' cuts ' could make Charles the richest king in British history '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Royal Family rises £ 1.5 m '' . BBC News . 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Annual Report 2012 - 13 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal funding changes become law '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Determination of the amount of Sovereign Grant '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Buckingham Palace to undergo ' essential ' £ 370m refurbishment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - FAQs '' . Duchy of Lancaster .", "8": "Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - Management and Finance '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Hilary ( 5 November 2017 ) . `` Revealed : Queen 's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paradise Papers : Queen should apologise , suggests Corbyn '' . BBC . 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who pays for The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry ? '' . The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Website . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy Of Cornwall. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The amount was set by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1990 . It was initially set at £ 40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952 , raised to £ 65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972 , and raised to £ 165,000 by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1984 . Jump up ^ `` What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy ? '' . Royal Central . 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil List Act 1952 : Chapter 37 '' . legislation.gov.uk .", "9": "Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verkaik , Robert ( 30 May 2002 ) . `` Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Further provision for members of the Royal Family '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' ( PDF ) . HM Government . 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 21 Jun 2015 ) . `` Queen 's finances are safe from cuts for two years '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Vivien ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Queen 's Finances : Ordinary tax allowances for royals '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Philip Hall , 1992 , Royal Fortune , Tax , Money and the Monarchy , page xxii , Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1098 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Royal overspend prompts call to open palace doors '' . BBC News . 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Times , 9 July 1971 ; Pimlott , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey , p. 225 and Pimlott , p. 561 Jump up ^ `` Queen inherits Queen Mother 's estate '' . 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa . `` Just How Rich Are Queen Elizabeth And Her Family ? '' . Forbs , com . Forbs . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Metcalf , Tom . `` Queen Elizabeth II Is n't as Rich as You Think '' . bloomberg.com . bloomberg . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wealthiest Queen '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Helen Nianias ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ Martin Delgado and Christopher Leake ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` Queen 's £ 38m a year offshore windfarm windfall - because she owns the seabed '' . London : Mail Online . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Special : Sovereign wealth '' . The Independent . London . 31 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection '' . The Royal Household . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ What is the Royal Collection ? , The Royal Collection , retrieved 12 November 2008 Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Queen must open palace more in return for extra funds '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Queen asked for heating grant from Government '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Younger , Rachel ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` Royal Estate Overspend Leaves £ 50m Repair Bill '' . Sky News . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Palmer , Richard ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Royal Family faces major financial review as costs soar by a third in three years '' . Daily Express . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Neville , Matthew Taylor and Phillip Inman . `` Buckingham Palace uses zero - hours contracts for summer staff Money '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sabur , Rozina ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Buckingham Palace ' axes at least four ' of the Queen 's senior officials '' . The telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finances_of_the_British_royal_family&oldid=819441148 '' Categories : British monarchy British Royal Family Finance in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8251885859273118288	cast of the movie pride of the marines	[ "John Garfield", "Eleanor Parker", "Dane Clark", "John Ridgely", "Rosemary DeCamp", "Ann Doran", "Ann E. Todd", "Anthony Caruso", "John Garfield", "Eleanor Parker", "Dane Clark", "John Ridgely", "Rosemary DeCamp", "Ann Doran", "Ann E. Todd", "Anthony Caruso", "John Garfield", "Eleanor Parker", "Dane Clark", "John Ridgely", "Rosemary DeCamp", "Ann Doran", "Ann E. Todd", "Anthony Caruso", "John Garfield as Al Schmid", "Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley", "Dane Clark as Lee Diamond", "John Ridgely as Jim Merchant", "Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer", "Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant", "Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant", "Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers" ]	{ "0": "Pride of the Marines - wikipedia Pride of the Marines Jump to : navigation , search For the 1936 film , see Pride of the Marines ( 1936 film ) . Pride of the Marines Original film poster Directed by Delmer Daves Produced by Jerry Wald Written by Delmer Daves ( uncredited ) Marvin Borowsky Screenplay by Albert Maltz Based on Al Schmid , Marine 1944 book by Roger Butterfield Starring John Garfield Eleanor Parker Music by Franz Waxman Cinematography J. Peverell Marley Edited by Owen Marks Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 8 , 1945 ( 1945 - 08 - 08 ) ( Philadelphia ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Pride of the Marines is a 1945 American biographical war film starring John Garfield and Eleanor Parker . It tells the story of U.S. Marine Al Schmid in World War II , his heroic stand against a Japanese attack during the Battle of Guadalcanal , in which he was blinded by a grenade , and his subsequent rehabilitation . The film was based on the Roger Butterfield book Al Schmid , Marine . Albert Maltz was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is divided in three parts . The first takes place prior to the war where cocky Philadelphia steel worker and `` Man 's man '' Al Schmid ( John Garfield ) despises the idea of marriage and losing his independence until he meets his match in Ruth Hartley ( Eleanor Parker ) . Ruth takes no nonsense from him and impresses Schmid by enjoying a hunting trip he takes her on . In part two , at the Battle of the Tenaru River on Guadalcanal , Schmid is in the crew of a M1917 Browning machine gun with his buddies Lee Diamond ( Dane Clark ) and Johnny Rivers ( Anthony Caruso ) of `` H '' Company 2nd Battalion First Marines .", "1": "While the three wait for an enemy attack , they practice gun emplacement procedures -- establishing fields of fire , practicing with the range card to estimate firing distances , and determining the optimal traversal and elevation settings for each anticipated line of attack . The subsequent onslaught by the enemy is particularly heavy . Rivers is killed by a bullet through the head , Diamond wounded by three machine gun bullets in his right arm , and Schmid is blinded by a Japanese soldier dropping a hand grenade at the front of the gun pit . In spite of the heavy attack , Schmid is able to fire his weapon by following Diamond 's instructions . Together , they kill 200 of the enemy . The third part is Schmid 's humbling rehabilitation , in which he resents being dependent upon others . He hopes that an operation will restore his sight , but the medical procedure was n't successful . He does n't want Ruth to know that he is nearly completely blind , and he attempts to break up with her . Schmid learns responsibility through Diamond , hospital rehabilitation officer Virginia Pfeiffer ( Rosemary DeCamp ) and the other wounded veterans . He is to be awarded the Navy Cross , but is dismayed that the ceremony will take place in his home town . He initially feels anger and discomfort when he becomes dependent upon family and friends , primarily because he does n't want to be a burden to anyone . In spite of his resentment , Ruth stays by his side and helps him overcome his bitterness , and convinces him that he must learn to live with his new situation . Cast ( edit ) John Garfield as Al Schmid Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley Dane Clark as Lee Diamond John Ridgely as Jim Merchant Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers Ann E. Todd is the last surviving cast member . Production ( edit ) During the Battle of Guadalcanal , two enlisted Marines , Mitchell Paige and John Basilone were awarded the Medal of Honor for their use of the M1917 Browning machine gun against massed Japanese charges . In Jim Proser 's book I 'm Staying With My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt .", "2": "John Basilone USMC Proser tells of Basilone 's friendship with John Garfield and Eddie Bracken when they toured the United States selling war bonds . Screenwriters A.I. Bezzerides and Alvah Bessie developed a 26 - page treatment of Roger Butterfield 's book Al Schmid Marine . Martin Borowsky also did an adaptation of Butterfield 's book that was rewritten by Albert Maltz who Garfield has spoken to about Butterfield 's story . Prior to filming , Garfield visited American soldiers in hospitals in Italy . Garfield met Schmid during his rehabilitation before a movie was ever planned . Once the film was planned , Garfield lived with the Schmids for several weeks , becoming friends with the couple . Both Bessie and Maltz were later blacklisted over their `` un-American '' political opinions . Film locations include the 6500 block of Tulip Street in Philadelphia . Reception ( edit ) Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film `` a splendid documentation of a dramatic crisis in a hero 's life , '' with performances that were `` all unqualifiedly excellent ... To say that this picture is entertaining to a truly surprising degree is an inadequate recommendation . It is inspiring and eloquent of a quality of human courage that millions must try to generate today . '' Variety called it `` a two - hour celluloid saga which should inspire much pride for many . As an entertainment film with a forceful theme , so punchy that its ' message ' aspects are negligible , it is a credit to all concerned ... ( Garfield ) gives a vividly histrionic performance that will not be easily forgotten . '' Harrison 's Reports called the film `` sensitive and at times forceful '' and called Garfield `` very good , '' but found the discourses by hospitalized servicemen `` so long drawn out that they interrupt the flow of the story . '' Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker wrote : `` In spite of the fact that most of this has a somewhat familiar and mechanical air , the picture has its effective moments , mostly owing to Mr. Garfield 's honest and very intelligent performance . ''", "3": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Adaptations ( edit ) Pride of the Marines was adapted as a radio play on the January 31 , 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater and the June 15 , 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater , both with John Garfield reprising his role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McGrath , Patrick J. ( 1993 ) . John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and on Stage . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 73 . ISBN 9780899508672 . Jump up ^ Proser , Jim with Cutter , Jerry ( 2010 ) . I 'm Staying with My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt . John Basilone , USMC . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61144 - 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ p. 342 footnote Norden , Martin F. The Cinema of Isolation : A History of Physical Disability in Movies 1994 Rutgers University Press Jump up ^ p. 71 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland Jump up ^ p. 115 Gerber , David A . In Search of Al Schmid quoted in Mitchell , David T. and Snyder , Sharon L. The Body and Physical Difference : Discorses of Disability 1997 University of Michigan Press Jump up ^ p. 72 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland Jump up ^ http://nephillyhistory.com/hnep1994/tacony.htm Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( August 25 , 1945 ) . `` Movie Review - Pride of the Marines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : p. 22 August 8 , 1945 .", "4": "CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Pride of the Marines ' with John Garfield and Eleanor Parker '' . Harrison 's Reports : p. 126 . August 11 , 1945 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( September 8 , 1945 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 43 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Pride of the Marines at the TCM Movie Database Pride of the Marines on IMDb Pride of the Marines at AllMovie Pride of the Marines at the American Film Institute Catalog military.com biography of Albert A. Schmid ( hide ) Films directed by Delmer Daves Destination Tokyo ( 1943 ) The Very Thought of You ( 1944 ) Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) Pride of the Marines ( 1945 ) The Red House ( 1947 ) Dark Passage ( 1947 ) To the Victor ( 1948 ) A Kiss in the Dark ( 1949 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) Broken Arrow ( 1950 ) Bird of Paradise ( 1951 ) Return of the Texan ( 1952 ) Treasure of the Golden Condor ( 1953 ) Never Let Me Go ( 1953 ) Demetrius and the Gladiators ( 1954 ) Drum Beat ( 1954 ) Jubal ( 1956 ) The Last Wagon ( 1956 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) Cowboy ( 1958 ) Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) The Badlanders ( 1958 ) The Hanging Tree ( 1959 ) A Summer Place ( 1959 ) Parrish ( 1961 ) Susan Slade ( 1961 ) Rome Adventure ( 1962 ) Spencer 's Mountain ( 1963 ) Youngblood Hawke ( 1964 ) The Battle of the Villa Fiorita ( 1965 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_of_the_Marines&oldid=812337495 '' Categories : 1945 films English - language films 1940s drama films American biographical films American films American drama films American black - and - white films Films scored by Franz Waxman Films directed by Delmer Daves Pacific War films United States Marine Corps in films Warner Bros.", "6": "films World War II films made in wartime Films shot in Pennsylvania Culture of Philadelphia Films shot in the United States by city Films shot in Philadelphia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7733962091461103034	who wrote how do you do it by gerry and the pacemakers	[ "Mitch Murray", "Mitch Murray", "Mitch Murray", "Mitch Murray" ]	{ "0": "How Do You Do it ? - Wikipedia How Do You Do it ? Jump to : navigation , search `` How Do You Do It ? '' EP cover Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers B - side `` Away from You '' ( Marsden - Chadwick ) Released 14 March 1963 ( UK ) 5 July 1964 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded 22 January 1963 EMI Studios , London Genre Merseybeat Length 1 : 59 Label Columbia DB4987 ( EMI ) Laurie 3261 ( USA ) Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray Producer ( s ) George Martin Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology `` How Do You Do It ? '' ( 1963 ) `` I Like It '' ( 1963 ) `` How Do You Do It ? '' ( 1963 ) `` I Like It '' ( 1963 ) `` How Do You Do It ? '' was the debut single by Liverpudlian band Gerry and the Pacemakers . The song was number one in the UK Singles Chart on 11 April 1963 , where it stayed for three weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Other versions 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The song was written by Mitch Murray , who offered it to Adam Faith and Brian Poole but was turned down . George Martin of EMI decided to pick it up for the new group he was producing , the Beatles , as the A-side of their first record . The Beatles recorded the song but opposed releasing it , feeling that it did not fit their sound , but worked out changes from Murray 's demo - disc version . These included a new introduction , vocal harmony , an instrumental interlude , small lyric changes and removal of the half - step modulation for the last verse . They recorded the song in September , 1962 ; although Murray disliked their changes , the decision not to release the Beatles ' version was primarily a business one . `` Love Me Do '' was their first single instead . The recording was officially released in November 1995 on the Beatles retrospective Anthology 1 album .", "1": "Gerry and the Pacemakers ' version , also produced by Martin , became a number - one hit in the UK until it was replaced by `` From Me to You '' ( the Beatles ' third single ) . It was the title song of a seven - inch EP record also featuring `` Away From You '' , `` I Like It '' and `` It 's Happened to Me '' ( Columbia SEG8257 , released July 1963 ) . The single entered the US charts on 5 July 1964 , eventually reaching number nine . Other versions ( edit ) Dick and Dee Dee released a version of the song on their 1966 album , Songs We 've Sung on Shindig . The Supremes version appears on the album , `` The Supremes - A Bit Of Liverpool '' on Motown 1964 ( Motown Record Corp. # 623 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do It ? '' on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 100 '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . Tune In : The Beatles , All These Years , Vol. 1 . Crown Archetype . pp. 670 -- 671 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn ( 2013 ) , p. 699 Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do It '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : September 5 , 1964 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com. 1964 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Dick and Dee Dee , Songs We 've Sung on Shindig Retrieved May 2 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Gerry Marsden fan site Classic Bands history page Preceded by `` Summer Holiday '' by Cliff Richard and The Shadows UK number - one single 11 April 1963 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` From Me to You '' by The Beatles ( hide ) Gerry and the Pacemakers Gerry Marsden Freddie Marsden Arthur Mack Les Chadwick Les Maguire Albums Ferry Cross the Mersey Singles `` How Do You Do It ? '' `` I Like It '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Catch You Crying '' `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Walk Hand in Hand '' Related articles Ferry Cross the Mersey Book : Gerry and the Pacemakers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Do_You_Do_It%3F&oldid=805106682 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1963 singles Songs written by Mitch Murray Gerry and the Pacemakers songs The Beatles songs Dick and Dee Dee songs Debut singles Song recordings produced by George Martin UK Singles Chart number - one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 02 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9188359206780164872	when was the reaper invented by cyrus mccormick	[ "1834", "1834", "1837", "1837" ]	{ "0": "Reaper - wikipedia Reaper Jump to : navigation , search For the personification of death , see Grim Reaper . For other uses , see Reaper ( disambiguation ) Typical 20th century reaper , a tractor - drawn Fahr machine A reaper is a farm implement or person that reaps ( cuts and often also gathers ) crops at harvest , when they are ripe . Usually the crop involved is a cereal grass . All mechanical reapers cut the grass ; most also gather it , either by windrowing it or picking it up . Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also thresh its seeds ( the grain ) , winnow the grain , and deliver it to a truck or wagon it are called combine harvesters or simply combines ; they are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers . Hay is harvested somewhat differently from grain ; in modern haymaking , the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay mower or , if integrated with a conditioner , a mower - conditioner . As a manual task , cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping , involving scythes , sickles , and cradles , followed by differing downstream steps . Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping , although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed ; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper / hay mower machines ( 1830s to 1840s ) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes . Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s , when they evolved into related machines , often called by different names ( self - raking reaper , harvester , reaper - binder , grain binder , binder ) , that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine . Today reapers and grain binders have been largely replaced by combines in commercial farming , but some smaller farms still use them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hand reaping 2 Mechanical reaping 2.1 Mechanical reapers in the U.S.", "1": "2.2 Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century 3 References 4 Bibliography 4.1 Works Cited 4.2 Further reading 5 External links Hand reaping ( edit ) A reaper cutting rye in Germany in 1949 Hand reaping is done by various means , including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand , cutting the grain stalks with a sickle , cutting them with a scythe , or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle . Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing , which uses similar implements , but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay , rather than reaping cereals . The stiffer , dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines . The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves ( bunches ) , tied with string or with a twist of straw . Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out , forming a stook . After drying , the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked , being placed with the ears inwards , then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin ; this is called a stack or rick . In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick , to distinguish it from a hay rick ( `` corn '' in British English retains its older sense of `` grain '' generally , not `` maize '' ) . Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock , called a rick - yard or stack - yard . The corn - rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw . Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning , and is traditionally done either by hand , or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field . Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries , but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited ( such as on narrow terraces ) . The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe -- known as the `` Grim Reaper '' -- is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures .", "2": "In this metaphor , death harvests the living , like a farmer harvests the crops . Mechanical reaping ( edit ) A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical , semi-automated device that harvests crops . Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanised agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity . Mechanical reapers in the U.S. ( edit ) The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers. The various designs competed with each other , and were the subject of several lawsuits . Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833 , the Hussey Reaper . Made in Baltimore , Maryland , Hussey 's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency . The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner , a man to work the machine , and another person to drive . In addition , the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use . McCormick 's reaper at a presentation in Virginia The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove , Virginia . However , Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device . His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father 's project . With permission granted , the McCormick Reaper was patented by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1837 as a horse - drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops . This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements : a main wheel frame projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain . Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1834 , giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine . Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace , despite being quite similar .", "3": "In 1861 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design . It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey . S.T. Shugert , the acting commissioner of patents , declared that Hussey 's improvements were the foundation of their success . It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper . It was also ruled that McCormick 's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years . Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops , it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick . This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey 's reaper . Hussey 's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick 's . Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey 's cutter - bar mechanism ( around 1850 ) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge . Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers ( proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery ) ; the poor state of many new farm fields , which were often littered with rocks , stumps , and areas of uneven soil , making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable ; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs , most especially among hired manual labourers . Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him . Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the ( sole ) `` inventor '' of the mechanical reaper , a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it , created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole , and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father , as well as the aid of Jo Anderson , a slave held by his family .", "4": "Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century ( edit ) Champion reaper , trade card from 1875 Horse - drawn reaper in Canada in 1941 After the first reapers were developed and patented , other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world . The Champion ( Combined ) Reapers and Mowers , produced by the Champion Interest group ( Champion Machine Company , later Warder , Bushnell & Glessner , absorbed in IHC 1902 ) in Springfield , Ohio in the second half of the 19th century , were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States . Springfield is still known as `` The Champion City '' . Generally , reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper - binder , which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves . By 1896 , 400,000 reaper - binders were estimated to be harvesting grain . This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester , which reaps and threshes in one operation . In Central European agriculture reapers were -- together with reaper - binders -- common machines until the mid-20th century . References ( edit ) Adriance reaper , late 19th century Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 , pp. 67 -- 72 . Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 . ^ Jump up to : Follet L. Green , ed. ( 1912 ) . Obed Hussey : Who , of All Inventors , Made Bread Cheap . Jump up ^ Colman , Gould P. ( July 1968 ) . `` Innovation and Diffusion in Agriculture '' . Agricultural History . 42 : 173 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Jeffrey ( 2006 ) . Cyrus Hall McCormick . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent X8 , 277 Improvement in Machines for Reaping Small Grain : Cyrus H. McCormick , June 21 , 1834 Jump up ^ Daniel , Gross ( August 1997 ) . Forbes Greatest Business Stories of All Time ( First ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p.", "5": "27 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 19653 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Machinery in the 1800 's '' . Scientific American . July 25 , 1896 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olmstead , Alan L. ( June 1975 ) . `` The Mechanization of Reaping and Mowing in American Agriculture '' . The Journal of Economic History . 35 : 327 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700075082 . Jump up ^ Pripps , Robert N. ; Morland , Andrew ( photographer ) ( 1993 ) , Farmall Tractors : History of International McCormick - Deering Farmall Tractors , Farm Tractor Color History Series , Osceola , WI , USA : MBI , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 763 - 1 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Anderson '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch. 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William N. Whiteley '' . Ohio History Central . 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Bibliography ( edit ) Works cited ( edit ) McCormick , Cyrus Hall III ( 1931 ) , The Century of the Reaper , Houghton Mifflin , LCCN 31009940 , OCLC 559717 . Further reading ( edit ) Hutchinson , William T. ( 1930 ) , Cyrus Hall McCormick : Seed - Time , 1809 - 1856 , 1 , Century Company , OCLC 6991369 . Hutchinson , William T. ( 1930 ) , Cyrus Hall McCormick : Harvest , 1856 - 1884 , 2 , Century Company , OCLC 1651671 . Winder , Gordon M. ( 2016 ) ( 2013 ) , The American Reaper : Harvesting Networks and Technology , 1830 - 1910 , Routledge , OCLC 940862197 .", "6": "External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New International Encyclopædia / Reapers Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reapers ( persons ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reapers ( machines ) . History of Gallic Reaper ( Petr Chuksin , January 23 , 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper&oldid=818701654 '' Categories : Agricultural machinery Agricultural occupations ( plant ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Español Français Հայերեն עברית Lietuvių Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Winaray 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 02 : 39 . 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3724356943291190911	season 2 this is us number of episodes	[ "18", "13", "15", "18", "18" ]	{ "0": "This is Us ( season 2 ) - wikipedia This is Us ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Lonnie Chavis Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday , and the ways in which they are similar and different . The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017 , with production for season two beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , and Lonnie Chavis . The second season , consisting of 18 episodes , began airing on September 26 , 2017 , on NBC . This Is Us will serve as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Recurring ( edit ) Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child . Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Guest ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as himself , actor in Kevin 's movie . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , judge in young adult William Hill 's case . Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , judge in Randall 's adoption case . Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother . Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family . Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident living in William 's old apartment building . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "2": "viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate auditions as a band 's lead singer after initially leaving , because all the other women auditioning are thin . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries . 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval .", "3": "After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting . 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after injuring his knee -- his old football injury -- from a scene explosion during filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money . 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair , and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee , and continues to overuse his pain medication .", "4": "Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox , and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it would not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her about it all and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is . 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but he had issues with his father , and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall , so Jack says that he will not return . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar . 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating , while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house .", "5": "Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel , asking how she has been the last 8 years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . ) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding .", "6": "26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 Kevin 's addiction to pain medication and alcohol is wearing him down . He attends the Alumni Honors Ceremony at his old high school , receives the Distinguished Alum Award , but says he does not deserve it . He pretends to play football on the field , doing play - by - play commentary on his ruined opportunities . Charlotte , an alumna , invites him to her house ; when she is not looking , he searches her house for medication , and finds and steals a prescription form . He goes to a pharmacy with a fake prescription , sees police officers , notices his pendant missing , and leaves . In flashbacks , Randall starts a Harvard application , but is interested in Howard University . Kevin and his family meet a college football recruiting coach ; afterwards , Jack is angry with Kevin for his attitude ; Jack later apologizes . Kevin 's football aspirations end one game when his knee is injured . Jack comforts Kevin and gives him the pendant he received in Vietnam for protection . In the present , Kevin goes to Charlotte 's house to find the pendant , but she will not let him in . Kevin is desperate , needing help ; he goes to Randall 's house to tell him something , but Randall assumes it is about Kate losing her baby . 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 Kate miscarries . She and Toby struggle in their relationship after Kate said the miscarriage happened to her , not Toby. Kate tries to keep her singing gig , but then has to leave early . She goes to a buffet restaurant , but does not eat the food she piled on her plate . Rebecca comforts Kate , relating her struggles after baby Kyle was stillborn . Toby eventually comes through for Kate . In flashbacks , Jack and Randall leave for a college visit .", "7": "Kate and Rebecca , at Kevin 's football game , are distracted when discussing the music college Kate wants to attend , as Kevin gets injured ; when they notice , Rebecca has Kate page Jack . 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 Deja 's mother Shauna appears unannounced at Randall 's home after the charges against her have been dropped . Deja convinces her to leave and wait for them to be reunited via official channels . Randall and Beth are opposed to Shauna resuming custody of Deja , and plan to fight it , but eventually relent . In flashbacks , Jack takes teenage Randall to Howard University in DC ; Jack takes the official tour while Randall is shown around by a friend . Jack then shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , and talks about being drafted and how the war affected him . In more recent times , William tells adult Randall about the two times he saw Randall 's mother , how he followed Rebecca to her home , but ultimately decided not to see Randall . In the present , Randall learns of Kate 's miscarriage . Randall and Beth plan to try fostering again after a while . Kevin appears at Randall 's house , and Randall notices Kevin drinking vodka early in the day . Later , Kevin speeds down the road , unaware at first that Tess has hidden in the back seat . Kevin is pulled over and arrested for DUI , and Randall and Beth are angry at Kevin for endangering Tess . 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 Toby finds junk - food trash . Randall and Beth check on Tess ; she said she was sad when Deja went home . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin .", "8": "Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel talk at a bar about being outsiders , Miguel being the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile ; Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but later takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- Kate and Randall are sleeping with them . He sleeps on the floor ; Rebecca joins him . 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not separate individuals ; thus , he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping , where Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia ; Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . When the kids are teenagers , Jack and Rebecca take them shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Though the kids are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Randall asks a redhead out . Someone forgets smoke detector batteries .", "9": "31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 An elderly couple , circa 1980 , looks through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When the house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a crockpot . Present - day Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . Since Toby looks online for a dog , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie ( who says goodbye ) , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows he can not make amends to his dad . In flashbacks , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date -- Kate is making an audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) for the music college . The old crockpot 's faulty switch causes the house fire . 32 14 TBA TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 TBD 33 15 `` Across the Border '' TBA TBA February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serve as the season 's showrunners .", "10": "Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones return from the first season as Jack Pearson , Rebecca Pearson , Randall Pearson , Kate Pearson , Kevin Pearson , Beth Pearson , Toby Damon , and William H. Hill , respectively . Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie , respectively , throughout the first season , were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season . Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate , Niles Fitch as teenage Randall , Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin , Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate , Parker Bates as young Kevin , Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson , and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson . Lonnie Chavis will continue to recur as young Randall . In August 2017 , Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in a guest starring roles . Filming ( edit ) The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season . Production on the season began on July 11 , 2017 , in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot , to anchor a new Must See TV lineup , alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining , `` While this is a bit risky , there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night . If there is one show we could move , it would be this one . '' However , on May 30 , 2017 , NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST , allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall . The season began airing on September 26 , 2017 , on NBC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . This Is Us will serve as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 .", "11": "Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.12 / 10 based on 19 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.", "12": "15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still Here '' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : 7 Young Actors Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : Coulston , John Connor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Reveals Why William Never Contacted Randall '' . popculture.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Everything 's Deja new for ' This Is Us ' star Lyric Ross '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lost alum to guest on This Is Us '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Adds Sylvester Stallone in Guest Starring Role '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : That ' 70s Show star to play role in Randall 's adoption plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' EP on Transracial Adoption , Kevin 's Worsening Addiction and a Pearson Wedding '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin 's Addiction Will Surely Signal New Revelations About Jack On ' This Is Us ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us producer on that ominous clue about Jack 's death : ' We are very close ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) .", "14": "`` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) .", "15": "`` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 215 ) `` Across the Border '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine .", "16": "Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' & ' Timeless ' Among TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us creator , stars reveal photos from first day of filming season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Fall 2017 Schedule : ' This Is Us ' Moves To Thursday To Anchor New Must See TV With ' Will & Grace ' , ' Blacklist ' Relocates '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Will Stay On Tuesday As NBC Reverses Big Move , Tweaks Fall Schedule '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Antonia ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : NBC 's Jennifer Salke Says `` Season 2 Will Be Incredible '' -- ATX `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' This Is Us ' , ' Will & Grace ' , ' The Voice ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . General references `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide .", "19": "Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- This Is Us on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb List of This Is Us season 2 episodes at TV.com Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey ,", "20": "series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_2)&oldid=822358527 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2832609809473486311	what does the stars and stripes mean on the american flag	[ "the 50 states of the United States of America", "the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.", "the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S." ]	{ "0": "Flag of the United States - wikipedia Flag of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American Flag '' redirects here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and The Star - Spangled Banner .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First flag 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes 1.4 Later flag acts 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia 1.6 Historical progression of designs 2 Future of the flag 3 Symbolism 4 Design 4.1 Creation 4.2 Specifications 4.3 Colors 4.4 The 49 - and 50 - star unions 4.5 Decoration 5 Display and use 5.1 Flag etiquette 5.2 Display on vehicles 5.3 Display on uniforms 5.4 Postage stamps 5.5 Display in museums 5.6 Places of continuous display 5.7 Particular days for display 5.8 Display at half - staff 6 Folding for storage 7 Use in funerals 8 Related flags 8.1 Gallery of related flags 9 See also 9.1 Article sections 9.2 Associated people 9.3 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years . First flag Main article : Grand Union Flag The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year .", "2": "The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . The flag resolution of 1777 On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler .", "3": "Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced .", "4": "While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . Designer of the first stars and stripes Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S.", "5": "flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle .", "6": "The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story . The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes . Later flag acts 15 - star , 15 - stripe Star Spangled Banner Flag The 48 - star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959 , the second longest - used U.S. flag . The current U.S. flag is the longest - used flag , having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007 . See also : Flag Acts ( U.S. ) In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view .", "7": "Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag . Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular . On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 . The `` flower flag '' arrives in asia The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower . ''", "8": "Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship . '' This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch . In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America , for example Vietnamese : Hoa Kỳ ( `` Flower Flag '' ) . Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called simplified Chinese : 花旗参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗參 ; literally : `` flower flag ginseng '' in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as 花旗银行 ; `` Flower Flag Bank '' . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 .", "9": "Historical progression of designs See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 . Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001775 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 018 ! 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001777 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 215 ! 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky 000000001795 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 278 ! 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee 000000001818 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 012 ! 1 year 21 13 Illinois 000000001819 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 012 ! 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine 000000001820 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 024 !", "10": "2 years 24 13 Missouri 000000001822 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 168 ! 14 years 25 13 Arkansas 000000001836 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 012 ! 1 year 26 13 Michigan 000000001837 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 096 ! 8 years 27 13 Florida 000000001845 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 012 ! 1 year 28 13 Texas 000000001846 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 012 ! 1 year 29 13 Iowa 000000001847 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 012 ! 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 036 ! 3 years 31 13 California 000000001851 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 084 ! 7 years 32 13 Minnesota 000000001858 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 012 ! 1 year 33 13 Oregon 000000001859 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 024 !", "11": "2 years 34 13 Kansas 000000001861 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 024 ! 2 years 35 13 West Virginia 000000001863 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 024 ! 2 years 36 13 Nevada 000000001865 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 024 ! 2 years 37 13 Nebraska 000000001867 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 120 ! 10 years 38 13 Colorado 000000001877 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 156 ! 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington 000000001890 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 012 ! 1 year 44 13 Wyoming 000000001891 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 060 ! 5 years 45 13 Utah 000000001896 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 144 ! 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 048 ! 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 564 !", "12": "47 years 49 13 Alaska 000000001959 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 012 ! 1 year 50 13 Hawaii 000000001960 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1960 -- present 590 ! 57 years Future of the flag See also : 51st state 51 - star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various areas . Above is an example of what a 51 - star flag might look like . In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star . Symbolism The modern meaning of the flag was forged in December 1860 , when Major Robert Anderson moved the U.S. garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor . Author Adam Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the American Civil War , and the flag was used throughout northern states to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism . Before that day , the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory , flown from forts , embassies , and ships , and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day . But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand , it became something different . Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today , and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses , from storefronts , from churches ; above the village greens and college quads .", "13": "For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart . American flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election . The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States . The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage , but remains protected as freedom of speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . In worldwide comparison , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' . Design Creation The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft . He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio . He received a B − on the project . According to Heft , his history teacher honored their agreement to change his grade to an A after his design was selected . Specifications The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states .", "14": "The specification gives the following values : Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height ) These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags . Colors The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' .", "15": "The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' . Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122 A darker version of the flag using the official Pantone specifications As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new .", "16": "As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . '' Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . '' Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 .", "17": "185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074 A subdued - color flag patch , similar to style worn on the United States Army 's ACU uniform . The patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve . See explanation in `` Display on uniforms '' section below . The 49 - and 50 - star unions A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole . When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design . Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project .", "18": "The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively . Decoration Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag . The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions . Display and use A boy holds an American flag during the 2009 National Memorial Day Concert in Washington , D.C. The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans .", "19": "Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars . Flag etiquette Main article : United States Flag Code The proper stationary vertical display . The canton ( blue box of stars ) should always be in the upper - left corner . The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters , Spokane , Washington The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . ) The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment . Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' .", "20": "Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' . An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . '' Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established . Display on vehicles When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen . The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight . Display on uniforms The crew of Apollo 1 wore their flags on the right shoulder , unlike all other US astronaut flight crews Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong 's space suit Astronaut Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission . On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front .", "21": "This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder . Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that the uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket . Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left . Postage stamps Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps . Display in museums In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public .", "22": "In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes . Places of continuous display By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations . Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C. Marine Corps War Memorial , Arlington , Virginia At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 .", "23": "Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed . Particular days for display Flags covering the National Mall The New York Stock Exchange at Christmas time . The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days : January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays . Display at half - staff An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey , departure gate of United Airlines Flight 93 on 9 / 11 .", "24": "The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens . To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff . Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates : May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor .", "25": "On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance . Folding for storage Folding the U.S. flag Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag : Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible . There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes . Use in funerals A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services .", "26": "Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect . Related flags This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag .", "27": "Gallery of related flags Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany See also Book : Flags of the United States Ensign of the United States Great Seal of the United States Flag Desecration Flags of the Confederate States Flags of the United States of America Flags of the United States Armed Forces Flags of the U.S. states Flags of United States cities Jack of the United States Nationalism in the United States Article sections Colors , standards and guidons : United States Flag desecration : United States Associated people Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , creator of the Pledge of Allegiance William Driver ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , who owned and named `` Old Glory '' Thomas E. Franklin ( 1966 -- present ) , photographer of Ground Zero Spirit , better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , after whom the Gadsden flag is named Robert G. Heft ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , a designer of the current flag 's canton Francis Hopkinson ( 1737 -- 1791 ) , designer of the first stars and stripes flag Jasper Johns ( born 1930 ) , painter of Flag ( 1954 -- 55 ) , inspired by a dream of the flag John Paul Jones ( 1747 -- 1792 ) , who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775 Francis Scott Key ( 1779 -- 1843 ) , writer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Katha Pollitt ( 1949 -- present ) , author of a controversial essay on post-9 / 11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag George Preble ( 1816 -- 1885 ) , author of History of the American Flag ( 1872 ) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag Joe Rosenthal ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Bibliography Allentown Art Museum . The American Flag in the Art of Our Country . Allentown Art Museum , 1976 .", "28": "Herbert Ridgeway Collins . Threads of History : Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 . Grace Rogers Cooper . Thirteen - star Flags : Keys to Identification . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1973 . David D. Crouthers . Flags of American History . Hammond , 1978 . Louise Lawrence Devine . The Story of Our Flag . Rand McNally , 1960 . William Rea Furlong , Byron McCandless , and Harold D. Langley . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1981 . Scot M. Guenter , The American Flag , 1777 -- 1924 : Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 1990 . online George E. Hastings . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . University of Chicago Press , 1926 . Kevin Keim & Peter Keim . A Grand Old Flag : A History of the United States through its Flags . DK Publishing . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Flag : An American Biography . Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press , 2005 . David Roger Manwaring . Render Unto Caesar : The Flag - Salute Controversy . University of Chicago Press , 1962 . Boleslaw Mastai and Marie - Louise D'Otrange Mastai . The Stars and the Stripes : The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present . Knopf , 1973 . Henry W. Moeller , Ph. D. `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms . '' NAVA News , Issue 173 , Jan. -- Mar. 2002 . Milo Milton Quaife . The Flag of the United States . 1942 . Milo Milton Quaife , Melvin J. Weig , and Roy Applebaum . The History of the United States Flag , from the Revolution to the Present , Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper , 1961 .", "29": "Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office , 1978 . Albert M. Rosenblatt . `` Flag Desecration Statutes : History and Analysis '' , Washington University Law Quarterly 1972 : 193 -- 237 . George and Virginia Schaun . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill . '' The Greenberry Series on Maryland , Greenberry Publications . Volume 5 . Leonard A. Stevens . Salute ! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1973 . Arnaldo Testi . Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press ; 2010 ) 192 pages . A European perspective on the symbolism and political , social , and cultural significance of the flag . Earl P. Williams Jr . `` '' NAVA News , Issue 216 , Oct. -- Dec. 2012 . Paul M. Zall . `` Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . '' The Huntington Library , 1976 . References Jump up ^ John Warner ( 1998 ) . `` Senate Concurrent Resolution 61 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government Printing Office . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the American Flag '' . www.infoplease.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - `` OLD GLORY ! '' `` . www.usflag.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- The 50 Star Flag '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson , Marc ( 2004 ) . Flag : An American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Ansoff , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` The Flag on Prospect Hill '' ( PDF ) .", "30": "Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 13 : 91 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' at Flags of the World Jump up ^ East India Company ( United Kingdom ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Jump up ^ Guenter ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Connell , R.W ; Mack , W.P ( 2004 ) . Naval Ceremonies , Customs , and Traditions . Naval Institute Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 330 - 5 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mastai , 60 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Rear Admiral William Rea ; McCandless , Commodore Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams Jr. , Earl P. ( October 2012 ) . `` Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags ? '' ( PDF ) . NAVA News ( 216 ) : 7 -- 9 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Megan ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Five hidden messages in the American flag '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furlong , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W ( 1992 ) . Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes . Mattituck , NY : Amereon House . pp. 25 -- 26 , color plates 5A , 5B .", "31": "Jump up ^ Hess , Debra ( 2008 ) . The American Flag . Benchmark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3389 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hastings , George E. ( 1926 ) . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W. , Ph. D. ( January 2002 ) . `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms '' . NAVA News ( 173 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard S. ; Dougall , Richardson ( 1978 ) . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Zall , Paul M. ( 1976 ) . Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . San Marino , California : Huntington Library . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Friday , October 27 , 1780 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Federal Citizen Information Center : The History of the Stars and Stripes . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Embassy of the United States of America ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp.", "32": "117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` The Truth About Betsy Ross '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canby , George ; Balderston , Lloyd ( 1917 ) . The Evolution of the American flag . Philadelphia : Ferris and Leach . pp. 48 , 103 . Jump up ^ Canby , William J. `` The History of the Flag of the United States : A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( March 1870 ) '' . Independence Hall Association . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaun , George and Virginia . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill '' . The Greenberry Series on Maryland . Annapolis , MD : Greenberry Publications . 5 : 356 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Window '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star - Spangled Banner Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Government ( 1861 ) . Our Flag ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Doc 105 - 013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Flag History '' . United States Embassy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) .", "33": "History of the Flag of the United States of America ( second revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams and Co. p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Tappan , Eva March ( 1917 ) . The Little Book of the Flag . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Choong ( June 15 , 1843 ) . `` Curiosa Sinica '' . Boston Courier . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Etymologies '' . Kendall 's Expositor. 3 ( 14 ) . Washington , D.C. : William Greer . June 27 , 1843 . p. 222 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : See Chinese English Dictionary Olsen , Kay Melchisedech , Chinese Immigrants : 1850 -- 1900 ( 2001 ) , p. 7 . `` Philadelphia 's Chinatown : An Overview '' , The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Leonard , Dr. George , `` The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America : the Angel Island Poems '' . Jump up ^ `` American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4 , 1872 '' Archived February 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( For alternate versions of the flag of the United States , see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page Archived February 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Flags of the World website . ) Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc . ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` CEE Event '' . resultados2017.ceepur.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Overwhelmingly Votes On U.S. Statehood In Nonbinding Referendum '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 2 - Same ; additional stars '' . LII / Legal Information Institute .", "34": "Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) . Prologue. 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59666 - 6 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via adamgoodheart.com . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) This Is Why It 's Legal to Burn the American Flag Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press , 2010 ) , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8322 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Star Flag A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore -- Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- Robert G. Heft '' . usflag.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sell , Jill ( June 2015 ) . `` Starring Role '' . Ohio magazine . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Note that the flag ratio ( B / A in the diagram ) is not absolutely fixed . Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9 , earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies .", "35": "This list permits eleven specific flag sizes ( specified by height and width ) for such agencies : 20.00 × 38.00 ; 10.00 × 19.00 ; 8.95 × 17.00 ; 7.00 × 11.00 ; 5.00 × 9.50 ; 4.33 × 5.50 ; 3.50 × 6.65 ; 3.00 × 4.00 ; 3.00 × 5.70 ; 2.37 × 4.50 ; and 1.32 × 2.50 . Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio , within a small rounding error ( less than 0.01 ) . However , three of the authorized sizes vary significantly : 1.57 ( for 7.00 × 11.00 ) , 1.27 ( for 4.33 × 5.50 ) and 1.33 ( for 3.00 × 4.00 ) . Jump up ^ Ex . Ord . No. 10834 , August 21 , 1959 , 24 F.R. 6865 ( governing flags `` manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies '' , Section 22 ) . Section 32 explains that , `` As used in this order , the term ' executive agencies ' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government , including wholly owned Government corporations . '' Jump up ^ Architect of the Capitol : `` Flag Request Form '' , retrieved on July 1st , 2017 . Jump up ^ General Services Administration `` Federal Specification DDD - F - 416F : Flag , National , United States of America and Flag , Union Jack '' . March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Genevieve Reimann , Deane B. Judd , and Harry J. Keegan ( 1946 ) . `` Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards '' . JOSA 36 ( 3 ) , 128 -- 159 . Jump up ^ In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America , `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' were , respectively , Cable No.", "36": "70001 , Cable No. 70180 , and Cable No. 70075 . The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper , the CIELAB D coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform , and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white . The `` relative '' values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001 's luminosity to be that of the white point , and were converted to D or D also using the CAT02 transformation . The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop . Jump up ^ Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , eds. ( 1950 ) , Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America . Jump up ^ In 1998 , `` U.S. Flag Facts '' at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 ( presumably PMS solid coated colors ) . By October 2002 , these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281 . These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations , such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation 's website Archived May 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also `` United States of America '' Archived July 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Flags of the World . The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office : `` Colors of the U.S. Flag '' . United States Embassy Stockholm . November 2001 . The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document , `` Flags over California , a history and guide '' . Jump up ^ The Government Code ; Title 11 . State Symbols and Honors ; Subtitle A ; Chapter 3100 . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us .", "37": "Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The values in this table were taken by converting the CIELAB D coordinates for PMS 193 C , 200 C , and 281 C given in the Pantone color palettes of Adobe Photoshop to sRGB and GRACoL using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 and sRGB profiles in Photoshop . Since PMS 281 C ( blue ) is outside the gamut of sRGB , and both PMS 281 C and PMS 183 C ( red ) are outside the gamut of GRACoL , the RGB and CMYK values for those in the table below are necessarily less - colorful approximations to the colors of the Pantone swatches . Jump up ^ These designs are in the Eisenhower Presidential Archives in Abilene , Kansas . Only a small fraction of them have ever been published . Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Heft : Designer of America 's Current National Flag '' . USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fringe on the American Flag '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See McCann v. Greenway , 952 F. Supp. 647 ( W.D. Mo . 1997 ) , which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag . Jump up ^ Rebuttal of `` martial law flag '' claims by tax protesters . Evans-legal.com . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` state.co.us : `` COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS -- ORDER AFFIRMED : Colorado v Drew '' ( Munsinger ) 13 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . courts.state.co.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LA84 Foundation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ London Olympics 1908 & 1948 . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` Consider Recycling , not Burning , a Retired Flag '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Sec. 8 ( i ) . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Chapter 1 Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) ; United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ About.com . Usmilitary.about.com ( October 1 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUBJECT : Air Force Guidance Memorandum to AFI 36 - 2903 , Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel '' ( PDF ) . Static.e-publishing.af.mil . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy aviators ditch new flight suit wear rules '' . Navytimes.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Self , Peter ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Is the American flag ' backward ' on Scout uniforms ? '' . Scoutingmagazine.org . Scouting . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Imitation of United States Army , Navy or Marine Corps uniforms is prohibited , in accordance with the provisions of the organization 's Congressional Charter . Jump up ^ Scott 's Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 2795 , July 2 , 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States , Title 3 Compilation ( 1943 -- 1948 ) , HathiTrust , Google Books / University of Michigan scan , pages 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Public Law 83 - 319 , approved March 26 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 3418 , June 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Public Law 89 - 335 , approved November 8 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4000 , September 4 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No.", "39": "4064 , July 6 , 1971 , effective July 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4131 , May 5 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Gettysburg College -- News Detail . Gettysburg.edu . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. 94 − 53 , 89 Stat. 259 , S.J. Res. 98 , approved July 4 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Madrid : My visit to Gate 32 at Boston 's Logan Airport '' . patrickmadrid.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Old Glory kept perpetual shine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , PE Press Archive . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Slover Mountain , The Sun , May 14 , 2008 Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ By Act of Congress . California Portland Cement Co Jump up ^ `` Calportland Media Center '' . Calportland.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Apollo flags on the Moon still standing '' . Discovery News . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 6 - Time and occasions for display '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 111 - 41 . 123 Stat. 1962 , H.R. 2632 , approved July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 36 U.S. Code § 111 - Gold Star Mother 's Day '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MDVA : Flag Information . Mdva.state.mn.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 .", "40": "Jump up ^ US Code , Title 4 , Chapter 1 , § 7 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136 . None . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patriot Day , 2005 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Law 107 - 51 . Ushistory.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week The White House Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 104 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag - Folding Procedures The American Legion '' . Legion.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Presentation Protocol '' . Virginia Army National Guard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bikinian Anthem & Flag '' . Bikiniatoll.com . March 1 , 1954 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Sirleaf Worships at Abyssinian Baptist Church ; Pleads with African Americans to Serve as Ambassadors for Liberia '' . Ministry of State Presidential Affairs , Executive Mansion , Government of Liberia . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 .", "41": "Further reading United States Department of State ( June 2012 ) . `` Identity and Marking Standards '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United States . 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3780798490838700655	when did seattle slew win the triple crown	[ "1977", "1977", "1977", "1977", "in 1977" ]	{ "0": "Seattle Slew - wikipedia Seattle Slew Jump to : navigation , search Seattle Slew Seattle Slew as an older horse Sire Bold Reasoning Grandsire Boldnesian Dam My Charmer Damsire Poker Sex Stallion Foaled February 15 , 1974 May 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) ( aged 28 ) Country United States Color Dark bay or brown Breeder Ben S. Castleman Owner Mickey and Karen L. Taylor , Tayhill Stable / Jim Hill , et . al . Racing colors Black , yellow yolk , yellow hoops on sleeves , yellow cap , black pompom . Trainer William H. Turner , Jr . Douglas R. Peterson Record 17 : 14 -- 2 -- 0 Earnings $1,208,726 Major wins Champagne Stakes ( 1976 ) Flamingo Stakes ( 1977 ) Wood Memorial Stakes ( 1977 ) Marlboro Cup ( 1978 ) Woodward Stakes ( 1978 ) Stuyvesant Handicap ( 1978 ) Triple Crown race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1977 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1977 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1977 ) Awards 10th U.S. Triple Crown Champion ( 1977 ) U.S. Champion 2 - Yr - Old Colt ( 1976 ) U.S. Champion 3 - Yr - Old Colt ( 1977 ) American Horse of the Year ( 1977 ) U.S. Champion Older Male Horse ( 1978 ) Leading sire in North America ( 1984 ) North American leading broodmare sire ( 1995 , 1996 ) # 9 - Top 100 U.S.", "1": "Racehorses of the 20th Century NTRA `` Moment of the Year '' ( 2002 ) Honours National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame ( 1981 ) Last updated on February 18 , 2011 Seattle Slew ( February 15 , 1974 -- May 7 , 2002 ) was an American Thoroughbred race horse who won the Triple Crown in 1977 -- the tenth of twelve horses to accomplish the feat . He is the only horse to have won the Triple Crown while having been undefeated in any race previous . Honored as the 1977 Horse of the Year , he was also a champion at age two , three and four . In the Blood - Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Seattle Slew was ranked ninth . Joe Hirsch of the Daily Racing Form wrote : `` Every time he ran he was an odds - on favorite , and the response to his presence on the racetrack , either for a morning workout or a major race , was electric . ' Slewmania ' was a virulent and widespread condition . '' Seattle Slew later became an outstanding sire and broodmare sire , leading the North American sire list in 1984 when his son Swale won the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes . Another son , A.P. Indy , won the Belmont Stakes and continued the sire line through descendants such as Mineshaft , Tapit and California Chrome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 2 - year - old season 2.2 Triple Crown season 2.3 1978 3 Retirement and legacy 4 Pedigree 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Seattle Slew was a dark brown colt with a small white patch of hair by his left rear hoof bred by Ben S. Castleman . He was sired by Bold Reasoning who won the Jersey Derby and Withers Stakes in 1971 . His dam My Charmer went on to produce the 2000 Guineas winner Lomond and Seattle Dancer .", "2": "Horse owners since the early 1970s , Karen Taylor was a former flight attendant , and her husband , Mickey Taylor , was a lumberman . They lived in White Swan , Washington . Their friend Dr. Jim Hill , a veterinarian , recommended that they buy Seattle Slew , a son of Bold Reasoning out of the mare My Charmer , at a 1975 Fasig - Tipton yearling auction . Seattle Slew was foaled at Ben Castleman 's White Horse Acres Farm near Lexington , Kentucky . Hill and his wife , Sally , had met the Taylors through the horse business . In partnership , they bought 13 prospects , including Seattle Slew , who was sold for $17,500 ( equivalent to $80,000 in 2017 ) . They named him for the city of Seattle and the sloughs which loggers once used to transport heavy logs . Karen felt that the spelling of slough -- a slow - moving channel of the Pacific Northwest -- would be too hard for people to remember , so the spelling was changed to Slew . A later co-owner was Glenn Rasmussen , the accountant for the equine partnerships . Seattle Slew 's owners sent the colt to Billy Turner , a friend and former steeplechase rider who had trained horses seasonally in Maryland since the early 1960s . Based at Belmont Park in the mid-1970s , Turner accepted Seattle Slew and another Taylor - Hill purchase and sent them to Andor Farm in Monkton , where his wife at the time , Paula , taught yearlings to be ridden . At maturity , he reached 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) high . Racing career ( edit ) 2 - year - old season ( edit ) Seattle Slew made his first start in a six - furlong maiden race on September 20 , 1976 , the fifth race at Belmont Park on Long Island , New York . The big , nearly black colt was bet down to the 5 -- 2 favorite . He gave the public its first look at what was later called his `` war dance '' ( his habit of tiptoeing on the track before his races ) and won by five lengths .", "3": "Seattle Slew started only twice more as a two - year - old , winning an allowance race on October 5 , 1976 , by 31⁄2 lengths and the one - mile Champagne Stakes 11 days later by 93⁄4 lengths in a fast 1 : 34 ⁄ . Despite starting just three times , Seattle Slew was named Champion 2 - Year - Old of 1976 . Triple Crown season ( edit ) Turner scheduled three races for Seattle Slew leading up to the Kentucky Derby . His first start as a three - year - old came on March 9 , 1977 , when he set a seven - furlong track record at Hialeah Park Race Track in winning an allowance race by nine lengths . On March 26 , Seattle Slew won the Flamingo Stakes by four lengths in the third - fastest time in the stakes ' 51 - year history . On April 23 , he completed his Kentucky Derby preparation with a 31⁄4 - length victory in the Wood Memorial Stakes . Seattle Slew went off as the odds - on 1 - 2 favorite in the 11⁄4 - mile Kentucky Derby on May 7 . A `` speed horse '' who normally broke well and went right to the lead , he swerved at the start and was taken up by jockey Jean Cruguet . However , Cruguet and Seattle Slew recovered and got to the lead , dueling with For the Moment for the first mile of the race . At the top of the stretch , Seattle Slew pulled away to win by 13⁄4 lengths over Run Dusty Run . Two weeks later , in the 1 ⁄ - mile Preakness Stakes , Seattle Slew faced a new rival in multiple - stakes - winner Cormorant . Many handicappers believed the predicted speed duel with Cormorant would jeopardize the Derby winner 's chances ; Andrew Beyer picked Cormorant to win in his Washington Post column . Seattle Slew outstayed Cormorant , holding off Iron Constitution to win by 1 ⁄ lengths . The Belmont Stakes was a coronation for the Triple Crown champion , who won by four lengths before a large , enthusiastic crowd .", "4": "He became the tenth American Triple Crown winner and ( with his nine - for - nine record ) was the first Triple Crown winner to finish the series undefeated . After the Triple Crown , Seattle Slew was sent to Hollywood Park Racetrack , which offered a $400,000 purse to lure him to run in the Swaps Stakes on July 3 , 1977 . In the Swaps , Seattle Slew ( who normally broke on the lead ) was unable to get to the front . Jockey Bill Shoemaker sent J.O. Tobin ( whom Seattle Slew had defeated in the Preakness ) to the lead . J.O. Tobin set fast early fractions for a 11⁄4 - mile race -- 22.40 for the first quarter - mile , 45.40 for the half , 1 : 09.20 for six furlongs and 1 : 33.60 for the mile . Seattle Slew could not keep up and tired badly in the stretch , finishing fourth , 16 lengths behind J.O. Tobin , who won by eight lengths in 1 : 58.40 , less than half a second off the American record for the distance at that time . After this loss , rest and physical problems sidelined Seattle Slew for almost a year . Despite the season - ending loss , however , he was honored at year 's end as champion three - year - old and the Eclipse Award for American Horse of the Year . 1978 ( edit ) In early 1978 , Seattle Slew was stabled at Hialeah and was expected to make three starts in Florida before contesting the one - mile Metropolitan Handicap in New York . In Florida , the horse ( who had recovered from a cough as a three - year - old ) took a turn for the worse in January . He stopped eating , occasionally broke into hours - long sweats and sometimes fell when he tried to stand . The cause was a collapsed left jugular vein . He fought off the life - threatening condition and returned to the races in May . Although veterinarians were concerned for his life and had suggested that he would never race again , Slew made it back to the races on a sloppy track at Aqueduct . By that time , Billy Turner had been replaced by Doug Peterson as his trainer .", "5": "Seattle Slew won that allowance race at Aqueduct by 81⁄2 lengths and won another seven - furlong allowance by six lengths at Saratoga Race Course in August . In preparation for a matchup against the 1978 Triple Crown winner Affirmed , Seattle Slew was sent to the Meadowlands for a night race , the Paterson Handicap . He lost to Dr. Patches in a major upset . Jean Cruguet lost his mount after that race , after expressing doubt if the horse was sufficiently trained . In the Marlboro Cup , the first matchup of two Triple Crown winners , Seattle Slew was not the favorite ( for the only time in his career ) . Angel Cordero , Jr. took the reins as his new jockey Affirmed was the 1 -- 2 favorite , and Seattle Slew was the 2 -- 1 second choice . Affirmed 's arch - rival Alydar was scheduled to run , but he was scratched the week before the race . Affirmed and Seattle Slew were both speed horses . Seattle Slew broke on top and stayed there into the homestretch . Cordero took him away from the rail off the final turn ; Affirmed came up on him , but Seattle Slew responded to beat Affirmed by three lengths in the time of 1 : 45.80 for 1 ⁄ miles , . 40 second off the World record set by Secretariat . Two weeks later , he won the 11⁄4 - mile Woodward Stakes over Exceller by four lengths . In October , Seattle Slew and Affirmed met again in the 11⁄2 - mile Jockey Club Gold Cup at Belmont , which was televised nationally on the CBS network . Affirmed 's trainer , Laz Barrera , did not want Seattle Slew to get an easy lead and dictate the pace as he did in the Marlboro Cup , so Barrera also entered a `` rabbit '' ( Life 's Hope ) in an attempt to tire Slew . Barrera 's plan was compromised ; Seattle Slew set a blistering pace , chased by Affirmed and Life 's Hope . `` Slew '' drew away ; Affirmed 's saddle then slipped , eliminating him from contention ( he finished 5th ) .", "6": "Seattle Slew ran in fractions of 22.60 for the first quarter , 45.20 for the half and 1 : 09.40 for three - quarters -- very fast early times for a long race . Sitting far back , Willie Shoemaker on Exceller took advantage of the fast pace . Exceller made a strong move on the far turn and saved ground by moving inside Seattle Slew as the tiring horse bore out turning for home . Exceller took the lead at the top of the stretch , but Seattle Slew fought back and lost by a nose in a photo finish . This stretch run is still remembered as among the all - time best , ranking with Sunday Silence and Easy Goer 's Preakness in 1989 and the battles between Affirmed and Alydar . Despite the defeat , many analysts considered this to be Seattle Slew 's greatest performance . Andrew Beyer ( a Seattle Slew skeptic when the horse was a three - year - old ) wrote for his lead , `` Exceller won Saturday 's Jockey Club Gold Cup . Seattle Slew was its hero . '' Seattle Slew 's last race was a victory under the high weight of 134 pounds ( 61 kg ) in the Stuyvesant Handicap in November at Aqueduct Racetrack by 31⁄4 lengths . He retired with 14 wins in 17 races and earnings of $1,208,726 . Seattle Slew was named Champion Older Horse in 1978 but lost the Horse of the Year balloting to the horse he defeated in the Marlboro Cup , Affirmed . He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1981 . Retirement and legacy ( edit ) Seattle Slew at Spendthrift Farm in 1981 Seattle Slew stood at stud at Spendthrift Farm in Lexington for seven years , before moving to Three Chimneys Farm in Midway in 1985 . He was the leading sire of 1984 , when his son Swale ( who died later that year ) won the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes .", "7": "His other progeny include the talented , ill - fated 1982 champion two - year - old filly , Landaluce , Slew o ' Gold ( winner of the 1983 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three - Year - Old Male Horse and the 1984 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Older Male Horse ) , 1992 Horse of the Year A.P. Indy and the 2000 champion three - year - old filly Surfside . He is part of a unique three generation sequence of Belmont Stakes Winners : Seattle Slew ( 1977 ) -- A.P. Indy ( 1992 ) -- Rags to Riches ( 2004 ) . The primary conduit for Seattle Slew 's continuation of his male line has been through A.P. Indy . A.P. Indy has done well at stud in Kentucky , siring ( among others ) the 2003 Horse of the Year , Mineshaft . One of Seattle Slew 's most successful grandsons is the California champion Lava Man ( sired by Slew City Slew ) . In 2006 , Lava Man became the first horse to win the Santa Anita Handicap , Hollywood Gold Cup and Pacific Classic Stakes in the same year . Seattle Slew was also a leading broodmare sire , his daughters producing ( among others ) Cigar ( leading North American money - earner of his day ) . Races in honor of his dam , My Charmer , include the My Charmer Handicap held at Florida 's Calder Race Course annually and the My Charmer Stakes held at Kentucky 's Turfway Park . Philly Slew , pictured left , is Seattle Slew 's grandchild Rags to Riches , a granddaughter , won the 2007 Belmont Stakes -- the third filly to win the race , after Ruthless in 1867 and Tanya in 1905 . The victory earned jockey John Velazquez and trainer Todd Pletcher their first wins in any Triple Crown race . Rags To Riches was the 22nd filly to run in the Belmont . In 2002 , ESPN telecast a `` SportsCentury '' on Seattle Slew . In 2014 , Seattle Slew 's great - great grandson , California Chrome , won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness .", "8": "California Chrome was the second Kentucky Derby winner in a row who was a sire - line descendant of Seattle Slew , following Orb in 2013 . California Chrome 's bid for the Triple Crown was defeated by another great - grandson of Seattle Slew , Tonalist , by leading sire Tapit . Tapit also sired the winners of the 2016 and 2017 Belmont Stakes , Creator and Tapwrit respectively . 25 years to the day after he won the Kentucky Derby , Seattle Slew died in his sleep at age 28 . He was buried whole , the highest honor for a winning race horse , in the courtyard at Hill ' N ' Dale Farm near Lexington , Kentucky , with his favorite blanket and a bag of peppermints which he liked to eat . Three Chimneys Farm erected a statue of Seattle Slew near the stallion barn in his honor . Since fellow Triple Crown winner and rival Affirmed had died the year before , he was the sole living Triple Crown winner . At the horse 's death , there were no living Triple Crown winners for the first time since Sir Barton won the first Triple Crown in 1919 . This phenomenon continued until American Pharoah 's Triple Crown in 2015 . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Seattle Slew Sire Bold Reasoning Boldnesian Bold Ruler Nasrullah Miss Disco Alanesian Polynesian Alablue Reason to Earn Hail to Reason Turn - To Nothirdchance Sailing House Wait a Bit Marching Home Dam My Charmer Poker Round Table Princequillo Knight 's Daughter Glamour Nasrullah Striking Fair Charmer Jet Action Jet Pilot Busher Myrtle Charm Alsab Crepe Myrtle ( Family 13 - c ) Seattle Slew was inbred 4 x 4 to the stallion Nasrullah , meaning that Nasrullah appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree . His dam My Charmer was inbred 4 x 4 to both War Admiral and Baby League ( a daughter of the highly influential broodmare La Troienne ) through the full sisters Striking and Busher . See also ( edit ) A.P.", "9": "Indy Exceller Three Chimneys Farm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Seattle Slew Profile '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Blood - Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century ^ Jump up to : Seattle Slew : the story of the colt 's Cinderella rise ^ Jump up to : http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-05-11/sports/1997131134_1_seattle-slew-cinderella-story-karen-taylor Jump up ^ http://www.seattleslew.com/about_slew.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.billyturnerracing.com/seattle-slew.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/90474/pedigree-analysis-is-bigger-always-better Jump up ^ http://www.nyra.com/Belmont/Stakes/Champagne.shtml Jump up ^ ( 1 ) National Museum of Racing . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ About Seattle Slew Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 8 , 1985 ) . `` Seattle Slew Moved from Spendthrift to Chimneys '' . Park City Daily News . Lexington , Kentucky . pp. 11 -- A. Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedigree California Chrome Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` A Pedigree Story Made for Hollywood '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Tapit : The Whole Story '' . cs.bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Seattle Slew at Find a Grave Jump up ^ Seattle Slew Dies Jump up ^ `` Stray Shot - Family 13 - c '' . Thoroughbred Bloodlines . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Mearns , Dan . Seattle Slew .", "10": "( Eclipse Press : 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 58150 - 047 - 5 Cady , Steve . Seattle Slew . ( Penguin Books : 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 004758 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seattle Slew ( horse ) . Seattle Slew 's Official Website Seattle Slew at Three Chimneys Farm : racing record , news , pedigree , conformation at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 16 , 2002 ) Seattle Slew 's Kentucky Derby page Seattle Slew profile at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut .", "11": "Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr .", "12": "1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E.", "13": "Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr .", "14": "1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler", "15": "1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron", "16": "1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan", "17": "1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P.", "18": "Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle_Slew&oldid=832265646 '' Categories : 1974 racehorse births 1977 events in the United States 2002 racehorse deaths Racehorses trained in the United States Racehorses bred in Kentucky United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Kentucky Derby winners Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners Eclipse Award winners American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year Preakness Stakes winners Belmont Stakes winners United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires American Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires American Grade 1 Stakes winners Thoroughbred family 13 - c Chefs - de-Race Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3726433083479859985	the data protection act regulates the collection storage and processing of personal data relating to	[ "any data that can be used to identify a living individual", "computers or in an organised paper filing system", "data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system" ]	{ "0": "Data Protection Act 1998 - wikipedia Data Protection Act 1998 Jump to : navigation , search Data Protection Act 1998 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals , including the obtaining , holding , use or disclosure of such information . Territorial extent United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dates Royal assent 16 July 1998 Commencement March 2000 Other legislation Replaces Data Protection Act 1984 Status : Current legislation Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection , processing and movement of data . Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Data protection principles 2.3 Exceptions 2.4 Police and court powers 2.5 Offences 2.6 Complexity 2.7 Definition of personal data 2.8 Subject Access Requests 2.9 Information Commissioner 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 UK legislation Background ( edit ) The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt in box .", "1": "Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . Contents ( edit ) Scope of Protection ( edit ) Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . In some cases paper records may be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' , such as an address book or a salesperson 's diary used to support commercial activities . The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . A person who has their data processed has the following rights : under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . Data Protection principles ( edit ) Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met .", "2": "Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . Conditions relevant to the first principle Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . Consent Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent .", "3": "Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . Exceptions ( edit ) The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . Police and court powers ( edit ) The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . Offences ( edit ) The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject .", "4": "However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force on 10 March 2015 . Complexity ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity . While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy , interpreting the act is not always simple . Many companies , organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims , content and principles of the Act . Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic , publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction . The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes , not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies . Definition of personal data ( edit ) The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified from that data or from that data and other information in the possession of , or is likely to come into the possession of , the data controller Sensitive personal data concerns the subject 's race , ethnicity , politics , religion , trade union status , health , sex life or criminal record . Subject access requests ( edit ) The Information Commissioner 's Office website states : You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you . This is known as a subject access request . This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data . The Act calls these organisations ' data controllers ' .", "5": "You can ask the organisation you think is holding , using or sharing the personal information you want , to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information . Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to : £ 2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing £ 50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form £ 10 in all other circumstances Information Commissioner ( edit ) Main article : Information Commissioner 's Office Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority , the Information Commissioner 's Office , which maintains guidance relating to the Act . EU 's Article 29 Working Party ( edit ) In January 2017 the Information Commissioner 's Office invited public comments on the EU 's Article 29 Working Party 's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act , the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation . See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act , 2012 ( Ghana ) Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data privacy Data Protection Directive ( EU ) Freedom of Information Act 2000 Gaskin v United Kingdom List of UK government data losses Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 General Data Protection Regulation -- a 2016 EU regulation on data protection Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc Durant v Financial Services Authority ( 2003 ) EWCA Civ 1746 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions ) , Section 36 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Jersey : Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin , mondaq.com , Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 , Basic interpretative provisions '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Determining what information is ' data ' for the purposes of the DPA '' ( PDF ) . Information Commissioner 's Office . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is personal data ?", "6": "Information Commissioner updates guidance '' . Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority . The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data . This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be . Jump up ^ Your rights , ICO , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) '' , ICO , accessed 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claiming compensation '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 10 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 11 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) , ICO.org.uk , accessed 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Conditions for Processing -- Guide to Data Protection -- ICO '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exceptions -- Crime and taxation ) , Section 29 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc . )", "7": ", Section 35 ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 21 , Office of Public Sector Information ) Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 25 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 55 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 56 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx Jump up ^ Bainbridge , D: `` Introduction to Computer Law -- Fifth Edition '' , page 430 . Pearson Education Limited , 2005 Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 30 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how to request your personal information '' . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to Data Protection '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guidance -- The Data Protection Act , Page of Assorted Guidance , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) '' . ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998 Information Commissioner 's Office The Department for Constitutional Affairs Council of Europe -- ETS no .", "8": "108 -- Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data ( 1981 ) -- basis for Data Protection Act 1984 Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data -- basis for Data Protection Act 1998 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.", "9": "uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act_1998&oldid=837204801 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998 Information privacy Cybercrime Computing legislation United Kingdom privacy law Data laws Data protection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6569395974597414012	who did michigan state play in the rose bowl	[ "Stanford Cardinal", "Stanford Cardinal", "Stanford Cardinal", "Stanford Cardinal" ]	{ "0": "2014 Rose Bowl - wikipedia 2014 Rose Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2014 Rose Bowl presented by Vizio 100th Rose Bowl Game Stanford Cardinal Michigan State Spartans ( 11 -- 2 ) ( 12 -- 1 ) 20 24 Head coach : David Shaw Head coach : Mark Dantonio AP Coaches BCS 5 7 5 AP Coaches BCS Total Stanford 10 7 0 20 Michigan State 0 14 7 24 Date January 1 , 2014 Season 2013 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Offense : Connor Cook ( QB , MSU ) Defense : Kyler Elsworth ( LB , MSU ) Favorite Stanford by 41⁄2 National anthem Merry Clayton , Lisa Fischer , Judith Hill and Darlene Love Referee Mike Defee ( Big XII ) Halftime show Bands from participants Attendance 95,173 Payout US $ 23.9 million per team United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio , ESPN Deportes Announcers ESPN : Brent Musburger ( play - by - play ) Kirk Herbstreit ( analyst ) Heather Cox & Tom Rinaldi ( sidelines ) ESPN Radio : Bill Rosinski ( play - by - play ) David Norrie ( analyst ) Joe Schad ( sideline ) Nielsen ratings 10.2 ( 18.6 Million viewers ) Rose Bowl < 2013 2015 > Michigan State defeated Stanford on January 1 , 2014 The 2014 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on January 1 , 2014 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California . This 100th Rose Bowl Game matched Big Ten Conference Champions Michigan State Spartans against Pac - 12 Conference Champions Stanford Cardinal ( the defending Rose Bowl champions ) , a rematch of the 1996 Sun Bowl . It was one of the 2013 -- 14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season .", "1": "The first game in the final edition of the Bowl Championship Series , it was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics company , and officially titled the Rose Bowl Game presented by Vizio . In a game dominated by both teams ' rushing offense and strong defense , Michigan State defeated Stanford by a score of 24 -- 20 . It was only the Big Ten 's second Rose Bowl victory since 2000 . The contest was televised on ESPN with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , which began at 1 : 30 PM ( PST ) with kickoff at 2 : 10 PM ( PST ) . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association was the organizer of the game . The Rose Bowl Game , themed Dreams Come True , was a contractual sell - out , with 64,500 tickets allocated to the participating teams and conferences . The remaining tickets went to the Tournament of Roses members , sponsors , City of Pasadena residents , and the general public . Tickets had a face value of $185 each , with end zone tickets selling at $150 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-game activities 2 Teams 2.1 Michigan State 2.2 Stanford 3 Game summary 3.1 First quarter 3.2 Second quarter 3.3 Third quarter 3.4 Fourth quarter 3.5 Scoring summary 3.6 Statistics 4 Game notes 5 Related events 6 References 7 External links Pre-game activities ( edit ) The game was presided over by the 2014 Rose Queen Ana Marie Acosta , the Royal Court , Tournament of Roses President Scott Jenkins , and Grand Marshal Vin Scully . After the teams ' arrival in Southern California , the teams participated in the traditional Lawry 's Beef Bowl in Beverly Hills and the Disney Media Day at Disneyland in nearby Anaheim . The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame ceremony luncheon was held prior to the game at the Pasadena Convention Center , where Lloyd Carr , Orlando Pace , and Lynn Swann were inducted into the hall . The bands and cheerleaders from both schools participated in the pre-game Rose Parade on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena , California along with the floats . Merry Clayton , Lisa Fischer , Judith Hill and Darlene Love kicked off the pre-game festivities .", "2": "Teams ( edit ) Teams playing in the Rose Bowl game are usually the winners of the Pac - 12 and Big Ten conference championship games , unless one team ( or both teams ) play in the BCS National Championship game . The teams were officially selected by the football committee of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association on Selection Sunday on December 8 , 2013 . On December 7 , 2013 , the Stanford Cardinal defeated Pac - 12 South Division Champion Arizona State Sun Devils 38 -- 14 for the Pac - 12 Conference Championship , clinching their second straight Rose Bowl berth ; The Cardinal won the Rose Bowl Game the previous season . Later that night , the Michigan State Spartans defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2013 Big Ten Football Championship Game 34 -- 24 to become the Big Ten Conference Champions and were given a berth in the Rose Bowl game , their first since 1988 . The teams had met five times before with Michigan State leading the series , 3 -- 2 . Before the game , the teams held their pre-game practices at the StubHub Center in Carson , California . As the designated home team for the game , Michigan State wore its green home jerseys while Stanford wore its white away jerseys . Michigan State ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Michigan State Spartans football team This was the 5th time Michigan State had played in the Rose Bowl game , where they are the winningest team from the Big Ten by win percentage , holding a 4 -- 1 record ; by contrast , the Big Ten as whole was 1 - 9 in the last 10 Rose Bowls . November has been good for the Spartans , winning 11 of the last 13 games ( 3 -- 0 in 2010 ; 4 -- 0 in 2011 ; 1 -- 2 in 2012 , 3 -- 0 in 2013 ) . The Spartans , led by seventh year coach Mark Dantonio , led the conference in scoring defense ( 16 touchdowns allowed ) , rushing defense ( 64.8 yards per game ) , total defense ( 237.7 yards per game ) and pass defense ( 172.9 yard per game ) during the regular season .", "3": "Defensive end Shilique Calhoun finished second in the Big Ten Conference in sacks ( 7.5 ) and finished first in fumbles forced ( 4 ) and recovered ( 4 ) . He was an Associated Press second - team All - American . Cornerback Darqueze Dennard was named a consensus first - team All - American and earned the Jim Thorpe Award , given to the nation 's top defensive back . Offensively , the team was led by Jeremy Langford in rushing ( 269 carries for 1,338 yards , 4.97 avg. , 17 TDs ) , Connor Cook in passing ( 201 of 344 for 2,423 yards , 20 TDs , 5 INTs ) , and Bennie Fowler in receiving ( 34 catches for 525 yards , 15.44 avg. , 6 TDs ) . Stanford ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Stanford Cardinal football team The Stanford Cardinal , who played in the first Rose Bowl in 1902 , came back to the Rose Bowl for the second time in a row . For the fourth season in a row , the Cardinal had won 11 or more games . Led by LB Trent Murphy and LB Shayne Skov , the defense has allowed just 91.62 yards rushing ( No. 3 in the FBS ) and is averaging 3.08 sacks ( tied for No. 1 in FBS ) . Offensively , Stanford was led by RB Tyler Gaffney , who gained 1,626 yards this season for 20 touchdowns ; and WR Ty Montgomery , who has gained 161.0 all - purpose yards per game and scored 12 touchdowns . In the 24 -- 10 win over UCLA , Gaffney carried 26 times for 171 yards ; in the 26 -- 20 win on Oregon , he carried 45 times for 157 yards ; and in the Notre Dame game , he carried for 189 yards in 33 carries to defeat the Fighting Irish , 27 -- 20 . Game summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) Stanford received the opening kickoff and on the second play from scrimmage , Kevin Hogan went deep and found Michael Rector for 43 yards , putting them immediately in Michigan State territory .", "4": "Several plays later , Tyler Gaffney scored on a 16 - yard run after a missed tackle by MSU safety Isaiah Lewis . Stanford took a 7 - 0 lead early in the first quarter . The Michigan State offense , led by Connor Cook , would be able to get into Stanford territory on their first 2 drives , but were unable to score on both attempts . Stanford would be able to add 3 points to its score near the end of the 1st quarter after a 47 - yard run by Tyler Gaffney put them in field goal position . As the first quarter came to an end , Stanford held a 10 - 0 lead . Second quarter ( edit ) Michigan State had the ball to begin the second quarter . The Spartans moved the ball with efficiency and controlled the pace as a Tony Lippett reception of 24 yards put MSU in Stanford territory . The Michigan State offense appeared to have stalled at the Stanford 9 yard line , however , a pass interference penalty called on 3rd and goal against the Cardinal gave the Spartans a new set of downs . Jeremy Langford was then able to score on a 2 - yard run , putting the score at 10 - 7 . The remainder of the second quarter became a battle of field position , with both defenses setting the tone . With under 3 minutes left in the first half , Michigan State had good field position at their own 41 yard line after Stanford was forced to punt from their own endzone . On the second play of the possession , Connor Cook , while being hit , threw an ill - advised pass up for grabs and Stanford linebacker Kevin Anderson intercepted it , returning it 40 yards on a pick - six , expanding the Cardinal lead to 17 - 7 . With 2 : 07 remaining , the MSU offense took the field , fresh off a costly turnover . On 2nd and 10 , a Connor Cook completion to Tony Lippett for 24 yards got them to mid-field . Another 2nd and 10 completion to Jeremy Langford went for 11 yards and put Michigan State in Stanford territory . One play later , Connor Cook saw man coverage and completed a 37 - yard strike to 5th year senior Bennie Fowler , who made a challenging catch to put Michigan State at the Stanford 3 yard line .", "5": "Several plays later , Cook , scrambling away from pressure , found fullback Trevon Pendleton for a touchdown , pulling the Spartans within 3 . After receiving the kickoff , Stanford chose to run out the clock , maintaining a 17 - 14 halftime lead . Third quarter ( edit ) Michigan State would receive the second half kickoff and was able to tie the game on a Michael Geiger 31 yard field goal after a Bennie Fowler catch and run of 60 yards on the second play of the half put MSU in field goal position . With the game tied 17 - 17 , Stanford received the ball . After an 11 - yard completion to Ryan Hewitt , in a fashion similar to how the game started , Kevin Hogan went deep to Michael Rector again on 1st and 10 , however , this time the ball was intercepted as Michigan State cornerback Trae Waynes took the ball away from Rector while the both of them were falling to the ground . On the ensuing Michigan State possession , the Cardinal defense stood tall , forcing a punt and giving their offense a second chance . Backed up at their own 7 yard line , the Stanford offense did not start off their drive as planned , as a botched handoff between Kevin Hogan and Tyler Gaffney almost resulted in what would have been a disastrous turnover . On 2nd down , Gaffney was tackled for a 1 - yard loss . On 3rd and 11 with the ball at the Stanford 6 yard line , Kevin Hogan threw deep over the middle to tight end Devon Cajuste , which was caught for a 51 - yard gain and put Stanford in Michigan State territory . A holding penalty called against Stanford ( only the 3rd holding penalty called against the Cardinal offensive line all season ) the next play made it 1st and 20 . On 3rd and 17 , Kevin Hogan took off on a 14 - yard scramble to make a 4th down conversion seem manageable . On 4th and 3 , Stanford turned the ball over on downs after Tyler Gaffney was tackled in the backfield for a 3 - yard loss by senior Spartan linebacker Denicos Allen .", "6": "Trying to take advantage of the failed 4th down conversion , the Michigan State running game , which had been rather quiet for the majority of the game ( Spartan running back Jeremy Langford had rushed for over 100 yards in 8 consecutive games before this game ) , started to gain momentum . Jeremy Langford ripped off 4 straight rushes for a combined 34 yards . Connor Cook then completed 2 passes for 15 yards and it was clear that the Michigan State offense had found a rhythm . However , while fighting for extra yardage on the next play , Langford was stripped of the football by Cardinal linebacker Shayne Skov , and Stanford recovered the ball at their own 8 yard line . After a quick possession , Stanford would have to punt the ball to begin the 4th quarter with the game tied 17 - 17 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) A poor Stanford punt from their own 7 yard line and a 19 - yard return from Macgarrett Kings gave Michigan State advantageous field position at the Cardinal 27 yard line . A rush for negative yardage and a false start penalty backed MSU up to the Stanford 34 yard line . On 2nd and 17 , Connor Cook completed a 9 - yard pass to tight end Josiah Price , making it 3rd and 8 . Taking the shotgun snap , Connor Cook hit Tony Lippett over the middle for a 25 - yard touchdown pass , giving Michigan State their first lead , 24 - 17 . Stanford was unable to pick up a first down on their next possession and were forced to punt . The Michigan State offense did no better , after the offensive line allowed a sack on 3rd and long . After a 38 - yard punt , Stanford got the ball back at their own 28 yard line , trailing by a touchdown . On the first play of the possession , Michael Rector received the ball on an end - around and gained 27 yards , putting the Cardinal in Spartan territory at the MSU 45 . A holding penalty called against All - American and Thorpe Award recipient Darqueze Dennard gave Stanford 10 free yards and put them in field goal position .", "7": "On the field goal attempt , the hold was botched and chaos ensued , as the holder attempted to pick up the first down in a last - ditch effort by running , but then decided to throw for it as pressure was coming his way . He threw the ball up and linebacker Trent Murphy caught the ball for a first down . However , an ineligible receiver downfield penalty was called against Stanford and they had to attempt another field goal instead , this time from 39 yards away , which was good . Michigan State would receive the ball with a 24 - 20 lead with a little over 4 minutes remaining in the game . They were only able to take 1 : 09 off the clock and were forced to punt the ball back to Stanford . With 3 : 06 remaining in the game , Stanford had the ball at their own 25 yard line . They ran the ball 3 straight times for 9 yards , with Kevin Hogan , Ricky Seale , and Tyler Gaffney as the respective ball carriers . With 1 : 46 remaining , Stanford head coach David Shaw took a timeout , knowing that he would have to go for it on 4th and 1 if Stanford were to have an opportunity to take the lead . After seeing what Stanford had lined up with , Michigan State head coach Mark Dantonio took a timeout of his own to assess the situation . It was a 4th and 1 , short yardage situation at the Stanford 34 yard line . Kevin Hogan took the snap and handed it to the up - back Ryan Hewitt who was stopped for no gain as Spartan linebackers Kyler Elsworth and Darien Harris jumped over the middle of a mass pile of lineman to make the tackle . Elsworth , a former walk - on , was 2 - time team captain Max Bullough 's replacement . Stanford turned over the ball on downs for the second time and Michigan State ran out the clock from there , and with the victory secured their first 13 win season in school history and their first Rose Bowl win since 1988 . Elsworth was named Defensive Player of the Game , and Connor Cook was named Offensive Player of the Game .", "8": "Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Stanford Michigan State 11 : 16 7 77 3 : 44 Stanford Tyler Gaffney 16 - yard touchdown run , Jordan Williamson kick good 7 0 1 : 40 7 69 2 : 41 Stanford 34 - yard field goal by Jordan Williamson 10 0 10 : 45 13 75 5 : 55 Michigan State Jeremy Langford 2 - yard touchdown run , Michael Geiger kick good 10 7 2 : 07 Stanford Interception returned 40 yards for touchdown by Kevin Anderson , Jordan Williamson kick good 17 7 0 : 28 7 75 1 : 39 Michigan State Trevon Pendleton 2 - yard touchdown reception from Connor Cook , Michael Geiger kick good 17 14 12 : 56 6 61 2 : 04 Michigan State 31 - yard field goal by Michael Geiger 17 17 13 : 22 27 1 : 28 Michigan State Tony Lippett 25 - yard touchdown reception from Connor Cook , Michael Geiger kick good 17 24 4 : 15 9 50 4 : 46 Stanford 39 - yard field goal by Jordan Williamson 20 24 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football .", "9": "20 24 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Michigan State Stanford First Downs 21 11 Total offense , plays -- yards 71 -- 397 54 -- 305 Rushes - yards ( net ) 35 - 65 ( 1.9 ) 36 - 162 ( 4.5 ) Passing yards ( net ) 332 143 Passes , Comp - Att - Int 22 -- 36 -- 1 10 -- 18 -- 1 Time of Possession 31 : 11 28 : 49 Game notes ( edit ) April 23 , 2013 -- Tournament of Roses announced the creation of a special Rose Bowl Game trophy by Tiffany & Co. by adding 24k yellow gold vermeil accents to the twenty - one inches tall trophy , which features a 3⁄4 size football rendered entirely in sterling silver .", "10": "The 100th Rose Bowl Game Commemorative Book , written by Malcolm Moran , will also be released September 24 , 2013 -- The 100th Rose Bowl Game commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Rose Bowl Stadium by the Tournament of Roses December 8 , 2013 -- Rose Bowl All - Century Class , with representatives from each decade announced in association with the Football Writers Association of America December 25 , 2013 -- Michigan State captain Max Bullough was suspended for the Rose Bowl game for violating unspecified team rules January 1 , 2014 -- OLB Kevin Anderson 's interception return for a touchdown was his first in his career , first in the Rose Bowl game since 2002 ; Magic Johnson , Condoleezza Rice , and former California Governor Gray Davis attended the game January 6 , 2014 -- The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association will also play host to the 2014 BCS National Championship Game Related events ( edit ) Selection Sunday , December 8 , 2013 Lawry 's Beef Bowl -- December 27 , 28 , 2013 Hall of Fame ceremony , Pasadena Convention Center , December 30 , 2013 Kickoff Luncheon , Rose Bowl , December 31 , 2013 Rose Bowl Game Public Tailgate , January 1 , 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NCAAF Odds , December 15 , 2013 , OddsShark.com Jump up ^ `` 2014 Rose Bowl : Stanford vs. Michigan State '' . State Broadcast . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Media Guide , Tournament of Roses Association , December 2013 Jump up ^ Rose Bowl quick facts Archived 2008 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine.", "11": ", TournamentofRoses.com Jump up ^ Iraq War veteran named Rose Parade grand marshal , Associated Press via the Boston Globe , November 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ana Marie Acosta crowned 2014 Rose Parade Queen , Long Beach Press - Telegram , October 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tournament of Roses Unveils Commemrative Plaque at Rose Bowl Stadium , Tournament of Roses , September 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ First Group of Finalists Unveiled for Rose Bowl Game All - Century Class , Tournament of Roses Association , September 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rose Bowl : Michigan State moving on without suspended Max Bullough , Los Angeles Times , December 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ All Events , Tournament of Roses Association , July 25 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Official website 2013 -- 14 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 21 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 21 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 21 ) Beef ' O ' Brady 's ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Little Caesars Pizza ( Dec. 26 ) Poinsettia ( Dec. 26 ) Military ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Fight Hunger ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 28 ) Russell Athletic ( Dec. 28 ) Buffalo Wild Wings ( Dec. 28 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 30 ) Music City ( Dec. 30 ) Alamo ( Dec. 30 ) Holiday ( Dec. 30 ) AdvoCare V100 ( Dec. 31 ) Sun ( Dec. 31 ) Liberty ( Dec. 31 ) Chick - fil - A ( Dec. 31 ) Gator ( Jan. 1 ) Heart of Dallas ( Jan. 1 ) Capital One ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Cotton ( Jan. 3 ) BBVA Compass ( Jan. 4 ) GoDaddy ( Jan. 5 ) Bowl Championship Series games : Rose ( Jan. 1 ) Fiesta ( Jan.", "12": "1 ) Sugar ( Jan. 2 ) Orange ( Jan. 3 ) BCS National Championship ( Jan. 6 ) All - Star Games : East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 18 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 18 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 25 ) Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions .", "13": "Michigan State Spartans bowl games 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Rose Bowl 1956 Rose Bowl 1966 Rose Bowl 1984 Cherry Bowl 1985 Hall of Fame Classic 1988 Rose Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Aloha Bowl 1990 John Hancock Bowl 1993 Liberty Bowl 1995 Independence Bowl 1996 Sun Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 2000 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2003 Alamo Bowl 2007 Champs Sports Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2010 Alamo Bowl 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 2014 Rose Bowl 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Jan ) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2017 Holiday Bowl Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Stanford Cardinal bowl games 1902 Rose Bowl 1925 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1928 Rose Bowl 1934 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1936 Rose Bowl 1941 Rose Bowl 1952 Rose Bowl 1971 Rose Bowl 1972 Rose Bowl 1977 Sun Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1991 Aloha Bowl 1993 Blockbuster Bowl 1995 Liberty Bowl 1996 Sun Bowl 2000 Rose Bowl 2001 Seattle Bowl 2009 Sun Bowl 2011 Orange Bowl 2012 Fiesta Bowl 2013 Rose Bowl 2014 Rose Bowl 2014 Foster Farms Bowl 2016 Rose Bowl 2016 Sun Bowl 2017 Alamo Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=2014_Rose_Bowl&oldid=815760509 '' Categories : Rose Bowl 2013 -- 14 NCAA football bowl games 2014 in sports in California Michigan State Spartans football bowl games Stanford Cardinal football bowl games January 2014 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6403936039868410763	when did teenage mutant ninja turtles come out	[ "1984", "1984", "1984", "1984" ]	{ "0": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Art by Kevin Eastman Publication information Publisher Mirage Studios First appearance Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird In - story information Base ( s ) Manhattan , New York City Member ( s ) Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main characters 3 Comics 3.1 Mirage 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures 3.3 Dreamwave 3.4 IDW 3.5 Manga 3.6 Comic strip 4 Television series 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 4.2 Original video animation 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Toys 7 Video games 8 In other media 8.1 Tabletop role playing game 8.2 Food tie - ins 8.3 Concert tour 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park 8.5 Parodies 9 Controversies 9.1 Departure from origins 9.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles 10 Ownership rights 10.1 Television 10.2 Films 10.3 Comic books 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird .", "2": "Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience .", "3": "Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property .", "4": "Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . Michelangelo ( Mikey ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , and often goofy jokester , and known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello .", "5": "Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , and the 2012 TV series , Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat . In the 2003 TV series , he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat . He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building . In the IDW comics , he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat . April O'Neil -- A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman , April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter 's Mouser robots . She embarks on many of the Turtles ' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles can not . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , the subsequent three films , and the 2014 film reboot , April was a television news reporter . In the 2007 CGI film ( following the continuity from the original three films ) , Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm . In the 2012 series , April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some `` crash courses '' in being a ninja by Splinter . Casey Jones -- A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity , Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles ' closest allies , as well as a love interest to April . Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael . He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag , such as baseball bats , golf clubs , and hockey sticks .", "6": "The Shredder -- A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki , he is the leader of the Foot Clan , an evil ninja clan . In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise , he has been the archenemy of Splinter and the Turtles . The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions . Foot Soldiers / Ninjas -- The ninjas of the Foot Clan , working for the Shredder . Karai -- A female high - rank member of the Foot Clan , she has appeared in several different TMNT comics , cartoons , and films , as well as in multiple video games . In some incarnations of the character , she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter . In most works , she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo , which occasionally even borders on romantic interest . Comics ( edit ) Mirage ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Mirage Studios ) Eastman and Laird 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984 , at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine - style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint , limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies . Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 542 and a full - page ad placed in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 547 , the public 's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon . The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items , and within months , they were trading for over 50 times their cover price . The name `` Mirage Studios '' was chosen because of Eastman and Laird 's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career , before their creation made them both multimillionaires . Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson , which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe . This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity , and the two are thus canon to each other .", "7": "The title 's first volume was from 1987 -- 1989 , released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book . All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice , and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each . As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media , Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut . However , this prevented the two creators from participating in the day - to - day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book . So , many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe . The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed , anthology - like feel . Fans stuck with the series , and what was originally intended as a one - shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues , spanning four separate volumes ( having 62 , 13 , 23 , and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes ) . In June 1996 , Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered `` volume 3 '' of the series . It was a slightly more action - oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters , Peter Laird , co-creator of the TMNT , has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing . As an explanation , he offered in the pages of the volume 4 ( issue # 8 ) letter column : `` It just did n't feel right . '' After taking back the series from Image Comics , Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001 , under the simple title TMNT . After the publication of issue number 28 , writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight - month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie . However , after that eight months had passed , Mirage 's official website went on to list the series as in `` indefinite hiatus '' . In January 2008 , Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008 . Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each , and were available through the official TMNT website .", "8": "Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity , no new material was released in the next few years . The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue # 32 which came out in print May 4 , 2014 , and online on May 9 , 2014 , almost 4 years after issue # 31 was last released . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles adventures ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals . Dreamwave ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Dreamwave Productions ) A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003 . It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas . In the first four issues , which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series , the story was told from the perspectives of April , Baxter , Casey , and a pair of New York City police officers . IDW ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( IDW Publishing ) In April 2011 , IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series . The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 , 2011 . Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write , with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores . Manga ( edit ) The Turtles have appeared in several manga series .", "9": "Mutant Turtles ( ミュータント・タートルズ , Myūtanto Tātoruzu ) is a 15 - issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada , Zuki mora , and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series . Super Turtles ( スーパータートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu ) is a three - issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu , Tetsurō Kawade , and Toshio Kudō that featured the `` TMNT Supermutants '' Turtle toys that were on sale at the time . The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline . Mutant Turtles Gaiden ( ミュータント・タートルズ外伝 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden ) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga . Mutant Turtles III ( ミュータント・タートルズ 3 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri ) is Yasuhiko Hachino 's adaptation of the third feature film . Mutant Turtles ' 95 ( ミュータント・タートルズ 95 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo ) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom . Mutant Turtles ' 96 ( ミュータント・タートルズ 96 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku ) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996 . Comic strip ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( comic strip ) A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990 . It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends ( with fan art appearing later ) . The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996 . At its highest point in popularity , it was published in over 250 newspapers .", "10": "Television series ( edit ) First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1987 TV series ) Logo of the 1987 cartoon When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red . The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist .", "11": "Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself . Starting on September 25 , 1989 , the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season . There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990 . The `` European Vacation '' episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the `` Awesome Easter '' episodes were not seen until 1991 . These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems . The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time , especially by Michelangelo . Words and phrases included `` bummer '' , `` dude '' , `` bogus '' , `` radical '' , `` far - out '' , `` tubuloso '' , `` bodacious '' , and possibly the most recognized , `` cowabunga '' . On April 21 , 1990 , a drug - prevention television special was broadcast on ABC , NBC , and CBS named Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time ; representing TMNT was Michelangelo , voiced by Townsend Coleman . Starting on September 8 , 1990 ( with a different opening sequence ) , the show began its run on CBS . The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994 , initially airing a few Saturday - exclusive episodes back - to - back . Also , a brief `` Turtle Tips '' segment aired between the two episodes , which served as public - service announcement about the environment or other issues . After 1994 , the show was reduced to just a half - hour and only eight episodes per season were produced , grouped into a `` CBS Action Zone '' block that also featured WildC. A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors , both of which were canceled after one season ; though TMNTs retained their `` Action Zone '' introduction .", "12": "The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films . The series ran until November 2 , 1996 , when it aired its final episode . Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators , including the Battletoads , Cheetahmen , Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa , Road Rovers , Street Sharks , Extreme Dinosaurs , and Biker Mice from Mars . Currently , all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen In addition to the American series , a Japan - exclusive two - episode anime original video animation ( OVA ) series was made in 1996 , titled Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen . The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo 's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series . The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys . It featured the Turtles as superheroes , that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones , while Shredder , Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone . As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises , the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint . The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts . Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Logo of the live - action series Main article : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation In 1997 -- 1998 , the Turtles starred in a live - action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies . A fifth turtle was introduced , a female named Venus de Milo , who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi . The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise , as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains .", "13": "Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter 's ear was cut , the Foot Soldiers were humans , and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies . The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space . It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes . Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2003 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) In 2003 , a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the `` FoxBox '' ( later renamed `` 4Kids TV '' ) programming block . It later moved to `` The CW4Kids '' block . The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios , and Mirage owned one - third of the rights to the series . Mirage 's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics , creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon , but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children . This series lasted until 2009 , ending with a feature - length television movie titled Turtles Forever , which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series . 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series , until September 2010 , when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons . Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2012 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment , Inc. and announced a new CGI - animated TMNT television series . The 2012 version is characterized by anime - like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies . The series ran for five seasons .", "14": "Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise , which will debut in September 2018 . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( film series ) The Turtles have appeared in six feature films . The first three are live - action features produced in the early 1990s : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III ( 1993 ) . The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads , initially produced by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The fourth film is a CGI - animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007 . A reboot , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Out of the Shadows was released on June 3 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role - playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness , published by Palladium Books in 1985 , and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird . The game features a large list of animals , including elephants and sparrows , that are available as mutant player characters . Several more titles were in this genre , including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures , Truckin ' Turtles , Turtles Go Hollywood , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe , and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise , Idaho , produced an attendant set of lead figurines ; unlike later incarnations , the bandannas on the store 's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry .", "15": "Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000 , in part due to declining sales stemming from the `` kiddification '' of the animated and live - action incarnations to that point . However , Palladium 's publisher , Kevin Siembieda , has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise 's recent moves closer to its roots . Toys ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures During the run of the 1987 TV series , Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures , along with vehicles , playsets , and accessories , becoming one of the top collectibles for children . Staff artists at Northampton , Massachusetts - based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures , vehicles , and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging . In addition , Playmates produced a series of TMNTs / Star Trek crossover figures , due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action - figure license at the time . Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line , including Bloom Design , White Design , Pangea , Robinson - Clarke , and McHale Design . The marketing vice president of Playmates , Karl Aaronian , was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers , which in turn , helped germinate continued interest in the toy line . Never before in toy history did an action - figure line have such an impact for over two decades , generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue . The series was highly popular in the UK , where in the run - up to Christmas , the Army & Navy Store in London 's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle , including games , videos , costumes , and other items . Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series . The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures , while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high - quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics . In 2012 , a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released .", "16": "Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games The first console video game based on the franchise , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) by Konami under their `` Ultra Games '' label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console . Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game , also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game , leading to an NES - only sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project , which used the look of the arcade game , as opposed to the first NES game . The next Turtles game , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time , was released in 1991 as an arcade game , and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( Super NES ) in 1992 . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year , and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV . There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami , consisting of : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fall of the Foot Clan , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : Back from the Sewers , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : Radical Rescue . As the video game series progressed , and the Ninja Turtles ' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s , the video games changed direction . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one - on - one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series ; versions were released for the NES , SNES , and Genesis , each a distinct game . Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise , resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat ' em up games , consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 video game ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 : Battle Nexus , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare .", "17": "In 2006 , Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games , beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film , along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games . A beat ' em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 , to coincide with the series ' 25th anniversary . In 2013 , Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and Steam . On January 25 , 2016 , Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and PC . The game is described as a third - person , team - based brawler . The campaign will be playable either single - player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz , IDW comic writer and editor . The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends , a Free to play Role - playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone , iPad , Android , and Kindle Fire . It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) . The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles appear as playable characters in the DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2 as a part of the `` Fighter Pack 3 '' downloadable content . In other media ( edit ) Tabletop role playing game ( edit ) In 1985 , Palladium Books published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness . This was a stand - alone game , as well as acting as an expansion for their game Rifts . The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system . The game itself is limited to which martial arts are available , but a separate book , Ninjas and Superspies , increased the amount available to a choice of 41 martial arts styles .", "18": "Examples of animals created are included in the appendices as potential antagonists , including the Terror Bears , Caesers Weasels , and Sparrow Eagles , as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters . Food tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie - ins During the height of their popularity , the Turtles had a number of food tie - ins . Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal , produced by Ralston - Purina as a kind of `` Chex with TMNT - themed marshmallows '' which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas , pizza - flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas ( the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton - created claymations ) ; Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies , featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside ; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts , distributed by Nabisco under `` Royal Gelatin '' in three different flavors : orange , strawberry , and lime . Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children . One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon ( 1992 ) . There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered . Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles . Concert tour ( edit ) To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released .", "19": "The track listing is as follows : show Concert tour track list `` Coming Out of Our Shells ! '' `` Sing About It '' `` Tubin ' '' `` Skipping Stones '' `` Pizza Power '' `` Walk Straight '' `` No Treaties '' `` Cowabunga '' `` April Ballad '' `` Count on Us '' Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life , many references are made to their pizza . Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the `` Behind the Shells '' VHS . As part of a cross-marketing strategy , Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters , audio cassettes of `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' , and `` Official Tour Guides '' as premiums . The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released . The song `` Pizza Power '' was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time . At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park ( edit ) On June 30 , 1990 , the TMNT appeared in the `` New York Street '' section of Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Orlando . Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon , they would `` ninja dance '' across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show . After the main show was done , they posed for pictures and signed autographs . The Turtles also made appearances in Disney 's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single `` Pizza Power ! '' The Turtles ' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996 . Parodies ( edit ) Cover of Cracked # 255 , August 1990 Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody , the comic 's explosive success led to a wave of small - press , black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself , including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters , Pre-Teen Dirty - Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos , and a host of others . Dark Horse Comics ' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones ; its first issue was titled `` Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters '' .", "20": "Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream , parodies also proliferated in other media , such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad magazine and numerous TV series of the period . The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds '' . Controversies ( edit ) Departure from origins ( edit ) The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) . Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles ( edit ) The title screen from the TMHT version , altered due to censorship . Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom and Ireland the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program ( in Ireland , however , the first season aired as `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' before the change to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ) . Consequently , everything related to the Turtles ( comic books , video games , toys , etc . ) had to be renamed before being released in these nations , as well as in the German - speaking countries . The lyrics were also changed , such as changing `` Splinter taught them to be ninja teens '' to `` Splinter taught them to be fighting teens '' .", "21": "The policies also had other effects , such as editing out use of Michelangelo 's nunchaku ( which were at the time banned by James Ferman , chairman of the BBFC , from appearing in films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles ' weapons . To head this problem off , the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo 's nunchaku entirely during season three , replacing them with a grappling hook called the `` Turtle Line '' that served as Mikey 's signature weapon for the rest of the show 's run . In Italy , Spain and Portugal , they kept Michelangelo 's nunchaku but the `` TMHT '' logo could be seen in the intro , as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations . In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian : Galician and Catalan ; in the Galician version , the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ( `` The Mutant Turtles '' ) was used . The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits . However , when the live - action movie came out in 1990 , the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK . In time , nunchaku scenes were retained in previously - censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee . The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games , which had Michelangelo 's weapon of choice fully visible and usable . By the time of the 2003 TV series , these censorship policies had been abolished , and no changes have occurred in the content of the show . The name `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series . As a result , in the UK , the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 2009 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK . This 3 - Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season , as well as a 1 - Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1 .", "22": "This release features the original , unedited episodes under the `` Ninja Turtles '' title , and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK . Ownership rights ( edit ) Due to various movie and television deals , the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies , with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19 , 2009 , at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon . Television ( edit ) The original animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin ( as Murakami Wolf Swenson ( MWS ) and Murakami Wolf Dublin ( MWD ) during earlier seasons ) , and syndicated by Group W . The series itself is owned by Wolf Films , with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment , and until recently , syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon 's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution . The initial five - part miniseries ( retroactively considered the first season ) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys , although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films . Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment , and as of September 2011 , is owned and distributed by Saban Brands . The second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment . Nickelodeon 's October 19 , 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012 . Due to the buyout , all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids ' contract . Films ( edit ) The first three TMNT live - action films were produced by Golden Harvest , with New Line Cinema ( now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment ) distributing the films in the United States , with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories . The first two films were copyrighted by the UK - based Northshore Investments .", "23": "The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings . The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios , and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company . Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , was released on June 3 , 2016 , with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones . Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director . Comic Books ( edit ) Initially , Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books . Eventually , due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone 's rights , Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work - for - hire contracts . One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch . See also ( edit ) Comics portal 1980s portal Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Ninja in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes in a Half Shell Turn the Big 2 -- 5 '' . The New York Times . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey R. ( April 15 , 1990 ) . `` Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT : The Rennaissance ( sic& ) Reptiles Return '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Was a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle '' . January 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . Villard Books . ISBN 0679734848 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Laird , Peter ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` palblog : Musings about the sale '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon '' . Reuters . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : TMNT Origin Story , official site . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGill , Douglas C. ( December 25 , 1988 ) . `` DYNAMIC DUO : Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird ; Turning Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Into a Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ninja Turtles '' . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . IDW Publishing April 1 , 2011 Accessed April 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the Creators TMNT25.com ( January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 -- 31 -- 09 . Archived April 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice C. ( April 2 , 1990 ) . `` Show Business : Lean , Green and on the Screen '' . Time . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( 1987 / I ) -- Trivia IMDB.com ( February 2019 ) . Retrieved on 2 -- 21 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Official TMNT Web Site ! '' . Tmnt25.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT Celebrates 25 Years , III -- Peter Laird '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Eileen ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` WonderCon 2011 -- PR : IDW to Publish New Ninja Turtles Series Based on Original Comics '' . toonzone news . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMNT Gets a Makeover '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Ninja Turtles TV Series and Film Coming '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , ' Lip Sync Battle ' and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon unveils 2017 upfront lineup '' . kidscreen.com . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Chris ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kevin Siembieda Interview , Part 2 '' ( mp3 ) . Space Station Liberty . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Lazzareschi , Carla ( December 23 , 1991 ) . `` Rapid - Paced Turtle Sales Starting to Slow Down : Toys : Rival manufacturers see a cooling of the ' Ninja ' fad as a chance to regain a larger share of the market '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Reveals 2012 ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Action Figures -- ComicsAlliance Comic book culture , news , humor , commentary , and reviews '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft to create video game based on 2007 TMNT movie '' . Starpulse.com . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4Kids Entertainment And The Mirage Group Sign Worldwide Video Game Agreement With Ubisoft '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack hands - on ign.com Jump up ^ `` Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows announced -- trailer '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT - Mutants in Manhattan '' . www.tmntmutantsinmanhattan.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ; Laird , Peter ; Eastman , Kevin ( 1988 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness ( Revised ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211142 . OCLC 20101871 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ( 1990 ) . Ninjas & Superspies ( Rev ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211312 . OCLC 24330062 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` ' Turtles ' Tapes Being Served at Burger King '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mutant Merchandise '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( August 17 , 1990 ) . `` Music news for August 17 , 1990 -- Prince and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles made news this week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Music ; After the Hype , an Elaborate High - Tech Show for the Ninja Turtles Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Ted ; Churnin , Nancy ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Shell Out Ninja Concert Fun '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Schlocked '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spitting Image Fun . ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Spitting Image Series 9 Episode 3 ( full episode . ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles vol. 1 # 19 , March 1989 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Television : Who 's winning the battle over kids ' TV ? '' . Washington Post Magazine . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Ninjaturtles.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter . `` So Much for a Dark and Twisted ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . amazon.imdb.com .", "28": "Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming Catalog : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation '' . MarVista Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cynopsis : Kids ! 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Cynopsis . September 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Michael ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` MarVista picks up live Turtles '' . C21Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon - 4Kids Entertainment to End Long - Standing Relationship as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Licensing Agent and Production Partner '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kevin Eastman Interview Part I The Comics Journal '' . Tcj.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Eastman , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Kevin Eastman 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography . Los Angeles : Heavy Metal . ISBN 1 - 882931 - 85 - 8 . Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . New York : Villard . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73484 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles .", "29": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Official website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia ( hide ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the TMNT TMNT Adventures Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comics series IDW comic series Television 1987 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Next Mutation Episodes Villains 2003 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series Characters Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Rise of the TMNT - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! ''", "30": "`` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles&oldid=838518972 '' Categories : Superhero teams Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1984 comics debuts Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic martial artists Child superheroes American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated films Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into plays Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into video games Comics characters introduced in 1984 Corporate mascots Fictional mutants Fictional ninja Fictional turtles Fictional comedians Image Comics teams Mirage Studios titles Nickelodeon Ninja parody Teens in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Groups pop Articles needing additional references from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català", "31": "Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8240837250531908357	when does the team find out prentiss is alive	[ "the season seven premiere", "In the season seven premiere" ]	{ "0": "Emily Prentiss - wikipedia Emily Prentiss Jump to : navigation , search Emily Prentiss Criminal Minds character Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss First appearance `` The Last Word '' 2x09 , November 15 , 2006 Created by Edward Allen Bernero Portrayed by Paget Brewster Information Aliases Lauren Reynolds Occupation Chief of the London Interpol Office ( Former ) Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent FBI BAU Unit Chief Family Unnamed father Elizabeth Prentiss ( mother ) Seasons 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 Emily Prentiss is a fictional character on the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by Paget Brewster . Prentiss first appeared in `` The Last Word '' ( episode nine of season two ) , replacing Agent Elle Greenaway , who had quit in `` The Boogeyman '' . Her role in the show 's sixth season was reduced , for what Brewster believed to be financial reasons . However , reports on May 28 , 2011 at Deadline confirmed that Brewster would be returning to her role for the show 's seventh season . On February 15 , 2012 , Brewster revealed in a statement that the seventh season would be her final season on the show . Brewster 's final episode as a main cast member on the show was on the May 16 , 2012 episode `` Run '' . Brewster reprised the role again in 2014 for the 200th episode . On February 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Brewster would be returning as Prentiss for one episode during the spring of Season 11 . On March 30 , 2016 , she returned following the departure of Shemar Moore for the episode `` Tribute '' . On July 21 , 2016 at San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that Brewster will be returning in season 12 in a recurring role . On August 30 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Brewster would once again be a series regular for the 12th season . She was re-hired soon after Thomas Gibson had been dismissed from the show .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Relationships with colleagues 3 On the job 3.1 Ian Doyle and `` Death '' 3.2 Returning to the BAU 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Prentiss was born to her unnamed father and Elizabeth , a US Ambassador . Due to her mother 's job postings , Prentiss spent her childhood in numerous places , including Ukraine , France , Italy , and various countries in the Middle East . Her father has never been referred to in any way . She graduated from Chesapeake Bay University with a B.A. in Criminal Justice and then from Yale University before joining the FBI , and had worked for ten years before coming to the Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) . Prentiss is extremely well travelled due to her upbringing as an ambassador 's daughter and her previous assignments while at Interpol . She is fluent in Arabic , Spanish , French , Italian , Russian , and Greek . Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode `` The Last Word '' . Her appearance surprised both SSA Aaron Hotchner and Jason Gideon , as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer . Hotchner was immediately suspicious of the new agent , but Prentiss , insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment , convinced him to let her join the team on a probationary basis , and eventually proved her competence and gained the team 's trust . Prentiss was originally written as a lesbian and had a storyline where she woke up in bed next to a woman , which the creative team and Brewster were on board for , but CBS reportedly nixed the idea . In a 2016 interview , following Brewster 's return to the show , she stated that she would still `` be happy to play Emily as bisexual or gay . '' Prentiss confided to David Rossi that she struggled to fit in as a teen , since she moved around so often , and would do `` almost anything '' to fit in . She told Rossi that during her mother 's diplomatic posting in Italy , she got pregnant at 15 and had an abortion . She also states that the friend who accompanied her to the clinic `` saved ( her ) life '' .", "2": "Relationships with colleagues ( edit ) Paget Brewster ( third from the right ) filming in 2010 Initially upon joining the BAU , Prentiss feels like an outsider and often worries that people doubt her ability as a profiler . Over time , Prentiss proves herself through her sharp profiling skills , competence , and dedication to the work , gradually earning the trust and respect of her fellow BAU team members . Prentiss has a good relationship with her supervisor Aaron Hotchner and establishes herself as one of the most reliable and capable agents on the BAU . Hotchner had previously worked as the Head of Security for Prentiss 's Ambassador mother , Elizabeth Prentiss , but did not cross paths with Prentiss , because she was off to Yale . When she joins the BAU , they get off to a rocky start , but after a confrontation in his office about her feelings and opinions regarding politics and after she resigns instead of secretly feeding reports to Section Chief Erin Strauss , Hotchner begins to understand Prentiss and trust her more . Before leaving to be with the BAU on a case despite his suspension from the field , Hotchner stops by Prentiss 's apartment to convince her to get on the plane with him to help their team catch the UNSUB . In `` 52 Pickup '' , Hotchner is seen asking Prentiss for advice on how to deal with JJ 's temporary substitute , Agent Jordan Todd , and acts on her suggestions , even giving Agent Todd another chance to prove herself . For the most part , Prentiss has also developed friendly relationships with the other members of the BAU team . Prentiss immediately bonds with Agent Derek Morgan due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut books and they develop a close relationship . Their strong bond is most evident in the episodes leading up to and after Prentiss 's death . Morgan is able to detect that Prentiss is worried about something and tries to get her to tell him what is bothering her . He also feels betrayed when Prentiss does not reveal the extent of her involvement with Doyle and the case and assumes she does not trust him enough . Rossi later tries to reason with him that Prentiss is merely trying to protect the BAU team .", "3": "Morgan is also with Prentiss , holding her , when she is dying after being seriously injured by Doyle , and tells her that he understands what she did , and that she is brave , and he is proud of her . When he believes she has died , Morgan takes her death quite hard and expresses anger toward Doyle . When Emily returns to the BAU in season 7 , Morgan shows concern for her safety and ability to protect herself in the field by making her sign up for re-certification . Over time , she also forms a close relationship with Agent Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , especially when they are the only two female agents in the BAU in the field for several seasons . When Prentiss has to fake her death for the team 's safety , JJ is the only one ( aside from Hotchner ) who knows the truth . JJ also flies to Paris and is involved in getting fake passports and setting up bank accounts for Prentiss to stay incognito . JJ expresses the most happiness when Prentiss came back from the dead and tells Prentiss how much she has missed her while she was gone . Prentiss later mentions to Hotchner that while she was away from the BAU and work , she played a lot of online Scrabble with someone with the online moniker `` cheetobreath '' , implying it was JJ keeping her company . In the rare moments outside work , JJ and Prentiss have been seen having conversations about children and the men , or lack thereof , in Prentiss 's life . Prentiss was also the first to congratulate JJ when she revealed she was pregnant with Henry . After Spencer Reid returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel , Prentiss experiences a falling out with the young agent due to his harsh behavior toward her ( a function of the irritability resulting from Reid 's use of narcotics to cope with his recent trauma ) . However , the agents eventually gain a mutual respect and even share light - hearted moments . Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good - natured teasing of Reid 's genius . She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker even though he is from Las Vegas and never loses .", "4": "Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult group and Prentiss admits she is the FBI agent , causing her to suffer a beating from the cult leader . As a result , Reid feels guilty , but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that is not his fault . Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches . Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss 's death , sobbing on JJ 's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye , and even thought about giving up since he felt the BAU had failed at protecting a member of their team . Later , when Prentiss comes back , Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth , but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile . Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia outside of work . Garcia looks up to Prentiss and never fails to vocalize her admiration , whether it is for Prentiss 's fluency in Arabic , wit or the fact she took up salsa dancing classes . Garcia also notes that after four years with the team , Prentiss is a part of the `` BAU family ; '' they hold a close friendship . On the job ( edit ) Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent , level - headed agent . She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations . She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire , for example , volunteering to enter into the unsub 's house to rescue his young boy , and sacrifice herself for her teammates , as she did for Spencer Reid once in the season 4 episode , `` Minimal Loss '' . She does not act rashly and there was only one rare occasion where she allowed her personal feelings interfere with investigations . It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others , preferring to handle things independently instead of asking others to help , but it was revealed that this reluctance is due to her long background as an undercover agent . Ian Doyle and `` death '' ( edit ) In the sixth season , Agent Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that a man named Ian Doyle has escaped from prison in North Korea .", "5": "Later , after returning home from work , Prentiss receives several hang - up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller . Upon her return home on a subsequent night , she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep , containing a single purple flower . She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in Italy , during which she was acting as his girlfriend and surveiling Doyle . Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives , Prentiss flees . In `` Coda '' , Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle . Tsia Mosely , one of her Interpol colleagues , gets shot in the head by Doyle while visiting someone . At the end of that episode , Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle . At the beginning of `` Lauren '' , it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously , on a task force profiling terrorists ; while undercover , she met Ian Doyle ( an arms dealer ) and became his lover . Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment , including time in a North Korean prison . Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him , but he takes her hostage . Later , Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after . Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an unsub and Prentiss as his victim , and profile them just as they would in any other case . They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team . Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son , whom Doyle believed had been killed , is actually alive , and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea . After an intense fight , Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg . Even though she is dying , she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding , and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her . In the hospital , the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died . They are seen attending her funeral .", "6": "The last scene , however , reveals she is alive and in Paris , where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with `` passports from three different countries , and a bank account in each one to keep ( her ) comfortable '' . Returning to the BAU ( edit ) In the season seven premiere , Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle 's son . The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss 's death , but everyone stands their ground to protect the team . Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss ' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU 's suspensions although they will still be `` keeping a close eye '' on the members . Reid , who is still angry over her ' death ' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye . At the end of `` Proof '' , Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends . In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat , Sergio , and when she inquires about him , Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights . In the season seven finale , Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol 's London office . While still pondering her decision on the offer , Prentiss decides to leave the BAU . In the season eight premiere , Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London and that Emily is doing fine . Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode `` 200 '' in 2014 and the season 11 episode `` Tribute '' in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode `` Taboo '' later in the year . She is now the Unit Chief of the BAU , following the departure of Aaron Hotchner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking : ' Criminal Minds ' drops A.J. Cook '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( June 17 , 2010 ) .", "7": "`` ' Criminal Minds ' stars slam AJ Cook axe '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2011 ) . `` Paget Brewster Returning To ' Criminal Minds ' Next Season , Rachel Nichols Leaving '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Look Who 's Back ! Paget Brewster Returning to Criminal Minds '' . eonline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Paget Brewster Upped to Series Regular in Season 12 Following Thomas Gibson 's Firing '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Comfort '' , Season 4 Episode 14 Jump up ^ `` Annihilator '' , Season 13 Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` Lessons Learned '' , Season 2 Episode 10 Jump up ^ `` Lauren '' Season 6 Episode 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Demonology '' , Season 4 Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Honor Among Thieves '' , Season 2 Episode 20 Jump up ^ `` A million years ago when Paget was still on the show , they came up with this storyline that Paget 's character was gon na like , get up out of bed , and there was gon na be a woman in bed with her , and ... '' You Gotta Have An Aquafina Man Mindset . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen 's podcast `` Let 's Process '' Episode Five : Kirsten Vangsness - AfterEllen `` . AfterEllen. 2015 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` * EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW * Paget Brewster on Coming Home , Emily 's Future ! '' . criminalmindsfans.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Valhalla '' , Season 6 Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` It Takes a Village '' , Season 7 Episode 1 Jump up ^ `` Proof '' , Season 7 Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Taboo '' , Season 12 , Episode 3 Jump up ^ `` Elliot 's Pond '' , Season 12 , Episode 6 External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Prentiss&oldid=829478706 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional Behavioral Analysis Unit agents Fictional characters from Washington , D.C. Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional linguists Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2134628804733070340	who won the silver medal in womens figure skating	[ "Evgenia Medvedeva", "Evgenia Medvedeva", "Evgenia Medvedeva", "Evgenia Medvedeva" ]	{ "0": "List of Olympic medalists in figure skating - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in figure skating Jump to : navigation , search Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 3 gold and 2 silver medals . Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games . There have been 271 medals ( 91 gold , 90 silver , and 90 bronze ) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing National Olympic Committees . Six events have been contested but one , men 's special figures , was discontinued after a single Olympics . Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 2 silver ) . Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström ( 3 gold , 1 silver ) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko ( 2 gold , 2 silver ) each have four medals . Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie ( Norway ) in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina ( Soviet Union ) in pairs . Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events . On two occasions , there has been a podium sweep . Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Men 's special figures 1.3 Ladies ' singles 1.4 Pairs 1.5 Ice dancing 1.6 Team event 2 Multi-medalists 2.1 Most medals 2.2 Multiple golds 2.3 Multi-medalists by event 2.3. 1 Men 's singles 2.3. 2 Ladies ' singles 2.3. 3 Pairs 2.3. 4 Ice dancing 2.3. 5 Team event 2.4 Multiple events 2.4.", "1": "1 Two disciplines 2.4. 2 One discipline plus team event 2.5 Summer and Winter Games 3 Country records 3.1 Winning streak 3.2 Events won 3.3 Podium sweeps 4 Medal totals by country 4.1 Men 's singles 4.2 Men 's special figures 4.3 Ladies ' singles 4.4 Pairs 4.5 Ice dancing 4.6 Team event 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow of Sweden , creator of the Salchow jump , was the first Olympic champion in men 's figure skating . Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score . 2014 Winter Olympics men 's singles medalists , from left to right : Patrick Chan ( silver ) , Yuzuru Hanyu ( gold ) , and Denis Ten ( bronze ) . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Ulrich Salchow Sweden Richard Johansson Sweden Per Thorén Sweden 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Gillis Grafström Sweden Andreas Krogh Norway Martin Stixrud Norway 1924 Chamonix details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Georges Gautschi Switzerland 1928 St. Moritz details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Robert van Zeebroeck Belgium 1932 Lake Placid details Karl Schäfer Austria Gillis Grafström Sweden Montgomery Wilson Canada 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Karl Schäfer Austria Ernst Baier Germany Felix Kaspar Austria 1948 St. Moritz details Dick Button United States Hans Gerschwiler Switzerland Edi Rada Austria 1952 Oslo details Dick Button United States Helmut Seibt Austria James Grogan United States 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Hayes Alan Jenkins United States Ronnie", "2": "Robertson United States David Jenkins United States 1960 Squaw Valley details David Jenkins United States Karol Divín Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson Canada 1964 Innsbruck details Manfred Schnelldorfer United Team of Germany Alain Calmat France Scott Allen United States 1968 Grenoble details Wolfgang Schwarz Austria Timothy Wood United States Patrick Péra France 1972 Sapporo details Ondrej Nepela Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin Soviet Union Patrick Péra France 1976 Innsbruck details John Curry Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev Soviet Union Toller Cranston Canada 1980 Lake Placid details Robin Cousins Great Britain Jan Hoffmann East Germany Charles Tickner United States 1984 Sarajevo details Scott Hamilton United States Brian Orser Canada Jozef Sabovčík Czechoslovakia 1988 Calgary details Brian Boitano United States Brian Orser Canada Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union 1992 Albertville details Viktor Petrenko Unified Team Paul Wylie United States Petr Barna Czechoslovakia 1994 Lillehammer details Alexei Urmanov Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 1998 Nagano details Ilia Kulik Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 2002 Salt Lake City details Alexei Yagudin Russia Evgeni Plushenko Russia Timothy Goebel United States 2006 Torino details Evgeni Plushenko Russia Stéphane Lambiel Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle Canada 2010 Vancouver details Evan Lysacek United States Evgeni Plushenko Russia Daisuke Takahashi Japan 2014 Sochi details Yuzuru Hanyu", "3": "Japan Patrick Chan Canada Denis Ten Kazakhstan 2018 Pyeongchang details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Shoma Uno Japan Javier Fernández Spain Men 's special figures ( edit ) Nikolai Panin of Russia , the sole winner of the special figures event Men 's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued . The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin , who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Nikolai Panin Russian Empire Arthur Cumming Great Britain Geoffrey Hall - Say Great Britain Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies ' individual event ( 1928 -- 1936 ) . East Germany 's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies ' singles gold medal , becoming the second female figure skater to win back - to - back Olympic titles . Yuna Kim won the ladies ' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program , free skating and overall total . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Madge Syers Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt Germany Dorothy Greenhough - Smith Great Britain 1920 Antwerp details Magda Julin Sweden Svea Norén Sweden Theresa Weld United States 1924 Chamonix details Herma Szabo Austria Beatrix Loughran United States Ethel Muckelt Great Britain 1928 St. Moritz details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Beatrix Loughran United States 1932 Lake Placid details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Maribel Vinson United States 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Sonja Henie Norway Cecilia Colledge Great Britain Vivi - Anne Hultén Sweden 1948 St. Moritz details Barbara Ann Scott Canada Eva Pawlik Austria Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain 1952 Oslo details Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain Tenley Albright United States Jacqueline du Bief France", "4": "1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Tenley Albright United States Carol Heiss United States Ingrid Wendl Austria 1960 Squaw Valley details Carol Heiss United States Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Barbara Roles United States 1964 Innsbruck details Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Regine Heitzer Austria Petra Burka Canada 1968 Grenoble details Peggy Fleming United States Gabriele Seyfert East Germany Hana Mašková Czechoslovakia 1972 Sapporo details Beatrix Schuba Austria Karen Magnussen Canada Janet Lynn United States 1976 Innsbruck details Dorothy Hamill United States Dianne de Leeuw Netherlands Christine Errath East Germany 1980 Lake Placid details Anett Pötzsch East Germany Linda Fratianne United States Dagmar Lurz West Germany 1984 Sarajevo details Katarina Witt East Germany Rosalynn Sumners United States Kira Ivanova Soviet Union 1988 Calgary details Katarina Witt East Germany Elizabeth Manley Canada Debi Thomas United States 1992 Albertville details Kristi Yamaguchi United States Midori Ito Japan Nancy Kerrigan United States 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Baiul Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan United States Chen Lu China 1998 Nagano details Tara Lipinski United States Michelle Kwan United States Chen Lu China 2002 Salt Lake City details Sarah Hughes United States Irina Slutskaya Russia Michelle Kwan United States 2006 Torino details Shizuka Arakawa Japan Sasha Cohen United States Irina Slutskaya Russia 2010 Vancouver details Yuna Kim South Korea Mao Asada Japan Joannie Rochette Canada", "5": "2014 Sochi details Adelina Sotnikova Russia Yuna Kim South Korea Carolina Kostner Italy 2018 Pyeongchang details Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond Canada Pairs ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger ( GER ) Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson ( GBR ) Madge Syers and Edgar Syers ( GBR ) 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Ludowika Jakobsson / Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Alexia Bryn and Yngvar Bryn ( NOR ) Phyllis Johnson and Basil Williams ( GBR ) 1924 Chamonix details Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger ( AUT ) Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) 1928 St. Moritz details Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Lilly Scholz and Otto Kaiser ( AUT ) Melitta Brunner and Ludwig Wrede ( AUT ) 1932 Lake Placid details Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Beatrix Loughran and Sherwin Badger ( USA ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Maxi Herber and Ernst Baier ( GER ) Ilse Pausin and Erik Pausin ( AUT ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1948 St. Moritz details Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet ( BEL ) Andrea Kékesy and Ede Király ( HUN ) Suzanne Morrow and Wallace Diestelmeyer ( CAN ) 1952 Oslo details Ria Falk and Paul Falk ( GER ) Karol Kennedy and Peter Kennedy ( USA )", "6": "Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Sissy Schwarz and Kurt Oppelt ( AUT ) Frances Dafoe and Norris Bowden ( CAN ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1960 Squaw Valley details Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul ( CAN ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Nancy Ludington and Ronald Ludington ( USA ) 1964 Innsbruck details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Debbi Wilkes and Guy Revell ( CAN ) Vivian Joseph and Ronald Joseph ( USA ) 1968 Grenoble details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Tatyana Zhuk and Aleksandr Gorelik ( URS ) Margot Glockshuber and Wolfgang Danne ( FRG ) 1972 Sapporo details Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov ( URS ) Lyudmila Smirnova and Andrei Suraikin ( URS ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1976 Innsbruck details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Romy Kermer and Rolf Österreich ( GDR ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1980 Lake Placid details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakhrai ( URS ) Manuela Mager and Uwe Bewersdorf ( GDR ) 1984 Sarajevo details Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Kitty Carruthers and Peter Carruthers ( USA ) Larisa Selezneva and Oleg", "7": "Makarov ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( URS ) Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard ( USA ) 1992 Albertville details Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( EUN ) Elena Bechke and Denis Petrov ( EUN ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( RUS ) Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Kazakova and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Mandy Wötzel and Ingo Steuer ( GER ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Jamie Salé and David Pelletier ( CAN ) None awarded Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin ( RUS ) Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao ( CHN ) Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2010 Vancouver details Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) Pang Qing and Tong Jian ( CHN ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2014 Sochi details Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov ( RUS ) Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov ( RUS ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot ( GER ) Sui Wenjing and Han Cong ( CHN ) Meagan Duhamel and Eric", "8": "Radford ( CAN ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1976 Innsbruck details Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov ( URS ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) Colleen O'Connor and James Millns ( USA ) 1980 Lake Placid details Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponossov ( URS ) Krisztina Regőczy and András Sallay ( HUN ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) 1984 Sarajevo details Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) Tracy Wilson and Robert McCall ( CAN ) 1992 Albertville details Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( EUN ) Isabelle Duchesnay and Paul Duchesnay ( FRA ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( EUN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( RUS ) Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Anjelika Krylova and Oleg Ovsyannikov ( RUS ) Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh ( RUS ) Barbara", "9": "Fusar - Poli and Maurizio Margaglio ( ITA ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov ( RUS ) Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto ( USA ) Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov ( UKR ) 2010 Vancouver details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Oksana Domnina and Maxim Shabalin ( RUS ) 2014 Sochi details Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov ( RUS ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron ( FRA ) Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani ( USA ) Team event ( edit ) The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event , first contested in the 2014 Games . It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines ( men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pairs , and ice dancing ) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold .", "10": "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Russia ( RUS ) Evgeni Plushenko Yulia Lipnitskaya Ksenia Stolbova Fedor Klimov Elena Ilinykh Nikita Katsalapov Tatiana Volosozhar Maxim Trankov Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kevin Reynolds Kaetlyn Osmond Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Kirsten Moore - Towers Dylan Moscovitch Tessa Virtue Scott Moir United States ( USA ) Jeremy Abbott Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Gracie Gold Marissa Castelli Simon Shnapir Meryl Davis Charlie White 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kaetlyn Osmond Gabrielle Daleman Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Tessa Virtue Scott Moir Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Mikhail Kolyada Evgenia Medvedeva Alina Zagitova Evgenia Tarasova Vladimir Morozov Natalia Zabiiako Alexander Enbert Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev United States ( USA ) Nathan Chen Adam Rippon Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani Alex Shibutani Multi-medalists ( edit ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals . Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984 , improved to a silver in 1988 , and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992 . Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles . Most medals ( edit ) Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event : four medals , three of which gold , in men 's singles . The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs . Counting multiple events , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals , with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold .", "11": "Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals , including a gold in men 's singles and a team event gold . Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below : Athlete Nation Events Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2018 0 5 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) men 's singles 1920 -- 1932 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) ladies ' singles 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) pairs 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles & team 2002 -- 2014 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) pairs 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles & team 2014 -- 2018 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) ice dancing 1984 -- 1992 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2014 Meagan Duhamel ! Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford ! Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs & team 2014 -- 2018 Kaetlyn Osmond ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles & team 2014 -- 2018 Shen Xue !", "12": "Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) pairs 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) pairs 2010 -- 2018 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles & pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Multiple golds ( edit ) Swedish Gillis Grafström , is a three - time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men 's singles . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina in pairs . The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two , which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov . In addition , one ladies ' singles skater , three men 's singles skaters , and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles . Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles . Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events . Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men 's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014 . Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics , winning both pairs and team event . Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later , earning golds in ice dancing and team event . Athlete Nation Olympics Golds Event ( s ) Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1928 men 's singles Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 ladies ' singles Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 pairs Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 , 2018 2 in ice dancing ( 2010 ,", "13": "2018 ) 1 in team event ( 2018 ) Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 men 's singles Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 men 's singles Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 men 's singles Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2006 , 2014 1 in men 's singles ( 2006 ) 1 in team event ( 2014 ) Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 ladies ' singles Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1928 -- 1932 pairs Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 pairs Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 pairs Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 pairs Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 , 1998 pairs Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) 2014 1 in pairs 1 in team event Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 ice dancing Multi-medalists by event ( edit ) Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles .", "14": "Men 's singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1932 0 Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2014 0 Jenkins , David David Jenkins United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Petrenko , Viktor Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Böckl , Willy Willy Böckl Austria ( AUT ) 1924 -- 1928 0 0 Orser , Brian Brian Orser Canada ( CAN ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Stojko , Elvis Elvis Stojko Canada ( CAN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Péra , Patrick Patrick Péra France ( FRA ) 1968 -- 1972 0 0 Candeloro , Philippe Philippe Candeloro France ( FRA ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Albright , Tenley Tenley Albright United States ( USA ) 1952 -- 1956 0 Heiss ,", "15": "Carol Carol Heiss United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Dijkstra , Sjoukje Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands ( NED ) 1960 -- 1964 0 Kim , Yuna Yuna Kim South Korea ( KOR ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Altwegg , Jeannette Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 -- 1952 0 Burger , Fritzi Fritzi Burger Austria ( AUT ) 1928 -- 1932 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) 1924 -- 1928 0 Kerrigan , Nancy Nancy Kerrigan United States ( USA ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Kwan , Michelle Michelle Kwan United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Slutskaya , Irina Irina Slutskaya Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2006 0 Chen , Lu !", "16": "Chen Lu China ( CHN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Pairs ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1924 -- 1932 0 Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 0 0 Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 0 0 Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 0 0 Jakobsson , Ludowika Ludowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson , Walter Walter Jakobsson Finland ( FIN ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Mishkutenok , Natalia Natalia Mishkutenok Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Berezhnaya , Elena Elena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze , Anton Anton Sikharulidze Russia ( RUS ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Shen , Xue ! Shen Xue / Zhao , Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Kilius , Marika Marika Kilius / Bäumler ,", "17": "Hans - Jürgen Hans - Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 1960 -- 1964 0 0 Johnson , Phyllis Phyllis Johnson Great Britain ( GBR ) 1908 -- 1920 0 Rotter , Emília Emília Rotter / Szollás , László László Szollás Hungary ( HUN ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Nagy , Marianna Marianna Nagy / Nagy , László László Nagy Hungary ( HUN ) 1952 -- 1956 0 0 Groß , Manuela Manuela Groß / Kagelmann , Uwe Uwe Kagelmann East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 -- 1976 0 0 Brasseur , Isabelle Isabelle Brasseur / Eisler , Lloyd Lloyd Eisler Canada ( CAN ) 1992 -- 1994 0 0 Szolkowy , Robin Robin Szolkowy Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2014 0 0 Ice dancing ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1984 -- 1992 Bestemianova , Natalia Natalia Bestemianova / Bukin , Andrei Andrei Bukin Soviet Union ( URS ) 1984 -- 1988 0 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Torvill , Jayne Jayne Torvill / Dean ,", "18": "Christopher Christopher Dean Great Britain ( GBR ) 1984 , 1994 0 Anissina , Marina Marina Anissina / Peizerat , Gwendal Gwendal Peizerat France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Usova , Maya Maya Usova / Zhulin , Alexander Alexander Zhulin Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Team event ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Bobrova , Ekaterina Ekaterina Bobrova / Soloviev , Dmitri Dmitri Soloviev Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Multiple events ( edit ) Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event ( which , while being a separate event , is not considered its own skating discipline ) . Two disciplines ( edit ) In 1908 , Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics . The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936 . The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics . No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines .", "19": "Athlete Nation Disciplines Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Baier , Ernst Ernst Baier Germany ( GER ) men 's singles pairs 1936 0 0 0 0 Syers , Madge Madge Syers Great Britain ( GBR ) ladies ' singles pairs 1908 0 0 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles pairs 1924 -- 1928 1932 0 0 0 One discipline plus team event ( edit ) The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics . It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline . On 9 February 2014 , Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events . On 12 February 2014 , Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics . Four years later , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat . The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event . ( Team event medals are indicated by `` T '' in the gold , silver , and bronze columns . ) Athlete Nation Discipline Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles 2002 -- 2014 1 + 1T 0 Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 Davis ,", "20": "Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2014 0 + 1T Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Stolbova , Ksenia Ksenia Stolbova / Klimov , Fedor Fedor Klimov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 0 Zagitova , Alina Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 + 1T 0 Ilinykh , Elena Elena Ilinykh / Katsalapov , Nikita Nikita Katsalapov Russia ( RUS ) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 Medvedeva , Evgenia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 Shibutani , Maia Maia Shibutani / Shibutani , Alex Alex Shibutani United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games , three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games . Men 's singles skater Gillis Grafström 's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics . His other three medals were won at the 1924 -- 1932 Winter Games . Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics . They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games .", "21": "Country Records ( edit ) Winning streak ( edit ) From 1964 to 2006 , Russian figure skaters -- representing the Soviet Union , the Unified Team , or Russia -- won the gold medal in the pairs event , in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event . Events won ( edit ) Russian figure skaters , counting both Russian Federation ( IOC code RUS ) and Russian Empire ( IOC code RU1 ) , hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Since men 's special figures was discontinued , this record can not be matched . Russia ( IOC code RUS ) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events . Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events ( all except men 's singles ) . Great Britain , Unified Team , and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events . Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics , at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively . No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics . Podium sweeps ( edit ) There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history . This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event . Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London Men 's singles Sweden ( SWE ) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men 's singles United States ( USA ) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins Medal totals by country ( edit ) See also : Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table Men 's singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 5 15 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 Russia ( RUS )", "22": "6 Austria ( AUT ) 8 5 Japan ( JPN ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 10 Canada ( CAN ) 5 9 11 Soviet Union ( URS ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 13 France ( FRA ) 5 14 Norway ( NOR ) 15 East Germany ( GDR ) / Germany ( GER ) 17 Belgium ( BEL ) Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Spain ( ESP ) Men 's special figures ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russian Empire ( RU1 ) Great Britain ( GBR ) Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 8 8 23 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 Norway ( NOR )", "23": "Austria ( AUT ) 7 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 6 Canada ( CAN ) 6 7 Japan ( JPN ) Netherlands ( NED ) 9 Russia ( RUS ) Sweden ( SWE ) 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) South Korea ( KOR ) 13 Ukraine ( UKR ) 14 / Germany ( GER ) 15 China ( CHN ) 16 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) France ( FRA ) Italy ( ITA ) Soviet Union ( URS ) West Germany ( FRG ) Pairs ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union ( URS ) 7 12 Russia ( RUS ) 5 8 / / Germany ( GER ) 7 Canada ( CAN ) 8 5 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 France ( FRA )", "24": "7 China ( CHN ) 6 8 Finland ( FIN ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 10 Belgium ( BEL ) 11 United States ( USA ) 6 12 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 13 Hungary ( HUN ) 5 14 East Germany ( GDR ) 15 Great Britain ( GBR ) 16 Norway ( NOR ) 17 West Germany ( FRG ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 8 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 5 5 France ( FRA ) 6 Unified Team ( EUN ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 Hungary ( HUN ) 9 Italy ( ITA ) Ukraine ( UKR ) Team event ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total", "25": "Canada ( CAN ) Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) United States ( USA ) See also ( edit ) Figure skating at the Olympic Games List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age World Figure Skating Championships Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics , Marika Kilius / Hans - Jürgen Bäumler , Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell , and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd , 3rd , and 4th respectively . Two years later , Kilius / Bäumler 's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics . The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph . However , in 1987 , the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but were n't exposed and disqualified . After that , the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years . In November 2014 , the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist . Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event , as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal , in the aftermath of a judging scandal . ^ Jump up to : Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev . ^ Jump up to : Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova .", "26": "^ Jump up to : Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners . Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot . Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners . A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams . References ( edit ) General `` Results database '' . Athletes . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . ISU -- Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results : Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance Specific Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Record day for Russia 's Plushenko ; Weir second '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Windhausen , John D. ( 1976 ) . `` Russia 's First Olympic Victor '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sport History . United States of America : North American Society for Sport History . 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty years later , Joseph siblings find redemption '' . IceNetwork.com . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` A half - century later , Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal - winners '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sale , Pelletier share gold with Russian pair '' . Salt Lake'02 Winter Games . ESPN . Associated Press . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Figure Skating '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . Official website of the Olympic Movement . International Olympic Committee . February 2009 .", "27": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating . 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-1769528362781268772	who lived in jamestown before the arrival of the english	[ "uninhabited" ]	{ "0": "History of Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 -- 99 ) - wikipedia History of Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 -- 99 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The James Fort c. 1608 as depicted on the map by Pedro de Zúñiga Jamestown was the first settlement of the Virginia Colony , founded in 1607 , and served as capital of Virginia until 1699 , when the seat of government was moved to Williamsburg . This article covers the history of the fort and town at Jamestown proper , as well as colony - wide trends resulting from and affecting the town during the time period in which it was capital .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Arrival and First Landing 2 Exploration , seeking a site 2.1 The selection of Jamestown 2.2 Original Council 3 The early settlement 3.1 Construction of the fort 3.2 First Supply 3.3 Second Supply 4 Ongoing struggles 4.1 Smith 's role 4.2 Virginia Company of London 's unrealistic expectations 4.3 Pocahontas 5 The Starving Time 5.1 Third supply 5.2 Lord De La Warr 6 Expansion beyond Jamestown 6.1 First Anglo - Powhatan War 6.2 Tobacco 6.3 Governor Dale , Dale 's Code 6.4 Henricus 6.5 An investor relations trip to England 7 Changing social and political order 7.1 1619 : First democratic assembly 7.2 1619 : First Africans 7.3 1620 : More craftsmen from Germany and Italy arrive 7.4 1621 : Arrival of marriageable women 8 Indian Massacre of 1622 9 Royal Colony 9.1 New Town and palisade 9.2 Third Anglo - Powhatan War 9.3 Governor Berkeley , Bacon 's Rebellion 10 The capital moves from Jamestown to high ground 11 Later History 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Arrival and first landing ( edit ) Reenactment of the first landing on the 400th anniversary as part of the Jamestown 2007 commemoration The London Company sent an expedition to establish a settlement in the Virginia Colony in December 1606 . The expedition consisted of three ships , Susan Constant ( sometimes known as Sarah Constant ) , Godspeed , and Discovery . The Discovery was the smallest ship ; the largest ship , the Susan Constant , was captained by Christopher Newport . The ships left Blackwall , now part of London , with 105 men and boys and 39 crew - members . By April 6 , 1607 , Godspeed , Susan Constant and Discovery arrived at the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico , where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey .", "2": "In April 1607 , the expedition reached the southern edge of the mouth of what is now known as the Chesapeake Bay . After an unusually long journey of more than four months , the 104 men and boys ( one passenger of the original 105 died during the journey ) arrived at their chosen settlement spot in Virginia . There were no women on the first ships . Arriving at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay in late April , they named the Virginia capes after the sons of their king , the southern Cape Henry , for Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , and the northern Cape Charles , for his younger brother , Charles , Duke of York . On April 26 , 1607 , upon landing at Cape Henry , Chaplain Robert Hunt offered a prayer , and they set up a cross near the site of the current Cape Henry Memorial . This site came to be known as the `` first landing . '' A party of the men explored the area and had a minor conflict with some Virginia Indians . Exploration , seeking a site ( edit ) Map in Marker in Puerto Rico 's which traces the routes taken by the Godspeed , Susan Constant and the Discovery and which commemorates their stopping in Puerto Rico from April 5 -- 10 , 1607 on their way to Virginia . History of Virginia By year Pre-statehood American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics : Cities - Politics - Slavery Virginia portal After the expedition arrived in what is now Virginia , sealed orders from the Virginia Company were opened . These orders named Captain John Smith as a member of the governing Council . Smith had been arrested for mutiny during the voyage and was incarcerated aboard one of the ships . He had been scheduled to be hanged upon arrival , but was freed by Captain Newport after the opening of the orders . The same orders also directed the expedition to seek an inland site for their settlement , which would afford protection from enemy ships . Obedient to their orders , the settlers and crewmembers re-boarded their three ships and proceeded into the Chesapeake Bay . They landed again at what is now called Old Point Comfort in the City of Hampton . In the following days , seeking a suitable location for their settlement , the ships ventured upstream along the James River .", "3": "Both the James River and the settlement they sought to establish , Jamestown ( originally called `` James His Towne '' ) were named in honor of King James I . The selection of Jamestown ( edit ) On May 14 , 1607 , the colonists chose Jamestown Island for their settlement pretty much because the Virginia Company advised them to select a location that could be easily defended from attacks by other European states that were also establishing New World colonies and were periodically at war with England , notably the Dutch Republic , France , and Spain . The island fit the criteria as it had excellent visibility up and down the James River , and it was far enough inland to minimize the potential of contact and conflict with enemy ships . The water immediately adjacent to the land was deep enough to permit the colonists to anchor their ships , yet have an easy and quick departure if necessary . An additional benefit of the site was that the land was not occupied by the Virginia Indians , most of whom were affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy . Largely cut off from the mainland , the shallow harbor afforded the earliest settlers docking of their ships . This was its greatest attraction , but it also created a number of challenging problems for the settlers . Original Council ( edit ) King James I had outlined the members of the Council to govern the settlement in the sealed orders which left London with the colonists in 1606 . Those named for the initial Council were : Bartholomew Gosnold , Captain of Godspeed Christopher Newport , Captain of Susan Constant , later of Sea Venture George Kendall , later executed by capital punishment in Jamestown John Martin , later founder of Martin 's Brandon Plantation George Percy , twice president of the council John Ratcliffe , Captain of Discovery , second President of the Council John Smith , third President of the Council , and author of many books from the period . Edward Maria Wingfield , first President of the Council at Jamestown The early settlement ( edit ) Construction of the fort ( edit ) The settlers came ashore and quickly set about constructing their initial fort . Many of the settlers who came over on the initial three ships were not well - equipped for the life they found in Jamestown . A number of the original settlers were upper - class gentlemen who were not accustomed to manual labor ; the group included very few farmers or skilled laborers .", "4": "Also notable among the first settlers was Robert Hunt , chaplain who gave the first Christian prayer at Cape Henry on April 26 , 1607 , and held open - air services at Jamestown until a church was built there . Despite the immediate area of Jamestown being uninhabited , the settlers were attacked less than two weeks after their arrival on May 14 , by Paspahegh Indians who succeeded in killing one of the settlers and wounding eleven more . Within a month , James Fort covered an acre on Jamestown Island . By June 15 , the settlers finished building the triangular James Fort . The wooden palisaded walls formed a triangle around a storehouse , church , and a number of houses . A week later , Newport sailed back for London on Susan Constant with a load of pyrite ( `` fools ' gold '' ) and other supposedly precious minerals , leaving behind 104 colonists and Discovery . It soon became apparent why the Virginia Indians did not occupy the site : Jamestown Island , then a peninsula , is a swampy area , and its isolation from the mainland meant that there was limited hunting available , as most game animals required larger foraging areas . The settlers quickly hunted and killed off all the large and smaller game animals that were found on the tiny peninsula . In addition , the low , marshy area was infested with airborne pests , including mosquitoes , which carried malaria , and the brackish water of the tidal James River was not a good source of water . Over 135 settlers died from malaria , and drinking the salinated and contaminated water caused many to suffer from saltwater poisoning , fevers , and dysentery . Despite original intentions to grow food and trade with the Virginia Indians , the barely surviving colonists became dependent upon supply missions . First Supply ( edit ) Main article : Jamestown supply missions § First supply mission Newport returned twice from England with additional supplies in the following 18 months , leading what were termed the First and Second Supply missions . The `` First Supply '' arrived on January 2 , 1608 . It contained insufficient provisions and more than 70 new colonists . Shortly after its arrival , the fort burned down . The Council received additional members from the First and Second Supply missions brought by Captain Newport . These were : Matthew Scrivener ( First Supply ) , and Peter Winne ( Second Supply ) .", "5": "Second Supply ( edit ) Main article : Second Supply Working reconstruction of the Jamestown Glasshouse at Historic Jamestowne , located next to the ruins of the original glassworks constructed in 1608 by settlers from the Second Supply . On October 1 , 1608 , 70 new settlers arrived aboard the English `` Mary and Margaret '' with the Second Supply , following a journey of approximately three months . Included in the Second Supply were Thomas Graves , Thomas Forrest , Esq and `` Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide . '' Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras were the first two women known to have come to the Jamestown Colony . Remains unearthed at Jamestown in 1997 may be those of Mistress Forrest . Also included were the first non-English settlers . The company recruited these as skilled craftsmen and industry specialists : soap - ash , glass , lumber milling ( wainscot , clapboard , and ' deal ' -- planks , especially soft wood planks ) and naval stores ( pitch , turpentine , and tar ) . Among these additional settlers were eight `` Dutch - men '' ( consisting of unnamed craftsmen and three who were probably the wood - mill - men -- Adam , Franz and Samuel ) `` Dutch - men '' ( probably meaning German or German - speakers ) , Polish and Slovak craftsmen , who had been hired by the Virginia Company of London 's leaders to help develop and manufacture profitable export products . There has been debate about the nationality of the specific craftsmen , and both the Germans and Poles claim the glassmaker for one of their own , but the evidence is insufficient . Ethnicity is further complicated by the fact that the German minority in Royal Prussia lived under Polish control during this period . Originally , the colony 's Polish craftsmen were barred from participating in the elections , but after the craftsmen refused to work , colonial leadership agreed to enfranchise them . These workers staged the first recorded strike in Colonial America for the right to vote in the colony 's 1619 election . William Volday / Wilhelm Waldi , a Swiss German mineral prospector , was also among those who arrived in 1608 . His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was believed to be within the proximity of Jamestown . Some of the settlers were artisans who built a glass furnace which became the first proto - factory in British North America .", "6": "Additional craftsmen produced soap , pitch , and wood building supplies . Among all of these were the first made - in - America products to be exported to Europe . However , despite all these efforts , profits from exports were not sufficient to meet the expenses and expectations of the investors back in England , and no silver or gold had been discovered , as earlier hoped . Ongoing struggles ( edit ) Engraving depicting Capt . John Smith . Smith 's Role ( edit ) John Smith 's map of Virginia , ca . 1609 . In the months before becoming president of the colony for a year in September 1608 , Captain John Smith did considerable exploration up the Chesapeake Bay and along the various rivers . He is credited by legend with naming Stingray Point ( near present - day Deltaville in Middlesex County for an incident there ) . Smith was always seeking a supply of food for the colonists , and he successfully traded for food with the Nansemonds , who were located along the Nansemond River in the modern - day City of Suffolk , and several other groups . However , while leading one food - gathering expedition in December 1607 ( before his term as colony president ) , this time up the Chickahominy River west of Jamestown , his men were set upon by Powhatan Indians . As his party was being slaughtered around him , Smith strapped his Indian guide in front of him as a shield and escaped with his life but was captured by Opechancanough , the Powhatan chief 's half - brother . Smith gave him a compass which pleased the warrior and made him decide to let Smith live . Smith was taken before Wahunsunacock , who was commonly referred to as Chief Powhatan , at the Powhatan Confederacy 's seat of government at Werowocomoco on the York River . However , 17 years later , in 1624 , Smith first related that when the chief decided to execute him , this course of action was stopped by the pleas of Chief Powhatan 's young daughter , Pocahontas , who was originally named `` Matoaka '' but whose nickname meant `` Playful Mischief '' . Many historians today find this account dubious , especially as it was omitted in all his previous versions .", "7": "Smith returned to Jamestown just in time for the First Supply , in January 1608 . In September 1609 , Smith was wounded in an accident . He was walking with his gun in the river , and the powder was in a pouch on his belt . His powder bag exploded . In October , he was sent back to England for medical treatment . While back in England , Smith wrote A True Relation and The Proceedings of the English Colony of Virginia about his experiences in Jamestown . These books , whose accuracy has been questioned by some historians due to some extent by Smith 's boastful prose , were to generate public interest and new investment for the colony . Virginia Company of London 's unrealistic expectations ( edit ) The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments . With the Second Supply , they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form . It fell to the third president of the Council to deliver a reply . By this time , Wingfield and Ratcliffe had been replaced by John Smith . Ever bold , Smith delivered what must have been a wake - up call to the investors in London . In what has been termed `` Smith 's Rude Answer '' , he composed a letter , writing ( in part ) : `` When you send again I entreat you rather send but thirty Carpenters , husbandmen , gardiners , fishermen , blacksmiths , masons and diggers up of trees , roots , well provided ; than a thousand of such awe have : for except wee be able both to lodge them and feed them , the most will consume with want of necessaries before they can be made good for anything . '' Smith did begin his letter with something of an apology , saying `` I humbly intreat your Pardons if I offend you with my rude Answer ... '' , although at the time , the word ' rude ' was acknowledged to mean ' unfinished ' or ' rural ' , in the same way modern English uses ' rustic ' . There are strong indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith 's message . Their Third Supply mission was by far the largest and best equipped . They even had a new purpose - built flagship constructed , Sea Venture , placed in the most experienced of hands , Christopher Newport .", "8": "With a fleet of no fewer than eight ships , the Third Supply , led by Sea Venture , left Plymouth in June , 1609 . On the subject of the Virginia Company , it is notable that , throughout its existence , Sir Edwin Sandys , was a leading force . He , of course , also hoped for profits , but also his goals included a permanent colony which would enlarge English territory , relieve the nation 's overpopulation , and expand the market for English goods . He is closely identified with a faction of the company led by Henry Wriothesley , 3rd Earl of Southampton . Although profits proved elusive for their investors , the visions for the Colony of Sir Edwin Sandys and the Earl of Southampton were eventually accomplished . Pocahontas ( edit ) Depiction of Pocahontas in European garb . Main article : Pocahontas Although the life of Chief Powhatan 's young daughter , Pocahontas , would be largely tied to the English after legend credits her with saving John Smith 's life after his capture by Opechancanough , her contacts with Smith himself were minimal . However , records indicate that she became something of an emissary to the colonists at Jamestown Island . During their first winter , following an almost complete destruction of their fort by a fire in January 1608 , Pocahontas brought food and clothing to the colonists . She later negotiated with Smith for the release of Virginia Indians who had been captured by the colonists during a raid to gain English weaponry . During the next several years , the relationship between the Virginia Indians and the colonists became more strained , never more so than during the period of poor crops for both the natives and colonists which became known as the Starving Time in late 1609 and early 1610 . Chief Powhatan relocated his principal capital from Werowocomoco , which was relatively close to Jamestown along the north shore of the York River , to a point more inland and secure along the upper reaches of the Chickahominy River . In April 1613 , Pocahontas and her husband , Kocoum were residing at Passapatanzy , a village of the Patawomecks , a Powhatan Confederacy tribe which did some trading with Powhatans .", "9": "They lived in present - day Stafford County on the Potomac River near Fredericksburg , about 65 miles ( 105 km ) from Werowocomoco . She was abducted by Englishmen whose leader was Samuel Argall , and transported about 90 miles ( 140 km ) south to the English settlement at Henricus on the James River . There , Pocahontas converted to Christianity and took the name `` Rebecca '' under the tutelage of Reverend Alexander Whitaker who had arrived in Jamestown in 1611 . She married prominent planter John Rolfe , who had lost his first wife and child in the journey from England several years earlier , which served to greatly improve relations between the Virginia Native Americans and the colonists for several years . However , when she and John Rolfe took their young son Thomas Rolfe on a public relations trip to England to help raise more investment money for the Virginia Company , she became ill and died just as they were leaving to return to Virginia . Her interment was at St George 's Church in Gravesend . The Starving time ( edit ) Main article : Starving Time ( Jamestown ) What became known as the `` Starving Time '' in the Virginia Colony occurred during the winter of 1609 -- 10 , when only 60 of 500 English colonists survived . The colonists , the first group of whom had originally arrived at Jamestown on May 14 , 1607 , had never planned to grow all of their own food . Instead , their plans also depended upon trade with the local Virginia Indians to supply them with enough food between the arrival of periodic supply ships from England , upon which they also relied . This period of extreme hardship for the colonists began in 1609 with a drought which caused their already limited farming activities to produce even fewer crops than usual . Then , there were problems with both of their other sources for food . An unexpected delay occurred during the Virginia Company of London 's Third Supply mission from England due to a major hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean . A large portion of the food and supplies had been aboard the new flagship of the Virginia Company , Sea Venture , which became shipwrecked at Bermuda and separated from the other ships , seven of which arrived at the colony with even more new colonists to feed , and few supplies , most of which had been aboard the larger flagship .", "10": "The impending hardship was further compounded by the loss of their most skillful leader in dealing with the Powhatan Confederacy in trading for food : Captain John Smith . He became injured in August 1609 in a gunpowder accident , and was forced to return to England for medical attention in October 1609 . After Smith left , Chief Powhatan severely curtailed trading with the colonists for food . Neither the missing Sea Venture nor any other supply ship arrived as winter set upon the inhabitants of the young colony in late 1609 . Third Supply ( edit ) Main articles : Third Supply and Sea Venture Sylvester Jordain 's `` A Discovery of the Barmudas '' . Sea Venture was the new flagship of the Virginia Company . Leaving England in 1609 , and leading this Third Supply to Jamestown as `` Vice Admiral '' and commanding Sea Venture , Christopher Newport was in charge of a nine - vessel fleet . Aboard the flagship Sea Venture was the Admiral of the Company , Sir George Somers , Lieutenant - General Sir Thomas Gates , William Strachey and other notable personages in the early history of English colonization in North America . While at sea , the fleet encountered a strong storm , perhaps a hurricane , which lasted for three days . Sea Venture and one other ship were separated from the seven other vessels of the fleet . Sea Venture was deliberately driven onto the reefs of Bermuda to prevent her sinking . The 150 passengers and crew members were all landed safely but the ship was now permanently damaged . Sea Venture 's longboat was later fitted with a mast and sent to find Virginia but it and its crew were never seen again . The remaining survivors spent nine months on Bermuda building two smaller ships , Deliverance and Patience from Bermuda cedar and materials salvaged from Sea Venture . The survivors of the shipwreck of the Third Supply mission 's flagship Sea Venture finally arrived at Jamestown the following May 23 in two makeshift ships they had constructed while stranded on Bermuda for nine months . They found the Virginia Colony in ruins and practically abandoned : of 500 settlers who had preceded them to Jamestown , they found fewer than 100 survivors , many of whom were sick or dying . Worse yet , the Bermuda survivors had brought few supplies and only a small amount of food with them , expecting to find a thriving colony at Jamestown .", "11": "Thus , even with the arrival of the two small ships from Bermuda under Captain Christopher Newport , they were faced with leaving Jamestown and returning to England . On June 7 , 1610 , having abandoned the fort and many of their possessions , both groups of survivors ( from Jamestown and Bermuda ) boarded ships , and they all set sail down the James River toward the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Lord De La Warr ( edit ) See also : Jamestown supply missions § `` Fourth '' supply mission During the same period that Sea Venture suffered its misfortune and its survivors were struggling in Bermuda to continue on to Virginia , back in England , the publication of Captain John Smith 's books of his adventures in Virginia sparked a resurgence in interest in the colony . This helped lead to the dispatch in early 1610 of additional colonists , more supplies , and a new governor , Thomas West , Baron De La Warr . Fortuitously , on June 9 , 1610 , De La Warr arrived on the James River just as the settlers had abandoned Jamestown . Intercepting them about 10 miles ( 16 km ) downstream from Jamestown near Mulberry Island ( adjacent to present - day Fort Eustis in Newport News ) , the new governor forced the remaining 90 settlers to return . Deliverance and Patience turned back , and all the settlers were landed again at Jamestown . With the new supply mission , the new governor brought additional colonists , a doctor , food , and much - needed supplies . He also was of a strong determination that Jamestown and the colony were not to be abandoned . He turned the departing ships around and brought the entire group back to Jamestown . This was certainly not a popular decision at the time with at least some of the group , but Lord Delaware was to prove a new kind of leader for Virginia . Included in those returning to Jamestown was a colonist John Rolfe , whose wife and child had died during the shipwreck of the Sea Venture and the time at Bermuda . A businessman , he had with him some seeds for a new strain of tobacco and also some untried marketing ideas . Then , Sir George Somers returned to Bermuda with Patience to obtain more food supplies , but he died on the island that summer .", "12": "His nephew , Matthew Somers , Captain of Patience , took the ship back to Lyme Regis , England instead of Virginia ( leaving a third man behind ) . The Third Charter of the Virginia Company was then extended far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda in 1612 . ( Although a separate company , the Somers Isles Company , would be spun off to administer Bermuda from 1615 , the first two successful English colonies would retain close ties for many more generations , as was demonstrated when Virginian general George Washington called upon the people of Bermuda for aid during the American War of Independence ) . In 1613 , Sir Thomas Dale founded the settlement of Bermuda Hundred on the James River , which , a year later , became the first incorporated town in Virginia . Expansion beyond Jamestown ( edit ) By 1611 , a majority of the colonists who had arrived at the Jamestown settlement had died and its economic value was negligible with no active exports to England and very little internal economic activity . Only financial incentives including a promise of more land to the west from King James I to investors financing the new colony kept the project afloat . First Anglo - Powhatan War ( edit ) Main article : First Anglo - Powhatan War The Anglo - Powhatan Wars were three wars fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony , and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century . The First War started in 1610 , and ended in a peace settlement in 1614 . Tobacco ( edit ) Cultivation of tobacco at Jamestown ( 19th century engraving ) In 1610 , John Rolfe , whose wife and a child had died in Bermuda during passage in the Third Supply to Virginia , was just one of the settlers who had arrived in Jamestown following the shipwreck of Sea Venture . However , his major contribution is that he was the first man to successfully raise export tobacco in the Colony ( although the colonists had begun to make glass artifacts to export immediately after their arrival ) . The native tobacco raised in Virginia prior to that time , Nicotiana rustica , was not to the liking of the Europeans but Rolfe had brought some seed for Nicotiana tabacum with him from Bermuda .", "13": "Although most people `` would n't touch '' the crop , Rolfe was able to make his fortune farming it , successfully exporting beginning in 1612 . Soon almost all other colonists followed suit , as windfall profits in tobacco briefly lent Jamestown something like a gold rush atmosphere . Among others , Rolfe quickly became both a wealthy and prominent man . He married the young Virginia Indian woman Pocahontas on April 24 , 1614 . They lived first across the river from Jamestown , and later at his Varina Farms plantation near Henricus . Their son , Thomas Rolfe , was born in 1615 . Governor Dale , Dale 's code ( edit ) In 1611 , the Virginia Company of London sent Sir Thomas Dale to act as deputy - governor or as high marshall for the Virginia Colony under the authority of Thomas West ( Lord Delaware ) . He arrived at Jamestown on May 19 with three ships , additional men , cattle , and provisions . Finding the conditions unhealthy and greatly in need of improvement , he immediately called for a meeting of the Jamestown Council , and established crews to rebuild Jamestown . He served as Governor for 3 months in 1611 , and again for a two - year period between 1614 and 1616 . It was during his administration that the first code of laws of Virginia , nominally in force from 1611 to 1619 , was effectively tested . This code , entitled `` Articles , Lawes , and Orders Divine , Politique , and Martiall '' ( popularly known as Dale 's Code ) , was notable for its pitiless severity , and seems to have been prepared in large part by Dale himself . Henricus ( edit ) Seeking a better site than Jamestown with the thought of possibly relocating the capital , Thomas Dale sailed up the James River ( also named after King James ) to the area now known as Chesterfield County . He was apparently impressed with the possibilities of the general area where the Appomattox River joins the James River , until then occupied by the Appomattoc Indians , and there are published references to the name `` New Bermudas '' although it apparently was never formalized .", "14": "A short distance further up the James , in 1611 , he began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as Farrars Island . Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown , though it was eventually destroyed during the Indian Massacre of 1622 , during which a third of the colonists were killed . An investor relations trip to England ( edit ) In 1616 , Governor Dale joined John Rolfe and Pocahontas and their young son Thomas as they left their Varina Farms plantation for a public relations mission to England , where Pocahontas was received and treated as a form of visiting royalty by Queen Anne . This stimulated more interest in investments in the Virginia Company , the desired effect . However , as the couple prepared to return to Virginia , Pocahontas died of an illness at Gravesend on March 17 , 1617 , where she was buried . John Rolfe returned to Virginia alone once again , leaving their son Thomas Rolfe , then a small child , in England to obtain an education . Once back in Virginia , Rolfe married Jane Pierce and continued to improve the quality of his tobacco with the result that by the time of his death in 1622 , the Colony was thriving as a producer of tobacco . Orphaned by the age of 8 , young Thomas later returned to Virginia , and settled across the James River not far from his parents ' farm at Varina , where he married Jane Poythress and they had one daughter , Jane Rolfe , who was born in 1650 . Many of the First Families of Virginia trace their lineage through Thomas Rolfe to both Pocahontas and John Rolfe , joining English and Virginia Indian heritage . Changing Social and Political order ( edit ) Virginia 's population grew rapidly from 1618 until 1622 , rising from a few hundred to nearly 1,400 people . Wheat was also grown in Virginia starting in 1618 .", "15": "1619 : first democratic Assembly ( edit ) Main article : House of Burgesses The Inside of the current Jamestown Church , upon the general site of the original and the location where the first law in America was made On June 30 , 1619 Slovak and Polish artisans conducted the first labor strike ( first `` in American history '' ) for democratic rights ( `` No Vote , No Work '' ) in Jamestown . The British Crown overturned the legislation in the Virginia House of Burgesses in its first meeting and granted the workers equal voting rights on July 21 , 1619 . Afterwards , the labor strike was ended and the artisans resumed their work . The House of Burgesses , the first legislature of elected representatives in America , met in the Jamestown Church . One of their first laws was to set a minimum price for the sale of tobacco and set forth plans for the creation of the first ironworks of the colony . This legislative group was the predecessor of the modern Virginia General Assembly . 1619 : first africans ( edit ) In August 1619 `` 20 and odd Blacks '' arrived on the Dutch Man - of - War ship at Jamestown colony . This is the earliest record of Black people in colonial America . These colonists were freemen and indentured servants . At this time the slave trade between Africa and the English colonies had not yet been established . Records from 1623 and 1624 listed the African inhabitants of the colony as servants , not slaves . In the case of William Tucker , the first Black person born in the colonies , freedom was his bright right . He was son of `` Antony and Isabell '' , a married couple from Angola who worked as indentured servants for Captain William Tucker whom he was named after . Yet , court records show that at least one African had been declared a slave by 1640 ; John Punch . He was an indentured servant who ran away along with two White indentured servants and he was sentenced by the governing council to lifelong servitude . This action is what officially marked the institution of slavery in Jamestown and the future United States . 1620 : more craftsmen from Germany and italy arrive ( edit ) By 1620 , more German settlers from Hamburg , Germany , who were recruited by the Virginia Company set up and operated one of the first sawmills in the region .", "16": "Among the Germans were several other skilled craftsmen carpenters , and pitch / tar / soap - ash makers , who produced some of the colony 's first exports of these products . The Italians included a team of glass makers . 1621 : arrival of marriageable women ( edit ) During 1621 fifty - seven unmarried women sailed to Virginia under the auspices of the Virginia Company , who paid for their transport and provided them with a small bundle of clothing and other goods to take with them . A colonist who married one of the women would be responsible for repaying the Virginia Company for his wife 's transport and provisions . The women traveled on three ships , The Marmaduke , The Warwick , and The Tyger . Many of the women were not `` maids '' but widows . Some others were children , for example Priscilla , the eight - year - old daughter of Joanne Palmer , who travelled with her mother and her new stepfather , Thomas Palmer , on The Tyger . Some were women who were traveling with family or relatives : Ursula Clawson , `` kinswoman '' of ancient planter Richard Pace , traveled with Pace and his wife on the Marmaduke . Ann Jackson also came on the Marmaduke , in the company of her brother John Jackson , both of them bound for Martin 's Hundred . Ann Jackson was one of the women taken captive by the Powhatans during the Indian Massacre of 1622 . She was not returned until 1630 . The Council ordered that she should be sent back to England on the first available ship , perhaps because she was suffering from the consequences of her long captivity . Some of the women sent to Virginia did marry . But most disappeared from the records -- perhaps killed in the massacre , perhaps ' dead from other causes , perhaps returned to England . In other words , they shared the fate of most of their fellow colonists . Indian Massacre of 1622 ( edit ) Main article : Indian Massacre of 1622 Indian massacre of 1622 , depicted in a 1628 woodcut by Matthäus Merian out of Theodore de Bry 's workshop . The relations with the Natives took a turn for the worse after the death of Pocahontas in England and the return of John Rolfe and other colonial leaders in May 1617 .", "17": "Disease , poor harvests and the growing demand for tobacco lands caused hostilities to escalate . After Wahunsunacock 's death in 1618 , his younger brother , Opitchapam , briefly became chief . However , he was soon succeeded by his own younger brother , Opechancanough . Opechancanough was not interested in attempting peaceful coexistence with the English settlers . Instead , he was determined to eradicate the colonists from what he considered to be Indian lands . As a result , another war between the two powers lasted from 1622 to 1632 . Chief Opechancanough organized and led a well - coordinated series of surprise attacks on multiple English settlements along both sides of a 50 - mile ( 80 km ) long stretch of the James River which took place early on the morning of March 22 , 1622 . This event came to be known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 , and resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists ( including men , women , and children ) and the abduction of many others . Some say that this massacre was revenge . The Massacre caught most of the Virginia Colony by surprise and virtually wiped out several entire communities , including Henricus and Wolstenholme Town at Martin 's Hundred . A letter by Richard Frethorne , written in 1623 , reports , `` we live in fear of the enemy every hour . '' However , Jamestown was spared from destruction due to a Virginia Indian boy named Chanco who , after learning of the planned attacks from his brother , gave warning to colonist Richard Pace , with whom he lived . Pace , after securing himself and his neighbors on the south side of the James River , took a canoe across river to warn Jamestown , which narrowly escaped destruction , although there was no time to warn the other settlements . Apparently , Opechancanough subsequently was unaware of Chanco 's actions , as the young man continued to serve as his courier for some time after . Royal colony ( edit ) Some historians have noted that , as the settlers of the Virginia Colony were allowed some representative government , and they prospered , King James I was reluctant to lose either power or future financial potential . In any case , in 1624 , the Virginia Company lost its charter and Virginia became a crown colony .", "18": "In 1634 , the English Crown created eight shires ( i.e. counties ) in the colony of Virginia which had a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants . James City Shire was established and included Jamestown . Around 1642 - 43 , the name of the James City Shire was changed to James City County . New town and palisade ( edit ) The original Jamestown fort seems to have existed into the middle of the 1620s , but as Jamestown grew into a `` New Town '' to the east , written references to the original fort disappear . By 1634 , a palisade ( stockade ) was completed across the Virginia Peninsula , which was about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide at that point between Queen 's Creek which fed into the York River and Archer 's Hope Creek , ( since renamed College Creek ) which fed into the James River . The new palisade provided some security from attacks by the Virginia Indians for colonists farming and fishing lower on the Peninsula from that point . Third Anglo - Powhatan War ( edit ) Main article : Third Anglo - Powhatan War On April 18 , 1644 , Opechancanough again tried to force the colonists to abandon the region with another series of coordinated attacks , killing almost 500 colonists . However , this was a much less devastating portion of the growing population than had been the case in the 1622 attacks . Furthermore , the forces of Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley captured the old warrior in 1646 , variously thought to be between 90 and 100 years old . In October , while a prisoner , Opechancanough was killed by a soldier ( shot in the back ) assigned to guard him . Opechancanough was succeeded as Weroance ( Chief ) by Nectowance and then by Totopotomoi and later by his daughter Cockacoeske . In 1646 , the first treaties were signed between the Virginia Indians and the English . The treaties set up reservations , some of the oldest in America , for the surviving Powhatan . It also set up tribute payments for the Virginia Indians to be made yearly to the English .", "19": "That war resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass . This situation would last until 1677 and the Treaty of Middle Plantation , which established Indian reservations following Bacon 's Rebellion . Governor Berkeley , Bacon 's rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Bacon 's Rebellion Bacon 's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley . In the 1670s , the governor was serving his second term in that office . Berkeley , now in his seventies , had previously been governor in the 1640s and had experimented with new export crops at his Green Spring Plantation near Jamestown . In the mid-1670s , a young cousin through marriage , Nathaniel Bacon , Jr. , arrived in Virginia sent by his father in the hope that he would `` mature '' under the tutelage of the governor . Although lazy , Bacon was intelligent and Berkeley provided him with a land grant and a seat on the Virginia Colony council . However , the two became at odds over relationships with the Virginia Indians , which were most strained at the outer frontier points of the colony . In July 1675 , Doeg Indians crossed from Maryland and raided the plantation of Thomas Mathews in the northern portion of the colony along what became the Potomac River , stealing some hogs in order to gain payment for several items Mathews had obtained from the tribe . Mathews pursued them and killed several Doegs , who retaliated by killing Mathews ' son and two of his servants , including Robert Hen . A Virginian militia then went to Maryland and besieged the Susquehanaugs ( a different tribe ) in `` retaliation '' which led to even more large - scale Indian raids , and a protest from the governor of Maryland colony . Governor Berkeley tried to calm the situation but many of the colonists , particularly the frontiersmen , refused to listen to him and Bacon disregarded a direct order and captured some Appomattoc Indians , who were located many miles south of the site of the initial incident , and almost certainly not involved . Following the establishment of the Long Assembly in 1676 , war was declared on `` all hostile Indians '' and trade with Indian tribes became regulated , often seen by the colonists to favor those friends of Berkeley .", "20": "Bacon opposed Berkeley and led a group in opposition to the governor . Bacon and his troops set themselves up at Henrico until Berkeley arrived which sent Bacon and his men fleeing upon which Berkeley declared them in rebellion and offered a pardon to any who returned to Jamestown peaceably . Bacon led numerous raids on Indians friendly to the colonists in an attempt to bring down Berkeley . The governor offered him amnesty but the House of Burgesses refused ; insisting that Bacon must acknowledge his mistakes . At about the same time , Bacon was actually elected to the House of Burgesses and attended the June 1676 assembly where he was captured , forced to apologize and was then pardoned by Berkeley . Bacon then demanded a military commission but Berkeley refused . Bacon and his supporters surrounded the statehouse and threatened to start shooting the Burgesses if Berkeley did not acknowledge Bacon as `` General of all forces against the Indians '' . Berkeley eventually acceded , and then left Jamestown . He attempted a coup a month later but was unsuccessful . In September , however , Berkeley was successful and Bacon dug in for a siege which resulted in his burning Jamestown to the ground on September 19 , 1676 . Bacon died of the flux and lice on October 26 , 1676 and his body is believed to have been burned . Berkeley returned , and hanged William Drummond and the other major leaders of the rebellion ( 23 in total ) at Middle Plantation . With Jamestown unusable due to the burning by Bacon , the Governor convened a session of the General Assembly at his Green Spring Plantation in February , 1677 , and another was later held at Middle Plantation . However , upon learning of his actions , King Charles II was reportedly displeased at the degree of retaliation and number of executions , and recalled Berkeley to England . He returned to London where he died in July 1677 . The capital moves from Jamestown to high ground ( edit ) See also : Middle Plantation ( Virginia ) and History of Williamsburg , Virginia Despite the periodic need to relocate the legislature from Jamestown due to contingencies such as fires , ( usually to Middle Plantation ) , throughout the seventeenth century , Virginians had been reluctant to permanently move the capital from its `` ancient and accustomed place . '' After all , Jamestown had always been Virginia 's capital .", "21": "It had a state house ( except when it periodically burned ) and a church , and it offered easy access to ships that came up the James River bringing goods from England and taking on tobacco bound for market . However , Jamestown 's status had been in some decline . In 1662 , Jamestown 's status as mandatory port of entry for Virginia had been ended . On October 20 , 1698 , the statehouse ( capitol building ) in Jamestown burned for the fourth time . Once again removing itself to a familiar alternate location , the legislature met at Middle Plantation , this time in the new College Building at the College of William and Mary , which had begun meeting there in temporary quarters in 1694 . While meeting there , a group of five students from the College submitted a well - presented and logical proposal to the legislators outlining a plan and good reasons to move the capital permanently to Middle Plantation . The students argued that the change to the high ground at Middle Plantation would escape the dreaded malaria and mosquitoes that had always plagued the swampy , low - lying Jamestown site . The students pointed out that , while not located immediately upon a river , Middle Plantation offered nearby access to not one , but two rivers , via two deep water ( 6 - 7 ' depth ) creeks , Queen 's Creek leading to the York River , and College Creek ( formerly known as Archer 's Hope ) which led to the James River . Several prominent individuals like John Page , Thomas Ludwell , Philip Ludwell , and Otho Thorpe had built fine brick homes and created a substantial town at Middle Plantation . And , there was of course , the new College of William and Mary with its fine new brick building . Other advocates of the move included the Reverend Dr. James Blair and the Governor , Sir Francis Nicholson . The proposal to move the capital of Virginia to higher ground ( about 12 miles ( 20 km ) away ) at Middle Plantation was received favorably by the House of Burgesses . In 1699 , the capital of the Virginia Colony was officially relocated there . Soon , the town was renamed Williamsburg , in honor of King William III . Thus , the first phase of Jamestown 's history ended .", "22": "Later History ( edit ) By the 1750s the land was owned and heavily cultivated , primarily by the Travis and Ambler families . A military post was located on the island during the Revolutionary War and American and British prisoners were exchanged there . During the U.S. Civil War the island was occupied by Confederate soldiers who built an earth fort near the church as part of the defense system to block the Union advance up the river to Richmond . Little further attention was paid to Virginia until preservation was undertaken in the twenty first century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Congressional Record ( 1975 ) . `` Congressional Record 1975 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record ( 1976 ) . `` Congressional Record 1976 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa L. Weaver . `` Learning Landscapes : Theoretical Issues and Design Considerations for the Development of Children 's Educational Landscapes '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Brown . `` Women in Early Jamestown '' . Jamestown Interpretive Essays . Virtual Jamestown . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources - Doug Domenech '' ( PDF ) . Indians.vipnet.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia 's History '' . Xroads.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Original Settlers '' . Preservation Virginia . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Supply '' . Preservation Virginia . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Jamestown - Jamestown Rediscovery '' . Apva.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 .", "23": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Congressional Record ( July 5 , 1956 ) . `` Congressional Record - 1956 '' . Congressional Record . pp. 11905 -- 11906 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Congressional Record ( 1975 ) . `` Congressional Record 1975 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Congressional Record ( 1976 ) . `` Congressional Record 1976 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , Dwight D. ( September 28 , 1958 ) . `` Jamestown Pioneers From Poland '' . White House . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , George ; Olasij , Thompson Dele ( January 10 , 1995 ) . Migrants , Immigrants , and Slaves : Racial and Ethnic Groups in America . University Press of America . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0819197382 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Patrick ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1596915794 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown Dutchmen '' . Kismeta.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Precursor Light Industry in Support of the Jamestown Glass works '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference grizzard2 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` First Germans in the colonies '' . Germanheritage.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` First Polish Settlers '' . Polishamericancenter.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Presentations and Activities - For Teachers ( Library of Congress ) '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Girl 's Bones Bear Signs of Cannibalism by Starving Virginia Colonists '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Corbin Braxton . The Church at Jamestown in Clark , W.M. , ed . Colonial Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia . 2d . ed . Richmond , VA : Southern Churchman Company , 1908 . OCLC 1397138 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Beverley , Robert . The History of Virginia in Four Parts . Richmond , VA : J.W. Randolph , 1855 . OCLC 5837141 . 2d revised edition originally published London : 1722 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Hobson . A Brave Vessel : The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Viking ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Because Jamestown was abandoned for two days in June 1610 , while Fort Algernon , built in October 1609 , was never abandoned , the modern city of Hampton , Virginia puts in a competing claim as `` the oldest continuous English - speaking settlement in North America '' . Rountree 1990 p. 53 , 54n . ^ Jump up to : Holshouser , Joshua D. ; Brylinsk - Padnbey , Lucyna ; Kielbasa , Katarzyna ( July 2007 ) . `` Jamestown : The Birth of American Polonia 1608 - 2008 ( The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony ) '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grizzard , Frank E. ; Smith , Boyd D. ( 2007 ) . Jamestown Colony : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . ABC - CLIO . p. 171 .", "25": "ISBN 1 - 85109 - 637 - X . ^ Jump up to : Odrowaz - Sypniewska , Margaret ( Jun 29 , 2007 ) . `` Poles and Powhatans in Jamestown , Virginia ( 1606 - 1617 ) '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Badaczewski , Dennis ( February 28 , 2002 ) . Poles in Michigan . Michigan State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0870136184 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Spuscizna - History of Poles in the USA '' . The Spuscizna Group . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The House of Burgesses '' . Ushistory.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Obst , Peter J. ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dedication of Historical Marker to Honor Jamestown Poles of 1608 - The First Poles in Jamestown '' . Poles.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 1624 ) . `` VII '' . The generall historie of Virginia , New England & the Summer Isles , together with The true travels , adventures and observations . 1 . American Memory . pp. 150 -- 184 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seroczynski , Felix Thomas ( 1911 ) . Poles in the United States . XII . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Rolf Reports on Virginia to Sir Edwin Sandys , 1619 - American Memory Timeline - Classroom Presentation Teacher Resources - Library of Congress '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.achp.gov/fort_monroe_final_story.pdf Jump up ^ Colonial WIlliamsburg , WInter 2010 . `` Slavery , Freedom , and Fort Monroe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Wagner , Margaret E. ; Gallagher , Gary W. ; McPherson , James M. ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 12 October 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://teachingflorida.org/article/black-society-in-colonial-florida Jump up ^ `` African American Men : Moments in History from Colonial Times to the Present '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` German sawmill in 1620 '' . Germanheritage.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` German and Polish craftsmen in Jamestown '' . Germanheritage.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fausz , J. Frederick , `` Powhatan Uprising of 1622 '' , American History Magazine , March 1998 Jump up ^ `` The Ferrar Papers 1590 - 1790 '' ( PDF ) . Microform.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Frethorne , Richard . Richard Frethorne to his father and mother , March 20 , April 2 and 3 , 1623 ( Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library ) . Jump up ^ Rountree , Helen C. Pocahontas , Powhatan , Opechancanough : Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown . University of Virginia Press : Charlottesville , 2005 Jump up ^ We 're Still Here : Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories by Sandra F. Waugaman and Danielle Moretti - Langholtz , Ph. D . Jump up ^ Jones , Jennifer ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Middle Plantation '' . Research.history.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 .", "27": "Further reading ( edit ) Jocelyn R. Wingfield , Virginia 's True Founder : Edward Maria Wingfield and His Times ( Booksurge , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 4196 - 6032 - 2 William M. Kelso , Jamestown , The Buried Truth ( University of Virginia Press , 2006 ) William M. Kelso , Jamestown Rediscovery II ( APVA , 1996 ) William M. Kelso , Nicholas M. Luccketti , Beverly A. Straube , Jamestown Rediscovery III ( APVA , 1997 ) William M. Kelso , Nicholas M. Luccketti , Beverly A. Straube , Jamestown Rediscovery IV ( APVA , 1998 ) William M. Kelso , Nicholas M. Luccketti , Beverly A. Straube , Jamestown Rediscovery V ( APVA , 1999 ) William Kelso , Beverly Straube , Jamestown Rediscovery VI ( APVA , 2000 ) David A. Price , Love and Hate in Jamestown ( Alfred A. Knopf , 2003 ) Ernie Gross , `` The American Years '' ( Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1999 ) James Horn , A Land as God Made It ( Perseus Books , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 465 - 03094 - 7 Chesapeake , a novel ( 1978 ) by author James A. Michener External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jamestown , Virginia . Historic Jamestowne Where are We Digging Now ? Jamestown 1607 America 's 400th Anniversary APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project National Geographic Magazine Jamestown Interactive Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center Virtual Jamestown National Park Service : Jamestown National Historic Site New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson , ( 1957 ) at Project Gutenberg First Landing State Park State Tourism Website -- Virginia is for Lovers Jamestown Discovery Trail Time Team Special : Jamestown -- America 's Birthplace Following in Godspeeds Wake NBC News Interview with Dr.", "28": "William Kelso History Channel Web Site Geographical coordinates : 37 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 37.20917 ° N 76.77750 ° W / 37.20917 ; - 76.77750 ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of James City County , Virginia , United States County seat : Williamsburg City Williamsburg Unincorporated communities Croaker Grove Jamestown Lanexa Lightfoot Norge Toano Ghost town Wolstenholme Towne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607 -- 99 ) &oldid = 818520932 '' Categories : English colonization of the Americas Populated places established in 1607 Archaeological sites in Virginia History of Bermuda Populated places on the James River ( Virginia ) Populated places in colonial Virginia James City County , Virginia James River ( Virginia ) Colonial Virginia Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Colonial settlements in North America History of the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2013 Pages with broken reference names Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 01 : 19 . 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2632188867909468181	who is covering the winter olympics in canada	[ "CBC/Radio-Canada", "Bell Media", "Rogers Media", "TLN", "CBC/Radio-Canada", "Bell Media", "Rogers Media", "TLN", "CBC/Radio-Canada", "Bell Media", "Rogers Media", "TLN" ]	{ "0": "List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters - wikipedia List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang are televised by a number of broadcasters throughout the world . As with previous years , Olympic Broadcasting Services together with Japan 's NHK produces the world feed provided to local broadcasters for use in their coverage , including about 90 hours of content captured in 8K . The Games are broadcast in ultra-high resolution and high dynamic range in select markets . In South Korea , terrestrial UHD broadcasts employ ATSC 3.0 standard , launched on May 31 , 2017 by SBS , MBC , and KBS in major South Korean markets such as Seoul and Incheon . In the United States UHD broadcasts are available to cable subscribers of NBCUniversal , and to subscribers of satellite TV providers DirecTV and Dish Network . Broadcasters ( edit ) On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications -- owner of Eurosport , had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics from 2018 through 2024 across Europe , excluding Russia , on all platforms . Discovery will sub-license its broadcast rights to local free - to - air networks on a territorial basis . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive , Discovery will not solely serve as a reseller , and intends to carry coverage on its regional properties , but has committed to sub-licensing at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks . In the United Kingdom , Discovery will sub-license exclusive pay television rights from the BBC ( which still holds broadcast rights through 2020 ) , in exchange for sub-licensing free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery .", "1": "In addition , IMG was awarded the in - flight / in - ships broadcast rights . The Olympic Channel will broadcast the Games across the Indian subcontinent . Territory Rights holder Ref Asia Dentsu Australia Seven Network Brazil Grupo Globo Canada CBC / Radio - Canada Bell Media Rogers Media TLN Caribbean International Media Content Ltd . SportsMax Cayman Islands Cayman 27 China CCTV Chinese Taipei ELTA Cuba ICRT Europe Eurosport Albania RTSH Andorra RTVA Armenia APMTV Austria ORF Azerbaijan AzTV İdman TV Belarus Belteleradio Belgium VRT Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Bulgaria BNT Croatia HRT Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR Estonia Eesti Meedia Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD ZDF Greece ERT Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV Ireland RTÉ Israel Sport 5 Italy RAI Kosovo RTK Latvia LTV Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania TV3 Macedonia MRT Moldova TVR TRM", "2": "Montenegro RTCG Netherlands NOS Norway TVNorge Poland TVP Portugal RTP Romania TVR Serbia RTS Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTV Spain DMAX Sweden Kanal 5 Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT Ukraine UA : PBC United Kingdom BBC Eurosport France France Télévisions Hong Kong TVB Iran IRIB Varzesh Japan Japan Consortium Kazakhstan RTRK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Latin America América Móvil Malaysia Astro MENA beIN Sports Mongolia TV5 New Zealand Sky Television North Korea SBS Oceania Sky Television ' Pakistan PTV Philippines TV5 Network Russia Perviy Kanal VGTRK Match TV Singapore Eleven Sports Network MediaCorp South Africa SABC SuperSport South Korea SBS MBC KBS Sub-Saharan Africa Econet Media SuperSport Tajikistan Varzish TV Thailand Workpoint", "3": "TV United States NBCUniversal Uzbekistan Uzreport TV Vietnam VTV Notes Jump up ^ Rights to be sold to local broadcaster Jump up ^ Including microstate of San Marino and Vatican City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frazer , Bryant ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` NBC 's 4K HDR Olympics by the Numbers -- and the Broadcast Tech Behind It '' . studiodaily . Studiodaily.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Adrian ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics innovates with 8K HDR and live 5G production firsts '' . ibc.org . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Jamie ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` The top tech at the 2018 Winter Olympics : 5G , VR , 4K , bullet time and SmartSuits '' . South China Morning Post . scmp.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Broadcasters Ready to Launch ATSC 3.0 '' . TV Technology . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Steve ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 2018 A Crucial Year for ATSC 3.0 '' . Pro Sound News . Prosoundnetwork.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to Watch the Winter Olympics in 4K UHD with X1 '' . Xfinity . xfinity.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXIII Olympic Winter Games '' . mydish . mydish.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN . 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC appoints IMG as inflight rights holder for Olympic Games '' . getconnected.aero . Get Connected . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Channel to broadcast PyeongChang 2018 across India and sub-continent '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Network reclaims rights to broadcast Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 and Tokyo in 2020 '' . News.com.au. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2020 broadcast rights in Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` TLN seals Olympic rights in Canada '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Christopher ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` IOC awards 2018 - 2020 broadcast rights in the Caribbean '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PyeongChang 2018 Broadcasters '' .", "5": "PyeongChang 2018 Olympics Next Winter Games in Korea . International Olympic Committee . 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 - 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13 ditë nga nisja e olimpiadës dimërore '' ( in Albanian ) . Radio Televizioni Shqiptar. 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Sikundër çdo veprimtari madhore sportive , edhe kjo Olimpiadë Dimërore do të sillet e gjitha për sportdashësit drejtpërdrejt nga Rrjeti i Radio - Televizionit Shqiptar . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Austrian broadcaster ORF agree deal for Pyeongchang 2018 and Tokyo 2020 '' . inside the games . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Proqram '' . aztv.az . AzTV. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Proqram '' . idmantv.az . Idman TV . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dziadul , Chris ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Discovery inks Belarus Olympics deal '' . Broadband TV News .", "6": "Broadbandtvnews.com . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympische Spelen 2018 en 2020 bij VRT '' . vrt.be . VRT. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Late Olympics rights deals struck in Bosnia , Macedonia '' . Sport Business . Sportbusiness.com. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saopštenje za javnost : Upravni odbor BHRT - a ( 30.01. 2018 . ) - BHRT '' ( in Bosnian ) . Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BHRT ) . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` БНТ ще излъчва Зимните олимпийски игри 2018 '' . bnt.bg ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian National Television ( BNT ) . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Tom ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Discovery sign Croatian and Irish Olympic deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Polák , Lukáš ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Olympiáda zůstane neplacená , práva od Discovery získala Česká televize '' . Digitální rádio ( in Czech ) . rozhlas.cz . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Discovery Communications sign broadcast deal with Česká Televize for Pyeongchang 2018 and Tokyo 2020 '' . inside the games . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ladingkær , Lars ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Discovery og DR deler OL '' . recordere.dk ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Vahtla , Aili ( 7 December 2016 ) .", "7": "`` Eesti Meedia secures free - to - air broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 Olympics '' . Err News . news.err.ee . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Tom ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Finnish broadcaster in Discovery Olympics deal '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery Communications Continues Olympic Games Momentum with Telewizja Polska Partnership in Poland '' . Discovery Communications . corporate.discovery.com. 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Στην ΕΡΤ τα δικαιώματα μετάδοσης των Ολυμπιακών Αγώνων '' . press.ert.gr ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation ( ERT ) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ secures rights for Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games '' . RTÉ. 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery partnership with RAI guarantees viewers more of the Olympic Winter Games , engaging more people , on more screens '' . Eurosport. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rai , dopo 8 anni tornano Olimpiadi invernali - Tv '' . ANSA.it ( in Italian ) . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` 2018 ir 2020 metų olimpines žaidynes transliuos TV3 televizija Visą straipsnį galite rasti '' . tv3.it. 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ЗОИ 2018 ексклузивно на МРТ '' . mrt.com.mk ( in Macedonian ) . Macedonian Radio Television ( MRT ) . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Echipa TVR , pregătită de Jocurile Olimpice de Iarnă PyeongChang 2018 '' . tvrmoldova.md . TVR. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PROCES VERBAL al ședinței Consiliului de Observatori al Instituției Publice Naționale a Audiovizualului Compania `` Teleradio - Moldova '' '' ( doc ) ( in Romanian ) . Teleradio - Moldova. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CAIET DE SARCINIAL IPNA COMPANIA `` TELERADIO - MOLDOVA '' PENTRU ANUL 2018 '' ( doc ) ( in Romanian ) . Teleradio - Moldova . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . creşterea volumului de emisie al programelor sportive , în special din contul difuzării Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal din Rusia - 2018 şi a Jocurilor Olimpice de Iarnă , Puyongchang ( Corea de Sud ) Jump up ^ `` SAGLASNOST za potpisivanje Ugovora za otkup TV prava za Olimpijske Igre -- Pyeong Chang 2018 i Tokio 2020 '' ( docx ) ( in Montenegrin ) . Radio and Television of Montenegro. 14 September 2017 .", "9": "Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` Dutch broadcaster follows BBC with Discovery Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery Communications Unveils Olympic Games Coverage Plans in Norway & Sweden -- Starting with PyeongChang 2018 '' . Discovery Communications . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Igrzyska olimpijskie w 2018 i 2020 roku w TVP '' ( in Polish ) . wirtualnemedia.pl. 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Host of late broadcast deals agreed for PyeongChang 2018 '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TVR ȘI DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS AU ÎNCHEIAT UN ACORD DE SUBLICENȚIERE A JOCURILOR OLIMPICE '' . Agerpres . agerpres.ro. 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Зимске олимпијске игре 2018 '' ( in Serbian ) . Radio Television of Serbia ( RTS ) . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Liam ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Discovery Communications sign two more deals for Pyeongchang 2018 and Tokyo 2020 '' . inside the games . insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DMAX emitirá en abierto los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno de Pyeongchang 2018 '' . DMAX. 19 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Communications Inc. : Swiss Viewers to Enjoy Enhanced Olympic Games Coverage Following New Discovery Communications and SRG SSR Agreement '' . The Wall Street Transcript . twst.com. 6 July 2016 .", "10": "Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Kış Olimpiyatları başlıyor '' . trtspor.com.tr . TRT Spor. 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` UA : PBC secures Olympics sub-licensing deal in Ukraine '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України '' . State Committee for television and radio broadcasting of Ukraine ( in Ukrainian ) . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards broadcast rights in United Kingdom for 2014 , 2016 , 2018 and 2020 Olympic Games to the BBC '' . Olympic.org. 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC & Discovery Communications Sign Long - Term Olympic Games Partnership '' . Discovery Communications . corporate.discovery.com. 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards broadcast rights in France for 2014 , 2016 , 2018 and 2020 Olympic Games to France Télévisions '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` TVB lands last - minute rights deal for PyeongChang 2018 '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` سایت شبکه ورزش - پخش زنده بازی های المپیک زمستانی 2018 کره جنوبی از شبکه ورزش , بازی های المپیک زمستانی 2018 کره جنوبی '' .", "11": "varzeshtv.ir ( in Persian ) . Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting ( IRIB ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Зимнюю Олимпиаду - 2018 покажут в прямом эфире в Казахстане '' . vezti.kz . Vezti. 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 '' . ktrk.kg . KTRK. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astro to broadcast the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games '' . Astro Awani . astroawani.com. 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV5 Mongolia - Posts '' ( in Mongolian ) . 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics .", "12": "PyeongChang 2018 '' . sports.ptv.com.pk . PTV Sports . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Fastest 85 Seconds '' . Sports5 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Channel One Will Broadcast Olympics , Despite Team 's Ban '' . The Moscow Times . 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Первый канал , `` Россия 1 '' и `` Матч ТВ '' будут транслировать Олимпиаду - 2018 `` . RG. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul Aziz , Muhammad Sazali ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : Eleven Sports to provide coverage , stream Games ' live ' on Facebook for selected events '' . The Straits Times . Straitstimes.com . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 언론사 , 평창 동계 올림픽 카운트 다운 '' . journalist.or.kr. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Барномаҳои ТВ `` Варзиш '' барои рӯзи Шанбе , 10 феврал `` . varzishtv.tj . Varzish TV . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards US broadcast rights for 2014 , 2016 , 2018 and 2020 Olympic Games to NBCUniversal '' . Olympic.org. 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT TV приобрел эксклюзивные права на трансляцию Олимпиады - 2018 '' . uzreport. news . 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CHÍNH THỨC : Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam sở hữu bản quyền Olympic Pyeongchang 2018 '' . vtv.vn . VTV. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_2018_Winter_Olympics_broadcasters&oldid=828086969 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic broadcasters 2018 Winter Olympics Hidden categories : CS1 Albanian - language sources ( sq ) CS1 Bosnian - language sources ( bs ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Macedonian - language sources ( mk ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 Mongolian - language sources ( mn ) Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6788315330567276031	who plays the dad in girl meets world	[ "Ben Savage", "Ben Savage", "Ben Savage", "Cory Matthews", "Ben Savage" ]	{ "0": "List of Girl Meets World characters - wikipedia List of Girl Meets World characters Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters . From left to right : Lucas , Auggie , Topanga , Riley , Cory , Maya , and Farkle . Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27 , 2014 to January 20 , 2017 . The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard , Ben Savage , Sabrina Carpenter , Peyton Meyer , August Maturo , Danielle Fishel , and Corey Fogelmanis . The series centers around the life of Riley and her friends and family , particularly their school life , in which Cory is their history teacher . Riley shares a strong relationship with her best friend Maya Hart , who assists her in learning to cope with the social and personal issues of adolescence . Several Boy Meets World cast members make appearances in the series , reprising their roles from Boy Meets World . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Riley Matthews 1.2 Cory Matthews 1.3 Maya Hart 1.4 Lucas Friar 1.5 Auggie Matthews 1.6 Topanga Matthews 1.7 Farkle Minkus 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Evelyn Rand 2.2 Ava Morgenstern 2.3 Smackle 2.4 Katy Hart 2.5 Ms. Kossal 2.6 Dewey / Doy 2.7 Zay Babineaux 2.8 Charlie Gardner 2.9 Sarah 3 Boy Meets World alumni 3.1 Mr.", "1": "Feeny 3.2 Minkus 3.3 Harley Keiner 3.4 Alan Matthews 3.5 Amy Matthews 3.6 Joshua Matthews 3.7 Shawn Hunter 3.8 Eric Matthews 3.9 Angela Moore 3.10 Chet Hunter 3.11 TJ Murphy 3.12 Mr. Turner 3.13 Jack Hunter 3.14 Jennifer Bassett Minkus 3.15 Morgan Matthews 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 General references Main characters ( edit ) Riley Matthews ( edit ) Riley Matthews ( Rowan Blanchard ) is the daughter of Cory and Topanga Matthews , and has a younger brother named Auggie . At the start of the series , Riley is 12 years old and in seventh grade . She and her best friend , Maya Hart , explore school and life together while making new friends along the way . She and Maya are in middle school for the first two seasons and then high school beginning in the third season . Riley is very much like her father , having similar personality and character traits , but in the season two episode `` Girl Meets Cory and Topanga '' she finds out how goofy both her parents were in their childhood and now realizes that she is like both of them . In the pilot episode , Riley develops a crush on Lucas Friar , whom she met on the subway on the way to school ; he later becomes her classmate in Cory 's history class ; they go out for the first time in `` Girl Meets First Date '' . During season two Riley and Maya discover that they both like Lucas and he also likes the two of them , but Riley is Lucas ' choice in season three 's two - part episode `` Girl meets Ski Lodge '' . She is periodically portrayed by Lindsey Lamer in flashbacks to Riley and Maya 's childhood , and as an adult in one episode by Mariah Buzolin . Cory Matthews ( edit ) Main article : Cory Matthews Cory Matthews ( Ben Savage ) is Riley and Auggie 's father and Topanga 's husband . He has taken a job as a history teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School for the first two seasons and then Abigail Adams High School beginning the third season .", "2": "In both settings , his class consists of his daughter and her friends and his history lessons relate to their lives , becoming life lessons for them . In addition to being Riley 's father , he often acts as a father figure to Maya . He also acts as a mentor to his students , much like Mr. Feeny was to Cory , Topanga , and Shawn in Boy Meets World . Maya Hart ( edit ) Maya Hart ( Sabrina Carpenter ) is Riley 's best friend . Maya was raised in a single - parent household by her mother Katy ; she is tomboyish , social and street smart , but has a troubled past rooted in the fact that her father Kermit abandoned her and Katy before Maya turned five . Consequently , Maya is wild and rebellious as evidenced by her actions , such as protesting homework and almost lighting a class assignment on fire , but her friendship with Riley and the Matthews ' family keep her grounded most of the time . In the second season three - part episode `` Girl Meets Texas '' , Maya is shown to have deeper feelings for Lucas than she normally lets on ; Riley notices Maya 's feelings and decides to step back from Lucas and let Maya start a relationship with him , which turns out to be awkward . In season 3 , Maya goes through an identity crisis stemming from the fact that she loves Riley so much that Maya was influenced by her , which turned out to be an underlying reason why she liked Lucas . After Riley helped bring Maya back to her true self , she realized that she does n't like Lucas but was protective of Riley and showed her support for Riley and Lucas as a couple . Beginning in the first season , Maya develops a crush on Cory 's younger brother Joshua . He downplays it as a schoolgirl crush until season 3 when , in the two - parter `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge '' , Maya tells him she genuinely likes him , and he finally admits he has feelings for her as well ; he tells her that there is a chance for them and that he is willing to play the long game and see what happens . In the third season , after her mother Katy marries Shawn Hunter , Shawn presents Maya with adoption papers , and Maya accepts , proclaiming herself as Maya Hunter . Maya is periodically portrayed by Ivy George in flashbacks to Maya and Riley 's childhood , and as an adult in one episode by Ruby Lewis .", "3": "Lucas Friar ( edit ) Lucas Friar ( Peyton Meyer ) is another member of the group and at first was both Riley and Maya 's love interest until Maya decided Riley and Lucas were good for one another . Originally from Austin , Texas , Lucas has gentlemanly manners and common sense , and has shown to be the protector of the group as he is fearless and unstoppable when defending his friends . Because of his Texas upbringing , Maya often addresses Lucas stereotypically calling him derisive but good - natured names like `` Huckleberry '' , `` Ranger Rick '' and `` Bucky McBoingboing '' ; in `` Girl Meets 1961 '' Lucas finds out that he is from a family of cowboys and had a great grandfather who had a brief career as a musician . In `` Girl Meets the Secret of Life '' , it is revealed that Lucas is a year older than his classmates , and his father was transferred to New York giving Lucas a fresh start . He had been expelled from his former school in Austin . The reason for his expulsion involved sticking up for his friend Zay Babineaux after he got into trouble with some students . Auggie Matthews ( edit ) Auggie Matthews ( August Maturo ) is Riley 's precocious young brother and Cory and Topanga 's son . In the pilot episode he believed himself to be Riley 's twin , and wants to be like his father when he grows up . Topanga Matthews ( edit ) Main article : Topanga Matthews Topanga Matthews ( Danielle Fishel ) is Riley and Auggie 's mother and Cory 's wife . Topanga is Cory 's high school girlfriend and they have been friends since they were babies . Topanga has become a successful lawyer and is a loving and protective mother as shown in `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' . She later inherits Svorski 's from the late Mrs. Svorski , later changing the bakery 's name to Topanga 's . Farkle Minkus ( edit ) Farkle Minkus ( Corey Fogelmanis ) is close friends with Riley and Maya , but is also infatuated with them . In `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' , it is shown that he cares for the two and will do anything for them to be happy .", "4": "He is smart , eccentric , and a big flirt . He is shown to be the teacher 's pet in many episodes . He is the son of Cory and Topanga 's former classmates , Stuart Minkus and Jennifer Bassett ; of the two , Farkle bears great similarities to his father . Farkle cares a great deal about his education and always keeps his grades up in class . In the season two episode `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' , his IQ score is found to be exceptionally high , so his guidance counselor has him take a series of tests to find out whether or not he has Asperger 's Syndrome , which he and his friends are relieved to find that he does not ; in this same episode he begins a relationship with his former arch - nemesis , Isadora Smackle , who reveals she was diagnosed with Asperger 's at age five . Recurring characters ( edit ) Evelyn Rand ( edit ) Evelyn Rand ( Jackée Harry ) meets Riley and Maya on the subway in the pilot ; they later call her Crazy Hat because of the obscure hats they see her wearing at the subway station . She is revealed to be a successful businesswoman . Ava Morgenstern ( edit ) Ava Morgenstern ( Ava Kolker ) is Auggie 's girlfriend . Being slightly older , she manipulates Auggie into doing whatever she wants , remaining oblivious to how this affects him . Ava 's personality appears to be a product of her mom 's way of raising her . Early on , Topanga makes it clear that she does not like Ava , but in the season 2 episode `` Girl Meets STEM '' , she takes Ava 's side : Ava is furious when she and Auggie get exactly the same trophy after Ava singlehandedly defeats Auggie 's soccer team 29 - 0 . In the season 3 premiere `` Girl Meets High School : Part One '' , Ava comes to Cory , Topanga , and Auggie when her parents are splitting up . In `` Girl Meets I Do , '' Ava attends Shawn and Katy 's wedding where she meets Mr. Feeny . Smackle ( edit ) Isadora Smackle ( Cecilia Balagot ) is Farkle 's arch - rival .", "5": "In `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' , it is revealed that she was diagnosed with Asperger 's syndrome when she was five years old . By the start of `` Girl Meets High School , Part 1 '' , she has joined the others at Abigail Adams High School , having become Farkle 's girlfriend and the unofficial sixth member of the group . Katy Hart ( edit ) Katy Hart ( Cheryl Texiera ) is Maya 's mom . For Career Day at school , Katy reveals to Maya 's class that though she works as a waitress she aspires to be an actress . Katy frequently fails to show up to any event of importance to Maya , believing herself to be a hindrance to her daughter 's future . Her relationship with Maya is strained at first , reminiscent to that of Shawn and Chet Hunter from Boy Meets World , but they become much closer after Shawn reveals to Maya in `` Girl Meets Master Plan '' that Maya 's father deserting her family was not Katy 's fault ; Katy maintained the story that she drove him away believing that a girl should think well of her father . As the series progresses Katy becomes a manager for `` Topanga 's '' bakery . After meeting Shawn , she develops feelings for him . The two get engaged in `` Girl Meets Upstate '' and subsequently wed in `` Girl Meets I Do '' . Ms. Kossal ( edit ) Gabriella Kossal ( Aisha Kabia ) is the art teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School who is impressed with Maya 's art . Dewey / Doy ( edit ) Dewey / Doy ( Cooper Friedman ) is a friend of Auggie who pronounces his name `` Doy '' much to the annoyance of Topanga . He does not like his name and cries each time somebody corrects his pronunciation . Zay Babineaux ( edit ) Zay Babineaux ( Amir Mitchell - Townes ) is Lucas ' old friend from Texas who later moves to New York and enrolls at J.Q. Adams Middle School , becoming the unofficial fifth member of the group . He fancies himself a smooth talker , but his words and actions more often get him into trouble rather than out of it .", "6": "When Zay and Lucas were classmates at their old school in Texas , Lucas was usually the one who bailed him out , which was the situation that got Lucas expelled . Charlie Gardner ( edit ) Charlie Gardner ( Tanner Buchanan ) is an eighth grader at John Quincy Adams Middle School who admires Riley . In `` Girl Meets Semi-Formal '' , he asked Riley to the semi-formal , right before Lucas was going to . Sarah ( edit ) Sarah ( Sarah Carpenter ) is a classmate of Riley and Maya at both John Quincy Adams Middle School and Abigail Adams High School . She mostly serves as a background character in many episodes , but achieves prominence in `` Girl Meets Hollyworld '' as a screenplay writer for a movie her father , the director DW Preminger , is casting . The episode `` Girl Meets Commonism '' shows her on the honor board panel and reveals her last name to be Carpenter . Boy Meets World alumni ( edit ) Further information : List of Boy Meets World characters The following characters from Boy Meets World make appearances in the series in the form of recurring roles , guest appearances , or cameo appearances . They are listed in order of appearance : Mr. Feeny ( edit ) George Feeny ( William Daniels ) is Cory 's omnipresent mentor who is now in his late 80s . Feeny makes a cameo appearance in the pilot episode , his only appearance in the first season . Mr. Feeny was Cory , Shawn , and Topanga 's teacher in junior high , their principal in high school , and their professor in college . Throughout these years , Feeny was the Matthews ' next - door neighbor and a close friend to the Matthews family as well as Shawn Hunter . In `` Girl Meets Gravity '' , Cory calls Feeny to check up on him after the death of Mrs. Svorski . In `` Girl Meets Pluto '' , Cory , Shawn , and Topanga , along with Riley and Maya , return to Philadelphia to dig up a time capsule from Feeny 's backyard where they are caught by Feeny . He asks Riley and Maya how Cory has been to them as he receives some positive answers . He returns in the season three episode `` Girl Meets I Do '' where he comes to New York to wed Shawn and Katy as Ava meets him .", "7": "Feeny comments that he is a lot of things . When Auggie calls him `` grandpa , '' Feeny quoted `` except that . '' He returned in the series finale . Minkus ( edit ) Stuart Minkus ( Lee Norris ) is Cory , Shawn , and Topanga 's former classmate , appearing as a main cast member in the first season of Boy Meets World , and as a guest star in an episode of the fifth season . Although Cory and Shawn often bullied Minkus , the boys also looked to him for advice on girls and life , and Stuart was good friends with Topanga , later becoming a fierce rival , which carries over to this series . Making his return in `` Girl Meets Maya 's Mother '' , it is revealed that he is Farkle 's father . He appears at Career Day at school , whereupon he instantly renews his rivalry with both Cory and Topanga , and is proud to mention his position as the CEO of Minkus International . In `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' , it is revealed that Stuart is married to Jennifer Bassett , an ex-girlfriend of Shawn 's . He returned in the series finale . Harley Keiner ( edit ) Harley Keiner ( Danny McNulty ) is Cory 's good friend and former high school bully . In Boy Meets World , Harley was much older than the rest of the students due to being held back . He now works as the janitor at John Quincy Adams Middle School , as seen in `` Girl Meets the Forgotten '' . He mentions in `` Girl Meets Flaws '' that Cory helped him get the job . Reminiscent of the original series , Harley likes to address Cory by the nickname Johnny Baboon . Harley is regretful for his past behavior and looks to steer kids from going down the wrong path . However , it is mildly implied that Harley 's aggressive side is n't entirely gone as he mentions that without music , he 's prone to do things . He returned in the series finale . Alan Matthews ( edit ) Alan Matthews ( William Russ ) is Cory , Eric , Joshua , and Morgan 's father , Topanga 's father - in - law , and Riley and Auggie 's grandfather .", "8": "Alan has a close relationship with Cory and owns a wilderness store which he originally ran with his eldest son Eric in Boy Meets World . He appeared along with his wife Amy and younger son Joshua in `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' . He returned in the series finale . Amy Matthews ( edit ) Amy Matthews ( Betsy Randle ) is Cory , Eric , Joshua , and Morgan 's mother , Topanga 's mother - in - law , and Riley and Auggie 's grandmother . Amy has a close relationship with her children , especially Morgan , who is her only daughter . She would often disagree with Cory and Topanga as a couple when they made important decisions even though she is fond of them . She appeared along with her husband Alan and younger son Joshua in `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' . She returned in the series finale . Joshua Matthews ( edit ) Joshua Matthews ( Uriah Shelton ) is Cory , Eric , and Morgan 's teenage brother , and Riley and Auggie 's uncle . He was born premature , underweight , and almost died just hours after his birth . He first appears with his parents in `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' , where he is 17 years old and is still living with them in Philadelphia . Maya has a major crush on him , although Joshua tries to make their three - year age difference clear to her . He visits his brother 's home throughout the series , and enrolled at New York University prior to the end of season one . In the season three , two - part episode `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge '' , he helps Cory chaperone his class 's field trip . During the trip , he tells Maya that there could be a possibility for them in the future . He also appeared in `` Girl Meets Bear '' before returning in the series finale . Joshua was the only member of the immediate Matthews family never to have a prominent role in Boy Meets World ; he was originally portrayed by creator Michael Jacobs 's son Daniel in Boy Meets World . Shawn Hunter ( edit ) Main article : Shawn Hunter Shawn Hunter ( Rider Strong ) is Cory 's best friend since childhood , Topanga 's close childhood friend , and uncle figure to Riley and Auggie .", "9": "Since the end of Boy Meets World , Shawn has traveled around as a writer and a photographer . He first appears in `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' and later forms a friendship with Maya , and develops feelings for her mother Katy . Cory and Shawn have a close relationship with each other that , as shown in Boy Meets World , is at times even stronger than the relationship between Cory and Topanga . In the season three episode `` Girl Meets Upstate '' , it is revealed that he has a cabin in Upstate New York . At the end of the episode , he gets engaged to Katy . In `` Girl Meets I Do '' , Shawn gets married to Katy . In the series finale , Shawn presents Maya with adoption papers and Maya accepts . Eric Matthews ( edit ) Main article : Eric Matthews ( Boy Meets World ) Eric Matthews ( Will Friedle ) is Cory , Joshua , and Morgan 's older brother , and Riley and Auggie 's uncle . He first appears in `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' . Like in the original series , Eric is a goofball and lovable , but is quite dimwitted sometimes . Now a full - grown adult , he appears to have matured a little , but is still considered to be the fun uncle in the Matthews family . As evidenced in the original series , Eric has good people skills . Since leaving Philadelphia , Eric has gone on to become the Mayor of St. Upid Town , New York , a fictional community near the borders of New York State and the Canadian Province of Quebec , after all those who would have supported his mayoral opponent died in a landslide , according to Eric . To blend in with the locals , he wears a hermit costume , an homage to his faux alter ego , Plays with Squirrels , that was seen in the Boy Meets World episode `` Seven the Hard Way '' . A running gag is that he tends to mispronounce Maya 's name . He eventually is elected senator and is faced with a decision involving his friend , Jack Hunter . He returned in the series finale . Angela Moore ( edit ) Angela Moore ( Trina McGee ) is Shawn Hunter 's former high school girlfriend . Her father has since died and she has been married to a soldier for four years and is looking to potentially become a mother .", "10": "Angela makes an appearance in `` Girl Meets Hurricane '' , where she not only reveals to Shawn the tragic news that her father Sgt . Moore ( Julius Carry ) died in a fishing accident , but also that she has gotten married to a man in the service . Her reason for meeting up with Shawn is to get some advice and counseling about her fears of becoming a mother because she is worried that she may end up like her own mother . Shawn encourages Angela to start a family with her husband and experience the joy of being a parent . After this , Angela encourages Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy and leaves to go back home . Chet Hunter ( edit ) Chet Hunter ( Blake Clark ) is Shawn and Jack 's late father who died of a heart attack in the sixth season of Boy Meets World . During his lifetime , he was in and out of his children 's lives . Since his passing , he occasionally returns to Shawn as a spirit guide as seen near the end of `` Girl Meets Hurricane '' . Tj Murphy ( edit ) Thomas Jonathan Murphy ( J.B. Gaynor ) was an orphan whom Eric met while he was playing Santa Claus at the mall one Christmas . After Eric gave Tommy a toy for Christmas , Tommy became convinced that Eric was really Santa Claus and asked Eric for parents for Christmas . Eric , touched by the boy 's request , decided to volunteer as Tommy 's big brother . The two spent a great deal of time together , leading Eric to consider adopting him , but he later changed his mind so Tommy could go live with a family who could provide better support for him . Many years later , he resurfaces in `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels Goes to Washington '' as a political activist and founder of a website called Thorn in Your Side that reports on political scandals with the latest one being about Senator Jefferson Davis Graham . He volunteers to help when Eric is nominated to run for senator of New York , though the others are unaware of his identity . Later at a debate against Eric 's opponent Senator Jefferson Davis Graham , Tommy reveals his identity and speaks of Eric 's compassion and how Eric had sacrificed himself for Tommy 's future . Eric joyfully reunites with Tommy who expresses his desire to continue working with Eric 's campaign . Mr.", "11": "Turner ( edit ) Jonathan Turner ( Anthony Tyler Quinn ) was an English teacher who taught Cory , Shawn , and Topanga in high school . He was a laid back teacher who wore a leather jacket and rode a motorcycle . At one point , he became a father figure to Shawn and admits to loving him like a son . After his motorcycle accident , Jonathan fell in love with his nurse and married her . Mr. Turner returns in `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' , where he is now a superintendent who personally hired Cory Matthews to teach history at John Quincy Adams Middle School . He is called in to oversee the class of Harper Burgess to see if she is worth keeping around after Principal Yancy threatened to fire her and Cory ; like Mr. Turner in Boy Meets World , Harper uses comic books in her lessons and rides a motorcycle to work . Riley sees Mr. Turner as an uncle figure as he has formed an even closer affinity with the Matthews family than before , visiting their home often . Although thankful to him for being a good educator , Topanga holds a grudge against Turner because he gave her an A - in high school . He returned in the series finale . Jack Hunter ( edit ) Jack Hunter ( Matthew Lawrence ) is Shawn 's paternal half - brother and was Eric 's best friend in college . Jack competed with Eric for the affection of Rachel McGuire . He and Rachel joined the Peace Corps at the end of Boy Meets World , but Jack eventually left while Rachel stayed behind . The two have since lost touch , while Eric and Rachel still talk often . Reappearing in `` Girl Meets Semi-Formal '' , Jack now works for a corporation that is not environmentally friendly and has been assigned to persuade Senator Eric Matthews to allow his company to build a pipeline somewhere . Eric takes it upon himself to try and show Jack a simpler time to change his ways by taking him to the semi-formal dance where he meets Riley . Jennifer Bassett Minkus ( edit ) Jennifer Bassett Minkus ( Kristanna Loken ) was once Shawn Hunter 's girlfriend back in high school . However , she was an extremely arrogant and vindictive person who tried to keep Cory and Shawn apart .", "12": "She returned in `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' where it is revealed that she is married to Stuart Minkus , and is Farkle 's mother . It is shown that Jennifer is a changed woman proving herself to be a sweet , caring mother of Farkle and wife of Stuart . She supports her son while waiting to find out if he is diagnosed with Asperger syndrome . Morgan Matthews ( edit ) Morgan Matthews ( Lily Nicksay and Lindsay Ridgeway ) is the younger sister of Cory and Eric , older sister of Joshua , and Riley and Auggie 's aunt . Both actresses who played Morgan in Boy Meets World , Nicksay ( who portrayed Morgan in seasons one and two ) and Ridgeway ( who portrayed Morgan in seasons three through seven ) , returned in the series finale , where both portrayed Morgan on - screen simultaneously . This was the character 's only appearance in Girl Meets World . See also ( edit ) List of Girl Meets World episodes ) ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Credited as Dewey in `` Girl Meets the New World '' , and Doy in subsequent episodes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merrimac , Megan ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` New Show `` Girl Meets World '' Gets Closer to Becoming a Reality `` . Tucson Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Zwick , Joel ( Director ) ; Jacobs , Michael ( Writer ) ( January 20 , 2017 ) . Girl Meets Goodbye ( television episode ) . Michael Jacobs Productions and It 's a Laugh Productions . Event occurs at 9 : 29 . Riley : OK , crazy people . Ca n't just make life how you want it . Topanga : Yeah , things happen , like our decision that you guys are going to help us with . Us now ! Shawn : She 's right . This has - this has nothing to do with us . I 'm just gon na leave that here . ( Shawn presents some papers to Maya ) Maya : Whoa - hey ! ... You wan na adopt me ? Riley : Yay ! ! !", "13": "Maya : I do n't know how I feel about this . Both Riley and Maya : Yay ! ! ! Jonathan Turner : You know , Maya , I talked with Shawn and your mom about this . I always regretted that I never adopted Shawn . Cory : Well , you know my parents tried to adopt Shawn , but he preferred to stay a street urchin . Shawn ( to Maya ) : I know this is a difficult decision to make . Topanga : I 'll tell you what 's a difficult decision . Ours ! Shawn ( to Topanga ) : Yeah , can you hold your little Topanga horses ? ( to Maya ) Take all the time you need . Maya ( looking at the papers ) : I 'm Maya Hunter . ( She gives Shawn a hug , then Shawn , Katy and Maya hug together ) access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Girl Meets World Stages Massive BMW Reunion -- See the First Group Photo '' . tvline . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Boy Meets World '' Bully Danny McNulty to Appear on `` Girl Meets World '' `` . toofab. April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Girl Meets World ' : Farkle 's Mom Finally Revealed ... & It 's ( Spoiler ) 's Ex '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . General references ( edit ) The episodes of Girl Meets World that have aired are the source of most of the information in this article .", "14": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Girl_Meets_World_characters&oldid=819346333 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of children 's television characters Lists of Disney television series characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8518155586522600846	who are you in assassin's creed 4	[ "Edward Kenway (Matt Ryan),[16] a Welsh[17] privateer-turned-pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order", "third-person perspective", "an Abstergo agent", "an Abstergo agent" ]	{ "0": "Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Jean Guesdon Ashraf Ismail Damien Kieken Producer ( s ) Martin Schelling Designer ( s ) Eric Baptizat Jean - Sebastien Decant Artist ( s ) Raphael Lacoste Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control .", "1": "The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 Other data 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength .", "3": "It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other .", "4": "Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres .", "5": "His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo .", "6": "When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority .", "7": "Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull .", "8": "A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA .", "9": "Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 .", "10": "`` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 .", "11": "`` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 .", "12": "`` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date .", "13": "It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game .", "14": "Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content .", "15": "Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic , with critics praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . ''", "16": "The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals .", "17": "The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging .", "18": "One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 .", "19": "However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref .", "20": "2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game ,", "21": "Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E.", "22": "Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 .", "23": "Other data ( edit ) In November 2013 the video game company of Ubisoft financed the exhumation of the remains of the Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo to reconstruct his face for its possible appearance in Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . For the first time in history , a company in the video game industry exhumed the remains of a historical character in a pioneering campaign that got the attention of national and international media . In addition , this exhumation had important discoveries on the physiognomy of this mythical corsair . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon .", "24": "Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... '' Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom .", "26": "`` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' .", "27": "iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) .", "28": "`` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking The Entire Assassin 's Creed Series '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' .", "31": "VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 .", "32": "Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 .", "33": "Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN .", "34": "December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 .", "35": "Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Escapist Awards -- Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . p. 1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . p. 6 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Official Xbox Magazine 's 2013 Awards : Categories , Genres , and Platforms -- Best Action Game '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 .", "36": "Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The OXM 2013 Game of the Year '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Videogame Nominees Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 .", "37": "Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piratería , videojuegos y Amaro Pargo Jump up ^ El pirata canario Amaro Pargo revive con Assassin _́ s Creed Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . 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-5339088518859431071	who destroyed the first temple and exiled the two tribes of judah to babylon	[ "Nebuchadnezzar", "Nebuchadnezzar", "Nebuchadnezzar" ]	{ "0": "Babylonian captivity - wikipedia Babylonian captivity Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the period in Jewish history . For other uses , see Babylonian captivity ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew ? 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After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE , Nebuchadnezzar , the king of Babylon , besieged Jerusalem , resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim .", "3": "Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar 's fourth year , which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar 's seventh year , culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile of King Jeconiah , his court and many others ; Jeconiah 's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar 's eighteenth year ; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar 's twenty - third year . The dates , numbers of deportations , and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary . These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first , with others dated at 587 / 586 BCE , and 582 / 581 BCE respectively . After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE , exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah . According to the biblical book of Ezra , construction of the second temple in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE . All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture , and had a far - reaching impact on the development of Judaism . Archaeological studies have revealed that not all of the population of Judah was deported , and that , although Jerusalem was utterly destroyed , other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile . The return of the exiles was a gradual process rather than a single event , and many of the deportees or their descendants did not return . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical accounts of the exile 2 Archaeological and other non-Biblical evidence 3 Exilic literature 4 Significance in Jewish history 5 Chronology 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Biblical accounts of the exile ( edit ) In the late 7th century BCE , the Kingdom of Judah was a client state of the Assyrian empire . In the last decades of the century , Assyria was overthrown by Babylon , an Assyrian province . Egypt , fearing the sudden rise of the Neo-Babylonian empire , seized control of Assyrian territory up to the Euphrates river in Syria , but Babylon counter-attacked .", "4": "In the process Josiah , the king of Judah , was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the Battle of Megiddo ( 609 BCE ) . After the defeat of Pharaoh Necho 's army by the Babylonians at Carchemish in 605 BCE , Jehoiakim began paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon . Some of the young nobility of Judah were taken to Babylon . In the following years , the court of Jerusalem was divided into two parties , in support of Egypt and Babylon . After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt , Judah revolted against Babylon , culminating in a three - month siege of Jerusalem beginning in late 598 BCE . Jehoiakim , the king of Judah , died during the siege and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin ( also called Jeconiah ) at the age of eighteen . The city fell on 2 Adar ( March 16 ) 597 BCE , and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its Temple and took Jeconiah , his court and other prominent citizens ( including the prophet Ezekiel ) back to Babylon . Jehoiakim 's uncle Zedekiah was appointed king in his place , but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their Exilarch , or rightful ruler . Despite warnings by Jeremiah and others of the pro-Babylonian party , Zedekiah revolted against Babylon and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra . Nebuchadnezzar returned , defeated the Egyptians , and again besieged Jerusalem , resulting in the city 's destruction in 587 BCE . Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city wall and the Temple , together with the houses of the most important citizens . Zedekiah and his sons were captured , the sons were executed in front of Zedekiah , who was then blinded and taken to Babylon with many others ( Jer 52 : 10 -- 11 ) . Judah became a Babylonian province , called Yehud , putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah .", "5": "( Because of the missing years in the Jewish calendar , rabbinic sources place the date of the destruction of the First Temple at 3338 HC ( 423 BCE ) or 3358 HC ( 403 BCE ) ) . Illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule The first governor appointed by Babylon was Gedaliah , a native Judahite ; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as Moab , Ammon and Edom to return , and he took steps to return the country to prosperity . Some time later , a surviving member of the royal family assassinated Gedaliah and his Babylonian advisors , prompting many refugees to seek safety in Egypt . By the end of the second decade of the 6th century , in addition to those who remained in Judah , there were significant Jewish communities in Babylon and in Egypt ; this was the beginning of the later numerous Jewish communities living permanently outside Judah in the Jewish Diaspora . According to the book of Ezra , the Persian Cyrus the Great ended the exile in 538 BCE , the year after he captured Babylon . The exile ended with the return under Zerubbabel the Prince ( so - called because he was a descendant of the royal line of David ) and Joshua the Priest ( a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple ) and their construction of the Second Temple in the period 521 -- 516 BCE . Archaeological and other non-biblical evidence ( edit ) Nebuchadnezzar 's siege of Jerusalem , his capture of King Jeconiah , his appointment of Zedekiah in his place , and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the Babylonian Chronicles : In the seventh year , in the month of Kislev , the king of Akkad mustered his troops , marched to the Hatti - land , and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king . He appointed there a king of his own choice and taking heavy tribute brought it back to Babylon .", "6": "Jehoiachin 's Rations Tablets , describing ration orders for a captive King of Judah , identified with King Jeconiah , have been discovered during excavations in Babylon , in the royal archives of Nebuchadnezzar . One of the tablets refers to food rations for `` Ya'u - kīnu , king of the land of Yahudu '' and five royal princes , his sons . Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian forces returned in 588 / 586 BCE and rampaged through Judah , leaving clear archaeological evidence of destruction in many towns and settlements there . Clay ostraca from this period , referred to as the Lachish letters , were discovered during excavations ; one , which was probably written to the commander at Lachish from an outlying base , describes how the signal fires from nearby towns were disappearing : `` And may ( my lord ) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given , because we can not see Azeqah . '' Archaeological finds from Jerusalem testify that virtually the whole city within the walls was burnt to rubble in 587 BCE and utterly destroyed . Archaeological excavations and surveys have enabled the population of Judah before the Babylonian destruction to be calculated with a high degree of confidence to have been approximately 75,000 . Taking the different biblical numbers of exiles at their highest , 20,000 , this would mean that at most 25 % of the population had been deported to Babylon , with the remaining 75 % staying in Judah . Although Jerusalem was destroyed and depopulated , with large parts of the city remaining in ruins for 150 years , numerous other settlements in Judah continued to be inhabited , with no signs of disruption visible in archaeological studies . The Cyrus Cylinder , an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples , has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus , but other scholars point out that the cylinder 's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem .", "7": "Professor Lester L. Grabbe asserted that the `` alleged decree of Cyrus '' regarding Judah , `` can not be considered authentic '' , but that there was a `` general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites '' . He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a `` trickle '' taking place over decades , rather than a single event . As part of the Persian Empire , the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah ( Yehud Medinata ) with different borders , covering a smaller territory . The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom , archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE . An exhibition in Jerusalem has on display over 100 cuneiform tablets that detail trade in fruits and other commodities , taxes , debts , and credits accumulated between Jews driven from , or convinced to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE . They include details on one exiled Judean family over four generations , all with Hebrew names . Exilic literature ( edit ) The exilic period was a rich one for Hebrew literature . Biblical depictions of the exile include Book of Jeremiah 39 -- 43 ( which saw the exile as a lost opportunity ) ; the final section of 2 Kings ( which portrays it as the temporary end of history ) ; 2 Chronicles ( in which the exile is the `` Sabbath of the land '' ) ; and the opening chapters of Ezra , which records its end . Other works from or about the exile include the stories in Daniel 1 -- 6 , Susanna , Bel and the Dragon , the `` Story of the Three Youths '' ( 1 Esdras 3 : 1 -- 5 : 6 ) , and the books of Tobit and Book of Judith . The Priestly source , one of the four main sources of the Torah / Pentateuch in the Bible , is primarily a product of the post-exilic period when the former Kingdom of Judah had become the Persian province of Yehud . Also during this Persian period , the final redaction of the Pentateuch purportedly took place . Significance in Jewish history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "8": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James Tissot , The Flight of the Prisoners . In the Hebrew Bible , the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to Yahweh in a similar way to the presentation of Israelite slavery in Egypt followed by deliverance . The Babylonian Captivity had a number of serious effects on Judaism and Jewish culture . For example , the current Hebrew alphabet was adopted during this period , replacing the Paleo - Hebrew alphabet . This period saw the last high - point of biblical prophecy in the person of Ezekiel , followed by the emergence of the central role of the Torah in Jewish life . According to many historical - critical scholars , the Torah was redacted during this time , and began to be regarded as the authoritative text for Jews . This period saw their transformation into an ethno - religious group who could survive without a central Temple . This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders ( see Ezra ) . Prior to exile , the people of Israel had been organized according to tribe . Afterwards , they were organized by smaller family groups . Only the tribe of Levi continued in its temple role after the return . After this time , there were always sizable numbers of Jews living outside Eretz Israel ; thus , it also marks the beginning of the `` Jewish diaspora '' , unless this is considered to have begun with the Assyrian Captivity of Israel . In Rabbinic literature , Babylon was one of a number of metaphors for the Jewish diaspora . Most frequently the term `` Babylon '' meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the Second Temple . The post-destruction term for the Jewish Diaspora was `` Rome '' , or `` Edom '' . Chronology ( edit ) The following table is based on Rainer Albertz 's work on Israel in exile . ( Alternative dates are possible . ) Year Event 609 BCE Death of Josiah 609 -- 598 BCE Reign of Jehoiakim ( succeeded Jehoahaz , who replaced Josiah but reigned only 3 months ) Began giving tribute to Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BCE . First deportation , including Daniel .", "9": "598 / 7 BCE Reign of Jehoiachin ( reigned 3 months ) . Siege and fall of Jerusalem . Second deportation , 16 March 597 597 BCE Zedekiah made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon 594 BCE Anti-Babylonian conspiracy 588 BCE Siege and fall of Jerusalem . Solomon 's Temple destroyed . Third deportation July / August 587 583 BCE Gedaliah the Babylonian - appointed governor of Yehud Province assassinated . Many Jews flee to Egypt and a possible fourth deportation to Babylon 562 BCE Release of Jehoiachin after 37 years in a Babylonian prison . He remains in Babylon 539 BCE Persians conquer Babylon ( October ) 538 BCE Decree of Cyrus allows Jews to return to Jerusalem 520 -- 515 BCE Return by many Jews to Yehud under Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest . Foundations of Second Temple laid See also ( edit ) Judaism portal Avignon Papacy , sometimes called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' Al - Yahudu Tablets , 200 clay tablets from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE on the exiled Judean community References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael ( 2009 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Moore , Megan Bishop ; Kelle , Brad E. ( 2011 ) . Biblical History and Israel S Past : The Changing Study of the Bible and History . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 357 -- 58 . ISBN 0802862608 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Overall , the difficulty in calculation arises because the biblical texts provide varying numbers for the different deportations . The HB / OT 's conflicting figures for the dates , number , and victims of the Babylonian deportations become even more of a problem for historical reconstruction because , other than the brief reference to the first capture of Jerusalem ( 597 ) in the Babylonian Chronicle , historians have only the biblical sources with which to work . Jump up ^ Dunn , James G. ; Rogerston , John William ( 2003 ) .", "10": "Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Stökl , Caroline Waerzegger ( 2015 ) . Exile and Return : The Babylonian Context . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7 -- 11 , 30 , 226 . Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Stern , Ephraim ( November -- December 2000 ) . `` The Babylonian Gap '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . 26 ( 6 ) . From 604 BCE to 538 BCE -- there is a complete gap in evidence suggesting occupation ... I do not mean to imply that the country was uninhabited during the period between the Babylonian destruction and the Persian period . There were undoubtedly some settlements , but the population was very small . Many towns and villages were either completely or partly destroyed . The rest were barely functioning . International trade virtually ceased . Only two regions appear to have been spared this fate -- the northern part of Judah ( the region of Benjamin ) and probably the land of Ammon , although the latter region awaits further investigation . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wigoder , The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible Pub . by Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Dan Cohn - Sherbok , The Hebrew Bible , Continuum International , 1996 , p.x. ISBN 0 - 304 - 33703 - X Jump up ^ 2Kings 24 : 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Philip J. King , Jeremiah : An Archaeological Companion ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1993 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ The Oxford History of the Biblical World , ed. by Michael D Coogan . Pub . by Oxford University Press , 1999 . p. 350 Jump up ^ Rashi to Talmud Bavli , avodah zara p. 9a .", "11": "Josephus , seder hadoroth year 3338 Jump up ^ malbim to ezekiel 24 : 1 , abarbanel et al . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Temple Period ( 538 BCE. to 70 CE ) Persian Rule '' . Biu.ac.il . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harper 's Bible Dictionary , ed. by Achtemeier , etc. , Harper & Row , San Francisco , 1985 , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86912 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thomas , David Winton ( 1958 ) . Documents from Old Testament Times ( 1961 ed . ) . Edinburgh and London : Thomas Nelson . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Cf . 2Kings 24 : 12 , 24 : 15 -- 24 : 16 , 25 : 27 -- 25 : 30 ; 2Chronicles 36 : 9 -- 36 : 10 ; Jeremiah 22 : 24 -- 22 : 6 , 29 : 2 , 52 : 31 -- 52 : 34 ; Ezekiel 17 : 12 . Jump up ^ COJS staff . `` Babylonian Ration List : King Jehoiakhin in Exile , 592 / 1 BCE '' . COJS.org . The Center for Online Judaic Studies . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Ya'u - kīnu , king of the land of Yahudu Jump up ^ Translation from Aḥituv , Shmuel . Echoes from the Past . Jerusalem : CARTA Jerusalem , 2008 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Becking , Bob ( 2006 ) . `` '' We All Returned as One ! `` : Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return '' .", "12": "In Lipschitz , Oded ; Oeming , Manfred . Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 104 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period : Yehud -- A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1 . T & T Clark . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0567089984 . Jump up ^ Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda , or `` Judah '' , and `` medinata '' the word for province Jump up ^ `` Ancient tablets on display in Jerusalem reveal Jewish life during Babylon exile '' . Jump up ^ `` Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar 's Babylon '' . 3 February 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Rainer Albertz , Israel in exile : the history and literature of the sixth century BCE ( page 15 link ) Society for Biblical Literature , 2003 , pp. 4 -- 38 Jump up ^ Blum , Erhard ( 1998 ) . `` Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings '' . In Sarah Shectman , Joel S. Baden . The strata of the priestly writings : contemporary debate and future directions . Theologischer Verlag . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ A Concise History of the Jewish People . Naomi E. Pasachoff , Robert J. Littma . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . p. 43 Jump up ^ Rainer Albertz , Israel in exile : the history and literature of the sixth century BCE , p. xxi . page 77 with another list of dates Jump up ^ 2 Kings 25 : 27 Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylonian captivity .", "13": "Yehud Medinata map , CET -- Center For Educational technology Yehud Medinata Border map , CET -- Center For Educational technology Peter R. Ackroyd , `` Exile and Restoration : A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C. '' ( SCM Press , 1968 ) Rainer Albertz , Bob Becking , `` Yahwism after the Exile '' Van Gorcum , 2003 ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph , `` Judaism , the first phase : the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism '' ( Eerdmans , 2009 ) Nodet , Étienne , `` A search for the origins of Judaism : from Joshua to the Mishnah '' ( Sheffield Academic Press , 1999 , original edition Editions du Cerf , 1997 ) Becking , Bob , and Korpel , Marjo Christina Annette ( eds ) , `` The Crisis of Israelite Religion : Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times '' ( Brill , 1999 ) Bedford , Peter Ross , `` Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah '' ( Brill , 2001 ) Berquist , Jon L. , `` Approaching Yehud : new approaches to the study of the Persian period '' ( Society of Biblical Literature , 2007 ) Grabbe , Lester L. , `` A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period '' , vol. 1 ( T&T Clark International , 2004 ) Levine , Lee I. , `` Jerusalem : portrait of the city in the second Temple period ( 538 B.C.E. - 70 C.E. )", "14": "'' ( Jewish Publication Society , 2002 ) Lipschitz , Oded , `` The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem '' ( Eisenbrauns , 2005 ) Lipschitz , Oded , and Oeming , Manfred ( eds ) , `` Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period '' ( Eisenbrauns , 2006 ) Middlemas , Jill Anne , `` The troubles of templeless Judah '' ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) Stackert , Jeffrey , `` Rewriting the Torah : literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code '' ( Mohr Siebeck , 2007 ) Vanderkam , James , `` An introduction to early Judaism '' ( Eerdmans , 2001 ) Wikisource . `` Babylonian Captivity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Babylonish Captivity '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . 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-2317769310640974407	what is the aim of the consumer credit act	[ "to establish for the protection of consumers a new system, administered by the Director General of Fair Trading, of licensing and other control of traders concerned with the provision of credit, or the supply of goods on hire or hire-purchase, and their transactions, in place of the present enactments regulating moneylenders, pawnbrokers and hire-purchase traders and their transactions; and for related matters", "to establish for the protection of consumers a new system, administered by the Director General of Fair Trading, of licensing and other control of traders concerned with the provision of credit, or the supply of goods on hire or hire-purchase, and their transactions" ]	{ "0": "Consumer credit Act 1974 - wikipedia Consumer credit Act 1974 Jump to : navigation , search Consumer Credit Act 1974 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to establish for the protection of consumers a new system , administered by the Director General of Fair Trading , of licensing and other control of traders concerned with the provision of credit , or the supply of goods on hire or hire - purchase , and their transactions , in place of the present enactments regulating moneylenders , pawnbrokers and hire - purchase traders and their transactions ; and for related matters . Citation 1974 c 39 Introduced by Geoffrey Howe Territorial extent England & Wales ; Scotland ; Northern Ireland Dates Royal assent 31 July 1974 Commencement 31 July 1974 , 19 May 1985 Other legislation Amended by Enterprise Act 2002 Consumer Credit Act 2006 Status : Amended Text of statute as originally enacted Text of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Consumer Credit Act 1974 ( c 39 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly reformed the law relating to consumer credit within the United Kingdom . Prior to the Consumer Credit Act , legislation covering consumer credit was slapdash and focused on particular areas rather than consumer credit as a whole , such as moneylenders and hire - purchase agreements . Following the report of the Crowther Committee in 1971 it was decided that wide - ranging reform of consumer credit law was needed , and a bill to do this was introduced to Parliament . Despite its progress through Parliament being disrupted by a general election , the bill passed quickly through the legislative process thanks to support from both the government and the opposition , coming into law on 31 July 1974 . The Act introduces new protection for consumers and new regulation for bodies trading in consumer credit and related industries . Such traders must have full licenses from the Office of Fair Trading , which may be suspended or revoked in the event of irregularities . The Act also regulates what may be taken as security , limits the ways in which credit organisations can advertise and gives the county court the ability to intercede in the case of unfair or unjust credit agreements .", "1": "It also gives additional rights to the debtor , including certain limited rights to cancel concluded agreements . The Act was amended by the Consumer Credit Act 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early evolution of consumer protection 1.2 Crowther Committee 2 Formation of the Act 3 Provisions of the Act 3.1 Part I : Director General of Fair Trading 3.2 Part II : Credit agreements , hire agreements and linked transactions 3.2. 1 Regulated agreements 3.2. 2 Partially regulated agreements 3.3 Part III : Licensing of credit and hire businesses 3.3. 1 Types of license 3.4 Part IV : Seeking business 3.4. 1 Advertising 3.4. 2 Canvassing 3.5 Part V : Entry into credit or hire agreements 3.5. 1 Formalities 3.5. 2 Withdrawals 3.6 Part VI : Matters arising during currency of credit or hire agreements 3.7 Part VII : Default and termination 3.8 Part VIII : Security 3.9 Part IX : Judicial control 3.9. 1 Orders 3.9. 2 Credit bargains 3.10 Part X : Ancillary credit businesses 3.10. 1 Definitions 3.10. 2 Licensing and other matters 3.11 Part XI : Enforcement of Act 3.12 Part XII : Supplement 4 Implementation of the Act 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) Early evolution of consumer protection ( edit ) Consumer credit regulation was almost entirely ignored by both Parliament and the courts for over 800 years , with the judges and Members of Parliament taking the attitude that there was no reason to interfere with fairly concluded contracts . The first piece of legislation to deal with consumer credit was the Bills of Sale Act 1854 , which required bills of sale to be registered . This allowed the courts to intervene for the first time , since an unregistered bill of sale was void and could not be claimed by creditors .", "2": "This act was followed by the Bills of Sale Act 1878 and the Bills of Sale Act ( 1878 ) Amendment Act 1882 , which provided limited protection for debtors . Outside of these acts , however , little was done between 1854 and 1900 , and moneylenders used this to their advantage , sometimes abusively ; the report of the House of Commons Select Committee on Money - Lending in 1898 included testimony from one moneylender who admitted he charged 3,000 % interest , while another had worked under 34 different aliases to avoid having notoriety associated with his name . As a result of this report the Moneylenders Act 1900 was passed , which required registration for moneylenders and allowed the courts to dissolve `` unfair '' moneylending agreements . This act had two main weaknesses , however ; firstly , many of the debtors who would like to sue their moneylender to have the agreement cancelled were by definition poor , and could not afford legal representation . Secondly , the Act only focused on specific types of lenders ; lending by a single moneylender was covered , lending by a bank was not . In 1927 a second Moneylenders Act was passed , which required licensing as well as registration and forbade moneylenders from employing agents , canvasses or sending out unsolicited advertisements . Unfortunately the 1900 and 1927 Acts also covered commercial transactions , and since people lending money in a commercial area were not excluded as banks were , a slight infraction could make a loan completely irrecoverable . This was partially solved with the passing of the Companies Act 1967 , which allowed the Board of Trade to give individual moneylenders licenses saying that they were acting as banks , not moneylenders . As a result of the restrictions on business caused by the Moneylenders Act 1927 , the idea of hire - purchase developed . These were first regulated by the Hire - Purchase and Small Debt ( Scotland ) Act 1932 , which only covered Scotland ; England and Wales was first covered by the Hire - Purchase Act 1938 , later amended by the Hire - Purchase Act 1954 and the Hire - Purchase Act 1964 . The 1965 Act applied to all hire - purchase agreements worth less than £ 2,000 and when the hirer and buyer was not a corporation .", "3": "Crowther Committee ( edit ) In 1965 the Crowther Committee was established to look at the state of consumer credit law in the United Kingdom . Chaired by Lord Crowther , the Committee began sitting in December that year and eventually extended their review to cover consumer credit generally rather than just the bills of sale and moneylending they had initially been concerned with , and their report was finally published in March 1971 . The report discussed the economical , social and legal aspects of consumer credit , and concluded that the existing law was so confused and unsatisfactory that it was not worth amending . Instead it recommended the complete repeal of all existing legislation and its replacement with two new acts : a Lending and Security Act , which would regulate legitimate business transactions , and a Consumer Sale and Loan Act which would regulate consumer credit and establish a licensed system for its use . The reaction to the report from consumer and business organisations was overwhelmingly positive , but the government initially did nothing , since the Department of Trade and Industry wanted time to work out the particular details of any Acts . Their hand was eventually forced by Baroness Phillips a year later , who initiated a debate in the House of Lords on the matter . The government 's official statement was that they were willing to accept almost all the recommendations made about consumer credit , they did not wish to legislate on lending and securities . In February 1973 they created a Voluntary Code which they expected those lending to observe . The Code set out guidelines for loaning money to individuals and disclosing the cost of the loan . In September 1973 the government issued a white paper titled Reform of the Law on Consumer Credit in which they indicated they were planning to implement almost all of the Crowther Committee 's consumer credit recommendations . The only real differences were an increase in the limits for financial protection from £ 2,000 to £ 5,000 ( due to the drop in value of money ) , and stronger protection for hirers under hire - purchase agreements . Formation of the Act ( edit ) The Act was first introduced to Parliament as the Consumer Credit Bill at the beginning of November 1973 , and initially ran to 96 pages . It was given its second reading on 14 November , and was welcomed by both the government and opposition.By February 1974 it had passed through the Committee Stage , but its progress was cut short by a general election in the same month .", "4": "Thanks to the support of the opposition to the original bill this did not make a significant impact , and the new administration immediately reintroduced the bill in the House of Lords . It was passed on 31 July 1974 , and immediately received the Royal Assent . The final version of the act contained 193 sections and 5 schedules , much larger than the original 96 pages . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) The Act is divided into 12 sections , and is `` designed to provide a comprehensive code regulating the consumer credit and consumer hire fgb and almost every aspect of a credit granting operation '' . Part i : Director General of Fair Trading ( edit ) The office of Director General of Fair Trading was created by the Fair Trading Act 1973 , with the Director appointed by the government for a five - year term . Consumer credit was not originally part of his duties ( although the scope of his role did contain some elements of consumer credit ) and the Crowther Committee had recommended the creation of a separate Consumer Credit Commissioner , something included in the original bill . When the bill was resurrected after the February 1974 general election , however , it was decided that the duties should instead be given to the Office of Fair Trading , and for this purpose a separate division ( the Division of Consumer Credit ) was set up within the OFT . Section 1 of the Act gives the Director General of Fair Trading the duties of administering the licensing system set up by the Act , supervising the working and enforcement of the Act and any regulations made by it and , if appropriate , enforce the Act and regulations himself . The DGFT is also tasked with advising the government about social and commercial developments within the United Kingdom , and any actions taken to enforce the Act and its orders and regulations . Section 4 of the act requires him to disseminate any appropriate information and advice about consumer credit to the people of the United Kingdom . This allows him to educate the public about consumer credit , and was intended to be conducted through organisations such as the Citizens Advice Bureau . The Director 's duties under this Act overlap slightly with those given by the Fair Trading Act , but are still an expansion over his original role . The Director General is tasked with issuing licenses , and under Section 35 of the Act , the Director is required to maintain a register containing all appropriate information related to licenses and applications for licenses .", "5": "The register was created on 2 February 1976 , and is kept at Chancery House in London . The Enterprise Act 2002 formally substituted the Office of Fair Trading for the Director General of Fair Trading for the purposes of this Act . Part II : credit agreements , hire agreements and linked transactions ( edit ) Part II contains definitions for many types of agreements covered by the Act . There are three main types of agreement ; regulated consumer credit agreements , regulated consumer hire agreements and partially regulated agreements . Regulated agreements ( edit ) A regulated consumer credit agreement is defined as an agreement between two parties , one of whom ( the debtor ) is an individual , and the other of whom ( the creditor ) is `` any other person '' , in which the creditor provides the debtor with credit not exceeding £ 5,000 ( this figure was subsequently increased to £ 25,000 and under the Consumer Credit Act 2006 there is no upper limit ) . An exception to this definition is so - called `` exempt agreements '' , which are agreements made where the creditor is a land improvement company , a charity , a friendly society , a trade union , an insurance company or `` a body corporate named or specifically referred to in any public general Act '' . The definition of `` agreement '' is given as any discussion which produces a legal relationship ; a contract . As such the decision of courts as to whether an agreement constituted an `` agreement '' under the Act rests with English contract law , and is not discussed within the Act . In many cases this is largely academic , however , since unless one party tries to contest the existence of a contract any agreement can proceed regardless of its validity under contract law . `` Individual '' is defined as including a partnership or other unincorporated body , but not corporations registered at Companies House or created by an Act of Parliament or Royal Charter , such as the BBC . The definition also excludes `` corporations sole '' , such as certain government ministers and bishops . Under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 , industrial and provident societies are considered corporate bodies and thus excluded from the Act , but friendly societies and trade unions are unincorporated and thus qualify . In contrast , however , the definition of `` person '' includes both individuals and incorporated bodies .", "6": "A regulated consumer hire agreement is defined as an agreement between two bodies , one of whom ( the hirer ) is an individual , and the other of whom , ( the owner ) is a person , by which goods are loaned to the hirer for use without an option to purchase . The agreement must be `` capable of subsisting '' for longer than three months , not require the hirer to make payments of more than £ 5,000 total and not be an `` exempt agreement '' . `` Goods '' are defined as chattels personal , with `` capable of subsisting '' simply meaning that the agreement does not restrict the time limit of use to less than three months . The agreement does not have to exceed three months , but the option to do so must be given by one party . Partially regulated agreements ( edit ) Partially regulated agreements are those consumer hire or consumer credit agreements which are not an exempt agreement but are exempt from certain provisions of the Act . What these provisions are depends on the type of agreement ; small agreements , non-commercial agreements and contracts with a foreign element . Small agreements are defined in Section 17 of the act as regulated consumer credit agreements where the credit does not exceed £ 30 and regulated consumer hire agreements which do not require the hirer to pay more than £ 30 in fees . This does not include hire - purchase or conditional sale agreements , which do not qualify regardless of the size of credit , secure transactions and transactions where the parties have attempted to break up a transaction into multiple smaller ones worth under £ 30 to avoid regulation . Small agreements are exempt from almost all of Part V of the act , although they remain controlled by Part IV . The Act is primarily aimed at commercial and professional traders , and as a result excludes non-commercial agreements . Non-commercial agreements are defined by the Act as agreements where neither the creditor nor debtor are providing the transaction for business purposes in any way . Non-commercial agreements are exempt from Part V of the Act . Contracts with a foreign element would not normally be mentioned in Acts of Parliament , which are deliberately constructed to avoid giving the law extraterritorial effect . In this case , however , the Act contains provisions for contracts with a foreign element , which due to the nature of commerce are common ( a credit card issued in the United Kingdom , for example , which is used on holiday in France ) .", "7": "As a result , Section 16 ( 5 ) specifically excludes contracts `` having a connection with a country outside the United Kingdom '' from the Act . Part III : licensing of credit and hire businesses ( edit ) The previous Acts on commercial credit provided no mechanism to regulate and enforce the rules , and the Consumer Credit Act 's licensing system was the first major regulatory process within British consumer credit law . Licenses are required to carry out a consumer credit or consumer hire business , with exceptions for local authorities and corporate bodies allowed by an Act of Parliament to carry out consumer credit business . All other bodies must apply to the Consumer Credit Licensing Branch of the Office of Fair Trading for a license . Types of license ( edit ) There are two types of license given - group licenses and standard licenses . Group licenses are issued by the Director General of Fair Trading to cover a group of people in those activities described in the license . Group licenses can be issued following an application , or simply voluntarily by the Director . Holders of a group license do not have to apply individually and are not vetted individually , and holding a group license does not prevent members from also applying for a standard license . The group licenses are intended for cases where individual screening is not in the public interest ; for example , when bodies are so large and established that their reputation is without question and individual screening would take too much time . Bodies currently holding group licenses include the Law Society of England and Wales and the Law Society of Northern Ireland , both professional associations of solicitors . The Director has the ability to exclude named individuals from group licenses to prevent obvious abuse . Standard licenses are licenses issued by the Director General to an individual . It can only be provided following an application , not at the Director General 's discretion like a group license , and covers certain activities in a fixed period . Initially there was no obligation to issue licenses , but an amendment to the bill in Parliament means that the Director General is required to issue a license on the application of any person , providing that person is a fit person to engage in such activities and the name he applies to be licensed under is not misleading or undesirable .", "8": "The license allows an individual or a partnership to trade under those names listed on the license , and is divided into seven categories : Category A : Consumer credit business Category B : Consumer hire business Category C : Credit brokerage Category D: Debt - adjusting and counselling Category E : Debt - collecting Category F : Credit reference agencies Holders of a license are obliged to inform the Director General when there is a change made within the office of a corporate licensee , an unincorporated body or a partnership . This must be done within 21 days of the change occurring . Details of new licenses are published in the Consumer Credit Bulletin , the weekly journal of the Office of Fair Trading . A license lasts for 3 years beginning with the date specified on the license , not the date of its issue . A person who engages in activities that require a license when he does not have one commits a criminal offence . In addition , those agreements he makes are considered unenforceable unless the Director General directly intercedes . A license can be terminated on the death of the licensee , the licensee becoming bankrupt , the licensee becoming a patient under the Mental Health Act 1959 , a bankruptcy deal under the Bankruptcy Act 1914 in which the license is given to a trustee or a deal under the Deeds of Arrangement Act 1914 in which the licensee 's license is handed to a trustee . Such provisions cover both individual , unincorporated bodies and partnerships who are license holders . These provisions do not cover corporate bodies , because following consultations the Government became aware that the liquidation and winding - up of a corporate body would pose problems with licensing , largely because the body continues to trade through a liquidator . Part IV : seeking business ( edit ) The Act specifically controls the way in which traders and companies seek business . Prior to this individual aspects had been controlled -- advertisement by moneylenders had been strictly regulated since the Moneylenders Act 1927 -- but no other aspects of consumer credit were regulated at all . While this was acceptable for large and respectable institutions , the evolution of less reputable trading organisations necessitated some kind of regulation , and the Consumer Credit Act was the first statute to provide such controls for consumer credit organisations . It covers three main areas : advertising , canvassing and quotations and the display of information . No regulations have yet been made on quotations or the display of information .", "9": "Advertising ( edit ) The advertising provisions apply to any advertisement published for the business carried out by the advertiser which indicates he is willing to provide credit or provide goods to be hired . `` advertisement '' is taken to mean any form of advertisement , including a publication , television or radio broadcast , the display of signs , labels or goods , the distribution of samples , circulars , catalogues or price lists or the exhibition of picture , models or films , or in `` any other way '' . Previous legislation such as the Advertisements ( Hire - Purchase ) Act 1967 limited the definition of advertisement to visual advertisements and excluded oral communications and radio broadcasts , which are included by the Act . The test of whether an oral communication counts as an `` advertisement '' is whether or not the communication is made for drawing attention to the advertiser 's business or for answering a specific enquiry without promoting the business . In R. v Delmayne ( 1970 ) 2 QB 170 the High Court of Justice decided that even replying to an enquiry can amount to an advertisement if framed in such a way that it is calculated to attract business . Part IV only applies to `` public '' advertising published to promote a business -- as such circulars given to employees advertising such terms would not be considered `` advertisements '' . Advertisements are not regulated by the Act if the advertiser is not involved in a consumer credit business , consumer hire business or a business in which he provides credit to individuals . Under Part IV , the Secretary of State can make regulations limiting the form and content of advertisements covered by the Act . The regulations can also specifically include certain terms or facts , and failing to follow them constitutes an offence . The intent of these regulations is to ensure that no advertisement contains misleading information , that advertisements provide the reader with a `` reasonable picture '' of the terms and conditions and that the reader is aware that the availability and terms of credit may be affected by factors such as the age and employment of the applicant . Canvassing ( edit ) The Crowther Committee recommended that doorstep canvassing for loans should be completely prohibited . The original provisions in the bill were indeed extremely stringent , and caused potential problems for other businesses , but were significantly amended and now only affect the canvassing they were intended to prevent .", "10": "Canvassing is defined as a situation in which an individual ( the canvasser ) solicits the entry of another individual ( the consumer ) into an agreement based on his oral representations during a visit by the canvasser to `` any place '' for the purpose of making such representations . Exceptions to `` any place '' are places where business is carried out , either permanently or temporarily , by the creditor , owner , supplier , canvasser , employer of the canvasser or the consumer . There is no requirement that the oral solicitations take place in person - they can come over the telephone , or be trying to induce another individual to convince the consumer into entering an agreement . Part V : entry into credit or hire agreements ( edit ) Part V of the Act deals with four elements of entering into a credit or hire agreement ; pre-contract disclosure , the formalities of entry into a regulated agreement , cancellation of a regulated agreement and its consequences and withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement and its consequences . In some cases , specific information must be disclosed before a contract is made , with the standard provision that contracts where this is not followed are unenforceable without an order from the courts . Formalities ( edit ) There are certain formalities for entry into a regulated agreement , mostly based on the documentation that must be provided . Under Section 60 , the Secretary of State is required to make certain regulations covering the format that contracts must take . These regulations must ensure that the debtor is made aware of the rights and / or duties conferred on him by the agreement , the amount and rate of the total charge for credit , the protection and remedies available to him and `` any other matters which , in the opinion of the secretary of state , it is desirable for him to know about in connection with the agreement '' . The Act allows the Director General of Fair Trading to waive certain requirements if it appears , on the application of a consumer credit business , that to enforce them would be impracticable . Section 61 lays out the formalities required for a regulated agreement . The terms must be found in a signed and legible document , a copy of the unsigned agreement must be supplied to the debtor or hirer , a copy of the signed document must be supplied to the debtor or hirer and a notice advising the debtor or hirer of his rights of cancellation must be included with the signed and unsigned copies .", "11": "The `` signed and legible document '' is described in Section 61 as a document which contains all the prescribed terms , other than implied terms , and is , when presented to the debtor or hirer for signature , in such a state that all its terms are legible . Such a document must be in the form `` prescribed by regulations '' . The regulations in question are the 1983 Regulations ( UK Parliament SIs 1980 - 1989 / 1983 / 1551 - 1600 / Consumer Credit ( Agreements ) Regulations 1983 ( SI 1983 / 1553 ) 1983 No 1553 `` Consumer Credit ( Agreements ) Regulations 1983 '' ) . These regulations laid down specific rules regarding certain `` prescribed terms '' . For example , a regulated credit agreement had to contain prescribed information about the amount of credit , the length of any fixed term loan , the amount of monthly repayments and so on . If a lender failed to comply with the prescribed regulations then the agreement would not be `` properly executed '' under section 61 and could then be challenged as `` irredeemably unenforceable '' under section 127 . Withdrawals ( edit ) Part V contains several provisions relating to the cancellation of a regulated agreement and the withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement . These are similar to those found in the Hire - Purchase Act 1965 , but cover all consumer credit and consumer hire agreements rather than the hire - purchase and instalment sale agreements previously covered . The withdrawal from a prospective agreement is found primarily at common law ; a party may withdraw from a prospective agreement at any point before it becomes a contract without obligations . He can withdraw the prospective agreement by notice to the other party , with the Act allowing the creditor to use credit brokers as agents for this purpose . The right to cancel a confirmed agreement was introduced by the Hire - Purchase Act 1964 , mainly to frustrate doorstep salesmen who would take advantage of an unsuspecting person and force them to sign up to an agreement , normally with misrepresentations . In the Consumer Credit Act , the right of cancellation is covered in Section 67 , which allows the debtor or hirer the right to cancel an agreement if there were false oral representations made to the debtor by somebody acting for the creditor .", "12": "The cancellation may be enacted by serving a notice of writing given to the creditor or an agent of the creditor within six days of the agreement being made . Part VI : Matters arising during currency of credit or hire agreements ( edit ) Part VII : Default and termination ( edit ) Part viii : security ( edit ) The Act was the first attempt by the Government of the United Kingdom to provide coherent rules relating to the taking of securities when dealing with consumer credit . Other than the Bills of Sale Acts there had been little law on securities before this , apart from a few provisions in the Hire - Purchase Acts . The Consumer Credit Act devoted an entire part of the Act to security , mostly between debtor and creditor , with third - party rights and regulations mostly governed by common law . The Act provides the form of securities , requires certain information and documents to be supplied , controls the enforcement of securities and provides certain circumstances in which securities can be considered void . `` Security '' is defined by the Act to mean any form of mortgage , bond , indemnity , guarantee or other right provided by the debtor as `` security '' to the consumer credit or hire - purchase agreement being conducted with the creditor . This covers both `` real '' securities such as mortgages and personal securities such as bonds . The only requirement is that the security must be given at the request of the debtor . Any security must be expressed in writing , and in some cases are part of the original hire agreement . This is distinct from previous law , which required a written note of the agreement but allowed the agreement to be conducted orally . Certain other formalities must be observed ; under Section 105 , a security is not considered properly executed unless a document is signed on or on behalf of the debtor . This document must conform to certain regulations ; the terms must be legible when it is presented to be signed , it must give all the terms and conditions other than implied terms , a copy must also be presented and if the security is provided before the regulated agreement is made , a copy of the security agreement must be given to the debtor within seven days of the regulated agreement being made . If the formalities are not complied with the security agreement becomes unenforceable without a court order . The Act does not provide for any civil or criminal sanctions for creditors who enforce the agreement without a court order , however , but it may lead to the revocation or suspension of the creditor 's license .", "13": "Part IX : judicial control ( edit ) Part IX gives the courts wide powers to re-open credit deals deemed extortionate and gives them control over regulated agreements . Section 189 establishes that `` courts '' means the county court ; all problems are to be brought to the county court , although certain situations relating to extortionate credit agreements can be sent to the High Court . Orders ( edit ) The County Court at Watford : the county court deals with the majority of judicial actions brought under the Act . The courts are allowed to issue enforcement orders for cases where the contract has been infringed upon , except in situations where the contract has not been signed or the terms are not set out in the contract , in which case they are permanently unenforceable . The courts are also prohibited from making enforcement orders where the owner or creditor did not give a copy of the agreement to the debtor or hirer before the contract commenced . Other than this the court is obliged to issue such orders . There are also situations in which orders can be made even when there has been no infringement . These are when the debtor or hirer has died , to recover protected goods without the consent of a debtor and to enforce a land mortgage . The courts can also make `` time orders '' providing for either payment by the debtor of any sum owed to the creditor , remedying any breach of the agreement by the debtor other than non-payment of money or both . These orders are made at the discretion of the courts after an application for an enforcement order . The time orders can also cover statutory bailment in the case of hire - order or hire - purchase agreements . If the court feels that the property in dispute or acting as security is at risk of damage or deprecation , they can give protection orders preventing the use of the property . This re-enacts Section 35 of the Hire - Purchase Act 1965 , which was repealed by the Consumer Credit Act . Other orders are `` special orders '' , covered by Section 133 of the Act . There are two types ; return orders and transfer orders . Return orders are orders from the court requiring the return of goods covered by the agreement to the creditor . These orders may be immediate or subject to a delay , and may give the debtor the option to pay the goods value to the creditor if he does not return the goods in time .", "14": "Transfer orders are orders transferring the creditor 's ownership of certain goods to the debtor , ordering the payment of the rest of the goods to the creditor . This can only be done if the debtor pays an amount of money equal or more than one third of the value of the returned goods . Credit bargains ( edit ) The courts have long held equitable jurisdiction to set aside `` harsh and unconscionable bargains '' , but prior to the Consumer Credit Act this was mainly used in cases where uninformed tradespeople have been selling goods at a loss , and was rarely used in the 20th century . The Moneylenders Act 1900 allowed the court to re-open a moneylending transaction if there was evidence that interest rates were `` harsh and unconscionable or otherwise such that a court of equity would give relief '' , unless the moneylender could justify the rates . It was rarely used in the field of consumer credit because it was limited to those sorts of consumer transactions covered by the Moneylenders Act , and did not cover hire - purchase agreements or instalment sale agreements or loan transactions from people who were not moneylenders , such as banks . The Consumer Credit Act provided guidelines for the court in determining whether a credit bargain is extortionate and extends the courts jurisdiction in this area to cover all credit agreements . If the court does believe the bargain was extortionate , it can re-open the agreement and examine the terms of it . If they decide it is indeed extortionate , they can set aside the remaining money owed , order the creditor to give money to the debtor , alter the terms of the agreement or order the return of any security . This only covers consumer credit agreements , not hire agreements . Part x : ancillary credit businesses ( edit ) Definitions ( edit ) An ancillary credit business is defined in Section 145 of the Act as any business that works in credit brokerage , debt adjusting , debt collecting , debt counselling or as a credit reference agency . Credit brokers are people involved in negotiating deals between potential debtors looking for credit and creditors , normally in exchange for a commission . Under the Act , `` credit broker '' includes not only mortgage brokers and loan brokers but also car dealers , shops that introduce customers to financial houses for hire - purchase agreements and solicitors who negotiate advances for non-corporate clients .", "15": "An exception to this is if introductions and negotiations are not made in the individual 's capacity as an employee of a business . Debt adjusting is when a company or individual negotiates with the creditor or owner in an agreement on behalf of the debtor to change the terms for the discharge of the debt , takes over the debt in exchange for payment by the debtor or engages in `` any similar activity concerned with the liquidation of a debt ''. Pieheads This is again a wide area ; the base definition covers , for example , solicitors and accountants who act as negotiators for clients who owe money to a third party . There are certain exceptions ; a solicitor negotiating for the settlement of his client 's debts is not considered to be working as a debt adjuster thanks to Section 146 of the Act , which excludes `` a solicitor engaging in contentious business '' as defined in the Solicitors Act 1957 . Debt counselling is the giving of advice to debtors or hirers about the liquidation of debts under consumer credit or consumer hire agreements . This covers any debt counsellor , regardless of if it is free legal advice ; as a result the Citizens Advice Bureau , for example , is considered a debt counsellor , although its advisers are covered by a group license . Debt collectors are covered by similar provisions , and are defined as anybody who takes steps to `` procure payment of debts due '' under consumer credit agreements and consumer hire agreements . Those who `` purchase '' debts and attempt to collect on them are covered by this definition . Exceptions for these definitions are provided under Section 146 if the credit broker , debt adjuster , debt counsellor or debt collector is the creditor or owner under the credit agreement , the supplier under the agreement , a credit broker who has acquired the business of the supplier or somebody expressly excluded from certain definitions , such as a solicitor . The provisions for suppliers only come into effect when the credit is a loan , so that the supplier and creditor are different people . The exceptions do not include people who `` buy '' the roles above by purchasing the debts , such as professional debt buyers or financial houses . Credit reference agencies are covered separately from other ancillary credit businesses , and are defined in Section 148 as individuals or companies which carry on a business `` comprising the furnishing of persons with information relevant to the financial standard of individuals , being information collected by the agency for that purpose '' .", "16": "This definition was the subject of much academic debate , because the holding of the license for a credit reference agency involves a duty to supply information on credit status which the company might prefer to keep confidential . There are exceptions ; the information must be collected for the purpose of giving it to others , so the fact that a bank , for example , has that information , does not mean they need to obtain a license as a credit reference agency . Licensing and other matters ( edit ) Part III of the Act applies directly to ancillary credit businesses , who must obtain a license . As with standard credit agreements , agreements made by an unlicensed ancillary trader are only enforceable against the other party if the Director General of Fair Trading issues an order which applies to the agreement . Under Section 149 , creditors have an onus to make sure that the credit brokers they obtain business from are duly licensed . Again , if the broker is unlicensed , the agreement between the debtor and creditor is only enforceable when the Director General makes an order saying so . These provisions came into effect on 1 July 1978 . Part IV of the Act also applies to ancillary credit businesses in relation to advertising , canvassing and quotations , as well as ways in which business can be sought . The Act also limited the brokerage fees that credit brokers can charge . Under Section 155 , if the brokerage work does not lead to the client entering into an agreement with a creditor within 6 months of the work , the entire fee ( minus the sum of £ 1 ) is refundable to the client . The Director General at the time indicated that those businesses which flouted Section 155 would be refused a license . These provisions came into force on 1 April 1977 . Part XI : Enforcement of Act ( edit ) Part XII : Supplement ( edit ) Implementation of the Act ( edit ) Some elements of the Act came into force on 31 July 1974 , the day it was passed , but many were left to be brought in later at the discretion of the government . This process was `` painfully slow '' , with almost nothing apart from the licensing system being active in 1979 .", "17": "Section 141 , which requires enforcement actions of a regulated credit or linked transaction to be pursued in the county court , came into force on 19 May 1985 through the Statutory Instrument `` Consumer Credit Act 1974 ( Commencement No. 8 ) Order 1983 '' . The Act repealed the Hire - Purchase Act 1965 , the Advertisements ( Hire Purchase ) Act 1967 , the Moneylenders Act 1900 , the Moneylenders Act 1927 , the Pawnbrokers Act 1872 and the Pawnbrokers Act 1960 . The Act was influential outside the United Kingdom , and was studied in both the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations . It formed the basis of a 1979 Directive on Consumer Credit of the European Union . The Act did not go to the full extent suggested by the Crowther Committee 's report , with protection only being available for consumers , not for the credit industry . The Act was widely supported by all sides of the political spectrum , and by academia . Arthur Rogerson compared it to the Law of Property Act 1925 in that , like the 1925 Act , it `` represents fundamental rethinking of an area of great economic significance , which has resulted in the sweeping away of a chaos of obsolete rules , and the substitution for them of a simpler and better enforced body of law '' . See also ( edit ) Consumer Credit Act 2006 Credit risk Wilson v First County Trust Ltd ( No 2 ) Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc ( 2001 ) UKHL 52 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Goode ( 1979 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 4 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Keenan ( 2005 ) p. 420 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ `` CONSUMER CREDIT BILL ( Hansard , 14 November 1973 ) '' .", "18": "Hansard. 14 November 1973 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Goode ( 1979 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 43 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 47 Jump up ^ Enterprise Act 2002 S. 278 - 9 Jump up ^ Consumer Credit Act 1974 S. 16 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 53 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 58 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 60 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 62 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 106 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 108 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 117 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 119 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 140 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 141 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 142 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 147 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 181 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 182 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 183 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p.", "19": "190 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 202 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 260 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 261 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 262 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 263 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 265 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 321 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 323 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 326 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 330 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 332 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 334 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 341 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 335 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 346 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 347 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 348 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 349 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 350 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 351 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 353 Jump up ^ Goode ( 1979 ) p. 354 Jump up ^ `` LEGAL UPDATE - Consumer credit -- Consumer Credit Act 1974 ( practice note issued by the Queen 's Bench Masters 21 January 1988 ) '' . Law Society Gazette. 85 ( 38 ) . 17 February 1988 . ISSN 0262 - 1495 . Jump up ^ Rogerson ( 1975 ) p. 436 Jump up ^ Rogerson ( 1975 ) p. 435 Bibliography ( edit ) Primary sources `` Consumer Credit Act 1974 ( current version ) '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 .", "20": "`` Consumer Credit Act 1974 ( original version ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of Public Sector Information . 1974 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . `` Enterprise Act 2002 ( original version ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of Public Sector Information . 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Secondary sources Goode , R.M. ( 1979 ) . Consumer Credit Act : A Students Guide . Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 406 - 21165 - 5 . Keenan , Denis ; Sarah Riches ( 2005 ) . Business law . Pearson Illustrated . ISBN 0 - 582 - 89397 - 6 . Rogerson , Arthur ( 1975 ) . `` The Consumer Credit Act 1974 '' . Modern Law Review . Blackwell . 38 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0026 - 7961 .", "21": "External links ( edit ) The Office of Fair Trading Consumer Credit Act Consumer Credit Act 2006 - reform of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 Business Link - Applying for a licence Scanned copy of the original Act United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "22": "php?title=Consumer_Credit_Act_1974&oldid=781408603 '' Categories : Consumer protection law Consumer protection legislation Consumer protection in the United Kingdom 1974 in law United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1974 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1602930054930299018	where is the white castle that harold and kumar go to	[ "in Cherry Hill" ]	{ "0": "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle - wikipedia Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Jump to : navigation , search Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Theatrical release poster Directed by Danny Leiner Produced by Nathan Kahane Greg Shapiro Written by Jon Hurwitz Hayden Schlossberg Starring John Cho Kal Penn Paula Garcés Neil Patrick Harris Anthony Anderson Fred Willard Music by David Kitay Cinematography Bruce Douglas Johnson Edited by Jeff Betancourt Production company Senator International Kingsgate Films Endgame Entertainment Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date July 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 30 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9 million Box office $23.9 million Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( alternatively known as Harold & Kumar Get the Munchies ) is a 2004 American stoner comedy film and the first installment of the Harold & Kumar series . The film was written by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg , and directed by Danny Leiner . The story follows Harold Lee ( John Cho ) and Kumar Patel ( Kal Penn ) as they decide to go to the fast food chain White Castle after smoking marijuana , but end up on a series of comical misadventures along the way . The film also features Fred Willard , Paula Garcés , Anthony Anderson , Dan Bochart , Ethan Embry , Jamie Kennedy , Bobby Lee , Christopher Meloni , Ryan Reynolds , Shaun Majumder , David Krumholtz , Eddie Kaye Thomas , Malin Åkerman , and Neil Patrick Harris , who plays a fictionalized version of himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Investment banker Harold Lee is persuaded by his colleagues to do their work while they leave for the weekend . Kumar Patel attends a medical school interview , but intentionally botches it to prevent getting accepted . Harold is attracted to his neighbor , Maria , but is unable to admit his feelings .", "1": "After smoking marijuana with Kumar , and seeing an advertisement for White Castle , the pair decide to get hamburgers . After traveling to the nearest White Castle in New Brunswick , they find it replaced by `` Burger Shack '' but learn of another White Castle in Cherry Hill . Kumar suggests stopping at Princeton University to buy more marijuana . Kumar buys marijuana from a student and they are discovered by campus security and forced to flee , losing their marijuana . Harold and Kumar resume their drive , and Kumar pulls over to urinate . A raccoon gets in the car and bites Harold . Kumar takes Harold to a hospital where Kumar 's father and older brother work . Kumar steals ID badges to obtain medical marijuana , but after being mistaken for his brother , Kumar performs surgery on a gunshot victim and , after the surgery , the patient tells them how to reach White Castle . Kumar spots Maria at a movie theatre . He decides to get her attention so Harold can talk to her , but Harold panics and crashes the car . They are rescued by Freakshow , a tow - truck driver , who takes them to his house to repair their car . Harold and Kumar are propositioned by Freakshow 's wife , but after Freakshow suggests a foursome , Harold and Kumar flee in disgust . Kumar pick up a hitchhiker , Neil Patrick Harris , who is high on ecstasy . Harold and Kumar go into a convenience store to get directions and Harris drives away . The duo are then harassed by a racist police officer for jaywalking . Harold attempts to punch Kumar for teasing the officer , but ends up punching the officer , resulting in his arrest . Kumar fakes a 911 call to draw the police away and breaks into the station to free Harold . Harold and Kumar flee . The pair encounters an escaped cheetah , and after smoking marijuana with it , they ride it . After encountering a group of extreme sports punks who have been harassing the pair , Harold and Kumar steal their truck . A police officer spots the speeding truck and chases them . They are trapped when they reach the edge of a cliff . Spotting the White Castle below , Harold and Kumar use a hang glider from the truck to reach their destination . The pair place their orders but are disheartened to find they have no money .", "2": "Harris suddenly appears , and pays for their meal as an apology for stealing their car . Kumar realizes he wants to be a doctor , but is afraid of conforming to the stereotype of Indians becoming doctors . Harold notices his co-workers pull up with two women and gets angry at them because they said they had to work with clients but were actually out partying . He tells them off and threatens to get them fired and humiliated if it happens again . After returning to their apartment they encounter Maria . Harold professes his feelings for her and they kiss . She informs Harold that she is leaving for Amsterdam but will return in ten days . Kumar convinces Harold to go with him to Amsterdam to pursue Maria , reminding him that marijuana is legal in the Netherlands . Cast ( edit ) John Cho as Harold Lee , a second generation Korean - American man working at his first job in investment banking . Kal Penn as Kumar Patel , a second generation Indian - American whose family thinks that he will become a doctor like his father and brother . Paula Garcés as Maria Perez , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor , on whom Harold has a crush . Neil Patrick Harris as a fictionalized version of himself . Ryan Reynolds as an OR nurse David Krumholtz as Goldstein , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor and Rosenberg 's roommate Eddie Kaye Thomas as Rosenberg , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor and Goldstein 's roommate Brooke D'Orsay as Clarissa , twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar Kate Kelton as Chrissy , twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar Christopher Meloni as Randy / Freakshow , a car mechanic with infected pimples on his face and neck who fixed Harold and Kumar 's car Sandy Jobin Bevans as Officer Palumbo , a police officer Fred Willard as Dr. Willoughby , medical school dean who interviewed Kumar Robert Tinkler as J.D.", "3": "Anthony Anderson as the Burger Shack Employee Siu Ta as Cindy Kim , student at Princeton University who has a crush on Harold Malin Åkerman as Liane , Freakshow 's wife Dov Tiefenbach as Bradley Thomas , student at Princeton University who sold weed to Kumar Gary Anthony Williams as Tarik Jackson , a philosophical black man in who has been arrested for being black Gary Archibald as Nathaniel Brooks Craig Stevens as Ralph Jamie Kennedy as Creepy Guy ( uncredited ) Ethan Embry as Billy Carver Soundtrack ( edit ) Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle -- Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released July 27th , 2004 Label Bulletproof Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle : Original Soundtrack was released on July 27 , 2004 . It contains 16 songs from the film . The Princeton campus was used as one of the sets in Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle . Track list `` Chick Magnet '' -- MxPx `` One Good Spliff '' -- Ziggy Marley / The Melody Makers `` Yeah ( Dream of Me ) '' -- All Too Much `` Righteous Dub '' -- Long Beach Dub All Stars `` Skunk One '' -- Kottonmouth Kings `` Same Old Song '' -- Phunk Junkeez `` White Castle Blues '' -- The Smithereens `` Crazy On You '' -- Heart `` Cameltoe '' -- Fannypack `` Kinda High , Kinda Drunk '' -- Coolio `` Mary Jane '' -- Rick James `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' -- Rose Royce `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips `` Ridin ' '' -- Classic & 86 `` Arrival at White Castle '' -- Heiruspecs `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- Nicki French Songs that are in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack include : `` Also Sprach Zarathustra '' -- David Kitay `` Baby Baby '' -- Amy Grant `` Ballin ' Boy '' -- No Good `` Click Click Pow '' -- Lexicon ( real song title is `` The Official '' ) `` Warrior Dance '' -- Zion I feat .", "4": "Pep Love `` Fall In Line '' -- Phunk Junkeez `` Faraway '' -- Dara Schindler `` Gangsta Gangsta '' -- J. O'Neal / D. Black `` Girl From Ypsilanti '' -- Daniel May `` Let 's Get Retarded '' -- Black Eyed Peas ( this song is the unedited version of their `` Let 's Get It Started '' hit ) `` Looney '' -- Moonshine Bandits `` Mariachi Speier '' -- Eric Speier `` On the Ganges '' -- Matt Hirt `` Rock to the Rhythm '' -- Lexicon ( actual song name is `` Rock '' ) `` Rock Your Body 2004 '' -- Stagga Lee `` Ooh Wee '' -- Mark Ronson Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $5,480,378 in 2135 theatres in the United States and Canada . In total it had a worldwide gross of $23,936,908 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was positively received by critics , with a 74 % rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 147 reviews ; the consensus states `` The likable leads and subversion of racial stereotypes elevate Harold and Kumar above the typical stoner comedy . '' Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote `` One secret of fiction is the creation of unique characters who are precisely defined . The secret of comedy is the same , with the difference being that the characters must be obsessed with unwholesome but understandable human desires . '' Sequels ( edit ) Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay is the 2008 sequel to White Castle . The movie revolves around Harold and Kumar trying to get to Amsterdam to find Maria , but when the two are mistaken for terrorists on the plane , they are sent to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . Both Hurwitz and Schlossberg announced plans to write a third Harold and Kumar film , with Greg Shapiro returning as producer , and Kal Penn and John Cho returning in their title roles , While Todd Strauss - Schulson directed the film . A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas , was released on November 4 , 2011 in 2D and 3D .", "5": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle '' . Jump up ^ `` A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas - WarnerBros.com - Movies '' . Haroldandkumar.com. 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Harold and Kumar : Go to White Castle '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harold and Kumar 3 Announced - / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` ' Harold & Kumar ' set for third puff '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle on IMDb Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at AllMovie Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Box Office Mojo Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Rotten Tomatoes Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Metacritic Harold & Kumar Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( 2004 ) Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas ( 2011 ) Films directed by Danny Leiner Time Expired ( 1992 ) Layin ' Low ( 1996 ) Dude , Where 's My Car ?", "6": "( 2000 ) Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( 2004 ) The Great New Wonderful ( 2005 ) Balls Out : Gary the Tennis Coach ( 2008 ) Films by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg As director Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) American Reunion ( 2012 ) As writer Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( 2004 ) Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas ( 2011 ) American Reunion ( 2012 ) Blockers ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_%26_Kumar_Go_to_White_Castle&oldid=836356681 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s road movies American adventure comedy films American buddy films American films American films about cannabis American road movies Asian - American films Buddy comedy films Films about race and ethnicity Films directed by Danny Leiner Films set in New Jersey Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in Toronto Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 08 : 20 . 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4721622231665415813	when was child benefit paid for the first child	[ "1975", "1975" ]	{ "0": "Child benefits in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Child benefits in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Child benefits in the United Kingdom are a series of welfare payments and tax credits made to parents with children in the UK , a major part of the welfare state . Contents ( hide ) 1 The child tax allowance 2 Family Allowance 3 Family Income Supplement 4 Child Benefit and the end of child tax allowance 5 Current rates 6 See also 7 References The child tax allowance ( edit ) The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 ' People 's Budget ' of Lloyd - George . This introduced a £ 10 income tax allowance per child , for tax payers earning under £ 500 per annum . Following extensive Parliamentary debate , the Budget became law as the Finance Act ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 1910 on 29 April 1910 . Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling , two pence in the pound ( 5.83 % ) , the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child . Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax , this was a subsidy for middle class parents . The nominal value of these tax credits were generally , though not always , increased in line with income tax rates . For instance , by 1916 , income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound ( 25 % ) , and the tax credit to £ 25 , giving a value of the tax credit of £ 6 5 shillings . Family allowance ( edit ) Calls began for a specific family payment in the early part of the 20th century . These were successfully opposed by those who saw men , earning higher wages than women , as bread - winners , supporting the family through their wages - family allowance payments were seen as socialist and / or feminist in nature . In addition , eugenicist arguments perceived the poor as unworthy of support . Over the 1930s , growing evidence showed that large numbers of children were born into poverty , with 47 % suffering five years or more of malnutrition . Higher wages would not effectively target these children , as the majority of male workers had no dependent children .", "1": "A White Paper of Family Allowances was published in May 1942 , giving costings for various levels of family allowance . These were not immediately adopted , and following the publication of the Beveridge Report , which called for subsistence levels of payments , uprated with the cost of living , the Family Allowances Act 1945 was passed . This provide for a five shilling per week payment for each child , after the first . This was designed to support large families , and was set well below the nine shilling a week subsistence level ( further devalued by inflation ) recommended by Beveridge . In 1952 the rate was increased to eight shillings per week . In 1956 the rate for the third and subsequent children was increased to ten shillings per week , and the maximum age for payments for dependent children was increased from 15 to 18 . In 1968 the rates were increased from 8 to 15 and then 18 shillings and from 10 to 17 shillings and then £ 1 respectively , but this was paid for in part by a reduction in the value of child tax allowance , so that the poor would benefit , but the middle classes did not . In 1975 , the rate was increased to £ 1.50 for each child after the first . Family income Supplement ( edit ) Family Income Supplement was introduced in 1970 by the new Conservative government of Edward Heath , following a child poverty campaign , effective from August 1971 , and provided for a payment to families on low wages . Claimants were required to provide payslips , to prove they were in employment , for a minimum of 24 hours per week . Takeup of the benefit was initially poor , with only half of those eligible claiming . Rates were raised largely in line with inflation to 1979 , but several above - inflation increases followed under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher . By November 1984 , rates had risen to a maximum £ 23 / week for one child , and an additional maximum of £ 2 / week for each subsequent child , based on a maximum income threshold of £ 90 / week , plus £ 10 / week for each additional child .", "2": "In addition , the numbers of families in receipt of the benefit , which showed no increase in the number of recipients over the 1970s ( in 1972 , there were 89,000 in receipt , and in 1980 , 88,000 ) , grew increased sevenfold over the course of the 1979 -- 1997 Conservative governments . Year Claimants Annual Growth rate 1972 89,000 N / A 1980 85,000 0 % 1985 199,000 18.5 % 300,000 9.8 % 1995 600,000 13.6 % 1999 780,000 6.8 % The Social Security Act 1986 provided for Family Income Supplement to be replaced with Family Credit , a similar scheme . Child benefit and the end of child tax allowance ( edit ) The Child Benefit Bill was introduced in 1975 by Barbara Castle , introducing for the first time a universal payment , paid for each child , doubling the number of children within its scope . Like the family allowance , which it replaced , the new benefit was not means tested ; an attempt by the Callaghan government to introduce this was thwarted in 1976 when cabinet papers were leaked to the Child Poverty Action Group . The rate payable was £ 1 / week for the first and £ 1.50 for each subsequent child . An addition 50p was payable to lone - parent families . Unlike the family allowance , provision was made for the rate to be uprated , at the Secretary of State 's discretion , each year . By the end of 1978 the rate had been increased to £ 3 / week for each child , with an additional £ 2 / week payable to lone - parent families . In 1979 the Child Tax Allowance was removed , the value of the allowance taken up in higher child benefit payments , now £ 4 / week , plus £ 2.50 / week extra for lone - parent families . Child benefit rates were uprated roughly in line with inflation until 1988 , but subsequently was frozen until 1990 , in order to curb welfare spending . A new higher rate of child benefit , payable for the first child only , was introduced in 1991 .", "3": "This was £ 1 higher than the rate payable for subsequent children , which was again frozen , at £ 7.25 / week . From 1991 Child Benefit increased in line with inflation , until 1998 , when the new Labour government increased the first child rate by more than 20 % , and abolished the Lone Parent rate . Rates increased again in line with inflation until 2010 , since which time they have been frozen . Effective from 7 January 2013 , Child Benefit , a universal benefit since its introduction , became means tested - those earning more than £ 50,000 per year would have part of their benefit withdrawn , and if earning over £ 60,000 , would receive nothing at all . The charge was based on individual , not household income , hence two earners on £ 49,999 would receive full child benefit , while one earner earning £ 60,000 would receive none . Current rates ( edit ) The following are the rates that apply as of March 2017 . Who the allowance is for Weekly rate Eldest or only child £ 20.70 Additional children £ 13.70 ( per child ) See also ( edit ) Speenhamland system Family Credit Working Families Tax Credit Child Tax Credit Universal Credit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Finance ( 1909 - 10 ) Act 1910 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Family , Dependence , and the Origins of the Welfare State : Britain and France - Susan Pedersen Jump up ^ `` The Cabinet Papers -- The Beveridge Report and child benefit '' . nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1967 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons ( 3 March 1999 ) . `` House of Commons - Social Security - Report '' . publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances : 15 Jul 1968 : House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou '' .", "4": "theyworkforyou.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Benefits Act 1975 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Documents on Health and Social Services : 1834 to the Present Day - Brian Watkin Jump up ^ `` ff / taxcredits '' . ifs.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Late Labour MP Malcolm Wicks admits child benefit leak '' . BBC . 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Child Benefit '' ( PDF ) . Revenuebenefits.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` HM Revenue & Customs : The High Income Child Benefit charge - the basics '' . hmrc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Child benefit cap is tough but fair - FT.com '' . ft.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gov.uk ( last updated 27 March 2017 ) . Child Benefit rates . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=837848914 '' Categories : Pensions and benefits in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 11 : 59 . 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243685073103458654	what was the initial effect of the transition from command to market economies in eastern europe	[ "Inequality of opportunity" ]	{ "0": "Transition economy - wikipedia Transition economy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Transition town economics . Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( show ) Anarchist Capitalist Corporate Dirigist Laissez - faire Mercantilist Neo-mercantilist Protectionist Social market State capitalist Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Syndicalist Traditionalist Communalist Corporatist Distributist Feudalism By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Soviet Latin America Socialism of the 21st century Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Property types ( show ) Collective ownership Commons Private ownership Public ownership Social ownership Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planned In kind Cybernetic Indicative Material balancing Price Self - managed Peer - to - peer Shared Open access Other types ( show ) Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy . Transition economies undergo a set of structural transformations intended to develop market - based institutions .", "1": "These include economic liberalization , where prices are set by market forces rather than by a central planning organization . In addition to this trade barriers are removed , there is a push to privatize state - owned enterprises and resources , state and collectively run enterprises are restructured as businesses , and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital . The process has been applied in China , the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries of Europe and some Third world countries , and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects . The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions , particularly private enterprises ; changes in the role of the state , thereby , the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private - owned enterprises , markets and independent financial institutions . In essence , one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler , with the private sector its engine . Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode . The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro , partial and whole . The truly transition economics should include both the micro transition and macro transition . Due to the different initial conditions during the emerging process of the transition from planned economics to market economics , countries uses different transition model . Countries like P.R. China and Vietnam adopted a gradual transition mode , however Russia and some other East - European countries , such as the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia , used a more aggressive and quicker paced model of transition . The term `` transition period '' is often used to describe the process of transition from capitalism to socialism , preceding the establishment of fully developed socialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transition indicators 2 Context 3 Transition in practice 4 Process 5 Countries in transition 6 Branch of economics 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Transition indicators ( edit ) The existence of private property rights may be the most basic element of a market economy , and therefore implementation of these rights is the key indicator of the transition process . The main ingredients of the transition process are : Liberalization -- the process of allowing most prices to be determined in free markets and lowering trade barriers that had shut off contact with the price structure of the world 's market economies .", "2": "Macroeconomic stabilization -- bringing inflation under control and lowering it over time , after the initial burst of high inflation that follows from liberalization and the release of pent - up demand . This process requires discipline over the government budget and the growth of money and credit ( that is , discipline in fiscal and monetary policy ) and progress toward sustainable balance of payments . Restructuring and privatization -- creating a viable financial sector and reforming the enterprises in these economies to render them capable of producing goods that could be sold in free markets and transferring their ownership into private hands . Legal and institutional reforms -- redefining the role of the state in these economies , establishing the rule of law , and introducing appropriate competition policies . According to Oleh Havrylyshyn and Thomas Wolf of the International Monetary Fund , transition in a broad sense implies : liberalizing economic activity , prices , and market operations , along with reallocating resources to their most efficient use ; developing indirect , market - oriented instruments for macroeconomic stabilization ; achieving effective enterprise management and economic efficiency , usually through privatization ; imposing hard budget constraints , which provide incentives to improve efficiency ; and establishing an institutional and legal framework to secure property rights , the rule of law , and transparent market - entry regulations . Edgar Feige , cognizant of the trade - off between efficiency and equity , suggests that the social and political costs of transition adjustments can be reduced by adopting privatization methods that are egalitarian in nature , thereby providing a social safety net to cushion the disruptive effects of the transition process . The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) developed a set of indicators to measure the progress in transition . The classification system was originally created in the EBRD 's 1994 Transition Report , but has been refined and amended in subsequent Reports . The EBRD 's overall transition indicators are : Large - scale privatization Small - scale privatization Governance and enterprise restructuring Price liberalization Trade and foreign exchange system Competition policy Banking reform and interest rate liberalization Securities markets and non-bank financial institutions Infrastructure reform Context ( edit ) Further information : Soviet - type economic planning The economic malaise affecting the Comecon countries -- low growth rates and diminishing returns on investment -- led many domestic and Western economists to advocate market - based solutions and a sequenced programme of economic reform .", "3": "It was recognized that micro-economic reform and macro-economic stabilization had to be combined carefully . Price liberalization without prior remedial measures to eliminate macro-economic imbalances , including an escalating fiscal deficit , a growing money supply due to a high level of borrowing by state - owned enterprises , and the accumulated savings of households ( `` monetary overhang '' ) could result in macro-economic destabilization instead of micro-economic efficiency . Unless entrepreneurs enjoyed secure property rights and farmers owned their farms the process of Schumpeterian `` creative destruction '' would limit the reallocation of resources and prevent profitable enterprises from expanding to absorb the workers displaced from the liquidation of non-viable enterprises . A hardening of the budget constraints at state - owned enterprises would halt the drain on the state budget from subsidization but would require additional expenditure to counteract the resulting unemployment and drop in aggregate household spending . Monetary overhang meant that price liberalization might convert `` repressed inflation '' into open inflation , increase the price level still further and generate a price spiral . The transition to a market economy would require state intervention alongside market liberalization , privatization and deregulation . Rationing of essential consumer goods , trade quotas and tariffs and an active monetary policy to ensure that there was sufficient liquidity to maintain commerce might be needed . In addition to tariff protection , measures to control capital flight were also considered necessary in some instances . Transition in practice ( edit ) The most influential strategy for the transition to a market economy was that adopted by Poland launched in January 1990 . The strategy was strongly influenced by IMF and World Bank analyses of successful and unsuccessful stabilization programmes which had been adopted in Latin America in the 1980s . The strategy incorporated a number of interdependent measures including macro-economic stabilization ; the liberalization of wholesale and retail prices ; the removal of constraints to the development of private enterprises and the privatization of state - owned enterprises ; the elimination of subsidies and the imposition of hard budget constraints ; and the creation of an export - oriented economy that was open to foreign trade and investment . The creation of a social safety net targeted at the individual to compensate for the removal of job security and the removal of price controls on staple goods was also part of the strategy . The choice of the transition strategy was influenced by the critical state of most post-socialist countries .", "4": "Policy - makers were persuaded that political credibility took precedence over a sequenced reform plan and to introduce macro-economic stabilization measures ahead of structural measures that would by their nature take longer to implement . The `` credibility '' of the transition process was enhanced by the adoption of the Washington Consensus favoured by the IMF and the World Bank . Stabilization was deemed a necessity in Hungary and Poland where state budget deficits had grown and foreign debts had become larger than the country 's capacity to service . Western advisers and domestic experts working with the national governments and the IMF introduced stabilization programmes aiming to achieve external and internal balance , which became known as shock therapy . It was argued that `` one can not jump over a chasm in two leaps '' . The many foreign advisers from , principally , the United States , the United Kingdom and Sweden were often under contract to the international financial institutions and bilateral or multilateral technical assistance programmes . They favoured free trade and exchange rate convertibility rather than trade protection and capital controls , which might have checked capital flight . They tended to support privatization without prior industrial restructuring ; an exception was to be found in Eastern Germany where the Treuhand ( Trust Agency ) prepared state - owned enterprises for the market at considerable cost to the government . Western technical assistance programmes were established by European Union -- through the Phare and TACIS programmes -- and other donors ( including the US AID , the UK Know - how Fund and UNDP ) and by the IMF , the World Bank , EBRD and KfW , which also advanced loans for stabilization , structural adjustment , industrial restructuring and social protection . Technical assistance was delivered through the exchange of civil servants and by management consultants , including Agriconsulting , Atos , COWI , Ernst & Young , GOPA , GTZ , Human Dynamics , Idom , IMC Consulting , Louis Berger , NIRAS , PA Consulting , PE International , Pohl Consulting , PwC , and SOFRECO . It had been expected that the introduction of current account convertibility and foreign trade liberalization would force a currency devaluation that would support export - led growth . However , when prices were de-controlled enterprises and retailers raised their prices to match those prevailing in the black market or towards world price levels , earning them windfall profits initially . Consumers reacted by reducing their purchases and by substituting better quality imported goods in place of domestically produced goods .", "5": "Falling sales led to the collapse of many domestic enterprises , with personnel lay - offs or reduced hours of work and pay . This further reduced effective demand . As imports grew and exporters failed to respond to opportunities in world markets due to the poor quality of their products and lack of resources for investment , the trade deficit expanded , putting downward pressure on the exchange rate . Many wholesalers and retailers marked prices according to their dollar values and the falling exchange rate fed inflation . The central banks in several countries raised interest rates and tightened credit conditions , depriving state agencies and enterprises of working capital . These in turn found it impossible to pay wages on time , dampening effective demand further . The impacts of the conventional transition strategies proved to be de-stabilizing in the short - term and left the population impoverished in the long - term . Economic output declined much more than expected . The decline in output lasted until 1992 - 96 for all transition economies . By 1994 , economic output had declined across all transition economies by 41 percent compared to its 1989 level . The Central and Eastern European economies began growing again around 1993 , with Poland , which had begun its transition programme earliest emerging from recession in 1992 . The Baltic States came out of recession in 1994 and the rest of the former Soviet Union around 1996 . Inflation remained above 20 percent a year ( except in the Czech Republic and Hungary ) until the mid-1990s . Across all transition economies the peak annual inflation rate was 2632 percent ( 4645 percent in the CIS ) . Unemployment increased and wages fell in real terms , although in Russia and other CIS economies the rate of unemployment recorded at employment exchanges remained low . Labour force surveys undertaken by the International Labour Organization showed significantly higher rates of joblessness and there was considerable internal migration . High interest rates induced a `` credit crunch '' and fuelled inter-enterprise indebtedness and hampered the expansion of small and medium - sized enterprises , which often lacked the connections to obtain finance legitimately . In time domestic producers were able to upgrade their production capacity and foreign direct investment was attracted to the transition economies . Local - manufactured higher quality consumer goods became available and won market share back from imports .", "6": "Stabilization of the exchange rate was made more difficult by large - scale capital flight , with domestic agents sending part of their earning abroad to destinations where they believed their capital was more secure . The promise of European Union membership and the adoption of the EU 's legislation and regulations ( the Community acquis or ' ' acquis communautaire ' ' ) helped secure trust in property rights and economic and governmental institutions in much of Central and Eastern Europe . Some economists have argued that the growth performance of the transition economies stemmed from the low level of development , decades of trade isolation and distortions in the socialist planned economies . They have emphasized that the transition strategies adopted reflected the need to resolve the economic crisis besetting the socialist planned economies and the overriding objective was the transformation to capitalist market economies rather than the fostering of economic growth and welfare . But by 2000 , the EBRD was reporting that the effects of the initial starting point in each transition economy on the reform process had faded . Although the foundations had been laid for a functioning market economy through sustained liberalization , comprehensive privatization , openness to international trade and investment , and the establishment of democratic political systems there remained institutional challenges . Liberalized markets were not necessarily competitive and political freedom had not prevented powerful private interests from exercising undue influence . Ten years on , in the Transition Report for 2010 , the EBRD was still finding that the quality of market - enabling institutions continued to fall short of what was necessary for well - functioning market economies . Growth in the transition economies had been driven by trade integration into the world economy with `` impressive '' export performance , and by `` rapid capital inflows and a credit boom '' . But such growth had proved volatile and the EBRD considered that governments in the transition economies should foster the development of domestic capital markets and improve the business environment , including financial institutions , real estate markets and the energy , transport and communications infrastructure . The EBRD expressed concerns about regulatory independence and enforcement , price setting , and the market power of incumbent infrastructure operators . Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient rose significantly in the transition economies between 1987 and 1988 and the mid-1990s . Poverty re-emerged with between 20 and 50 percent of people living below the national poverty line in the transition economies .", "7": "The UN Development Programme calculated that overall poverty in Eastern Europe and the CIS increased from 4 percent of the population in 1988 to 32 percent by 1994 , or from 14 million people to 119 million . Unemployment and rates of economic inactivity were still high in the late 1990s according to survey data . By 2007 , the year before the global financial crisis hit , the index for GDP had reached 112 compared to 100 in 1989 for the transition economies . In other words , it took nearly 20 years to restore the level of output that had existed prior to the transition . The index of economic output ( GDP ) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was 151 in 2007 ; for the Balkans / South - eastern Europe the index was 111 , and for the Commonwealth of Independent States and Mongolia it was 102 . Several CIS countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia as well as Moldova and Ukraine had economies that were substantially smaller than in 1989 . The global recession of 2008 - 09 and the Eurozone crisis of 2011 - 13 destabilized the transition economies , reduced growth rates and increased unemployment . The slowdown hit government revenues and widened fiscal deficits but almost all transition economies had experienced a partial recovery and had maintained low and stable inflation since 2012 . Process ( edit ) Transition trajectories have varied considerably in practice . Some nations have been experimenting with market reform for several decades , while others are relatively recent adopters ( e.g. , Macedonia , Serbia and Montenegro ) . In some cases reforms have been accompanied with political upheaval , such as the overthrow of a dictator ( Romania ) , the collapse of a government ( the Soviet Union ) , a declaration of independence ( Croatia ) , or integration with another country ( East Germany ) . In other cases economic reforms have been adopted by incumbent governments with little interest in political change ( China , Laos , Vietnam ) . Transition trajectories also differ in terms of the extent of central planning being relinquished ( e.g. , high centralized coordination among the CIS states ) as well as the scope of liberalization efforts being undertaken ( e.g. , relatively limited in Romania ) . Some countries , such as Vietnam , have experienced macro-economic upheavals over different periods of transition , even transition turmoil .", "8": "According to the World Bank 's 10 Years of Transition report `` ... the wide dispersion in the productivity of labour and capital across types of enterprises at the onset of transition and the erosion of those differences between old and new sectors during the reform provide a natural definition of the end of transition . '' Mr. Vito Tanzi , Director of the IMF 's Fiscal Affairs Department , gave definition that the transformation to a market economy is not complete until functioning fiscal institutions and reasonable and affordable expenditure programs , including basic social safety nets for the unemployed , the sick , and the elderly , are in place . Mr Tanzi stated that these spending programs must be financed from public revenues generated -- through taxation -- without imposing excessive burdens on the private sector . According to the EBRD a well - functioning market economy should enjoy a diverse range of economic activities , equality of opportunity and convergence of incomes . These outcomes had not yet been achieved by 2013 and progress in establishing well - functioning market economies had stalled since the 1990s . On the EBRD 's measure of transition indicators the transition economies had become `` stuck in transition '' . Price liberalization , small - scale privatization and the opening - up of trade and foreign exchange markets were mostly complete by the end of the 1990s . However economic reform had slowed in areas such governance , enterprise restructuring and competition policy , which remained substantially below the standard of other developed market economies . Inequality of opportunity was higher in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia than in some other developed economies in Western Europe ( except France , where inequality of opportunity was relatively high ) . The highest inequality of opportunity was found in the Balkans and Central Asia . In terms of legal regulations and access to education and health services , inequality of opportunity related to gender was low in Europe and Central Asia but medium to high in respect of labour practices , employment and entrepreneurship and in access to finance . In Central Asia women also experienced significant lack of access to health services , as was the case in Arab countries . While many transition economies performed well with respect to primary and secondary education , and matched that available in many other developed economies , they were weaker when it came to training and tertiary education . Over the decade 1994 to 2004 , the transition economies had closed some of the gap in income per person with the average for the European Union in purchasing power parity terms .", "9": "These gains had been driven by sustained growth in productivity as obsolete capital stock was scrapped and production shifted to take advantage of the opening - up of foreign trade , price liberalization and foreign direct investment . However the rapid growth rates of that period of catch - up had stalled since the late 2000s and the prospects for income convergence have receded according to the EBRD 's prognosis , unless there are additional productivity - enhancing structural reforms . The recent history of transition suggested that weak political institutions and entrenched interest groups had hindered economic reform . The EBRD 's Transition Report 2013 looked at the relationship between transition and democratization . The report acknowledged that the academic literature was divided on whether economic development fostered democracy but argued that there was nonetheless strong empirical support for the hypothesis . It suggested that countries with high inequality were less inclined to support a limited and accountable state . In general , the proportion of the population with an income of between US $10 -- 50 a day ( the so - called `` middle class '' ) correlated with the level of democracy ; however this correlation disappeared in transition countries with high income inequality . Those countries with large natural resource endowments , for example oil and gas producers like Russia and Kazakhstan , had less accountable governments and faced less electoral pressure to tackle powerful vested interests because the government could rely on resource rents and did not have to tax the population heavily . Countries with a strong institutional environment -- that is , effective rule of law , secure property rights and uncorrupted public administration and corporate governance -- were better placed to attract investment and undertake restructuring and regulatory change . To spur further economic reform and break out of a vicious circle , the EBRD Transition Report 2013 proposed that the transition economies should : Open - up trade and finance , which made reform more resilient to popular pressure ( `` market aversion '' ) and meant that countries could access the EU single market either as member states or through association agreements ( such as those being negotiated with Ukraine , Moldova and Georgia ) ; Encourage transparent and accountable government , with media and civil society scrutiny , and political competition at elections ; Invest in human capital , especially by improving the quality of tertiary education . Countries in transition ( edit ) Although the term `` transition economies '' usually covers the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , this term may have a wider context .", "10": "There are countries outside of Europe , emerging from a socialist - type command economy towards a market - based economy ( e.g. , China ) . Moreover , in a wider sense the definition of transition economy refers to all countries which attempt to change their basic constitutional elements towards market - style fundamentals . Their origin could be also in a post-colonial situation , in a heavily regulated Asian - style economy , in a Latin American post-dictatorship or even in a somehow economically underdeveloped country in Africa . In 2000 , the IMF listed the following countries with transition economies : Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Botswana Bulgaria Cambodia China Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Laos Macedonia Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Vietnam In addition , in 2002 the World Bank defined Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( later Serbia and Montenegro ) as transition economies . In 2009 , World Bank included Kosovo in the list of transition economies . Some World Bank studies also include Mongolia . According to the IMF , Iran is in transition to a market economy , demonstrating early stages of a transition economy . The eight first - wave accession countries , which joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 ( Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia ) and the two second - wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 ( Romania and Bulgaria ) have completed the transition process . According to the World Bank , `` the transition is over '' for the 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 . It can be also understood as all countries of the Eastern Bloc . Branch of economics ( edit ) Transition economics is a special branch of economics dealing with the transformation of a planned economy to a market economy . It has become especially important after the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe . Transition economics investigates how an economy should reform itself to endorse capitalism and democracy . There are usually two sides : one which argues for a rapid transformation and one which argues for a gradual approach . Gérard Roland 's book Transition and Economics .", "11": "Politics , Markets and Firms ( MIT Press 2000 ) gives a good overview of the field . A more recent overview is provided in Transition Economies : Political Economy in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Central Asia by Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil . See also ( edit ) Soviet - type economy Planned economy Mixed economy Marketization Privatization Corporatization Real socialism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feige , Edgar L. ( 1994 ) . `` The Transition to a Market Economy in Russia : Property Rights , Mass Privatization and Stabilization '' ( PDF ) . In Alexander , Gregory S. ; Skąpska , Grażyna . A Fourth way ? : privatization , property , and the emergence of new market economics ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Routledge . pp. 57 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90697 - 5 . Jump up ^ Feige , Edgar L. ( 1991 ) . `` Perestroika and Ruble Convertibility '' ( PDF ) . Cato Journal . Cato Institute . 10 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Falke , Mike . Community Interests : An Insolvency Objective in Transition Economies ? Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , No. 01 / 02 , Frankfurter Institut für Transformationsstudien Jump up ^ Aristovnik , Aleksander ( 19 July 2006 ) . `` The Determinants & Excessiveness of Current Account Deficits in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union '' ( PDF ) . William Davidson Institute , University of Michigan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transition Economies : An IMF Perspective on Progress and Prospects '' . IMF . 2000 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Havrylyshyn , Oleh ; Wolf , Thomas .", "12": "Determinants of Growth in Transition Countries , Finance & Development Magazine , June 1999 , Volume 36 , Number 2 by the International Monetary Fund Jump up ^ Feige , Edgar L. Perestroika and Socialist Privatization : What is to be Done ? and How ? Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Comparative Economic Studies Vol . XXXII , No. 3 Fall 1990 ) Jump up ^ EBRD 's 1994 Transition Report Jump up ^ Padma Desai , The Soviet Economy : Problems and Prospects , 1990 , Oxford : Basil Blackwell , pp. xiii - xxii and 164 ISBN 0 - 631 - 17183 - 5 Jump up ^ Michael Kaser on Privatization in the CIS in Alan Smith ( editor ) , Challenges for Russian Economic Reform , 1995 , London : Royal Institute for International Affairs and Washington DC : The Brookings Institution , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Alan Smith , Introduction in Alan Smith ( editor ) , Challenges for Russian Economic Reform , 1995 , London : Royal Institute for International Affairs and Washington DC : The Brookings Institution , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Marie Lavigne , The Economies of Transition : From socialist economy to market economy , 1995 , London : Macmillan , pp. 117 - 119 , 121 ISBN 0 - 333 - 52731 - 3 Jump up ^ Michael Kaser on Privatization in the CIS in Alan Smith ( editor ) , Challenges for Russian Economic Reform , 1995 , London : Royal Institute for International Affairs and Washington DC : The Brookings Institution , pp. 122 - 123 . Jump up ^ Marie Lavigne , The Economies of Transition : From socialist economy to market economy , 1995 , London : Macmillan , pp. 116 - 117 , 121 ISBN 0 - 333 - 52731 - 3 Jump up ^ Marie Lavigne , The Economies of Transition : From socialist economy to market economy , 1995 , London : Macmillan , pp.", "13": "130 - 135 , 121 ISBN 0 - 333 - 52731 - 3 Jump up ^ IMF staff estimates in Stanley Fischer , Ratna Sahay and Carlos Vegh , Stabilization and growth in transition economies : The early experience , April 1996 , IMF Working Paper WP / 96 / 31 , Table 2 , p. 8 ; downloaded from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20631/ ; retrieved on 1 / 11.2013 ; UNDP , Human Development Report for Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS , 1999 , New York : United Nations Development Programme , Table 2.1 , p. 14 ISBN 92 - 1 - 126109 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simon Clarke ( editor ) , Structural Adjustment without Mass Unemployment ? Lessons from Russia , 1998 , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar , pp. 40 - 41 , 49 and 53 ISBN 1 - 85898 - 713 - X ; JL Porket , Unemployment in Capitalist , Communist and Post-Communist Economies , 1995 , London : Macmillan pp. 98 - 100 and 117 ISBN 0 - 312 - 12484 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marie Lavigne , The Economies of Transition : From socialist economy to market economy , 1995 , London : Macmillan , pp. 130 , 146 , 150 - 154 ISBN 0 - 333 - 52731 - 3 Jump up ^ László Csaba , Transformation as a subject of economic theory in Zbyněk Balandrán and Vít Havránek , Atlas of Transformation , 2011 at ( 1 ) , retrieved 1 / 11 / 2013 ; Jeffrey Sachs , What I did in Russia , posted 14 March 2012 , at http://jeffsachs.org/2012/03/what-i-did-in-russia/ retrieved 1 / 11 / 2013 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2000 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , p. 13 ISBN 1 - 898802 - 17 - 3 .", "14": "Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2010 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 2 - 5 . ISSN 1356 - 3424 The ISBN printed in the document ( 978 - 1 - 898802 - 33 - 1 ) is invalid . Jump up ^ The UNDP used a poverty line of $4 per person per day in 1990 dollars at purchasing power parity ; UNDP , Human Development Report for Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS , 1999 , New York : United Nations Development Programme , Table 2.5 , pp. 20 - 21 ISBN 92 - 1 - 126109 - 0 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2000 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , Table 5.2 , p. 103 ISBN 1 - 898802 - 17 - 3 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2008 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , Table A. 1.1. 1 , p. 13 ISBN 978 - 1 - 898802 - 31 - 0 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 8 and 99 - 105 . Jump up ^ Vuong , Quan - Hoang . Financial Markets in Vietnam 's Transition Economy : Facts , Insights , Implications . Saarbrücken , Germany : VDM Verlag , Feb. 2010 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 639 - 23383 - 4 . Jump up ^ Napier , Nancy K. ; Vuong , Quan Hoang . What we see , why we worry , why we hope : Vietnam going forward . Boise , ID : Boise State University CCI Press , October 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0985530587 . ^ Jump up to : The first ten years . Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union ( PDF ) . The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2002 . pp. xix ; xxxi . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5038 - 2 .", "15": "Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tanzi , Vito . Transition and the Changing Role of Government , Finance & Development Magazine , June 1999 , Volume 36 , Number 2 by the International Monetary Fund Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 8 and 13 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 6 and 78 - 96 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , p. 6 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 4 , 8 and 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 5 , 8 - 9 , 34 - 35 , 38 - 39 and 106 . The Transition Report 2013 assessed the level of democracy in terms of the Polity IV Index on the type of governance regime , published by the Center for Systemic Peace , which rates governance on the basis of whether states have institutionalized processes for open , competitive and deliberative political participation ; chooses and replaces chief executives in open , competitive elections ; and imposes checks and balances on the discretionary power of the executive ; see Polity data series . Jump up ^ EBRD , Transition Report 2013 , 2013 , London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , pp. 5 , 34 , 38 and 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo -- Country Brief 2010 '' . The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . October 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ianchovichina , Elena ; Gooptu , Sudarshan ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Growth diagnostics for a resource - rich transition economy : the case of Mongolia '' ( PDF ) . The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank .", "16": "Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jbili , A. ; Kramarenko , V. ; Bailén , J.M. ( 2007 - 03 - 01 ) . Islamic Republic of Iran : Managing the Transition to a Market Economy ( PDF ) . The International Monetary Fund . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58906 - 441 - 6 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ EBRD . Law in transition online 2006 -- Focus on central Europe Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unleashing Prosperity : Productivity Growth in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , World Bank , Washington ( 2008 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ http://www.oecd.org/globalrelations/regionalapproaches/centralandeasterneuropethecaucasusandcentralasia.htm Jump up ^ Myant , Martin ; Jan Drahokoupil ( 2010 ) . Transition Economies : Political Economy in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Central Asia . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 59619 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Åslund , Anders ( 2008 ) . `` Transition Economies '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Policy Research Working Papers from the World Bank Health in transition economies -- a dossier Quarterly Newsletter issued by UNDP and LSE on Development and Transition issues in Europe and CIS IMF : Nsouli , S.M.", "17": "`` A Decade of Transition -- An Overview of the Achievements and Challenges '' GDP and Industrial Output during transition 1990 -- present -- statistics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transition_economy&oldid=818568630 '' Categories : Economic liberalization Economic systems Former communist economies Decommunization Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski ქართული Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5041227796109703758	when did linkin park release one more light	[ "May 19, 2017", "May 19, 2017", "May 19, 2017", "May 19, 2017", "May 19, 2017" ]	{ "0": "One More Light - wikipedia One More Light Jump to : navigation , search For the album 's title track , see One More Light ( song ) . One More Light Studio album by Linkin Park Released May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Recorded September 2015 -- February 2017 Studio Various ( show ) Larrabee Studios , Van Nuys , California Sphere Studios , Los Angeles , California The Pool Recording Studio , London , UK The Warehouse Studio , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Genre Pop pop rock electropop Length 35 : 19 Label Warner Bros . Machine Shop Producer Brad Delson Mike Shinoda Linkin Park studio album chronology The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) The Hunting Party 2014 One More Light ( 2017 ) Singles from One More Light `` Heavy '' Released : February 16 , 2017 `` Talking to Myself '' Released : July 25 , 2017 `` One More Light '' Released : October 3 , 2017 One More Light is the seventh studio album by American rock band Linkin Park . It was released on May 19 , 2017 through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop . It is the last Linkin Park record produced before lead vocalist Chester Bennington 's death on July 20 , 2017 . The band recorded the album between September 2015 and February 2017 in multiple studios . Band members Brad Delson and Mike Shinoda served as the album 's primary producers . The sound of One More Light has been described as being more pop - focused , departing from the alternative metal sound of their previous album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) . The album features guest vocal appearances from Pusha T , Stormzy , and Kiiara , and production and songwriting collaborations with Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter , Ross Golan , Andrew Goldstein , blackbear , and Eg White . The album is also the band 's first to feature a title track , as they felt that the song `` One More Light '' was the heart of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Heavy '' , featuring Kiiara , was released on February 16 , 2017 .", "1": "`` Battle Symphony '' , `` Good Goodbye '' , and `` Invisible '' were released as promotional singles prior to the album 's release . `` Talking to Myself '' and `` One More Light '' were released as radio singles later on . The album performed well commercially , debuting at number one in several countries ; it became the band 's fifth number - one album on the Billboard 200 , as well . It was certified gold in three countries and silver by the BPI in the UK . Despite a positive commercial performance , it received mixed reviews from music critics . This , along with accusations of selling out , prompted an angry response from Bennington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Artwork and packaging 5 Promotion 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Band response 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References Background ( edit ) In 2014 , Linkin Park released their sixth studio album The Hunting Party . The album , produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson , marked a shift from the overall rock sound in their previous albums produced with help of Rick Rubin . The pre-production of One More Light began in mid-2015 during The Hunting Party Tour by Shinoda on his phone . The main production began as soon as the tour ended . In the process , the band decided to write songs with some external help . They worked with Zayed Hassan , which resulted in his song `` Sailing Through the Clouds '' , Martin Garrix , Hot Karl , Mike Baczor of the band Her0 , The Lonely Island , which resulted in `` Things in My Jeep '' , and One Ok Rock . None of these collaborations , however , made the final version of the album . The album marks the second to be self - produced following The Hunting Party . Composition ( edit ) As a new concept to the band , all the songs featured on the album began with vocals being recorded first . They worked on the story first , then the hook , and finally the music .", "2": "In an interview with Zane Lowe , Shinoda explained the composition as , `` In terms of the style of the record , it 's one of the most diverse stylistically , there 's more genres mashed into this album than anything we 've ever put out . You do n't hear a lot of super heavy guitars . There is n't any screaming on the record . '' He adds , `` To some extent it is a very polished record . Stylistically we wanted to blend all of the sound and genres together in a way you ca n't tell them apart '' . As to why they chose `` Heavy '' to present the album to the world , he told Billboard , `` One of the reasons why we chose ' Heavy ' as the first single is because it is really the core sound of the album . This was n't a scenario where the whole album sounds one way and the single sounds different . This is how the album sounds . So we wanted to go out with a song like that , where everybody can get a sense of the direction of this body of work . '' According to him , a lot of songs on the album can make the listener think of old songs by The Cure or Tears For Fears . In an interview with MusicRadar Brad Delson explained , `` I wound up putting a lot of guitar on this album . There 's a lot of layers and a lot of different guitars . The guitar work is nuanced and complementary to all of the other elements that we have put in there . I find guitar to be a dominant ingredient in any soup . The minute I put loud heavy guitars into an arrangement , I feel like it is a heavy colour . One of the goals of the production of this album was to do away with any notion of genre . We were looking at ways to juxtapose influences that we have in ways that you have n't heard before . Building the guitar work into that was a fun challenge . I love the guitar work and tones that our engineer Ethan helped create with me and Mike ( Shinoda ) throughout this album . Even though you do n't hear guitar in the foreground in a heavy - handed way , there really is a ton of guitar on this album , and I 'm really proud of it . ''", "3": "-- Brad Delson Further elaborating on his guitar work , Delson said , `` I love the acoustic work on ' Sharp Edges ' . I really like all of the layering of guitars on ' Invisible ' as well . There 's also a really unique presentation of the guitar in a way that I do n't think we 've ever done on a song called ' Sorry For Now ' . That was one of the things that we were really excited about - it is wildly different to anything else that we have been doing . '' The albums features collaborations with songwriters and other artists . `` Heavy '' features vocals by pop singer Kiiara , and `` Good Goodbye '' features verses by rappers Pusha T and Stormzy . Genre-wise , the album has been described as pop , pop rock and electropop . Recording ( edit ) One of Bennington 's final performances with Linkin Park on July 4 , 2017 at the O2 Brixton Academy in London . The band had been writing and recording mostly in Los Angeles but also had a few sessions in London and Canada where they worked with a few songwriters . In Los Angeles , the band started working at the Larrabee Studios where they had worked for their previous album . After noticing the band needed a bit more space they shifted to Sphere Studios . Starting in the early 2016 the band decided , for the first time , to open up their process to fans through social media by doing live streams , posting pictures and videos of their day by day in the studio , and sending studio updates to their mailing list . In an interview with Billboard , Shinoda said `` We 've focused almost exclusively on songwriting , not on sound , not on genre , not on arrangement , on words and melodies . And that is something Rick ( Rubin ) has always told us to do years past and we never listened because we started always track first . Now we 're writing songs and now we 're just starting to get into the style of that . '' While working with Justin Parker in London , Mike also learned a different approach to songwriting : to write without any sound in mind and , instead , write with meaning in mind . Instead of writing tracks piece by piece , the band would n't leave a session without having a song .", "4": "It would all start as a conversation , and out of those the songs would build progressively from a chord progression to lyrics . In a promotional teaser , Shinoda said : `` The one thing that I am super excited about , I really wan na like make the riskiest songs now , because I feel like we 're at the point where it 's like , `` okay , we 've handled so many things '' and risky could be a lot of different kinds of risky . Risky could mean the most weirdest , the weirdest thing , weirdest chord progressions or whatever , or could be the poppiest thing that comes to mind . That we just got like we made that work like it sounds like us , it does n't sound weird , it sounds like very cool , and I wan na make some songs where you go like `` holy shit '' That 's where we got ta find that . '' -- Mike Shinoda While most of the collaborators on the album were just songwriters , the band also brought in vocal producers because they wanted a different perspective on how to approach the vocals . Among the collaborators are Justin Parker , Conner Youngblood , Jon Green , blackbear , Andrew Goldstein , Eg White , Emily Wright , Andrew Bolooki , Andrew Dawson , RAC , Corrin Roddick , and Ross Golan . American singer Kiiara also had a seven - hour session with Linkin Park to record her vocals for `` Heavy '' , and rappers Stormzy and Pusha T contributed to the album with original verses . In the past the band had a different approach to collaborations , as explained by Mike : `` Usually it means we 've finished the song but we 'll ask somebody to add something to the top of it . '' He added : `` Generally , here 's how it would work : we 'd get in the room with someone , and start on something from scratch with them . We worked mostly in the same way we always write songs , but with extra firepower in the room . '' Artwork and packaging ( edit ) In an interview with Kerrang ! magazine , Shinoda explained that the children seen on the album cover are those of a friend of the band and represent what the band members feel when their respective families get together .", "5": "The photo was shot at Venice Beach by Frank Maddocks , who has previously contributed to artworks for Deftones and Green Day 's Revolution Radio . The album was made available on Linkin Park 's official website in five different packages : CD + LPU membership , vinyl + LPU Membership , CD bundle , vinyl bundle , and the `` Just Give Me Everything '' box set . All offers were accompanied by an LPU digital membership . Both the CD bundle and vinyl bundle include a One More Light T - shirt and a silver Linkin Park logo enamel pin . The box set was bound inside a special One More Light super deluxe box with a 48 - page hardcover book featuring all the best photos from the album package and all the lyrics , a unique 2.4 '' × 1.8 '' instant photo of the band , and an gold enamel pin set featuring a Linkin Park pin , a LP Hex logo pin , and a `` OML '' logo pin . It also included both the CD and vinyl versions of the album as well as the One More Light T - shirt . Promotion ( edit ) Main article : One More Light Tour Chester Bennington ( left ) and Mike Shinoda ( right ) performed fourteen press promo shows for the promotion of the album The first single , `` Heavy '' , was released via Los Angeles radio station KROQ on February 16 , 2017 . The track is a duet with American singer and songwriter Kiiara , marking the first time a Linkin Park song from a studio album has featured a female vocalist . The song was written by Linkin Park with Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter , while Emily Wright and Andrew Bolooki handled vocal production . The band released a second track from the album , `` Battle Symphony '' , on March 16 , 2017 , with an accompanying lyric video . A third track from the album , `` Good Goodbye '' , was released for download on April 13 , 2017 , along with an accompanying lyric video followed by a music video . The song features American rapper Pusha T and English hip hop artist Stormzy . On May 10 , 2017 , the band put out one final pre-release track , `` Invisible '' , with an accompanying lyric video .", "6": "`` Talking to Myself '' was sent to alternative radio July 25 , 2017 , as the album 's second official single . The music video for `` Talking to Myself '' was released on July 20 , 2017 , the same day that band member Chester Bennington died . In early 2017 , the band introduced Linkin Park Global Ambassadors , which were selected each for a country . The ambassadors would promote the Linkin Park updates in their respective countries . The Ambassadors were also given various tasks respective to the updates . For promotional purposes , a picture of TV color bars was uploaded to the Instagram by the Linkin Park Global Ambassadors and many other people related to the band such as Joe Hahn , Mike Shinoda , Chester Bennington , Phoenix , Lorenzo Errico , Adam Ruehmer , Jim Digby , Christian Tachiera , Tobias Fance , Frank Maddocks , Tal Cooperman , and Warner Bros. Records ' official account . The band also released a series of 8 videos on their official website showing fans their process of creating songs for the album . On February 13 , Linkin Park tweeted a blank grid , and each of the Linkin Park Global Ambassadors tweeted a numbered image . When put together , the images formed the album cover . The lyrics of `` Heavy '' were unveiled on Genius on the same day . Linkin Park did a stripped - down performance with Kiiara at NRG Studios , which was broadcast live on Facebook the same day `` Heavy '' was released along with its lyric video and the album pre-order . The stripped - down version of the song was performed on various occasions . Shinoda and Bennington played the song fourteen times at different venues for the promotion . The band played the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden and at the ECHO Awards 2017 with Kiiara . Acoustic performances of the lead single by Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda helped promote One More Light . A few of them included performances with Kiiara , Waxx , and Sofia Karlberg . The band were set to embark on a world tour in the promotion of the album , which began in South America in May 2017 .", "7": "The tour included stops at various festivals , including the Download Festival Paris , Aerodrome Festival , NovaRock , Impact Festival , I - Days Milano , Hellfest , Download Festival Madrid , Hurricane Festival , Southside Festival , Telekom VOLT Fesztivál , Bråvalla Festival , Rock Werchter , and many others . The tour visited 20 cities in the South America and Europe . The North American part of the tour was cancelled following Chester Bennington 's death on July 20 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 4.0 / 10 Metacritic 46 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Classic Rock Magazine Consequence of Sound D+ London Evening Standard Newsday B+ NME Rock Sound 6 / 10 At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has an average score of 46 out of 100 based on 7 reviews , which indicates `` mixed or average '' reviews . NME criticized the album 's quality , giving it a 2 / 10 score and concluding that `` It 's harsh to criticise a great band for trying something different , and it 's not an issue that this is a pop album . The issue is that it 's weak and contrived commercial move ( perhaps to compete with the likes of Twenty One Pilots ) . '' Neil Z . Yeung of AllMusic agreed , stating that `` The issue is n't that it 's a pop effort ; indeed , they get points for a brave attempt so outside of their wheelhouse . The problem is that much of One More Light is devoid of that visceral charge that previously defined much of their catalog ... there 's no feral screaming from Chester Bennington , there are barely any riffs , and DJ Hahn has disappeared beneath the textured studio sheen . '' Team Rock criticized the move away from rock music , stating that the album `` makes Ed Sheeran sound like Extreme Noise Terror ... With One More Light , Linkin Park have waved goodbye to rock . ''", "8": "Troy L. Smith at The Plain Dealer described `` Invisible '' and `` Nobody Can Save Me '' as `` well - rounded pop songs , '' but also noting `` That wo n't stop Linkin Park diehards from getting a sweet tooth from the whiny `` Halfway Right '' or the boring title track . Heck , even Skrillex - like EDM ca n't save `` Sorry for Now '' from corny territory . '' Consequence of Sound criticized the album for sounding like it was trying to `` chase the trend of pop - EDM in an attempt to capitalize on its ubiquity '' and sound `` as if they were selected by committee '' , leading the album to sound like `` a muddled mess of a record from a band that completely abandoned any sense of identity '' . Newsday gave the album a B+ and praised the band 's new direction , comparing it to the works of Coldplay and Owl City and concluding `` One More Light shows how well Linkin Park has absorbed the current pop scene and applied it to their own music to genuinely reflect who they are today , not who some fans want them to be . '' Band response ( edit ) The band , specifically frontman Chester Bennington , lashed out in response to the negative reception of One More Light 's material . As documented through Spin magazine , in an interview with Music Week , Bennington , at the accusations that the band had `` sold out '' , suggested that those people should `` stab ( themselves ) in the face '' and `` move the fuck on '' from the band 's past sound . Similarly , in a separate interview with Kerrang , Bennington , in response to claims of selling out with the album , said `` If you 're gon na be the person who says like ' they made a marketing decision to make this kind of record to make money ' you can fucking meet me outside and I will punch you in your fucking mouth . '' In the same interview , Mike Shinoda also rejected the claims that they had made the album `` for monetary reasons '' , responding ; `` that 's not how I operate . '' Bennington explained that the accusation of `` selling out '' angered him because he saw it as a personal attack , concluding that `` when you make it personal , like a personal attack against who we are as people , like , dude , shut up .", "9": "That means that I can actually have feelings about it and most of the time my feelings are ' I want to kill you . ' '' In response to the comments , Slipknot and Stone Sour frontman Corey Taylor stated that he understood Bennington 's frustrations , but advised him to `` be fortunate for what you have , be fortunate for that fact that people are still coming to see you to hear the music . Give it a little time , you have to give it a little time . '' Bennington later responded that he agreed with Taylor 's statements , saying : `` ... I agree with him . I do appreciate our fans ... I 'm human and sometimes take things too personally . Most of our fans have been very positive lately . Some ... not so much . Either way ... there is a lot of passion on both sides and I am grateful to all of our fans . Corey is a good dude and I appreciate him too ... Time to recalibrate my perspective . So I say to all of our fans ... Thank you and I love you all . Peace , love and happiness . '' Track listing ( edit ) One More Light No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Nobody Can Save Me '' Bradford Delson Jonathan Green Mike Shinoda Mike Shinoda Brad Delson Jon Green Andrew Bolooki 3 : 45 2 . `` Good Goodbye '' ( featuring Pusha T and Stormzy ) Delson Shinoda Jesse Shatkin Terrence Thornton Michael Omari Shinoda Delson Jesse Shatkin Bolooki 3 : 31 3 . `` Talking to Myself '' Ilsey Juber Delson Shinoda JR Rotem Shinoda Delson JR Rotem Bolooki Andrew Jackson 3 : 51 4 . `` Battle Symphony '' Delson Green Shinoda Shinoda Delson Bolooki 3 : 36 5 . `` Invisible '' Shinoda Justin Parker Shinoda Delson Shatkin Andrew Dawson RAC Emily Wright 3 : 34 6 .", "10": "`` Heavy '' ( featuring Kiiara ) Chester Bennington Shinoda Delson Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Shinoda Delson Bolooki Wright 2 : 49 7 . `` Sorry for Now '' Shinoda Shinoda Delson Matthew Tyler Musto Andrew Goldstein Michael Keenan Bolooki 3 : 23 8 . `` Halfway Right '' Bennington Shinoda Delson Ross Golan Shinoda Delson Keenan Alexander Spit Bolooki 3 : 37 9 . `` One More Light '' Shinoda Francis White Shinoda Delson Wright 4 : 15 10 . `` Sharp Edges '' Shinoda Delson Juber Shinoda Delson RAC Wright 2 : 58 Total length : 35 : 19 Notes Track listing and credits from streaming website Qobuz . signifies a co-producer signifies an additional producer signifies a vocal producer Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . Linkin Park Chester Bennington -- lead vocals , backing vocals on `` Invisible '' and `` Sorry for Now '' Rob Bourdon -- drums , backing vocals Brad Delson -- guitar , backing vocals , production Phoenix -- bass , backing vocals Joe Hahn -- programming , backing vocals , creative direction Mike Shinoda -- keyboard , backing vocals , programming ; rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' , lead vocals on `` Invisible '' and `` Sorry for Now '' , creative direction , engineering , photography , production Additional musicians Kiiara -- vocals on `` Heavy '' Pusha T -- rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' Stormzy -- rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' Ilsey Juber -- backing vocals on `` Talking to Myself '' and `` Sharp Edges '' Ross Golan -- backing vocals on `` Halfway Right '' Eg White -- guitar and piano on `` One More Light '' Jon Green -- additional guitar , backing vocals and bass on `` Nobody Can Save Me '' Jesse Shatkin -- additional keyboard and programming on `` Invisible '' Andrew Jackson -- additional guitar on `` Talking to Myself '' ,", "11": "additional production Technical Alejandro Baima -- engineering assistance Andrew Bolooki -- vocal production Andrew Dawson -- additional production Ryan DeMarti -- A&R coordination Lorenzo Errico -- photography Fraser T Smith -- vocal engineering Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- mixing engineering Jerry Johnson -- drum technician Tom Kahre -- vocal engineering Michael Keenan -- additional production Peter J. Lee -- art direction , creative direction , design , photography Frank Maddocks -- art direction , creative direction , design , photography Manny Marroquin -- mixing Ethan Mates -- engineering Dan McCarroll -- A&R Josh Newell -- engineering Alexander Spit -- additional production Peter Standish -- marketing Christian Tachiera -- photography Jonna Terrasi -- A&R Warren Willis -- studio assistance Emily Wright -- vocal production Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatian Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 6 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 5 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 6 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) 43 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 6 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 6 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) 18 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 8", "12": "Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 7 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 5 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 59 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 27 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 52 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 76 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 63 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 23 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 40 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 49 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 22 UK Albums ( OCC ) 95 US Billboard 200 90 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 100,000 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Gold 3,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Linkin Park have collaborated with Stormzy . NME. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Shanghai : Definitely Linkin Park ! China.org.cn . July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zayed Hassan Interview / Linkin Park Contest Winner Open Labs . August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin Garrix 's Rumored Collab With Mike Shinoda Gets Leaked Your EDM Jump up ^ 246 Jensen & Matty Soundcloud Jump up ^ Rocking on the brink of stardom Berksmont News Jump up ^ Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping - `` Things In My Jeep '' Linkin Park . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park - One OK Rock Facebook Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Interview ZSTG - IP February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike shinoda of linkin park interview with zane lowe beats 1 radio february 12 2017 AntiDiary February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Talks ' Heavy ' New Single & Hooking up With Kiiara Billboard . February 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Linkin Park 's Brad Delson talks One More Light : ' There really is a ton of guitar on this album ' MusicRadar . March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington LIVE on Facebook with 92.3 AMP 92.3 AMP Radio New York February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park - One More Light ( review ) '' . NME . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park goes ' Pop ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come back , nu - metal , all is forgiven : Linkin Park go soft '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ALBUM REVIEW ) LINKIN PARK -- One More Light -- HEAVY Music & Film Magazine '' . heavymag.com.au . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , One More Light Review '' .", "14": "www.theartsdesk.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Shinoda fala um pouco mais sobre o novo álbum a Revista Kerrang . Road To Revolution Brasil . December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Studio Update # 6 - Mike & Brad Podcast by LINKIN_PARK , Listen free on SoundCloud Soundcloud . July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Talk 2016 Album at Charity Poker Tournament : ' We Have a Mountain of Material ' Billboard. April 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Risks YouTube Jump up ^ Chester Charles Bennington Interview Live With Jonathan Clarke For Out of The Box Wn.com ^ Jump up to : Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Talks Pop Co-Writes Energy 103.7 Jump up ^ Jon Green - Profile Universal Music Publishing Group Jump up ^ Producer blackbear thinks `` One More Light '' is Linkin Park 's `` best album '' - Music News ABC News Radio . Jump up ^ Linkin Park -- Sorry for Now * Lyrics Genius Lyrics Jump up ^ Mike Shinoda : ' Heavy ' Single Is Core Sound Of New Linkin Park Album Blabbermouth February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Live with Linkin Park - iHeart Radio Canada Internet Archive Jump up ^ LPAssociation Interview - Mike Shinoda Discusses New Linkin Park Album ' One More Light ' LP Association . February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- One More Light Lyrics '' . Genius . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Just Give Me Everything '' Box Set `` . Warner Music . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vinyl + CD '' . Warner Music . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One More Light by LINKIN PARK on Apple Music '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shinoda Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Future Releases '' . All Access .", "15": "Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin . `` Linkin Park Share New ' Talking to Myself ' Video Just Before News of Chester Bennington 's Death '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LINKIN PARK GLOBAL AMBASSADORS Linkin Park . February 01 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LINKIN PARK To Release ' One More Light ' Album In May ; Listen To New Single ' Heavy ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Spahr Udo Lindenberg Wins Big , Beth Ditto , Rag'n'Bone Man Rock Germany 's Echo Awards Billboard April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heavy - WATCH : Linkin Park - Heavy feat Waxx SONiC 102.9 . March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Perform Acoustic Version Of `` Heavy '' With Sofia Karlberg , Reveal European / UK Tour Theprp.com. April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 2017 tour dates Music Festival Wizard Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Tickets , Tour Dates 2017 & Concerts Songkick Jump up ^ `` One More Light by Linkin Park reviews Any Decent Music '' . AnyDecentMusic ? . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews and Tracks for One More Light by Linkin Park '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park : One More Light . AllMusic Review by Neil Z . Yeung '' . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park - One More Light album review '' . Team Rock . ^ Jump up to : Hadusek , Jon ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park -- One More Light Album Reviews '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , One More Light review : ' Light blips and chipmunk vocal samples ' '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' One More Light ' review : Linkin Park goes pop '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park -- ' One More Light ' Review '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- ' One More Light ' '' . Rock Sound . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park tries fans ' patience on ' One More Light ' ( Review ) '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' One More Light ' review : Linkin Park goes pop '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Tells Unhappy Fans to `` Move the Fuck On '' From Hybrid Theory `` . SPIN . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington on fans calling sell - out : `` I will punch you in your f * cking mouth '' -- News -- Alternative Press `` . Altpress.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SPIN ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park Threaten Fans Who Call Them Sellouts '' . SPIN . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park Singer to Fans Crying ' Sellout ' : ' F - king Meet Me Outside ' -- Fuse '' . Fuse.tv . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Divita , Joe ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington Slams Those Who Feel Linkin Park Sold Out '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( May 12 , 2017 ) .", "17": "`` Slipknot 's Corey Taylor responds to Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington 's ' Hybrid Theory ' comments : ' Be grateful ' '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington apologises for recent fan comments '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One More Light '' . qubuz.com . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halfway Right '' . Repertoire.bmi.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One More Light - Linkin Park -- Download and listen to the album Qobuz Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One More Light ( album liner notes ) . Linkin Park . Warner Bros. Records ; Machine Shop Recordings. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP STRANIH - TJEDAN 22 .", "18": "2017 '' ( in Croatian ) . www.hdu-toplista.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201721 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park : One More Light '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Week : 30 / 2017 '' . IFPI Greece . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2017 . 21 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Linkin Park '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` リンキン・パークのワン・モア・ライトランキング '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . May 29 , 2017 .", "19": "Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 19 de Mayo al 25 de Mayo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Top Rock Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Album - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at .", "20": "Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten Albums 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels Albums 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Album combined '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Linkin Park ; ' One More Light ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adatbázis -- Arany - és platinalemezek -- 2017 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana .", "21": "Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Enter One More Light in the search field and then press Enter . ( hide ) Linkin Park Rob Bourdon Brad Delson Dave Farrell Joe Hahn Mike Shinoda Chester Bennington Mark Wakefield Kyle Christner Discography Songs Members Awards and nominations Studio albums Hybrid Theory Meteora Minutes to Midnight A Thousand Suns Living Things The Hunting Party One More Light Remix albums Reanimation Recharged Live albums Live in Texas Road to Revolution : Live at Milton Keynes One More Light Live Compilations A Decade Underground Studio Collection 2000 -- 2012 EPs Hybrid Theory EP Collision Course Songs from the Underground Video albums Frat Party at the Pankake Festival The Making of Meteora Breaking the Habit The Making of Minutes to Midnight The Meeting of a Thousand Suns Soundtracks 8 - Bit Rebellion ! Mall Tours Hybrid Theory World Tour Projekt Revolution LP Underground Tour Minutes to Midnight World Tour International Tour A Thousand Suns World Tour 11th Annual Honda Civic Tour Living Things World Tour Carnivores Tour The Hunting Party Tour One More Light World Tour Related articles Machine Shop Records Machine Shop co . Download to Donate Music for Relief 8 - Bit Rebellion ! 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-9039792036843684255	what territory is spain and the united kingdom in a dispute over	[ "Gibraltar", "Gibraltar", "Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula", "Gibraltar", "Gibraltar" ]	{ "0": "Disputed status of Gibraltar - wikipedia Disputed status of Gibraltar Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article 's introduction is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gibraltar This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Gibraltar Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Gibraltar Constitution Order 1950 Constitution Order 1964 Constitution Order 1969 Constitution Order 2006 The Crown ( show ) Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Governor Ed Davis Government ( show ) Chief Minister Fabian Picardo Council of Ministers Legislature ( show ) Parliament Speaker Adolfo J. Canepa Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition Judiciary ( show ) Judiciary of Gibraltar Law of Gibraltar Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Politicians Last election Next election Other ( show ) Disputed status of Gibraltar Sovereignty referendum , 1967 Sovereignty referendum , 2002 Gibraltar and Brexit Disputed status of the isthmus History of nationality Gibraltar passport Gibraltar identity card Political development in modern Gibraltar Other countries Atlas Gibraltar , a British Overseas Territory , located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula , is the subject of an irredentist territorial claim by Spain . It was captured in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1714 ) . The Spanish Crown formally ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown in 1713 , under Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht . Spain later attempted to recapture the territory during the thirteenth siege ( 1727 ) and the Great siege ( 1779 -- 1783 ) .", "1": "British sovereignty over Gibraltar was confirmed in later treaties signed in Seville ( 1729 ) and the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Reclamation of the territory became government policy under the regime of the dictator General Franco and has remained in place under successive governments following the Spanish transition to democracy . The Gibraltarians themselves reject any such claim and no political party or pressure group in Gibraltar supports union with Spain . In a referendum in 2002 the people of Gibraltar rejected a joint sovereignty proposal on which Spain and the United Kingdom were said to have reached `` broad agreement '' . The British Government has stated that it would `` never ... enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people '' . The British Government now refuses to discuss sovereignty without the consent of the Gibraltarians . In 2000 , a political declaration of unity was signed by the members of the Gibraltar Parliament ; it stated `` In essence the declaration stated that the people of Gibraltar will never compromise , give up or trade their sovereignty or their right to self - determination ; that Gibraltar wants good , neighbourly , European relations with Spain ; and that Gibraltar belongs to the people of Gibraltar and is neither Spain 's to claim or Britain 's to give away . '' Spain insists on a bilateral agreement with the UK over sovereignty , whereas the UK will only discuss sovereignty if Gibraltar is included in the discussions . The United Nations understanding of the positions of each party is set out in their 2016 report . The UN considers Gibraltar a Non-Self - Governing Territory .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Capture of Gibraltar and the Treaty of Utrecht 2 Differing positions 2.1 Spanish position 2.2 British position 2.3 Gibraltarian position 3 Resolution discussions 4 Gibraltar political development 5 Areas of contention 5.1 The isthmus 5.2 Territorial waters 5.3 Economy 5.4 Military importance 6 Re-emergence of dispute 6.1 1953 : Rekindling the dispute 6.2 1967 and 2002 referendums 6.3 Spanish restrictions 6.4 Disputes prior to Brexit 6.5 The effect of Brexit 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Sources 8.3 Further reading Capture of Gibraltar and the Treaty of Utrecht ( edit ) Main articles : Capture of Gibraltar and Treaty of Utrecht Statue of Admiral Sir George Rooke at Waterport Avenue in Gibraltar Gibraltar was captured in 1704 by a force led by Admiral Sir George Rooke representing the Grand Alliance on behalf of the Archduke Charles , pretender to the Spanish Throne . After the battle , almost all the original inhabitants decided to leave to the surrounding areas of Campo de Gibraltar . Spanish attempts to regain the territory in the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar failed , and it was eventually ceded to the Kingdom of Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht as part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession . In that treaty , Spain ceded to Great Britain `` the full and entire propriety of the town and castle of Gibraltar , together with the port , fortifications , and forts thereunto belonging ... for ever , without any exception or impediment whatsoever . '' Should the British Crown ever wish to relinquish Gibraltar , a reversion clause holds that the territory would first be offered to Spain , `` And in case it shall hereafter seem meet to the Crown of Great Britain to grant , sell or by any means to alienate therefrom the propriety of the said town of Gibraltar , it is hereby agreed and concluded that the preference of having the sale shall always be given to the Crown of Spain before any others . ''", "3": "Furthermore , the Treaty stipulates `` that the above - named propriety be yielded to Great Britain without any territorial jurisdiction , and without any open communication by land with the country round about '' ( although there is dispute over whether this disclaims territorial jurisdiction over Gibraltar , or over the `` country round about '' ) and that no overland trade between Gibraltar and Spain is to take place , except for emergency provisions in the case that Gibraltar is unable to be resupplied by sea . The British Government and the Government of Gibraltar today argue that the membership of both Gibraltar and Spain in the European Union ( EU ) -- Gibraltar was included as a Special member state territory when the United Kingdom joined the EU in 1973 ; Spain joined the EU in 1986 -- supersedes such restrictions as the EU is committed to free movement of goods and services . Differing positions ( edit ) The United Nations February 2016 report sets out the differing points of view of the various parties with regard to Gibraltar which the United Nations considers to be a Non-Self - Governing Territory administered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Gibraltar was given the Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006 by Britain which established a form of government whereby the Governor of Gibraltar is responsible for the conduct of external affairs , defence , internal security and for certain appointments to public office , and the Government of Gibraltar is made responsible for all other matters . The UK believes that as an independent territory , recognised by the United Nations Gibraltar enjoys the individual and collective rights that are set out in the 2006 constitution and the right of self - determination . Spain disputes the legality of the constitution and claims that it does not change the position of Gibraltar as a colony of the UK with only the UK empowered to discuss Gibraltar matters on the international scene . The territorial government of Gibraltar , based on law in the 2006 constitution , collects its own taxes and budgets its costs and capital expenditure , with maximum personal tax rates of 28 % and company tax of 10 % . Spain notes that the European Commission is investigating the tax regime of Gibraltar and that Spain considers Gibraltar a tax haven . The UK believes Gibraltar meets all EU laws regarding the issues of anti money laundering , direct taxation and financial supervision . Gibraltar has a robust financial regulation system with anti tax evasion agreements on exchange of tax information with 79 countries including all the EU nations except Spain who have not responded .", "4": "The UK asked for Gibraltar to be subject to an EU evaluation of anti money laundering issues . Spain recalls that crimes of tobacco smuggling and money - laundering from Gibraltar had been noted in an EU anti fraud report in 2014 . Crossing the land border between Gibraltar and Spain is subject to checks . Spain stresses that checks are not politically motivated , it being necessary to ensure strict compliance with EU border regulations to counter the common illicit trafficking issues and that Spain complies with the recommendations from the EU to improve the border crossing . The location of the checkpoint does not conform to the border recognised by Spain . The airport is a military area where civilian aircraft are permitted to operate . Spain claims the airfield is occupied illegally by the UK . The UK claims its sovereignty extends over the isthmus area on which the airfield is built . The UK also claims a three - mile limit in the territorial waters around Gibraltar whereas Spain claims maritime rights to all areas except inside the ports on Gibraltar . UK claimed incursions of Spanish vessels into Gibraltar territorial waters being considered by Spain to be routine activity of Spanish ships in their own waters . In 2004 a system of trilateral discussion began with Spain , the UK and Gibraltar participating . The discussions ended in 2010 with the UK and Gibraltar asking for their continuance from 2012 to 2014 . Spain stating they believed the forum no longer existed and that only ad hoc discussions on local issues should take place with Campo de Gibraltar also included . In 2015 the UK reaffirmed its claim to sovereignty , that Gibraltar had its right to self - determination set out in the 2006 constitution and that the UK would not enter into any sovereignty discussions unless Gibraltar agreed and further that the UK was committed to safeguarding Gibraltar , its people and its economy . The UK claimed sovereignty over land extended over the sea to a limit of three miles or to the median line under the UN convention on the Law of the Sea . Any discussion must include Gibraltar as their constitution gave them sole powers over many issues . Gibraltar claimed it remained the last colony in Europe only because the Government of Spain insisted the inalienable principle of self - determination should not apply to Gibraltarians with Spain blocking the annual request for Gibraltar to be removed from the UN list of Non-Self - Governing Territories . The Gibraltarian government asserts that Gibraltar has been effectively decolonised .", "5": "Spain claiming that the UK was refusing to negotiate on sovereignty . That the land occupied by the UK was greater than that ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht and that it was the restoration of Spanish territorial integrity that was the key , not self - determination . The 2006 constitution had not changed the international status of Gibraltar with the local authorities having no right to interfere in the negotiations about the illegal occupation of Spanish territory . Spain would not agree to any situation that was detrimental to people in the area or to the finances of Spain or the EU . The border checks were EU regulated and designed to stop illegal trafficking of tobacco that was costing the region tax revenue . Spain was happy to discuss sovereignty issues with the UK and for four way ad hoc discussion on local issues . Spanish position ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The traditional Spanish position is based on territorial integrity , as per UN Resolution 1514 ( XV ) ( 1960 ) , which according to Spain complements and constrains the right to self - determination : `` Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations . '' During the 1960s , the UN General Assembly passed five resolutions on the issue ( 2231 ( XXI ) , `` Question of Gibraltar '' and 2353 ( XXII ) , `` Question of Gibraltar '' ) . The resolutions on the decolonisation of Gibraltar focused on the `` interests '' and not the `` wishes '' of the Gibraltarians .", "6": "The latter resolution states that : any colonial situation which partially or completely destroys the national unity and territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and especially with paragraph 6 of Resolution 1514 ( XV ) of the General Assembly ( ... ) Invites the Governments of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to resume without delay the negotiations provided for in General Assembly Resolutions 2070 ( XX ) and 2231 ( XXI ) , with a view to putting an end to the colonial situation in Gibraltar and to safeguarding the interests of the population . From such a point of view , Gibraltarians are seen as mere `` settlers '' from the United Kingdom and other countries and only their interests , not their wishes ( as the right to self - determination would involve ) , need be safeguarded . The point of view that they were settlers is supported by the fact that following the 1704 capture of Gibraltar by Anglo - Dutch troops , only around 70 out of the original 5,000 Spanish inhabitants chose to remain in Gibraltar . Therefore , Spain has insisted that the Gibraltar dispute is a purely bilateral matter with the United Kingdom and has ignored the role and will of the Gibraltarians . The first formal proposal on how to achieve the return of Gibraltar to Spain was made on 18 May 1966 by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs , Fernando Castiella . The proposal comprised three clauses : `` The cancellation of the Treaty of Utrecht and the subsequent return of Gibraltar to Spain . '' `` The stay of the British base in Gibraltar , its use being subject to a specific Anglo - Spanish agreement . '' `` A ' Personal Statute ' for Gibraltarians , under United Nations guarantee , protecting their cultural , social and economic interest in Gibraltar or anywhere else in Spain , including their British nationality . An ' appropriate ... administrative formula ' should be also agreed . '' The proposal was rejected by the British Government and by the Gibraltarians , which overwhelmingly voted to remain under British sovereignty in a referendum held in 1967 ( 12,138 to 44 ) . As a result , the UN General Assembly adopted during its twenty - third session resolution 2429 of 1968 ( XXIII ) denounced the 1967 referendum and requested the United Kingdom not delay negotiations .", "7": "No further advance for the Spanish claims was achieved for the following forty years . In view of that , the Spanish position seems to have softened , being redirected towards some form of temporary or permanent arrangement to achieve joint sovereignty , which has been proposed by Spain and discussed with the British Government . Such a proposal was tabled by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs , Fernando Morán , in 1985 . The details of the proposal were not made public , but information released showed an offer on a treaty with the United Kingdom in order to `` re-integrate '' Gibraltar with Spain , while preserving Gibraltarians ' way of life . They would keep their British nationality , as well as their existing political and labour rights , self - government and institutions . Morán proposed that a condominium or leaseback arrangement should be agreed , over a 15 or 20 - year period . This proposal was not formally rejected by Douglas Hurd , the British Foreign Secretary , until 1993 . In 1997 a second proposal was made by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs , Abel Matutes , foreseeing a hundred - year period of joint sovereignty before a definite transfer to Spain . A similar scheme was provisionally agreed between the Spanish and British governments in the spring of 2002 , but this was eventually abandoned , after sustained opposition by the Gibraltarians that included the Gibraltar sovereignty referendum of 2002 . British position ( edit ) In his evidence to the UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee in 2008 , Jim Murphy MP , Minister of State for Europe stated : The UK Government will never enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people . In fact , we will never even enter into a process without that agreement . The word ' never ' sends a substantial and clear commitment and has been used for a purpose . We have delivered that message with confidence to the peoples and the Governments of Gibraltar and Spain . It is a sign of the maturity of our relationship now that that is accepted as the UK 's position . The British Government has ruled out both the independence of Gibraltar where it refers to the Treaty of Utrecht as , according to the British view , it would require Spanish consent and Gibraltar 's integration into the United Kingdom .", "8": "I will note that , in the view of Her Majesty 's Government , Gibraltar 's right of self determination is not constrained by the Treaty of Utrecht except in so far as Article X gives Spain the right of refusal should Britain ever renounce Sovereignty . Thus independence would only be an option with Spanish consent . The option of integration was rejected on 26 June 1976 , when the British Government issued the Hattersley Memorandum ruling out integration in order to `` avoid innovations which might result in prolongation of the frontier restrictions imposed by Spain . '' Gibraltarian position ( edit ) Gibraltar argues that the Spanish claims are baseless , pointing to the right to self - determination of all peoples , guaranteed and enshrined by the UN , according to the UN Charter . Its article 1 states that `` The Purposes of the United Nations are ... to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self - determination of peoples . '' To the same section 2 of Resolution 1514 ( XV ) states : `` All peoples have the right to self - determination ; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic , social and cultural development . '' Furthermore , resolution 2231 ( XXI ) itself recalls and demands implementation of Resolution 1514 ( XV ) ( guaranteeing Gibraltar 's right to self - determination ) and therefore it believes that the Spanish claim for its territorial integrity ( which would not be affected by Gibraltar 's decolonisation ) can not displace or extinguish the rights of the people of Gibraltar under resolution 1514 ( XV ) or under the Charter . From this point of view , any additional right that Spain could claim by virtue of the `` reversionary '' clause contained in the Treaty of Utrecht is overruled and annulled under article 103 of the UN Charter : `` In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement , their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail . '' Gibraltar National Day , 2013 Finally , it is argued that there is in fact no principle in International Law or UN doctrine that can displace the inalienable right to self - determination .", "9": "In this regard , in 2008 , the UN 4th Committee rejected the claim that a dispute over sovereignty affected self - determination , affirming it to be a basic human right . The Gibraltar Government has also argued that Gibraltar is a British territory and therefore by definition not an integral part of any other state , implying that Spain 's territorial integrity can not be affected by anything that occurs in Gibraltar : `` Even if integration of a territory was demanded by an interested State it could not be had without ascertaining the freely expressed will of the people , the very sine qua non of all decolonisation . '' In a referendum held in Gibraltar in September 2002 , Gibraltarian voters rejected even partial Spanish sovereignty . Speaking to the UK Parliament Foreign Affairs committee in March 2008 Peter Caruana the Chief Minister of Gibraltar noted : Spain does not dispute that Gibraltar is properly , in law , British territory . Therefore , this is not disputed land . She has a political claim to the return of Gibraltar sovereignty , but she does not dispute the fact that in proper international law , she ceded sovereignty to Britain in perpetuity and therefore it is undisputed British sovereign territory . Gibraltarians seem to remain mistrustful of Spain despite improved relations . Resolution discussions ( edit ) Spain insisted that the Gibraltar dispute is a bilateral matter purely between the United Kingdom and Spain . This principle appears to have been reflected in the United Nations resolutions on the decolonisation of Gibraltar in the 1960s , which focused on the `` interests '' of the Gibraltarians . Speaking to the UN C24 in 2006 , the Chief Minister of Gibraltar , Peter Caruana , stated that `` It is well known and documented and accepted by all that , since 1988 , Gibraltar has rejected the bilateral Brussels Process , and will never be content with it . '' With the 2004 return of a centre - left wing government in Spain , a new Spanish position was adopted and , in December 2005 , the governments of the UK , Spain and Gibraltar agreed to set up `` a new , trilateral process of dialogue outside the Brussels Process '' with equal participation by the three parties , any decisions or agreements to be agreed by all three . This was ratified by the 2006 Cordoba Agreement .", "10": "After meetings in Malaga ( Spain ) , Faro ( Portugal ) , and Mallorca ( Spain ) , the Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos went to Gibraltar in July 2009 to discuss a range of mutual issues . This was the first official Spanish visit since Gibraltar was ceded . The issue of sovereignty was not discussed . From 2010 Spain has claimed that the trilateral dialogue is finished and reverted to the original call for a bilateral agreement with the UK with four way ad hoc meetings which would include Campo de Gibraltar . Gibraltar political Development ( edit ) The Gibraltarians have sought a more modern status and relationship with the United Kingdom reflecting and expanding the present level of self - government . A new constitution order was approved in a referendum in 2006 , which moved Gibraltar to a more Crown dependency - like relationship with the UK , rather than the previous colonial status . The new constitution came into effect in January 2007 . Gibraltar is classified as a British overseas territory . In a letter to the UN the British representative , Emyr Jones Parry , writes : `` The new constitution provides for a modern relationship between Gibraltar and the United Kingdom . I do not think that this description would apply to any relationship based on colonialism . '' Chief Minister Peter Caruana addressed the UN Special Committee on Decolonization regarding the new constitution in 2008 . He put forth Gibraltar Government 's view that `` As far as we are concerned , the decolonisation of Gibraltar is no longer a pending issue . '' Parallel with this , the Government of Gibraltar has engaged in talks with Spain to resolve other disputes , setting aside the issue of sovereignty . Areas of Contention ( edit ) The isthmus ( edit ) Main article : Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain The territory of Gibraltar contains an 800 - metre ( 2,625 ft ) section of the isthmus that links the Rock with Spain . Although it is argued by Spain that this section of the isthmus was never ceded by Spain ; rather , it was gradually occupied de facto by the British , this section of the isthmus together with the other half of it north of the Gibraltar - Spain border was once labelled as neutral territory separating Spain from Gibraltar .", "11": "The growth of Gibraltar onto the southern half of the isthmus began with the construction of two forts in the northernmost part of the ceded territory . In 1815 , Gibraltar suffered a yellow fever epidemic . This led to a Spanish concession so a temporary quarantine health camp could be built on the isthmus . After the plague was over , the British did not remove the camp . In 1854 , a new epidemic prompted more health camps , which eventually gained Gibraltar these extra 800 metres of land . The occupation of the isthmus culminated in 1938 with the construction of the aerodrome during the Spanish civil war . The Treaty of Utrecht did not mention British sovereignty over Gibraltar beyond the fortified perimeter of the town as it was in 1713 . However the Treaty ceded the town `` together with the port , fortifications , and forts thereunto belonging '' , which included several forts along the line of the current frontier . The United Kingdom further claims title to the southern half of the isthmus based on continuous possession over a long period . The northern half of the neutral territory was also taken over by Spain in the 1960s , during dictator Francisco Franco 's regime , and now forms an integral part of the Spanish municipality of La Línea de la Concepción . Territorial waters ( edit ) The treaty of Utrecht did not confer any territorial waters because Spain exclusively yielded the castle and the city of Gibraltar . Both the United Kingdom and Spain have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 , which governs countries ' oceanic territorial claims . Both countries made statements regarding Gibraltar in their declarations upon ratification of the Convention . The Spanish statement was : 2 . In ratifying the Convention , Spain wishes to make it known that this act can not be construed as recognition of any rights or status regarding the maritime space of Gibraltar that are not included in article 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht of 13 July 1713 concluded between the Crowns of Spain and Great Britain . Furthermore , Spain does not consider that Resolution III of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea is applicable to the colony of Gibraltar , which is subject to a process of decolonization in which only relevant resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly are applicable .", "12": "The British government responded to the Spanish statement in their own statement : With regard to point 2 of the declaration made upon ratification of the Convention by the Government of Spain , the Government of the United Kingdom has no doubt about the sovereignty of the United Kingdom over Gibraltar , including its territorial waters . The Government of the United Kingdom , as the administering authority of Gibraltar , has extended the United Kingdom 's accession to the Convention and ratification of the Agreement to Gibraltar . The Government of the United Kingdom , therefore , rejects as unfounded point 2 of the Spanish declaration . However , Articles 309 and 310 of the Convention state that `` No reservations or exceptions may be made to this Convention unless expressly permitted by other articles of this Convention '' , and that if a signatory state makes a declaration upon ratification , that declaration must `` not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Convention in their application '' to that state . The dispute over territorial waters , which was rekindled in 2013 following a fishing dispute seems likely to become more important with the discovery of a British treasure ship , HMS Sussex , and the Black Swan Project controversy . Questions about the waters have previously been asked in the House of Commons , and answered as follows : Under international law , States are entitled , but not required , to extend their territorial sea up to a maximum breadth of 12 nautical miles . Where the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent , the general rule is that neither is entitled , unless they agree otherwise , to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line . The UK Government considers that a limit of three nautical miles is sufficient in the case of Gibraltar . The Government of Gibraltar for its part holds that there is no economic or social need for more than three nautical miles of territorial water . At the end of 2008 , the European Commission included most of the territorial waters that surround Gibraltar under a marine conservation area known as the `` Estrecho Oriental '' that will be maintained by Spain . The UK initiated legal proceedings with the support of Gibraltar , which were initially rejected by the General Court on procedural grounds . A 2011 appeal was dismissed , again on procedural grounds . The European Court of Justice had again ruled against that appeal in 2012 . There have been disputes concerning Spanish patrol boats inside these claimed territorial waters .", "13": "In May 2009 there was a number of Spanish incursions into British - claimed waters around Gibraltar , including by a Spanish Navy fisheries protection vessel , leading to intervention by police and a diplomatic protest by the UK . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Gibraltar The Spanish government argues that Gibraltar 's tax schemes harm the Spanish economy . In January 2005 , the European Commissioner for Competition requested the UK ( responsible for Gibraltar 's external relations ) to abolish Gibraltar 's tax - exempt company regime by the end of 2010 ( at the latest ) on the basis that it constitutes illegal state aid that could distort competition . Unlike other tax havens like Andorra , Gibraltar has not signed a mutual agreement with Spain to exchange fiscal information , although such an agreement has been offered by the Gibraltar Government , but Spain has declined to accept it because does not consider Gibraltar as its diplomatic counterpart . Another concern is that each day thousands of Spaniards buy goods at cheaper prices in Gibraltar due to exchange rates and lack of VAT , contributing to the Gibraltar economy instead of that of Spain . The Spanish government wants to increase the exchange of fiscal information in order to prevent Gibraltar banks being used for tax evasion and money laundering . The United Kingdom House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee has directed an inquiry that determined that Gibraltar has always complied with all international and EU requirements to prevent such activity . We conclude that the series of allegations which Spain makes against Gibraltar appear almost wholly to be without substance . In many cases , it is not just the Government of Gibraltar but the British Government as well which is traduced . It is deeply regrettable that allegations are made that can not be sustained by a basis in fact . If concrete evidence of wrong - doing were produced , the British Government should act promptly to deal with the problem . But so long as allegations are unsubstantiated , the British Government should continue to rebut them promptly and decisively . Referred to as an `` international financial centre '' , Gibraltar was among 35 jurisdictions identified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) as a tax haven in June 2000 . As a result of having made a commitment in accordance with the OECD 's 2001 Progress Report on the OECD 's Project on Harmful Tax Practices , Gibraltar was not included in the OECD 's list of uncooperative tax havens .", "14": "However , in its April 2009 progress report , the OECD listed Gibraltar in the list of jurisdictions that , although committed , had not `` substantially implemented '' yet the internationally agreed tax standard . Following Gibraltar 's signing of 12 additional Tax Information Exchange Agreements ( TIEAs ) , as of October 2009 , with jurisdictions including the UK , USA and Germany , Gibraltar was listed in the OECD `` white list '' . It is currently listed as `` largely compliant '' by the OECD 's Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes . Along with the Isle of Man and Cyprus , Gibraltar has been used as an international finance centre by the Russian conglomerate Yukos / Menatep . There have been claims that some Gibraltarian motorboats are engaging in drugs and tobacco smuggling . However , since 1996 there has been a law in Gibraltar controlling fast launches licensing their ownership and importation and prohibiting the entry of unlicensed craft into Gibraltar waters . In 2014 , inspectors from the EU 's fraud office OLAF wrote to the Spanish governments urging an investigation of tobacco smuggling , amid revelations that Gibraltar , with a population of less than 30,000 , imported 117 million packets of cigarettes in 2013 . In 2015 , Spanish authorities broke up a major tobacco smuggling operation , seizing 65,000 packs of cigarettes , five boats , two firearms , communications equipment and € 100,000 cash . Authorities estimated the group was smuggling 150,000 packs of contraband tobacco into Spain every week . Military importance ( edit ) Military control of the Strait of Gibraltar has historically been the most important use of Gibraltar , allowing Britain to defend its trade lanes to the East . The British admiral Lord Fisher stated that Gibraltar was one of the five keys that locked the world , together with Dover , Alexandria , Cape of Good Hope and Singapore , all of which were once controlled by Britain . Its military relevance has reduced with the construction in 1953 of the US Naval Station Rota ( the biggest Allied base in the area ) and with the end of the Cold War , but it is still an important position as more than one quarter of the global maritime traffic transits through the strait every year . Controlling the strait is of vital importance to NATO .", "15": "The task of controlling the strait has been traditionally assigned by NATO to the UK , but the recent advances that Spain has made in its armed forces and the bases Spain has in the zone have made NATO reconsider this . However , the tense relations that Spain had with the American administration under George W. Bush and the special friendship of the US with the UK have caused NATO to take a more favourable position towards the UK and Morocco for control of the strait . Re-emergence of dispute ( edit ) 1953 : rekindling the dispute ( edit ) In May 1954 , despite objections by Spain , Queen Elizabeth II visited Gibraltar . Spanish dictator Francisco Franco had renewed claims to The Rock . British National Archives files from 1953 show that Franco claimed that Spain had been promised The Rock in return for not attacking the territory during the Second World War . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office conducted a full review of their files to see whether Franco 's claim had any foundation . A confidential memo called the Spanish communiqué `` a flimsy and unconvincing document '' , and the Government put an end to the dispute by refusing to comment on the claims . 1967 and 2002 referendums ( edit ) In a 1967 referendum on sovereignty organised by the British Government , 99.6 % of voters voted to remain under British sovereignty . In a second referendum on sovereignty held in November 2002 by the Government of Gibraltar , 187 voted yes ( 1 % ) and 17,900 voted no ( 99 % ) on the proposal of sharing sovereignty with Spain . The question put was : 25,000 Gibraltarians demonstrate against joint sovereignty proposals on 18 March 2002 On the 12 July 2002 the Foreign Secretary , Jack Straw , in a formal statement in the House of Commons , said that after twelve months of negotiation the British Government and Spain are in broad agreement on many of the principles that should underpin a lasting settlement of Spain 's sovereignty claim , which included the principle that Britain and Spain should share sovereignty over Gibraltar . Do you approve of the principle that Britain and Spain should share sovereignty over Gibraltar ? Spanish reaction varied from questioning the validity of the process , to observing that no Spanish government has done enough to make joint sovereignty or integration with Spain an attractive prospect .", "16": "It is reported that Spanish `` secret funds '' were used to create a favourable opinion in Gibraltar to the Spanish sovereignty claim . How the money was spent remains uncertain . Spanish restrictions ( edit ) The closed Spanish gate at the border between Gibraltar and Spain , 1977 After the Spanish constitution , Spain was still reluctant to re-open the border because of the consequences it might have . However the border was re-opened in 1984 , allowing free access between both sides , although Spain did not open ferry services until later . Further problems have been encountered regarding the airport , as it is placed on disputed neutral land . Under the Lisbon Agreement of 1980 : Both Governments have reached agreement on the re-establishment of direct communications in the region . The Spanish Government has decided to suspend the application of the measures at present in force . This was to include reinstatement of a ferry service between Gibraltar and Algeciras . This was finally reinstated after 40 years , on 16 December 2009 , operated by the Spanish company Transcoma . At the end of 2006 , the restrictions on the airport were removed as a result of the Córdoba Agreement ( 2006 ) and direct flights from Madrid by Iberia started operation . However , On 22 September 2008 , Iberia announced that it would cease its flights to Madrid by 28 September due to `` economic reasons '' , namely , lack of demand . This left Gibraltar without any air links with Spain , until May 2009 when Air Andalus opened a service . Air communications with Spain ceased again in August 2010 , when Air Andalus lost its licence . Spain demonstrated opposition to Gibraltar 's membership of Union of European Football Associations . Disputes prior to Brexit ( edit ) 2000 -- An issue of contention was the repair of the nuclear powered submarine , HMS Tireless . The Government of Spain expressed its concern about the effective safety for the inhabitants of Gibraltar and those living in the Campo de Gibraltar the adjacent area in Spain , some 250,000 people . The inhabitants of the area saw this repair as a precedent of future repair operations in Gibraltar rather than the one - off emergency the British Government has claimed ( no other nuclear submarine has been repaired in Gibraltar since ) .", "17": "On the other hand , the Government of Gibraltar accused Spain of using this incident as an excuse to justify its 300 - year - old sovereignty claim to Gibraltar . Despite many protests , the Government of Gibraltar allowed the work to be done after employing its own experts to confirm it could be undertaken safely . The submarine was in Gibraltar for a year before leaving , during which the repair was completed without incident . Subsequently , Spanish politicians have complained about every nuclear submarine visit to Gibraltar , and have tried unsuccessfully to get a reassurance that this would totally stop . There have been no further protests against nuclear submarines in Gibraltar . Commenting , the Government of Gibraltar said : `` Nuclear submarine visits to Gibraltar are a matter for UK and Gibraltar . Visits for operational or recreational purposes are welcome by the Gibraltar Government ... To our knowledge , it is not the position of the present Spanish Government or any previous Spanish Government , that it is opposed to visits by nuclear submarines . '' 2002 -- In the months that predated the referendum called by the Gibraltar government on the joint sovereignty agreement disagreements could be categorised as : Control of the military installations . Spain wished to control the military installations of the territory , even in the event of joint sovereignty . This pretension was considered unacceptable by the British Ministry of Defence . The referendum itself . Both the Spanish and British governments stated that the referendum had no legal effect , but it clearly indicated the democratically expressed will of the people of Gibraltar to `` not be Spanish '' . As the British Government is committed to respect those wishes , the idea of a joint sovereignty deal has been abandoned . 2004 -- A visit by The Princess Royal in June 2004 , the brief return of HMS Tireless in July 2004 , together with the Tercentenary Celebrations of the capture of The Rock were subjects of complaint by the Spanish Government . A new round of talks on a tri-lateral basis were proposed in October 2004 to discuss regional co-operation . In February 2005 the first talks took place at a meeting held in Málaga and subsequently in Portugal and London . This is the first sign of formal recognition of the Government of Gibraltar , and has been generally welcomed . The main issues of the talks have been a new agreement on the airport , the pensions of the Spanish workers that worked in Gibraltar during the sixties , and the removal of Spanish restrictions on telecommunications .", "18": "2006 -- Those issues were successfully resolved in September 2006 in the Córdoba Agreement . The process continues . 2007 -- A bulk carrier , the MV New Flame , ran aground south of Europa Point in Gibraltar and broke up on the reef in August 2007 , generating accusations of pollution in Spain and claims not only against the Government of Gibraltar but also against that of Spain . Its cargo was scrap metal and the vessel 's fuel was promptly drained . The Government of Gibraltar claimed in December 2007 that the operation did not represent a material risk to the environment since the vessel had been defuelled and only small , remnant amounts of fuel remained in the engines themselves . The Spanish branch of Greenpeace claimed that , as late as February 2008 , fuel spills from the New Flame had polluted Spanish beaches around the Bay of Gibraltar . Official Spanish sources played this down stating that the fuel reaching the beaches of Algeciras was in `` insignificant amounts '' . 2009 -- The dispute over British - claimed territorial waters gained prominence with deliberate incursions by Spain , triggering angry headlines in the UK tabloid press . In December 2009 , four armed Civil Guard officers were detained after three landed in Gibraltar in pursuit of two suspected smugglers , who were themselves arrested . The Spanish Interior Minister Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba personally telephoned Chief Minister Peter Caruana to apologise , stating that there were `` no political intentions '' behind the incident . The Chief Minister was prepared to accept it had not been a political act . The Spanish officers were released by the police the following day , who said that `` Enquiries established that the Guardia Civil mistakenly entered Gibraltar Territorial Waters in hot pursuit and have since apologised for their actions . '' 2012 -- Queen Sofía of Spain cancelled plans to travel to the United Kingdom to participate in the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II . The cancellation was a protest in response to a planned visit to Gibraltar by Prince Edward . The Spanish government also lodged a protest to the planned visit by Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex . Relations between Britain and Spain reportedly `` returned to a state of growing confrontation '' following the election of Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy of the Spanish People 's Party in December 2011 .", "19": "Plans for a 100 - boat flotilla to sail around the peninsula to mark the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee were adopted in Gibraltar as `` a show of defiance against Spain . '' Additional protests followed in August 2012 after Gibraltar abrogated an accord that allowed Spanish fishing boats to operate in its waters . 2013 -- Disagreements between Spain and the United Kingdom Government re-surfaced in July 2013 , initially after the Gibraltar Government placed a number of concrete blocks in the sea off the coast of Gibraltar , intending to form an artificial reef . The Spanish Government protested however stating that it had a negative impact on fishing in the area , restricting access for Spanish fishing vessels . At the end of July the Spanish Government introduced extra border checks for people going in and out of the territory into Spain . The British Government protested as the checks were causing major delays of up to seven hours while people waited to cross the border , and on 2 August the Spanish Ambassador was summoned to the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London to discuss these developments . On 2 August 2013 , Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel Garcia - Margallo gave an interview to ABC newspaper in Spain . He announced possible plans to introduce a 50 euro border crossing fee for people going to and from Gibraltar , in response to the creation of the artificial Reef . Plans to close Spanish airspace to Gibraltar bound flights were also reported , as were plans for an investigation by Spanish tax authorities into property owned by around 6,000 Gibraltarians in neighbouring parts of Spain . The Spanish Foreign Minister also mooted plans to changes in the law meaning British online gaming companies based in Gibraltar would have to base servers in Spain , meaning that they would come under Madrid 's tax regime . The British Foreign office responded to these comments : `` The prime minister has made clear that the UK government will meet its constitutional commitments to the people of Gibraltar and will not compromise on sovereignty . '' The effect of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Gibraltar after Brexit After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union , despite a strong vote to remain in Gibraltar , on June 23 , Spain reiterated its position that it wanted to jointly govern Gibraltar with the United Kingdom and said it would seek to block Gibraltar from participating in talks over future deals between the UK and EU .", "20": "The European council released a series of guidelines on negotiations for withdrawal , with core principal number 22 stating that any agreement affecting Gibraltar needed the agreement of Spain suggesting that Spain had been given a veto while the United Kingdom re-iterated its commitment to Gibraltar . See also ( edit ) Disputed status of Olivença between Portugal and Spain . Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina The Spanish enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , Islas Chafarinas , Peñón de Alhucemas and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera disputed by Morocco . Spanish exclave of Llívia in France . History of Gibraltar References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Gibraltar '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Oliver ; Sally Bolton ; Jon Dennis ; Matthew Tempest ( 4 August 2004 ) . `` Gibraltar '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Minutes of Evidence : Examination of Witnesses ; Jim Murphy replying to question 257 from Mr. Hamilton '' . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . The UK Government will never -- `` never '' is a seldom - used word in politics -- enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people . In fact , we will never even enter into a process without that agreement . ^ Jump up to : The Committee Office , House of Commons . `` Answer to Q257 at the FAC hearing '' . Publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Political Development '' . Government of Gibraltar Information Services . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` A / AC. 109 / 2016 / 8 '' . United Nations . 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Maurice Harvey ( 1996 ) . Gibraltar . A History . Spellmount Limited . p. 68 . ISBN 1 - 86227 - 103 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Utrecht ( Article X ) '' .", "21": "Gibraltar Action Group . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon J. Lincoln ( 1994 ) . `` The Legal Status of Gibraltar : Whose Rock is it Anyway ? '' . Fordham International Law Journal , Volume 18 , Issue 1 page 308 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar profile '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Informe sobre la cuestión cisi Gibraltar '' . Spanish Foreign Ministry ( in Spanish ) . 25 March 2010 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Address to UN '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Minister 's Speech to the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation '' . Government of Gibraltar. 8 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Mr Chairman , nobody who visits Gibraltar and observes its society and self government can objectively think that Gibraltar , in reality , remains a colony . Jump up ^ `` First Spanish minister to visit Gibraltar for 300 years '' . London Evening Standard . 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonisation hears petitioner from Gibraltar as Spain opposes its removal from list of Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . UN. 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 1966 ) . `` Resolution 2231 ( XXI ) . Question of Gibraltar '' ( PDF ) . Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its Twenty - First Session . United Nations . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 1967 ) . `` Resolution 2353 ( XXII ) . Question of Gibraltar '' ( PDF ) . Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its Twenty - Second Session . United Nations . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Sayer , Frederick ( 1865 ) p. 116 Jump up ^ George Hills ( 1974 ) . Rock of Contention . A History of Gibraltar . London : Robert Hale . p. 456 .", "22": "ISBN 0 - 7091 - 4352 - 4 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ( 1966 ) . Gibraltar talks with Spain ( May -- October 1966 ) . Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs by Command of Her Majesty . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 2429 ( XXIII ) : Question of Gibraltar '' . UN General Assembly . 18 December 1968 . Jump up ^ Gold , Peter ( 2005 ) . Gibraltar : British or Spanish ? . Routledge . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34795 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gold , Peter ( 2005 ) . Gibraltar : British or Spanish ? . Routledge . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34795 - 5 . Jump up ^ Statement in the House of Commons by The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , Mr. Jack Straw , 27 March 2006 Jump up ^ Written answer of Mr. Hattersley to Mrs. Hart , HC Deb 3 August 1976 vol 916 cc726 - 7W . Jump up ^ `` Following intense debate , Fourth Committee approves amended omnibus text on Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations General Assembly . Department of Public Information . 20 October 2008 . The Fourth Committee ( Special Political and Decolonization ) would have the General Assembly reaffirm the inalienable right of the peoples of 11 of the 16 remaining Non-Self - Governing Territories to self - determination by an `` omnibus '' draft resolution it approved today . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Gibraltar 's referendum '' . BBC News . BBC . 8 November 2002 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons . `` Answer to Q215 at the FAC hearing '' . Publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Simmonds , Charlotte ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Football is the most political of all sports '' .", "23": "New Statesman . Jump up ^ Kirsten Sparre ( 13 October 2006 ) . `` UEFA makes Gibraltar wait for membership after Spanish intervention '' . PlaytheGame . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caruana repeats the same promises almost every New Year message '' . Panorama.gi . Jump up ^ Caruana , Peter ( 5 October 2006 ) . `` Press Release : Chief Minister 's address at the United Nations Fourth Committee on 4 October 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Gibraltar . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Spain in rare talks on Gibraltar at BBC News , 21 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` Gib Day Celebrates 300 Years of ' Gibraltar and Britain ' '' . The Gibraltar Chronicle. 27 Oct 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Constitution recognises right to self - determination , Britain tells UN '' . Panorama.gi. 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 2008 ) . `` As Special Committee on Decolonization considers question of Gibraltar , territory 's chief minister says its decolonization ' no longer pending . ' '' . Special Committee on Decolonization Ninth Meeting . United Nations . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibraltar is frequently known as The Rock Jump up ^ Durán - Loriga , Juan ( 9 February 2002 ) . `` Gibraltar en el Tratado de Utrecht '' . ABC.es ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Tratado de Utrecht . Cesión de Gibraltar a Inglaterra '' ( in Spanish ) . mgar.net . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea : Declarations made upon signature , ratification , accession or succession or anytime thereafter ( Spain ) '' . UN . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea : Declarations made upon signature , ratification , accession or succession or anytime thereafter ( United Kingdom ) '' . UN .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea : Part XVII , Final Provisions '' . UN.org . United Nations . 10 December 1982 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spain threatens Court of Justice suit over Gibraltar fishing dispute '' . UPI News . 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU Court dismisses Gibraltar waters case '' . El País. 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EU Court of Justice confirms Spain has a listed nature site in Gibraltar waters '' . MercoPress. 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Angry UK reaction to Spanish navy incident in Gibraltar waters '' . MercoPress. 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Milland , Gabriel ( 23 May 2009 ) . `` Return of the Armada as Spain ' invades ' Gibraltar '' . ^ Jump up to : Duva , Jesús ; Gómez , Luis ( 16 March 2008 ) . `` España Pedirá que Gibraltar Vuelva a la Lista Negra de Paraísos Fiscales '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` State aid : Commission welcomes phasing out of tax benefits for Offshore Exempt Companies in Gibraltar '' . European Commission . 18 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar , el agujero negro de la Hacienda espańola '' ( in Spanish ) . Apreblanc.com. 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons ( 22 June 1999 ) . `` House of Commons -- Foreign Affairs -- Fourth Report '' . Publications.parliament.uk . Jump up ^ `` Building a Rock solid reputation '' . Gibraltar Financial Services Commission . 20 November 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gibraltar Commits to Co-operate with OECD to Address Harmful Tax Practices '' ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . 14 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD global forum in implementing the internationally agreed tax standard -- Progress made as at 2 April 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development .", "25": "2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar ' white - listed ' by OECD '' . The Gibraltar Chronicle. 22 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GF ratings '' ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Jump up ^ `` Yukos Stock '' . Time . 9 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fears grow over Gibraltar 's drug - runners '' . The Independent . 13 December 1994 . Multi-million pound cigarette smuggling , rising drugs traffic using Gibraltar - based boats and growing reports of money - laundering by big - time crooks , including Arabs and Colombians based on Spain 's Costa del Sol , are causing increasing concern in both Whitehall and Madrid . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar accused of being tobacco smuggling haven as Spanish government says if its imports were legal every citizen would be on 180 a day '' . Daily Mail . 11 August 2014 . Gibraltar , with a population of less than 30,000 , imported 117 million packets of cigarettes in 2013 , reported El Pais . The newspaper quoted a Spanish government official as saying : ' Every Gibraltarian , including unweaned babies , would each have to smoke nine packets a day . ' Cigarettes in Gibraltar cost almost half what they do in Spain . ^ Jump up to : `` Gibraltar cigarette smugglers busted by Spanish authorities '' . Spanish News Today . 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Lawrence ( 1995 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . p. 251 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 16985 - X . Jump up ^ `` Cumbre de la OTAN en Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . La Fogata. 25 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Paloma Cervilla . `` España cede el control del Estrecho '' ( in Spanish ) . ABC.es .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Files reveal 1953 Gibraltar row '' . BBC News . 2 January 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar sovereignty referendum result '' . IFES . Jump up ^ `` Media reaction to the referendum '' . BBC News . 8 November 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Secret funds and Spanish spies in Gibraltar today '' . Panorama.gi . Jump up ^ `` New Year for Gibraltar / Algeciras : ferry route reopened after four decades '' . MercoPress. 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Iberia flight '' . Gibnews.net . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Flights between Madrid and Gibraltar suspended '' . Euroresidentes UK . Jump up ^ `` Air Andalus flys from Gibraltar '' . Gibnews.net . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Govan , Fiona ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Rocky road for Gibraltar 's footballers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ El New Flame ha vertido a la Bahía de Algeciras , 2007 October ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Report on the investigation of the collision between MV New Flame & MT Torm Gertrud '' ( Press release ) . Gibraltar Maritime Administration . 12 August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El buque chatarrero encallado en Algeciras corre el riesgo de partirse en dos a causa del oleaje '' ( in Spanish ) . diariovasco.com. 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ship carrying 27,000 tons of scrap about to split in two off Gibraltar : officials '' . International Herald Tribune . 22 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Flame collision '' . Fortunes de Mer. 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace señala la gravedad del último vertido del New Flame , 11 February 2008th ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Environment Minister Cristina Narbona comments '' . Europasur.es .", "27": "Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Milland , Gabriel . `` Return of the Armada '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Incident at Harbour Views '' . Gibnews.net. 7 December 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Guardia Civil Officers officers detained by Gibralatar Police '' . ThinkSpain. 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish queen 's jubilee snub over Prince Edward 's Gibraltar visit '' . The Guardian . 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Worden ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` Defiant Gibraltar ignores Spanish protests over The Rock and will celebrate Jubilee with 100 boat flotilla '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Spain protests to Britain over Gibraltar fishing ban '' . Fox News Latino . 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain protests about Gibraltar stance on fishing '' . Typically Spanish . 19 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britain Summons Spanish Ambassador Over Gibraltar Border Checks '' . The Telegraph . 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar Row Will Be Resolved , Says UK Foreign Office '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain seeks to jointly govern Gibraltar after Brexit '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Draft guidelines following the United Kingdom 's notification under Article 50 TEU '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Sources ( edit ) British sources ^ George Hills ( 1974 ) . Rock of Contention . A History of Gibraltar . London : Robert Hale . ISBN 0 - 7091 - 4352 - 4 . George Hills was a BBC World Service broadcaster , Spanish Historian and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society . Although listed as a ' British ' source , Hills supports the Spanish view of Gibraltar . He died in 2002 .", "28": "His research documents are now available at King 's College , UCL as a separate collection . ^ Jackson , William ( 1990 ) . The Rock of the Gibraltarians . A History of Gibraltar ( 2nd ed . ) . Grendon , Northamptonshire , UK : Gibraltar Books . General Sir William Jackson was Governor of Gibraltar between 1978 and 1982 , a military Historian and former Chairman of the Friends of Gibraltar Heritage . Spanish sources ^ Sepúlveda , Isidro ( 2004 ) . Gibraltar . La razón y la fuerza ( Gibraltar . The reason and the force ) . in Spanish . Madrid : Alianza Editorial . ISBN 84 - 206 - 4184 - 7 . Chapter 2 , `` La lucha por Gibraltar '' ( The Struggle for Gibraltar ) is available online ( PDF ) . Isidro Sepúlveda Muñoz is a Contemporary History Professor in the UNED ( `` Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia '' ) . ^ Cajal , Máximo ( 2003 ) . Siglo XXI Editores , ed . Ceuta , Melilla , Olivenza y Gibraltar . Donde termina España ( Ceuta , Melilla , Olivenza y Gibraltar . Where Spain ends ) . In Spanish . Madrid : Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores . ISBN 84 - 323 - 1138 - 3 . Máximo Cajal is a Spanish diplomatist , ambassador in different countries and special representant of the former Spanish Prime Minister , José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , in the Alliance of Civilizations . He was the only survivor of the assault of the Embassy of Spain in Guatemala by the forces of the Guatemalan dictatorship in 1980 . Further reading ( edit ) Fawcett , J.E.S. Gibraltar : The Legal Issues in International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs ) , Vol. 43 , No. 2 ( Apr.", "29": ", 1967 ) Gibraltar topics History Neanderthals of Gibraltar Timeline ( sieges ) Pillars of Hercules First Siege of Gibraltar Battle of Gibraltar Capture of Gibraltar George Rooke Treaty of Utrecht Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar Great Siege George Augustus Eliott Gibraltar real ( currency ) World War II Nationality Genoese in Gibraltar Maltese in Gibraltar Explosion of the RFA Bedenham Operation Flavius ( Death on the Rock ) Aurora incident New Flame incident Fedra incident Geography General Climate Geology Azores -- Gibraltar Transform Fault Gibraltar Arc Environment Birds Mammals Barbary macaques Reptiles and amphibians Candytuft ( Iberis gibraltarica ) Botanic Gardens Ornithological & Natural History Society ( GONHS ) Wildlife Park Places Natural Bay of Gibraltar Catalan Bay Eastern Beach Gorham 's Cave Rock of Gibraltar St. Michael 's Cave Sandy Bay Strait of Gibraltar Vanguard Cave Windmill Hill Built Bristol Hotel City Hall The Convent Garrison Library King George V Hospital Moorish Castle The Rock Hotel St. Bernard 's Hospital Politics General Constitution Order 1969 2006 Law Court system LGBT rights Passport Political development in modern Gibraltar People Chief Minister Governor Mayor Politics Black Swan Project controversy Disputed status isthmus Elections 2007 2011 2015 Parliament Speaker Political parties Sovereignty referendums 1967 2002 EU Referendum European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Military British Forces Gibraltar Gibraltar Defence Police Gibraltar Squadron Napier of Magdala Battery RAF Gibraltar Royal Gibraltar Police Royal Gibraltar Regiment Economy General Banks Gibraltar pound coins Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Communications .", "30": "gi ( Internet domain ) Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation Gibraltar Chronicle Gibtelecom Panorama Regulatory Authority Royal Gibraltar Post Office Postage stamps and history Postal Orders Study Circle Telephone numbers Transport Airport Cable car Gibraltar -- Spain border Shipping in Gibraltar Vehicle registration plates Culture General Cuisine Education Bayside Comprehensive School Westside School University of Gibraltar Miss Gibraltar Music Llévame Donde Nací National Day Public holidays Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar Demographics Gibraltarians list in the UK Gibraltarian status Languages English Llanito Religion Christianity Anglicanism Diocese in Europe Bishop diocesan Bishop suffragan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity St. Andrew 's Church ( Church of Scotland ) Methodism Roman Catholicism Diocese Bishop Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned Our Lady of Europe Shrine of Our Lady of Europe Trafalgar Cemetery Other faiths Hinduism Islam Ibrahim - al - Ibrahim Mosque Judaism Great Synagogue Sport By sport Basketball Cricket national team Cycling Football Football Association national team Petanque Rugby union national team Campo Gibraltar RUFC Commonwealth Games Island Games Records in athletics Victoria Stadium Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Official flag other flags Commons Portal WikiProject United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? ''", "31": "Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.", "32": "EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "33": "php?title=Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar&oldid=837067776 '' Categories : History of Gibraltar Politics of Gibraltar Spain -- United Kingdom relations Territorial disputes of Spain Territorial disputes of the United Kingdom International disputes Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources NPOV disputes from December 2016 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from February 2012 Use British English from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 14 : 40 . 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-5962986518182066490	who has the most green jackets from the masters	[ "Nicklaus", "Jack Nicklaus (6)" ]	{ "0": "Masters tournament - Wikipedia Masters tournament Jump to : navigation , search `` The Masters '' redirects here . For other sports tournaments that may be referred to as `` The Masters '' , see Master . For the C.P. Snow novel , see The Masters ( novel ) . For the album by The Stranglers , see The Masters ( Stranglers album ) . Masters Tournament Tournament information Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Established March 22 , 1934 ; 84 years ago ( 1934 - 03 - 22 ) Course ( s ) Augusta National Golf Club Par 72 Length 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) Organized by Augusta National Golf Club Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 11.0 million Month played April Tournament record score Aggregate 270 Tiger Woods ( 1997 ) 270 Jordan Spieth ( 2015 ) To par − 18 as above Current champion Patrick Reed 2018 Masters Tournament Augusta Location in the United States Augusta Location in Georgia The Masters Tournament ( usually referred to as simply The Masters , or the U.S. Masters outside of North America ) is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April , the Masters is the first major of the year , and unlike the others , it is held at the same location , Augusta National Golf Club , a private course in the southeastern United States , in the city of Augusta , Georgia . The Masters was started by noted amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts . After his grand slam in 1930 , Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . First played 84 years ago in 1934 , the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event , held by the Augusta National Golf Club . The tournament has a number of traditions .", "1": "Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first - time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play . These have included Fred McLeod , Jock Hutchinson , Gene Sarazen , Sam Snead , Byron Nelson , Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player . Since 1960 , a semi-social contest at the par - 3 course has been played on Wednesday , the day before the first round . Nicklaus has the most Masters wins , with six between 1963 and 1986 . Palmer and Tiger Woods won four each , and five have won three titles at Augusta : Jimmy Demaret , Sam Snead , Gary Player , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson . Player , from South Africa , was the first non-American player to win the tournament , in 1961 ; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain , the champion in 1980 and 1983 . The Augusta National course first opened 85 years ago in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects . Among the changes : greens have been reshaped and , on occasion , entirely re-designed , bunkers have been added , water hazards have been extended , new tee boxes have been built , hundreds of trees have been planted , and several mounds have been installed .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Augusta National Golf Club 1.2 Early tournament years 1.3 1960s -- 1970s 1.4 1980s -- 2000s 2 Traditions 2.1 Awards 2.2 Pre-tournament events 2.3 Par - 3 contest 2.4 Player invitations 2.5 Opening tee shot 2.6 Champions ' Dinner 2.7 Caddies 2.8 Other traditions 3 Format 4 Course 4.1 Course adjustments 5 Field 6 Champions 7 Low amateurs 8 Records 9 Broadcasting 9.1 United States television 9.2 Radio coverage 9.3 International television 10 Ticketing 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Masters logo at the club entrance Augusta National golf club ( edit ) Main article : Augusta National Golf Club The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones , who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game . He sought advice from Clifford Roberts , who later became the chairman of the club . They came across a piece of land in Augusta , Georgia , of which Jones said : `` Perfect ! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it . '' The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857 . Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course , and work began in 1931 . The course formally opened in 1933 , but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played . Early tournament years ( edit ) The first `` Augusta National Invitational '' Tournament , as the Masters was originally known , began on March 22 , 1934 , and was won by Horton Smith , who took the first prize of $1,500 . The present name was adopted in 1939 . The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine , and 1 through 9 as the second nine then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament .", "3": "Initially the Augusta National Invitational field was composed of Bobby Jones ' close associates . Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition , noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions . Gene Sarazen hit the `` shot heard ' round the world '' in 1935 , holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle ( albatross ) . This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood , and in the ensuing 36 - hole playoff Sarazen was the victor by five strokes . The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945 , due to World War II . To assist the war effort , cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) The Big Three of Arnold Palmer , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978 , winning the event 11 times among them during that span . After winning by one stroke in 1958 , Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances . Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event , Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail . Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964 . Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contest Jack Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s , and served as a rival to the popular Palmer . Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963 , defeating Tony Lema by one stroke . Two years later , he shot a then - course record of 271 ( 17 under par ) for his second Masters win , leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played `` a game with which I am not familiar . '' The next year , Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18 - hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer . This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters . He won again in 1972 by three strokes . In 1975 , Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date .", "4": "Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961 , beating Palmer , the defending champion . In 1974 , he won again by two strokes . After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years , and at the age of 42 , Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players . Player currently shares ( with Fred Couples ) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts , and has played in a record 52 Masters . A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968 . Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard ( scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron ) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round . By the rules of golf , if a player signs a scorecard ( thereby attesting to its veracity ) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole , the player receives the higher score for that hole . This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18 - hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby , who won the green jacket . De Vicenzo 's mistake led to the famous quote , `` What a stupid I am . '' In 1975 , Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters , doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member , Ron Townsend , as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy . 1980s -- 2000s ( edit ) Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s , by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open . The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980 . Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46 . During this period , no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman . In 1987 , Norman lost a sudden - death playoff to Larry Mize when Mize holed out a remarkable 45 - yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters .", "5": "In 1996 , Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63 , and had a six - stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round . Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots ( for his third Masters championship ) . Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes , and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff , he badly pushed his 4 - iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey . At age 21 in 1997 , Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots and broke the 72 - hole record that had stood for 32 years . Woods completed his `` Tiger Slam '' by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001 . He won again the following year , making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years , as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years . The club was targeted by Martha Burk , who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members . Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament , but her application for a permit to do so was denied . A court appeal was dismissed . In 2004 , Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club . Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 , however , when he commented ( at the annual pre-Masters press conference ) on Tiger Woods ' off - the - course behavior . `` It 's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here , '' Payne said , in his opening speech . `` It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids . '' The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir , who became the first Canadian to win a men 's major championship , and the first left - hander to win the Masters . The following year , another left - hander , Phil Mickelson , won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke .", "6": "Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . In 2011 , the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel , who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes . In 2012 , Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole . Watson 's win marked the fifth time that a left - hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments . Prior to 2003 , no left - hander had ever won the Masters . The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott , the first Australian to win the tournament . Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt . It was his second Masters victory in three years . In 2015 , Spieth would become the second - youngest winner in just his second Masters . Traditions ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $9,000,000 , with $1,620,000 going to the winner . In the inaugural year of 1934 , the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse . After Nicklaus 's first win in 1963 , he received $20,000 , while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000 . In recent years the purse has grown quickly . Between 2001 and 2014 , the winner 's share grew by $612,000 , and the purse grew by $3,400,000 . In addition to a cash prize , the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket , formally awarded since 1949 , and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that . The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds ; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club . The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament , and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons . Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory , then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit . The tradition began in 1949 , when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles .", "7": "The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion , after which it must remain at the club . Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player , who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory ( although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket ) ; Seve Ballesteros who , in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña , showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room ; and Henry Picard , whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established , remained in his closet for a number of years , and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , where he was the club professional for many years . By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them . There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament . The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase , while players who score a hole - in - one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl . For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets . In addition to the green jacket , winners of the tournament receive a gold medal . They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy , introduced in 1961 , which depicts the clubhouse . This trophy remains at Augusta National ; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica . The runner - up receives a silver medal , introduced in 1951 . Beginning in 1978 , a silver salver was added as an award for the runner - up . In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . In 2017 , a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000 .", "8": "Pre-tournament events ( edit ) In 2013 , Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to organize Drive , Chip and Putt , a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014 . The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth ; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals , which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters . The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course 's practice range , but the putting portion has been played on the course 's 18th hole . On April 4 , 2018 , prior to the 2018 tournament , new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women 's amateur championship beginning in 2019 . The first two rounds will be held at the Champion 's Retreat club in Evans , Georgia , with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National ( the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament ) . Ridley stated that `` it was the right time for the women 's game . I thought for us to have the greatest impact on women 's golf that we needed to be committed to do it here at Augusta National , and I also wanted to be able to tell all of you about it today . '' Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour 's Dinah Shore major ( which has invited top amateur players to compete ) , Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan , and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women 's golf would be a `` win '' for the LPGA over time . Par - 3 contest ( edit ) Main article : Masters Tournament Par - 3 contest The 9th hole on the par 3 course . The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960 , and was won that year by Snead . Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts . The par 3 course was built in 1958 . It is a nine - hole course , with a par of 27 , and measures 1,060 yards ( 970 m ) in length .", "9": "There have been 94 holes - in - one in the history of the contest , with a record nine occurring in 2016 . Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes - in - one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest . No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year . There have been several repeat winners , including Pádraig Harrington , Sandy Lyle , Sam Snead , and Tom Watson . The former two won in successive years . In this event , golfers may use their children as caddies , which helps to create a family - friendly atmosphere . In 2008 , the event was televised for the first time by ESPN . The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl . Player invitations ( edit ) As with the other majors , winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years ( except for amateur winners , unless they turn pro within the five - year period ) , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years . Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion , Bobby Jones , the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf . It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world . Also , the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament . Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the `` Crow 's Nest '' atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament . The Crow 's Nest is 1,200 square feet ( 110 m ) with lodging space for five during the competition . Opening tee shot ( edit ) Since 1963 , the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole , typically by one or more legendary players .", "10": "The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod ; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 , when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club . McLeod continued on until his death in 1976 . Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 , and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984 . This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died , while Nelson stopped in 2001 . Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002 , a little over a month before he died . In 2007 , Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter . Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009 . At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments , Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event . In 2012 , Gary Player joined them . Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot . Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony . Following Palmer 's death in 2016 , the 2017 ceremony featured tributes ; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair , while everyone in attendance wore `` Arnie 's Army '' badges . Champions ' dinner ( edit ) The Champions ' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday 's first round . The dinner was first held in 1952 , hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan , to honor the past champions of the tournament . At that time 15 tournaments had been played , and the number of past champions was 11 . Officially known as the `` Masters Club '' , it includes only past winners of the Masters , although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members , usually the chairman . The defending champion , as host , selects the menu for the dinner . Frequently , Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions . Notable examples have included haggis , served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989 , and bobotie , a South African dish , served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman .", "11": "Other examples include German Bernhard Langer 's 1986 Wiener schnitzel , Britain 's Nick Faldo 's fish and chips , Canadian Mike Weir 's elk and wild boar , and Vijay Singh 's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry . In 1997 , 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken , dishes commonly associated with Afro - American culture , at the dinner . The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish - themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend , but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later . Caddies ( edit ) Until 1983 , all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie , who by club tradition was always an African American man . Indeed , club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said , `` As long as I 'm alive , golfers will be white , and caddies will be black . '' Since 1983 , players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament . The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit , a green Masters cap , and white tennis shoes . The surname , and sometimes first initial , of each player is found on the back of his caddie 's uniform . The defending champion always receives caddie number `` 1 '' : other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament . The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s ; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976 . Other traditions ( edit ) The day after the tournament closes , The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four - ball round on the course -- the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard . Format ( edit ) The Masters is the first major championship of the year . Since 1948 , its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April , with several exceptions .", "12": "It ended on the first Sunday four times ( 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15 , the month 's third Sunday . The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April , with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday . Similar to the other majors , the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each , Thursday through Sunday ( when there are no delays ) . The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders , when compared with other golf tournaments , so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds ( 36 holes ) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees , unless weather shortens the available playing time . The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA . Originally , the Masters was the only tournament to use two - man pairings during the first two rounds . It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday 's round , as most tournaments only do this on the weekend . This practice ended in the early 2000s , when the Masters switched to the more standard three - man groups and the groups are now kept in - tact on Friday , with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds . After 36 holes of play , a cut - off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To `` make the cut '' , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 - hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired . Following the cut , an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days .", "13": "Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner , all players tied for the lead enter a sudden - death playoff . Play begins on the 18th hole , followed by the adjacent 10th , repeating until one player remains . Adopted in 1976 , the sudden - death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole , but was not needed for the first three years . It was changed for 1979 to the inward ( final ) nine holes , starting at the tenth tee , where the television coverage began . First employed that same year , the Masters ' first sudden - death playoff ended on the eleventh green . The current arrangement , beginning at the 18th tee , was amended for 2004 and first used the following year . Through 2017 , the eleven sudden - death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole . Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day , except for the first in 1935 , which was 36 holes ; the last 18 - hole playoff was in 1970 , and none of the full - round playoffs went to additional holes . Course ( edit ) The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated .", "14": "The course layout in 2014 : Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) . Course adjustments ( edit ) As with many other courses , Augusta National 's championship setup was lengthened in recent years .", "15": "In 2001 , the course measured 6,925 yards ( 6,332 m ) and was extended to 7,270 yards ( 6,648 m ) for 2002 , and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) ; 520 yards ( 475 m ) longer than the 2001 course . The changes attracted many critics , including the most successful players in Masters history , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Tiger Woods . Woods claimed that the `` shorter hitters are going to struggle . '' Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed , stating , `` We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course . '' After a practice round , Gary Player defended the changes , saying , `` There have been a lot of criticisms , but I think unjustly so , now I 've played it ... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit ( in his prime ) '' . Originally , the grass on the putting greens was the wide - bladed Bermuda . The greens lost speed , especially during the late 1970s , after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow - bladed Bermuda , which thrived and grew thicker . In 1978 , the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass , a narrow - bladed species that could be mowed shorter , eliminating grain . After this test run , the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters . The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces , which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time . Just before the 1975 tournament , the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now - signature white feldspar . It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina . Field ( edit ) The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships , with 90 -- 100 players . Unlike other majors , there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments . It is an invitational event , with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria . The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited .", "16": "Past champions are always eligible , but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age . Some will later become honorary starters . Invitation categories See footnote . Note : Categories 7 -- 11 are honored only if the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament . Masters Tournament Champions ( lifetime ) U.S. Open champions ( five years ) The Open champions ( five years ) PGA champions ( five years ) Winners of the Players Championship ( three years ) Current Olympic Gold Medalist ( one year ) Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner - up Current British Amateur champion Current Asia - Pacific Amateur champion Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion Current Latin America Amateur champion The first 12 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Masters Tournament The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's U.S. Open The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Open Championship The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's PGA Championship Winners of PGA Tour regular - season and playoff events that award at least a full - point allocation for the FedEx Cup , starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand . Those qualifying for the previous year 's season - ending Tour Championship ( top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament ) The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation . The Masters Committee , at its discretion , can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified , although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players . Changes since 2014 Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour , which now begin the wraparound season , tightening of qualifications ( top 12 plus ties from the Masters , top 4 from the U.S. Open , Open Championship , and PGA Championship ) , and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season - ending points before the Tour Championship , not the former annual money list .", "17": "The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship , which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship , which ended after the 2014 tournament . ( The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters . ) Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Masters Tournament champions The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934 , and he repeated in 1936 . The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus , who won six times between 1963 and 1986 . Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four , and Jimmy Demaret , Gary Player , Sam Snead , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name . Player was the tournament 's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961 . Two - time champions include Byron Nelson , Ben Hogan , Tom Watson , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Ben Crenshaw , José María Olazábal , and Bubba Watson . Year Champion Country To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Patrick Reed United States − 15 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,980,000 2017 Sergio García Spain − 9 Playoff Justin Rose 1,980,000 2016 Danny Willett England − 5 3 strokes Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood 1,800,000 2015 Jordan Spieth United States -- 18 4 strokes Phil Mickelson Justin Rose 1,800,000 2014 Bubba Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 3 strokes Jonas Blixt Jordan Spieth 1,620,000 2013 Adam Scott Australia − 9 Playoff Ángel Cabrera 1,440,000 2012 Bubba Watson United States − 10 Playoff Louis Oosthuizen 1,440,000 2011 Charl Schwartzel South Africa − 14 2 strokes Jason Day Adam Scott 1,440,", "18": "000 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States − 16 3 strokes Lee Westwood 1,350,000 2009 Ángel Cabrera Argentina − 12 Playoff Kenny Perry Chad Campbell 1,350,000 2008 Trevor Immelman South Africa − 8 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2007 Zach Johnson United States + 1 2 strokes Retief Goosen Rory Sabbatini Tiger Woods 1,305,000 2006 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Tim Clark 1,260,000 2005 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States − 12 Playoff Chris DiMarco 1,260,000 Phil Mickelson United States − 9 1 stroke Ernie Els 1,117,000 2003 Mike Weir Canada − 7 Playoff Len Mattiace 1,080,000 2002 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States − 12 3 strokes Retief Goosen 1,008,000 2001 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States − 16 2 strokes David Duval 1,008,000 2000 Vijay Singh Fiji − 10 3 strokes Ernie Els 828,000 1999 José María Olazábal ( 2 ) Spain − 8 2 strokes Davis Love III 720,000 1998 Mark O'Meara United States − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples David Duval 576,000 1997 Tiger Woods United States − 18 12 strokes Tom Kite 486,000 Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England − 12 5 strokes Greg Norman 450,000 1995 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States − 14 1 stroke Davis Love III 396,", "19": "000 1994 José María Olazábal Spain − 9 2 strokes Tom Lehman 360,000 1993 Bernhard Langer ( 2 ) Germany − 11 4 strokes Chip Beck 306,000 1992 Fred Couples United States − 13 2 strokes Raymond Floyd 270,000 1991 Ian Woosnam Wales − 11 1 stroke José María Olazábal 243,000 1990 Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England − 10 Playoff Raymond Floyd 225,000 1989 Nick Faldo England − 5 Playoff Scott Hoch 200,000 1988 Sandy Lyle Scotland − 7 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 183,800 Larry Mize United States − 3 Playoff Seve Ballesteros Greg Norman 162,000 1986 Jack Nicklaus ( 6 ) United States − 9 1 stroke Tom Kite Greg Norman 144,000 1985 Bernhard Langer West Germany − 6 2 strokes Seve Ballesteros Raymond Floyd Curtis Strange 126,000 1984 Ben Crenshaw United States − 11 2 strokes Tom Watson 108,000 Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain − 8 4 strokes Ben Crenshaw Tom Kite 90,000 1982 Craig Stadler United States − 4 Playoff Dan Pohl 64,000 1981 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 60,000 1980 Seve Ballesteros Spain − 13 4 strokes Gibby Gilbert Jack Newton 55,000 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller United States − 8 Playoff Ed Sneed Tom Watson 50,", "20": "000 1978 Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa − 11 1 stroke Rod Funseth Hubert Green Tom Watson 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States − 12 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 40,000 1976 Raymond Floyd United States − 17 8 strokes Ben Crenshaw 40,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States − 12 1 stroke Johnny Miller Tom Weiskopf 40,000 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa − 10 2 strokes Dave Stockton Tom Weiskopf 35,000 1973 Tommy Aaron United States − 5 1 stroke J.C. Snead 30,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States − 2 3 strokes Bruce Crampton Bobby Mitchell Tom Weiskopf 25,000 1971 Charles Coody United States − 9 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1970 Billy Casper United States − 9 Playoff Gene Littler 25,000 1969 George Archer United States − 7 1 stroke Billy Casper George Knudson Tom Weiskopf 20,000 1968 Bob Goalby United States − 11 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo 20,000 1967 Gay Brewer United States − 8 1 stroke Bobby Nichols 20,000 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States 0 !", "21": "E Playoff Tommy Jacobs ( 2nd ) Gay Brewer ( 3rd ) 20,000 1965 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States − 17 9 strokes Arnold Palmer Gary Player 20,000 1964 Arnold Palmer ( 4 ) United States − 12 6 strokes Dave Marr Jack Nicklaus 20,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States − 2 1 stroke Tony Lema 20,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States − 8 Playoff Gary Player ( 2nd ) Dow Finsterwald ( 3rd ) 20,000 1961 Gary Player South Africa − 8 1 stroke Charles Coe ( a ) Arnold Palmer 20,000 1960 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States − 6 1 stroke Ken Venturi 17,500 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States − 4 1 stroke Cary Middlecoff 15,000 1958 Arnold Palmer United States − 4 1 stroke Doug Ford Fred Hawkins 11,250 1957 Doug Ford United States − 5 3 strokes Sam Snead 8,750 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States + 1 1 stroke Ken Venturi ( a ) 6,000 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States − 9 7 strokes Ben Hogan 5,000 1954 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States + 1 Playoff Ben Hogan 5,000 1953 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States − 14 5 strokes Ed Oliver 4,000 1952 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States − 2 4 strokes Jack Burke , Jr . 4,000 1951 Ben Hogan United States − 8 2 strokes Skee Riegel 3,", "22": "000 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 3 ) United States − 5 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,400 1949 Sam Snead United States − 6 3 strokes Johnny Bulla Lloyd Mangrum 2,750 1948 Claude Harmon United States − 9 5 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1947 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Byron Nelson Frank Stranahan ( a ) 2,500 1946 Herman Keiser United States − 6 1 stroke Ben Hogan 2,500 1943 -- 45 : Cancelled due to World War II 1942 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States − 8 Playoff Ben Hogan 1,500 1941 Craig Wood United States − 8 3 strokes Byron Nelson 1,500 1940 Jimmy Demaret United States − 8 4 strokes Lloyd Mangrum 1,500 1939 Ralph Guldahl United States − 9 1 stroke Sam Snead 1,500 1938 Henry Picard United States − 3 2 strokes Harry Cooper Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1937 Byron Nelson United States − 5 2 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1936 Horton Smith ( 2 ) United States − 3 1 stroke Harry Cooper 1,500 1935 Gene Sarazen United States − 6 Playoff Craig Wood 1,500 1934 Horton Smith United States − 4 2 strokes Craig Wood 1,500 In the `` Runner ( s ) - up '' column , the years are sorted alphabetically , based on the name of the country of ( 1 ) that year 's runner - up or ( 2 ) the first player listed , in years that have multiple runners - up .", "23": "The sudden - death format was adopted in 1976 , first used in 1979 , and revised in 2004 . None of the 11 sudden - death playoffs has advanced past the second hole ; four were decided at the first hole , seven at the second . Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18 - hole rounds , except for 1935 , which was 36 holes . None of the 6 full - round playoffs were tied at the end of the round ; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954 . The 1962 playoff included three players : Arnold Palmer ( 68 ) , Gary Player ( 71 ) , and Dow Finsterwald ( 77 ) . The 1966 playoff included three players : Jack Nicklaus ( 70 ) , Tommy Jacobs ( 72 ) , and Gay Brewer ( 78 ) . Low amateurs ( edit ) In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest - scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional . These players are Cary Middlecoff , Jack Nicklaus , Ben Crenshaw , Phil Mickelson , Tiger Woods and Sergio García . Year Champion Country To par Place 1934 Charlie Yates United States + 9 21 1935 Lawson Little United States 6 1936 Johnny Dawson United States + 6 9 1937 Charlie Yates ( 2 ) United States + 13 27 1938 Tommy Tailer United States + 10 19 1939 Chick Harbert Charlie Yates ( 3 ) United States United States + 8 18 1940 Charlie Yates ( 4 ) United States + 5 17 1941 Dick Chapman", "24": "United States + 9 19 1942 Charlie Yates ( 5 ) United States + 16 28 1943 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cary Middlecoff United States + 5 12 1947 Frank Stranahan United States − 5 1948 Skee Riegel United States + 5 13 1949 Charles Coe Johnny Dawson ( 2 ) United States United States + 7 16 1950 Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) United States + 9 14 1951 Charles Coe ( 2 ) United States + 5 12 1952 Chuck Kocsis United States + 9 14 1953 Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) Harvie Ward United States United States + 3 14 1954 Billy Joe Patton United States + 2 1955 Harvie Ward ( 2 ) United States + 2 7 1956 Ken Venturi United States + 2 1957 Harvie Ward ( 3 ) United States 1958 Billy Joe Patton ( 2 ) United States 8 1959 Charles Coe ( 3 ) United States 6 1960 Jack Nicklaus Billy Joe Patton ( 3 ) United States United States + 5 13 1961 Charles Coe ( 4 ) United States − 7", "25": "1962 Charles Coe ( 5 ) United States 9 1963 Labron Harris , Jr . United States + 10 32 1964 Deane Beman United States 13 1965 Downing Gray United States + 6 31 1966 Jimmy Grant United States + 11 28 1967 Downing Gray ( 2 ) United States + 9 36 1968 Vinny Giles United States 22 1969 Bruce Fleisher United States + 12 44 1970 Charles Coe ( 6 ) United States + 4 23 1971 Steve Melnyk United States + 4 24 1972 Ben Crenshaw United States + 7 19 1973 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States + 7 24 None made the cut George Burns United States + 4 30 1976 Curtis Strange United States + 3 15 1977 Bill Sander United States + 11 49 1978 Lindy Miller United States − 2 16 1979 Bobby Clampett United States + 2 23 1980 Jay Sigel United States + 1 26 1981 Jay Sigel ( 2 ) United States + 6 35", "26": "1982 Jodie Mudd United States + 6 20 Jim Hallet United States + 9 40 1984 Rick Fehr United States 25 1985 Sam Randolph United States + 2 18 1986 Sam Randolph ( 2 ) United States + 5 36 Bob Lewis United States + 21 54 1988 Jay Sigel ( 3 ) United States + 12 39 1989 None made the cut 1990 Chris Patton United States + 9 39 1991 Phil Mickelson United States + 2 46 1992 Manny Zerman South Africa + 6 59 1993 None made the cut 1994 John Harris United States + 17 50 1995 Tiger Woods United States + 5 41 None made the cut 1997 None made the cut 1998 Matt Kuchar United States 21 1999 Sergio García Spain + 7 38 2000 David Gossett United States + 15 54 2001 None made the cut 2002 None made the cut 2003 Ricky Barnes United States + 3 21 Casey Wittenberg United States 13 2005 Ryan Moore United States − 1", "27": "15 2006 None made the cut 2007 None made the cut 2008 None made the cut 2009 None made the cut Matteo Manassero Italy + 4 36 2011 Hideki Matsuyama Japan − 1 27 2012 Patrick Cantlay United States + 7 47 2013 Guan Tianlang China + 12 58 2014 Oliver Goss Australia + 10 49 2015 None made the cut 2016 Bryson DeChambeau United States + 5 21 2017 Stewart Hagestad United States + 6 36 2018 Doug Ghim United States + 8 50 Records ( edit ) Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters ( six ) and was 46 years , 82 days old when he won in 1986 , making him the oldest winner of the Masters . Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens , with 22 , and the most cuts made , with 37 . The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods , who was 21 years , 104 days old when he won in 1997 . In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 ( − 18 ) . Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015 . In 2013 , Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters , at age 14 years , 168 days on the opening day of the tournament ; the following day , he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men 's major championship . Gary Player holds the record for most appearances , with 52 .", "28": "Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made , with 23 between 1959 and 1982 ( Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery ) . He shares this record with Fred Couples , who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007 , not competing in 1987 and 1994 . Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63 , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) has occurred three times : Sam Snead in 1954 , Jack Burke , Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round . There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters ; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012 . In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson , Louis Oosthuizen 's 260 - yard ( 238 m ) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par - 5 second hole , called Pink Dogwood , rolled downhill , and in . The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen 's double eagle on the fabled course 's Fire Thorn hole in 1935 : Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards ( 227 m ) out with a 4 - wood at the eighth hole ( Yellow Jasmine ) in the first round in 1967 , while Jeff Maggert hit a 3 - iron 222 yards ( 203 m ) at the 13th hole ( Azalea ) in the fourth round in 1994 .", "29": "Three players share the record for most runner - up finishes with four : Ben Hogan ( 1942 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 ) , Tom Weiskopf ( 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 ) , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1971 , 1977 , 1981 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Masters Tournament broadcasters United States television ( edit ) CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956 , when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes . Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers , but by 2006 , more than 50 cameras were used . Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more `` compelling '' , increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending , and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament . USA Network added first - and second - round coverage in 1982 . The Masters has been broadcast every year in high - definition television since 2000 , one of the first golf tournaments to ever hold that distinction . In 2008 , ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early - round coverage . These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators , but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt ( succeeding Mike Tirico , who replaced Bill Macatee 's similar role under USA Network ) as studio host . In 2005 , CBS broadcast the tournament with high - definition fixed and handheld wired cameras , as well as standard - definition wireless handheld cameras . In 2006 , a webstream called `` Amen Corner Live '' began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11 , 12 , and 13 through all four rounds . This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship . In 2007 , CBS added `` Masters Extra , '' an extra hour of full - field bonus coverage daily on the internet , preceding the television broadcasts . In 2008 , CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web . In 2011 , `` Masters Extra '' was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday .", "30": "In 2016 , the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV -- as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format . A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017 , and this coverage will be produced in high - dynamic - range video in 2018 . While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner , it has done so in successive one - year contracts . Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours . Due to the lack of long - term contractual security , as well as the club 's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees ( owing to its affluent membership ) , it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast , or at least performs some form of self - censorship , in order to maintain future rights . The club , however , has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast . Despite this , announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed , notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord , and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National , such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests . Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts ; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans . Gallery itself is also used . The club also disallows promotions for other network programs , or other forms of sponsored features . Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament 's broadcast hours compared to other major championships . Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18 - hole coverage of the leaders , a standard at the other three majors . Since 1982 , CBS has used `` Augusta '' by Dave Loggins as the event telecast 's distinctive theme music . Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981 .", "31": "The club mandates minimal commercial interruption , currently limited to four minutes per hour ( as opposed to the usual 12 or more ) ; this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies -- currently these `` global sponsors '' are AT&T , IBM , and Mercedes - Benz . AT&T ( then SBC ) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005 , joined at first by ExxonMobil , which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes - Benz . In 2002 , in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy , club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament . He argued that it was `` unfair '' to have the Masters ' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament , as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself . CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship . After the arrangement continued into 2004 , the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005 , with the new partners of ExxonMobil , IBM , and SBC . The club also sells separate sponsorship packages , which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts , to two `` international partners '' ; in 2014 , those companies were Rolex and UPS ( the latter of which replaced Mercedes - Benz upon that company 's elevation to `` global sponsor '' status ) . Radio coverage ( edit ) WestwoodOne ( previously Dial Global and CBS Radio ) has provided live radio play - by - play coverage in the United States since 1956 . This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website . The network provides short two - or three - minute updates throughout the tournament , as well as longer three - and four - hour segments towards the end of the day . International television ( edit ) The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee .", "32": "From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the final two days of play . In Ireland , Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds , and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage . In Canada , broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media , with coverage divided between TSN ( cable ) , which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds , CTV ( broadcast ) , which simulcasts CBS 's coverage of the weekend rounds , and RDS , which carries French - language coverage . Prior to 2013 , Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company , Graham Sanborn Media , which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network , TSN , and RDS ( except for 2012 when French - language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports ) to air the broadcasts , also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts . This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting , as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders , such as ESPN International ( ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN ) . In 2013 , Global and TSN began selling advertising directly , and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament ( while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself ) . On December 15 , 2015 , TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal . Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV , while TSN uses its expanded five - channel service to carry supplemental feeds ( including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round ) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms . In 53 countries , including much of Latin America , broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks . Ticketing ( edit ) Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive , they are very difficult to come by . Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into .", "33": "Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot . Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list , which is closed . A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978 . It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again . In 2008 , the Masters also began allowing children ( between the ages of 8 and 16 ) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge . The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary - ticket market . A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons , fans , and members each year , and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub , TicketCity , and VividSeats . Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day , as opposed to the traditional 4 - day pass . See also ( edit ) Men 's major professional golf championships -- Wikipedia book Golf portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Masters Preview '' . Sports Network . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Shane ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters Milestones '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Do Masters Champions Get to Keep the Green Jacket ? '' . About.com .", "34": "^ Jump up to : Owen , David ( 1999 ) . The Making of the Masters : Clifford Roberts , Augusta National , and Golf 's Most Prestigious Tournament . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 85729 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Curt ( 1999 ) . The Masters : Golf , Money , and Power in Augusta , Georgia . New York City : Villard Books . p. 22 . ISBN 0375753370 . ^ Jump up to : Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Although front and back are the terms more commonly used , for the Masters they are called the `` first '' and `` second '' nines Jump up ^ `` The Augusta National Golf Club '' . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 10 , 2002 ) . `` With 1 shot , Sarazen gave Masters fame '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners & Results '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : Jack Nicklaus wins second pro Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 : Nicklaus wins by nine to shatter Masters record '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 : Jack Nicklaus first to win consecutive Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Nicklaus wins fifth Masters as Elder breaks color barrier '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Tournaments Entered '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Cut Information '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Golf Hall of Fame Profile : Roberto De Vicenzo '' . World Golf Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Pete ( 2000 ) . `` The trailblazer -- Twenty - five years ago , Lee Elder became the first black golfer in the Masters '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime ( September 11 , 1990 ) . `` Augusta National Admits First Black Member '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Records & Stats -- Champions / Winning Statistics '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Sarah . `` My , Oh Mize '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Results : 1996 '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( March 13 , 2003 ) . `` City of Augusta Is Sued Over Protest at the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Court Rejects Burk Appeal '' . The New York Times . October 4 , 2003 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` To Burk , No Point Picketing Masters '' . The New York Times . February 29 , 2004 .", "36": "Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Masters chairman Billy Payne rips Tiger Woods for ' disappointing all of us ' '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Svrluga , Barry ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Billy Payne disappointed in Tiger Woods 's ' egregious ' behavior '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Payne 's remarks regarding Tiger Woods playing at Augusta '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` As it happened : Scott wins US Masters '' . TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 21 , leads Masters wire to wire for 1st major win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` $9,000,000 Masters Results '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( April 7 , 2001 ) . `` Purse exceeds $1 Million '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1986 ) . `` Day Of Glory For A Golden Oldie '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicklaus , Jack ; Bowden , Ken ( 1974 ) . Golf My Way . Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 51350 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Masters Prize Money Announced '' . Augusta Chronicle. April 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul .", "37": "`` The real story behind the green jacket '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lispey , Rick ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Master Teacher : Nearly forgotten now , teaching pro Henry Picard was a big star when he won the 1938 Masters '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kernicki hosts Major Championship at Canterbury Golf Club '' . GolfGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Masters - style green jacket bought for $5 at Toronto thrift store sells for $139 K '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Stephen . `` Inaugural Drive , Chip and Putt Championship has juniors living Augusta National dreams '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Masters unveils drive , chip and putt contest '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drive , Chip & Putt winners crowned at Augusta '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan . `` Masters 2018 : Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship to debut in 2019 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Uhles , Steven ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Par - 3 Contest will be family show '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Par 3 Contest '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Par - 3 Contest at The Masters '' . About.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` History : The Trophy Case '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- Qualifications for Invitation '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Palmer to hit opening Masters tee shot '' . Golf Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus kick off 2011 Masters as honorary starters with tee shots at Augusta '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Palmer to skip opening tee shot at Masters '' . Albany Times Union . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masters 2016 : Arnold Palmer makes poignant appearance on 1st tee '' . The Guardian . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus join Masters tribute to Arnold Palmer '' . The Guardian . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for a King : Arnold Palmer honored in moving tribute at Augusta National '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions at the Masters '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters Champions Dinner : Everything you need to know Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , North Carolina . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Strokes of Genius '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Masters tweaks qualifications '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cut Information '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters goes to sudden death '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . February 6 , 1976 . p. 2E . Jump up ^ `` In sudden death , Masters playoff shifts to no . 10 '' . Observer - Reporter .", "40": "Washington , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . April 11 , 1979 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Changes afoot at Augusta '' . BBC Sport . August 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` Augusta National plans to add length '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Augusta changes goes on '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Desire for faster greens led to use of Bentgrass '' . CNNSI.com & The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Guide '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Tournament Invitees '' . masters.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martin ( April 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Masters : Augusta bows to change with a pompous flourish '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Masters Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Masters , Latin America team up '' . ESPN .", "41": "Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Masters : Host Courses and Winners '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters playoff format is changed '' . CNN.com. April 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Finishers '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guan Tianlang , 14 , headed to Masters '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tianlang Guan youngest to make cut '' . ESPN . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Oosthuizen gives away souvenir after rare double - eagle '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' . PGA Tour . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 7 , 1998 ) . `` CBS and the Masters Keep Business Simple '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Denne H. ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Augusta 's front nine cloaked in secrecy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why is n't the Masters on TV all day ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Replaces USA as Early - Round Home of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 .", "42": "Jump up ^ `` ESPN will show first two rounds of 2008 Masters tournament '' . ESPN . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Masters broadcast will use shot tracer technology '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Amen Corner live '' . March 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV 's first live 4K show is the Masters golf tournament '' . Engadget . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters in 4K : DirecTV , CBS Sports Tee Up First Live 4K UHD Broadcast in U.S. '' Sports Video Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV doubles its live 4K broadcasts for this year 's Masters '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason Dachman . `` AT&T / DirecTV Will Deliver The Masters in 4K HDR for the First Time '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hinds , Richard ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Why coverage of US Masters is so polite '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martzke , Rudy ( April 13 , 2003 ) . `` CBS managed to get Masters right despite silence on protests '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Tim . `` Is the Masters really the most prestigious sporting event in America ? '' . WorldGolf . Golf Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How The Masters Theme Song Came To Be '' . Deadspin. April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 .", "43": "^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes , UPS Form New Partnerships with Masters Tournament '' ( Press release ) . Augusta National Golf Club . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Masters Is Back to Commercials '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ YEN , William Gallo Reporting by Tom Finnerty COMPILED BY YI - WYN . `` The Battle of Augusta : HOOTIE VS . MARTHA '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport keeps Masters contract '' . BBC Sport . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sky seizes share of the Masters from BBC '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` We are fully committed to providing a public service -- without public funding '' . Irish Independent . August 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Houston , William ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` As usual , Woods is the star of Masters coverage '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Val ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global partner to sell The Masters '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sports Network and Global Television Network ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global Partner to Give Canadians Complete Coverage of The Masters '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 .", "44": "Jump up ^ `` Television wars continue as CTV takes Masters deal away from Global '' . Yahoo ! Sports Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTV , TSN , and RDS announce exclusive , multi-year deal with The Masters '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN at the Masters Tournament '' . ESPN ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . Masters.org . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reviewed Work : The Masters : Golf Money and Power in Augusta , Georgia by Curt Sampson Jump up ^ `` Masters Badges '' . TicketCity . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masters Tournament . Official website Masters Tournament on Facebook Masters Tournament on Instagram Augusta.com -- coverage by The Augusta Chronicle Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open", "45": "International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf", "46": "Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005", "47": "2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S.", "48": "Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ 11 '' N 82 ° 01 ′ 12 '' W / 33.503 ° N 82.020 ° W / 33.503 ; - 82.020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_Tournament&oldid=838020699 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Men 's major golf championships Recurring sporting events established in 1934 Economy of Augusta , Georgia Tourist attractions in Augusta , Georgia Annual sporting events in the United States 1934 establishments in Georgia ( U.S.", "49": "state ) Golf tournaments in the United States April sporting events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4447833523561749340	who was the first black person to register to vote	[ "Thomas Mundy Peterson" ]	{ "0": "Thomas Mundy Peterson - wikipedia Thomas Mundy Peterson Jump to : navigation , search Thomas Mundy Peterson October 6 , 1824 Metuchen , New Jersey February 4 , 1904 ( age 79 ) Perth Amboy , New Jersey Known for The first African American to vote in the United States after the passage of the 15th Amendment Thomas Mundy Peterson ( October 6 , 1824 -- February 4 , 1904 ) of Perth Amboy , New Jersey was the first African - American to vote in an election under the just - enacted provisions of the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution . His vote was cast on March 31 , 1870 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) He was born in Metuchen , New Jersey . His father , also named Thomas , worked for the Mundy family . He was a slave and his mother , Lucy Green , was a slave of Hugh Newell ( 1744 -- 1816 ) of Freehold Township , New Jersey . Thomas was manumitted at age 21 by Newell 's will . He was a school principal between 1870 and 1878 and a general handyman in Perth Amboy . Active in the Republican Party , and the Prohibition Party , he became the city 's first African - American to hold elected office , on the Middlesex County Commission . He was also the city 's first `` colored '' person to serve on a jury . The medallion awarded to Thomas Mundy Peterson by the citizens of Perth Amboy in 1884 . Peterson voted in a local election held at Perth Amboy City Hall over the town 's charter . Some citizens wanted to revise the existing charter while others wished to abandon the charter altogether in favor of a township form of government . Peterson cast his ballot in favor of revising the existing charter . This side won 230 to 63 . Peterson was afterward appointed to be a member of the committee of seven that made subsequent amendments leading to the final version that was approved by the State Legislature April 5 , 1871 .", "1": "Historical records as to his contribution to revisions in the form of minutes , writing , or other records are still wanting . To honor Thomas Mundy Peterson as the first African - American voter after the passage of the 15th Amendment , the citizens of Perth Amboy raised $70 ( over $1,000 in 2010 dollars ) to award him with a gold medallion . The full medallion consists of a gold bar from which a two - inch diameter medallion was hung . The hanging medallion featured a profile bust of a clean - shaven Abraham Lincoln . It was presented to Thomas Mundy Peterson on Memorial Day , which was then called Decoration Day , May 30 , 1884 . He is said to have loved the medal and never considered himself properly dressed without it affixed to his left breast . Later in life financial instability forced Peterson to sometimes pawn the medallion . It is currently housed at the historically African - American Xavier University of Louisiana . While he is known today as `` Thomas Mundy Peterson , '' there are no contemporary records that include the three names together . The one exception is the cover for the program describing the ceremony when he was given the `` voting medal , '' and that calls him `` Thomas Peterson - Mundy . '' Contemporary documents refer to him as either Thomas Peterson or Thomas ( or Tom ) Mundy . His death certificate , the undertaker 's accounts book and a land deed all refer to him as `` Thomas H. Peterson . '' In the obituary appearing in The Perth Amboy Evening News he is called Thomas Henry Peterson . Legacy ( edit ) In October 1989 , the school where Peterson had worked was renamed after him . Now currently on State Street , Perth Amboy . In New Jersey , March 31 is annually celebrated as Thomas Mundy Peterson Day in recognition of his historic vote . See also ( edit ) List of African - American firsts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Perth Amboy Church Is 302 And Counting '' . New York Times . February 15 , 1987 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . The first black man to vote in America , Thomas Mundy Peterson , was a member of St. Peter 's and is buried in its graveyard .", "2": "He voted in the Perth Amboy mayoral election of March 31 , 1870 , one day after adoption of the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ African - American Firsts Remembered -- Newark Public Library at www.npl.org Jump up ^ Voting Medal at www.history.org Jump up ^ Bond , Gordon . North Jersey Legacies : Hidden History from the Gateway to the Skylands . The History Press , 2012 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ McGinnis , William C. History of Perth Amboy , New Jersey . Higginson Book Co. , 1995 . Jump up ^ Bond , Gordon . North Jersey Legacies : Hidden History from the Gateway to the Skylands . The History Press , 2012 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Bond , Gordon . North Jersey Legacies : Hidden History from the Gateway to the Skylands . The History Press , 2012 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ None ( 1935 ) . The Presentation Of A Medal To Thomas Peterson -- Mundy . Perth Amboy , New Jersey : H.E. Pickersgill . Jump up ^ P.L. 1998 , jr. 001 ( AJR31 ) at www.njleg.state.nj.us External links ( edit ) Thomas Mundy Peterson at Find a Grave Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Mundy_Peterson&oldid=835278537 '' Categories : 1824 births 1904 deaths People from Perth Amboy , New Jersey African - American people American freedmen Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 18 : 09 . 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4131432785529318958	song have i told you lately i love you	[ "Have I Told You Lately" ]	{ "0": "Have I Told You Lately - wikipedia Have I Told You Lately Jump to : navigation , search For the 1945 song written by Scotty Wiseman , see Have I Told You Lately That I Love You ? `` Have I Told You Lately '' Single by Van Morrison from the album Avalon Sunset B - side `` Contacting My Angel '' Released 5 June 1989 Format CD single Recorded 1989 Genre Celtic , folk rock , soft rock Length 4 : 20 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison Producer ( s ) Van Morrison Van Morrison singles chronology `` I 'll Tell Me Ma '' ( 1988 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) `` I 'll Tell Me Ma '' ( 1988 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) Avalon Sunset track listing `` I 'd Love to Write Another Song '' ( 3 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 4 ) `` Coney Island '' ( 5 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' Single by Rod Stewart from the album Unplugged ... and Seated B - side `` Gasoline alley '' Released March 1993 Recorded 4 : 08 Genre Soft rock Label Warner Bros .", "1": "Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison Producer ( s ) Michael Ostin `` Have I Told You Lately '' Single by The Chieftains with Van Morrison from the album The Long Black Veil Released 1995 Genre Folk Length 4 : 40 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison Producer ( s ) Paddy Moloney ( with Chris Kimsey and Ry Cooder ) Van Morrison singles chronology `` Gloria '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1995 ) `` Days Like This '' ( 1995 ) `` Gloria '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1995 ) `` Days Like This '' ( 1995 ) The Long Black Veil track listing `` The Foggy Dew '' ( 3 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 4 ) `` Changing Your Demeanour '' ( 5 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' is a hit song written by Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison and recorded for his album Avalon Sunset ( 1989 ) . It is a romantic ballad often played at weddings , although it was originally written as a prayer . `` Have I Told You Lately '' has become a classic song and has received acclaim by winning a Grammy Award and a BMI Million - Air certificate . When released as a single in 1989 , it reached No. 12 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart , and has been a popular cover song with many vocal and instrumental versions recorded by numerous artists and bands . In 1993 , Rod Stewart 's version charted at No. 5 in the U.S. and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Acclaim 3 Rod Stewart version 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1.", "2": "1 Year - end charts 5 Other versions 6 Other releases 7 In the media 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) Composed as a love ballad and built on the framework of `` Someone Like You '' , it is preceded on Avalon Sunset by the song , `` I 'd Love to Write Another Song '' proclaiming `` In poetry I 'd carve it well / I 'd even make it rhyme . '' Then , in the words of Brian Hinton what follows is : `` One of the finest love songs of the century , which I remember devastated me when I first heard it , as it seemed both something never quite said before , and yet a song I felt I had known forever . Earthly love transmutes into that for God , just like in Dante , ' there 's a love that 's divine and it 's yours and it 's mine . ' The morning sun has set by the end of the song , suggesting love shading into death , but subtly . '' Acclaim ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' was listed as No. 261 on the `` All Time 885 Greatest Songs '' list compiled in 2004 by Philadelphia radio station WXPN from listeners ' votes . In August 2006 , Van Morrison 's original recording was voted No. 6 on a list of the Top 10 First Dance Wedding Songs , based on a poll of 1,300 DJs in the UK . Van Morrison 's original version of this song was No. 98 on the New York Daily News , The 100 Greatest Love Songs , from the list published on 12 February 2007 . In October 2007 , Van Morrison received a Million - Air certificate for over four million air plays of `` Have I Told You Lately '' from the prestigious BMI awards held in London , England . Rod Stewart version ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' has become a classic over the years and has been performed by many unknown as well as many famous artists . Rod Stewart covered the song for his album Vagabond Heart ( 1991 ) . In 1993 , a live version from his album Unplugged ... and Seated was released as a single , becoming a number - five hit in the US and the UK .", "3": "This version also reached No. 4 on the Billboard US Mainstream Top 40 chart , and spent five weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard US Adult Contemporary chart . It was certified gold in the US and sold 700,000 copies there . Another live version by Stewart from his 2013 performance at The Troubadour , West Hollywood was included on the deluxe edition of his album Time . Chart history ( edit ) ( Van Morrison ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK 74 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 12 ( Coney Island Medley ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK 76 ( w / The Chieftains ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK 71 ( Rod Stewart , studio version ) Chart ( 1992 - 93 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 33 ( Rod Stewart , live ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary Germany 12 Ireland 13 New Zealand 41 Sweden 39 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 32 U.S. Cash Box 22 Other versions ( edit ) Some of the other known covers of the song are by Kenny Rogers , Barbara Mandrell , Michael Ball , Della Reese , Engelbert Humperdinck and an instrumental cover by Floyd Cramer . Andy Williams covered it on his 2007 album , I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up and performed a live version in 2007 at Royal Albert Hall in London , England . In 2006 , Thomas Anders covered the song for his swing album Songs Forever . Barry Manilow included this song on his album , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties released in November 2008 .", "4": "`` Have I Told You Lately '' has also been a popular cover song internationally . Tejano group Mazz also recorded the song on their 1993 album Que Esperabas . In 1999 , the Belgian band Clouseau released a Dutch language translation ( `` Heb ik ooit gezegd '' , literally : `` Have I ever told you '' ) , that charted 16 weeks in the Flemish Ultratop 50 ( peaking at No. 7 ) . A version on German language , entitled Warum komm ich nur so selten dazu , was published in 2003 by the German soul singer Stefan Gwildis on his album Neues Spiel . In 2009 the German band Brings released a Kölsch version entitled `` Han ich dir jesaht '' on their album Poppe , Kaate , Danze . Emilio Navaira released a single of it from his album , Life Is Good , which also included a version in Spanish . His version peaked at No. 62 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1996 . Contemporary jazz / new - age pianist Chris Geith covered the song from his album `` Timeless World . '' Other releases ( edit ) Morrison chose `` Have I Told You Lately '' to be one of the songs included on 1990s The Best of Van Morrison , his first greatest - hits album . It was also one of the songs on two of the compilation albums that were issued in 2007 : Still on Top - The Greatest Hits contains a remastered version of this song and it was also featured on the compilation album , Van Morrison at the Movies - Soundtrack Hits . A live performance version was included on his 1994 album , A Night in San Francisco . In 1995 Morrison accompanied The Chieftains on a recording of the song for their album The Long Black Veil ; this version was awarded the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals . Filmed performances of the song include a version recorded in 1989 that was featured on Morrison 's video album Van Morrison : The Concert the following year . In 1997 Morrison performed the song in a duet with Sinéad O'Connor on Late Show with David Letterman ; this version was subsequently released on the Live on Letterman : Music from the Late Show CD .", "5": "In the media ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' was featured in the 1996 film , One Fine Day , starring George Clooney and Michelle Pfeiffer , at the end of the Amanda Bynes 2003 film , What a Girl Wants , covered by Matt Acheson , and the 2014 film 5 Flights Up , starring Morgan Freeman and Diane Keaton . Impressionist and comedian Rory Bremner included the song as one of his eight Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 on 20 April 2003 . Television and radio presenter Gloria Hunniford also included the song on her list on 24 December 2006 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hage . The Words and Music of Van Morrison . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hinton . Celtic Crossroads . p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Countdowns '' . xpn.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 First Dance Wedding Songs '' . Uk-disco.co.uk . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Music : Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Rod Stewart -- Have I Told You Lately '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . 15 January 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` have - i - told - you - lately - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) .", "6": "Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1993 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1993 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` have - i - told - you - lately - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 10 , 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( It Works For Me > Overview ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic : Secrets of Love '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Engelbert Humperdinck > Songs ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up : Overview '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow returns with the Greatest Songs of the Eighties '' . accesshollywood.com .", "7": "Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Timeless World overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` What We 're Listening To * * February '' . SmoothVibes.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Van Morrison at IMDb '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Acheson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Flights Up Soundtrack List '' . The Ultimate Source for Soundtrack Lists . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs - Rory Bremner '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs - Gloria Hunniford '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . References ( edit ) Hinton , Brian ( 1997 ) . Celtic Crossroads : The Art of Van Morrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 169 - X . Hage , Erik ( 2009 ) . ' The Words and Music of Van Morrison . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35862 - 3 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Tell Me What You Dream '' by Restless Heart Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single 29 May -- 26 June 1993 Succeeded by `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' by Kenny G with Peabo Bryson Van Morrison singles discography 1960s 1967 `` Brown Eyed Girl '' 1970s 1970 `` Come Running '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Domino '' 1971 `` Blue Money '' `` Call Me Up in Dreamland '' `` Wild Night '' 1972 `` Tupelo Honey '' `` Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) '' `` Redwood Tree '' 1973 `` Warm Love '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Bulbs '' `` Caldonia '' `` Gloria '' 1977 `` The Eternal Kansas City '' `` Moondance '' 1978 `` Wavelength '' 1979 `` Bright Side of the Road '' `` Full Force Gale '' 1980s 1980 `` You Make Me Feel So Free '' 1982 `` Cleaning Windows '' `` Scandinavia '' 1984 `` Dweller on the Threshold '' 1985 `` Tore Down a la Rimbaud '' 1986 `` Ivory Tower '' `` Did Ye Get Healed ? '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Queen of the Slipstream `` I 'll Tell Me Ma 1989 `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' `` Orangefield '' 1990s `` Coney Island '' `` Gloria '' `` Real Real Gone '' 1991 `` Enlightenment '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Why Must I Always Explain ? '' `` Gloria '' 1995 `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Days Like This '' `` Perfect Fit '' `` That 's Life '' `` The Healing Game '' `` Rough God Goes Riding '' 1999 `` Precious Time '' `` Back on Top '' 2000s 2002 `` Hey Mr.", "9": "DJ '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_I_Told_You_Lately&oldid=822001155 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1989 songs 1993 singles 1995 singles Songs written by Van Morrison Van Morrison songs Rod Stewart songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Emilio songs Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Live singles Mercury Records singles RCA Records singles Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-716659397149237689	when did britain set up east indian trading company	[ "31 December 1600", "31 December 1600", "31 December 1600", "31 December 1600", "31 December 1600" ]	{ "0": "East India Company - wikipedia East India Company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , formed to trade with the East Indies ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent .", "1": "Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da India had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 , which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 .", "2": "The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3.", "3": "8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the capture of the great Portuguese Carrack Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores ( 1592 ) . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ships rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch an adventurer merchant who along with his companions had made a remarkable fifteen year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia was also of significance .", "4": "Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again , a year later on 31 December and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' - one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving .", "5": "They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java comprised an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies .", "6": "Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations .", "7": "It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17 century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17 and 18 centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage .", "8": "The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 - 1654 , 1665 - 1667 , 1672 - 1674 and 1780 - 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive .", "9": "Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure .", "10": "English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates .", "11": "An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament .", "12": "The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 .", "13": "Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 .", "14": "By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers .", "15": "The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war .", "16": "The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was comprised largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius .", "17": "There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling .", "18": "This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help .", "19": "This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis .", "20": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c.", "21": "16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance .", "22": "This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India .", "23": "Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c.", "24": "1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire .", "25": "In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which It used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs .", "26": "By the late 18 century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having the translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land owners to land renters . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne .", "27": "The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag .", "28": "Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) .", "29": "Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off .", "30": "Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary .", "31": "See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : List of East India Company directors Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments Economy of India under Company rule Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740#ref485999 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 - 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 .", "32": "^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 - 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) .", "33": "Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/06/The-Nutmeg-Wars/ Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) .", "34": "Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation .", "35": "George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) .", "36": "Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank .", "37": "Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) .", "40": "Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 1256 - X . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) .", "41": "Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . ''", "42": "Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian .", "43": "The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p.", "44": "148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y.", "45": "Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co .", "46": "Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Cite error : There are < ref group = Note > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = Note ) ) template ( see the help page ) . 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-7583855073136179893	when did david akers kick the 63 yard field goal	[ "September 9, 2012", "September 9, 2012", "September 9, 2012", "September 9, 2012", "September 9, 2012" ]	{ "0": "David Akers - wikipedia David Akers Jump to : navigation , search David Akers Akers with the Philadelphia Eagles in 2009 No. 6 , 2 Position : Placekicker Born : ( 1974 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Lexington , Kentucky Height : 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Weight : 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Career information High school : Lexington ( KY ) Tates Creek College : Louisville Undrafted : 1997 Career history Atlanta Falcons ( 1997 ) * Carolina Panthers ( 1997 ) * Washington Redskins ( 1998 ) Berlin Thunder ( 1999 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 -- 2010 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Detroit Lions ( 2013 ) * Offseason and / or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards 6 × Pro Bowl ( 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2009 -- 2011 ) 2 × First - team All - Pro ( 2001 , 2011 ) 4 × Second - team All - Pro ( 2002 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 ) PFW Golden Toe Award ( 2011 ) Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team NFL 2000s All - Decade Team NFL season record for points scored by a kicker ( 166 ) NFL season record for field goals ( 44 ) Inducted into KY Pro Football HOF ( 2004 ) Inducted into Philadelphia Eagles HOF ( 2017 ) Career NFL statistics Field goals : 386 Field goal attempts : 477 Field goal % : 80.9 Long field goal : 63 Points scored : 1,721 Passing : 2 / 2 , 25 yards , 1 TD Player stats at NFL.com David Roy Akers ( / ˈeɪkərz / ; born December 9 , 1974 ) is a former American football placekicker .", "1": "He played college football at Louisville , and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 1997 . Akers also played for the Carolina Panthers , Washington Redskins , Berlin Thunder , Philadelphia Eagles , San Francisco 49ers , and Detroit Lions . He was selected for the Pro Bowl six times in his career and was at one point tied for the longest field goal in NFL history when he kicked a 63 - yard field goal with the San Francisco 49ers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers 3.2 Washington Redskins 3.3 Philadelphia Eagles 3.4 San Francisco 49ers 3.5 Detroit Lions 3.6 NFL records 3.7 NFL statistics 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) Akers attended Tates Creek High School in Lexington , Kentucky . College career ( edit ) Akers attended college at the University of Louisville and played for the Louisville Cardinals football team . During his four - year college career , Akers kicked a school - record 36 field goals ( with a long of 51 yards against Texas A&M University ) , and ranks second on Louisville 's all - time scoring list , with 219 points . Professional career ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers ( edit ) Between 1997 and 1998 , as an undrafted free agent , Akers spent time trying to make the team with the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers . Washington Redskins ( edit ) Akers was signed by the Washington Redskins in 1998 and played in one game for them , making two extra points but missing two field goal attempts of 48 + yards each . He was waived by the Redskins during the 1999 season . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) After Washington cut Akers , the Philadelphia Eagles claimed him off waivers and allocated him to NFL Europe . A solid season with the Berlin Thunder helped him earn the kicking job for the Eagles in 2000 . Akers proved to be one of the biggest special teams surprises in all of the NFL that season . He made 29 out of 33 field goals ( an 87.9 % success rate ) , and had a team - record 121 points .", "2": "Akers earned the NFC Special Teams Player of the Month award in November 2000 . He made the Pro Bowl for the first time in 2001 as he went 26 - for - 31 , making a team - record seventeen consecutive field goals during the season . Akers attempting a field goal in August 2009 . Akers ' best statistical season was 2002 when he connected on 30 of 34 field goals ( 88.2 % ) , scored a team - record 133 points , and made another Pro Bowl . He got fewer chances in 2003 , but still made 24 of 29 field goals . He made the third - longest field goal in Eagles ' history on September 14 , 2003 , a 57 - yarder against the New England Patriots at the new Lincoln Financial Field ( the only longer field goals in Eagles ' history were Jake Elliott 's 61 - yard field goal in 2017 and Tony Franklin 's 59 - yard field goal in 1979 . ) In 2004 , Akers continued his consistent kicking with an 84.4 % field goal percentage , and he made his third Pro Bowl . Injuries finally got to Akers in 2005 when he tore the hamstring in his non-kicking leg during the opening kickoff against the Oakland Raiders on September 25 , 2005 . Akers left the game , but returned in the second half with a heavily taped leg to make two extra points and then kick the game - winning 28 - yard field goal before collapsing in pain as his teammates mobbed him . He missed the next four games and finished the season 16 for 22 . In 2006 , Akers was injury - free , but made only 18 of 23 attempts ( 78.3 % ) , his second worst season statistically . On December 16 , 2007 , in a 10 - 6 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Akers set the Philadelphia Eagles franchise record for most points and on Thanksgiving in 2008 , Akers passed 1,000 career points during a 48 - 20 win over the Arizona Cardinals . On December 7 , 2008 , Akers kicked a 51 - yard field goal at Giants Stadium , his longest of the season .", "3": "In the same game he had two field goals blocked , one of which was returned for a touchdown . At the end of the 2008 regular season , Akers again set the team single - season scoring record with an NFC - best 144 points . He connected on 33 of 40 field goals ( 82.5 pct ) , his best percentage since 2004 . On January 11 , 2009 , Akers kicked three field goals in three attempts during a divisional playoff win over the New York Giants . The second of these set an NFL record for consecutive field goals without a miss during the postseason , previously held by one - time Eagle Gary Anderson . Akers eventually ran his streak to a record 19 consecutive postseason field goal conversions ; it was snapped the very next week against the Arizona Cardinals . Akers currently has thirty - five total postseason field goal conversions . Akers was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl , his fourth . He was also named to the NFL All - Decade Team for the 2000s . After the 2010 season , he was selected to his fifth career Pro Bowl . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Akers was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to a $9 million , three - year contract on July 29 , 2011 . He kicked a 59 - yard field goal just before halftime in a preseason game against the New Orleans Saints on August 12 , 2011 . On September 18 , 2011 , he kicked a 55 - yard field goal against the Dallas Cowboys , setting a record for the longest field goal made at Candlestick Park . Akers broke the 49ers ' record for most points scored in a season in a 20 -- 3 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in a Monday Night Football matchup on December 19 , 2011 . The record was formerly held by the 49ers ' Hall of Fame wide receiver , Jerry Rice . In that same game against the Seahawks , Akers broke the all - time record for field goals in a season , surpassing Neil Rackers ' 40 in 2005 . On January 1 , 2012 , Akers broke the NFL record for most points by a kicker in a single season against the St. Louis Rams ; he finished with 166 points .", "4": "In this game , he also extended his NFL record for most field goals made in a single season , finishing with 44 , and threw for a touchdown on a fake field goal . Akers made his sixth Pro Bowl at the end of the season . On September 9 , 2012 , Akers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal by kicking a 63 - yard field goal off the crossbar against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field . The record was originally set by Tom Dempsey and was shared with Jason Elam and Sebastian Janikowski until Broncos kicker Matt Prater broke the record with a 64 - yard field goal on December 8 , 2013 . The long field goals by Elam , Janikowski , and Prater were all made in Denver , where the ball has the ability to travel slightly farther in thinner air . Elam kicked his 63 - yard field goal at Mile High Stadium , while the 63 - yarder by Janikowski and the 64 - yarder by Prater were at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . It should be noted in track and field , the IAAF denotes any records set 1,000 metres ( about 3,937 feet ) or more above sea level as altitude - assisted records , and the Dempsey ( Tulane Stadium ) and Akers ( Lambeau Field ) records were set below the 1,000 m threshold . The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season , marking Akers ' second appearance in the game . In the game , Akers went 3 for 3 in field goal attempts , but San Francisco narrowly lost to the Baltimore Ravens by a 34 -- 31 score . On March 6 , 2013 , Akers was released after two seasons with the 49ers . Detroit Lions ( edit ) On April 6 , 2013 , Akers signed with the Detroit Lions , three days after the retirement of 21 - season Lions kicker Jason Hanson .", "5": "NFL records ( edit ) Points in a single decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) : 1,169 Points in Pro Bowl History : 57 Most points in a season , no touchdowns ( 2011 ) : 166 Most games 4 + field goals in a season ( 2011 ) : 6 Most games 10 + points in a season ( 2011 ) : 10 - tied with four others Field Goals in an NFL Season : 44 Field Goals attempted in an NFL Season : 52 Longest Field Goal in Pro Bowl History : 53 yards , 2005 ( Eagles ) . NFL statistics ( edit ) Year Team Games Field Goals Made Field Goals Attempted Field Goal Percentage 1 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 + Longest Field Goal Extra Points Made Extra Point Attempts Points 1998 WSH 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 1999 PHI 16 6 50.0 0 0 0 53 11 2000 PHI 16 29 33 87.9 6 15 10 51 34 36 121 2001 PHI 16 26 31 83.9 9 8 10 50 37 38 115 2002 PHI 16 30 34 88.2 0 9 16 7 51 43 43 133 2003 PHI 16 24 29 82.8 0 9 7 10 57 42 42 114 PHI 16 27 32 84.4 0 7 18 51 41 42 122 2005 PHI 12 16 22 72.", "6": "7 0 8 9 50 23 23 71 2006 PHI 16 18 23 78.3 0 10 5 8 0 47 48 48 102 2007 PHI 16 24 32 75.0 0 12 10 6 53 36 36 108 2008 PHI 16 33 40 82.5 11 12 10 5 51 45 45 144 2009 PHI 16 32 37 86.5 11 9 13 52 43 45 139 PHI 16 32 38 84.2 0 12 12 11 50 47 47 143 2011 SF 16 44 52 84.6 16 14 11 9 55 34 34 166 2012 SF 16 29 42 69.0 9 13 13 6 63 44 44 131 2013 DET 16 19 24 79.2 5 8 7 53 42 43 99 Career 237 386 477 80.9 9 126 144 148 50 63 563 570 1,721 Personal Life ( edit ) Akers and his wife , Erika , reside in Franklin , Tennessee , with their sons Luke and Sawyer , and daughter Halley . He has maintained a summer residence in Ocean City , New Jersey . Akers is a Christian .", "7": "In 2001 , the Akers family formed the David Akers Kicks for Kids Foundation , which has established programs with the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia to benefit sick children and their families . He also regularly trains in martial arts such as jiu - jitsu and Shaolin Kempo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tates Creek , UofL star Akers throws TD pass , kicks 2 field goals in 49ers ' win '' . Lexington Herald Leader . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Akers named to All - Decade team Eagletarian 01 / 27 / 2010 Jump up ^ Branch , Eric ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` David Akers breaks Rice 's 49ers scoring mark '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` David Akers kicks 63 - yard field goal '' . ESPN . September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Akers 's 63 - yarder Jump up ^ Allain , Rhett ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Are Field Goals Easier in Denver ? - Wired Science '' . Wired . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII - San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens - February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) . `` 49ers release 6 - time Pro Bowl kicker David Akers '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Kareem ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Detroit Lions , David Akers reportedly agree to term '' . nfl.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Lynch ( 2011 - 12 - 24 ) . `` David Akers sets NFL record '' . blog.sfgate.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` David Akers Stats '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures .", "8": "Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert . `` Big - name hunting season at the Shore ; Celebrities roam even these simpler environs . '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 15 , 2009 . Accessed September 13 , 2015 . `` Eagles kicker David Akers has a house on the south end of the island and , at various times , former boxing champ Mike Tyson , Flyers captain and executive Bobby Clarke , and Eagles running back Brian Westbrook have been reported to own or rent in Ocean City . '' Jump up ^ `` NFL Kicker David Akers on Navigating Life 's Kicks '' . Jump up ^ John Guinn . `` David Akers Kicks for Kids '' . Davidakerskicksforkids.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Stats at Pro-Football - Reference Kicking Videos by David Akers San Francisco 49ers bio Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Akers .", "9": "National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T.", "10": "Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid 2001 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Kurt Warner RB Marshall Faulk RB Priest Holmes WR David Boston WR Terrell Owens TE Tony Gonzalez OT Walter Jones OT Orlando Pace G Larry Allen G Alan Faneca C Kevin Mawae Defense : DE John Abraham DE Michael Strahan DT Warren Sapp DT Ted Washington OLB Jason Gildon OLB Jamir Miller ILB Ray Lewis ILB Brian Urlacher CB Ronde Barber CB Aeneas Williams S Mike Brown S Brian Dawkins Special Teams P Todd Sauerbrun PK David Akers KR Steve Smith 2011 AP NFL All - Pro First Team Offense : QB Aaron Rodgers RB LeSean McCoy RB Maurice Jones - Drew FB Vonta Leach WR Calvin Johnson WR Wes Welker TE Rob Gronkowski OT Joe Thomas OT Jason Peters G Jahri Evans G Carl Nicks C Maurkice Pouncey Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Jason Pierre - Paul DT Haloti Ngata DT Justin Smith OLB Terrell Suggs OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Patrick Willis ILB ( tie ) NaVorro Bowman ILB ( tie ) Derrick Johnson CB Darrelle Revis CB Charles Woodson FS Eric Weddle SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Andy Lee PK David Akers KR Patrick Peterson ST Matthew Slater Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Akers&oldid=814275487 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people American football placekickers Atlanta Falcons players Berlin Thunder players Carolina Panthers players Detroit Lions players Louisville Cardinals football players National Conference Pro Bowl players Sportspeople from Lexington , Kentucky People from Medford , New Jersey People from Ocean City ,", "11": "New Jersey Philadelphia Eagles players Players of American football from Kentucky San Francisco 49ers players Tates Creek High School alumni Washington Redskins players Hidden categories : NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano 日本語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6203839542590166972	who is the coach of university of kentucky basketball	[ "John Vincent Calipari", "John Vincent Calipari", "John Calipari", "John Vincent Calipari", "John Vincent Calipari" ]	{ "0": "John Calipari - wikipedia John Calipari Jump to : navigation , search `` Calipari '' redirects here . For the Italian major general , see Nicola Calipari . John Calipari Calipari in 2014 Sport ( s ) Basketball Current position Title Head coach Team Kentucky Conference SEC Record 271 -- 63 Annual salary $7,450,000 Biographical details ( 1959 - 02 - 10 ) February 10 , 1959 ( age 59 ) Moon Township , Pennsylvania Playing career 1978 -- 1980 UNC Wilmington 1980 -- 1982 Clarion Position ( s ) Point guard Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) 1982 -- 1985 Kansas ( associate assistant ) 1985 -- 1988 Pittsburgh ( assistant ) 1988 -- 1996 UMass 1996 -- 1999 New Jersey Nets 1999 -- 2000 Philadelphia 76ers ( assistant ) 2000 -- 2009 Memphis 2009 -- present Kentucky International 2011 -- 2012 Dominican Republic 2017 -- present USA U-19 Head coaching record Overall 674 -- 202 ( college ) 72 -- 112 ( NBA ) Accomplishments and honors Championships NCAA Division I Tournament ( 2012 ) 4x NCAA Regional -- Final Four ( 1996 * , 2008 * , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × C - USA Tournament ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 5 × C - USA regular season ( 2004 , 2006 -- 2009 ) NIT ( 2002 ) 5 × A10 Tournament ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 5 × A10 regular season ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 5 × SEC regular season ( 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) 6 × SEC Tournament ( 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ,", "1": "2018 ) Awards 3 × Naismith College Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2008 , 2015 ) Associated Press Coach of the Year ( 2015 ) 3 × NABC Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2009 , 2015 ) Basketball Times Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2015 ) Sports Illustrated Coach of the Year ( 2009 ) 2 × Adolph Rupp Cup ( 2010 , 2015 ) 3 × A10 Coach of the Year ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 ) 3 × C - USA Coach of the Year ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year ( 2009 ) 3 × SEC Coach of the Year ( 2010 , 2012 , 2015 ) Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2015 Medal record ( hide ) Head Coach for Dominican Republic Dominican Republic national team FIBA Americas Championship 2011 Mar del Plata Men 's Basketball Centrobasket 2012 Puerto Rico Men 's Basketball Marchand Cup 2011 Marchand Cup Men 's Basketball John Vincent Calipari ( born February 10 , 1959 ) is an American basketball coach . Since 2009 , he has been the head coach of the University of Kentucky men 's team , with whom he won the NCAA Championship in 2012 . He has been named Naismith College Coach of the Year three times ( in 1996 , 2008 and 2015 ) , and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2015 . He was previously the head coach at the University of Massachusetts from 1988 to 1996 , the NBA 's New Jersey Nets from 1996 to 1999 and the University of Memphis from 2000 to 2009 , and was the head coach of the Dominican Republic national team in 2011 and 2012 . Calipari has coached Kentucky to four Final Fours , in 2011 , 2012 , 2014 and 2015 .", "2": "He also led UMass and Memphis to the Final Four in 1996 and 2008 respectively ; those appearances were later vacated , although Calipari was not personally implicated by the NCAA in either case . As a college coach , Calipari has 21 20 - win seasons , eight 30 - win seasons , and three 35 - win seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Playing career 1.2 Coaching career 1.2. 1 University of Massachusetts 1.2. 2 New Jersey Nets 1.2. 3 University of Memphis 1.2. 4 University of Kentucky 1.2. 4.1 2009 -- 10 1.2. 4.2 2010 -- 11 1.2. 4.3 2011 -- 12 1.2. 4.4 Hall of Fame 2 Controversies 2.1 Marcus Camby 2.2 Insult directed at journalist 2.3 Derrick Rose 2.4 Overall wins 3 Head coaching record 3.1 College 3.2 NBA 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Calipari was born in Moon Township , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He is of Italian descent . Playing career ( edit ) John Calipari , 1979 -- 1980 UNCW basketball team Calipari lettered two years at UNC Wilmington before transferring to Clarion University of Pennsylvania , from which he graduated with a bachelor 's degree in marketing . He played point guard at Clarion during the 1981 and 1982 seasons , leading the team in assists and free throw percentage . Coaching career ( edit ) From 1982 to 1985 , Calipari was an assistant at the University of Kansas under Ted Owens and Larry Brown . Calipari had several jobs as the lowest coach in the pecking order when Ted Owens hired him as a volunteer assistant for the Jayhawks ' 1982 -- 83 season , including serving food at the training table . `` I was blessed to have the chance .", "3": "Can you imagine being 22 , 23 and your first opportunity to be around the game is at a program like Kansas ? '' From 1985 to 1988 , he was an assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh under Roy Chipman and Paul Evans . From 1988 to 1996 , he was head coach at the University of Massachusetts . From 1996 to 1999 , he was head coach and Executive VP of basketball operations for the NBA 's New Jersey Nets . During the 1999 -- 2000 season , he was an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers under coach Larry Brown , before moving on to his next position at the University of Memphis . He was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2004 . Calipari is famous for popularizing the dribble drive motion offense , developed by Vance Walberg , which is sometimes known as the Memphis Attack . Calipari is a published author with several titles to his credit , including Bounce Back : Overcoming Setbacks to Succeed in Business and in Life and Players First : Coaching from the Inside Out . Additionally , Calipari starred in the 30 for 30 documentary from ESPN `` One and Not Done '' which details his professional career . In his 22 official seasons ( 23 seasons overall ) as a collegiate head coach , Calipari 's record is 667 -- 194 (. 775 ) . His record in the month of March is 107 -- 37 (. 743 ) . His NCAA adjusted ( the records of two appearances being removed ) official record in the NCAA tournament is 38 -- 12 (. 760 ) , and in the NIT is 15 -- 6 (. 714 ) .", "4": "His teams have made 15 NCAA tournament appearances ( 13 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , including reaching the Sweet Sixteen 12 times ( 10 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the Elite Eight 10 times ( 8 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the Final Four 6 times ( 4 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the NCAA Championship Game 3 times ( twice officially , with the 2008 Championship Game appearance while at Memphis being vacated by the NCAA ) , winning the NCAA Championship at Kentucky in 2012 , and finishing NCAA Runner Up in 2014 . As a college coach , Calipari has 21 20 - win seasons ( 20 official ) and 9 30 - win seasons ( 8 official ) . He has also coached 6 teams to the NIT , winning the NIT Championship at Memphis in 2002 . He is one of only four coaches in NCAA Division I history to direct three different schools to a # 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament . University of Massachusetts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1996 at UMass , Calipari led the Minutemen program to five consecutive Atlantic 10 titles and NCAA Tournament appearances , including periods where the program was ranked first nationally . He finished with a 193 -- 71 record overall , with a 91 -- 41 record in Atlantic 10 conference games . Calipari was named Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year in 1992 , 1993 , and 1996 . He was also named the Naismith , NABC , Basketball Times & Sporting News National Coach of the Year in 1996 . He led UMass to its first - ever appearance in the Final Four with the play of the John R. Wooden Award winner and Naismith College Player of the Year Marcus Camby , although this appearance was later vacated by the NCAA because Camby had accepted about $28,000 from two sports agents who were luring him to enter the NBA draft after his Sophomore season . Calipari helped accelerate the construction of the Mullins Center , UMass ' basketball and hockey facility . He also reached out to eastern Massachusetts and Boston to enlarge the fan base .", "5": "Before moving on to the New Jersey Nets , Calipari became the second winningest coach in UMass history behind Jack Leaman . In February 2010 , Pat Forde , at the time the writer of a regular college sports column called `` Forde Minutes '' for ESPN.com , recalled the 1992 team : Calipari 's greatest strength as a coach is his ability to create teams that play together . His 1992 Massachusetts team remains one of the most overachieving units The Minutes has ever seen , featuring a shooting guard with range so limited he made one 3 - pointer all season ( Jim McCoy ) , a 6 - foot - 3 power forward ( Will Herndon ) , and a left - handed center who stood all of 6 -- 7 ( Harper Williams ) . Somehow , that collection of marginal talent went 30 -- 5 and advanced to the NCAA Sweet 16 . In the Sweet 16 matchup with Kentucky in 1992 , official Lenny Wirtz issued Calipari a controversial technical foul for being outside the coach 's box during a crucial UMass possession . Kentucky went on to face Duke in the next round in one of the greatest games in college basketball history , won on a last - second shot by Christian Laettner . In 1993 , UMass defeated defending NCAA champion and preseason # 1 North Carolina in the pre-season NIT in Madison Square Garden . The following year # 3 UMass defeated defending NCAA champion and # 1 Arkansas in the Hall of Fame Tip - Off classic , which resulted in UMass becoming the first New England college basketball team to be voted # 1 in the Associated Press poll . During Calipari 's tenure at UMass , the program became one of the most dominant in college basketball despite recruiting just one McDonald 's All - American ( Donta Bright ) and having only two players drafted by an NBA team ( Lou Roe and Marcus Camby ) . The 1996 team alone , called by Forde a team `` with one superstar ( Marcus Camby ) and a collection of complementary parts '' . By winning both the Atlantic 10 regular season and conference tournament championships from 1992 to 1996 , UMass became the second team in college basketball history to win 5 consecutive regular season and conference tournament championships ( NC State was the first . )", "6": "New Jersey Nets ( edit ) In the 1996 -- 97 season , John Calipari replaced Butch Beard as head coach of the New Jersey Nets . After a 26 -- 56 debut season , the Nets made a major draft - day trade in June 1997 , acquiring Keith Van Horn , Lucious Harris and two other players for Tim Thomas . The 1997 -- 98 season was a lone bright spot for the Nets in the late 1990s . The team played well under Calipari , winning 43 games and qualifying for the playoffs on the last day of the season . The Nets were seeded eighth in the Eastern Conference and lost to the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 playoffs in three straight games . The 1998 -- 99 season was delayed for three months due to an owners ' lockout of the players . When the abbreviated 50 - game season began , the Nets were a choice by experts as a surprise team . However , Sam Cassell was injured in the first game and the team started poorly . With the Nets underachieving at 3 -- 15 , the Nets traded Cassell to the Milwaukee Bucks , while the Nets acquired Stephon Marbury from the Minnesota Timberwolves . After two more losses , Calipari was fired as head coach with the team at 3 -- 17 . He finished his tenure with an overall record of 72 wins and 112 losses , and a . 391 overall winning percentage . He then joined Larry Brown as an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers . University of Memphis ( edit ) Calipari directing his players during an away game against Conference USA rival University of Houston in January 2007 . Calipari became head coach at the University of Memphis beginning in 2000 -- 01 . In Calipari 's first nine years as head coach at Memphis , he won 214 games ( 38 wins were vacated ) , posted seven consecutive 20 - win seasons , plus one more in his final season ( including an NCAA record four consecutive 30 - win seasons , though the third season was vacated and this record no longer holds ) and earned seven consecutive postseason bids ( plus one in his final season ) .", "7": "His 2007 -- 2008 team 's 38 victories set a new NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball record for most victories in a season , a record that now belongs to the 2011 -- 2012 Kentucky Wildcats due to NCAA violations that vacated all of Memphis ' wins . The nine consecutive 20 - win seasons and the nine consecutive postseason appearances would have been the most in school history , though that officially stands now at seven because of the vacated 2007 -- 08 season . He was named Conference USA Coach of the Year in 2006 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2008 , he was named Naismith College Coach of the Year , receiving the honor for the second time . In 2009 , he was named Sports Illustrated College Basketball Coach of the Year . He built a national program by recruiting blue chip players from the Eastern part of the country , such as Dajuan Wagner from Camden ( NJ ) , Darius Washington Jr. from Orlando ( FL ) , Rodney Carney from Indianapolis ( IN ) , Shawne Williams from Memphis ( TN ) , Joey Dorsey from Baltimore ( MD ) , Chris Douglas - Roberts from Detroit ( MI ) , Antonio Anderson from Lynn ( MA ) , Robert Dozier from Lithonia ( GA ) , Derrick Rose from Chicago ( IL ) , and Tyreke Evans from Aston ( PA ) . While at Memphis , Calipari popularized the dribble drive motion offense that was invented by former Pepperdine basketball coach , Vance Walberg . On January 21 , 2008 , Calipari led the Tigers to the No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll for only the second time in school history . In 2006 and 2008 , Memphis earned a No. 1 seed in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament . In 2008 , Calipari 's Tigers advanced to the national championship game , their first under his leadership . They also won 38 games , the most regular - season wins in NCAA history ( his 2011 -- 12 Kentucky team would also go on to win 38 games ) . His team , however , would lose to the Kansas Jayhawks , 75 -- 68 , in overtime . This team later had its entire season record vacated by the NCAA because ETS invalidated Derrick Rose 's SAT .", "8": "Despite this , Rose still denies any wrongdoing . The NCAA began to investigate the test and contacted the ETS . Because the NCAA had begun to investigate , ETS decided to review the test . The ETS sent three letters to Rose 's family 's former address in Chicago ( instead of his dorm in Memphis ) to ask that Rose verify some information on his test . Because he did not reply to the letters , ETS invalidated his SAT . This happened even though the NCAA investigated and reported that they could not find significant evidence to prove that Rose did not take the test . Because the ETS had invalidated the test , the NCAA retroactively declared Rose ineligible . To this day , the official position of the NCAA is that Rose did take his own SAT . If not for the vacated wins , Calipari would be the winningest coach in Tigers history , as he would have 252 wins to Larry Finch 's 220 . University of Kentucky ( edit ) Calipari on the bench for the Kentucky Wildcats , 2009 On March 30 , 2009 , four days after Memphis ' season ending loss to Missouri in the NCAA Tournament , multiple sources reported that Calipari would agree to be the head coach at the University of Kentucky , after UK 's head coach , Billy Gillispie , was fired after two unsuccessful seasons at the school . Calipari rejected a counter offer by Memphis for Kentucky 's 8 year , $31.65 million contract . According to university officials , John Calipari signed a written contract on March 31 , 2009 . The contract was worth $34.65 million over 8 years , plus incentives . On April 1 , 2009 , the University of Kentucky Director of Athletics , Mitch Barnhart , formally introduced John Calipari as the new coach of the University of Kentucky Wildcats . During the press conference , Calipari spoke at length about his relationships with former UK basketball players and coaches , and also in his difficulties in accepting the UK job , largely due to his deep emotional ties with both the city of Memphis and University of Memphis . Calipari stated , `` Coming to UK was the easy part , it was leaving the city of Memphis that was the hard part . '' He went on to refer to the University of Kentucky coaching position as his `` dream job '' .", "9": "Calipari became the 22nd coach overall at Kentucky , and just the 7th coach in the last 79 years for the Wildcats . 2009 -- 10 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 -- 10 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team In his first year as head coach , Calipari had a highly touted recruiting class , including the No. 1 overall rated recruit , John Wall , plus fellow 5 - star recruits , DeMarcus Cousins , Eric Bledsoe , and Daniel Orton . On December 21 , 2009 , Calipari led the Cats to their 12th victory of the season and the program 's 2,000 th victory ever . Kentucky won its 44th SEC Regular Season Championship in 2009 -- 10 , with a 14 -- 2 conference record . Calipari 's team followed this up with the UK 's 26th SEC Tournament Championship , with an overtime defeat of Mississippi State , 75 -- 74 , in the SEC Tournament title game . In the NCAA Tournament , however , No. 1 seed Kentucky ( East Region ) was upset by West Virginia in the Elite 8 , to finish the season at 35 -- 3 . 2010 -- 11 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 11 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team In his second season at Kentucky , Calipari recruited the No. 1 rated point guard in the 2010 class , Brandon Knight . In addition to Knight , Calipari also signed two other 5 - star recruits , Terrence Jones and Doron Lamb . In 2010 -- 11 , Kentucky finished the regular season with a record of 22 -- 8 , with a 10 -- 6 record in SEC regular season play . UK would go on to win its second consecutive SEC Tournament Championship , defeating Florida , 70 -- 54 , in the SEC Tournament title game . As a result , Kentucky received a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament ( East Regional ) . During the NCAA Tournament , Kentucky would go on to defeat No. 1 overall seed Ohio State , 62 -- 60 , in the Sweet - 16 .", "10": "In the Elite Eight , Calipari 's team would avenge an early season loss to North Carolina , by defeating the Tar Heels , 76 -- 69 , securing Kentucky 's first Final Four appearance since 1998 . In the Final Four , UK fell to the eventual NCAA Champions , UConn , by one point , 56 -- 55 , finishing with a final record of 29 -- 9 . 2011 -- 12 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 -- 12 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team Tom Izzo and Calipari , two of the highest paid college coaches in 2012 , talk while scouting a blue chip recruit In this third season , Kentucky landed another No. 1 recruiting class with four consensus five star players : Anthony Davis , Marquis Teague , Michael Kidd - Gilchrist and Kyle Wiltjer . Kentucky came into the season ranked # 2 in the country . They finished the regular season with a 30 -- 1 record , their only loss to Indiana by a buzzer - beater and went 16 -- 0 in conference play . In the SEC tournament , Kentucky lost in the championship game to Vanderbilt 71 -- 64 . In the NCAA Tournament , Calipari 's team was selected as the overall # 1 seed in the tournament , representing as the South Region # 1 seed . Kentucky avenged the early season loss to Indiana beating them in the Sweet Sixteen 102 -- 90 , and knocked off Baylor in the Elite Eight 82 -- 70 , to advance to their second consecutive Final Four . In the Final Four in New Orleans , Kentucky first faced their in - state rival , the Louisville Cardinals and Rick Pitino , winning 69 -- 61 . Two days later , in the National Championship game , Kentucky played in another early season rematch against the Kansas Jayhawks , winning a hard fought contest 67 -- 59 . The win secured Calipari his first NCAA Championship , a NCAA record 38 - win season , and the 8th overall NCAA Championship for Kentucky . By doing so , John Calipari became the 5th head coach to win a NCAA Championship at Kentucky ( a NCAA record ) , and the first coach to do so at the school since Tubby Smith in 1998 .", "11": "Following the 2012 championship , UK Athletics Director Mitch Barnhart announced on May 4 that Calipari 's contract had been renegotiated . Under the new contract , Calipari will make up to $8.0 million annually ( not including bonuses ) , which further cements his status as one of the most highly compensated college basketball coaches in the country . Mike Krzyzewski , coach of the Duke University team , leads the NCAA at an annual salary of $9.8 million . Hall of Fame ( edit ) On September 11 , 2015 John Calipari was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . As of the 2015 -- 2016 NCAA Division I college basketball season , John Calipari is one of only 6 active coaches enshrined . Controversies ( edit ) Marcus Camby ( edit ) UMass had its 4 -- 1 1996 NCAA Tournament record vacated when the NCAA discovered that UMass player Marcus Camby had accepted a reported $40,000 in cash and gifts from an outside agent with no connection to the program . Insult directed at journalist ( edit ) In 1997 , while coaching the New Jersey Nets , Calipari directed profanities at Star - Ledger sports reporter Dan Garcia and referred to him as a `` Mexican idiot '' . Garcia sued for $5,000,000 for emotional distress . Though the case was dismissed and Calipari apologized for his remarks , he was still fined $25,000 by the NBA . Derrick Rose ( edit ) The NCAA investigated allegations that a player on the 2007 -- 08 University of Memphis team committed `` knowing fraudulence or misconduct in connection with his entrance examination '' and had an unknown individual complete his SAT examination . The NCAA informed Calipari in a letter that he was not considered `` at risk '' in this investigation . The player was identified as Derrick Rose . Subsequently , allegations surfaced that Rose 's brother , Reggie , had been allowed to travel to Tiger road games for free . On August 20 , 2009 , the NCAA ruled that Rose was ineligible and forced Memphis to vacate the entire 2007 -- 08 season , including the NCAA Tournament and its standing as runner - up .", "12": "It took the line that because Rose 's SAT score had been voided by the Educational Testing Service , which administers the SAT , strict liability required that Rose be ruled ineligible even though Memphis officials had n't known at the time that Rose was ineligible . The committee also determined that even without the questions about his SAT score , Rose would have lost his eligibility in December 2007 due to his brother being allowed to travel with the team for free . On October 7 , 2011 , the Memphis Commercial - Appeal reported that on May 28 , 2010 , John Calipari , Derrick Rose , and University of Memphis athletic director R.C. Johnson reached a $100,000 out - of - court settlement with three attorneys who represented Memphis season ticket holders and threatened a lawsuit over the vacated 2007 -- 08 season . Also as part of the settlement , Calipari donated his near - $232,000 bonus to the Memphis scholarship fund . Overall wins ( edit ) On February 26 , 2011 , after Kentucky beat the Florida Gators in Rupp Arena , Calipari was recognized for his 500th career victory as a Division I men 's basketball coach . Over the course of the next few months , the NCAA 's Committee on Infractions ( COI ) and the University of Kentucky exchanged letters debating whether Calipari had indeed reached the 500 - win milestone . Due to games vacated by the NCAA in two different seasons ( the 1996 season at UMass and the 2008 season at Memphis ) , the NCAA only officially recognized Calipari 's 500th all time coaching victory on March 15 , 2012 .", "13": "Head coaching record ( edit ) College ( edit ) Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason UMass Minutemen ( Atlantic 10 Conference ) ( 1988 -- 1996 ) 1988 -- 89 UMass 10 -- 18 5 -- 13 8th 1989 -- 90 UMass 17 -- 14 10 -- 8 6th NIT First Round 1990 -- 91 UMass 20 -- 13 10 -- 8 T -- 3rd NIT Semifinals 1991 -- 92 UMass 30 -- 5 13 -- 3 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen 1992 -- 93 UMass 24 -- 7 11 -- 3 1st NCAA Round of 32 1993 -- 94 UMass 28 -- 7 14 -- 2 1st NCAA Round of 32 1994 -- 95 UMass 29 -- 5 13 -- 3 1st NCAA Elite Eight 1995 -- 96 UMass 31 -- 1 ( 35 - 2 ) * 15 -- 1 1st NCAA Final Four * UMass : 189 -- 70 (. 730 ) * 91 -- 41 (.", "14": "689 ) Memphis Tigers ( Conference USA ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 -- 01 Memphis 21 -- 15 10 -- 6 2nd ( National ) NIT Semifinals 2001 -- 02 Memphis 27 -- 9 12 -- 4 1st ( National ) NIT Champions 2002 -- 03 Memphis 23 -- 7 13 -- 3 1st ( National ) NCAA Round of 64 2003 -- 04 Memphis 22 -- 8 12 -- 4 T -- 1st NCAA Round of 32 2004 -- 05 Memphis 22 -- 16 9 -- 7 T -- 6th NIT Semifinals 2005 -- 06 Memphis 33 -- 4 13 -- 1 1st NCAA Elite Eight 2006 -- 07 Memphis 33 -- 4 16 -- 0 1st NCAA Elite Eight 2007 -- 08 Memphis 0 - 1 ( 38 -- 2 ) * * 0 - 0 ( 16 -- 0 ) * * * * NCAA Runner - up * * 2008 -- 09 Memphis 33 -- 4 16 -- 0 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen Memphis : 214 -- 68 (. 759 ) * * 101 -- 25 (.", "15": "802 ) * * Kentucky Wildcats ( Southeastern Conference ) ( 2009 -- present ) 2009 -- 10 Kentucky 35 -- 3 14 -- 2 1st ( East ) NCAA Elite Eight 2010 -- 11 Kentucky 29 -- 9 10 -- 6 2nd ( East ) NCAA Final Four 2011 -- 12 Kentucky 38 -- 2 16 -- 0 1st NCAA Champions 2012 -- 13 Kentucky 21 -- 12 12 -- 6 T -- 2nd NIT First Round 2013 -- 14 Kentucky 29 -- 11 12 -- 6 T -- 2nd NCAA Runner - up 2014 -- 15 Kentucky 38 -- 1 18 -- 0 1st NCAA Final Four 2015 -- 16 Kentucky 27 -- 9 13 -- 5 T -- 1st NCAA Round of 32 2016 -- 17 Kentucky 32 -- 6 16 -- 2 1st NCAA Elite Eight 2017 -- 18 Kentucky 26 -- 11 10 -- 8 T -- 4th NCAA Sweet Sixteen Kentucky : 273 -- 64 (. 810 ) 121 -- 35 (. 776 ) Total : 678 -- 202 (. 770 ) * * * National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion * ^ UMass had its 4 -- 1 record in the 1996 NCAA tournament and Final Four standing vacated after Marcus Camby was ruled ineligible due to his contact with a sports agent . * * ^ The NCAA vacated 38 wins and 1 loss from Memphis 's 2007 -- 08 season under Calipari due to violations of NCAA rules . * * * ^ Under current NCAA official records , Calipari 's record as of March 31 , 2018 is 678 -- 202 (.", "16": "770 ) , which accounts for the 4 vacated wins ( and one vacated loss ) in the 1995 -- 96 NCAA Tournament at UMass , and the 38 vacated wins ( and 1 vacated losses ) at Memphis in the entire 2007 -- 08 season . Overall record with vacated wins is 720 -- 204 (. 779 ) NBA ( edit ) Legend Regular season Games coached Games won Games lost W -- L % Win -- loss % Post season PG Playoff games PW Playoff wins PL Playoff losses PW -- L % Playoff win -- loss % ( hide ) Team Year W -- L % Finish PG PW PL PW -- L % Result New Jersey 1996 -- 97 82 26 56 . 317 5th in Atlantic -- -- -- -- Missed Playoffs New Jersey 1997 -- 98 82 43 39 . 524 3rd in Atlantic 0 . 000 Lost in First Round New Jersey 1998 -- 99 20 17 . 150 7th in Atlantic -- -- -- -- Fired Career 184 72 112 . 391 0 . 000 See also ( edit ) List of college men 's basketball coaches with 600 wins List of NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by coach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USA TODAY Sports '' . USA TODAY Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 27 , 2009 , Letter from NCAA to John Calipari '' ( PDF ) . Louisville Courier - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Kerkhoff , Blair ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Kentucky 's John Calipari returns to scene of first basketball job '' . Kansas City Star . Kansas City , Missouri . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tait , Matt ( April 2 , 2012 ) .", "17": "`` John Calipari talks about KU days '' . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , John Calipari with David ( 2009 ) . Bounce back : overcoming setbacks to succeed in business and in life ( 1st Free Press hardcover ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 9781416597506 . Jump up ^ Calipari , John ; Sokolove , Michael ( 2014 ) . Players first : coaching from the inside out . ISBN 978 - 1594205736 . Jump up ^ * * * * `` Hoops '' Weiss . FOXSports.com . `` Calipari using familiar formula for success '' Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike ( 1997 ) . `` An asterisk ca n't ruin UMass ' Final Four dream Sporting News , The Find Articles at BNET '' . Findarticles.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 05FB - 29 - 40 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Forde , Pat ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Chemistry lesson : handing out grades '' . Forde Minutes . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cook , Ron ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` Memphis coach Calipari remembers his roots '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ John Calipari named Naismith Coach of the Year after leading Memphis to NCAA title game -- NCAA Basketball -- Yahoo ! Sports Archived 2008 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin , John Calipari lead SI. com 's All - America team '' . Sports Illustrated . March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Small Ball Revolution , Memphis Attack '' . Coachingbetterbball.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mike DeCourcy . The Sporting News .", "18": "`` Pepperdine 's offense is a recruiting tool , too '' Archived 2007 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andy Katz . ESPN.com . `` Calipari committed to turning Memphis into legit contender '' Jump up ^ WHAS11 News `` John Calipari accepts offer to be new UK basketball coach Archived 2009 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . '' , WHAS - TV , 2009 - 3 - 30 . Retrieved on 2009 - 3 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN News Services `` Source : Calipari taking UK job '' , ESPN , 2009 - 3 - 31 . Retrieved on 2009 - 3 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tom Van Riper ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) . `` The highest - paid college basketball coaches '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Kentucky gives Calipari a raise following NCAA title '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Phil Taylor ( 1997 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Tangled Web '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Monte Burke ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . `` John Calipari is Either the Best or the Worst Thing to Happen to Basketball '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Selena ( March 25 , 1997 ) . `` Calipari Apologizes Publicly for His Slur '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` NBA education of John Calipari '' . Umasshoops.com. 1998 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( March 27 , 1997 ) .", "19": "`` Stern Fines Calipari $25,000 for Insulting Reporter '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` AD defends Memphis of any wrongdoings , wo n't confirm alleged player -- NCAA Division I Mens Basketball -- CBSSports.com News , Fantasy , Video '' . Cbssports.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dana . Memphis also gets 3 years ' probation . ESPN , 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Tigers found guilty by NCAA ; must vacate 2007 -- 08 basketball season , will appeal '' . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Services Database - LSDBi '' . web1.ncaa.org . Jump up ^ Veazey , Kyle ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Threat of lawsuit brings bonus repayment from John Calipari , R.C. Johnson , donation from Derrick Rose '' . Memphis Commercial - Appeal . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis NCAA Violations '' . ESPN . August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Eamonn ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA calls John Calipari 's win total wrong '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 .", "20": "External links ( edit ) Official website Kentucky profile Current men 's basketball head coaches of the Southeastern Conference Avery Johnson ( Alabama ) Mike Anderson ( Arkansas ) Bruce Pearl ( Auburn ) Mike White ( Florida ) Tom Crean ( Georgia ) John Calipari ( Kentucky ) Will Wade ( LSU ) Ben Howland ( Mississippi State ) Cuonzo Martin ( Missouri ) Kermit Davis ( Ole Miss ) Frank Martin ( South Carolina ) Rick Barnes ( Tennessee ) Billy Kennedy ( Texas A&M ) Bryce Drew ( Vanderbilt ) Links to related articles UMass Minutemen basketball head coaches No coach ( 1899 -- 1900 ) No team ( 1900 -- 1901 ) No coach ( 1901 -- 1909 ) No team ( 1910 -- 1916 ) Harold Gore ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Sumner Dole ( 1917 -- 1918 ) Harold Gore # ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Emory Grayson ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Harold Gore ( 1920 -- 1929 ) Fritz Ellert ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Mel Taube ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Wilho Frigard ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Louis Bush ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Fritz Ellert # ( 1941 ) Walter Hargesheimer ( 1941 -- 1943 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Lorin Ball ( 1945 -- 1946 ) Walter Hargesheimer ( 1946 ) Lorin Ball ( 1946 -- 1952 ) Robert T.", "21": "Curran ( 1952 -- 1959 ) Matt Zunic ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Johnny Orr ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Jack Leaman ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Ray Wilson ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Tom McLaughlin ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Ron Gerlufson ( 1983 -- 1988 ) John Calipari ( 1988 -- 1996 ) Bruiser Flint ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Steve Lappas ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Travis Ford ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Derek Kellogg ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt McCall ( 2017 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Brooklyn Nets head coaches Max Zaslofsky ( 1967 -- 1969 ) York Larese ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Lou Carnesecca ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Kevin Loughery ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Bob MacKinnon # ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Larry Brown ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Bill Blair # ( 1983 ) Stan Albeck ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Dave Wohl ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Bob MacKinnon ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Willis Reed ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Bill Fitch ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Chuck Daly ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Butch Beard ( 1994 -- 1996 ) John Calipari ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Don Casey ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Byron Scott ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Lawrence Frank ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Tom Barrise # ( 2009 ) Kiki Vandeweghe # ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Avery Johnson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) P.J.", "22": "Carlesimo # ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Jason Kidd ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Lionel Hollins ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Tony Brown # ( 2016 ) Kenny Atkinson ( 2016 -- ) ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Memphis Tigers men 's basketball head coaches Frederick Grantham ( 1920 -- 1921 ) W.H. DePriest ( 1921 -- 1922 ) Lester Barnard ( 1922 -- 1924 ) Zach Curlin ( 1924 -- 1943 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1944 ) Zach Curlin ( 1944 -- 1948 ) McCoy Tarry ( 1948 -- 1951 ) Eugene Lambert ( 1951 -- 1956 ) Bob Vanatta ( 1956 -- 1962 ) Dean Ehlers ( 1962 -- 1966 ) Moe Iba ( 1966 -- 1970 ) Gene Bartow ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Wayne Yates ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Dana Kirk ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Larry Finch ( 1986 -- 1997 ) Tic Price ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Johnny Jones # ( 1999 -- 2000 ) John Calipari ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Josh Pastner ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Tubby Smith ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Penny Hardaway ( 2018 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball head coaches No coaches -- managers only ( 1903 -- 1910 ) Harold Iddings ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Edwin Sweetland ( 1911 -- 1912 ) John J. Tigert ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Alpha Brumage ( 1913 -- 1915 ) John J. Tigert ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Stanley A.", "23": "Boles ( 1917 -- 1918 ) Thomas Andrew Gill ( 1918 -- 1919 ) George Buchheit ( 1919 -- 1924 ) Clarence Applegran ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Ray Eklund ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Basil Hayden ( 1926 -- 1927 ) John Mauer ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Adolph Rupp ( 1930 -- 1972 ) Joe B. Hall ( 1972 -- 1985 ) Eddie Sutton ( 1985 -- 1989 ) Rick Pitino ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Tubby Smith ( 1997 -- 2007 ) Billy Gillispie ( 2007 -- 2009 ) John Calipari ( 2009 -- ) Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball 2011 -- 12 NCAA champions 1 Darius Miller 3 Terrence Jones 5 Jarrod Polson 14 Michael Kidd - Gilchrist 20 Doron Lamb 23 Anthony Davis ( MOP ) 25 Marquis Teague 30 Eloy Vargas 33 Kyle Wiltjer Head coach John Calipari Assistant coaches Orlando Antigua Kenny Payne John Robic Naismith College Coaches of the Year Men 's coaches 1987 : Knight 1988 : Brown 1989 : Krzyzewski 1990 : Cremins 1991 : Ayers 1992 : Krzyzewski 1993 : D. Smith 1994 : Richardson 1995 : Harrick 1996 : Calipari 1997 : Williams 1998 : Guthridge 1999 : Krzyzewski 2000 : Montgomery 2001 : Barnes 2002 : Howland 2003 : T.", "24": "Smith 2004 : Martelli 2005 : Weber 2006 : Wright 2007 : Bennett 2008 : Calipari 2009 : Dixon 2010 : Boeheim 2011 : Fisher 2012 : Self 2013 : Larrañaga 2014 : Marshall 2015 : Calipari 2016 : Wright 2017 : Few 2018 : Bennett Women 's coaches 1987 : Summitt 1988 : Barmore 1989 : Summitt 1990 : VanDerveer 1991 : Ryan 1992 : Weller 1993 : Stringer 1994 : Summitt 1995 : Auriemma 1996 : Landers 1997 : Auriemma 1998 : Summitt 1999 : Peck 2000 : Auriemma 2001 : McGraw 2002 : Auriemma 2003 : Goestenkors 2004 : Summitt 2005 : Chatman 2006 : Hatchell 2007 : Goestenkors 2008 : Auriemma 2009 : Auriemma 2010 : Yori 2011 : VanDerveer 2012 : Mulkey 2013 : McGraw 2014 : McGraw 2015 : Banghart 2016 : Auriemma 2017 : Auriemma 2018 : Schaefer Associated Press College Men 's Basketball Coach of the Year winners 1967 : Wooden 1968 : Lewis 1969 : Wooden 1970 : Wooden 1971 : McGuire 1972 : Wooden 1973 : Wooden 1974 : Sloan 1975 : Knight 1976 : Knight 1977 : Gaillard 1978 : Sutton 1979 : Hodges 1980 : Meyer 1981 : Miller 1982 : Miller 1983 : Lewis 1984 : Meyer 1985 : Frieder 1986 : Sutton 1987 : T.", "25": "Davis 1988 : Chaney 1989 : Knight 1990 : Calhoun 1991 : Ayers 1992 : Williams 1993 : Fogler 1994 : Stewart 1995 : Sampson 1996 : Keady 1997 : Haskins * 1998 : Izzo 1999 : Ellis 2000 : Eustachy 2001 : Doherty 2002 : Howland 2003 : Smith 2004 : Martelli 2005 : Weber 2006 : Williams 2007 : Bennett 2008 : K. Davis 2009 : Self 2010 : Boeheim 2011 : Brey 2012 : Haith 2013 : Larrañaga 2014 : Marshall 2015 : Calipari 2016 : Self 2017 : Few 2018 : Bennett * Selection later vacated Jim Phelan Award winners 2003 : Slonaker 2004 : Martelli 2005 : Smith 2006 : Howland 2007 : Bennett 2008 : Ryan 2009 : Calipari 2010 : Dixon 2011 : Morrill 2012 : Brey 2013 : Altman 2014 : Miles 2015 : Huggins 2016 : Gard 2017 : Martin NABC Coach of the Year winners 1959 : Hickey 1960 : Newell 1961 : Taylor 1962 : Taylor 1963 : Jucker 1964 : Wooden 1965 : van Breda Kolff 1966 : Rupp 1967 : Wooden 1968 : Lewis 1969 : Wooden 1970 : Wooden 1971 : Kraft 1972 : Wooden 1973 : Bartow 1974 : McGuire 1975 : Knight 1976 : Orr 1977 : D.", "26": "Smith 1978 : Foster & Lemons 1979 : Meyer 1980 : Olson 1981 : Hartman & Miller 1982 : Monson 1983 : Carnesecca 1984 : Harshman 1985 : Thompson 1986 : Sutton 1987 : Pitino 1988 : Chaney 1989 : Carlesimo 1990 : Heathcote 1991 : Krzyzewski 1992 : Raveling 1993 : Fogler 1994 : Keady & Richardson 1995 : Harrick 1996 : Calipari 1997 : Haskins 1998 : Guthridge 1999 : Krzyzewski & O'Brien 2000 : Keady 2001 : Izzo 2002 : Sampson 2003 : T.", "27": "Smith 2004 : Martelli & Montgomery 2005 : Weber 2006 : Wright 2007 : Lickliter 2008 : McKillop 2009 : Anderson & Calipari 2010 : Boeheim 2011 : Fisher 2012 : Izzo 2013 : Crews 2014 : Marshall 2015 : Calipari 2016 : Self 2017 : Few 2018 : Bennett Adolph Rupp Cup winners 2004 : Martelli 2005 : Weber 2006 : Williams 2007 : Ryan 2008 : Pearl 2009 : Pitino 2010 : Calipari 2011 : Fisher 2012 : Self 2013 : Larrañaga 2014 : Marshall 2015 : Calipari Atlantic 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Coach of the Year 1977 : Massimino 1978 : None selected 1979 : Massimino 1980 : Rice 1981 : English & Rice 1982 : Catlett 1983 : O'Brien & Satalin 1984 : Chaney 1985 : Chaney 1986 : Boyle 1987 : Chaney & Penders 1988 : Chaney 1989 : Wenzel 1990 : Parkhill 1991 : Carroll 1992 : Skinner 1993 : Calipari 1994 : Calipari 1995 : Baron 1996 : Calipari 1997 : Martelli 1998 : Purnell 1999 : Macarchuk 2000 : Chaney 2001 : Martelli 2002 : Matta 2003 : Baron 2004 : Martelli 2005 : Martelli 2006 : Hobbs 2007 : Baron 2008 : S.", "28": "Miller 2009 : Baron 2010 : Dunphy 2011 : Mack 2012 : Dunphy 2013 : Crews 2014 : Crews 2015 : McKillop 2016 : Schmidt 2017 : A. Miller 2018 : Hurley Conference USA Men 's Basketball Coach of the Year 1996 : Crum 1997 : Watkins 1998 : Huggins 1999 : Huggins 2000 : Huggins 2001 : Green 2002 : Crean 2003 : Crean 2004 : Anderson 2005 : Pitino 2006 : Calipari 2007 : Speraw 2008 : Calipari 2009 : Calipari 2010 : Barbee 2011 : M. Davis 2012 : Eustachy 2013 : Pastner 2014 : Manning 2015 : White 2016 : Haase 2017 : K. Davis 2018 : Henson Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Coach of the Year 1960 : Eaves 1961 : McCarthy 1962 : McCarthy 1963 : McCarthy 1964 : Rupp 1965 : Skinner 1966 : Rupp 1967 : Mears 1968 : Rupp 1969 : Rupp 1970 : Rupp 1971 : K. Davis & Rupp 1972 : Newton & Rupp 1973 : Brown , Hall & Newton 1974 : Skinner 1975 : R. Davis , Hall & Newton 1976 : Newton & Skinner 1977 : Mears 1978 : Greene & J. Hall 1979 : Brown , DeVoe & Dobbs 1980 : Weltlich 1981 : Brown & DeVoe 1982 : DeVoe 1983 : Hall & Hunt 1984 : S. Smith 1985 : Boyd & Durham 1986 : E. Sutton 1987 : Durham & Sanderson 1988 : Newton & S. Smith 1989 : Brown ,", "29": "Newton & Sanderson 1990 : Durham , Eagles & Pitino 1991 : Pitino & Williams 1992 : Kruger 1993 : Fogler 1994 : Kruger 1995 : Williams 1996 : Pitino 1997 : Evans & Fogler 1998 : Green , Richardson & T. Smith 1999 : Ellis 2000 : Brady 2001 : Barnes 2002 : Gottfried 2003 : T. Smith 2004 : Odom & Stansbury 2005 : T. Smith 2006 : Brady & Pearl 2007 : Kennedy & Stallings 2008 : Gillispie & Pearl 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Calipari & Stallings 2011 : Donovan 2012 : Calipari & Martin 2013 : Donovan 2014 : Donovan 2015 : Calipari 2016 : Kennedy 2017 : White 2018 : Barnes Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Players Louie Dampier Spencer Haywood John Isaacs Lisa Leslie Dikembe Mutombo Jo Jo White Coaches John Calipari Lindsay Gaze Tom Heinsohn Referees Dick Bavetta Contributors George Raveling Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C.", "30": "Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L.", "31": "Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St.", "32": "John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western VIAF : 63264146 LCCN : n95119571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Calipari&oldid=836744672 '' Categories : 1959 births Living people Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania Basketball players from Pennsylvania Clarion Golden Eagles men 's basketball players College men 's basketball head coaches in the United States Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball coaches Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball coaches Memphis Tigers men 's basketball coaches New Jersey Nets head coaches People from Franklin Lakes , New Jersey Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches Pittsburgh Panthers men 's basketball coaches Point guards Sportspeople from Pittsburgh UMass Minutemen basketball coaches UNC Wilmington Seahawks men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-163195825366469164	where does the papillary layer of the skin lie	[ "adjacent to the epidermis", "the uppermost layer of the dermis", "the uppermost layer of the dermis" ]	{ "0": "Dermis - wikipedia Dermis Jump to : navigation , search Dermis Cross-section of human skin Cross section of skin under the microscope Details Part of Skin Identifiers MeSH D020405 TA A16. 0.00. 010 TH H3. 12.00. 1.03001 FMA 70323 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis ( with which it makes up the cutis ) and subcutaneous tissues , that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain . It is divided into two layers , the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis . The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane . Structural components of the dermis are collagen , elastic fibers , and extrafibrillar matrix . It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat . In addition , hair follicles , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , apocrine glands , lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis . Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Layers 2.1 Papillary dermis 2.2 Reticular dermis 2.3 Dermal papillae 3 See also 4 References Structure ( edit ) The dermis is composed of three major types of cells : fibroblasts , macrophages , and adipocytes . Apart from these cells , the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen ( which provides strength ) , elastin ( which provides elasticity ) , and extrafibrillar matrix , an extracellular gel - like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans ( most notably hyaluronan ) , proteoglycans , and glycoproteins . Layers ( edit ) Illustration of dermal circulation and layers Papillary dermis ( edit ) The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis .", "1": "It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers . The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue . This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae , that extend toward the epidermis and contain either terminal networks of blood capillaries or tactile Meissner 's corpuscles . Reticular dermis ( edit ) The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis , found under the papillary dermis , composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers . It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers . The reticular region is usually much thicker than the overlying papillary dermis . It receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous , elastic , and reticular fibers that weave throughout it . These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength , extensibility , and elasticity . Within the reticular region are the roots of the hair , sebaceous glands , sweat glands , receptors , nails , and blood vessels . The orientation of collagen fibers within the reticular dermis creates lines of tension called Langer 's lines , which are of some relevance in surgery and wound healing . Dermal papillae ( edit ) Dermal papillae Papilla of the hand , treated with acetic acid . Magnified 350 times . A. Side view of a papilla of the hand . a . Cortical layer . b . Tactile corpuscle . c . Small nerve of the papilla , with neurolemma . d . Its two nervous fibers running in spiral coils around the tactile corpuscle . e . Apparent termination of one of these fibers . B. Tactile papilla seen from above so as to show its transverse section . a . Cortical layer . b . Nerve fiber . c . Outer layer of the tactile body , with nuclei . d . Clear interior substance . Details Identifiers Latin papillae dermis MeSH D020405 TA A16. 0.00. 010 TH H3. 12.00.", "2": "1.03001 FMA 70323 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The dermal papillae ( DP ) ( singular papilla , diminutive of Latin papula , ' pimple ' ) are small , nipple - like extensions ( or interdigitations ) of the dermis into the epidermis . At the surface of the skin in hands and feet , they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges ( colloquially known as fingerprints ) . Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells . The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth . They remain substantially unaltered ( except in size ) throughout life , and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints , making them useful in certain functions of personal identification . The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis , the papillary dermis , and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis . Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis , this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen , nutrients , and waste products between these two layers . Additionally , the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them . With age , the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number . Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation , growth and cycling . In mucous membranes , the equivalent structures to dermal papillae are generally termed `` connective tissue papillae '' , which interdigitate with the rete pegs of the superficial epithelium . See also ( edit ) List of cutaneous conditions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . Pages 1 , 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) .", "3": "Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier Inc . Page 8 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The Ageing Skin - Structure Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/vsc422/secure/VSC422AppledHistologyLabHandout.pdf Jump up ^ Ross M , Pawlina W ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dermal papillae '' . Probert Encyclopaedia . Retrieved February 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Friction Skin '' . Ridges and Furrows . Retrieved February 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lin , Chang - min ; et al. ( October 2008 ) . `` Microencapsulated human hair dermal papilla cells : a substitute for dermal papilla ? '' . Archives of Dermatological Research . Springer . 300 ( 9 ) : 531 -- 535 . doi : 10.1007 / s00403 - 008 - 0852 - 3 .", "4": "Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Types Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Routes of administration ,", "5": "dosage forms Oral Digestive tract ( enteral ) Solids Pill Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system ( OROS ) Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Extended - release syrup Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water Tincture Buccal ( sublabial ) , sublingual Solids Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT ) Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent buccal tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Oral spray Respiratory tract Solids Smoking device Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI ) 0 0 Liquids Anaesthetic vaporizer Vaporizer Nebulizer Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI ) Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic , otologic , nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Nanosphere suspension Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet ) Urogenital Ointment Pessary ( vaginal suppository ) Vaginal ring Vaginal douche Intrauterine device ( IUD ) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal ( enteral ) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enema Dermal Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO drug solution Electrophoretic dermal delivery system Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin ) Transdermal spray Jet injector Injection ,", "6": "infusion ( into tissue / blood ) Skin Intradermal Subcutaneous Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular injection Transscleral Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory , musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump PIC line WikiProject Pharmacy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermis&oldid=838098705 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Routes of administration Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7984751231760514910	who has become the new chairman of sebi	[ "Ajay Tyagi", "Ajay Tyagi", "Ajay Tyagi", "Ajay Tyagi", "Ajay Tyagi" ]	{ "0": "Securities and Exchange Board of India - Wikipedia Securities and Exchange Board of India Jump to : navigation , search Securities and Exchange Board of India भारतीय प्रतिभूति और विनिमय बोर्ड SEBI Bhavan , Mumbai headquarters Agency overview Formed 12 April 1988 Jurisdiction Government of India Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra Employees 643 + ( 2012 ) Agency executives Ajay Tyagi , Chairman Anand Rajeshwar Baiwar ( Indian Revenue Service ) , Executive Director Website www.sebi.gov.in The Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) is the regulator for the securities market in India . It was established in the year 1988 and given statutory powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act , 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization structure 3 Functions and responsibilities 3.1 Powers 4 Major achievements 5 Controversies 6 SEBI and Regional Securities Exchanges 6.1 Process of De-recognition and Exit : 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Securities and exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) was first established in the year 1988 AQF as a non-statutory body for regulating the , securities market . It became an autonomous body by The Government of India on 12 April 1992 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament . SEBI has its headquarters at the business district of Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai , and has Northern , Eastern , Southern and Western Regional Offices in New Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai and Ahmedabad respectively . It has opened local offices at Jaipur and Bangalore and is planning to open offices at Guwahati , Bhubaneshwar , Patna , Kochi and Chandigarh in Financial Year 2013 - 2014 . Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority before SEBI came into existence ; it derived authority from the Capital Issues ( Control ) Act , 1947 . Initially SEBI was a non statutory body without any statutory power .", "1": "However , in 1992 , the SEBI was given additional statutory power by the Government of India through an amendment to the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act , 1992 . In April 1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a resolution of the Government of India . The SEBI is managed by its members , which consists of following : The chairman who is nominated by Union Government of India. Two members , i.e. , Officers from Union Finance Ministry . One member from the Reserve Bank of India . The remaining five members are nominated by Union Government of India , out of them at least three shall be whole - time members . After amendment of 1999 , collective investment scheme brought under SEBI except NIDHI , chit fund and cooperatives . Organization structure ( edit ) Ajay Tyagi was appointed chairman on 10 January 2017 replacing UK Sinha . And took charge of chairman office on 1 March 2017 . The Board comprises Name Designation Ajay Tyagi Chairman Gurumoorthy Mahalingam Whole Time Member S. Raman Whole Time Member Madhabi Puri Buch Whole Time Member Shaktikanta Das Part Time Member N.S. Vishwanathan Part Time Member Arun P. Sathe Part Time Member Tapan Ray Part Time Member List of Chairmen : Name From To Ajay Tyagi 10 February 2017 present UK Sinha 18 February 2011 10 February 2017 C.B. Bhave 18 February 2008 18 February 2011 M. Damodaran 18 February 2005 18 February 2008 G.N. Bajpai 20 February 2002 18 February 2005 D.R. Mehta 21 February 1995 20 February 2002 S.S. Nadkarni 17 January 1994 31 January 1995 G.V. Ramakrishna 24 August 1990 17 January 1994 Dr. S.A.", "2": "Dave 12 April 1988 23 August 1990 Functions and responsibilities ( edit ) The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as `` ... to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of , and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected there with or incidental there to '' . SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups , which constitute the market : the issuers of securities the investors the market intermediaries . SEBI has three functions rolled into one body : quasi-legislative , quasi-judicial and quasi-executive . It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity , it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity . Though this makes it very powerful , there is an appeal process to create accountability . There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three - member tribunal and is headed by Mr. Justice JP Devadhar , a former judge of the Bombay High Court . A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court . SEBI has taken a very proactive role in streamlining disclosure requirements to international standards . Powers ( edit ) For the discharge of its functions efficiently , SEBI has been vested with the following powers : to approve by − laws of Securities exchanges . to require the Securities exchange to amend their by − laws . inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognized Securities exchanges . inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries . compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges . registration broke There are two types of brokers : Discount Brokers Merchant Brokers SEBI committees Technical Advisory Committee Committee for review of structure of market infrastructure institutions Advisory Committee for the SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund Takeover Regulations Advisory Committee Primary Market Advisory Committee ( PMAC ) Secondary Market Advisory Committee ( SMAC ) Mutual Fund Advisory Committee Corporate Bonds & Securitization Advisory Committee Major achievements ( edit ) SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systematic reforms aggressively and successively .", "3": "SEBI is credited for quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless by introducing T + 5 rolling cycle from July 2001 and T + 3 in April 2002 and further to T + 2 in April 2003 . The rolling cycle of T + 2 means , Settlement is done in 2 days after Trade date . SEBI has been active in setting up the regulations as required under law . SEBI did away with physical certificates that were prone to postal delays , theft and forgery , apart from making the settlement process slow and cumbersome by passing Depositories Act , 1996 . SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco . In October 2011 , it increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters . In light of the global meltdown , it liberalised the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory structures . In one such move , SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to ₹ 2 lakh , from ₹ 1 lakh at present . Controversies ( edit ) Supreme Court of India heard a Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) filed by India Rejuvenation Initiative that had challenged the procedure for key appointments adopted by Govt of India . The petition alleged that , `` The constitution of the search - cum - selection committee for recommending the name of chairman and every whole - time members of SEBI for appointment has been altered , which directly impacted its balance and could compromise the role of the SEBI as a watchdog . '' On 21 November 2011 , the court allowed petitioners to withdraw the petition and file a fresh petition pointing out constitutional issues regarding appointments of regulators and their independence . The Chief Justice of India refused the finance ministry 's request to dismiss the PIL and said that the court was well aware of what was going on in SEBI . Hearing a similar petition filed by Bengaluru - based advocate Anil Kumar Agarwal , a two judge Supreme Court bench of Justice SS Nijjar and Justice HL Gokhale issued a notice to the Govt of India , SEBI chief UK Sinha and Omita Paul , Secretary to the ( President of India ) .", "4": "Further , it came into light that Dr KM Abraham ( the then whole time member of SEBI Board ) had written to the Prime Minister about malaise in SEBI . He said , `` The regulatory institution is under duress and under severe attack from powerful corporate interests operating concertedly to undermine SEBI '' . He specifically said that Finance Minister 's office , and especially his advisor Omita Paul , were trying to influence many cases before SEBI , including those relating to Sahara Group , Reliance , Bank of Rajasthan and MCX. ... SEBI and regional Securities exchanges ( edit ) SEBI in its circular dated May 30 , 2012 gave exit - guidelines for Securities exchanges . This was mainly due to illiquid nature of trade on many of 20 + regional Securities exchanges . It had asked many of these exchanges to either meet the required criteria or take a graceful exit . SEBI 's new norms for Securities exchanges mandates that it should have minimum net - worth of Rs. 100 crore and an annual trading of Rs. 1,000 crore . The Indian Securities market regulator SEBI had given the recognized Securities exchanges two years to comply or exit the business . Process of de-recognition and exit : ( edit ) Following is an excerpts from the circular 1. Exchanges may seek exit through voluntary surrender of recognition . 2. Securities where the annual trading turnover on its own platform is less than Rs 1000 Crore can apply to SEBI for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit , at any time before the expiry of two years from the date of issuance of this Circular . 3. If the Securities exchange is not able to achieve the prescribed turnover of Rs 1000 Crores on continuous basis or does not apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit before the expiry of two years from the date of this Circular , SEBI shall proceed with compulsory de-recognition and exit of such Securities exchanges , in terms of the conditions as may be specified by SEBI . 4. Securities Exchanges which are already de-recognised as on date , shall make an application for exit within two months from the date of this circular . Upon failure to do so , the de-recognized exchange shall be subject to compulsory exit process .", "5": "See also ( edit ) National Securities Exchange of India Forward Markets Commission ( India ) Securities Commission Financial regulation List of financial regulatory authorities by country Securities exchange Regulation D ( SEC ) Institute of Chartered Accountants of India Institute of Company Secretaries of India List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About SEBI '' . SEBI . Archived from the original on 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/EmployeeDetails.html Jump up ^ A rendezvous : CB Bhave 's 3 - years at SEBI - CNBC - TV18 . Moneycontrol.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - Boardmembers. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Former Chairmen of SEBI '' ( PDF ) . SEBI . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Govt appoints JP Devadhar as new Presiding Officer of Securities Appellate Tribunal - Economic Times . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cyril Shroff Managing Partner Mumbai & National Capital Market head Amarchand '' . http://barandbench.com/ . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Discussion Paper Implementation of T + 2 rolling settlement '' ( PDF ) . SEBI . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sebi gets rolling on T + 2 settlement schedule '' . economictimes. 4 January 2003 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sebi 's 25 - year journey . Livemint ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SEBI makes it mandatory for companies to disclose promoters ' shares '' . Economic Times . 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Sebi doubles retail limit , tightens IPO norms '' . business.rediff.com . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Sebi 's Autonomy Under Threat ? '' . 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PIL alleges nexus in Sebi appointments '' . 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SC allows eminent citizens to withdraw petition against SEBI chief 's appointment '' . 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notice to Centre on quo warranto against SEBI chief '' . The Hindu . 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SC seeks Centre 's reply on PIL on Sebi chairman 's appointment '' . The Deccan Herald . 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KM Abraham 's letter to PM '' . Prime Minister 's Office . 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab - Chidu feud may be revived over Sebi chief PIL '' . 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rukhaiyar , Ashish ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) . `` 15 regional Securities exchanges to shut operations as Sebi deadline approaches '' . http://www.livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ 1149 . `` 笺憷〕汨俱广沏洇慵泐沅〕 ‚ 沣趵沅蹄沅躲姐俱恒泷 ∶ '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 .", "7": "Analysis of SEBI Regulation 31 & 31A External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Securities and Exchange Board of India . Securities and Exchange Board of India Website A practical guide to start a Securities Sub-Broker Business in India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India&oldid=817917801 '' Categories : Executive branch of the Indian government Regulatory agencies of India Organisations based in Mumbai Financial regulatory authorities of India Government agencies established in 1992 Government agencies of India Securities and Exchange Board of India Economic history of India ( 1991 -- present ) Financial services companies based in Mumbai Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3800318726442204745	how many times has psg won champions league	[ "46", "46", "46" ]	{ "0": "List of Paris Saint - Germain FC. Records and statistics - wikipedia List of Paris Saint - Germain FC. Records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search PSG 's trophy room . Paris Saint - Germain Football Club is a French professional association football club founded in 1970 , and based in the city of Paris in France . The club 's first team play in the highest tier of French football , the Ligue 1 . PSG holds many records , most notably being the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1 , and one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title . Moreover , the Red - and - Blues are the only club to have won the Coupe de la Ligue four times in a row ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the only European club to have won all four national titles ( Ligue 1 , Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions ) in a single season ( 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 ) , the only club to have won the Coupe de France without conceding a single goal ( 1992 -- 93 and 2016 -- 17 ) , and the youngest European club to have won a European trophy . Additionally , Paris SG is the most successful French club in history in terms of trophies won , with 36 . Domestically , the Parisians have won seven Ligue 1 titles , a record eleven Coupe de France , a record eight Coupe de la Ligue , a record seven Trophée des Champions and one Ligue 2 title . In international club football , they have won one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Since the club 's inception , 431 players have officially played for its first team , most notably record appearance maker Jean - Marc Pilorget , leading top scorer Edinson Cavani , all - time assist leader Safet Sušić , longest - serving captain Dominique Bathenay , world - record transfer Neymar , and Ballon d'Or winner George Weah . Finally , notable club officials such as current president Nasser Al - Khelaifi and former manager Laurent Blanc are also included .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours 1.1 National titles 1.2 International titles 2 Competitive record 3 Club 3.1 Matches 3.2 Streaks 3.3 Seasons 3.4 Opponents 3.5 Attendances 4 Players 4.1 Appearances 4.1. 1 Record appearance makers 4.2 Goalscorers 4.2. 1 Top scorers 4.3 Assists 4.3. 1 Assists leaders 4.4 Captains 4.4. 1 Most armbands 4.5 Transfers 4.5. 1 Highest transfer fees paid 4.5. 2 Highest transfer fees received 4.6 Award winners 5 Club officials 5.1 Presidents 5.2 Managers 6 References 7 External links Honours ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season .", "2": "National titles ( edit ) Ligue 1 Winners ( 7 ) : 1985 -- 86 , 1993 -- 94 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Ligue 2 Winners ( 1 ) : 1970 -- 71 Coupe de France Winners ( 11 ) -- Record : 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Coupe de la Ligue Winners ( 8 ) -- Record : 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Trophée des Champions Winners ( 7 ) : 1995 , 1998 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 International titles ( edit ) UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1995 -- 96 UEFA Intertoto Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2001 Competitive record ( edit ) See also : List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. seasons As of the 2016 -- 17 season . Paris SG have played in the UEFA Champions League every season since returning in 2012 -- 13 . Competition Pld Win % GF GA GD National Ligue 1 6 44 1652 747 452 453 45.22 2468 1801 667 ! + 667 Ligue 2 68 38 18 12 55.88 133 73 60 !", "3": "+ 60 Division 3 0 30 17 8 5 56.67 67 27 40 ! + 40 Coupe de France 11 47 220 152 27 41 69.09 437 195 242 ! + 242 Coupe de la Ligue 7 23 66 47 5 14 71.21 122 59 63 ! + 63 Trophée des Champions 7 11 11 6 54.55 17 8 9 ! + 9 Total 32 128 2047 1007 514 526 49.19 3244 2163 1081 ! + 1081 International UEFA Champions League 0 10 88 46 19 23 52.27 158 103 55 ! + 55 UEFA Europa League 0 9 72 32 24 16 44.44 106 62 44 ! + 44 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 0 00.00 9 − 7 ! − 7 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 6 38 24 6 8 63.16 66 27 39 ! + 39 UEFA Intertoto Cup 8 5 0 62.50 20 17 ! + 17 Total 27 208 107 52 49 51.44 352 204 148 ! + 148 Overall total 34 155 2255 1114 566 575 49.40 3596 2367 1229 !", "4": "+ 1229 Club ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) All - time record win : 0 -- 10 ( away to Côte Chaude , Coupe de France , 22 January 1994 ) . All - time record defeat : 6 -- 0 ( away to Nantes , Ligue 1 , 1 September 1971 ) . Record win in Ligue 1 : 0 -- 9 ( away to Troyes , 13 March 2016 ) . Record defeat in Ligue 1 : 6 -- 0 ( away to Nantes , 1 September 1971 ) . Record win in UEFA competitions : 7 -- 1 . ( home to Gent , UEFA Intertoto Cup , 1 August 2001 ) . ( home to Celtic , UEFA Champions League , 22 November 2017 ) . Record defeat in UEFA competitions : 6 -- 1 . ( home to Juventus , UEFA Super Cup , 15 January 1997 ) . ( away to Barcelona , UEFA Champions League , 8 March 2017 ) . Record win in national cups : 0 -- 10 ( away to Côte Chaude , Coupe de France , 22 January 1994 ) . Record defeat in national cups : 0 -- 5 ( home to Stade de Reims , Coupe de France , 4 May 1974 ) . Record win at the Parc des Princes : 8 -- 0 ( home to Dijon , Ligue 1 , 17 January 2018 ) . Record defeat at the Parc des Princes : 1 -- 6 ( home to Juventus , UEFA Super Cup , 15 January 1997 ) . Streaks ( edit ) Longest winning run in all competitions : 16 matches . Longest winning run in Ligue 1 : 9 matches . Longest winning run in UEFA competitions : 8 matches . Longest winning run in national cups : 44 matches ( ongoing ) . Longest winning run in Coupe de France : 22 matches ( ongoing ) ( National Record ) . Longest winning run in Coupe de la Ligue : 20 matches ( ongoing ) . Longest winning home run in all competitions : 17 matches . Longest unbeaten run in all competitions : 37 matches .", "5": "Longest unbeaten run in Ligue 1 : 36 matches . Longest unbeaten run in UEFA competitions : 19 matches . Longest unbeaten home run in all competitions : 51 matches . Longest unbeaten home run in Ligue 1 : 40 matches ( ongoing ) . Longest unbeaten home run in UEFA competitions : 33 matches . Seasons ( edit ) Most matches played in all competitions : 61 in 1994 -- 95 . Most goals scored in all competitions : 143 in 2015 -- 16 . Most goals scored in Ligue 1 : 102 in 2015 -- 16 . Most goals scored in UEFA competitions : 25 in 2013 -- 14 and 2017 -- 18 . Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League group stage : 25 in 2017 -- 18 ( UCL Record ) . Fewest goals conceded in all competitions : 28 in 1993 -- 94 . Fewest goals conceded in Ligue 1 : 19 in 2015 -- 16 ( National Record ) . Fewest goals conceded in UEFA competitions : 2 in 2002 -- 03 . Fewest goals conceded in a UEFA Champions League group stage : 1 in 2015 -- 16 ( UCL Record ) . Most wins in all competitions : 47 in 2015 -- 16 . Most points in Ligue 1 : 96 in 2015 -- 16 ( National Record ) . Opponents ( edit ) All - time most played opponent : Bordeaux -- 102 matches . Most played opponent in Ligue 1 : Bordeaux -- 87 matches . Most played opponent in UEFA competitions : Barcelona -- 11 matches . All - time most wins : Sochaux -- 44 . Most wins in Ligue 1 : Sochaux -- 41 . Most wins in UEFA competitions : Bayern Munich -- 5 . All - time most defeats : Monaco -- 44 . Most defeats in Ligue 1 : Monaco -- 41 . Most defeats in UEFA competitions : Juventus -- 6 . Attendances ( edit ) Highest home attendance : 49,575 ( vs. Waterschei , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , 13 March 1983 ) .", "6": "Lowest home attendance : 2,006 ( vs. Mantes , Ligue 2 , 25 April 1974 ) . Highest average home attendance : 46,159 in 2015 -- 16 . Lowest average home attendance : 679 in 1972 -- 73 . Players ( edit ) See also : List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. players , List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. players ( 25 -- 99 appearances ) , and List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. players ( 1 -- 24 appearances ) Paul Le Guen Zlatan Ibrahimović Dominique Rocheteau Safet Sušić Raí Edinson Cavani Neymar Pauleta David Luiz Ronaldinho George Weah Carlos Bianchi Appearances ( edit ) All - time record appearance maker : 435 -- Jean - Marc Pilorget . Most appearances in Ligue 1 : 371 -- Jean - Marc Pilorget . Most appearances in Coupe de la Ligue : 19 -- Sylvain Armand . Most appearances in UEFA competitions : 57 -- Paul Le Guen . Youngest player : Didier Domi -- 16 years and 9 months . Oldest player : David Beckham -- 38 years . Record appearance makers ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season . Rank Player Appearances Jean - Marc Pilorget 435 Sylvain Armand 380 Safet Sušić 344 Paul Le Guen 344 5 Bernard Lama 318 6 Mustapha Dahleb 310 7 Blaise Matuidi 295 8 Éric Renaut 290 9 Joël Bats 285 10 Dominique Baratelli 281 Goalscorers ( edit ) All - time top scorer : 165 -- Edinson Cavani . Most goals in Ligue 1 : 113 -- Zlatan Ibrahimović & Edinson Cavani . Most goals in the Coupe de France : 28 -- François M'Pelé . Most goals in the Coupe de la Ligue : 12 -- Edinson Cavani .", "7": "Most goals in UEFA competitions : 27 -- Edinson Cavani . UEFA Champions League Top Goalscorer : George Weah -- 8 goals in 1994 -- 95 . Most goals in a season ( all official competitions ) : 50 -- Zlatan Ibrahimović in 2015 -- 16 ( National Record ) . Most goals in a Ligue 1 season : 38 -- Zlatan Ibrahimović in 2015 -- 16 . Most away goals in a Ligue 1 season : 19 -- Edinson Cavani in 2016 -- 17 ( National Record ) . Most goals in a season ( UEFA competitions ) : 10 -- Zlatan Ibrahimović in 2013 -- 14 . Most goals in a match : 4 . Éric Renaut ( vs. Rouen B , Division 3 , 18 February 1973 ) . Mustapha Dahleb ( vs. RC Fontainebleau , Coupe de France , 13 February 1977 ) . Carlos Bianchi ( vs. Troyes , Ligue 1 , 14 October 1977 ) . Patrice Loko ( vs. Nice , Ligue 1 , 27 April 1997 ) . Christian ( vs. Strasbourg , Ligue 1 , 26 January 2000 ) . Zlatan Ibrahimović ( vs. Anderlecht , UEFA Champions League , 23 October 2013 ) . Zlatan Ibrahimović ( vs. Troyes , Ligue 1 , 13 March 2016 ) . Edinson Cavani ( vs. Caen , Ligue 1 , 16 September 2016 ) . Neymar ( vs. Dijon , Ligue 1 , 17 January 2018 ) . Top scorers ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season .", "8": "Rank Player Goals Edinson Cavani 166 Zlatan Ibrahimović 156 Pauleta 109 Dominique Rocheteau 100 5 Mustapha Dahleb 98 6 François M'Pelé 95 7 Safet Sušić 85 8 Raí 72 9 Carlos Bianchi 71 10 Guillaume Hoarau 56 Assists ( edit ) All - time assist leader : 95 -- Safet Sušić . Most assists in Ligue 1 : 61 -- Safet Sušić . Most assists in a match : 5 -- Safet Sušić ( vs. Bastia , Ligue 1 , 21 September 1984 ) . Most assists in a Ligue 1 season : 18 -- Ángel Di María in 2015 -- 16 ( National Record ) . UEFA Champions League Assist Leader : Zlatan Ibrahimović -- 7 assists in 2012 -- 13 . Assists leaders ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season . Rank Player Assists Safet Sušić 95 Mustapha Dahleb 80 Zlatan Ibrahimović 53 Jérôme Rothen 52 5 Ángel Di María 52 6 Javier Pastore 52 7 Lucas Moura 45 8 Dominique Rocheteau 42 9 Valdo 40 10 Paul Le Guen 39 Captains ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season . Longest - serving captain : Dominique Bathenay from 1979 to 1985 . No .", "9": "Player Captaincy Jean Djorkaeff 1970 -- 1972 Jean - Pierre Dogliani 1973 -- 1976 Dominique Bathenay 1979 -- 1985 Luis Fernández 1985 -- 1986 5 Jean - Marc Pilorget 1986 -- 1987 6 Fabrice Poullain 1987 -- 1988 7 Oumar Sène 1988 -- 1990 8 Safet Sušić 1990 -- 1991 9 Paul Le Guen 1991 -- 1994 10 David Ginola 11 Alain Roche 1994 -- 1996 12 Raí 1996 -- 1998 No . Player Captaincy 13 Marco Simone 1998 -- 1999 14 Bernard Lama 1999 -- 2000 15 Éric Rabésandratana 2000 16 Frédéric Déhu 2001 -- 2003 17 Mauricio Pochettino 2003 -- 2004 18 José - Karl Pierre - Fanfan 2004 -- 2005 19 Pauleta 2005 -- 2008 20 Claude Makélélé 2008 -- 2011 21 Mamadou Sakho 2011 -- 2012 22 Christophe Jallet 2012 23 Thiago Silva 2012 -- Most armbands ( edit ) As of the 2017 -- 18 season . Most armbands ( matches as captain ) : 221 -- Thiago Silva . Rank Player Armbands Thiago Silva 221 Dominique Bathenay 220 Pauleta 114 Claude Makélélé 113 5 Frédéric Déhu 106 Transfers ( edit ) See also : List of most expensive association football transfers As of the 2017 -- 18 season .", "10": "Highest transfer fees paid ( edit ) Rank Player Year Moving from Fee Source Neymar 2017 Barcelona € 222m ( World Record ) Edinson Cavani 2013 Napoli € 64.5 m Ángel Di María 2015 Manchester United € 63m David Luiz 2014 Chelsea € 49.5 m 5 Thiago Silva 2012 A.C. Milan € 42m Javier Pastore 2011 Palermo € 42m Highest transfer fees received ( edit ) Rank Player Year Moving to Fee Source David Luiz 2016 Chelsea € 38.5 m Ronaldinho 2003 Barcelona € 32.2 m Lucas Moura 2018 Tottenham € 28m Serge Aurier 2017 Tottenham € 25m 5 Blaise Matuidi 2017 Juventus € 20m Award Winners ( edit ) Ballon d'Or ( 1 ) George Weah -- 1995 . FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1 ) George Weah -- 1995 . Golden Boy ( 1 ) Kylian Mbappé -- 2017 . Ligue 1 Player of the Season ( 7 ) David Ginola in 1993 -- 94 . Vincent Guérin in 1994 -- 95 . Marco Simone in 1997 -- 98 . Zlatan Ibrahimović ( 3 ) in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 . Edinson Cavani in 2016 -- 17 . Ligue 1 Goalkeeper of the Season ( 2 ) Salvatore Sirigu ( 2 ) in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 . Ligue 1 Young Player of the Season ( 2 ) Mamadou Sakho in 2010 -- 11 . Marco Verratti in 2013 -- 14 . Ligue 1 Goal of the Season ( 2 ) Ronaldinho in 2002 -- 03 .", "11": "Zlatan Ibrahimović in 2013 -- 14 . Ligue 1 Golden Boot ( 8 ) Carlos Bianchi ( 2 ) in 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 . Pauleta ( 2 ) in 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 . Zlatan Ibrahimović ( 3 ) in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 . Edinson Cavani in 2016 -- 17 . Club officials ( edit ) See also : List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. presidents and List of Paris Saint - Germain F.C. managers Nasser Al - Khelaifi ( left ) and Laurent Blanc ( right ) . Presidents ( edit ) Longest - serving president : Francis Borelli ( 1978 -- 1991 ) . Most titles won : 18 -- Nasser Al - Khelaifi . Managers ( edit ) Longest - serving manager : Georges Peyroche ( 1979 -- 1983 ) . Most matches : 244 -- Luis Fernández . Most titles won : 11 -- Laurent Blanc . Ligue 1 Manager of the Season ( 3 ) Carlo Ancelotti in 2012 -- 13 . Laurent Blanc ( 2 ) in 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Histoire '' . PSG.fr . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Which European football clubs have never been relegated ? '' . The Guardian . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris city guide '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le PSG reste au sommet '' . LFP.fr. 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Identité '' . PSG.fr . Retrieved 22 September 2017 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` 0 - Paris are the 2nd team to win the Coupe de France without conceding a single goal after ... itself in 1993 . Sturdy '' . OptaJean on Twitter . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` le match du jour , 8 mai 1996 : PSG - Rapid Vienne , Paris sur le toit de l'Europe '' . Paris. canal - historique. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARIS SAINT - GERMAIN '' . LFP.fr . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dani Alves n'est pas rassasié '' . PSG.fr. 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le classement des matchs officiels joués au PSG '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le classement historique des buteurs du PSG '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le classement historique des passeurs du PSG '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thiago Silva , 100eme brassard au PSG à Montpellier ! '' . Paris. canal - historique. 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC Sport. 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iconic Weah a true great '' . FIFA.com. 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Présidents '' . PSG.fr . Retrieved 15 July 2017 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : `` Football : le PSG se sépare officiellement de son entraîneur Laurent Blanc '' . France 24 . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris S-G Titles '' . Footballdatabase.eu . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les records collectifs '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paris Saint - Germain '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League statistics handbook '' . UEFA.com. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSG - OM , record d'affluence au Parc des Princes en L1 '' . Paris. canal - historique. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 novembre 2009 : le PSG connait la plus petite affluence de son histoire au Parc des Princes depuis 1974 ... '' . Paris. canal - historique. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris S-G 2015 / 2016 '' . Footballdatabase.eu . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bilan saison 1973 Paris - SG '' . Stades et Affluences de spectateurs . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les records individuels '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le règne du PSG '' . LFP.fr. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ibrahimovic , la barre des 10 buts en Coupe de France '' . Paris. canal - historique. 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSG : Edinson Cavani détrône Pauleta '' .", "14": "L'ÉQUIPE. 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavani , roi des buteurs à l'extérieur '' . Paris. canal - historique. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2012 / 13 - Tournament phase - Assists '' . UEFA.com. 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les principaux capitaines du PSG '' . L'EQUIPE . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thiago Silva , capitaine historique du PSG face à Madrid ? '' . Histoire du # PSG . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani joins Paris St - Germain from Napoli for £ 55m '' . BBC Sport. 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Di Maria completes PSG move from Man United for € 63m '' . ESPN FC. 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSG confirm David Luiz move '' . Ligue1.com. 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Saint - Germain complete € 42m signing of Thiago Silva from AC Milan '' . Goal.com. 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSG complete record - breaking Pastore transfer '' . UEFA.com. 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Luiz : Chelsea re-sign Brazil defender from PSG for £ 34m '' . BBC Sport. 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barça break bank for Ronaldinho '' . UEFA.com. 21 July 2003 . Retrieved 17 December 2015 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Tottenham sign Lucas Moura from Paris Saint - Germain '' . ESPN . 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham sign Serge Aurier from Paris Saint - Germain '' . ESPN FC. 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blaise Matuidi completes move to Juventus from Paris Saint - Germain '' . ESPN FC. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boy , `` Le Roi '' Mbappé : è il vincitore del 2017 `` . Tuttosport. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palmarès - Trophées UNFP du Football '' . Trophées UNFP . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` France - Topscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laurent Blanc , nouvelle victime du syndrome des trois saisons sur le banc du PSG '' . Paris. canal - historique. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laurent Blanc dans le top 10 des entraîneurs du PSG '' . Paris. canal - historique. 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Saint - Germain Football Club .", "16": "Official websites PSG.fr - Site officiel du Paris Saint - Germain LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - PARIS SAINT - GERMAIN Paris Saint - Germain - UEFA.com Live Scores - Clubs : Paris Saint - Germain - FIFA.com Paris Saint - Germain Football Club Current season History Records and statistics Seasons Managers Presidents Grounds Parc des Princes Camp des Loges Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre Rivalries Le Classique Tournaments Tournoi de Paris Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Active departments PSG Academy PSG Féminines PSG Handball PSG eSports PSG Judo Former departments PSG Rugby League PSG Boxing Category : Paris Saint - Germain F.C. Commons : Paris Saint - Germain Football Club Portal : Association football Paris Saint - Germain F.C. matches Coupe de France Finals 1982 1985 1995 1998 2003 2006 2008 2011 2015 2016 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Finals 1995 1998 2000 2008 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Trophée des Champions 1995 1998 2006 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Finals UEFA Super Cup UEFA Intertoto Cup Finals 2001 Other matches Barcelona 6 -- 1 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._records_and_statistics&oldid=836672003 '' Categories : Paris Saint - Germain F.C. French football club statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 04 : 50 .", "17": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-642255764943734268	who played santa in the santa clause movies	[ "Tim Allen", "Tim Allen", "Tim Allen", "Tim Allen", "Tim Allen" ]	{ "0": "List of actors who played Santa Claus - wikipedia List of actors who played Santa Claus Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of actors who have played Santa Claus in film and on television , including voice acting roles . This does not count actors whose characters have dressed as Santa Claus .", "1": "Actor Film / TV Date Tim Allen The Santa Clause 1994 The Santa Clause 2 2002 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause 2006 Ed Asner The Story of Santa Claus ( voice ) Elf 2003 Christmas on the Bayou 2013 Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( voice ) 2014 animated TV special Fred Astaire The Man in the Santa Claus Suit 1979 TV - Movie Richard Attenborough Miracle on 34th Street 1994 Steve Bacic Deck the Halls 2005 Alec Baldwin ( voice ) Rise of the Guardians 2012 film Don Beddoe Bewitched , episode Humbug Not to Be Spoken Here Season 4 , 1967 Michael Bell ( voice ) The Powerpuff Girls : ' Twas the Fight Before Christmas Direct - to - video , 2002 Brian Blessed The Amazing World of Gumball , episode Christmas ( voice ) Season 2 , 2012 Sooty , episode Pranks and Presents Season 2 , 2013 Danger Mouse , episode The Snowman Cometh ( voice ) Season 1 , 2015 Lloyd Bridges In the Nick of Time 1991 Beau Bridges The Christmas Secret 2009 TV - Movie George Buza A Christmas Horror Story 2015 Isaac Hayes The Pullmans 1993 Jim Broadbent ( voice ) Arthur Christmas 2011 Sebastian Cabot Miracle on 34th Street 1973 John Call Santa Claus Conquers the Martians 1964 film Douglas Campbell Once Upon a Christmas 2000 Art Carney The Night They Saved Christmas 1984 Twilight Zone episode `` Night of the Meek '' 1960 Oliver Clark Ernest Saves Christmas 1988 ; he starts out as a local actor named Joe Carruthers , but ultimately becomes the new Santa Claus , replacing Douglas Seale 's .", "2": "Tim Conway ( voice ) Saving Santa Direct - to - video , 2013 James Cosmo The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 2005 The Santa Incident -- 2010 Bryan Cranston The Santa Claus Brothers 2001 Hume Cronyn Santa and Pete 1999 TV - Movie Peter Cullen ( voice ) Christmas Comes to Pac - Land 1982 Andy Devine Batman , episode The Duo is Slumming season 2 , 1966 Charles Durning Elmo Saves Christmas Mr. St. Nick 2002 James Earl Jones Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street 2001 Stan Francis ( voice ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Paul Frees ( voice ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year 1976 Frosty the Snowman 1969 Paul Giamatti Fred Claus Bill Goldberg Santa 's Slay 2005 John Goodman The Year Without a Santa Claus 2006 Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie 1998 Futurama 1999 It 's a Spongebob Christmas ! 2012 Keith Wickham Thomas & Friends eighteenth - season episode , Last Train For Christmas A. Cameron Grant I Love Lucy Christmas Show 1956 Richard Griffiths A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa 2008 Michael Gross Becoming Santa 2015 TV - Movie Steve Guttenberg plays Santa 's son , Nick Single Santa Seeks Mrs. Claus 2004 who then takes over the job from his father on Meet the Santas , 2005 Edmund Gwenn Miracle on 34th Street 1947 film Alan Hale , Jr .", "3": "Gilligan 's Island , episode Birds Gotta Fly , Fish Gotta Talk Season 1 , 1964 Tom Hanks ( voice ) The Polar Express Nigel Hawthorne Call Me Claus 2001 Bob Holt ( voice ) The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas 1973 William Hootkins Like Father , Like Santa 1998 David Huddleston Santa Claus : The Movie 1985 Edward Ivory ( voice ) The Nightmare Before Christmas , 1993 Peeter Jakobi Rare Exports : A Christmas Tale Kevin James Elmo 's Christmas Countdown 2007 Christmas television special Bob Dorough The Clarks 1991 Bob Joles ( voice ) Uncle Grandpa episode Christmas Special 2014 Cecil Kellaway Bewitched , Episode `` A Vision of Sugar Plums '' Season 1 , 1964 Bill Lewis Defending Christmas television film , 1993 Sal Lizard The Box 2009 Dakin Matthews The Big Bang Theory , episode `` The Santa Simulation '' Season 6 , 2012 Chuck McCann A Very Retail Christmas Bruce McGill ( voice ) Family Guy , episode Road to the North Pole Season 9 , 2010 Mark Mitchell The Munsters ' Scary Little Christmas television film , 1996 . Jose Elias Moreno Santa Claus 1959 Ferdinard Munier Babes in Toyland 1934 Road to Utopia 1946 Leslie Nielsen All I Want For Christmas and Santa Who ?", "4": "2000 Mairtin O'Carrigan Mistletoe Over Manhattan -- 2011 TV - Movie Dick O'Neill `` Reality Bites '' The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Season 5 , 1994 Austin Pendleton Christmas with the Kranks Richard Riehle The Hebrew Hammer 2003 The Search for Santa Paws A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas 2011 Mickey Rooney ( voice ) Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town 1970 The Year Without a Santa Claus A Miser Brothers ' Christmas 2008 Jan Rubeš One Magic Christmas 1985 Will Sasso Finding Mrs. Claus 2002 TV - Movie Douglas Seale `` Santa ' 85 '' Amazing Stories Season 1 , 1985 Ernest Saves Christmas ( 1988 ) ; in the latter , his mortal name is `` Seth Applegate '' . William Shatner ( voice ) Eek ! The Cat , episode `` It 's a Very Merry Eek 's Mas '' Season 2 , 1993 Gotta Catch Santa Claus 2008 Christmas television special Peter Shukoff Epic Rap Battles of History , episode `` Moses vs. Santa Claus '' Season 2 , 2012 Hal Smith ( voice ) The Flintstones , episode Christmas Flintstone Season 5 , 1964 A Flintstone Christmas 1977 Christmas television special ( live action ) The Brady Bunch Season 1 , 1969 Santa and the Three Bears Paul Sorvino Santa Baby 2 2009 Jim Staahl ( voice ) Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer 2001 Fred Tatasciore ( voice ) Scooby Doo !", "5": "Haunted Holidays Direct - to - DVD , 2012 Ricky Tomlinson ( voice ) Robbie the Reindeer : Hooves of Fire 1999 Dick Van Patten The Santa Trap television film , 2002 Robert Wagner Northpole 2014 TV - Movie Phil Pierce A Bad Moms Christmas 2017 Frank Welker ( voice ) A Chipmunk Christmas 1981 George Wendt Santa Baby 2006 George Wendt Santa Buddies ( voice ) 2009 John Wheeler Single Santa Seeks Mrs. Claus Meet The Santas 2005 Step by Step episode `` Too Many Santas '' season 7 , 1997 External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_played_Santa_Claus&oldid=836271075 '' Categories : Lists of actors by role Santa Claus in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8451675676248853811	how many times have real madrid won the european cup.in paris	[ "twelve", "twelve" ]	{ "0": "Real Madrid C.F. in international Football competitions - wikipedia Real Madrid C.F. in international Football competitions Jump to : navigation , search Real Madrid C.F. in European football Cristiano Ronaldo is the Real Madrid player with the highest goal tally in international competitions , with 113 scored . Club Real Madrid C.F. Most appearance Iker Casillas ( 162 ) Top scorer Cristiano Ronaldo ( 113 ) First entry 1955 -- 56 European Cup Latest entry 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Titles Champions League 12 ( show ) 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1966 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 Europa League 2 ( show ) 1985 1986 Super Cup 4 ( show ) 2002 2014 2016 2017 Intercontinental Cup 3 ( show ) 1960 1998 2002 FIFA Club World Cup 3 ( show ) 2014 2016 2017 Real Madrid C.F. , also known simply as Real Madrid and familiarly as Real , is a professional football club based in Madrid , Spain . The club first participated in a European competition in 1955 . The first international cup they took part in was the Latin Cup in which they participated as champions of Spain . The competition lasted from 1949 to 1957 and Real Madrid won two out of eight editions , as well as Barcelona and Milan . Since entering the European Cup , in 1955 , the club has competed in every UEFA - organized competition , except the Intertoto Cup . Real Madrid had the most success in the European Cup , winning the trophy for a record twelve times . Real was the winner of the inaugural edition of the European Cup and the only club to win the trophy five times in a row ( the first five editions ) .", "1": "The club has also won the UEFA Cup twice , in 1985 and 1986 , the Super Cup four times , in 2002 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 , the Intercontinental Cup three times , in 1960 , 1998 and 2002 , and the FIFA Club World Cup three times , in 2014 , 2016 and 2017 . Real Madrid , with 24 trophies , is the most successful European team in international football . They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Spanish club to enter the European Cup in 1955 , except for the 1977 -- 78 and 1996 -- 97 seasons . In the tables ( H ) denotes home ground , ( A ) denotes away ground , ( N ) symbolises neutral ground and ( P ) penalty shoot - out . The first score is always Real Madrid 's . Contents ( hide ) 1 Latin Cup 2 European Cup / UEFA Champions League 3 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 4 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 5 UEFA Super Cup 6 Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup 7 Overall record 8 References Latin Cup ( edit ) In 1949 , the football federations of Spain , Italy , France and Portugal launched their own club competition . European clubs could not afford hefty travel costs so the Copa Latina was staged at the end of every season in a single host country . The competition featured two semi-finals , a third place play - off and a final . As La Liga champions in 1955 , Real Madrid represented Spain in the competition . They defeated Belenenses 2 -- 0 in their semi-final at Parc des Princes in Paris , before beating Stade Reims 2 -- 0 in the final at the Parc des Princes . Real Madrid won the 1957 competition at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , defeating Milan in the semi-final and then Benfica 1 -- 0 in the final . After the introduction of the European Cup , the Latin Cup was discontinued and nowadays it is not recognised by UEFA .", "2": "Year Round Opposing team Score 1955 Semi-final Belenenses 2 -- 0 ( N ) Final Stade Reims 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1957 Semi-final Milan 5 -- 1 ( H ) Final Benfica 1 -- 0 ( H ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League ( edit ) The European Cup was inaugurated in 1955 , with Real Madrid winning the first five editions . However , after winning the trophy five times in a row in the 1950s , and again in 1966 , the club had little success until the end of the 1990s , apart from their runner - up place in 1981 . Since then , Real Madrid has won the competition six times , in 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 and established itself as one of the strongest sides in European competitions , when measured in UEFA coefficients . Season Round Opposition Score 1955 -- 56 First round Servette 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Partizan 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Final Stade Reims 4 -- 3 ( N ) 1956 -- 57 First round Rapid Wien 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Nice 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Manchester United 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Final Fiorentina 2 -- 0 ( H ) 1957 -- 58 First round Royal Antwerp 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Sevilla 8 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Vasas 4 -- 0 ( H ) ,", "3": "0 -- 2 ( A ) Final Milan 3 -- 2 ( N ) 1958 -- 59 First round Beşiktaş 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Wiener Sportclub 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Atlético Madrid 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( N ) Final Stade Reims 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1959 -- 60 First round Jeunesse Esch 7 -- 0 ( H ) , 5 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Nice 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Final Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 ( N ) 1960 -- 61 First round Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1961 -- 62 Preliminary round Vasas 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) First round Boldklubben 1913 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 9 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Juventus 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( N ) Semi-final Standard Liège 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Final Benfica 3 -- 5 ( N ) 1962 -- 63 Preliminary round Anderlecht 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1963 -- 64 Preliminary round Rangers 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Dinamo Bucureşti 3 -- 1 ( A ) ,", "4": "5 -- 3 ( H ) Quarter - final Milan 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Zürich 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Final Internazionale 1 -- 3 ( N ) 1964 -- 65 Preliminary round Boldklubben 1909 5 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) First round Dukla Prague 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Benfica 1 -- 5 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1965 -- 66 Preliminary round Feyenoord 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) First round Kilmarnock 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Anderlecht 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Internazionale 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Final Partizan 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1966 -- 67 Second round 1860 Munich 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 2 ( H ) 1967 -- 68 First round Ajax 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Hvidovre 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Sparta Prague 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Manchester United 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) 1968 -- 69 First round AEL 6 -- 0 ( H ) , 6 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Rapid Wien 0 -- 1 ( A ) ,", "5": "2 -- 1 ( H ) ( a ) 1969 -- 70 First round Olympiakos Nicosia 8 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Standard Liège 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 1972 -- 73 First round Keflavík 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Argeş 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Ajax 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1975 -- 76 First round Dinamo Bucureşti 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Derby County 1 -- 4 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Borussia Mönchengladbach 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1976 -- 77 First round Stal Mielec 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Club Brugge 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1978 -- 79 First round Progrès Niedercorn 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 7 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Grasshopper 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) ( a ) 1979 -- 80 First round Levski Sofia 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) ( a ) Quarter - final Celtic 0 -- 2 ( A ) ,", "6": "3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Hamburg 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 5 ( A ) 1980 -- 81 First round Limerick 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Budapest Honvéd 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Spartak Moscow 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Final Liverpool 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1986 -- 87 First round Young Boys 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( P ) Quarter - final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 4 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) ( a ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 1 -- 4 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1987 -- 88 First round Napoli 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Porto 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) ( a ) 1988 -- 89 First round Moss 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Górnik Zabrze 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Quarter - final PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 1 -- 1 ( H ) ,", "7": "0 -- 5 ( A ) 1989 -- 90 First round Spora Luxembourg 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1990 -- 91 First round Odense 4 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Swarovski Tirol 9 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Spartak Moscow 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 3 ( H ) 1995 -- 96 Group D Ajax 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 2 ( H ) Ferencváros 6 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Grasshopper 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1997 -- 98 Group D Rosenborg 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Olympiacos 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Porto 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayer Leverkusen 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Final Juventus 1 -- 0 ( N ) 1998 -- 99 Group C Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Spartak Moscow 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Sturm Graz 6 -- 1 ( H ) , 5 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Dynamo Kyiv 1 -- 1 ( H ) ,", "8": "0 -- 2 ( A ) 1999 -- 2000 First group stage Group E Molde 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Olympiacos 3 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Porto 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Second group stage Group C Bayern Munich 2 -- 4 ( H ) , 1 -- 4 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Rosenborg 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Manchester United 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Final Valencia 3 -- 0 ( N ) 2000 -- 01 First group stage Group A Spartak Moscow 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Bayer Leverkusen 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 3 ( H ) Sporting CP 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Second group stage Group D Leeds United 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Anderlecht 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Lazio 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Galatasaray 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 First group stage Group A Roma 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Lokomotiv Moscow 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Anderlecht 4 -- 1 ( H ) ,", "9": "2 -- 0 ( A ) Second group stage Group C Panathinaikos 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Sparta Prague 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Porto 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( N ) 2002 -- 03 First group stage Group C Roma 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) AEK Athens 3 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Genk 6 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Second group stage Group C Milan 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Lokomotiv Moscow 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Manchester United 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 4 ( A ) Semi-final Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2003 -- 04 Group F Porto 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Partizan 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Monaco 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) ( a ) 2004 -- 05 Third qualifying round Wisła Kraków 2 -- 0 ( A ) ,", "10": "3 -- 1 ( H ) Group B Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Dynamo Kyiv 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Roma 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) ( a.e.t. ) 2005 -- 06 Group F Lyon 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Rosenborg 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Olympiacos 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Arsenal 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Group E Lyon 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Steaua Bucureşti 4 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Dynamo Kyiv 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Bayern Munich 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) ( a ) 2007 -- 08 Group C Olympiacos 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Werder Bremen 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) Lazio 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Roma 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2008 -- 09 Group H BATE Borisov 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Zenit St. Petersburg 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 1 -- 2 ( A ) ,", "11": "0 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 2009 -- 10 Group C Zürich 5 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Marseille 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Milan 2 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Lyon 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Group G Milan 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Ajax 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Auxerre 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2011 -- 12 Group D Dinamo Zagreb 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 2 ( H ) Ajax 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Lyon 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final APOEL 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) 2012 -- 13 Group D Manchester City 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Ajax 4 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 2 ( A ) ,", "12": "2 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Manchester United 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Galatasaray 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 4 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Group B Galatasaray 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Copenhagen 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Schalke 04 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( N ) ( a.e.t. ) 2014 -- 15 Group B Basel 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Ludogorets Razgrad 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Liverpool 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 4 ( H ) Quarter - final Atlético Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Group A Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 3 ( A ) Malmö FF 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 8 -- 0 ( H ) Paris Saint - Germain 0 -- 0 ( A ) ,", "13": "1 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Roma 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Wolfsburg 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Manchester City 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 ( N ) , 5 -- 3 ( P ) 2016 -- 17 Group F Sporting CP 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Legia Warsaw 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Round of 16 Napoli 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Final Juventus 4 -- 1 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Group H Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) APOEL FC 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 6 -- 0 ( A ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Juventus 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 3 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( A ) , -- ( H ) UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( edit ) The Cup Winners ' Cup started in 1960 , but it took eleven years until Real Madrid participated for the first time . In their first edition , they lost in the final by Chelsea . In 1975 , their second participation , they advanced to the quarter - final , but were beaten by Red Star Belgrade .", "14": "They lost their second final in this competition in 1983 when they lost by Aberdeen after extra time . They advanced to the quarter - finals in their last participation in 1994 , before the cup was reorganised into the UEFA Cup in 2000 . Nowadays this is the only European trophy played by Real Madrid that the club has not won . Season Round Opposition Score 1970 -- 71 First round Hibernians 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Wacker Innsbruck 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Cardiff City 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( N ) , 1 -- 2 ( N ) 1974 -- 75 First round Fram 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Austria Wien 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Red Star 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 6 ( P ) 1982 -- 83 First round FC Baia Mare 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) Second round Újpest 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Internazionale 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Austria Wien 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Final Aberdeen 1 -- 2 ( N ) ( a.e.t. )", "15": "1993 -- 94 First round Lugano 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Wacker Innsbruck 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Paris Saint - Germain 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League ( edit ) The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was established on 18 April 1955 , two weeks after the European Cup , to promote trade fairs by playing various cities against each other . From 1958 onwards , the organisers reverted to club participation , but the teams still had to come from cities staging trade fairs . Real Madrid never participated in Fairs Cup before it was subsumed into the UEFA Cup in 1971 . The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is considered to be the forerunner of the UEFA Europa League , but it is not recognized as a UEFA competition . As such , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup wins do not count toward the tally of Europa League wins . This list tallies the Inter -- Cities Fairs Cup together with the Europa League tournament . In the UEFA Cup -- Europa League , Real Madrid has won the trophy twice in a row , in 1984 -- 85 and in 1985 -- 86 . Season Round Opposition Score 1971 -- 72 First round FC Basel 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round PSV Eindhoven 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1973 -- 74 First round Ipswich Town 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) 1981 -- 82 First round Tatabánya 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) ( a ) Second round Carl Zeiss Jena 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Rapid Wien 1 -- 0 ( A ) ,", "16": "0 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Kaiserlautern 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1983 -- 84 First round Sparta Prague 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1984 -- 85 First round Wacker Innsbruck 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Second round NK Rijeka 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Anderlecht 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Tottenham 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Internazionale 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Final Videoton FC 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1985 -- 86 First round AEK Athens 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Chornomorets Odessa 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Borussia Mönchengladbach 1 -- 5 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) ( a ) Quarter - final Neuchâtel 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Internazionale 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) ( a.e.t. ) Final 1 . FC Köln 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1991 -- 92 First round Slovan Bratislava 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Second round F.C.", "17": "Utrecht 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Neuchâtel 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Sigma Olomouc 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Torino 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1992 -- 93 First round FC Timişoara 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Torpedo Moscow 5 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) Third round Vitesse Arnhem 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 4 ( A ) 1994 -- 95 First round Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) ( a ) Second round Dynamo Moscow 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Odense Boldklub 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 2 ( H ) UEFA Super Cup ( edit ) The UEFA Super Cup was inaugurated in 1973 as a way of determining the best team in Europe , by pitting the holders of the European Champion Clubs ' Cup against the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup . It is now a competition between the winner of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League . Real Madrid first participated in the 1998 edition , after they won the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Champions League . They lost 0 -- 1 to Chelsea . Their first trophy came in 2002 after defeating Feyenoord with 3 -- 1 . Year Opposing team Score Venue 1998 Chelsea 0 -- 1 Stade Louis II , Monaco 2000 Galatasaray 1 -- 2 ( gg in a.e.t. )", "18": "2002 Feyenoord 3 -- 1 2014 Sevilla 2 -- 0 Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff 2016 Sevilla 3 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Lerkendal Stadion , Trondheim 2017 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Philip II Arena , Skopje Intercontinental Cup / FIFA club World Cup ( edit ) In 1960 , UEFA and their South - American equivalent , the South American Football Confederation ( CONMEBOL ) , created the Intercontinental Cup as a way of determining the best team in the world , by pitting the winners of the European Champions ' Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores against each other . In 2000 , FIFA launched their international club competition called the FIFA Club World Championship , featuring teams from all of its member associations . In the second edition -- renamed the FIFA Club World Cup -- in 2005 , FIFA took over the Intercontinental Cup , subsuming it into its own competition . Real Madrid were invited to the championship in January 2000 in Brazil , by virtue of winning the 1998 Intercontinental Cup the previous season . The club finished fourth overall , after losing the third place play - off on penalties to Mexico 's Club Necaxa . They initially qualified for the 2001 tournament , in their native Spain , but the competition was cancelled before it started .", "19": "Year Competition Round Opposing team Score Venue 1960 Intercontinental Cup Final Peñarol 0 -- 0 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo , Uruguay 5 -- 1 Estadio Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid , Spain 1966 Intercontinental Cup Final Peñarol 0 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo , Uruguay 0 -- 2 Estadio Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid , Spain 1998 Intercontinental Cup Final Vasco da Gama 2 -- 1 National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan 2000 FIFA Club World Championship Group A Al Nassr 3 -- 1 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo , Brazil Corinthians 2 -- 2 Raja Casablanca 3 -- 2 Third place play - off Necaxa 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 4 ( P ) Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 2000 Intercontinental Cup Final Boca Juniors 1 -- 2 National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan 2002 Intercontinental Cup Final Olimpia 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-final Cruz Azul 4 -- 0 Stade de Marrakech , Marrakech , Morocco Final San Lorenzo 2 -- 0 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-final América 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Final Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-final Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium , Abu Dhabi Final Grêmio 1 -- 0 Overall record ( edit ) Accurate as of 26 April 2018 .", "20": "Competition Played Won Drew Lost GF GA GD Win % European Cup / Champions League 7002421000000000000 ♠ 421 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7002937000000000000 ♠ 937 7002455000000000000 ♠ 455 + 482 07001601000000000000 ♠ 60.10 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 + 33 07001516100000000000 ♠ 51.61 UEFA Cup / Europa League 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 + 36 07001515600000000000 ♠ 51.56 Super Cup 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 4 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.", "21": "67 Intercontinental Cup 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 2 07001428600000000000 ♠ 42.86 Club World Cup 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 15 07001800000000000000 ♠ 80.00 Total 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 7003115000000000000 ♠ 1,150 7002578000000000000 ♠ 578 + 572 07001588100000000000 ♠ 58.81 Legend : GF = Goals For . GA = Goals Against . GD = Goal Difference . References ( edit ) In the UEFA references , access to the specific rounds is achievable by the adjacent table . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League history '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ; Gorgazzi , Osvaldo José ( 23 November 2006 ) . `` Latin Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Barcelona and Real Madrid both win in Spain '' . CNN .", "22": "31 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 / 11 list of participants '' . UEFA. 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1955 -- 56 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1956 -- 57 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1957 -- 58 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1958 -- 59 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1959 -- 60 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1960 -- 61 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1961 -- 62 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1962 -- 63 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1963 -- 64 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1964 -- 65 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) .", "23": "1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1965 -- 66 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1966 -- 67 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1967 -- 68 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1968 -- 69 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1969 -- 70 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1972 -- 73 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1975 -- 76 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1976 -- 77 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1978 -- 79 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1979 -- 80 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1980 -- 81 '' .", "24": "Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1986 -- 87 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1987 -- 88 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1988 -- 89 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1989 -- 90 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1990 -- 91 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1995 -- 96 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1997 -- 98 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1998 -- 99 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1999 -- 2000 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2000 -- 01 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2001 -- 02 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2002 -- 03 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2003 -- 04 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2004 -- 05 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2005 -- 06 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 May 1960 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 07 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2007 -- 08 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2008 -- 09 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2009 -- 10 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2010 -- 11 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) .", "26": "1960 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1970 -- 71 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1974 -- 75 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1982 -- 83 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1993 -- 94 '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup : All - time finals '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 30 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup History '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 24 September 2009 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tournaments '' .", "27": "Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European - South American Cup '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 12 December 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid CF uefa.com Jump up ^ Win % is rounded to two decimal places Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. 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-5975200217671466380	total goals scored by ronaldo in la liga	[ "309", "309", "309", "309" ]	{ "0": "List of La Liga top scorers - wikipedia List of La Liga top scorers Jump to : navigation , search Lionel Messi is La Liga 's all - time top scorer . Since the 1929 formation of La Liga , Spain 's top division of association football , a total of 56 players have finished as the competition 's top goalscorer . As no official recognition exists in Spain for the league top scorer , the following data is based on official match reports provided by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional and may differ from independent research and the unofficial Pichichi Trophy awarded by the newspaper Marca . La Liga 's all - time top goalscorer is Barcelona 's Lionel Messi , who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011 - 12 . Athletic Bilbao 's Telmo Zarra , who was the competition 's all - time top scorer until 2014 , was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953 . Three other players -- Real Madrid 's Alfredo Di Stéfano , Quini of Sporting de Gijón and Barcelona , and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid -- each finished as top scorer in five seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top scorers by season 1.1 Top 30 goalscorers , all - time 1.2 Top 5 goalscorers , still active ( Primera División only ) 1.3 Most hat - tricks in the League ( at least 10 ) 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Top scorers by season ( edit ) Key Player won the European Golden Shoe Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio 1930 -- 31 Bata Athletic Bilbao 27 17 1.59 1931 -- 32 Bata ( 2 ) Athletic Bilbao 13 18 0.72 1932 -- 33 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Real Madrid 16 14 1.14 1933 -- 34 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 26 18 1.", "1": "44 1934 -- 35 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara ( 2 ) Real Oviedo 27 22 1.23 1935 -- 36 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara ( 3 ) Real Oviedo 28 21 1.33 1939 -- 40 Unamuno , Víctor Víctor Unamuno Athletic Bilbao 20 22 0.91 1940 -- 41 Pruden , Pruden Atlético Madrid 33 22 1.5 1941 -- 42 Mundo Valencia 27 25 1.08 1942 -- 43 Martín , Mariano Mariano Martín Barcelona 30 23 1.3 1943 -- 44 Mundo ( 2 ) Valencia 28 26 1.08 1944 -- 45 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 20 26 0.77 1945 -- 46 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 2 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 18 1.33 1946 -- 47 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 3 ) Athletic Bilbao 33 24 1.38 1947 -- 48 Pahiño , Pahiño Celta de Vigo 20 22 0.91 1948 -- 49 César Barcelona 27 24 1.13 1949 -- 50 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 4 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 26 0.92 1950 -- 51 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 5 ) Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.27 1951 -- 52 Pahiño , Pahiño ( 2 ) Real Madrid 28 27 1.", "2": "04 1952 -- 53 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 6 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 29 0.83 1953 -- 54 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano Real Madrid 27 28 0.96 1954 -- 55 Arza , Juan Juan Arza Sevilla 28 29 0.97 1955 -- 56 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 30 0.8 1956 -- 57 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 3 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 1957 -- 58 Badenes , Manuel Manuel Badenes Real Valladolid 19 29 0.66 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 4 ) Real Madrid 19 30 0.63 Alós , Ricardo Ricardo Alós Valencia 19 29 0.66 1958 -- 59 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 5 ) Real Madrid 23 28 0.82 1959 -- 60 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 25 24 1.04 1960 -- 61 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 2 ) Real Madrid 28 28 1961 -- 62 Seminario , Juan Juan Seminario Real Zaragoza 25 30 0.83 1962 -- 63 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 3 ) Real Madrid 26 30 0.87 1963 -- 64 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 4 ) Real Madrid 21 25 0.84 1964 -- 65 Ré ,", "3": "Cayetano Cayetano Ré Barcelona 26 30 0.87 1965 -- 66 Luis Aragonés Atlético Madrid 18 28 0.64 1966 -- 67 Waldo Valencia 24 30 0.8 1967 -- 68 Uriarte , Fidel Fidel Uriarte Athletic Bilbao 22 24 0.92 1968 -- 69 Amancio Real Madrid 14 29 0.48 José Eulogio Gárate Atlético Madrid 14 30 0.47 1969 -- 70 Amancio ( 2 ) Real Madrid 16 29 0.55 Aragonés , Luis Luis Aragonés ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53 Gárate , José Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53 1970 -- 71 Gárate , José Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate ( 3 ) Atlético Madrid 17 28 0.61 Rexach , Carles Carles Rexach Barcelona 17 28 0.61 1971 -- 72 Porta , Enrique Enrique Porta Granada 20 31 0.65 1972 -- 73 Marianín Real Oviedo 19 32 0.59 1973 -- 74 Quini Sporting de Gijón 20 34 0.59 1974 -- 75 Carlos Athletic Bilbao 19 32 0.59 1975 -- 76 Quini ( 2 ) Sporting de Gijón 21 34 0.62 1976 -- 77 Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 24 34 0.71 1977 -- 78 Kempes ,", "4": "Mario Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Valencia 28 34 0.82 1978 -- 79 Krankl , Hans Hans Krankl Barcelona 29 30 0.97 1979 -- 80 Quini ( 3 ) Sporting de Gijón 24 34 0.71 1980 -- 81 Quini ( 4 ) Barcelona 20 30 0.67 1981 -- 82 Quini ( 5 ) Barcelona 27 32 0.84 1982 -- 83 Rincón , Poli Poli Rincón Real Betis 20 30 0.67 1983 -- 84 Jorge da Silva Real Valladolid 17 30 0.57 Juanito Real Madrid 17 31 0.55 1984 -- 85 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid 19 33 0.58 1985 -- 86 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 2 ) Real Madrid 22 33 0.67 1986 -- 87 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 3 ) Real Madrid 34 41 0.83 1987 -- 88 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 4 ) Real Madrid 29 36 0.81 1988 -- 89 Baltazar Atlético Madrid 35 36 0.97 1989 -- 90 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 5 ) Real Madrid 38 35 1.09 1990 -- 91 Butragueño , Emilio Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 19 35 0.54 1991 -- 92 Manolo Atlético Madrid 27 36 0.75 1992 -- 93 Bebeto Deportivo 29 37 0.", "5": "78 1993 -- 94 Romário Barcelona 30 33 0.91 1994 -- 95 Zamorano , Iván Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 28 38 0.74 1995 -- 96 Pizzi , Juan Antonio Juan Antonio Pizzi Tenerife 31 41 0.76 1996 -- 97 Ronaldo Barcelona 34 37 0.92 1997 -- 98 Vieri , Christian Christian Vieri Atlético Madrid 24 24 1998 -- 99 Raúl Real Madrid 25 37 0.68 1999 -- 2000 Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Racing Santander 27 36 0.75 2000 -- 01 Raúl ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 36 0.67 2001 -- 02 Tristán , Diego Diego Tristán Deportivo 20 35 0.57 2002 -- 03 Makaay , Roy Roy Makaay Deportivo 29 38 0.76 2003 -- 04 Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 32 0.75 2004 -- 05 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán Villarreal 25 38 0.66 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 25 37 0.68 2005 -- 06 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o ( 2 ) Barcelona 26 34 0.76 2006 -- 07 van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid 25 37 0.68 2007 -- 08 Güiza , Daniel Daniel Güiza Mallorca 27 37 0.73 2008 -- 09 Forlán ,", "6": "Diego Diego Forlán ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 32 33 0.97 2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97 2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 34 1.18 2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35 2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44 2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37 2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11 2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09 Top 30 goalscorers , all - time ( edit ) As of matches played 7 April 2018 Players in Bold are still active . ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2004 -- 378 410 0.91 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- 309 290 1.06 Telmo Zarra 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.67 5 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.41 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.69 7 César Rodríguez 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.", "7": "63 8 Quini 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.49 9 Pahiño 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.76 10 Edmundo Suárez 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.84 11 Santillana 1970 -- 1988 186 461 0.4 12 David Villa 2003 -- 2014 185 352 0.53 13 Juan Arza 1943 -- 1959 182 349 0.52 14 Guillermo Gorostiza 1929 -- 1945 178 256 0.7 15 Samuel Eto'o 1998 -- 2009 162 280 0.58 16 Luis Aragonés 1960 -- 1974 160 360 0.44 17 Ferenc Puskás 1958 -- 1966 156 180 0.87 18 Aritz Aduriz 2002 -- 154 399 0.39 19 Julio Salinas 1982 -- 2000 152 417 0.36 20 Adrián Escudero 1945 -- 1958 150 287 0.52 21 Daniel Ruiz 1974 -- 1986 147 303 0.49 22 Raúl Tamudo 1997 -- 2013 146 407 0.36 23 Silvestre Igoa 1941 -- 1956 141 284 0.5 24 Manuel Badenes 1946 -- 1959 139 201 0.69 Juan Araújo 1945 -- 1956 207 0.67 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 0.", "8": "29 27 László Kubala 1951 -- 1965 138 215 0.64 28 José Luis Panizo 1939 -- 1955 136 325 0.42 29 Jesús María Satrústegui 1973 -- 1986 133 297 0.45 30 Joaquín Murillo 1952 -- 1964 132 227 0.58 Top 5 goalscorers , still active ( Primera División only ) ( edit ) As of matches played 7 April 2018 Rank Nat Name Years Current club Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2004 -- Barcelona 378 410 0.91 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- Real Madrid 309 290 1.07 Aritz Aduriz 2002 -- Athletic Bilbao 154 399 0.38 Karim Benzema 2009 -- Real Madrid 126 264 0.48 5 Antoine Griezmann 2010 -- Atlético Madrid 115 275 0.42 Most hat - tricks in the league ( at least 10 ) ( edit ) Three or more goals in a single match . For the complete list of hat - tricks see List of La Liga hat - tricks . As of matches played 7 April 2018 Players in bold are still active Players with at least 10 hat - tricks are shown in this table .", "9": "Rank Player Hat - tricks Last hat - trick Cristiano Ronaldo 34 18 March 2018 Lionel Messi 29 7 April 2018 Telmo Zarra 23 15 March 1953 Alfredo di Stéfano 22 15 March 1964 5 Mundo 19 4 March 1951 6 César Rodríguez 15 19 October 1952 7 Isidro Lángara 13 15 December 1946 8 Ferenc Puskás 12 15 December 1963 9 László Kubala 11 19 March 1961 Pahiño 11 11 September 1955 Manuel Badenes 11 29 March 1958 12 Quini 10 7 October 1981 Source : BDFútbol Notes See also ( edit ) Pichichi Trophy References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Guillermo Gorostiza , whom they credited with 12 goals . Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Vavá , whom they credited with 19 goals . Jump up ^ Marca did not award the Pichichi to Eto'o , whom they credited with 24 goals . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking Goals First Division '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Hat Tricks First Division '' . Bdfutbol.com . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat - tricks in La Liga history '' . sportsgoogly.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Citations Liga de Fútbol Profesional historical archive Bravo , Luis Javier ; Sillipp , Bernhard ; Torre , Raúl ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` List of all Pichichi winners '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 .", "10": "Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fúbol español . De la Olimpiada de Amberes a la Guerra Civil ( 1920 - 1939 ) . ISBN 84 - 607 - 5767 - 6 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . De la Guerra Civil al Mundial de Brasil ( 1939 - 1950 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 607 - 8817 - 1 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del gol de Zarra al gol de Marcelino ( 1950 - 1964 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 609 - 2967 - 3 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Campeonato de Europa al Mundial de España ( 1964 - 1982 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 611 - 0295 - 2 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Mundial 82 a la final española de París ( 1982 - 2001 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 612 - 2007 - 6 External links ( edit ) LFP - Historical squads for every season of the league including official goal scoring stats Top 10 La Liga Golden Boot Winners La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E.", "11": "Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio ,", "12": "Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L.", "13": "Suárez 2017 : Messi La Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play - offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table LFP Awards Top Scorer ( LFP ) Top Scorer ( Pichichi ) Spanish Top Scorer ( Zarra ) Best Goalkeeper ( Zamora ) Best Manager ( Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee ( Guruceta ) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.", "14": "com/laliga Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "15": "php?title=List_of_La_Liga_top_scorers&oldid=837541263 '' Categories : La Liga players Lists of association football league top scorers in Spain Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 13 : 48 . 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-1975115150327235272	when was kudzu introduced to the united states	[ "1876", "1876", "1876", "1876", "in 1876" ]	{ "0": "Kudzu in the United States - wikipedia Kudzu in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Kudzu smothering trees in Atlanta , Georgia . Kudzu is an invasive plant species in the United States . It has been spreading in the southern U.S. at the rate of 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ) annually , `` easily outpacing the use of herbicide spraying and mowing , as well increasing the costs of these controls by $6 million annually '' . This claim , however , has recently been disputed , the United States Forest Service estimating an increase of only 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) per year . Its introduction has produced devastating environmental consequences . This has earned it the nickname , `` The vine that ate the South '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and underlying biology 1.1 Description 1.2 Origin in Asia 1.3 History of US introduction 1.4 Uses and cultivation 2 Ecology in and effect on new communities 2.1 New communities 2.2 Ecological relationships 2.3 Economic and cultural impact 3 Control and removal methods 3.1 Mechanical 3.2 Chemical 3.3 Biological 3.4 Animals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History and underlying biology ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Kudzu is a perennial vine native to Asia , primarily subtropical and temperate regions of China , Japan , and Korea , with trifoliate leaves composed of three leaflets . Five species in the genus Pueraria ( P. montana , P. lobata , P. edulis , P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni ) are closely related and kudzu populations in the United States seem to have ancestry from more than one of the species . Each leaflet is large and ovate with two to three lobes each and hair on the underside . The leaves have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen , which can supply up to 95 % of leaf nitrogen to the plant in poor soils . Along the vines are nodes , points at which stems or tendrils can propagate to increase support and attach to structures .", "1": "As a twining vine , kudzu uses stems or tendrils that can extend from any node on the vine to attach to and climb most surfaces . In addition , the nodes of the kudzu vine have the ability to root when exposed to soil , further anchoring the vine to the ground . The roots are tuberous and are high in starch and water content , and the twining of the plant allows for less carbon concentration in the construction of woody stems and greater concentration in roots , which aids root growth . The roots can account for up to 40 % of total plant biomass . Kudzu 's primary method of reproduction is asexual vegetative spread ( cloning ) which is aided by the ability to root wherever a stem is exposed to soil . For sexual reproduction , kudzu is entirely dependent on pollinators . Although kudzu prefers forest regrowth and edge habitats with high Sun exposure , the plant can survive in full sun or partial shade . These attributes of kudzu made it attractive as an ornamental plant for shading porches in the southeastern United States , but they facilitated the growth of kudzu as it became a `` structural parasite '' of the South , enveloping entire structures when untreated and often referred to as `` the vine that ate the South '' . The word `` kudzu '' comes from the Japanese word for the plant , 葛 , or kuzu . Origin in Asia ( edit ) Kudzu is believed to have originated in Japan , where the ecosystem ( primarily the tendency of kudzu to experience above - ground die back over winter ) kept the vine from becoming a nuisance , and it is thought to have been introduced to China and likely Korea . In Japan , kudzu thrives in mountainous regions , ranging from the 44th parallel north ( the island of Hokkaido ) to the 30th parallel north ( the island of Kuchinoshima ) and many of the lowlands and the islands . In Korea , kudzu grows in areas where the temperature can drop to - 30 ° Celsius . History of U.S. introduction ( edit ) The kudzu plant was introduced to the United States from Japan in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia . Kudzu was introduced to the Southeast in 1883 at the New Orleans Exposition .", "2": "The vine was widely marketed in the Southeast as an ornamental plant to be used to shade porches , and in the first half of the 20th century , kudzu was distributed as a high - protein content cattle fodder and as a cover plant to prevent soil erosion . It was cultivated by Civilian Conservation Corps workers as a solution for the erosion during the Dust Bowl . The Soil Erosion Service recommended the use of kudzu to help control erosion of slopes which led to the government - aided distribution of 85 million seedlings and government - funded plantings of kudzu which paid $19.75 per hectare . By 1946 , it was estimated that 1,200,000 hectares ( 3,000,000 acres ) of kudzu had been planted . When boll weevil infestations and the failure of cotton crops caused farmers to abandon their farms , kudzu plantings were left unattended . The climate and environment of the Southeastern United States allowed the kudzu to grow virtually unchecked . In 1953 the United States Department of Agriculture removed kudzu from a list of suggested cover plants and listed it as a weed in 1970 . By 1997 , the vine was placed on the `` Federal Noxious Weed List '' . Today , kudzu is estimated to cover 3,000,000 hectares ( 7,400,000 acres ) of land in the southeastern United States , mostly in Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Florida , North Carolina , South Carolina and Mississippi . It has been recorded in Nova Scotia , Canada , in Columbus , Ohio , and in all five boroughs of New York City . Recent U.S. Forest Service information indicates that kudzu is much less of a problem than previously thought . It shows kudzu to cover 227,000 acres ( 92,000 ha ) , with `` an increase of no more than 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) a year '' . This can be compared to invasive Asian privet in the United States , which covers 3,200,000 acres ( 1,300,000 ha ) . Uses and cultivation ( edit ) In the United States , kudzu has been used as livestock feed , in fertilizer , and in erosion control , and the vines have been used for folk art .", "3": "In Korea , kudzu root is harvested for its starch , which is used in various foods including naengmyon , as well as a health food and herbal medicine . In China , kudzu root is used in herbal remedies , teas , and the treatment of alcohol - related problems . The efficacy of the treatment of alcohol - related problems is currently under question , but experiments show promising results . In Japan , the kudzu root starch ( or kuzu root starch ) extracted from kudzu roots is used in cooking and natural medicines , and it is used to make hay that sick animals will eat . The starch is used in Japanese cuisine , and is widely consumed as such in that country . Kudzu is also used as a food crop in Java , Sumatra , and Malaya , and can be found in Puerto Rico and South America . Other uses may include : paper products , food products , insect repellents ( the smoke from burning leaves ) , honey , and methane production . Kudzu also has potential as a source for biofuel . Ecology in and effect on New communities ( edit ) Infestation of Kudzu in the United States . New communities ( edit ) Kudzu was intentionally introduced to North America by the Soil Erosion Service and Civilian Conservation Corp in 1876 for the purpose of controlling soil erosion in Pennsylvania . When kudzu was first introduced in the southeast , it was initially used as an ornamental vine to shade homes . By the early 20th century , southerners began to use kudzu for purposes other than ornamentation and so kudzu began to come closer in contact with the land which , in turn , encouraged its spread throughout the southeast . In the 135 years since its introduction , kudzu has spread over three million hectares ( ha ) of the southern United States , and continues to ' consume ' the south at an estimated rate of 50,000 hectares ( 120,000 acres ) per year , destroying power lines , buildings , and native vegetation in its path . In the United States , kudzu is extensively reported in Alabama , Arkansas , Washington , D.C.", "4": ", Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Mississippi , North Carolina , North Dakota , New Jersey , Oregon , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and West Virginia . Of these states , three in the southeast have the heaviest infestations : Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi . Ecological relationships ( edit ) Kudzu kills or damages other plants by smothering them under a blanket of leaves , encompassing tree trunks , breaking branches , or even uprooting entire trees . Kudzu 's ability to grow quickly , survive in areas of low nitrogen availability , and acquire resources quickly allows it to out - compete native species . Of the plants that can successfully compete with kudzu , many are other invasive species such as the Chinese privet and the Japanese honeysuckle . In the southeast , the spread of kudzu is especially troublesome because of the high level of biodiversity in this region that is not found in other regions of the United States . Kudzu and other invasive weeds pose a significant threat to the biodiversity in the southeast . They reduce the environment to impoverished `` vine barrens '' . The fast growth and high competitive ability is achieved through several key features of kudzu that are detailed below . Kudzu is a very stress - tolerant plant . Kudzu is drought tolerant and only the above ground portions of the plant are damaged by frost . Kudzu also forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen - fixing bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) into ammonium which can be used by surrounding plants . Now the dominant nitrogen - fixing plant in the eastern United States , kudzu fixes an estimated 235 kg of nitrogen per hectare per year , which is an order of magnitude higher than the rates of native species . This ability allows it to flourish in nitrogen - poor sites where other plants are unable to grow . In the absence of other plants , nitrogen then builds up in the soil , allowing the maintenance of large leaf areas and high photosynthetic rates .", "5": "While little research has been conducted on the impacts of plant invasion on atmospheric conditions , a study conducted at Stony Brook University in New York shows that kudzu has increased the concentration of atmospheric NOx in the eastern United States , which causes a 2 ppb increase in tropospheric ozone during high temperature events in addition to soil acidification , aluminum mobilization , and leaching of NO3 - into aquatic ecosystems . Once established in a habitat , kudzu is able to grow very quickly . Kudzu can grow up to 60 feet per season , or about one foot per day . Kudzu is also able to allocate large portions of carbon to root growth , allowing it to acquire sufficient nutrients for rapid growth and to spread clonally . Primary kudzu roots can weigh over 180 kg , grow to 18 cm in diameter , and penetrate soil at a rate of 3 cm in depth per day . Kudzu can also root wherever stems make contact with soil , allowing vines to grow in all directions . Once rooted , most stems lose connection with each other within one year , allowing each stem to become a physiologically independent individual , and requiring that all stems be treated or removed in order to eliminate a population . In addition to its abilities to obtain nutrients and spread quickly , kudzu leaves have paraheliotropic movements , meaning that they move in response to the movement of the sun in order to maximize photosynthetic productivity . Kudzu is also a `` structural parasite '' , meaning that , rather than supporting itself , it grows on top of other plants and buildings to reach light . Its ability to reproduce and spread quickly allows it to quickly cover shrubs , trees , and forests , where it blocks the Sun 's rays from the plants below it , decreasing or completely eliminating their photosynthetic productivity . Economic and cultural impact ( edit ) The economic impact of kudzu in the United States is estimated at $100 million to $500 million lost per year in forest productivity . In addition , it takes about $5,000 per hectare ( 2.5 acres ) per year to control kudzu. Power companies must spend about $1.5 million per year to repair damage to power lines .", "6": "Kudzu management is of great concern in the management of national parks in the southeast such as Vicksburg National Military Park , Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park , and Great Smoky Mountains National Park . In Vicksburg , kudzu has invaded 190 of the 2,000 total acres of the park and threatens to diminish the historical value of the park . Control and removal methods ( edit ) There are several methods for controlling kudzu growth that are used in the Southeastern United States . These include mechanical , chemical , and biological methods . Mechanical ( edit ) Most mechanical means of kudzu removal practiced in the southeastern United States involve mowing the vine or cutting it back . These methods , though more effective than herbicides , are more time consuming . Vines must be mowed down just above ground level every month or two during the growing season in order to prevent them from growing back . When using this method of kudzu control , all of the plant material must be removed and / or destroyed ( burned ) to prevent the vines from taking root and re-growing . Another method of mechanical removal is to remove the crown of the plant . This part must also be destroyed to prevent re-implantation . Chemical ( edit ) A different , and sometimes less time consuming option for the control of kudzu is chemical treatment with herbicides . Some common herbicides used are Tordon and Triclopyr and the most effective are Picloram and Tebuthiuron . However , chemical treatments are expensive , and killing off the plant completely requires large amounts of herbicides ( 40 - 80 gallons per acre ) . Herbicides are found to be most effective when they are used during the typical growing season , June -- October , and when used for successive years . One case study saw a significant decrease in the growth of kudzu after just two years , whereas another study required the use of the herbicide for up to ten years . Another form of chemical removal other than herbicides is soil solarization . Soil solarization is a thermal ( heat ) method that utilizes solar - enhanced heating of the soil to kill the root system of the plant , thereby avoiding the use of pesticides and other more dangerous ( fire - based ) means to control the plant .", "7": "Soil solarization affects the micronutrients and macronutrients in the soil . The most prominent effect of this method of control is the increase in potassium . The higher level of potassium in all soils undergoing solarization demonstrates the successful release of K from decomposing kudzu plant tissues . Such a rise in potassium levels by solarization is important for soils in the Southeastern United States that tend to be highly weathered and generally have low potassium contents . Biological ( edit ) As chemical treatments are often ineffective for long term control and mechanical removal is likewise difficult and costly for long - term control , kudzu makes a good candidate for biological pest control . There are several biological means that are already in place and more that may be implemented to control the growth of kudzu . Bacterial blights , insect herbivory , and insect seed predation occur in high levels in field populations of kudzu . Seed predation is quite prevalent , with up to 81 % of seeds incurring damage in populations studied in North Carolina . A different survey found twenty - five different species of insect feeding on the kudzu . From this survey , several leaf - feeding beetles and sawflies that have no other known hosts were identified . A separate study also found two weevils that attacked the stems of kudzu and eight beetles that complete larval development in the kudzu roots . When evaluations of potential control agents are made , the range of the control agents must be taken into account . Organisms that feed on kudzu will often feed on similar non-target species that are important in agriculture , such as soybeans and hog - peanuts . Potential control agents have to be rejected if they are shown in laboratory and field tests to feed on these non-target plants . Of the diseases that have been identified as potential biological control agents , the fungal pathogen Myrothecium verrucaria has been shown to be very promising . Disease development is very high at around 30 ° C to 40 ° C , which matches field conditions . In addition , the fungus does not spread outside of areas where it is applied . However , one major drawback of this biological control agent is that it is highly toxic to mammals , so extreme care would have to be taken in handling this organism .", "8": "Other pathogens have been tested as potential biological control agents , but have proven to be ineffective . Animals ( edit ) Another way to control kudzu is goats and sheep . A small herd can reduce an acre ( 0.4 ha ) of kudzu every day . It has also been suggested that humans can help control the invasive vine by eating it as well . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues in the United States Invasive species in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Controlling Kudzu With Naturally Occurring Fungus '' . Science Daily . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bill Finch , `` Legend of the Green Monster , '' Smithsonian Magazine , vol. 46 , no 5 , September , 2015 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richard J. Blaustein ( 2001 ) . `` Kudzu 's invasion into Southern United States life and culture '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Timothy B. , Laura T. Rader - Dixon , and John W. Taylor . `` Kudzu ( Pueraria Montana ) Community Responses to Herbicides , Burning , and High - density Loblolly Pine . '' Weed Science , 965 - 974 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Hickman , Jonathan E. , Shiliang Wu , Loretta J. Mickey , and Manuel T. Lerdau . `` Kudzu ( Pueraria Montana ) Invasion Doubles Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Increases Ozone Pollution . '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 107.22 , 10115 - 10119 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Forseth . Jr. , I.N. and Innis , Anne F. `` Kudzu ( Pueraria montana ) : History , Physiology , and Ecology Combine to Make a Major Ecosystem Threat '' Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences , Vol. 23 , 401 - 413 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Conservation Commission of Missouri .", "9": "`` Kudzu . '' Archived 2011 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Missouri Department of Conservation , 2011 . Jump up ^ D.K. Jewett ; C.J. Jiang ; K.O. Britton ; J.H. Sun ; J. Tang ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Characterizing Specimens of Kudzu and Related Taxa with RAPD 's '' . Castanea. 68 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 260 . ISSN 0008 - 7475 . JSTOR 4034173 . Jump up ^ Sun , JH ; Li , Z-C ; Jewett , DK ; Britton , KO ; Ye , WH ; Ge , X-J ( 2005 ) . `` Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata ( kudzu ) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis '' . Weed Research . 45 : 255 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3180.2005. 00462. x . ^ Jump up to : Mitich , L.W. `` Kudzu ( Pueraria lobata Ohwi ) '' Weed Technology , Vol. 14 , 231 - 235 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Black , R.J. and Meerow , A.W. `` Landscaping to Conserve Energy '' Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society , Vol. 102 , 142 - 144 . 1989 . ^ Jump up to : McGroarty , Michael J. `` Kudzu , the Vine That Ate the South . '' How To Control Kudzu , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Keung , W.M. and Vallee , B.L. `` Kudzu Root : An Ancient Chinese Source of Modern Antidipsotrophic Agents . '' Phytochemistry , Vol. 47 , 499 - 506 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Matthew J. , Judith Hough - Goldstein , and Jiang - Hua Sun . `` Biology and Preliminary Host Range Assessment of Two Potential Kudzu Biological Control Agents . '' Environmental Entomology , Vol.", "10": "36 , 1430 - 1440 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cogdell , Christina ( 2011 ) . `` Tearing Down the Grid '' . Design and Culture . 3 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bill Finch , `` The True Story of Kudzu , the Vine That Never Truly Ate the South '' , Smithsonian Magazine , September 2015 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Jessica `` Kudzu Gets Kudos as a Potential Biofuel '' Kudzu Gets Kudos as a Potential Biofuel , 2008 Archived November 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Blaustein , R.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Kudzu 's invasion into Southern United States life and culture '' . In McNeely , J.A. The Great Reshuffling : Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species ( PDF ) . IUCN . pp. 55 -- 62 . ISBN 2 - 8317 - 0602 - 5 . Jump up ^ Webster , C.R. ; Jenkins , M.A. & Jose , S. `` Woody Invaders and the Challenges They Pose to Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern United States '' Journal of Forestry , Vol. 104 , 366 - 274 . 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , James H. , and Ronald E. True. `` Herbicide Tests for Kudzu Eradication . '' Georgia Forestry Commission , Vol. 65 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Nicole E. , et al. `` Effects of Kudzu ( Pueraria Montanta ) Solarization on the Chemistry of an Upper Piedmont South Carolina Soil '' Soil Science , Vol. 175 , 61 - 71 . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kudzu Quickie - Eat The Weeds and other things , too '' . 31 August 2011 .", "11": "External links ( edit ) Kudzu at the USDA National Invasive Species Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudzu_in_the_United_States&oldid=831467235 '' Categories : Invasive plant species in the United States Pueraria Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2695288951797122083	in ready player one what does oasis stand for	[ "a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves" ]	{ "0": "Ready Player One - Wikipedia Ready Player One Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Ernest Cline . For the film based on the novel , see Ready Player One ( film ) . Ready Player One First edition cover Author Ernest Cline Country United States Language English Genre LitRPG , Science fiction , dystopian Publisher Random House Publication date August 16 , 2011 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book , audiobook Pages 385 ISBN 978 - 0307887436 Ready Player One is a 2011 LitRPG science fiction novel , and the debut novel of American author Ernest Cline . The story , set in a dystopian 2040s , follows protagonist Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game , the discovery of which will lead him to inherit the game creator 's fortune . Cline sold the rights to publish the novel in June 2010 , in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group ( a division of Random House ) . The book was published on August 16 , 2011 . An audiobook was released the same day ; it was narrated by Wil Wheaton , who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters . In 2012 , the book received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association and won the 2012 Prometheus Award . A film adaptation , screenwritten by Cline and Zak Penn and directed by Steven Spielberg , was released on March 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Spin - offs and sequels 4.1 Short story 4.2 Sequel novel 5 In other media 5.1 Easter egg hunt promotion 5.2 Film adaptation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) In the 2040s , the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming , and overpopulation , causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation .", "1": "To escape the decline their world is facing , people turn to the OASIS , a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves . It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society , with its currency being the most stable in the real world . It was created by James Halliday who , when he died , had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS , and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation . The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts , starting about five years after the announcement , when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure . Plot ( edit ) Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City in the `` stacks '' , a poverty - stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other . He spends his spare time as a `` gunter '' ( `` egg hunter '' ) , logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival , reading Halliday 's journal Anorak 's Almanac , and researching details of the 1980s pop culture , mainly classic video games and movies , that Halliday loved . One day , he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school , in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors . He meets Art3mis , a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place , and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust . He is awarded the Copper Key , and Parzival appears on the `` Scoreboard '' , attracting the world 's attention . Parzival completes the gate 's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role - playing Matthew Broderick 's character in the film WarGames . Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards , as does Wade 's friend Aech . Wade 's fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products . It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento , head of operations at Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , a multinational corporation bent on taking control of the OASIS and monetizing it through a well - funded effort to find the Easter Egg .", "2": "When Wade refuses to join IOI , Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives , disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident . Wade escapes Oklahoma City and moves to Columbus , Ohio , where he lies low , assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users . He considers an alliance with Aech , Art3mis , and Daito and Shoto , two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key . Instead , he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship , but when he asks her out , Art3mis declines . IOI operatives , called Sixers , attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow . They are stopped by Morrow , who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS . Five months pass . Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token , the Jade Key . When Art3mis finds the Jade Key , Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide , where he plays a perfect game of Pac - Man , receiving only a quarter as a prize . Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork . Sorrento , who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact , establishes a base there to farm their company 's avatars with keys , and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key . Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito 's real - life apartment and threw him out of the building , killing him . Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate , a Voight - Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe , and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first - person shooter perspective . Using his knowledge of Rush , he acquires the Crystal Key , and after playing `` Discovery '' , the third movement from the title track of their album `` 2112 '' , finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate . As he messages Art3mis , Aech , and Shoto with his solution , Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate , Castle Anorak , and places a force field around it .", "3": "Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI 's tech support department . While inside IOI , he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI 's intranet : he acquires a wealth of information , including footage of Daito 's murder . The information also includes the attempt on his own life , as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life . After escaping the corporation , he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle . They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow , who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon . Wade meets the real - life Aech and Ogden , but not Art3mis and Shoto , who are already hooked into Ogden 's immersion pods . The day of the battle , Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade , and a massive fight among avatars ensues . After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento 's Mechagodzilla Kiryu , Parzival and friends unlock the gate , at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area . Parzival survives because having the Pac - Man quarter granted him an extra life . As he enters the Crystal Gate , he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends . With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels , Parzival plays Tempest , role - plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail , and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure . His victory grants him control of the OASIS , including wiping out his enemies ' avatars , resurrecting his friends , and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS . Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others . Back in Oregon , Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss . Characters ( edit ) Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival : the viewpoint character , an orphan from the `` stacks '' surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City .", "4": "Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail , and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday 's Easter egg . He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book . His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3 . Wade 's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends . James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak : creator of OASIS . A big fan of 1980s culture , he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS . His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a `` rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest '' . Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott , and placed Halliday 's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline 's `` and the other middle - aged uber geeks I know '' . Aech ( pronounced like the letter H ) : Wade 's best friend , fellow gunter , and rival in the quest to find the egg . Aech 's specialty is in PvP and first - person shooter games , and is one of the top combatants on OASIS . Although Aech 's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male , Aech is played by an African - American lesbian named Helen Harris , who grew up in Atlanta , Georgia and is about the same age as Wade . Aech is based partly on Cline 's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks , both men and women . Art3mis : a famous female gunter and blogger . Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her , which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg . She chose her avatar 's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt . Like other characters , Cline based Art3mis on himself and other geeks , both men and women . Her real name is Samantha Evelyn Cook from Vancouver , British Columbia and she has a port - wine stain on her face . Ogden `` Og '' Morrow : Co-creator of the OASIS and best friend of James Halliday .", "5": "They founded the video game company Gregarious Games , where he would handle the business operations , and which would later become Gregarious Simulation Systems ( GSS ) , the company that launched OASIS . His appearance and personality are described as being `` a cross between Albert Einstein and Santa Claus . '' Concerned that people were using it to escape reality , he quits GSS and works on educational software with his wife Kira until her death . His relationship with Halliday deteriorated , and the two men remained estranged until before Halliday 's death , when he is entrusted with ensuring that the hunt goes smoothly and without cheating . Ogden lives in Oregon and owns a set of advanced OASIS consoles and immersion rigs , and is able to monitor everyone in the OASIS , even in private chat rooms . He rarely appears in public , and only shows up on the OASIS once a year on his birthday , where he assumes the avatar of the Great and Powerful Og . Ogden 's character and relationship with Halliday was inspired by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak , with Morrow being more like Jobs as a `` charismatic tech leader '' . Daito : one of the two Japanese gunters who rise to the top of the scoreboard early on in the hunt , working in a team with `` brother '' , Shoto . The pair have a generally tense , but not unfriendly relationship with Aech , and Art3mis , They are closer to Parzival , and work together on quests unrelated to the hunt . They are based on otaku : Japanese geeks who enjoy movies and anime , as well as hikikomori : people who live as recluses inside their family 's homes . Daito 's real name is revealed to be Toshiro Yoshiaki after he is killed by the IOI . Shoto : the second and younger of the two Japanese gunters working as a team in their quest for the egg . Shoto 's real name is Akihide Karatsu . Following the death of his partner , Shoto collaborates with Art3mis , Aech and Wade to finish the hunt .", "6": "Nolan Sorrento : the head of operations at Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , the multinational corporation that serves as an Internet service provider for most of the world , and that plans to take over and monetize the OASIS . Sorrento is head of IOI 's Oology division , which is dedicated to searching for Halliday 's Easter egg . His avatar name is IOI - 655321 , after his employee number . IOI employees in the division are nicknamed Sixers , after their six - digit employee numbers that also begin with the number 6 . Cline said that he named Sorrento after Nolan Bushnell , founder of the video game company Atari , and said , `` Not that I think Nolan is a bad guy , or anything . It 's meant as a subtle tribute ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ready Player One was a New York Times bestseller . Among those praising the book were Entertainment Weekly , The Boston Globe , The A.V. Club , CNN.com , io9 , and Boing Boing . USA Today wrote that the novel `` undoubtedly qualifies Cline as the hottest geek on the planet right now . '' NPR said that the book was `` ridiculously fun and large - hearted '' . Cline `` takes a far - out premise and engages the reader instantly '' with a `` deeply felt narrative ( that ) makes it almost impossible to stop turning the pages . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that `` The book gets off to a witty start '' but noted that it lacks at least one dimension , stating that gaming had overwhelmed everything else about this book . Rebecca Serle of HuffPost described the book as `` the grown - up 's Harry Potter '' and that it `` has it all -- nostalgia , trivia , adventure , romance , heart and , dare I say it , some very fascinating social commentary . '' The book has been translated into over 20 languages . In an interview with Fortune , Cline said that his book had inspired designers at companies such as Oculus VR which recommended the book for their new employees . Oculus has also invited Cline several times to sign books and demo hardware . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Short story ( edit ) Lacero , a fan - fiction story by Andy Weir , was published in the 2016 edition of Ready Player One .", "7": "It follows the story of Nolan Sorrento and functions as a precursor to the main novel , and is considered canonical to the Ready Player One fictional universe . Sequel novel ( edit ) In 2015 , in an interview with Den of Geek , screenwriter Zak Penn reported that Cline was working on a sequel to the novel . In December 2017 , Cline himself confirmed he is writing a sequel . In other media ( edit ) Easter egg hunt promotion ( edit ) Ten months after the first edition release , Cline revealed on his blog that Ready Player One itself contained an elaborately hidden Easter egg . This clue would form the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests , similar to the plot of the novel . Cline also revealed that the competition 's grand prize would be a DeLorean . The game Ultimate Collector : Garage Sale by Austin - based developer Portalarium was featured in one part of the contest . The final stage of the contest was announced on August 1 , 2012 , and was to set a world record on one of several classic arcade or Atari 2600 games . This was completed on August 9 , 2012 by Craig Queen , who set a new world record in Joust . He was awarded the DeLorean on the TV show X-Play . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Ready Player One ( film ) The film rights were purchased by Warner Bros. on the same day Cline finalized his publishing deal with Random House , one year prior to the novel 's publication . Dan Farah brought the project into the studio and is producing it with Donald De Line . Cline adapted his novel into a screenplay . Over the years , Eric Eason and Zak Penn assisted Cline with rewrites . Steven Spielberg signed on to direct in March 2015 . Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger of Amblin Partners also joined Deline and Farah as producers . Warner Bros. initially announced a release date of December 15 , 2017 . On February 9 , 2016 , the release date was pushed back to March 30 , 2018 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . The movie began production in the spring of 2016 and was filmed in both the United States and the United Kingdom .", "8": "On June 9 , 2016 , Variety stated that Spielberg 's regular collaborator John Williams was planning on composing the film 's score . However , scheduling conflicts with another Spielberg film , The Post , led to Spielberg signing Alan Silvestri for the score . The film stars Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , Ben Mendelsohn , Lena Waithe , Simon Pegg , Hannah John - Kamen and Mark Rylance . It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2018 , and was theatrically released by Warner Bros. in the United States on March 29 , 2018 . It received generally positive reviews from critics , with praise for its visuals and brisk pacing , and noting it an improvement over the book , though criticism for the lack of character development and `` achingly regressive '' view of pop culture fans . See also ( edit ) Simulated reality Simulated reality in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ OASIS is an acronym for Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulation Jump up ^ In OASIS , the students are required to use their real name when attending school , plus a number for name duplicates . For example , Wade Watts goes by Wade3 , and there is another student named Todd13 . Jump up ^ Art3mis chose the leet spelling as her username because the original spelling was already taken . ^ The terms `` Ch ... '' and `` p . '' are shortened forms for chapter and page , and refer to chapters and pages in the Ready Player One novel in its first American edition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One by Ernest Cline '' . Random House Publishers . 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Ready Player One ' is the geek book event of the year : Ernie Cline 's first novel offers nostalgia , the future , and a gamer 's dream '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` You want to accept Anorak 's Invitation . Trust me . - '' . wilwheaton.net . August 15 , 2011 .", "9": "Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YALSA 's Alex Awards '' . American Library Association . 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Libertarian Futurist Society . `` PROMETHEUS AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee . `` Read the first two chapters of Ernest Cline 's new novel , Ready Player One '' . gizmodo.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poppe , Nathan ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Why is n't Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' movie set in OKC ? '' . NewsOK . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Tony ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` A Few Minutes With Fanboys Writer Ernest Cline on Ready Player One '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : `` How Lord British Inspired Anorak Ernie 's Blog '' . Ernestcline.com . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bilton , Nick . `` One on One : Ernest Cline , Author of ' Ready Player One ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Geek Genius Behind Ready Player One : An Interview With Ernest Cline '' . warpzoned.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Hardcover Fiction : Sunday , September 11th 2011 '' . September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - July 1 , 2012 - The New York Times '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 25 , 2016 - The New York Times '' . nytimes.com .", "10": "Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schaub , Michael ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Player One ' : A Winning , Geeked - Out Page - Turner '' . NPR . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' by Ernest Cline -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Author , Rebecca Serle ; Mine , When You Were ; Falling , The Edge of ; Love , Famous in ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' : An Interview with Author Ernest Cline '' . HuffPost . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One '' . ernestcline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ready Player One author Ernest Cline inspired Oculus VR '' . fortune.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Jacob ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` '' Imagining the Future Is Dangerous `` '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 -- via Slate . Jump up ^ `` Facebook gives its Oculus employees a dystopian sci - fi book to get them excited about building the future '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacero '' . galactanet.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brock Wilbur ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Martian ' Impacted the ' Ready Player One ' Movie '' . INverse . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` The Author of The Martian Wrote Ready Player One Fan Fiction , and Now It 's Canon '' . gizmodo.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sequel citations : `` Ernie Cline Reportedly Writing Ready Player One Sequel '' . slashfilm.com . January 16 , 2015 .", "11": "Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . `` Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel '' . cinemablend.com . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . `` READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist '' . nerdist.com . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight , Jacob ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three Hidden Keys Open Three Secret Gates Ernie 's Blog '' . Ernestcline.com . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contest Winners Level Up In The Ready Player One Easter Egg Hunt '' . Giant Freakin Robot . Jump up ^ `` For Ernest Cline , author of Ready Player One , success is measured in DeLoreans and geeked - out fans '' . venturebeat.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player -- One Author Ernest Cline Gives Away a DeLorean on X-Play '' . g4tv.com . August 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Eason to rewrite ' Player ' script '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg To Direct Sci - Fi Cult Favorite ' Ready Player One ' ; Back At Warner Bros '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne .", "12": "`` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Slated for 2017 Release '' . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Pushed Back to Avoid ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jagneaux , David ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup : Another Spielberg Classic ? '' . UploadVR . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Henry T. ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Review Roundup : Pretty , Flawed '' . Tom 's Guide . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ready Player One Ready Player One title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Official Tumblr Excerpts from the book from Scribd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One&oldid=837659925 '' Categories : 2011 American novels 2011 science fiction novels 2044 in fiction American novels adapted into films American science fiction novels Debut novels Dystopian novels Hard science fiction Fictional video games MMORPGs in fiction Novels about virtual reality Novels based on Dungeons & Dragons Novels set in Oklahoma Prometheus Award - winning works Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 05 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4911813695697896179	the radiographic term used to describe the dense bone of the socket and septal crest is	[ "alveolar process", "the lamina dura", "lamina dura" ]	{ "0": "Alveolar process - wikipedia Alveolar process Jump to : navigation , search Alveolar process Left maxilla . Outer surface . ( Alveolar process visible at bottom . ) Cartilages of the nose , seen from below . ( Alveolar process of maxilla visible at bottom . Details Identifiers Latin Processus alveolaris Dorlands / Elsevier p_34 / 12667282 TA A02. 1.12. 035 FMA 52897 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The alveolar process ( / ælˈviːələr / ) ( alveolar bone ) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets ( dental alveoli ) on bones that hold teeth . In humans , the tooth - bearing bones are the maxillae and the mandible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Features 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Developmental disturbances 2.2 Pathology 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) On the maxillae , the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface , and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface . It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae . The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament ( PDL ) , which is called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs . It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament . It is uniformly radiopaque ( or lighter ) . Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions . The alveolar bone or process is divided into the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone . Microscopically , both the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone have the same components : fibers , cells , intercellular substances , nerves , blood vessels , and lymphatics . The alveolar bone proper is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus ( plural , alveoli ) .", "1": "Although the alveolar bone proper is composed of compact bone , it may be called the cribriform plate because it contains numerous holes where Volkmann canals pass from the alveolar bone into the PDL . The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone because Sharpey fibers , a part of the fibers of the PDL , are inserted here . Similar to those of the cemental surface , Sharpey fibers in alveolar bone proper are each inserted at 90 degrees , or at a right angle , but are fewer in number , although thicker in diameter than those present in cementum . As in cellular cementum , Sharpey fibers in bone are generally mineralized only partially at their periphery . The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone proper . In a healthy situation , the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction ( CEJ ) by approximately 1.5 to 2 mm . The alveolar crests of neighboring teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw in healthy situation . The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical bone and trabecular bone . The cortical bone , or cortical plates , consists of plates of compact bone on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone . These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth , but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth . The trabecular bone consists of cancellous bone that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates of cortical bone . The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is the interdental septum ( or interdental bone ) . Features ( edit ) The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly calcium hydroxyapatite , which is similar to that found in higher percentages in both enamel and dentin , but is most similar to the levels in cementum ( 50 % ) . Like all bone , mature alveolar bone is by weight 60 % mineralized or inorganic material , 25 % organic material , and 15 % water . The minerals of potassium , manganese , magnesium , silica , iron , zinc , selenium , boron , phosphorus , sulfur , chromium , and others are also present but in smaller amounts .", "2": "Alveolar bone is more easily remodeled than cementum , thus allowing orthodontic tooth movement . When viewing a stained histological section , the remodeled alveolar bone shows arrest lines and reversal lines , as does all bone tissue . Clinical significance ( edit ) Developmental disturbances ( edit ) The developmental disturbance of anodontia ( or hypodontia , if only one tooth ) , in which tooth germs are congenitally absent , may affect the development of the alveolar processes . This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing . Proper development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area . Pathology ( edit ) After extraction of a tooth , the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone , which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone . However , with the loss of teeth , a patient becomes edentulous , either partially or completely , and the alveolar bone undergoes resorption . The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected , however , because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable . The loss of alveolar bone , coupled with attrition of the teeth , causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation . The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions . The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation , as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia . In addition , the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most convenient areas of bony fracture to be used , if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth . During chronic periodontal disease that has affected the periodontium ( periodontitis ) , localized bone tissue is also lost . Additional images ( edit ) This X-ray film reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible . The associated teeth exhibit poor crown - to - root ratios and may be subject to secondary occlusal trauma .", "3": "Alveolar process Alveolar process of maxilla Alveolar process of mandible See also ( edit ) Dental alveolus Periodontium Periodontal disease References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Entry `` alveolar '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Ten Cate 's Oral Histology , Nanci , Elsevier , 2013 , page 219 ^ Jump up to : Illustrated Dental Embryology , Histology , and Anatomy , Bath - Balogh and Fehrenbach , Elsevier , 2011 , page 176 External links ( edit ) Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton / alveolarprocess `` Anatomy diagram : 34256.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Diagram at case.edu Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth ( Periodontology ) Anatomy Periodontium Alveolar bone Biologic width Bundle bone Cementum Free gingival margin Gingiva Gingival fibers Gingival sulcus Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Periodontal ligament Sulcular epithelium Stippling Disease Diagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Periodontosis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic - endodontic lesions Infection A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp .", "4": "F. nucleatum P. gingivalis P. intermedia T. forsythia T. denticola Red complex Entamoeba gingivalis Trichomonas tenax Other Calculus Clinical attachment loss Edentulism Fremitus Furcation defect Gingival enlargement Gingival pocket Gingival recession Gingivitis Horizontal bony defect Linear gingival erythema Occlusal trauma Periodontal pocket Periodontal disease Periodontitis Plaque Vertical bony defect Treatment and prevention Periodontal examination Ante 's law Brushing Bleeding on probing Chlorhexidine gluconate Flossing Hydrogen peroxide Mouthwash Oral hygiene Tetracycline Triclosan Host modulatory therapy Treatment Conventional therapy Debridement Scaling and root planing Full mouth disinfection Full mouth ultrasonic debridement Surgery Apically positioned flap Bone graft Coronally positioned flap Crown lengthening Open flap debridement Gingival graft Gingivectomy Guided bone regeneration Guided tissue regeneration Enamel matrix derivative Implant placement Lateral pedicle graft Pocket reduction surgery Socket preservation Sinus lift Subepithelial connective tissue graft Tools Curette Membrane Probe Scaler Important personalities Tomas Albrektsson Frank Beube Per - Ingvar Brånemark Robert Gottsegen Gary Greenstein Jan Lindhe Brian Mealey Preston D. Miller Willoughby D. Miller Carl E. Misch John Mankey Riggs Jay Seibert Jørgen Slots Paul Roscoe Stillman Dennis P. Tarnow Hom - Lay Wang James Leon Williams W.J. Younger Other specialties Endodontology Orthodontology Prosthodontology The facial skeleton of the skull Maxilla Surfaces Anterior : fossae ( Incisive fossa ,", "5": "Canine fossa ) Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal : Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital : Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal : Greater palatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process ( Agger nasi , Anterior lacrimal crest ) Alveolar process Palatine process ( Incisive foramen , Incisive canals , Foramina of Scarpa , Incisive bone , Anterior nasal spine ) Other Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process ( Zygomatico - orbital ) Temporal process ( Zygomaticotemporal ) Lateral process ( Zygomaticofacial ) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate ( Posterior nasal spine ) Perpendicular plate ( Greater palatine canal , Sphenopalatine foramen ) Processes Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface ( Mandibular symphysis , Lingual foramen , Mental protuberance , Mental foramen , Mandibular incisive canal ) internal surface ( Mental spine , Mylohyoid line , Sublingual fovea , Submandibular fovea ) Alveolar part Ramus Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea Nose Nasal bone Internasal suture Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha Ethmoidal process Maxillary process Vomer Wing Other Lacrimal Posterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal groove Lacrimal hamulus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "6": "php?title=Alveolar_process&oldid=817455877 '' Categories : Bones of the head and neck Dental anatomy Mouth Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 14 : 06 . 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-4018525468901338278	what did the guano islands act allow the us to do	[ "enables citizens of the United States to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits", "take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits", "use the military to protect such interests", "establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States in these territories", "to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits" ]	{ "0": "Guano islands Act - wikipedia Guano islands Act Jump to : navigation , search The Guano Islands Act ( 11 Stat. 119 , enacted August 18 , 1856 , codified at 48 U.S.C. ch. 8 § § 1411 - 1419 ) is a United States federal law passed by the U.S. Congress that enables citizens of the United States to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits . The islands can be located anywhere , so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of another government . It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States in these territories . Whenever any citizen of the United States discovers a deposit of guano on any island , rock , or key , not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other Government , and not occupied by the citizens of any other Government , and takes peaceable possession thereof , and occupies the same , such island , rock , or key may , at the discretion of the President , be considered as appertaining to the United States . -- Section 1 of the Guano Islands Act The Act continues to be part of the law of the United States . The most recent Guano Islands Act claim was made to Navassa Island , however , the claim was discarded because an American court ruled the island was already under American jurisdiction ( a claim Haiti disputes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Criminal jurisdiction 3 Claims 4 Disputed claims 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1840s , guano came to be prized as a source of saltpeter for gunpowder as well as an agricultural fertilizer . The United States began importing it in 1843 through New York . By the early 1850s , the U.K. imported over 200,000 tons a year , and U.S. imports totaled about 760,000 tons .", "1": "The `` guano mania '' of the 1850s led to high prices in an oligopolistic market , attempts of price control , fear of resource exhaustion , and eventually the enactment of the Guano Islands Act 1856 in August 1856 . The Act enables U.S. citizens to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano for the U.S. , and empowering the President to send in armed military to intervene . This encouraged American entrepreneurs to search and exploit new deposits on tiny islands and reefs in the Caribbean and in the Pacific . This is the beginning of the concept of insular areas in U.S. territories . Up to this time , any territory acquired by the U.S. was considered to have become an integral part of the country unless changed by treaty and eventually to have the opportunity to become a state of the Union . With insular areas , land could be held by the federal government without the prospect of its ever becoming a state in the Union . Criminal jurisdiction ( edit ) Section 6 provides that criminal acts on or adjacent to these territories `` shall be deemed committed on the high seas , on board a merchant ship or vessel belonging to the United States ; and shall be punished according to the laws of the United States relating to such ships or vessels and offenses on the high seas ... '' The provision was considered and ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Jones v. United States , 137 U.S. 202 ( 1890 ) . Claims ( edit ) More than 100 islands have been claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act , but most claims have been withdrawn . The Act specifically allows the islands to be considered possessions of the U.S. , but it also provides that the U.S. is not obliged to retain possession after guano is exhausted . On the other hand , it also does not say that the U.S. can not retain possession though the guano is exhausted . The Act does not specify what the status of the territory is after it is abandoned by private U.S. interests .", "2": "The islands still claimed by the United States under the Act are : Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef / Danger Rock Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Bajo Nuevo Bank ( disputed with Colombia ) Serranilla Bank ( disputed with Colombia ) Swains Island ( part of American Samoa ; no evidence that guano was mined ) Disputed claims ( edit ) The claim by the United States under the Guano Act of 1856 to a number of islands are subject to territorial disputes . In most cases , the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas . To cement the U.S. claim to Navassa Island against Haiti , President James Buchanan issued Executive Orders establishing United States territorial jurisdiction beyond just the Guano Act of 1856 . The United States Supreme Court in 1890 ruled the Guano Act constitutional ; and , citing the actions of the Executive Branch , amongst other points in law , determined Navassa Island as pertaining to the United States . Control of Navassa Island was transferred by the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs under Order No. 3205 on January 16 , 1997 . Both the Department of the Interior and Insular Affairs would later grant administration responsibilities to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under Order No. 3210 on December 3 , 1999 . Order No 3210 also established a 12 - nautical - mile ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) territorial sea boundary for the United States around Navassa Island . Multiple countries have claimed ownership of Serranilla Bank and the Bajo Nuevo Bank . Bajo Nuevo Bank is the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states . In 1899 , a claim was made on Fox Island , Quebec . Fox Island consists of two uninhabited islands - one located on the north end of Lake Kipawa near Kipawa , Quebec and the other located south of Harrington Harbour , Quebec in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence .", "3": "In 1964 , Leicester Hemingway , brother of author Ernest Hemingway , attempted to establish a country ( or more appropriately , a micronation ) dubbed the Republic of New Atlantis , on an 8 x 30 foot bamboo raft anchored with an engine block outside the territorial waters of Jamaica , using the Guano Islands Act as part of a claim to sovereignty . His apparent intention was to use the new country as the headquarters for his own International Marine Research Society , with which he planned to further marine research , as well as to protect Jamaican fishing . Neither the US nor Jamaica recognized his claim before the raft was destroyed in a storm in 1966 . See also ( edit ) Islands portal Law portal List of Guano Island claims United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands United States Minor Outlying Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/07/08/by-kevin-underhill-the-guano-islands-act/ Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav. ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Massachusetts : The MIT Press , pp. 42 . Jump up ^ Skaggs & Wines , R.A. ( 1985 ) . Fertilizer in America . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , pp. 54 - 70 . Jump up ^ Guano Islands Act ( 11 Stat. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . United States Government , Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stahr , Walter ( 2012 ) . Seward : Lincoln 's Indispensable Man . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2794 - 0 . several islands first claimed under the guano island law ; Kindle location 2856 of 15675 . Jump up ^ Skaggs , Jimmy M. ( 1994 ) . The Great Guano Rush : Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10316 - 3 .", "4": "Jump up ^ Jones v. United States , 137 U.S. 202 ( 1890 ) . Jump up ^ Hale , Russell . `` Contents of a Country : Leicester Hemingway 's Republic of New Atlantis '' . University of Texas Humanities Research Center . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surveying the American Tropics : A Literary Geography from New York to Rio . Liverpool University Press . 2013 . External links ( edit ) Text of U.S. Code , Title 48 , Chapter 8 34th Congress Statutes at Large 43rd Congress Statutes at Large Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.", "5": "Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau Associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guano_Islands_Act&oldid=806907226 '' Categories : 34th United States Congress Guano Islands Act United States federal public land legislation Legal history of the United States History of United States expansionism Law of insular areas of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan 1856 in American politics 1856 in American law Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Latviešu 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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3490824095431420580	where was the tv show friday night lights filmed	[ "Austin", "Pflugerville", "Austin", "Pflugerville", "Austin", "Pflugerville", "Austin", "Pflugerville" ]	{ "0": "Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 TV series . For the 2004 film , see Friday Night Lights ( film ) . For other uses , see Friday Night Lights ( disambiguation ) . Friday Night Lights Intertitle , seasons 4 -- 5 Genre Sports drama Teen drama Family drama Based on Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H.G. Bissinger Developed by Peter Berg Starring Kyle Chandler Connie Britton Gaius Charles Zach Gilford Minka Kelly Adrianne Palicki Taylor Kitsch Jesse Plemons Scott Porter Aimee Teegarden Michael B. Jordan Jurnee Smollett Matt Lauria Madison Burge Grey Damon Theme music composer W.G. Snuffy Walden Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Berg Brian Grazer David Nevins Sarah Aubrey Jason Katims Jeffrey Reiner David Hudgins Location ( s ) Austin , Texas Pflugerville , Texas Cinematography Todd McMullen David Boyd Ian Ellis Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Universal Media Studios Imagine Television Film 44 Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC The 101 Network ( 2008 -- 11 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) -- February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) External links Website Friday Night Lights is an American drama television series about a high school football team in the fictional town of Dillon , Texas . It was developed by Peter Berg and executive produced by Brian Grazer , David Nevins , Sarah Aubrey and Jason Katims , based on the 1990 nonfiction book by H.G. Bissinger , adapted as the 2004 film of the same name .", "1": "The series ' primary setting , Dillon , is a small , close - knit community in rural Texas . Team coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) and his family , Tami , Julie and Grace , are featured . The show uses this small - town backdrop to address many issues facing contemporary American culture , including family values , school funding , racism , drugs , abortion and lack of economic opportunities . Produced by NBCUniversal , Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3 , 2006 , and aired for two seasons on NBC . Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans , the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season . To save the series , NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons ; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV 's 101 Network , with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later . The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9 , 2011 , after five seasons . Though Friday Night Lights never garnered a sizable audience , it was a critical success , lauded for its realistic portrayal of Middle America and deep exploration of its central characters . The show appeared on a number of best lists and was awarded a Peabody Award , a Humanitas Prize , a Television Critics Association Award and several technical Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards , the show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton also scored multiple nominations for the Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress awards for a drama series . Executive producer Jason Katims was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Chandler and Katims each won the Emmy in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Conception 2 Production 2.1 Performances 2.2 Filming 2.3 Marketing 3 Cast and characters 4 Plot 4.1 Season one 4.2 Season two 4.3 Season three 4.4 Season four 4.5 Season five 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and accolades 5.3 Fan base 6 Television ratings 6.1 U.S.", "2": "ratings 6.2 International ratings 6.3 DVR ratings 6.4 Affluent viewers 7 Distribution 7.1 Online episodes 7.2 Syndication 7.3 DirecTV 8 Home media releases 8.1 DVD and Blu - ray 8.2 Soundtracks 9 Potential film sequel 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film ) Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. `` Buzz '' Bissinger 's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) and the 2004 film based on it . The book , which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas , was a factual work of documentary journalism . The people featured were not renamed in the book . The Universal Pictures film , which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg , Bissinger 's second cousin , based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988 . Conception ( edit ) Peter Berg , who directed the film , developed the series , and wrote and directed the pilot episode . Once filming on the movie was completed , Berg began to explore adapting the story for television . Berg later said he had regretted having to jettison many of the interpersonal topics from the book because of the time constraints of a feature film . Creating a TV series , particularly one based on fictional characters , allowed him to address many of those elements in - depth . He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon , Texas , with some characteristics of Odessa . The football team was given the Panthers name . Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series , particularly for the pilot , which was closely related to the film . He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor , and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a major businessman and football booster , in roles similar to those they played in the film . Production ( edit ) Filming for the show 's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin , Texas .", "3": "Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as `` a deal breaker '' in order to agree to participate weekly in the project . The show features homages to its Texas heritage . In the pilot , Berg featured former Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers ' coach Eric Taylor to Brown . The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes . Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex . The Dillon Panther football team and coaches ' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf . Berg 's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters . For example , Jason Street , the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot , was inspired by a local event . David Edwards , a football player from San Antonio 's Madison High , was paralyzed during a November 2003 game . Berg was at the game when this accident occurred ; he was profoundly affected by Edwards ' injury and how it overturned his life . Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot . Performances ( edit ) While relying on a script each week , the producers decided at the outset to allow the cast leeway in what they said and did on the show . Their decisions could affect the delivery of their lines and the blocking of each scene . If the actors felt that something was untrue to their character or a mode of delivery did n't work , they were free to change it , provided they still hit the vital plot points . This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking . Camera operators were trained to follow the actors , rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them . The actors knew that the filming would work around them . Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as `` no rehearsal , no blocking , just three cameras and we shoot . '' Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show . Series star Kyle Chandler said : `` When I look back at my life , I 'm going to say , ' Wow , ( executive producer ) Peter Berg really changed my life . '", "4": "'' Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment , saying : `` When I first came on ( the FNL ) set , I thought , it 's interesting -- this is what I imagined filmmaking would be , before I saw what filmmaking was . '' Filming ( edit ) All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville . With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue , other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show 's producers . The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states , and the production company preferred to stay near Austin , so the show remained in Texas . Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage . These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras , gives the series an authentic feel and look . The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances . The series borrowed the uniforms , cheerleaders , fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers . Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series . University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off - screen commentary during the football game sequences . The facilities , colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University . The show features the fictional Herrmann Field , named for George Herrmann , the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some scenes were filmed outside Texas . On June 20 , 2010 , scenes were filmed at Temple University , which was to portray the fictional Braemore College . An episode from Julie 's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area , at Boston College , Boston University , and Tufts University .", "5": "Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin . Marketing ( edit ) Promotional website with Toyota . Initially targeted at the youth market , the show emphasized the football element . NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos , as well as create blogs about their local football teams . Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships . NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Bebo 's network of youth - oriented sites including Piczo , Hi5 , Tickle , Ringo , and FastWeb . To complement this promotion , NBC sent out `` School Spirit '' kits to 1,000 high schools around the country . These kits included posters , pom - poms , mini-footballs and disposable cameras , all bearing the show 's logo . The kits also contained copies of the show 's pilot episode on DVD . The network repeated this promotion for its second season promotion , when it teamed with HouseParty.com to send out 1,000 `` Party Kits , '' which contained advance copies of the Season 2 opener along with other promotional material . NBC also paired with Toyota to create the `` Hometown Sweepstakes '' , in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school 's athletics program . It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show 's official website , where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons , screensavers and desktop wallpaper . Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode . These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC . In the later part of the season , NBC chose to switch course and pursue the female demographic . The network designed a strategy based on the personal elements of the show , giving the show the tagline , `` It 's about life '' . NBC Marketing President Vince Manze stressed that the goal was to ensure viewers that the show was family and relationships as well as athletics . The network ran 30 - second spots in movie theaters that featured cast members and fans being interviewed about the show .", "6": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Friday Night Lights characters Young members of the Friday Night Lights cast As a show about the community of Dillon , Texas , Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast . The show features Panthers ' football coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) , who strives to balance his work , family , status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions . His family -- wife Tami Taylor ( Connie Britton ) , a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High , and teenage daughter Julie Taylor ( Aimee Teegarden ) -- are also central to the show . Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode . Outside of the Taylor family , the show explores the lives of the Dillon high school football players . In the pilot , Coach Taylor 's protege and star quarterback Jason Street ( Scott Porter ) , suffers a spinal injury that ends his football career . He faces life as a paraplegic . At first , Street struggles with these disabilities and the upturn of his life . Gradually , he copes with his new reality . Lyla Garrity ( Minka Kelly ) , his girlfriend , undergoes her own changes , making a transition from a Panthers cheerleader to a Christian youth leader . Because of Street 's injury , sophomore Matt Saracen ( Zach Gilford ) , who is quiet and reserved , becomes the Panthers ' starting quarterback . He eventually dates the coach 's daughter , Julie . Viewers learn that Saracen 's father is serving as a soldier in Iraq , and Saracen is the sole caretaker for his grandmother Lorraine Saracen ( Louanne Stephens ) . Saracen receives little help , except from his best friend Landry Clarke ( Jesse Plemons ) and eventual live - in nurse and love interest Carlotta Alonso ( Daniella Alonso ) . Star running back Brian `` Smash '' Williams ( Gaius Charles ) works to get a college football scholarship . Fullback Tim Riggins ( Taylor Kitsch ) struggles with alcoholism and complicated family problems . His brother Billy Riggins ( Derek Phillips ) , while not his legal guardian , serves as Tim 's caretaker . Tyra Collette ( Adrianne Palicki ) stars as a town vixen who wants to leave Dillon for a better life .", "7": "Involved with Riggins , Tyra eventually develops a complicated relationship with Landry Clarke . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Friday Night Lights episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 22 October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) April 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 11 ) NBC 15 October 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 13 October 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 01 ) January 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) DirecTV 13 October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 5 13 October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season one ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 1 ) Season one revolves around two main events : Coach Eric Taylor beginning as head coach and the injury and paralysis of star quarterback Jason Street in the first game of the season . Coach Taylor 's career depends on his ability to get the Dillon Panthers to the state championship , despite the loss of Street . If the team suffers a losing streak , he knows his family will no longer be welcome in Dillon . His wife Tami Taylor begins work as a guidance counselor at the local high school . Over the course of the season , she becomes a support and a mentor to many of the students , and her position plays a pivotal role in the season finale . Jason Street and Matt Saracen each struggle within extremely difficult conditions . Street must learn to live with his disability in a town that worships athletics .", "8": "Saracen has to face new challenges as a lead athlete . As Street 's friendship with Herc , his rehab roommate and wheelchair rugby teammate , grows stronger , so do his will and independence . For the quiet Matt , who seldom plays football , his new role of QB1 calls for a different part of him . Motherless , he also cares for his grandmother while his father is fighting in Iraq . Matt falls in love with Coach Taylor 's daughter , Julie , who loathes Texas small town life and dislikes football . She falls for Matt and their relationship slowly blossoms over the season . Also explored is the pressure on the cocky , driven Brian `` Smash '' Williams . Easily the most promising player on the Panthers ' roster , he works hard to achieve excellence and sees his future career as instrumental in gaining a better life for him and his family . Since his father was killed in a car accident , his mother Corrina has taken multiple jobs to keep the family afloat . Smash decides to take performance - enhancing drugs to ensure he can gain a college football scholarship . Tim Riggins is struggling with alcoholism and absentee parents , with few prospects beyond high school . He is portrayed as a loyal friend with a good heart . Tyra Collette also comes from a broken home ; her mother suffers abusive relationships with men . Tyra begins the season as Riggins ' girlfriend . Thanks to counselor Tami Taylor and Landry Clarke -- the school math geek and Saracen 's best friend -- Tyra starts to see hope that she might get out of Dillon and break the cycle of women in her family . Meanwhile , Lyla Garrity undergoes significant changes . Faced with Jason 's injury , she begins seeing Riggins for some comfort . Jason begins growing closer to another woman . Lyla learns about her father 's many adulterous affairs and begins to establish her independence . Season two ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 2 ) Season two begins with Coach Taylor living and working in Austin as an assistant coach at fictional TMU , while wife Tami remains in Dillon with daughter Julie and newborn baby Gracie . Tami is struggling with the demands of the new baby and Julie 's rebellious behavior .", "9": "The Panthers ' new coach , Bill McGregor , creates friction between Smash and Matt by showing blatant favoritism to Smash , drives Tim so hard he passes out during practice from dehydration and is hospitalized , alienates assistant coach Jason Street by his condescending manner , and alienates Boosters president Buddy Garrity by barring him from team practices . When Smash and Matt actually come to blows on the field and a crucial game is won by Smash , Buddy engineers the firing of the new coach and persuades Taylor that both the team and his family are suffering in his absence . Taylor agrees to return . Julie continues to act out . She ends her romantic relationship with Matt , whom she sees as turning into a replica of her father , and pursues an older man , `` the Swede , '' who works with her as a lifeguard at the local pool . When she finds the Swede has no interest in a serious relationship , she begins a friendship with a young teacher that her mother feels is inappropriate . Tami confronts the teacher at school , but some students overhear the conversation and spread rumors about Julie ; Julie is mortified and furious at her mother . Meanwhile , Coach Taylor attempts to win games with the Panthers but faces a number of issues . Tim is kicked off the team after missing a week of practice when he leaves on the spur of the moment to go with Jason Street to Mexico to look for a treatment for Jason 's paralysis . On returning to Dillon , Tim finds that a neighbor woman , with whom he had a brief affair , is now seeing his brother Billy and has all but moved into their house . Tim moves out but has trouble finding another place to live and ultimately returns . Coach Taylor allows him to rejoin the team after he shows up at practice and on his own initiative apologizes to everyone on the team for his lack of commitment . Lyla Garrity becomes increasingly involved in an organization for young Christians . As part of a religious outreach program , she befriends a young convict , Santiago Herrera , who is released from juvenile detention shortly after they first meet . She gets him a job at her father Buddy 's car dealership . Buddy encourages Santiago to try out for football after noticing his superior speed and coordination . When Taylor expresses interest in the boy , it is discovered that his legal guardian has left town and he has no adult in his life .", "10": "Buddy agrees to take legal responsibility for him . Smash is courted by a number of college recruiters . He makes it clear his priority is a quick route to the NFL , leading to tension between him and his mother , who insists his priority should be getting an education . Smash accepts a scholarship to the prestigious TMU . However , Smash punches a white teenager who sexually harasses his sister when they 're at the movies . This turns into a blown - out - of - proportion racial incident , and Smash is deemed someone who has `` character issues . '' His scholarship to TMU is revoked . He later commits to Whitmore University , a smaller historically black college that is more highly regarded for its academics than its athletic programs . The football coach at Whitmore has a strong relationship with Coach Taylor , and had been scouting Smash since he was in middle school . Matt begins a relationship with a cheerleader before leaving her for his grandmother 's new live - in nurse , Carlotta . Additionally , the early season follows an arc where Landry kills and hides the body of a man who attempted to rape Tyra , leading to a romance between the two . Eventually , guilt builds within Landry and he confesses . Charges are not pressed , although tension between him and Tyra remains . Landry also joins the football team . Jason Street impregnates a woman in what was supposed to be a one - night stand at the end of season two . Jason pleads with the woman to keep the child and promises to take care of the two . This season ends on a cliffhanger due to the Writers ' Strike . The show 's head writer and executive producer , Jason Katims , stated that this last episode was `` not in any way viewed as the season finale ... If we were leading to the end of the season ( under normal circumstances ) , we would have most likely brought the story around to the coach and his family again , '' and there would have been a strong football element as well , Katims said . Seven of the 22 episodes NBC ordered for Season 2 were n't made . Season three ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 3 ) The season began with Coach Taylor failing to lead the Panthers to another State championship the year before , creating new pressure for him .", "11": "Quarterback Matt Saracen 's position is threatened by the arrival of freshman J.D. McCoy , an amazing natural talent who comes from a rich family with an overbearing father , Joe . Matt moves to wide receiver after Taylor names J.D. starting quarterback . Tyra starts dating a cowboy named Cash , leading to complications in her relationship with Landry . Tim and Lyla start dating . Tami Taylor becomes the principal of Dillon High School and fights with Buddy Garrity about the allocation of funds toward a Jumbotron . Smash Williams , who injured his knee during the previous year 's playoffs , rediscovers his love for the game . Billy , Tim , Herc , and Jason decide to flip Buddy Garrity 's house for a profit . Matt and Julie reconcile and rekindle their romance . Smash gets a tryout with Texas A&M , and succeeds in winning a spot on their team . Lyla helps Tim pursue a college football scholarship . Tim initially puts off the recruiter and is concerned Lyla is trying to turn him into someone he 's not by encouraging him to pursue college , but he sees she 's looking out for his best interests . Buddy loses money , which is Lyla 's college fund , in a bad business deal and he retaliates by trashing the strip club , The Landing Strip . Lyla wants to attend Vanderbilt University and after Buddy loses the money , she considers going to San Antonio State University , the school that gives Tim a scholarship . Lyla moves in with Tim after she and her father have a fight . Billy Riggins gets engaged to Tyra 's older sister Mindy . Mindy is pregnant at the time of their engagement . Jason Street eventually finds a job at a sports agency in New York City , after visiting a former Panthers player who is now playing professionally , and moves to the northeast to be close to his girlfriend and newborn baby . Matt is pushed back into his former football role in the playoffs . While Eric Taylor and Buddy Garrity were making a visit to a possible recruit who just moved into town , the coach learns of a plot to have him replaced as head coach of the Dillon Panthers . They learn that Joe McCoy wants Taylor replaced with Wade Aikman , J.D. 's personal coach .", "12": "After the school 's administration meets to decide who gets the coaching job , Aikman is offered the job at Dillon High School , while Taylor is offered the job of coaching at recently reopened East Dillon High School . Billy and Mindy 's wedding ends the season . Season four ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 4 ) Season 4 kicks off with Eric Taylor struggling as the East Dillon High coach . The team , field and conditions are a complete change from the privileged and sparkling conditions at West Dillon . East Dillon High resembles Odessa High from the source novel Friday Night Lights , Permian High 's sister school and the home of the Odessa Bronchos , with whom they have an annual rivalry match which divides the town . The East Dillon Lions and Odessa Bronchos both wear red uniforms and are considered underdogs to the Panthers . Additionally , Odessa High and East Dillon are both underfunded and considered inferior compared to their rival school , and serve a predominately poor minority community . Additionally , the school district boundaries between East and West Dillon were intentionally drawn to ensure the majority of talented players would be zoned for West Dillon ; the districts between Permian and Odessa High were drawn in a similar manner . As Coach begins putting together his new Lion team , he realizes he 's in for more than he bargained for . The players who try out are less than desirable , but Coach gets a lucky break with a couple of new faces . The first is Vince Howard ( Michael B. Jordan ) , a student who has gotten in trouble with the law too many times . He is given one last chance if he plays football for the East Dillon Lions . Although he has no prior football experience , he has natural talent and becomes the team 's first star quarterback . The second break comes to the Lions when Buddy Garrity reveals to Eric that the address on file for the Panthers new prodigy running back , Luke Cafferty , is nothing more than a mailbox in front of an empty lot , and Luke is really zoned for East Dillon . Tami is faced with a struggle as the principal of West Dillon . A new character on the show , Becky , is introduced when Tim Riggins rents a trailer on her mother 's property .", "13": "Although she is in love with Tim , she and Luke are both shopping at a convenience store and she allows Luke to drive her home . The two have sex and Becky becomes pregnant . Even though she is a student at East Dillon , she seeks out Tami 's help with the situation . Tami discusses all of the options with her and Becky decides to get an abortion . Her mother goes with her to the procedure . Parents find out about this and led by Luke 's mother , seek Mrs. Taylor 's dismissal as principal . When Tami refuses to apologize , as she followed procedure , she is put on leave . She decides to return to her role as a guidance counselor , but at East Dillon . The football season is one focused on growth and reestablishing a sense of Lion pride . The culmination of their hard work is tested in their last game of the season as they play the Dillon Panthers led by J.D. McCoy . In an amazing show of perseverance , the East Dillon Lions defeat the Dillon Panthers , ruining the Panthers ' playoff chances . In season four , Matt Saracen struggles with staying in Dillon and living as a townie . He turned down an art school in Chicago and is instead studying art at the local technical college . After returning from a hunting trip with Tim Riggins , he finds out that his father was killed in Iraq . The episode `` The Son '' shows Matt going through the five stages of grief as he comes to accept the death of his father , a man he claims to hate . This episode garnered much buzz online and resulted in a failed campaign for Zach Gilford to get an Emmy nomination in the guest actor category ; however , the episode did get an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series . After this emotionally charged episode , Matt abruptly moves to Chicago without saying goodbye to his girlfriend or best friend . He returns briefly in the finale and makes amends with both Julie and Landry , who ends up flying back to Chicago with Matt . The character of Tim Riggins has developed over time from an unfocused and moody alcoholic to a young man of character and dependability . Sometimes that dependability is reflected in his uncanny ability to make the wrong choices for the right reasons , which usually involve his brother .", "14": "Even though he has proven his ability to help others correct their misguided choices , unfortunately there is no one who does this for Tim . In this season , his irresponsible , headstrong , but lovable brother again entices Tim into another wrong choice by convincing Tim that the only way they can make any money is by transforming their newly opened garage into a chop shop . Just as they finally end this side business and Tim has enough for the down payment on a large amount of land he 's been dreaming about , the police show up to arrest him at the garage . The police officers recognize Tim as `` number 33 '' giving Tim no chance to deny that it 's his chop shop . True to his character , he makes the decision to take the rap and allows his brother to be with his new wife and child . The season ends as Tim walks toward the jail . Season five ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 5 ) Season 5 , the final season , opens with summer wrapping up in Dillon : Billy Riggins joins Coach Taylor as a special teams coach for the East Dillon Lions . Tami is the new guidance counselor at East Dillon , where she is faced with the challenge of a particularly difficult student named Epyck . Landry is departing for Rice University , and Tim Riggins has three more months in jail . Becky experiences turmoil in her living situation and moves in with Billy and Mindy and develops a family of her own with them , while also developing a closer relationship with Luke . With Vince leading the Lions , along with Luke Cafferty , new recruit Hastings Ruckle , and the rest of the team standing strong behind him , Eric Taylor has strong hopes for the team to go to state . But as Vince 's past comes back to haunt him , it seems that the team will have to deal with struggles off the field , as well as on . Vince 's troubles also cause his relationship with Jess to take a hit . Julie 's college experience is nothing like she imagined , and after she experiences a difficult situation involving her history TA , she is forced to take a good look at what she wants . Buddy Garrity becomes a father again when Buddy Jr. , who developed problems in California , is sent back to Dillon to get help from his father . He 's pleased when his son becomes a Lions football player .", "15": "Julie looks for support first from her parents , and then from her old boyfriend Matt Saracen , who is living in Chicago and attending art school . Julie drives up to spend some time with him , but leaves still confused about her future . Tim is up for parole , and with the help of Coach Taylor and Buddy Garrity , is approved for early release . Buddy gives him a job as a bartender at his bar . Tim is angry with his brother Billy and threatens to move to Alaska to work on a pipeline but Tyra Collette comes back for a visit to Dillon and tells him he needs to repair his relationship with Billy . After they spend the night together , she asks Tim to show her his land , and the episode closes with Tyra asking , `` Alaska , Tim ? '' to which Tim smiles a guilty smile . In the last episode , East Dillon wins the state championship after Coach Taylor and Vince share a moment of respect for each other . Coach Taylor then moves with his wife to Philadelphia as she accepts the job as Dean of Admissions at a prestigious school , and the show ends showing them living happily . Tim and Tyra talk about their dreams and a potential future at his new home site . Julie is engaged to Matt and lives with him in Chicago . Vince is the quarterback of the Dillon Panthers `` Superteam '' , consisting of Both East and West Dillon High School athletes , joined by Buddy Jr. , Tinker , and possibly Hastings . Jess is living in Dallas , and helping to student coach a team and is following her dreams . Billy is expecting twins with Mindy . Luke Cafferty is seen with Becky at the bus depot departing for the Army . The second to the last scene is of Tim and Billy , taking a break while putting up the frame of Tim 's new house . They sit back , crack open a beer , and Billy toasts , `` Texas Forever ? '' to which Tim responds emphatically , `` Texas Forever '' and they clink their beers . The series ends with Eric coaching a new high school team in Philadelphia ( in a noticeably smaller stadium than those in Texas ) . After practice , Eric recites the phrase : `` Clear eyes , full hearts ... '' After not getting the normal response of `` Ca n't lose , '' he says , `` We 'll deal with that later . ''", "16": "Tami then shows up and the two walk off the field as the lights turn off . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Connie Britton and Kyle Chandler received unanimous praise for their performances throughout the series . Although the series never had a high viewership , it was met with critical acclaim and has a strong fan - base . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season received a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews . Virginia Heffernan wrote for The New York Times that `` if the season is anything like the pilot , this new drama about high school football could be great -- and not just television great , but great in the way of a poem or painting . '' The Washington Post similarly praised the series as `` extraordinary in just about every conceivable way . '' Bill Simmons , a former columnist for ESPN Magazine implored readers of his column in the September 24 , 2007 issue to watch the show , calling it `` the greatest sports - related show ever made . '' Positive reviews also came from USA Today , the San Francisco Chronicle , and international sources , with The Guardian 's Jonathan Bernstien calling the pilot `` beautifully shot '' and the Metro awarding it 4 out of 5 stars . Throughout its inaugural season , many online journalists responded positively to the show . Matt Roush of TV Guide dedicated several of his `` Roush Dispatch '' columns to the show calling the last episodes of season one `` terrifically entertaining '' while Zap2it 's Amy Amatangelo asked her readers to `` promise to watch ( the last 4 episodes of ) Friday Night Lights . '' The show 's pilot did , however , receive negative reviews as well . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review was particularly harsh , calling the show a `` standard high school sports soap opera . '' Season two reviews were considerably less positive than for the first , with the Landry and Tyra murder plot being particularly panned by critics . The Los Angeles Times said that the show had lost its innocence , while The Boston Globe said the event was `` out of sync with the real - life tone of the show . ''", "17": "Others were more positive , though , with Variety saying `` faith should be shown in showrunner / writer Jason Katims '' while The New York Times said `` to hold Friday Night Lights to a measure of realism would be to miss what are its essentially expressionistic pleasures . '' Time Out magazine 's Andrew Johnston included the series in his list of the ten best TV shows for both 2006 and 2007 , stating `` Who 'd have thought a tribute to heartland values would turn out to be the most avant - garde show on TV ? The music and random close - ups said more than the dialogue in Peter Berg 's phenomenal football drama . '' Time magazine 's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 Returning Series of 2007 , ranking it at No. 4 . In 2007 , AOL ranked Friday Night Lights the fifth Best School Show of All Time . The same year , the show placed No. 71 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . In 2009 , Alan Sepinwall placed it in his `` Best of the ' 00s in TV : Best Dramas '' and wrote : `` Few shows are as willing to so directly confront the emotions of its characters , aided by central performances -- as one of TV 's most realistic and loving couples -- from Chandler and Connie Britton . '' The A.V. Club named it the 16th best TV series of the 2000s . In 2010 , Kristin Dos Santos of E ! Online ranked it number 4 on her list , `` Top 20 TV Series of the Past 20 Years '' . Friday Night Lights 's final season was lauded by critics . Based on 10 reviews , the season obtained a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' and it was included on numerous best lists . Poniewozik ranked it No. 7 on his list of 2011 's Top 10 TV Series , saying , `` The final season of this drama came down , as you would expect , to a final dramatic game . But the real action was always just as much in the stands '' . He also ranked the final episode `` Always '' No. 1 on 2011 's Top 10 TV Episodes list .", "18": "Paste also named it one of the 20 best TV shows of 2011 and Slant Magazine ranked Friday Night Lights No. 10 on its list of 2011 's 25 Best TV Shows , concluding `` The show 's true concerns -- obsession , class , family -- were articulated beautifully as ever in the quiet , familiar relationships between a town and its team , and a coach and his wife '' . The Salt Lake Tribune in its list of the Top 10 series of 2011 ranked Friday Night Lights No. 1 explaining `` For five seasons , Friday Night Lights was both the simplest and most complex show on TV . It felt like real life , and real life is complicated . '' TV Guide named the show among its Best TV Shows of 2011 praising the fact that `` Friday Night Lights left its fans with the best portrait of a marriage ever on TV '' . It was also included on The Huffington Post 's and E ! Online 's 2011 's Best TV Shows . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked Friday Night Lights No. 22 in its of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Friday Night Lights Friday Night Lights won a Peabody Award , three AFI awards , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , an ACE Eddie Award for editing , an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing , a Television Critics Association Award , and has earned multiple Writers Guild of America nominations . The show 's two leading actors , Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton , received Emmy nominations for their performances in 2010 , while executive producer Jason Katims won two Humanitas Prize awards for writing . In 2011 , after concluding its run , the show was honored by four Emmy nominations and Kyle Chandler won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Katims won for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Always '' . Fan base ( edit ) Friday Night Lights enjoys what former NBC President Kevin Reilly called a `` passionate and vocal ( fanbase ) '' . This fan dedication has shown itself in everything from advertisers expressing their support for the show to news outlets getting massive amounts of support mail after running positive pieces about the show .", "19": "After some statements made by NBC 's Entertainment head Ben Silverman about the future of the show and the fact that everything seemed to point that Friday Night Lights would n't return after the writers ' strike , fans put together several campaigns . Save FNL Campaign raised money to send footballs and contributions to charity foundations that were related to the show . The Save FNL Campaign raised a total of $15,840 for 18,750 footballs , $2061 for charity , and $924 worth of DVDs for troops stationed overseas . Television ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Though it was critically acclaimed , Friday Night Lights never enjoyed high ratings . The first two seasons averaged roughly 6 million viewers each . Ratings dropped in subsequent seasons with the third season averaging 4.6 million viewers , the fourth season with 3.8 million , and fifth season with 3.6 million . International ratings ( edit ) The show 's pilot , which aired on February 21 , 2007 on ITV4 , was watched by 26,000 viewers in the UK . This was attributed to the program being aired opposite of the Barcelona -- Liverpool football game in the first knockout round of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League . DVR ratings ( edit ) On December 29 , 2006 Nielsen Media Research reported the results of having , for the first time , monitored viewers who use a Digital Video Recorder to record shows for later viewing . These ratings , called `` live plus seven '' , include all viewers who use a DVR to record the show and then watch it within a week of its initial airing . According to the Nielsen numbers , DVR viewers increased Friday Night Lights ratings by 7.5 % overall in December . When Nielsen monitored viewers again in April 2007 the increase went up to 17 % for the week ending on April 8 . Affluent viewers ( edit ) On March 5 , 2007 , Media Life Magazine reported that Friday Night Lights was one of the most popular shows among `` affluent viewers '' who had little experience playing football . This was determined using a report from Magna Global who in turn used analysis done by Nielsen Media Research . Affluence in the study was determined by yearly income . In the study , Friday Night Lights tied for the 11th most watched show by affluent viewers .", "20": "According to the study viewers of the show have a median household income of $65,000 per year . Distribution ( edit ) Online episodes ( edit ) Streaming videos , such as cast interviews and the full episode from the previous week , have been available on NBC.com since the series ' inception . In December 2006 , NBC expanded this selection to include every episode of the season . The move to offer every episode was made for only a few select shows and represents a marketing push on NBC 's part . In addition to the free ad - support offerings , every episode of Friday Night Lights became available for download on the iTunes Store on February 10 , 2007 for $1.99 per episode . As a special promotion , the pilot was initially offered as a free download . The series was available on Netflix through October 1 , 2017 . Syndication ( edit ) ABC Family acquired syndication rights for the first four seasons and began airing reruns September 6 , 2010 , but it was pulled on October 18 , 2010 , due to low ratings . In July 2011 , it was announced that ESPN Classic had acquired the rights of all five seasons and started airing the series beginning on July 12 , 2011 . In an attempt to bolster series ratings , NBC repositioned reruns of the show to air on its sister network Bravo , during the weeks leading up to the season one finale on NBC . These episodes aired on a schedule of one hour every Friday and three hours every Saturday . Bravo is known to have an audience that is upscale and largely female , which is in line with the new strategy of NBC 's then - President Kevin Reilly ( now at FOX ) for selling the show . When questioned about this strategy , he admitted to having regrets about initially marketing the show incorrectly , saying : `` It 's been so clear to me that ( the marketing for ) the show ended up confusing people in terms of what ( the public thought ) it was supposed to be '' . He said he felt the show is , at its core , a `` women 's show '' , and his wish is that the marketing had reflected that to a greater extent . Once the 2006 -- 2007 television season ended , NBC planned to air reruns throughout the summer in the hopes of gaining new viewers during the summer hiatus .", "21": "Despite rising ratings for the reruns , NBC abruptly pulled them from the network 's schedule on June 24 , 2007 . NBC resumed airing reruns in late August / early September , timed to the Season 1 DVD release . TeenNick acquired the rights in 2015 and began airing the series , in chronological order , on April 10 , 2015 with a week - long event in which three episodes aired nightly . DirecTV ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , NBC Universal 's decision to release the Season 2 DVD with only the 15 produced episodes and comments by NBC chief Ben Silverman led to speculation that the show would be canceled . In March 2008 , it was confirmed that NBC had picked up the series for a third season , after a cost - sharing partnership between NBC and DirecTV was struck . The agreement had first run episodes airing exclusively on DirecTV , and the episodes aired on NBC at a later date . Season 3 premiered exclusively on DirecTV channel 101 , with the episodes replaying on NBC beginning on January 16 , 2009 . In March 2009 , NBC announced it had renewed the series for two more seasons . Home Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 28 , 2007 , and in region 2 on October 29 , 2007 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes and a featurette titled `` Behind The Lights : Creating The First Season of Friday Night Lights '' . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22 , 2008 , and in region 2 on February 11 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Last Days of Summer '' , `` Are You Ready for Friday Night '' and `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' and a featurette titled `` Friday Night Lights Cast & Producers at the Paley Festival in L.A. '' . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 , and in region 2 on March 25 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episode and an audio commentary for `` Tomorrow Blues '' .", "22": "The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 17 , 2010 , and in region 2 on May 20 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episodes , audio commentary for `` East of Dillon '' , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The fifth season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 5 , 2011 , and in region 2 on August 12 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Do n't Go '' and `` Always '' , a featurette titled `` The Lights Go Out '' , and a photo gallery . A complete series box set containing all the episodes and material from the individual season sets was released in region 1 on October 4 , 2011 . In March 2016 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series in region 1 ; they subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on September 6 , 2016 . On September 26 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the complete series on DVD and also released the complete series on Blu - ray for the first time . Soundtracks ( edit ) Two soundtracks with music featured on the show were released . The first , Friday Night Lights , was released in 2007 , and included music from The Killers , OutKast , and Explosions in the Sky , who had produced the score for the film . The second soundtrack , Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 , was released in 2010 , and included the main `` Friday Night Lights Theme '' by W.G. Walden . The score for both the film and television show , along with all background music and all instrumental music is performed by Explosions in the Sky . Potential film sequel ( edit ) In July 2011 , it was revealed that creator and executive producer Peter Berg was interested in continuing the series , as a feature film . In August 2011 , Berg said at a Television Critics Association panel that the Friday Night Lights film is in development . Berg was quoted as saying `` We 're very serious about trying to do it '' , adding that the script is currently being written . Universal Pictures and Imagine Television would produce the film , with Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton set to return .", "23": "In May 2013 , executive producer Brian Grazer confirmed the continued development to make a film . 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-8363239742768997492	who led an attack that allowed for american victory at yorktown	[ "American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau", "American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington", "French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau", "George Washington", "Comte de Rochambeau" ]	{ "0": "Siege of Yorktown - wikipedia Siege of Yorktown This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American Revolutionary War battle . For the American Civil War battle , see Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) . See also : Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Part of the American Revolutionary War Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull , depicting the British surrendering to Benjamin Lincoln , surrounded by the French ( left ) and American ( right ) troops . Oil on canvas , 1820 .", "1": "Date September 28 -- October 19 , 1781 Location Yorktown , Virginia 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Coordinates : 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Result Decisive Franco - American victory End of major land operations in North America Beginning of peace negotiations Belligerents United States Canadian auxiliaries France Great Britain Loyalists Hesse - Kassel Ansbach Commanders and leaders George Washington Benjamin Lincoln Henry Knox Alexander Hamilton Marquis de Lafayette Baron von Steuben Thomas Nelson Moses Hazen Comte de Rochambeau Comte d'Aboville Marquis de Choisy Comte de Grasse Lord Cornwallis Charles O'Hara Banastre Tarleton Robert Abercromby Thomas Dundas Thomas Symonds Matthew Fuchs August Voight Strength French : 7,800 -- 8,800 regulars 29 warships American : 8,000 regulars 3,100 militia Total : 18,900 9,000 ( includes German troops ) Casualties and losses 88 killed 301 wounded 142 -- 309 killed ; 326 -- 595 wounded prisoners ; 7,416 -- 7,685 captured Yorktown campaign Waters Creek Cape Henry Blandford Spencer 's Ordinary Green Spring Francisco Chesapeake Yorktown ( order of battle ) The Siege of Yorktown , also known as the Battle of Yorktown , the Surrender at Yorktown , German Battle or the Siege of Little York , ending on October 19 , 1781 , at Yorktown , Virginia , was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis .", "2": "The culmination of the Yorktown campaign , the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater , as the surrender by Cornwallis , and the capture of both him and his army , prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict . The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war , as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain . In 1780 , approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British - controlled New York City . Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse , Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York , or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia . On the advice of Rochambeau , de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay , where Cornwallis had taken command of the army . Cornwallis , at first given confusing orders by his superior officer , Henry Clinton , was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep - water port , which he began to do in Yorktown , Virginia . Cornwallis ' movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette . The French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781 . When word of de Grasse 's decision arrived , both armies began moving south toward Virginia , engaging in tactics of deception to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned . De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August , bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown . He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana , Cuba , to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army . While in Santo Domingo , de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis , an agent of Carlos III of Spain . De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo . Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet , enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships .", "3": "In the beginning of September , he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake . As a result of this victory , de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis . By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived , and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis . After initial preparations , the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment . With the British defense weakened , on October 14 , 1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses . A French column under Wilhelm of the Palatinate - Zweibrücken took Redoubt No. 9 and an American column under Alexander Hamilton took Redoubt No. 10 . With these defenses taken , the allies were able to finish their second parallel . With the American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever , the British position began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17 . After two days of negotiation , the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19 ; Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony . With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers , negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began , resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Franco - American cooperation 1.2 March to Virginia 2 The siege 2.1 Initial movements 2.2 Bombardment 2.3 Assault on the redoubts 2.4 British surrender 2.5 Casualties 2.6 Article 10 controversy 2.7 Effect of disease 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Yorktown Victory Monument 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown campaign A plan of the Battle of Yorktown drawn in 1875 Franco - American cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Franco - American alliance and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War On December 20 , 1780 , Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth , Virginia .", "4": "He first raided Richmond , defeating the defending militia , from January 5 -- 7 before falling back to Portsmouth . Admiral Destouches , who arrived in Newport , Rhode Island in July 1780 with a fleet transporting 5,500 soldiers , was encouraged by Washington and French Lieutenant General Rochambeau to move his fleet south , and launch a joint land - naval attack on Arnold 's troops . The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault . However , Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships , and in February sent only three . After they proved ineffective , he took a larger force of 8 ships in March 1781 , and fought a tactically inconclusive battle with the British fleet of Marriot Arbuthnot at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet , leaving Arbuthnot and the British fleet in control of the bay 's mouth . On March 26 , Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips , who took command of the combined forces . Phillips resumed raiding , defeating the militia at Blandford , then burning the tobacco warehouses at Petersburg on April 25 . Richmond was about to suffer the same fate , but Lafayette arrived . The British , not wanting to engage in a major battle , withdrew to Petersburg on May 10 . National Park Service map of the W3R Route On May 20 , Charles Cornwallis arrived at Petersburg with 1,500 men after suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse . He immediately assumed command , as Phillips had recently died of a fever . Cornwallis had not received permission to abandon the Carolinas from his superior , Henry Clinton , but he believed that Virginia would be easier to capture , feeling that it would approve of an invading British army . With the arrival of Cornwallis and more reinforcements from New York , the British Army numbered 7,200 men . Cornwallis wanted to push Lafayette , whose force now numbered 3,000 men with the arrival of Virginia militia . On May 24 , he set out after Lafayette , who withdrew from Richmond , and linked forces with those under the command of Baron von Steuben and Anthony Wayne . Cornwallis did not pursue Lafayette .", "5": "Instead , he sent raiders into central Virginia , where they attacked depots and supply convoys , before being recalled on June 20 . Cornwallis then headed for Williamsburg , and Lafayette 's force of now 4,500 followed him . General Clinton , in a confusing series of orders , ordered Cornwallis first to Portsmouth and then Yorktown , where he was instructed to build fortifications for a deep water port . On July 6 , the French and American armies met at White Plains , north of New York City . Although Rochambeau had almost 40 years of warfare experience , he never challenged Washington 's authority , telling Washington he had come to serve , not to command . Washington and Rochambeau discussed where to launch a joint attack . Washington believed an attack on New York was the best option , since the Americans and French now outnumbered the British defenders 3 to 1 . Rochambeau disagreed , arguing the fleet in the West Indies under Admiral de Grasse was going to sail to the American coast , where easier options than attacking New York could be attempted . In early July , Washington suggested an attack be made at the northern part of Manhattan Island , but his officers and Rochambeau all disagreed . Washington continued to probe the New York area until August 14 , when he received a letter from de Grasse stating he was headed for Virginia with 29 warships and 3,200 soldiers , but could only remain there until October 14 . De Grasse encouraged Washington to move south so they could launch a joint operation . Washington abandoned his plan to take New York , and began to prepare his army for the march south to Virginia . March to Virginia ( edit ) On August 19 , the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began , which is known now as the `` celebrated march . '' 4,000 French and 3,000 American soldiers began the march in Newport , Rhode Island , while the rest remained behind to protect the Hudson Valley . Washington wanted to maintain complete secrecy of their destination . To ensure this , he sent out fake dispatches that reached Clinton revealing that the Franco - American army was going to launch an attack on New York , and that Cornwallis was not in danger .", "6": "The French and American armies marched through Philadelphia from September 2 to the 4th , where the American soldiers announced they would not leave Maryland until they received one month 's pay in coin , rather than in the worthless Continental paper currency . General Rochambeau generously loaned Washington half of his supply of gold Spanish coins . This would be the last time the men would be paid . It significantly strengthened French and American relations On September 5 , Washington learned of the arrival of de Grasse 's fleet off the Virginia Capes . De Grasse debarked his French troops to join Lafayette , and then sent his empty transports to pick up the American troops . Washington made a visit to his home , Mount Vernon , on his way to Yorktown . In August , Admiral Sir Thomas Graves led a fleet from New York to attack de Grasse 's fleet . Graves did not realize how large the French fleet was , and neither did Cornwallis . The British fleet was defeated by de Grasse 's fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5 , and forced to fall back to New York . On September 14 , Washington arrived in Williamsburg , Virginia . The siege ( edit ) See also : Yorktown order of battle Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder , c. 1836 . Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle . Initial movements ( edit ) On September 26 , transports with artillery , siege tools , and some French infantry and shock troops from Head of Elk , the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay , arrived , giving Washington command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen , 3,100 militia , and 8,000 Continentals . Early on September 28 , Washington led the army out of Williamsburg to surround Yorktown . The French took the positions on the left while the Americans took the position of honor on the right . Cornwallis had a chain of seven redoubts and batteries linked by earthworks along with batteries that covered the narrows of the York River at Gloucester Point . That day , Washington reconnoitered the British defenses and decided that they could be bombarded into submission . The Americans and the French spent the night of the 28th sleeping out in the open , while work parties built bridges over the marsh .", "7": "Some of the American soldiers hunted down wild hogs to eat . On September 29 , Washington moved the army closer to Yorktown and British gunners opened fire on the infantry . Throughout the day several British cannon fired on the Americans but there were few casualties . Fire was also exchanged between American riflemen and Hessian Jägers . Cornwallis pulled back from all of his outer defenses , except for the Fusilier 's redoubt on the west side of the town and redoubts 9 and 10 in the east . Cornwallis had his forces occupy the earthworks immediately surrounding the town because he had received a letter from Clinton that promised relief force of 5,000 men within a week and he wished to tighten his lines . The Americans and the French occupied the abandoned defenses and began to establish their own batteries there . With the British outer defenses in their hands , allied engineers began to lay out positions for the artillery . The men improved their works and deepened their trenches . The British also worked on improving their defenses . On September 30 , the French attacked the British Fusiliers redoubt . The skirmish lasted two hours , in which the French were repulsed suffering several casualties . On October 1 , the allies learned from British deserters that , to preserve their food , the British had slaughtered hundreds of horses and thrown them on the beach . In the American camp , thousands of trees were cut down to provide wood for earthworks . Preparations for the parallel also began . As the allies began to put their artillery into place , the British kept up a steady fire to disrupt them . British fire increased on the 2nd and the allies suffered moderate casualties . General Washington continued to make visits to the front , despite concern shown by several of his officers over the increasing enemy fire . On the night of October 2 , the British opened a storm of fire to cover up the movement of the British cavalry to Gloucester where they were to escort infantrymen on a foraging party . On the 3rd , the foraging party , led by Banastre Tarleton , went out but collided with Lauzun 's Legion , and John Mercer 's Virginia militia , led by the Marquis de Choisy . The British cavalry quickly retreated back behind their defensive lines , losing 50 men .", "8": "By October 5 , Washington was almost ready to open the first parallel . That night the sappers and miners worked , putting strips of pine on the wet sand to mark the path of the trenches . Bombardment ( edit ) After nightfall on October 6 , troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel : the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries . Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench . The trench was to be 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) long , running from the head of Yorktown to the York River . Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French , the other half by the Americans . On the northernmost end of the French line , a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river . The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack , but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt . Washington firing the first gun On October 7 , the British saw the new allied trench just out of musket - range . Over the next two days the allies completed the gun placements and dragged the artillery into line . The British fire began to weaken when they saw the large number of guns the allies had . By October 9 , all of the French and American guns were in place . Among the American guns there were three twenty - four pounders , three eighteen pounders , two eight - inch ( 203 mm ) howitzers and six mortars , totaling fourteen guns . At 3 : 00 pm , the French guns opened the barrage and drove the British frigate , HMS Guadeloupe across the York River , where she was scuttled to prevent capture . At 5 : 00 pm the Americans opened fire . Washington fired the first gun ; legend has it that this shot smashed into a table where British officers were eating . The Franco - American guns began to tear apart the British defenses . Washington ordered that the guns fire all night so that the British could not make repairs . All of the British guns on the left were soon silenced .", "9": "The British soldiers began to pitch their tents in their trenches and soldiers began to desert in large numbers . Some British ships were also damaged by cannonballs that flew across the town into the harbor . On October 10 , the Americans spotted a large house in Yorktown . Believing that Cornwallis might be stationed there , they aimed at it and quickly destroyed it . Cornwallis sank more than a dozen of his ships in the harbor . The French began to fire at the British ships and scored a hit on the British HMS Charon , which caught fire , and in turn set two or three other ships on fire . Cornwallis received word from Clinton that the British fleet was to depart on October 12 , however Cornwallis responded by saying that he would not be able to hold out for long . On the night of October 11 , Washington ordered that the Americans dig a second parallel . It was 400 yards ( 370 m ) closer to the British lines , but could not be extended to the river because the British number 9 and 10 redoubts were in the way . During the night , the British fire continued to land in the old line ; Cornwallis did not suspect that a new parallel was being dug . By morning of the 12th , the allied troops were in position on the new line . Assault on the redoubts ( edit ) Storming of Redoubt # 10 The storming of Redoubt No. 10 , by Eugene Lami By October 14 , the trenches were within 150 yards ( 140 m ) of redoubts No. 9 and No. 10 . Washington ordered that all guns within range begin blasting the redoubts to weaken them for an assault that evening . Washington planned to use the cover of a moonless night to gain the element of surprise . To reinforce the darkness , he added silence , ordering that no soldier should load his musket until reaching the fortifications - the advance would be made with only `` cold steel . '' Redoubt 10 was near the river and held only 70 men , while redoubt 9 was a quarter of a mile inland , and was held by 120 British and Germans .", "10": "Both redoubts were heavily fortified with rows of abatis surrounding them , along with muddy ditches that surrounded the redoubts at about 25 yards ( 23 m ) . Washington devised a plan in which the French would launch a diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt , and then a half an hour later , the French would assault redoubt 9 and the Americans redoubt 10 . Redoubt 9 would be assaulted by 400 French regular soldiers under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrücken and redoubt 10 would be assaulted by 400 light infantry troops under the command of Alexander Hamilton . There was briefly a dispute as to who should lead the attack on Redoubt No. 10 . Lafayette named his aide , Jean - Joseph Sourbader de Gimat , who commanded a battalion of Continental light infantry . However , Hamilton protested , saying that he was the senior officer . Washington concurred with Hamilton and gave him command of the attack . Storming of Redoubt # 9 At 6 : 30 pm , gunfire announced the diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt . At other places in the line , movements were made as if preparing for an assault on Yorktown itself , which caused the British to panic . With bayonets fixed , the Americans marched towards Redoubt No. 10 . Hamilton sent Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens around to the rear of the redoubt to prevent the British from escaping . The Americans reached the redoubt and began chopping through the British wooden defenses with their axes . A British sentry called a challenge , and then fired at the Americans . The Americans responded by charging with their bayonets towards the redoubt . They hacked through the abatis , crossed a ditch and climbed the parapet into the redoubt . The Americans forced their way into the redoubt falling into giant shell holes from the bombardment of the redoubts . The British fire was heavy , but the Americans overwhelmed them . Someone in the front shouted , `` Rush on boys ! The fort 's ours ! '' The British threw hand grenades at the Americans with little effect . Men in the trench stood on the shoulders of their comrades to climb into the redoubt .", "11": "The bayonet fight cleared the British out of the redoubt and almost the entire garrison was captured , including the commander of the redoubt , Major Campbell . In the assault , the Americans lost 9 dead and 25 wounded . The French assault began at the same time , but they were halted by the abatis , which was undamaged by the artillery fire . The French began to hack at the abatis and a Hessian sentry came out and asked who was there . When there was no response , the sentry opened fire as did other Hessians on the parapet . The French soldiers fired back , and then charged the redoubt . The Germans charged the Frenchmen climbing over the walls but the French fired a volley , driving them back . The Hessians then took a defensive position behind some barrels but threw down their arms and surrendered when the French prepared a bayonet charge . With the capture of redoubts 9 and 10 , Washington was able to have his artillery shell the town from three directions and the allies moved some of their artillery into the redoubts . On October 15 , Cornwallis turned all of his guns onto the nearest allied position . He then ordered a storming party of 350 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Abercromby to attack the allied lines and spike the American and French cannon ( i.e. , plug the touch hole with an iron spike ) . The allies were sleeping and unprepared . As the British charged Abercromby shouted `` Push on my brave boys , and skin the bastards ! '' The British party spiked several cannon in the parallel and then spiked the guns on an unfinished redoubt . A French party came and drove them out of the allied lines and back to Yorktown . The British had been able to spike six guns , but by the morning they were all repaired . The bombardment resumed with the American and French troops engaged in competition to see who could do the most damage to the enemy defenses . On the morning of October 16 , more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified . In desperation , Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point . At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York .", "12": "One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across , making the evacuation impossible . British surrender ( edit ) Overview of the capitulation of the British army at Yorktown , with the blockade of the French squadron The fire on Yorktown from the allies was heavier than ever as new artillery pieces joined the line . Cornwallis talked with his officers that day and they agreed that their situation was hopeless . On the morning of October 17 , a drummer appeared followed by an officer waving a white handkerchief . The bombardment ceased , and the officer was blindfolded and led behind the French and American lines . Negotiations began at the Moore House on October 18 between Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross ( who represented the British ) and Lieutenant Colonel Laurens ( who represented the Americans ) and the Marquis de Noailles ( who represented the French ) . To make sure that nothing fell apart between the French and Americans at the last minute , Washington ordered that the French be given an equal share in every step of the surrender process . The surrender of Lord Cornwallis , October 19 , 1781 at Yorktown The articles of capitulation were signed on October 19 , 1781 . Signatories included Washington , Rochambeau , the Comte de Barras ( on behalf of the French Navy ) , Cornwallis , and Captain Thomas Symonds ( the senior Royal Navy officer present ) . Cornwallis ' British men were declared prisoners of war , promised good treatment in American camps , and officers were permitted to return home after taking their parole . At 2 : 00 pm the allied army entered the British positions , with the French on the left and the Americans on the right . The British had asked for the traditional honors of war , which would allow the army to march out with flags flying , bayonets fixed , and the band playing an American or French tune as a tribute to the victors . However , Washington firmly refused to grant the British the honors that they had denied the defeated American army the year before at the Siege of Charleston . Consequently , the British and Hessian troops marched with flags furled and muskets shouldered , while the band was forced to play `` a British or German march . ''", "13": "American history books recount the legend that the British band played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down '' , but the story is apocryphal . Surrender of Cornwallis . At York - town , VA Oct. 1781 , Nathaniel Currier . D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony , citing illness . Instead , Brigadier General Charles O'Hara led the British army onto the field . O'Hara first attempted to surrender to Rochambeau , who shook his head and pointed to Washington . O'Hara then offered his sword to Washington , who also refused and motioned to Benjamin Lincoln . The surrender finally took place when Washington 's second - in - command accepted the sword of Cornwallis ' deputy . The British soldiers marched out and laid down their arms in between the French and American armies , while many civilians watched . At this time , the troops on the other side of the river in Gloucester also surrendered . The British soldiers had been issued new uniforms hours before the surrender and until prevented by General O'Hara some threw down their muskets with the apparent intention of smashing them . Others wept or appeared to be drunk . In all , 8,000 troops , 214 artillery pieces , thousands of muskets , 24 transport ships , wagons and horses were captured . Casualties ( edit ) The French casualties were 60 killed and 194 wounded and the American casualties were 28 killed and 107 wounded : a grand total of 88 killed and 301 wounded . The British official casualty return for the siege listed 156 killed , 326 wounded and 70 missing . Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and enlisted men in Yorktown when he capitulated and a further 840 sailors from the British fleet in the York River . Another 84 prisoners had been taken during the assault on the redoubts on October 16 . Since only 70 men were reported as missing , this would suggest that 14 of the men officially marked down as ' killed ' had in fact been captured . This gives a grand total of 142 killed , 326 wounded prisoners and 7,685 other prisoners . Jerome A. Greene mentions a German account that gives much higher figures : 309 killed and 595 wounded .", "14": "Article 10 controversy ( edit ) George Washington refused to accept the Tenth Article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation , which granted immunity to American Loyalists , and Cornwallis failed to make any effort to press the matter . `` The outcry against the Tenth Article was vociferous and immediate , as Americans on both sides of the Atlantic proclaimed their sense of betrayal . '' Effect of disease ( edit ) Malaria was endemic in the marshlands of eastern Virginia during the time , and Cornwallis 's army suffered greatly from the disease ; he estimated during the surrender that half of his army was unable to fight as a result . The Continental Army enjoyed an advantage , in that most of their members had grown up with malaria , and hence had acquired resistance to the disease . As malaria has a month - long incubation period , most of the French soldiers had not begun to exhibit symptoms before the surrender . Aftermath ( edit ) The victory at Yorktown was honored in a 1783 medallion minted in Paris and designed there by US Ambassador Benjamin Franklin . Five days after the battle ended , on October 24 , 1781 , the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived . The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18 , and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered . Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast , and they confirmed this fact . Graves sighted the French Fleet , but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships , and thus he sent the fleet back to New York . After the British surrender , Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress . After a difficult journey , he arrived in Philadelphia , which celebrated for several days . The British Prime Minister , Lord North , is reported to have exclaimed `` Oh God , it 's all over '' when told of the defeat . Washington moved his army to New Windsor , New York where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the war .", "15": "Legacy ( edit ) US Postage Stamp , 1931 issue , depicting Rochambeau , George Washington and De Grasse , commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown , 1781 On October 19 , 1881 , an elaborate ceremony took place to honor the battle 's centennial . U.S. naval vessels floated on Chesapeake Bay , and special markers highlighted where Washington and Lafayette 's siege guns were placed . President Chester Arthur , sworn in only thirty days before , following James Garfield 's death , made his first public speech as president . Also present were descendants of Lafayette , Rochambeau , de Grasse , and Steuben . To close the ceremony , Arthur gave an order to salute the British flag . There is a belief that General Cornwallis 's sword , surrendered by Charles O'Hara after the battle , is to this day on display at the White House . However , U.S. National Park Service historian Jerome Green , in his 2005 history of the siege , The Guns of Independence , concurs with the 1881 centennial account by Johnston , noting simply that when Brigadier General O'Hara presented the sword to Major General Lincoln , he held it for a moment and immediately returned it to O'Hara . The siege of Yorktown is also known in some German historiographies as `` die deutsche Schlacht '' ( `` the German battle '' ) , because Germans played significant roles in all three armies , accounting for roughly one third of all forces involved . According to one estimate more than 2,500 German soldiers served at Yorktown with each of the British and French armies , and more than 3,000 German - Americans were in Washington 's army . Four Army National Guard units ( 113th Inf , 116th Inf , 175th Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 -- 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Yorktown . There are thirty current U.S. Army units with lineages that go back the colonial era . Yorktown victory monument ( edit ) Yorktown Victory Monument Five days after the British surrendered , Congress passed a resolution agreeing to erect a structure dedicated to commemorating those who participated in the battle .", "16": "Construction of the monument was delayed , however , as the federal government had several other financial obligations that were considered to be of a more urgent nature . The battle 's centennial sparked renewed enthusiasm in the resolution and prompted the government to begin building the monument in 1881 amid national support . The structure was formally erected in 1884 and currently resides within Colonial National Historical Park . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Colonial National Historical Park List of American Revolutionary War battles USS Yorktown , for a list of U.S. Navy ships named after the battle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt . John Faulkner , and was in the Siege of Little York , when Lord Cornwallis surrendered ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York '' Jump up ^ Conserved in the Galerie des Batailles , Château de Versailles , France . A copy is displayed at the Colonial National Historical Park Visitors ' Center in Yorktown . Jump up ^ The moon had been full on 2 October . Jump up ^ The pitch dark of a new moon occurred 17 October 1781 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( through his subordinate , Major Nicholas Fish ) , Gimat , and Colonel Laurens commanded the three ( of six ) battalions of light infantry in Lafayette 's Light Division that participated in the assault on redoubt 10 . Jump up ^ Article 3 states that : `` the garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts , at two o'clock precisely , with shouldered arms , colors cased , and drums beating a British or German march . They are then to ground their arms , and return to their encampments , where they will remain until they are dispatched to the places of their destination . '' References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 337 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Greene , p.", "17": "307 ^ Jump up to : Greene , pp. 307 -- 308 Jump up ^ Declaration of John Dunkley in open court , Halifax County , Virginia : Ancestry.com . U.S. , Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files , 1800 -- 1900 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2010. ; Original data : Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files ( NARA microfilm publication M804 , 2,670 rolls ) . Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs , Record Group 15 . National Archives , Washington , D.C. , October 23 , 1832 Jump up ^ Thornton Gentry ( Georgia Chapter Director -- DAR ) , Lelia ( ed . ) . Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution . Vol. 1 . Clearfield Publishing ( original ) / Genealogical Publishing Co ( reprint ) . p. 147 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ Herring p. 26 Jump up ^ Chávez p. 225 Jump up ^ Mitchell p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 329 Jump up ^ Ferling , p. 510 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 331 Jump up ^ Wickwire , p. 340 Jump up ^ Grainger , p. 44 Jump up ^ Davis p. 3 Jump up ^ Davis p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 332 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 333 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 335 Jump up ^ Davis p. 21 Jump up ^ Davis p. 36 Jump up ^ Vowell , Sarah ( 2015 ) . Lafayette in the Somewhat United States . New York City : Riverhead Books . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59463 - 174 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 336 Jump up ^ Davis p. 189 Jump up ^ Davis p.", "18": "193 Jump up ^ Davis p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 195 Jump up ^ Davis p. 197 Jump up ^ Lengelp. 337 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 202 Jump up ^ Davis p. 203 Jump up ^ Davis p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 205 Jump up ^ Davis p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 208 Jump up ^ Davis p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 219 Jump up ^ Davis p. 221 Jump up ^ Davis p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 338 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 225 Jump up ^ NASA Eclipse Website -- Phases of the Moon 1700 -- 1799 ; accessed 4 October 2009 ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 339 Jump up ^ Davis p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 340 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 227 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 230 Jump up ^ Davis p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 341 Jump up ^ Davis p. 234 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 235 Jump up ^ Davis p. 236 Jump up ^ Davis p. 237 Jump up ^ Davis p. 255 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 342 Jump up ^ Morrissey , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` George Washington on General Cornwallis ' Surrender at Yorktown '' .", "19": "The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 . Library of Congress . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Surrender of the British General Cornwallis to the Americans , October 19 , 1781 '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2015 ) . The American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 153 . Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19 , 1781 , as his band appropriately played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down . '' Jump up ^ `` Cornwallis ' Surrender '' . Visiting Yorktown.com . American tradition has it that the British song played was `` The World Turned Upside Down . '' However , there was no historical record of which song or songs were played by the band . The account of it being that particular song was added to the historical record almost a 100 years after the event . Jump up ^ Davis p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 343 Jump up ^ Manning , Jack ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown '' . The American Patriotic Chronicle . Alabama Society , Sons of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Davis p. 267 Jump up ^ Davis p. 268 Jump up ^ Hibbert p. 330 Jump up ^ Skemp , Shiela L. ( 1990 ) William Franklin Oxford University Press p. 253 Jump up ^ McNeill , J.R. ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Malarial mosquitoes helped defeat British in battle that ended Revolutionary War '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Knopf : 2011 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 34 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 35 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Yorktown Battlefield '' . Jump up ^ Fleming p. 194 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 312 Jump up ^ Reeves p. 253 Jump up ^ Johnston , Henry Phelps .", "20": "The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis , 1781 . ( New York : 1881 ) page 156 ; accessed 5 October 2009 Jump up ^ Cronau , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 113th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 116th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 227 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0005fa01bn.htm . ^ Jump up to : `` Yorktown Victory Monument '' . National Park Service . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alden , John ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Revolution . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , Dale ( 2004 ) . The Battle of Yorktown . Gareth Stevens Publishing . Chávez , Thomas E. ( 2002 ) . Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2794 - X . Cronau , Rudolf ( 2010 ) . Drei Jahrhunderte deutschen Lebens in Amerika ( in German ) . Hamburg : Severus Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 942382 - 31 - 1 . OCLC 649506358 . Davis , Burke ( 2007 ) . The Campaign that Won America .", "21": "New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5393 - 3 . Ferling , John E ( 2007 ) . Almost a miracle : the American victory in the War of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518121 - 0 . Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 . Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a reassessment . Woodbridge : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . Greene , Jerome A. ( 2005 ) . The Guns of Independence : The Siege of Yorktown , 1781 . New York : Savas Beattie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 05 - 7 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765539 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Redcoats and Rebels . W.W. Norton & Company Paperbacks . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 . Mitchell , Barbara ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown : Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington 's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis '' . MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History : 16 -- 24 . Reeves , Thomas C ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . American Political Biography Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 03 - 5 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1997 ) . Yorktown 1781 : the World Turned Upside Down .", "22": "London : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 688 - 0 . OCLC 39028166 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Wickwire , Franklin and Mary ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis : The American Adventure . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 62690 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Yorktown . 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8127283608263713430	what process causes the continents to drift apart how	[ "Continental drift" ]	{ "0": "Continental drift - wikipedia Continental drift Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1958 . For the contemporary theory , see plate tectonics . For the Russell Banks novel , see Continental Drift ( novel ) . For the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise , see Ice Age : Continental Drift . The continental drift of the last 250 million years Antonio Snider - Pellegrini 's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean ( 1858 ) . Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's continents relative to each other , thus appearing to `` drift '' across the ocean bed . The speculation that continents might have ' drifted ' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 . The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 , but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism ( though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes ) . The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics , which explains how the continents move . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Wegener and his predecessors 1.3 Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s 2 Evidence of continental drift 3 See also 4 Works cited 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the development of tectonophysics ( before 1954 ) Early history ( edit ) Abraham Ortelius ( Ortelius 1596 ) , Theodor Christoph Lilienthal ( 1756 ) , Alexander von Humboldt ( 1801 and 1845 ) , Antonio Snider - Pellegrini ( Snider - Pellegrini 1858 ) , and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean ( most notably , Africa and South America ) seem to fit together . W.J.", "1": "Kious described Ortelius ' thoughts in this way : Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were `` torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods '' and went on to say : `` The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves , if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three ( continents ) . '' Writing in 1889 , Alfred Russel Wallace remarks , `` It was formerly a very general belief , even amongst geologists , that the great features of the earth 's surface , no less than the smaller ones , were subject to continual mutations , and that during the course of known geological time the continents and great oceans had again and again changed places with each other . '' He quotes Charles Lyell as saying , `` Continents , therefore , although permanent for whole geological epochs , shift their positions entirely in the course of ages . '' and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James Dwight Dana in 1849 . In his Manual of Geology , 1863 , Dana says , `` The continents and oceans had their general outline or form defined in earliest time . This has been proved with respect to North America from the position and distribution of the first beds of the Silurian -- those of the Potsdam epoch. ... and this will probably prove to the case in Primordial time with the other continents also '' . Dana was enormously influential in America -- his Manual of Mineralogy is still in print in revised form -- and the theory became known as Permanence theory . This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition , 1872 - 6 , which showed that contrary to expectation , land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf . This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth 's surface , and did not change places with the continents . Wegener and his predecessors ( edit ) Alfred Wegener The idea that the American continents had once formed a single landmass together with Europe and Asia before assuming their present shapes and positions was speculated by several scientists before Alfred Wegener 's 1912 paper .", "2": "Although Wegener 's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors , Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas : Franklin Coxworthy ( between 1848 and 1890 ) , Roberto Mantovani ( between 1889 and 1909 ) , William Henry Pickering ( 1907 ) and Frank Bursley Taylor ( 1908 ) . In addition , Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885 and the Tethys Ocean in 1893 , assuming a land - bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline , and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth 's interior was fluid , and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth . For example : the similarity of southern continent geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to conjecture in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent ; Wegener noted the similarity of Mantovani 's and his own maps of the former positions of the southern continents . In Mantovani 's conjecture , this continent broke due to volcanic activity caused by thermal expansion , and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip - zones , where the oceans now lie . This led Mantovani to propose an Expanding Earth theory which has since been shown to be incorrect . Continental drift without expansion was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor , who suggested in 1908 ( published in 1910 ) that the continents were moved into their present positions by a process of `` continental creep '' . In a later paper he proposed that this occurred by their being dragged towards the equator by tidal forces during the hypothesized capture of the moon in the Cretaceous , resulting in `` general crustal creep '' toward the equator . Although his proposed mechanism was wrong , he was the first to realize the insight that one of the effects of continental motion would be the formation of mountains , and attributed the formation of the Himalayas to the collision between the Indian subcontinent with Asia . Wegener said that of all those theories , Taylor 's , although not fully developed , had the most similarities to his own .", "3": "In the mid-20th century , the theory of continental drift was referred to as the `` Taylor - Wegener hypothesis '' , although this terminology eventually fell out of common use . Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912 . His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass , called Pangaea , before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations . Wegener was the first to use the phrase `` continental drift '' ( 1912 , 1915 ) ( in German `` die Verschiebung der Kontinente '' -- translated into English in 1922 ) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow `` drifted '' apart . Although he presented much evidence for continental drift , he was unable to provide a convincing explanation for the physical processes which might have caused this drift . His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce ( Polflucht ) of the Earth 's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected , as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient . The Polflucht hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and found to be implausible . Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s ( edit ) The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years . One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing . A second problem was that Wegener 's estimate of the velocity of continental motion , 250 cm / year , was implausibly high . ( The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm / year ) . And it did not help that Wegener was not a geologist . Other geologists also believed that the evidence that Wegener had provided was not sufficient . It is now accepted that the plates carrying the continents do move across the Earth 's surface , although not as fast as Wegener believed ; ironically one of the chief outstanding questions is the one Wegener failed to resolve : what is the nature of the forces propelling the plates ? The British geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable .", "4": "He proposed in 1931 that the Earth 's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface . His Principles of Physical Geology , ending with a chapter on continental drift , was published in 1944 . David Attenborough , who attended university in the second half of the 1940s , recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then : `` I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told , sneeringly , that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents , then he might think about it . The idea was moonshine , I was informed . '' Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian era but failing to account for glaciation in India , Australia and South Africa . As late as 1953 -- just five years before Carey introduced the theory of plate tectonics -- the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds . First , it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator , and stay there . This would explain one , but only one , mountain building episode between any pair of continents ; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes . Second , masses floating freely in a fluid substratum , like icebergs in the ocean , should be in isostatic equilibrium ( in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance ) . But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium . Third , there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth 's surface ( crust ) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid . Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties . Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article `` Seismology and the New Global Tectonics '' , published in 1968 , using data collected from seismologic stations , including those he set up in the South Pacific . It is now known that there are two kinds of crust : continental crust and oceanic crust .", "5": "Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust , but both kinds reside above a much deeper `` plastic '' mantle . Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers , and this , along with subduction , drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner , resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance . The theory of plate tectonics explains all this , including the movement of the continents , better than Wegener 's theory . Evidence of continental drift ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Plate tectonics . Fossil patterns across continents ( Gondwanaland ) . Mesosaurus skeleton , MacGregor , 1908 . Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive . Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents , suggesting that they were once joined . The fossils of Mesosaurus , a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile , found both in Brazil and South Africa , are one example ; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus in rocks of the same age at locations in Africa , India , and Antarctica . There is also living evidence -- the same animals being found on two continents . Some earthworm families ( e.g. Ocnerodrilidae , Acanthodrilidae , Octochaetidae ) are found in South America and Africa , for instance . The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious , but is a temporary coincidence . In millions of years , slab pull and ridge - push , and other forces of tectonophysics , will further separate and rotate those two continents . It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift , although he did not live to see his hypothesis generally accepted . Widespread distribution of Permo - Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America , Africa , Madagascar , Arabia , India , Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift . The continuity of glaciers , inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites , suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana , which became a central element of the concept of continental drift .", "6": "Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles , based on continents ' current positions and orientations , and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations , as well as being contiguous with each other . See also ( edit ) Geological history of Earth -- timeline of historical continental configurations Works cited ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Antonio Snider - Pellegrini , La Création et ses mystères dévoilés ( Creation and its mysteries revealed ) ( Paris , France : Frank et Dentu , 1858 ) , plates 9 and 10 ( between pages 314 and 315 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical perspective ( This Dynamic Earth , USGS ) '' . pubs.usgs.gov . Jump up ^ Oreskes 2002 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Romm , James ( 3 February 1994 ) , `` A New Forerunner for Continental Drift '' , Nature , 367 ( 6462 ) : 407 -- 408 , Bibcode : 1994Natur. 367 ... 407R , doi : 10.1038 / 367407a0 . ^ Jump up to : Schmeling , Harro ( 2004 ) . `` Geodynamik '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . University of Frankfurt . Jump up ^ Brusatte , Stephen , Continents Adrift and Sea - Floors Spreading : The Revolution of Plate Tectonics ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Kious , W.J. ; Tilling , R.I. ( February 2001 ) ( 1996 ) , `` Historical perspective '' , This Dynamic Earth : the Story of Plate Tectonics ( Online ed . ) , U.S. Geological Survey , ISBN 0 - 16 - 048220 - 8 , retrieved 29 January 2008 Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1889 ) , `` 12 '' , Darwinism ... , Macmillan , p. 341 Jump up ^ Lyell , Charles ( 1872 ) , Principles of Geology ... ( 11 ed . ) , John Murray , p. 258 Jump up ^ Dana , James D.", "7": "( 1863 ) , Manual of Geology , Theodore Bliss & Co , Philadelphia , p. 732 Jump up ^ Oreskes , Naomi ( 2002 ) , Continental Drift ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 February 2012 Jump up ^ Wallace 1889 ^ Jump up to : Wegener , Alfred ( 6 January 1912 ) , `` Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde ( Kontinente und Ozeane ) , auf geophysikalischer Grundlage '' ( PDF ) , Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen , 63 : 185 -- 195 , 253 -- 256 , 305 -- 309 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wegener , A. ( 1966 ) ( 1929 ) , The Origin of Continents and Oceans , Courier Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 61708 - 4 Jump up ^ Wegener , A. ( 1929 ) , Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ( 4 ed . ) , Braunschweig : Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt . Ges . Jump up ^ Coxworthy , Franklin ( 1924 ) . Electrical Condition ; Or , How and where Our Earth was Created . J.S. Phillips . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pickering , W.H ( 1907 ) , `` The Place of Origin of the Moon -- The Volcani Problems '' , Popular Astronomy : 274 -- 287 , Bibcode : 1907PA ... 15 ... 274P Jump up ^ Frank Bursley Taylor ( 3 June 1910 ) `` Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth 's plan '' , Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 21 : 179 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Eduard Suess , Das Antlitz der Erde ( The Face of the Earth ) , vol. 1 ( Leipzig , ( Germany ) : G. Freytag , 1885 ) , page 768 . From p.", "8": "768 : `` Wir nennen es Gondwána - Land , nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána - Flora , ... '' ( We name it Gondwána - Land , after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... ) Jump up ^ Edward Suess ( March 1893 ) `` Are ocean depths permanent ? '' , Natural Science : A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress ( London ) , 2 : 180 - 187 . From page 183 : `` This ocean we designate by the name `` Tethys '' , after the sister and consort of Oceanus . The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean . '' Jump up ^ Perry , John ( 1895 ) `` On the age of the earth '' , Nature , 51 : 224 -- 227 , 341 -- 342 , 582 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Mantovani , R. ( 1889 ) , `` Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace '' , Bull . Soc . Sc . Et Arts Réunion : 41 -- 53 Jump up ^ Mantovani , R. ( 1909 ) , `` L'Antarctide '' , Je m'instruis . La science pour tous , 38 : 595 -- 597 Jump up ^ Scalera , G. ( 2003 ) , `` Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion '' , in Scalera , G. ; Jacob , K. - H. , Why expanding Earth ? -- A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg , Rome : Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia , pp. 71 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Obituary : Frank Bursley Taylor ( 1860 -- 1938 ) , Proceedings of the American Academy , Vol. 75 , No. 6 ( Dec. 1944 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences , pp. 176 -- 178 ( retrieved 20 October 2015 ) Jump up ^ Taylor , F.B.", "9": "( 1910 ) , `` Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth 's plan '' , GSA Bulletin , 21 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 226 , doi : 10.1130 / 1052 - 5173 ( 2005 ) 015 ( 29b : WTCCA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ Henry R. Frankel , `` Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift '' , in The Continental Drift Controversy : Wegener and the Early Debate Volume 1 , Wegener and the Early Debate , pp. 38 -- 80 , Cambridge University Press , 2012 . ISBN 9780521875042 doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511842368. 004 ^ Jump up to : Powell , James Lawrence ( 2015 ) . Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences : From Heresy to Truth . Columbia University Press . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 53845 - 9 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , L.T. , Some considerations of , and additions to the Taylor - Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement , Los Angeles , 1946 . OCLC 1247437 OCLC Jump up ^ R.M. Wood , Coming Apart at the Seams , New Scientist , 24 January 1980 Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics : The Rocky History of an Idea '' . Wegener 's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories . Jump up ^ University of California Museum of Paleontology , Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) ( accessed 30 April 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Unavco Plate Motion Calculator ( accessed 30 April 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1931 ) . `` Radioactivity and Earth Movements '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow . Geological Society of Glasgow : 559 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1944 ) .", "10": "Principles of Physical Geology ( 1st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Thomas Nelson & Sons . ISBN 0 - 17 - 448020 - 2 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` David Attenborough : force of nature '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ See map based on the work of the American paleontologist Charles Schuchert in Wells , H.G. ; Huxley , Julian ; Wells , G.P. ( 1931 ) , The Science of life , p. 734 Jump up ^ Carey , S.W. ( 1958 ) . Carey , S.W. , ed . `` Continental Drift -- A symposium '' . Hobart : Univ. of Tasmania : 177 -- 363 . Jump up ^ Scheidegger , Adrian E. ( 1953 ) , `` Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis '' , GSA Bulletin , 64 : 127 -- 150 , Bibcode : 1953GSAB ... 64 ... 127S , doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1953 ) 64 ( 127 : EOTPOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ `` Jack Oliver , Who Proved Continental Drift , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . 12 January 2011 . p . A16 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Isacks , Bryan ; Oliver , Jack ; Sykes , Lynn R. ( 15 September 1968 ) . `` Seismology and the New Global Tectonics '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 ( 18 ) : 5855 -- 5899 . Bibcode : 1968JGR ... 73.5855 I . doi : 10.1029 / JB073i018p05855 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rejoined continents ( This Dynamic Earth , USGS ) '' . USGS .", "11": "References Le Grand , Homer Eugene ( 1988 ) , Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories , Cambridge University , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31105 - 5 . Oreskes , Naomi ( 1999 ) , The Rejection of Continental Drift , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511732 - 8 ( pb : 0 - 19 - 511733 - 6 ) . Oreskes , Naomi ( 2002 ) , `` Continental Drift '' ( PDF ) , in Munn , Ted ; MacCracken , Michael C. ; Perry , John S. , Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change , Vol. 1 , Chichester , West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons , pp. 321 -- 325 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 97796 - 9 , OCLC 633880622 Ortelius , Abraham ( 1596 ) ( 1570 ) , Thesaurus Geographicus ( in Latin ) ( 3 ed . ) , Antwerp : Plantin , OCLC 214324616 ( First edition published 1570 , 1587 edition online ) Snider - Pellegrini , Antonio ( 1858 ) , La Création et ses mystères dévoilés , Paris : Frank and Dentu . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Continental drift Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Continental drift A brief introduction to Plate Tectonics , based on the work of Alfred Wegener Wegener and his proofs Maps of continental drift , from the Precambrian to the future Continental Drift : Theory & Definition at Live Science The theory of continental drift Benjamin Franklin ( 1782 ) and Ralph Waldo Emerson ( 1834 ) both made mention of Continental Drift Observe an animation of the breakup of Pangaea -- Animation of continental drift for the last 150 million years GND : 4032288 - 9 NDL : 00572551 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=Continental_drift&oldid=819193967 '' Categories : Geological history of Earth Plate tectonics Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4677464867334464937	who played in last train from gun hill	[ "Kirk Douglas", "Anthony Quinn", "Carolyn Jones", "Earl Holliman", "Brian G. Hutton", "Brad Dexter", "Ziva Rodann", "Val Avery", "Bing Russell", "Walter Sande", "Kirk Douglas", "Anthony Quinn", "Carolyn Jones", "Earl Holliman", "Brian G. Hutton", "Brad Dexter", "Ziva Rodann", "Val Avery", "Bing Russell", "Walter Sande", "Kirk Douglas", "Anthony Quinn", "Carolyn Jones", "Earl Holliman", "Brian G. Hutton", "Brad Dexter", "Ziva Rodann", "Val Avery", "Bing Russell", "Walter Sande", "Kirk Douglas", "Anthony Quinn", "Carolyn Jones", "Earl Holliman", "Brian G. Hutton", "Brad Dexter", "Ziva Rodann", "Val Avery", "Bing Russell", "Walter Sande", "Kirk Douglas", "Anthony Quinn", "Carolyn Jones", "Earl Holliman", "Brian G. Hutton", "Brad Dexter", "Ziva Rodann", "Val Avery", "Bing Russell", "Walter Sande" ]	{ "0": "Last train from Gun Hill - wikipedia Last train from Gun Hill Jump to : navigation , search Last Train from Gun Hill Theatrical release poster Directed by John Sturges Produced by Hal B. Wallis Written by James Poe from a story by Les Crutchfield Starring Kirk Douglas Anthony Quinn Carolyn Jones Earl Holliman Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Charles B. Lang Jr . Production company Bryna Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date July 29 , 1959 ( 1959 - 07 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2.5 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Last Train from Gun Hill is a 1959 Western by action director John Sturges . It stars Kirk Douglas , Anthony Quinn , Carolyn Jones , and Earl Holliman . Douglas and Holliman had previously appeared together in Sturges ' Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) , which used much of the same crew . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming locations 4 Comic book adaption 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Two old friends , Matt Morgan ( Kirk Douglas ) and Craig Belden ( Anthony Quinn ) , now find themselves on opposite sides of the law . Belden , a rich cattle baron , is the de facto ruler of the town of Gun Hill . Morgan is a U.S. Marshal living in another town with his Native American / Indian wife ( played by Ziva Rodann ) and young son , Petey . Two young drunken cowboys rape and murder Morgan 's wife while she is returning with their son from a visit to her father . The boy escapes on one of the killers ' horses , bearing a distinctive , fancy saddle . Morgan sets off to find the killer . His one clue is the saddle , which he recognizes as belonging to Belden . Assuming it was stolen from his old friend , Morgan travels to the town of Gun Hill to pick up the trail , but once there he quickly realizes that Belden 's son Rick ( Earl Holliman ) is the killer .", "1": "Belden refuses to turn over his son , forcing Morgan to go against the entire town . He vows to capture Rick and get him on that night 's last train from Gun Hill . Morgan takes Rick prisoner , holding him at the hotel . Belden sends men to rescue his son , but Morgan manages to hold them off . In the meantime , Belden 's former lover ( Carolyn Jones ) decides to help Morgan . She sneaks a shotgun to his hotel room . The second rapist , Lee , sets fire to the hotel to flush out Morgan . Morgan presses the shotgun to Rick 's chin on the way to the train depot , threatening to pull the trigger if anyone attempts to stop him . Lee tries to kill Morgan but shoots Rick instead . Morgan then kills Lee with the shotgun . As the train prepares to leave , a devastated Belden confronts Morgan in a final showdown and is gunned down . Cast ( edit ) Kirk Douglas as Matt Morgan Anthony Quinn as Craig Belden Carolyn Jones as Linda Earl Holliman as Rick Belden Brian G. Hutton as Lee Smithers Brad Dexter as Beero Ziva Rodann as Catherine Morgan Val Avery as Steve , Horseshoe Bartender Bing Russell as Skag Walter Sande as Sheriff Bartlett Filming locations ( edit ) The movie was filmed in and around Old Tucson Studios outside of Tucson , Arizona , as well as at Paramount Studios and their back lot in Los Angeles , California . Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Four Color # 1012 ( July 1959 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1959 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1959 : Probable Domestic Take '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p 34 Jump up ^ `` Dell Four Color # 1012 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1012 at the Comic Book DB External links ( edit ) Last Train from Gun Hill on IMDb Last Train from Gun Hill at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by John Sturges The Man Who Dared ( 1946 ) Shadowed ( 1946 ) Alias Mr.", "2": "Twilight ( 1946 ) For the Love of Rusty ( 1947 ) Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Sign of the Ram ( 1948 ) Best Man Wins ( 1948 ) The Walking Hills ( 1949 ) The Capture ( 1950 ) Mystery Street ( 1950 ) Right Cross ( 1950 ) The Magnificent Yankee ( 1950 ) Kind Lady ( 1951 ) The People Against O'Hara ( 1951 ) It 's a Big Country ( 1951 ) The Girl in White ( 1952 ) Jeopardy ( 1953 ) Fast Company ( 1953 ) Escape from Fort Bravo ( 1953 ) Bad Day at Black Rock ( 1955 ) Underwater ! ( 1955 ) The Scarlet Coat ( 1955 ) Backlash ( 1956 ) Gunfight at the O.K.", "3": "Corral ( 1957 ) The Law and Jake Wade ( 1958 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1958 ) Last Train from Gun Hill ( 1959 ) Never So Few ( 1959 ) The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) By Love Possessed ( 1961 ) Sergeants 3 ( 1962 ) A Girl Named Tamiko ( 1962 ) The Great Escape ( 1963 ) The Satan Bug ( 1965 ) The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) Ice Station Zebra ( 1968 ) Marooned ( 1969 ) Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) Chino ( 1973 ) McQ ( 1974 ) The Eagle Has Landed ( 1976 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Train_from_Gun_Hill&oldid=820036984 '' Categories : 1959 films English - language films 1950s Western ( genre ) films American Western ( genre ) films Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin Films directed by John Sturges Films produced by Hal B. Wallis Paramount Pictures films American films Bryna Productions films Films adapted into comics United States Marshals Service in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 18 : 35 . 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9104579908306893648	who is the queen of hearts in alice in wonderland	[ "a card from a pack of playing cards by Alice, yet somehow she is able to talk and is the ruler of the lands in the story, alongside her tiny husband, the King of Hearts", "the primary antagonist", "a foul-tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as \"a blind fury\", and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense" ]	{ "0": "Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) - wikipedia Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Queen of Hearts Alice character John Tenniel 's illustration of the King and Queen of Hearts at the trial of the Knave of Hearts . First appearance Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Last appearance Disney 's Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Barbara Hershey ( Once Upon a Time ) Miranda Richardson Kathy Bates ( Alice ) Voiced by Verna Felton ( 1951 ) Tress MacNeille ( 1998 - 2010 ) April Winchell ( 2011 - present ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red Queen ( sometimes mistakenly ) Species playing card Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse ( s ) The King of Hearts King of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Children Ten Hearts Nationality Wonderland The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character from the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by the writer Lewis Carroll , in which she appears as the primary antagonist . She is a foul - tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as `` a blind fury '' , and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense . One of her most famous lines she states often is `` Off with their heads ! '' The Queen is referred to as a card from a pack of playing cards by Alice , yet somehow she is able to talk and is the ruler of the lands in the story , alongside her tiny husband , the King of Hearts . She is often confused with the Red Queen from the sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , although the two are very different .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins 3 Illustrations 4 Confusion with the Red Queen 5 Adaptions 5.1 Disney 5.2 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) 5.3 American McGee 's Alice 5.4 The Looking - Glass Wars 5.5 Alice in the Country of Hearts 5.6 SyFy TV miniseries 5.7 Once Upon a Time 5.8 Other versions and adaptations 6 References 7 Citations Overview ( edit ) Alice observes three playing cards painting white roses red . They drop to the ground face down at the approach of the Queen of Hearts , whom Alice has never met . When the Queen arrives and asks Alice who is lying on the ground ( since the backs of all playing cards look alike ) , Alice tells her that she does not know . The Queen then becomes frustrated and commands that her head be severed . She is deterred by her comparatively moderate husband by being reminded that Alice is only a child . Generally , however , as we are told by Carroll : The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties , great or small . ' Off with his head ! ' she said , without even looking round . One of the Queen 's hobbies -- besides ordering executions -- is croquet ; however , it is Wonderland croquet , where the balls are live hedgehogs and the mallets are flamingoes . This is presumably with the aim that the birds ' blunt beaks should strike , but , as Alice observes , it is complicated by the fact that they keep looking back up at the players - as well as the hedgehogs ' tendency to scuttle away without waiting to be hit . The Queen 's soldiers act as the arches ( or hoops ) on the croquet grounds , but have to leave off being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag away the victim , so that , by the end of the game in the story , the only players that remain are the Queen herself , the King , and Alice .", "2": "Despite the frequency of death sentences , it would appear few people are actually beheaded , the King of Hearts , quietly pardons many of his subjects when the Queen is not looking ( although this did not seem to be the case with The Duchess ) , and her soldiers humor her but do not carry out her orders . The Gryphon tells Alice , `` It 's all her fancy : she never executes nobody , you know . '' Nevertheless , all creatures in Wonderland fear the Queen . In the final chapters , the Queen sentences Alice again ( for defending the Knave of Hearts ) , and she offers a bizarre approach towards justice : sentence before verdict . Modern portrayals in popular culture usually let her play the role of a villain because of the menace the character exemplifies , but in the book she does not fill that purpose . She is just one of the many obstacles that Alice has to encounter on the journey , but unlike other obstacles , she makes a higher potential threat . Origins ( edit ) The Queen is believed by some to be a caricature of Queen Victoria , with elements of reality that Dodgson felt correctly would make her at once instantly recognizable to parents reading the story to children , and also fantastical enough to make her unrecognizable to children . The reference is explicit in Jonathan Miller 's 1966 television version where she and the King of Hearts are portrayed without any attempt at fantasy , or disguise as to their true natures or personality . The Queen may also be a reference to Queen Margaret of the House of Lancaster . During the War of the Roses , a red rose was the symbol of the House Lancaster . Their rivals , the House of York , had a white rose for their symbol . The gardeners ' painting the white roses red may be a reference to these two houses . Illustrations ( edit ) Image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk that inspired the original illustrations of the Queen of Hearts . After unsuccessfully attempting to illustrate Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland himself , Lewis Carroll was persuaded to engage a professional artist to provide the illustrations . He turned to cartoonist John Tenniel , who was known for his regular contributions to the satirical magazine Punch ( published 1841 -- 1992 , 1996 -- 2002 ) .", "3": "Tenniel 's inspiration for the Queen of Hearts was an image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk in one of the medieval stained glass windows at Holy Trinity Church , Long Melford , Suffolk . The illustrations for the Alice books were engraved onto blocks of wood , to be printed in the wood engraving process . The original wood blocks are now in the collection of the Bodleian Library in Oxford , England . They are not usually on public display , but were exhibited in 2003 . Confusion with the Red Queen ( edit ) She is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen in the story 's sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , but in reality shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen . Indeed , Carroll , in his lifetime , made the distinction of the two Queens by saying : `` I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion -- a blind and aimless Fury . The Red Queen I pictured as a Fury , but of another type ; her passion must be cold and calm -- she must be formal and strict , yet not unkindly ; pedantic to the 10th degree , the concentrated essence of all governesses ! '' -- Lewis Carroll , in `` Alice on the Stage '' The 1951 animated film Alice in Wonderland perpetuates the long - standing confusion between the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . In the film , the Queen of Hearts delivers several of the Red Queen 's statements , the most notable being based on her `` all the ways about here belong to me '' . Both characters say this to suggest importance and possible arrogance , but in the Red Queen 's case it has a double meaning since her status as a Chess - queen means that she can move in any direction she desires . In the American McGee 's Alice adaptation of the books , the characters are also conflated , leading to further popular misconception . Adaptions ( edit ) Disney ( edit ) Disney 's adaptation of the Queen of Hearts . In the Disney animated feature Alice in Wonderland , the Queen of Hearts is the main antagonist who appears , as Alice puts it in a moment of temper , as `` a fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . The character was voiced by Verna Felton .", "4": "She is portrayed as a haughty sadist , who enjoys decapitating anyone who merely annoys her . Her presence is all the more striking because of how tiny her husband the King is ( he barely comes up to her knee ) . Similar to the book , Alice meets three cards painting the roses red , since they planted white roses by mistake . When the Queen arrives , she orders those three cards beheaded , then turns her attention to Alice . Refusing to answer her questions with presumption that only she can ask them , she quickly ropes her into a game of croquet . The game ends with the Queen tripping herself over , due to the Cheshire Cat 's mischievous antics . The Queen angrily blames Alice for it , but before she can give the order , the King suggests holding a trial for Alice . The Queen , grudgingly , but reasonably , agrees . The Queen calls the March Hare , the Dormouse , and the Mad Hatter to witness , who hold an unbirthday party for her and cheer her up considerably . During the party , the Cheshire Cat reappears and upsets the Dormouse . The frightened Dormouse runs all over , and in an attempt to crush the mouse , the King of Hearts accidentally hits the Queen on the head with the gavel , which is hastily passed into the March Hare 's hands , then the Hatter 's , and finally Alice 's . The Queen , of course , blames Alice for it , and is going to have her beheaded . But Alice eats mushrooms she had procured earlier , which make her grow bigger . Although Rule No. 42 says that anyone more than a mile high must leave the court immediately , Alice feels free to call the queen a `` fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . Unfortunately , she subsequently shrinks down to her normal size , but flees and is able to escape . Of interest is the fact that Disney 's Queen of Hearts seems to be an amalgamation of the Queen from the book , the Duchess , and the Red Queen of Through The Looking - Glass . When pleased , she can be quite pleasant , but is still bossy and often impatient , and can almost at once change to enraged .", "5": "As she is considered to be one of the members of the Disney Villains group of characters , the Queen of Hearts exacted her revenge upon Alice in the game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge where she stole the ending page of the story and changed the ending , so Alice lost her head . Jiminy Cricket , the player , and Alice 's headless body retrieve the head and escape the labyrinth of the Queen . They meet one last time in the final battle and she surrenders . The Queen of Hearts is the final boss on the Japanese version of Mickey Mousecapade , a 1987 video game where Alice is her hostage . She is also a greetable character at the Walt Disney World Resort . In Mickey 's House of Villains , the Queen of Hearts appears as one of the villain guests of the House of Mouse , voiced by Tress MacNeille . She also appeared in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The Queen appears in the Square - Enix / Disney video game Kingdom Hearts , in her homeworld . As in the film , she holds Alice on trial , only this time for attempting to steal her heart . The main heroes in the game , Sora , Donald and Goofy , intervene , telling the Queen that Alice is innocent . The Queen challenges them to provide proof of their theory , and with help from the Cheshire Cat , the three are able to do so . The Queen , however , enraged at being proven wrong , orders them executed and Alice imprisoned in a cage on the roof . The three are able to fight off the Queen 's guards and destroy the cage controls , but Alice is kidnapped , before they can save her . The Queen orders a search for Alice , and temporarily pardons Sora , Donald and Goofy , requesting that they look for Alice as well . She returns in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , only this time as a figment of Sora 's memories . Again , she holds Alice on trial , this time for attempting to steal her memories . In both games , Sora , Donald and Goofy prove Alice 's innocence by defeating the Trickmaster Heartless , the real culprit . The Queen congratulates Sora for solving the mystery , and once again demonstrates her bi-polar personality by pardoning Alice .", "6": "She is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , but appears in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days along with her homeworld . A digital version of her later appears in Kingdom Hearts coded . Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Red Queen ( Through the Looking - Glass ) § Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) American McGee 's Alice ( edit ) In the video game American McGee 's Alice , the Queen of Hearts is the final boss and the reason for Wonderland 's decay . When Alice fights her , she discovers that the Queen is her dark side -- an embodiment of her insanity ; the Queen must be destroyed for Alice to become sane once more . The Queen 's appearance is different in American McGee 's Alice from how she is in the book : she appears first as a faceless entity having tentacles for arms , legs , and hair . It is later revealed that this is a mere puppet and that the true Queen of Hearts is a horrible monster in the image of a real anatomical heart . She is called both the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen interchangeably throughout the game . No mention is made of the Red Queen from `` Through the Looking Glass . '' However , the White Queen is seen for only a moment , as her head is chopped off by the enemy in The Pale Realm . It 's implied that after Alice was placed in the asylum the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts fused together which explains why the Queen of Hearts is able to control the red piece and the cards at the same time . In the sequel , Alice : Madness Returns , the Queen of Hearts is sought by Alice for assistance in stopping an Infernal Train from tearing apart Wonderland and driving her back into insanity . The Queen claims , when found in the ruins of the Red Kingdom , that Alice is being manipulated by someone other than herself , that this person is trying to erase her memories , particularly about the fire in her childhood , which are tearing her sanity apart . It later turns out that this person is none other than her psychiatrist Dr. Angus Bumby , who has been revealed to having raped Alice 's older sister Lizzy and burned down the house with Lizzy and Alice 's parents to cover up the crime , and that he is attempting to erase Alice 's memories and subject her to prostitution after it .", "7": "In this sequel , the Red Queen has changed considerably , taking the appearance of a younger Alice , only in a royal dress befitting the Queen of Hearts , with large fleshy claws rather than hands , and her lower body composed of fleshy tentacles that spread throughout the entire castle , which is actually the Queen 's body itself . Some argue she is actually based not on Alice herself , but her sister , as she also referred to her as `` Lizzy '' in a following dialogue , and considering she felt guilty of the death of her family , its possible her subconscious projected her dead sister in the queen she herself killed in the previous game . The Looking - Glass Wars ( edit ) In The Looking Glass Wars by Frank Beddor , the ruling dynasty of the Wonderland is the Heart family . The title of Queen of Hearts is a hereditary title for the Queen of Wonderland . The Queen of Hearts from Alice in Wonderland is reimagined as Queen Redd , the enemy and aunt of the heroine , Alyss . She kills Alyss 's parents and usurps the throne of Wonderland . It should be noted that the true Queen of Hearts in this story is Genevieve Heart , Alyss 's mother as an apparent re-imagining of the White Queen . Alyss is , therefore , the Princess of Hearts . Alice in the Country of Hearts ( edit ) In the manga Alice in the Country of Hearts , the Queen of Hearts is known as Vivaldi . She is n't as much a main character , though , and she has very few parts in the current books . Vivaldi rules Heart Castle and is feuding with the other territories over Wonderland . She is beautiful with black hair , unlike other adaptations . She speaks in the majestic plural , I.E , `` We are happy you are here to see us . '' As discovered through Heart no Kuni no Alice the game by Quinrose ( the predecessor to the manga ) Blood Dupree ( The Hatter ) is Vivaldi 's little brother though it is alluded to be a romantic interest for Vivaldi until Alice discovers the secret . SyFy TV miniseries ( edit ) In the two - part series Alice , hosted by the SyFy Channel , the Queen of Hearts is portrayed by Kathy Bates as a refined but ruthless drug lord .", "8": "The miniseries is set one hundred and fifty years after the original Alice 's first visit to Wonderland ( the heroine is an unrelated character ) and the Queen is ( as usual ) the primary villain of the series . As is customary , the Queen is depicted as narcissistic , declaring herself as `` the most powerful woman in the history of literature '' and obese . Her calm , cold demeanour suggests that she too is a mixture of the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen . Her name is given as `` Mary Elizabeth Heart '' , and it is suggested that the Hearts are the `` Red '' royal family who seized control of Wonderland from the `` White '' royal family . Once Upon a time ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts appears in the Once Upon a Time episode `` Hat Trick '' , played by Jennifer Koenig . In the show 's second season , it is revealed that the Queen of Hearts is in fact Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , the mother of the Wicked Witch of the West and the Evil Queen . In her earlier life , Cora ( portrayed by Rose McGowan ) was also the miller 's daughter ( the heroine of the Rumpelstiltskin story ) . She appears in every season throughout the show most often portrayed by Barbara Hershey but at younger age portrayed by Rose McGowan . She was the main antagonist of Season 2 . In the show 's spin - off , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a flashback reveals that Cora ( as the Queen of Hearts ) was the Red Queen 's tutor in magic ; Cora apparently ruled part of Wonderland and was a political rival of the Red King . Other versions and adaptations ( edit ) In various film and television versions of the novel , The Queen has been played by May Robson , Ronald Lang , Zsa Zsa Gabor , Eve Arden , Jayne Meadows , and , In the 1999 Alice in Wonderland television movie , Miranda Richardson , whose portrayal is strongly reminiscent of her role as the spoiled Queenie in Blackadder . In the 1991 Disney channel series Adventures in Wonderland , the Queen was played by Armelia McQueen . She appears as a short - tempered and childish but basically benevolent ruler . She was alternately called `` The Queen of Hearts '' and `` The Red Queen '' during the course of the series .", "9": "In Sandra the Fairytale Detective , her name is Theressa . Pandora Hearts has Miranda Barma who would later become the chain Demios the Executor also nicknamed Queen of Hearts and they have a similar obsession of cutting heads . The Queen is one of the characters adopted by Gwen Stefani in her Wonderland - themed music video What You Waiting For ? . She wears a red gown and a crown reminiscent of the Imperial State Crown from the British Crown Jewels . The Queen wanders through a garden populated with flamingos and pushes Alice ( also Stefani ) into a pool of her own tears . The Queen of Hearts features in Unsuk Chin 's 2007 opera Alice in Wonderland ; the role was created for Dame Gwyneth Jones . The Queen is a major character in Christopher Wheeldon 's 2011 full - length ballet Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , created for The Royal Ballet . The role was created for principal dancer Zenaida Yanowsky and includes a hilarious spoof of the Rose Adagio from The Sleeping Beauty . The Queen appeared briefly during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London in a segment dedicated to the villains of British children 's literature . In Marissa Meyer 's 2016 novel Heartless , the backstory of the Queen of Hearts is told , in which she is a young girl who aspires to be a baker , but is instead taken off course by the anticipated proposal of the King of Hearts . The Queen of Hearts appears in the twelfth episode ( `` And the Broken Staff '' ) of The Librarians . She is brought to life by the wizard Prospero as a distraction for the Librarians , but is subsequently tricked into attacking her own reflection , turning her into a pack of cards ( mirroring the ending of the original story ) . One Piece has Charlotte Linlin , also known as `` Big Mom '' , whose appearance and character is mostly based on the Queen of Hearts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , p. 759 Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ; Lewis Carroll ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of Hearts ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Royal Opera House ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) , Becoming the Queen of Hearts - The Royal Ballet 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Heartless '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Citations ( edit ) Jenkins , Simon ( 1999 ) . England 's Thousand Best Churches . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103930 - 5 . Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon . '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her .", "11": "'' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ?", "12": "( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder.", "13": "land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)&oldid=836890497 '' Categories : Female characters in literature Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1865 Fictional dictators Fictional queens Lewis Carroll characters Literary villains Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Română Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 31 . 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658101134800391459	who invented the first computer game in 1962 and what was the name of the game	[ "Spacewar!", "Steve Russell", "Spacewar!", "Steve Russell", "Martin Graetz", "Wayne Wiitanen" ]	{ "0": "Spacewar ! - Wikipedia Spacewar ! Jump to : navigation , search Spacewar ! Spacewar ! on a PDP - 1 Developer ( s ) Steve Russell Publisher ( s ) Steve Russell Platform ( s ) PDP - 1 Release NA : 1962 Genre ( s ) Space combat Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Spacewar ! is a space combat video game developed in 1962 by Steve Russell , in collaboration with Martin Graetz and Wayne Wiitanen , and programmed by Russell with assistance from others including Bob Saunders and Steve Piner . It was written for the newly installed DEC PDP - 1 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . After its initial creation , Spacewar was expanded further by other students and employees of universities in the area , including Dan Edwards and Peter Samson . It was also spread to many of the few dozen , primarily academic , installations of the PDP - 1 computer , making Spacewar the first known video game to be played at multiple computer installations . The game features two spaceships , `` the needle '' and `` the wedge '' , engaged in a dogfight while maneuvering in the gravity well of a star . Both ships are controlled by human players . Each ship has limited fuel for maneuvering and a limited number of torpedoes , and the ships follow Newtonian physics , remaining in motion even when the player is not accelerating . Flying near the star to provide a gravity assist was a common tactic . Ships are destroyed when hit by a torpedo or colliding with the star . At any time , the player can engage a hyperspace feature to move to a new , random location on the screen , though each use has an increasing chance of destroying the ship instead . The game was initially controlled with switches on the PDP - 1 , though Alan Kotok and Bob Saunders built an early gamepad to reduce the difficulty and awkwardness of controlling the game . Spacewar is one of the most important and influential games in the early history of video games . It was extremely popular in the small programming community in the 1960s and was widely ported to other computer systems at the time . It has also been recreated in more modern programming languages for PDP - 1 emulators .", "1": "It directly inspired many other electronic games , such as the first commercial arcade games , Galaxy Game and Computer Space ( 1971 ) , and later games such as Asteroids ( 1979 ) . In 2007 , Spacewar was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time , which formed the start of the game canon at the Library of Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Gameplay 3 Development 4 Legacy 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Steve Russell , designer and main programmer of the initial version of Spacewar , in 2007 During the 1950s , various computer games were created in the context of academic computer and programming research and for demonstrations of computing power , especially after the introduction later in the decade of smaller and faster computers on which programs could be created and run in real time as opposed to being executed in batches . A few programs , however , while used to showcase the power of the computer they ran on were also intended as entertainment products ; these were generally created by undergraduate and graduate students and university employees , such as at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) where they were allowed on occasion to develop programs for the TX - 0 experimental computer . These interactive graphical games were created by a community of programmers , many of them students and university employees affiliated with the Tech Model Railroad Club ( TMRC ) led by Alan Kotok , Peter Samson , and Bob Saunders . The games included Tic - Tac - Toe , which used a light pen to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer , and Mouse in the Maze , which used a light pen to set up a maze of walls for a virtual mouse to traverse . In the fall of 1961 , a Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) PDP - 1 minicomputer was installed in the `` kludge room '' of the MIT Electrical Engineering Department to complement the older TX - 0 , and even before its arrival a group of students and university employees had been brainstorming ideas for programs that would demonstrate the new computer 's capabilities in a compelling way .", "2": "Three of them -- Steve Russell , then an employee at Harvard University and a former research assistant at MIT ; Martin Graetz , a research assistant and former student at MIT ; and Wayne Wiitanen , a research assistant at Harvard and former employee and student at MIT -- referring to their collaboration as the `` Hingham Institute '' as Graetz and Wiitanen were living in a tenement building on Hingham Street in Cambridge , Massachusetts , came up with the idea for Spacewar . `` We had this brand new PDP - 1 '' , Steve Russell told Rolling Stone in a 1972 interview . `` Marvin Minsky ( sic ) had built some little pattern - generating programs which made interesting patterns like a kaleidoscope . Not a very good demonstration . Here was this display that could do all sorts of good things ! So we started talking about it , figuring what would be interesting displays . We decided that probably you could make a two - dimensional maneuvering sort of thing , and decided that naturally the obvious thing to do was spaceships . '' Gameplay ( edit ) Recreation of Spacewar in Java The gameplay of Spacewar involves two monochrome spaceships called `` the needle '' and `` the wedge '' , each controlled by a player , attempting to shoot one another while maneuvering on a two - dimensional plane in the gravity well of a star , set against the backdrop of a starfield . The ships fire torpedoes which are not affected by the gravitational pull of the star . The ships have a limited number of torpedoes and a limited supply of fuel , which is used when the player fires his thrusters . Torpedoes are fired one at a time by flipping a toggle switch on the computer or pressing a button on the control pad , and there is a cooldown period between launches . The ships follow Newtonian physics , remaining in motion even when the player is not accelerating , though the ships can rotate at a constant rate without inertia . Each player controls one of the ships and must attempt to shoot down the other ship while avoiding a collision with the star . Flying near the star can provide a gravity assist to the player at the risk of misjudging the trajectory and falling into the star . If a ship moves past one edge of the screen , it reappears on the other side in a wraparound effect .", "3": "A hyperspace feature , or `` panic button '' , can be used as a last - ditch means to evade enemy torpedoes by moving the player 's ship to another location on the screen after disappearing for a few seconds , but the reentry from hyperspace occurs at a random location , and in some versions there is an increasing probability of the ship exploding with each use . Player controls include clockwise and counterclockwise rotation , forward thrust , firing torpedoes , and hyperspace . Initially these were controlled using the front - panel test switches on the PDP - 1 minicomputer , with four switches for each player , but these proved to be awkward to use and wore out quickly under normal gameplay , as well as causing players to accidentally flip the computer 's control and power switches . The location of the switches also left one player off to one side of the CRT display due to the limited space in front of the computer , which left them at a disadvantage . To alleviate these problems , Kotok and Saunders created a detached control device , essentially an early gamepad . The gamepad had a switch for turning left or right , another for forward thrust or hyperspace , and a torpedo launch button . The button was silent so that the opposing player would not have a warning that the player was attempting to fire a torpedo during a cooldown period . Development ( edit ) Vint Cerf playing Spacewar on the Computer History Museum 's PDP - 1 at a 2007 ICANN meeting In the fall of 1961 , while brainstorming ideas for a program for the PDP - 1 , Russell had just finished reading the Lensman series by E.E. `` Doc '' Smith and thought the stories would make a good basis for the program . `` His heroes had a strong tendency to get pursued by the villain across the galaxy and have to invent their way out of their problem while they were being pursued . That sort of action was the thing that suggested Spacewar . He had some very glowing descriptions of spaceship encounters and space fleet maneuvers . '' Other influences cited by fellow programmer Martin Graetz include E.E. Smith 's Skylark novels and Japanese pulp fiction tokusatsu movies . For the first few months after its installation , the PDP - 1 programming community at MIT focused on simpler programs to work out how to create software for the computer .", "4": "The community had heard of the Spacewar concept , however , and understood that Russell would spearhead the development of it . When members of the community began to feel the time was right to start work on the game , Russell , nicknamed `` Slug '' because of his tendency to procrastinate , began providing various excuses as to why he could not start programming the game . One of these was the lack of a trigonometric function routine needed to calculate the trajectories of the spacecraft . This prompted Alan Kotok of TMRC to call DEC , who informed him that they had such a routine already written . Kotok drove to DEC to pick up a tape containing the code , slammed it down in front of Russell , and asked what other excuses he had . Russell , later explaining that `` I looked around and I did n't find an excuse , so I had to settle down and do some figuring , '' started writing the code in December 1961 . The game was developed to meet three precepts Russell , Graetz , and Wiitanen had developed for creating a program that functioned equally well as an entertainment experience for the players and as a demonstration for spectators : to use as much of the computer 's resources as possible , to be consistently interesting and therefore have every run be different , and to be entertaining and therefore a game . It took Russell , with assistance from the other programmers -- including Bob Saunders and Steve Piner ( but not Wiitanen , who had been called up by the United States Army Reserve ) -- about 200 man - hours to write the first version of Spacewar , around six weeks to develop the basic game . Excerpt from the Expensive Planetarium star charts Russell had a program with a movable dot by January 1962 , and an early operational game with rotatable spaceships by February . The two spaceships were designed to evoke the curvy spaceship from Buck Rogers stories and the PGM - 11 Redstone rocket . That early version also contained a randomly generated background star field , initially added by Russell because a blank background made it difficult to tell the relative motion of the two spaceships at slow speeds .", "5": "The programming community in the area , including the Hingham Institute and the TMRC , had developed what was later termed the `` hacker ethic '' , whereby all programs were freely shared and modified by other programmers in a collaborative environment without concern for ownership or copyright , which led to a group effort to elaborate on Russell 's initial Spacewar game . Consequently , since the inaccuracy and lack of realism in the star field annoyed TMRC member Peter Samson , he wrote a program based on real star charts that scrolled slowly through the night sky , including every star in a band between 22.5 ° N and 22.5 ° S down to the fifth magnitude , displayed at their relative brightness . The program was called `` Expensive Planetarium '' -- referring to the high price of the PDP - 1 computer compared to an analog planetarium , as part of the series of `` expensive '' programs like Expensive Typewriter -- and was quickly incorporated into the game in March by Russell , who served as the collator of the primary version of the game . Spacewar on the Computer History Museum 's PDP - 1 in 2007 The initial version of the game also did not include the central star gravity well or the hyperspace feature ; they were written by MIT graduate student and TMRC member Dan Edwards and Graetz respectively to add elements of a strategy to what initially was a shooter game of pure reflexes . The initial version of the hyperspace function was limited to three jumps , but carried no risk save possibly re-entering the game in a dangerous position ; later versions removed the limit but added the increasing risk of destroying the ship instead of moving it . Additionally , during this development period , Kotok and Saunders created the gamepads for the game . The game was a multiplayer - only game because the computer had no resources left over to handle controlling the other ship . Similarly , other proposed additions to the game such as a more refined explosion display upon the destruction of a spaceship and having the torpedoes also be affected by gravity had to be abandoned as there were not enough computer resources to handle them while smoothly running the game . With the added features and changes , Spacewar was essentially complete by late April 1962 , and Russell and the other programmers shifted focus from developing the game to preparing to show it off to others such as at the MIT Science Open House in May .", "6": "The group added a time limit , as well as a larger , second screen for viewers at the demonstration , and that same month Graetz presented a paper about the game , `` SPACEWAR ! Real - Time Capability of the PDP - 1 '' , at the first meeting of the Digital Equipment Computer Users ' Society . The demonstration was a success , and the game proved very popular at MIT ; the laboratory that hosted the PDP - 1 soon banned play except during lunch and after working hours . Beginning in the summer of 1962 and continuing over the next few years , members of the PDP - 1 programming community at MIT , including Russell and the other Hingham Institute members , began to spread out to other schools and employers such as Stanford University and DEC , and as they did they spread the game to other universities and institutions with a PDP - 1 computer . As a result , Spacewar was perhaps the first video game to be available outside a single research institute . Over the next decade , programmers at these other institutions began coding their own variants , including features such as allowing more ships and players at once , replacing the hyperspace feature with a cloaking device , space mines , and even a first - person perspective version played on two screens that simulates each pilot 's view out of the cockpit . Some of these Spacewar installations also replicated Kotok and Saunders ' gamepad . According to a second - hand account heard by Russell while working at DEC , Spacewar was reportedly used as a smoke test by DEC technicians on new PDP - 1 systems before shipping because it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware . Although the game was widespread for the era , it was still very limited in its direct reach : the PDP - 1 was priced at US $120,000 and only 55 were ever sold , most without a monitor and many of the remainder to secure military locations or research labs with no free computer time , which prevented the original Spacewar from reaching beyond a narrow , academic audience . Though some later DEC models , such as the PDP - 6 , came with Spacewar pre-loaded , the audience for the game remained very limited ; the PDP - 6 , for example , sold only 23 units .", "7": "Legacy ( edit ) Two users playing Spacewar on a PDP - 12 at the Vintage Computer Festival Spacewar was extremely popular in the small programming community in the 1960s and was widely recreated on other minicomputer and mainframe computers of the time before migrating to early microcomputer systems in the 1970s . Early computer scientist Alan Kay noted in 1972 that `` the game of Spacewar blossoms spontaneously wherever there is a graphics display connected to a computer , '' and Graetz recalled in 1981 that as the game initially spread it could be found on `` just about any research computer that had a programmable CRT '' . The majority of this spread took place several years after the initial development of the game ; while there are early anecdotes of players and game variants at a handful of locations , primarily near MIT and Stanford , it was only after 1967 that computers hooked up to monitors or terminals capable of playing Spacewar began to proliferate , allowing the game to reach a wider audience and influence later video game designers -- by 1971 , it is estimated that there were over 1000 computers with monitors , rather than a few dozen . It is around this time that the majority of the game variants were created for various computer systems , such as later PDP systems , and in 1972 the game was well - known enough in the programming community that Rolling Stone sponsored the `` SpaceWar ! Olympics '' , possibly the first video game tournament . In the early 1970s , Spacewar migrated from large computer systems to a commercial setting as it formed the basis for the first two coin - operated video games . While playing Spacewar at Stanford sometime between 1966 and 1969 , college student Hugh Tuck remarked that a coin - operated version of the game would be very successful . While the high price of a minicomputer prevented such a game from being feasible then , in 1971 Tuck and Bill Pitts created a prototype coin - operated computer game , Galaxy Game , with a US $20,000 PDP - 11 . Around the same time , a second prototype coin - operated game based on Spacewar , Computer Space , was developed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney , which would become the first commercially sold arcade video game and the first widely available video game of any kind .", "8": "Though Tuck felt that Computer Space was a poor imitation of Spacewar and his game a superior adaptation , many players believed both of the games to be upgraded variants of Spacewar . Byte magazine published an assembly language version of Spacewar in 1977 that ran on the Altair 8800 and other Intel 8080 - based microcomputers using an oscilloscope as the graphical display and a lookup table for orbits , as well as a three - dimensional variant in 1979 written in Tiny BASIC . More modern recreations of the game for computers have been made as well . An emulated version of the original game , based on the original source code made publicly available by Martin Graetz and running in a JavaScript PDP - 1 emulator , was made available to play on the internet in 2012 . The only working PDP - 1s that are known to exist are kept in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California , where demonstrations of the machine are held , which include playing Spacewar . In addition to Galaxy Game and Computer Space , numerous other games have been directly inspired by Spacewar . These include Orbitwar ( 1974 , PLATO network computers ) , Space Wars ( 1977 , arcade ) , and Space War ( 1978 , Atari 2600 ) . Additionally , in Asteroids ( 1979 ) , designer Ed Logg used elements from Spacewar , namely the hyperspace button and the shape of the player 's ship . Products as late as the 1990 computer game Star Control drew direct inspiration from Spacewar . Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games without feeling restricted to using Russell 's own code or design . On March 12 , 2007 , The New York Times reported that Spacewar was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time , the so - called game canon , which were proposed to be archived in the Library of Congress . The Library of Congress took up this video game preservation proposal , and began with the games from this list . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Alexander ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) . `` People Get Ready , There 's a Train A-Coming '' . They Create Worlds .", "9": "Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Graetz , J.M. ( August 1981 ) . `` The origin of Spacewar '' . Creative Computing . Vol. 6 no . 8 . pp. 56 -- 67 . ISSN 0097 - 8140 . Jump up ^ `` The TX - 0 : Its Past and Present '' . The Computer Museum Report . The Computer Museum . 8 . Spring 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Alexander ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) . `` One , Two , Three , Four I Declare a Space War '' . They Create Worlds . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Brand , Stewart ( 1972 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Spacewar : Fantastic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums '' . Rolling Stone . No. 123 . Straight Arrow Publishers . pp. 50 -- 58 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . ^ Jump up to : Goodavage , Joseph F. ( November 1972 ) . `` Space War ! : A Computer Game Today , a Reality Tomorrow ? '' . Saga . Vol. 44 no . 8 . Gambi Publications . pp. 34 -- 37 , 92 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Replay , pp. 10 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : `` Get a Grip ! ! ! : Joysticks Past , Present & Future '' . Next Generation . No. 17 . Imagine Media . May 1996 . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISSN 1078 - 9693 . Jump up ^ `` Players Guide To Electronic Science Fiction Games '' . Electronic Games . Vol. 1 no . 2 . Reese Publishing Company . March 1982 . pp. 34 -- 45 . ISSN 0730 - 6687 .", "10": "Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Bellis , Mary . `` The History of Spacewar '' . About.com . IAC . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : High Score , p. 12 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hackers : Heroes of the Computer Revolution Jump up ^ Lasar , Matthew ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Spacewar ! , the first 2D top - down shooter , turns 50 '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Markoff , John ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) . `` A Long Time Ago , in a Lab Far Away ... '' . The New York Times . p . G9 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Understanding Digital Games , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Monnens , Devin ; Goldberg , Martin ( June 2015 ) . `` Space Odyssey : The Long Journey of Spacewar ! from MIT to Computer Labs Around the World '' . Kinephanos ( Special Issue ) . ISSN 1916 - 985X . Jump up ^ Computer Engineering , p. 478 Jump up ^ Replay , pp. 14 -- 26 Jump up ^ Kruglisnki , Dave ( October 1977 ) . `` How to Implement Space War ( or Using Your Oscilloscope as a Telescope ) '' . Byte . Vol. 2 no . 10 . McGraw - Hill . pp. 86 -- 111 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Beard , David ( May 1979 ) . `` Spacewar in Tiny BASIC '' . Byte . Vol. 4 no . 5 . McGraw - Hill . pp. 110 -- 115 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cox , Charles ; Klucher , Michael ( May 2007 ) .", "11": "`` Unleash Your Imagination With XNA Game Studio Express '' . MSDN Magazine . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Humphries , Matthew ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Play Spacewar ! on the DEC PDP - 1 emulated in your browser '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Mouse That Roared : A PDP - 1 Celebration Event '' . Computer History Museum . 2006 - 05 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 1990 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Digital Fetes the ' Germ ' That Began a Revolution '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barton , Matt ; Loguidice , Bill ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` The History of Spacewar ! : The Best Waste of Time in the History of the Universe '' . Gamasutra . UBM . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Before the Crash , p. 212 Jump up ^ Lorge , Greta ; Antonucci , Mike . `` Game Changers - Ed Logg , MS ' 72 '' . Stanford Magazine . No . May / June 2012 . Stanford University . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Heather ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Is That Just Some Game ? No , It 's a Cultural Artifact '' . The New York Times . p . E7 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Ransom - Wiley , James ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) . `` 10 most important video games of all time , as judged by 2 designers , 2 academics , and 1 lowly blogger '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Owens , Trevor ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Yes , The Library of Congress Has Video Games : An Interview with David Gibson '' . The Signal . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . References ( edit ) Bell , C. Gordon ; Mudge , J. Craig ; McNamara , John E. ( 1978 ) . Computer Engineering : A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design . Digital Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932376 - 00 - 8 . DeMaria , Rusel ; Wilson , Johnny L. ( December 2003 ) . High Score ! : The Illustrated History of Electronic Games ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw Hill / Osborne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 223172 - 4 . Donovan , Tristan ( 2010 - 04 - 20 ) . Replay : The History of Video Games . Yellow Ant . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9565072 - 0 - 4 . Levy , Steven ( 1984 ) . Hackers : Heroes of the Computer Revolution . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19195 - 1 . Rutter , Jason ; Bryce , Jo ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . Understanding Digital Games . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0034 - 8 . Wolf , Mark J.P. ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . Before the Crash : Early Video Game History . Wayne State University Press .", "13": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3450 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Spacewar ! page at the Computer History Museum The original Spacewar ! source code running on PDP - 1 emulator in Java and in JavaScript Spacewar ! for the PDP - 1 at the Internet Archive 's Historical Software Collection ( hide ) Early history of video games Analog and lightbulb games Cathode - ray tube amusement device ( 1947 ) Bertie the Brain ( 1950 ) Nimrod ( 1951 ) Interactive visual games OXO ( 1952 ) Tennis for Two ( 1958 ) Digital computer games Early mainframe games ( 1960 -- 71 ) Spacewar ! ( 1962 ) Hamurabi ( 1968 ) Space Travel ( 1969 ) First arcade games Computer Space ( 1971 ) Galaxy Game ( 1971 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacewar!&oldid=801798400 '' Categories : 1962 video games Mainframe games Multiplayer video games Space combat simulators Video games with available source code Public - domain software with source code Video games developed in the United States Hidden categories : Good articles Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "14": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5154394238729460303	largest state in the us by land mass	[ "Alaska", "Alaska", "Alaska", "Alaska" ]	{ "0": "List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.", "1": "16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,", "2": "601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,", "3": "930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,", "4": "350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.", "5": "39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,", "6": "669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.", "7": "39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,", "8": "279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.", "9": "82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,", "10": "202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.", "11": "65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,", "12": "644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C.", "13": "Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.", "14": "57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,", "15": "174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world .", "16": "The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 .", "17": "United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S.", "18": "_states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=833885391 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6371603500131574271	who sings somebody's watching me with michael jackson	[ "Rockwell", "Rockwell", "Jermaine Jackson", "Rockwell", "Jermaine Jackson", "Rockwell", "Jermaine Jackson" ]	{ "0": "Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Plot 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 6 Beatfreakz version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other cover versions 8 Sampling 9 Appearances in other media 9.1 TV 9.2 Film 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate .", "2": "He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human .", "3": "Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no .", "4": "1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) June 9 , 2006 ( US ) Format CD single Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia .", "5": "Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song by Morris Day ( lead singer of The Time ) was included on The Haunted Mansion : Haunted Hits , the soundtrack album for the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film The Haunted Mansion . Finnish power metal band Warmen included a cover of the song on their 2005 album Accept the Fact . Their version featured melodic death metal singer Alexi Laiho . Danish industrial metal band Raunchy covered the song for their 2008 album Wasteland Discotheque . Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Comedy rock band The Radioactive Chicken Heads recorded a cover for their 2017 album Tales From The Coop . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . Jamaican dancehall group T.O.K.", "6": "sampled the song with additional rap lyrics for their 2001 album My Crew , My Dawgs as a hidden track . Christian pop artist tobyMac sampled the chorus for his song `` Somebody 's Watching '' from his 2001 album Momentum . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . R&B artist Ciara incorporated a portion of `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' for her 2006 hit single `` Get Up '' . Hip hop group The Pack incorporates parts of the song , including the chorus , in their single `` I 'm Shinin ' '' from their 2007 album Based Boys . In 2008 , Internet celebrity Jeffree Star used the chorus of the song in his own track `` Starstruck '' which features the band Danger Radio . In 2009 , Christian hip hop artist Andy Mineo released a song entitled `` Who 's Watching '' ( from the album `` Sin Is Wack '' ) that samples both the melody and parts of the chorus , which he altered to produce a seemingly entirely different song . For the 2011 Cirque du Soleil show Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour , the background vocals from this song found their way into a medley that included `` Is It Scary ? '' , `` Threatened '' , and `` Thriller . '' It was released on Michael Jackson 's album Immortal in 2011 . In Nephew 's 2012 album , they sample the song in the chorus of their song `` Åh Gud ( Jeg Håber Du Holder Øje Med Mig ) '' . The title literally means : Oh God ( I Hope That You Are Watching Me . ) In 2016 , Canadian singer - songwriter Virginia to Vegas sampled the song on his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) TV ( edit ) It was featured in the pilot episode of the hit 1980s TV show , Miami Vice . The song appears in the Season 1 episode `` Everybody Hates Playboy '' of Everybody Hates Chris , as Chris and Greg plan to steal the titular magazine back from the assistant principal 's office . The song was comically sung in a television commercial for NHL 08 .", "7": "The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . The song was used in The Cleveland Show 's series 3 episode 6 `` Sex and the Biddy '' . A remixed clip of the song is used in promotional sequences for the upcoming ABC television show , The Glass House . The song was featured in Ellen 's Halloween dance mix . Film ( edit ) The song was featured in the classic 1999 skateboarding film Round 2 . The song was also featured in You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) . The song was used as Number Four 's ringtone in the 2011 film adaptation of I Am Number Four . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) .", "8": "`` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) .", "11": "Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 .", "12": "Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tobyMac feat . Joanna Valencia 's Somebody 's Watching sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack 's I 'm Shinin ' sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. ''", "14": "`` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "15": "php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=806142600 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 00 : 08 . 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-89839634525298434	who played the mom on what's eating gilbert grape	[ "Darlene Cates", "Darlene Cates (born Rita Darlene Guthrie", "Darlene Cates", "Darlene Cates" ]	{ "0": "Darlene Cates - wikipedia Darlene Cates Jump to : navigation , search Darlene Cates Rita Darlene Guthrie ( 1947 - 12 - 13 ) December 13 , 1947 Borger , Texas , U.S. March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) ( aged 69 ) Forney , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- 2017 Spouse ( s ) Robert Cates ( m . 1963 ) Darlene Cates ( born Rita Darlene Guthrie ; December 13 , 1947 -- March 26 , 2017 ) was an American actress . She was best known for her role in the 1993 film What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , in which she played the title character 's housebound mother . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Death 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Author and screenwriter Peter Hedges saw a tape of Cates on a 1992 episode of Sally entitled `` Too Heavy to Leave Their House '' . On the show , she discussed her battle with obesity and how it had affected her life . In 1986 , pelvic infections caused by her excess weight kept her bedridden for two years , during which she gained an additional 149 pounds . Hedges offered her the role of a morbidly obese mother in the 1993 film What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , which she accepted . Television roles followed on the shows Picket Fences in 1994 and Touched by an Angel in 1996 . She had a small role in the 2001 film Wolf Girl . Producer J. Miles Dale flew a small crew and the film 's stars from Romania to Texas to shoot their scenes with Cates . Her performance in What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , her first attempt at acting in any form , received critical acclaim and was lauded by her costars Leonardo DiCaprio and Johnny Depp . Personal life ( edit ) Cates was born in Borger , Texas to Truman Madison and Dorothy Ann Guthrie , and grew up in Dumas .", "1": "Her parents divorced when she was 12 years old . She took solace in food , and her overeating led to obesity . She underwent gastroplasty in 1981 , when she weighed 408 lb ( 29 st 2 lb or 185 kg ) . She lost 99 lb ( 7 st 1 lb or 45 kg ) but eventually gained the weight back and more , topping out at 548 lb ( 39 st 2 lb or 249 kg ) . Darlene married Robert Cates , a U.S. Marine , on January 11 , 1963 . She had one daughter , Sheri Ann ( b . 1966 ) , and two sons , Mark ( b . 1967 ) and Chris ( b . 1971 ) . She had four grandchildren and lived in the Dallas suburbs . In 1992 , she received her high school diploma via correspondence courses . In 2012 , Cates had lost 240 pounds after a series of 2010 health issues kept her hospitalized for nearly a year , and she expressed a desire to resume her acting career . Death ( edit ) Darlene died in her sleep at age 69 on March 26 , 2017 . Her daughter , Sheri Cates Morgan , announced her passing on a Facebook post . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes What 's Eating Gilbert Grape Bonnie Grape 2014 Mother Mother Short 2017 Billboard Penny Post-production , ( final film role ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Picket Fences Sophie Wallace `` Squatter 's Rights '' Touched by an Angel Claudia Bell `` Statute of Limitations '' Wolf Girl Athena the Fat Lady TV film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leonardi , Marisa ( December 12 , 1993 ) . `` Darlene Cates Knows a Weighty Role When It 's Offered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Darlene Cates Loses 250 Lbs. , Sets Sights on Acting Again '' . People Magazine .", "2": "Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars flashback : whatever happened to Gilbert Grape 's mama ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaul , Greta ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Forney actress in ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ' sheds 240 pounds , looks to act again '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ' Star Darlene Cates Dies at 69 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Tommy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Forney resident Darlene Cates , the overweight mom in ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , ' died '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) Darlene Cates on IMDb Darlene 's Biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 19 , 2007 ) VIAF : 85081059 LCCN : no2003054863 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Cates&oldid=836413884 '' Categories : 1947 births 2017 deaths American film actresses American television actresses People from Borger , Texas 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Dallas People from Dumas , Texas People from Forney , Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4094570070863238215	when does the second part of vikings season 4 start	[ "November 30, 2016", "November 30, 2016", "November 30, 2016", "November 30, 2016", "November 30, 2016" ]	{ "0": "Vikings ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Vikings ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Vikings ( season 4 ) DVD cover art for both parts Country of origin Canada / Ireland No. of episodes 20 Release Original network History Original release Part 1 : February 18 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) -- April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Part 2 : November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) -- February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Vikings episodes The fourth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on February 18 , 2016 on History in Canada . The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew , and later those of his sons . The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age , marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793 . The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes , split into two parts of ten episodes ; the second half premiered on November 30 , 2016 . The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia , Bjorn 's raid into the Mediterranean , and the Viking invasion of England . It concluded in its entirety on February 1 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Vikings characters Main ( edit ) Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok , the head of the Earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik 's death Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha , a shieldmaiden and Ragnar 's ex-wife ; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad .", "1": "Later , she becomes queen of Kattegat . Clive Standen as Duke Rollo , a warrior and Ragnar 's brother ; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles . Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki , a gifted shipbuilder and a friend of Ragnar Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son , who has a relationship with Torvi Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug , Brynhildr 's daughter and Ragnar 's second wife Ben Robson as Earl Kalf , a Viking warrior ; he shares the control of Hedeby with Lagertha . Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia John Kavanagh as The Seer , the seiðrmann of Kattegat Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair , a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black , Harald 's violent younger brother Kevin Durand as Harbard , a charismatic wanderer and storyteller Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf , son of King Ecbert Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless , fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk , second son of Ragnar and Aslaug David Lindström as Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye , third son of Ragnar and Aslaug Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe , eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex , the ruthless king of Wessex Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund , a very religious warrior priest ^ Jump up to : In Part 1 , Dunford , Høgh , Ilsø , Lindström , and Smith are credited as guests . Recurring ( edit ) George Blagden as Athelstan , an Anglo - Saxon monk and friend of Ragnar 's . He was killed by Floki and appears in Ragnar and Ecbert 's visions .", "2": "Dianne Doan as Yidu , Queen Aslaug 's new slave Maude Hirst as Helga , Floki 's long - suffering lover and wife Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris Edvin Endre as Erlendur , son of King Horik and second husband of Torvi Georgia Hirst as Torvi , wife of Erlendur and , later , wife of Bjorn Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia , daughter of Emperor Charles , wedded to Duke Rollo Stephen Rockett as young Hvitserk Luke Shanahan as young Ubbe Elijah O'Sullivan as young Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye James Quinn Markey as young Ivar the Boneless Rosalie Connerty as Angrboda , daughter of Floki and Helga Huw Parmenter as Roland , Count Odo 's first - in - command and Therese 's brother Karen Hassan as Therese , Roland 's sister and Count Odo 's mistress Amy Bailey as Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria , daughter of King Aelle , wedded to Aethelwulf Seán T. Ó Meallaigh as Prudentius of Troyes , a monk serving at the court of King Ecbert Des Carney as Waerferth the Scout , serving King Ecbert Conor Ó Hanlon as infant Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund , serving at the court of King Ecbert Nathan O'Toole as young Bjorn , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son . He appears in Ragnar 's visions . Niall Cusack as Abbot Lupus , serving at the court of Emperor Charles Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria Ruby O'Leary as Gyda , Ragnar and Lagertha 's daughter . She appears in Ragnar 's visions .", "3": "Josefin Asplund as Astrid , Lagertha 's lover and advisor Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe , one of Queen Aslaug 's slaves Anton Giltrap as Guthrum , Jarl Borg and Torvi 's son Charles Last as William , first son of Rollo and Gisla Isaac O'Sullivan as child Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son André Eriksen as Odin , appearing in visions Sinead Gormally as Tanaruz , a Moorish child Charlie Kelly as Egil , an agent of King Harald Cathy White as Queen Ealhswith of Northumbria , King Aelle 's wife Caitlin Scott as Princess Blaeja , daughter of King Aelle Jack Nolan as Earl Jorgensen , a Swedish warlord Sophie Vavasseur as Princess Ellisif , the object of King Harald 's affections Gary Buckley as Earl Vik , Princess Ellisif 's husband Gary Murphy as Bishop Unwan , serving at the court of King Aelle Special Guest ( edit ) Josh Donaldson as Hoskuld , a Viking warrior of great skill Guest ( edit ) Søren Pilmark as Stender , a farmer whose family was killed in Wessex . He was killed by Ragnar and appears in his dreams . Steve Wall as Einar , a scheming troublemaker . He is killed by Lagertha . Frankie McCafferty as Sinric , a polyglot drifter Cillian O'Sullivan as Eirik , a Viking warrior in Paris , former second in command of Rollo . He is betrayed by him and killed by Franks . Robban Follin as Berserker , an assassin recruited by Erlendur and Kalf to kill Bjorn . He is killed by Bjorn himself .", "4": "Declan Conlon as Lord Wigstan , Queen Kwenthrith 's second cousin and the head of the Royal Family of Mercia John Kavanagh as Pope Leo IV Adam McNamara as Thorhall , a Danish Viking who delivers bad news to Queen Aslaug and Bjorn Liam Clarke as Gudmund Ed Murphy as Gardar Jack Walsh as John Scotus Eriugena Cameron Hogan as Magnus , Queen Kwenthrith and King Ragnar 's supposed son Tamaryn Payne as Widow Ordlaf , a lady of Sherborne Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Vikings episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 30 `` A Good Treason '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) Ragnar , wounded and near death , has a dream of walking towards the open gates of Valhalla , only to see them close before him . Aslaug asks the Seer if a woman would rule Kattegat , should Ragnar die . Bjorn has Floki arrested for killing Athelstan . When Ragnar awakens , he chastises Bjorn for imprisoning his friend . Bjorn wants to prove himself by surviving deep in the wilderness . Aslaug procures a new slave girl , Yidu . In Hedeby , Earl Kalf announces that he and Lagertha will share the Earldom , to the dislike of Einar . Kalf invites Einar and his men to vote to exile Lagertha , then turns on them , killing the dissidents and allowing Lagertha to kill Einar . In Paris , Rollo is living as a Frankish noble . He marries Princess Gisla , who weeps through the ceremony and holds a knife to his throat on their wedding night . Rollo rides to the Viking encampment outside Paris , and orders their massacre . 31 `` Kill the Queen '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) Bjorn has set off alone into the harsh Scandinavian winter . Helga frees Floki from his bonds .", "5": "Ragnar confronts Helga , who admits what she has done , and he tells her that he understands . Ubbe accompanies the manhunt for Floki , and discovers him hiding in a stream . After he is captured , Ragnar chains Floki inside a damp cave . Ragnar finds Helga digging a grave in the frozen ground for her daughter . In Wessex , King Ecbert proposes to rescue Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and her child , who are being held by rebel nobles . Aethelwulf engages in battle and rescues Kwenthrith . Aethelwulf does not know that his wife Judith is sleeping with his father . In Francia , Duke Rollo tries to assimilate by cutting his hair and dressing appropriately , but continues to be mocked by his new wife . He proposes building forts to stop the Vikings from sailing upriver . 32 `` Mercy '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) Ragnar and King Ecbert experience separate visions of Athelstan , who relays the words `` mercy '' . Rollo starts to learn the language of Francia . Kalf hires a berserker to assassinate Bjorn , on behalf of Erlendur . Bjorn kills a bear that escaped his trap . Floki and Helga struggle with the death of their daughter . Ragnar approaches the cave and frees Floki . Lagertha sleeps with Kalf and he tells her he loves her . Aethelwulf returns with the rescued Queen Kwenthrith and her son Magnus . Judith 's obsession with Athelstan continues . Wessex continues preparing its soldiers . In Francia , Count Odo prepares to defend Paris . 33 `` Yol '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) Floki visits the Seer who tells him that he has waited hundreds of years for Floki 's arrival and licks Floki 's hand in stead of the other way around . Aslaug asks him to teach Ivar the way of the gods . Ragnar grows closer to Yidu , and lets her live in his private lodge .", "6": "She gives Ragnar `` medicine '' from her native China , which leads to a night of hallucination . In the wilderness , Bjorn meets the berserker and kills him . He discovers that the berserker has King Horik 's ring . Bjorn arrives back in Hedeby and wants to leave with Erlendur 's wife , Torvi . Rollo is served divorce papers , but has by now learned the language , which impresses Gisla . He gives her his armring to show allegiance to her . In Wessex , King Aelle confronts Judith over her affair with King Ecbert . Meanwhile during the Yol celebrations in Kattegat , King Harald Finehair arrives and declares that he wants to become King of all Norway . Ragnar then arrives to see Harald sitting in his hall . 34 5 `` Promised '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) Ragnar and Bjorn discuss whether they trust King Harald . Ragnar is addicted to Yidu 's `` medicine '' , and they discuss their secrets . Yidu says that her father is a Chinese Emperor , while Ragnar confesses the loss of his English settlement . King Harald 's brother Halfdan arrives in Kattegat , and lets Ragnar know he is eager to kill Christians . Meanwhile , Torvi reveals to Bjorn that the ring he is carrying , which he took from the berserker , was Erlendur 's . In Wessex , Aethelwulf and Judith argue , and Judith tells him they are married in name only . Aethelwulf with Queen Kwenthrith that they need to fight to restore her power in Mercia . In Paris , Therese and Roland reveal to Charles that Odo plans to overthrow him . In Hedeby , Lagertha reveals to Kalf she is pregnant , and Kalf asks her to marry him . Just before their wedding , Lagertha stabs and kills Kalf , and reclaims her status as Earl .", "7": "35 6 `` What Might Have Been '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) Ragnar announces his plan to raid Paris , and gives Ubbe and Hvitserk their arm - rings , so they can travel with him . Before they leave , Ragnar asks the Seer how he will die ; he replies that Ragnar will die when `` the blind man sees him '' . In Wessex , Ecbert sends Aethelwulf and Alfred on a pilgrimage to Rome . In Paris , Charles begs Rollo to not return to Ragnar , and Rollo assures him that he will not . Odo reveals to Therese that he will have Charles killed and overthrown . Meanwhile in Kattegat , after the warriors set sail , Harbard returns . A storm throws the Viking 's ships off course . Ragnar , Lagertha , and Harald arrive in France , where they set up camp . Harald and Halfdan take their French prisoners and burn them alive , cheered on by Erlendur . Once the remaining ships arrive , the Vikings sail up river towards Paris . Ragnar takes more `` medicine '' , and hallucinates . As the ships approach Paris , they see Rollo waiting with his new French allies . 36 7 `` The Profit and the Loss '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Ragnar suggests attacking from both the river and by land . Rollo notices Lagertha 's warriors become stuck in the marsh , and fires upon them and the ships . As the ships approach the forts , Rollo orders the Franks to raise a metal chain between them , which capsizes some ships . Lagertha 's attack retreats , and the Franks begin to set the Viking ships on fire . Bjorn rescues Harald and Halfdan , and Ragnar saves Floki . As the Vikings retreat , Ragnar shouts to Rollo that he saved his life , when everyone wanted him dead . Meanwhile in Kattegat , Sigurd watches as Harbard and Aslaug kiss .", "8": "In Wessex , Ecbert leaves for Mercia ; he arrives to meet with Prince Wigstan , who tells him that the Mercians will not accept Kwenthrith as Queen . He tells Ecbert that he will hand Mercia over to him . In Paris , the Vikings return to their camp , which Roland has ambushed ; Helga is alive but wounded , while Ragnar 's sons and Yidu are hiding unharmed . Ragnar demands more `` medicine '' from Yidu . Floki has a vision of Harbard having sex with Aslaug . Bjorn demands a new plan from Ragnar . Ragnar replies that they will retreat tomorrow , while muttering to decapitated head . 37 8 `` Portage '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) The Vikings retreat , and Ragnar 's leadership is questioned by Harald . Ragnar tells Bjorn to land near a cliff , and reveals a new plan : they will take the ships overland , behind the Frankish forts . In Paris , Odo tells Charles they should not trust Rollo , and Roland agrees . Gisla reveals that she carries Rollo 's child . Odo meets Therese , but she and Roland betray and execute him . Rollo is awarded the Iron Hand of Frankia . In Wessex , Ecbert returns after victory over Mercia , but tells Kwenthrith she is no longer Queen . Meanwhile in Kattegat , Aslaug sees Harbard with other women and is jealous . She confronts him , and he leaves . In France , Ragnar asks Yidu for more drugs , but she denies him . They argue and she threatens him with revealing his Wessex secret . Ragnar drowns her in a fit of rage . In Wessex , Kwenthrith sneaks into Ecbert 's bed and threatens to kill him , but is then killed by Judith . 38 9 `` Death All ' Round '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) As the Vikings carry their ships overland , Harald and Halfdan kill a Frankish family .", "9": "Lagertha has a miscarriage and is comforted by Ragnar . Aethelwulf and Alfred arrive in Rome , and the Pope makes Alfred a consul . In Wessex , Ecbert is crowned King of both Wessex and Mercia . King Aelle is displeased when Ecbert tells him they are no longer equals . In Kattegat , Sigurd discovers Siggy dead ; he tells Aslaug , who shrugs off her death , and jokes with Ivar . In Paris , Charles appoints Roland its protector . The Vikings arrive outside Paris . Erlendur tells Torvi she must kill Bjorn , or he will kill her son ; she approaches Bjorn with Erlendur 's crossbow , but instead turns and kills Erlendur . Bjorn tells Ragnar that Paris can not be taken without him . Ragnar replies he does not care about Paris , and that he is here for Rollo . As the Vikings sail for Paris , Ragnar mutters that he must kill Rollo . 39 10 `` The Last Ship '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) A fleet of Frankish ships led by Rollo approaches the Vikings . In Paris , Charles has Roland and Therese executed , while Gisla prays for Rollo . The Vikings and Franks battle , and the Vikings defeat the first French wave . Rollo leads his remaining ships into battle . Halfdan , Floki , and Lagertha are wounded . Ragnar and Rollo begin to fight . The Franks gain the upper hand , and Ragnar tells Bjorn to take Lagertha and retreat . Ragnar charges Rollo , but is grabbed and thrown back into a ship , as they retreat . Rollo is greeted by Charles and Gisla , and acclaimed by Paris . Meanwhile , in Kattegat many years pass . Ragnar has disappeared . Thorhall delivers the news to Aslaug and Bjorn that the Norse settlement in England had been slaughtered , and also that Ragnar has a son named Magnus in Wessex . Bjorn tells his brothers . He plans to sail into the Mediterranean .", "10": "Ragnar returns to Kattegat and challenges his sons to kill him , if they want to become the King . Part 2 40 11 `` The Outsider '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) Ubbe steps forward to challenge Ragnar , but instead they embrace . Ragnar asks his sons to come with him to England , but Bjorn refuses , as he plans to raid the Mediterranean with Floki , Harald , and Hvitserk . Ubbe and Sigurd promise to stay and protect their mother and Kattegat , now an important trade center . Ivar sees his brothers sharing the slave girl Margrethe , and wants her as well . After failing to sleep with her , he threatens to kill her but instead cries as she tells him that being Ragnar 's son is more difficult than being a common man . Ragnar visits Floki and tells him that he loves him . In Hedeby , Ragnar apologizes to Lagertha after she refuses to accompany him to England . Ragnar finds a large tree while riding back to Kattegat and tries to hang himself . However , ravens chew through the rope to save him . Back in Kattegat , Ragnar finds Ivar in the throne room and persuades Ivar to come with him to England . 41 12 `` The Vision '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) Ragnar asks warriors to accompany him to England ; however they refuse saying the gods have deserted him . Ragnar talks to Bjorn about his plan to sail past France , and Bjorn says he will seek diplomacy with Rollo . Sigurd chides Ivar that their mother and brothers pity him . Harald and Halfdan arrive to sail with Bjorn . Bjorn notes of Harald 's conquest of Rogaland , but Harald assures him that he can not overthrow Ragnar . Lagertha arrives , and agrees with Aslaug to perform a sacrifice to the gods for their sons . Lagertha tells Aslaug she can not forgive her for taking Ragnar , and that she will never be Queen of Kattegat .", "11": "Ragnar digs up old treasure , and bribes some older warriors to sail with him to England . Ragnar meets Aslaug and thanks her for letting their sons love him . Aslaug has a vision of Ivar drowning and warns him he will die if he goes to England . Bjorn , Hvisterk , Floki , and Harald set sail for the Mediterranean . Ragnar and Ivar sail for England , but their ships capsize in a violent storm . 42 13 `` Two Journeys '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) Ragnar , Ivar , and a few other survivors are washed up on the beach in England . Some blame Ragnar for their misfortune . Aethelwulf finds Ragnar 's black raven banner on the beach , and alerts King Ecbert , who reassures him that Ragnar is simply one man . In Francia , Bjorn 's fleet arrives and he asks Rollo for safe passage , but is imprisoned along with Floki , Harald , and Halfdan . Harald and Halfdan chastise Bjorn for having trusted Rollo . Later , Rollo meets Bjorn and agrees to allow them free passage , if he can sail with them . In Hedeby , Lagertha imprisons Ubbe and Sigurd , and attacks Kattegat , intending to replace Aslaug on the throne . Bjorn 's ships set sail , but they stop and submerge Rollo by keelhauling him . Bjorn lets Rollo up , and Rollo laughs as they sail on . In Wessex , Ragnar tells Ivar they must go to the Royal Villa and abandon the others ; they kill their fellow Vikings while they are asleep . Ragnar and Ivar arrive at the Royal town and give themselves up . 43 14 `` In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) In Kattegat , Aslaug renounces herself as Queen , promising Lagertha that her sons will not seek revenge . In exchange , she wants safe passage to leave . Lagertha initially agrees , but then kills Aslaug .", "12": "Ubbe and Sigurd arrive to find Lagertha in the great hall . Ubbe challenges Lagertha 's warriors in an attempt to kill her , but fails . Astrid tells Ubbe and Sigurd that they will die if they harm Lagertha . In Wessex , Ragnar and Ivar are seized by Aethelwulf . Ecbert arrives and promises no harm will come to Ivar , then introduces Ragnar to Magnus . Ragnar states he and Kwenthrith never had sex and Magnus is expelled . Ecbert admits ordering Aethelwulf to kill the Norse settlers , expresses regret , and frees Ragnar from his cage . The two drunkenly discuss the afterlife and the death of Athelstan , which Ragnar says weighs on his conscience . Ragnar asks Ecbert to kill him , but Ecbert refuses . Instead , Ecbert agrees to hand Ragnar over to King Aelle and arrange safe passage for Ivar to go home . Ragnar promises that his sons will seek vengeance against Northumbria , not Wessex . 44 15 `` All His Angels '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 28 ) Ecbert has arranged a ship to take Ivar home . Ragnar speaks with Ivar alone and says goodbye , knowing he will be handed over to Aelle and die . Ragnar tells Ivar to take revenge on Ecbert , and to be ruthless . Ragnar gives Athelstan 's cross to his son Alfred , and tells Ecbert that in the end , Athelstan chose Christ . On the road , Ragnar has visions of his younger days and of a discussion with the Seer , where he denounces his belief in the gods . Ragnar arrives in Northumbria and is tortured by Aelle . Ecbert travels there in disguise to attend Ragnar 's execution . Ragnar says that he dies without apology and welcomes death , and will await his sons in Valhalla to hear stories of their triumphs . Ragnar is then dropped into a pit of snakes where he dies . Ivar returns to Kattegat , to discover that his mother has been killed by Lagertha .", "13": "Across the fjord , a longship carrying a black cloaked figure , missing his right eye , approaches . 45 16 `` Crossings '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) Lagertha in Norway and Aethelwulf in Wessex consider the consequences of Ragnar 's death , while his sons start to plan their revenge . Lagertha orders defences to be built around Kattegat . Ivar challenges Lagertha to single combat , but is refused , and promises that he will kill Lagertha one day . Meanwhile , Bjorn and Rollo reach Spain , and raid Algeciras , as Halfdan and Harald start plotting to overthrow the Lothbroks as part of their conquest of all of Norway . Floki is intrigued by his first contact with Islam and forces the Vikings to spare men praying in a mosque . After Floki refuses to have another child with Helga , Helga adopts a Moorish child , Tanaruz , as her daughter . The man in the black cloak -- an incarnation of the god Odin -- brings news of Ragnar 's death to his sons . The Seer tells Lagertha he foresees that she will be killed by one of Ragnar 's sons , while Ivar prepares a new sword and dreams of his revenge . 46 17 `` The Great Army '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) Ubbe , Sigurd and Ivar decide to gather a large army and return to England to avenge Ragnar . Before returning to Gisla and his children , Rollo offers land in Normandy to any norsemen willing to settle . Halfdan introduces Harald to Egil , the bastard son of an earl . Judith visits her family in Northumbria and tries to convince King Aelle to ally with Ecbert against the coming attack . However , her father shows no intention to reforge an alliance with Wessex . Ubbe frees Margrethe and tells her that he would like to marry her . In Wessex , Ecbert continues to groom Alfred as future king and warns him not to trust others , but think for himself .", "14": "An armada of Swedish Vikings , led by Earl Jorgensen , arrives to join the Lothbroks . Ivar and Ubbe attempt to kill Lagertha , but are stopped by Bjorn , who makes clear that his brothers will have to kill him before Lagertha . Torvi advises Bjorn not to join Ivar , which causes Bjorn to lash out against her . Bjorn leaves her in a fit of rage and has an encounter with Astrid . Floki presents Ivar with a war chariot which will enable him to lead troops in combat . 47 18 `` Revenge '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) As the great army assembles , Bjorn and Ivar argue over its leadership . Harald spots Ellisif , the woman he fell in love with years ago , who he had wanted to impress by conquerIng Norway . But she has since married a Danish earl , of lower status than him . Ubbe and Margrethe are married , but Ubbe agrees to share her with Hvitserk . Helga wants to join the great army with Tanaruz , but Floki is not happy with her decision . Harald and Halfdan have Egil infiltrate Kattegat . Halfdan suggests Harald kill Ellisif to regain his honor , but Harald refuses because she is the only woman he loves . Earl Jorgensen volunteers to be sacrificed to assure victory in the coming war , while Bjorn and Astrid continue their affair . Athelwulf confronts Ecbert about his affair with Judith and questions Ecbert 's love for him and his ability as a king . Ecbert asks him to lead the defence against the Norse invaders . As the great army lands in Northumbria , King Aelle 's much smaller army is overrun , Aelle is captured , and killed by the blood eagle . 48 19 `` On the Eve '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) Kattegat is attacked by Egil and his men , but they are repulsed and Egil is captured . Torvi is severely injured .", "15": "Under torture , Egil confesses to Lagertha that he had been paid by King Harald to attack her . Meanwhile in Mercia , terrified villagers flee before the advancing heathen army . Harald pretends to forgive Ellisif , then kills her husband Vik . Ellisif later pretends to forgive Harald , seduces him , and is about to kill him but is instead killed by Halfdan . Tanaruz runs away from Helga , but Floki manages to find her and convince her to return . Prince Aethelwulf gathers a large army in Wessex and moves to intercept the advancing Vikings in Repton . Before they meet , Ivar persuades Bjorn to scout a potential battlefield and plan to use the terrain to defeat the Saxons . The Vikings then harass the Saxons on the battlefield with archers hidden in the surrounding woods . Prince Aethelwulf decides to move his forces toward the Viking 's ships , but the Vikings then ambush them in a tight valley . In panic and frustration , Aethelwulf orders a charge . 49 20 `` The Reckoning '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) The Saxons charge into the Norse shieldwall , and suffer heavy losses . Aethelwulf orders a retreat , and flees to Ecbert 's capital to ready its evacuation . Ecbert refuses to leave , and cedes the crown of Wessex to his son . The bishop Edmund refuses to abandon Ecbert . The Vikings arrive and in the ensuing sack , Hvitserk kills Edmund , Ecbert is captured and Tanaruz stabs Helga and then commits suicide . Ivar demands the blood eagle for Ecbert , but Bjorn reminds his brothers of Ragnar 's dream of settlement , and agrees to allow Ecbert to choose his own death in exchange for signing over East Anglia . Ecbert then kills himself in his Roman bath . After burying Helga , Floki takes to the sea . Bjorn shares his wish to raid the Mediterranean , while Ivar proposes continued raids in England .", "16": "In an argument over what action to take next , Sigurd starts to insult Ivar and mock his impotence , and Ivar then kills Sigurd by throwing an axe . In Sherborne , Bishop Heahmund oversees a funeral , and then has sex with the widow of the deceased . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Vikings is an Irish - Canadian co-production presented by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes , TM Productions for the last four episodes , and Take 5 Productions . Morgan O'Sullivan , Sheila Hockin , Sherry Marsh , Alan Gasmer , James Flynn , John Weber , and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers . This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes , and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth to sixteenth episodes . Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers . The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle , costume designer Joan Bergin , visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane , stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan , composer Trevor Morris , production designer Mark Geraghty , editors Aaron Marshall for the first , fourth , seventh , fifteenth and eighteenth episodes , Christopher Donaldson for the second , fifth and eighth episodes , Tad Seaborn for the third , sixth , ninth , eleventh , thirteenth , sixteenth and nineteenth episodes , and Don Cassidy for the tenth , twelfth , fourteenth , seventeenth and twentieth episodes , and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first eight and last four episodes , and Owen McPolin for the ninth to sixteenth episodes . Music ( edit ) The musical score for the fourth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik . The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song `` If I Had a Heart '' by Fever Ray . Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes `` In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning '' and `` Crossings '' . The featured tracks are `` Bjarkan '' , `` Laukr '' and `` Algir -- Tognatale '' .", "17": "The episode `` All His Angels '' also features an original song titled `` Snake Pit Poetry '' , written by Einar Selvik and performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir . The track was released as a single on October 20 , 2017 together with a second version solely performed by Selvik . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 based on twelve reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Vikings Gets Supersized Season 4 , Premiere Date , ' Last Supper ' - y Poster -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Vikings ' Season 4 Spoilers : Queen Aslaug to be Leader ; Will Rollo Follow Ragnar 's Footsteps ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History 's Hit Drama Series `` Vikings '' Returns for Season Four on Thursday , February 18 at 10 PM ET / PT `` . The Futon Critic . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Vikings ' Sets Season 4 Midseason Premiere ; Moves To Wednesday '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` Vikings '' - History 's Hit Drama Series Sails Again for Season Three Thursday , February 19 at 10 p.m. ET -- TheFutonCritic.com `` . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris E. ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durand heading back to ' Vikings ' to create Season 4 chaos '' . Zap2It.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos , Rachel ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' VIKINGS , ' SEASON 5 : JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Michael Clair ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Josh Donaldson transformed into a Viking before your very eyes '' . MLB . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vikings . Season 4 . February 2016 -- February 2017 . Event occurs at 2 : 00 approximately . History . Jump up ^ `` Snake Pit Poetry -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIKINGS : SEASON 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Vikings on IMDb ( hide ) Vikings Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` All His Angels '' Season 5 Other Characters Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikings_(season_4)&oldid=837089709 '' Categories : 2016 Canadian television seasons 2017 Canadian television seasons 2016 Irish television seasons 2017 Irish television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 . 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-1084748809184043293	when did the us stop trading with japan	[ "1940", "1939" ]	{ "0": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Jump to : navigation , search For more information , see Causes of World War II . A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor . War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation 's military forces planned for in the 1920s , though real tension did not begin until the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan . Over the next decade , Japan expanded slowly into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese war in 1937 . In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China , including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted the United States to embargo all oil exports , leading the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining and to support the existing plans to seize oil resources in the Dutch East Indies . Planning had been underway for some time on an attack on the `` Southern Resource Area '' to add it to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific . The Philippines , at that time an American territory , were also a Japanese target . The Japanese military concluded an invasion of the Philippines would provoke an American military response . Rather than seize and fortify the islands , and wait for the inevitable U.S. counterattack , Japan 's military leaders instead decided on the preventive Pearl Harbor attack , which they assumed would negate the American forces needed for the liberation and reconquest of the islands . Planning for the attack on Pearl Harbor had begun in very early 1941 , by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto . He finally won assent from the Naval High Command by , among other things , threatening to resign . The attack was approved in the summer at an Imperial Conference and again at a second Conference in the fall . Simultaneously over the year , pilots were trained , and ships prepared for its execution . Authority for the attack was granted at the second Imperial Conference if a diplomatic result satisfactory to Japan was not reached . After final approval by Emperor Hirohito the order to attack was issued at the beginning of December .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 2 Breaking off negotiations 2.1 War 2.2 Intelligence gathering 2.3 Planning 2.3. 1 Concept of a Japanese invasion of Hawaii 3 Strike force 3.1 Execute order 4 Lack of preparation 5 See also 6 References Background to conflict ( edit ) Tensions between Japan and the prominent Western countries ( the United States , France , Britain and the Netherlands ) increased significantly during the increasingly militaristic early rule of Emperor Hirohito . Japanese nationalists and military leaders increasingly influenced government policy , promoting a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as part of Japan 's alleged `` divine right '' to unify Asia under Hirohito 's rule . Hirohito During the 1930s , Japan 's increasingly expansionist policies brought it into renewed conflict with its neighbors , Russia and China ( Japan had fought the First Sino - Japanese War with China in 1894 -- 95 and the Russo - Japanese War with Russia in 1904 -- 05 ; Japan 's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts ) . In March 1933 , Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in response to international condemnation of its conquest of Manchuria and subsequent establishment of the Manchukuo puppet government . On January 15 , 1936 , Japan withdrew from the Second London Naval Disarmament Conference because the United States and Great Britain refused to grant the Japanese Navy parity with theirs . A second war between Japan and China began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 . Japan 's 1937 attack on China was condemned by the U.S. and several members of the League of Nations including Britain , France , Australia and the Netherlands . Japanese atrocities during the conflict , such as the notorious Nanking Massacre that December , served to further complicate relations with the rest of the world . The U.S. , Britain , France and the Netherlands each possessed colonies in East and Southeast Asia . Japan 's new military power and willingness to use it threatened these Western economic and territorial interests in Asia . Beginning in 1938 , the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan .", "2": "This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939 , further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940 . These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China , or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , officially forming the Axis Powers . Japan would take advantage of Hitler 's war in Europe to advance its own ambitions in the Far East . The Tripartite Pact guaranteed assistance if a signatory was attacked by any country not already involved in conflict with the signatory ; this implicitly meant the U.S. By joining the pact , Japan gained geopolitical power and sent the unmistakable message that any U.S. military intervention risked war on both of her shores -- with Germany and Italy on the Atlantic , and with Japan on the Pacific . The Roosevelt administration would not be dissuaded ; believing the American way of life would be endangered if Europe and the Far East fell under military dictatorship , it committed to help the British and Chinese through loans of money and materiel , and pledged sufficient continuing aid to ensure their survival . Thus , the United States slowly moved from being a neutral power to one preparing for war . On October 8 , 1940 , Admiral James O. Richardson , Commander in Chief , Pacific Fleet , provoked a confrontation with Roosevelt by repeating his earlier arguments to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox that Pearl Harbor was the wrong place for his ships . Roosevelt believed relocating the fleet to Hawaii would exert a `` restraining influence '' on Japan . Richardson asked the President if the United States was going to war . Roosevelt 's view was : At least as early as October 8 , 1940 , ... affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan ... ' that if the Japanese attacked Thailand , or the Kra Peninsula , or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war , that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war , but that they ( the Japanese ) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war . ' ... Japan 's 1940 move into Vichy - controlled Indochina further raised tensions .", "3": "When combined with its war with China , withdrawal from the League of Nations , alliance with Germany and Italy and increasing militarization , the move provoked an attempt to restrain Japan economically . The United States embargoed scrap metal shipments to Japan and closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping . This particularly hit Japan 's economy hard because 74.1 % of Japan 's scrap iron came from the United States in 1938 . Also , 93 % of Japan 's copper in 1939 came from the United States . In early 1941 , Japan moved into southern Indochina , thereby threatening British Malaya , North Borneo and Brunei . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan considered withdrawal from most of China and Indochina after drawing up peace terms with the Chinese . Japan would also adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and would not discriminate in trade , provided all other countries reciprocated . However , these compromises in China were rejected by General Tojo , then War Minister . Responding to Japanese occupation of key airfields in Indochina ( July 24 ) following an agreement between Japan and Vichy France , the U.S. froze Japanese assets on July 26 , 1941 , and on August 1 established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan . The oil embargo was an especially strong response because oil was Japan 's most crucial import , and more than 80 % of Japan 's oil at the time came from the United States . Japanese war planners had long looked south , especially to Brunei for oil and Malaya for rubber and tin . In the autumn of 1940 , Japan requested 3.15 million barrels of oil from the Dutch East Indies , but received a counteroffer of only 1.35 million . The Navy was ( mistakenly ) certain any attempt to seize this region would bring the U.S. into the war , but the complete U.S. oil embargo removed any hesitancy . Moreover , any southern operation would be vulnerable to attack from the Philippines , then a U.S. commonwealth , so war with the U.S. seemed necessary in any case .", "4": "After the embargoes and the asset freezes , the Japanese ambassador to Washington , Kichisaburō Nomura , and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull held multiple meetings in order to resolve Japanese - American relations . No solution could be agreed upon for three key reasons : Japan honored its alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . Japan wanted economic control and responsibility for southeast Asia . Japan refused to leave mainland China ( without Manchoukuo ) . The U.S. embargoes gave Japan a sense of urgency . It would either have to agree to Washington 's demands or use force to gain access to the resources it needed . In their final proposal on November 20 , Japan offered to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in southeast Asia provided the U.S. , Britain , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counterproposal of November 26 ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China , without conditions , and to conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . Breaking off negotiations ( edit ) Part of the Japanese plan for the attack included breaking off negotiations with the United States 30 minutes before the attack began . Diplomats from the Japanese embassy in Washington , including the Japanese ambassador , Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura and special representative Saburō Kurusu , had been conducting extended talks with the State Department regarding the U.S. reactions to the Japanese move into French Indochina in the summer . In the days before the attack , a long 14 - part message was sent to the embassy from the Foreign Office in Tokyo ( encrypted with the Type 97 cypher machine , in a cipher named PURPLE by U.S. cryptanalysts ) , with instructions to deliver it to Secretary of State Cordell Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. Washington time . The last part arrived late Saturday night ( Washington time ) , but because of decryption and typing delays , as well as Tokyo 's failure to stress the crucial necessity of the timing , embassy personnel did not deliver the message to Secretary Hull until several hours after the attack . The United States had decrypted the 14th part well before the Japanese managed to , and long before embassy staff composed a clean typed copy .", "5": "The final part , with its instruction for the time of delivery , had been decoded Saturday night but was not acted upon until the next morning ( according to Henry Clausen ) . Ambassador Nomura asked for an appointment to see Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. , but later asked it be postponed to 1 : 45 as the ambassador was not quite ready . Nomura and Kurusu arrived at 2 : 05 p.m. and were received by Hull at 2 : 20 . Nomura apologized for the delay in presenting the message . After Hull had read several pages , he asked Nomura whether the document was presented under instructions of the Japanese government ; the Ambassador replied it was . After reading the full document , Hull turned to the ambassador and said : I must say that in all my conversations with you ... during the last nine months I have never uttered one word of untruth . This is borne out absolutely by the record . In all my fifty years of public service I have never seen a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehoods and distortions -- infamous falsehoods and distortions on a scale so huge that I never imagined until today that any Government on this planet was capable of uttering them . Japanese records , admitted into evidence during congressional hearings on the attack after the war , established that Japan had not even written a declaration of war until hearing news of the successful attack . The two - line declaration was finally delivered to U.S. ambassador Grew in Tokyo about ten hours after the completion of the attack . Grew was allowed to transmit it to the United States , where it was received late Monday afternoon ( Washington time ) . War ( edit ) Prime Minister of Japan Hideki Tōjō In July 1941 , IJN headquarters informed Emperor Hirohito its reserve bunker oil would be exhausted within two years if a new source was not found . In August 1941 , Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoe proposed a summit with President Roosevelt to discuss differences . Roosevelt replied Japan must leave China before a summit meeting could be held . On September 6 , 1941 , at the second Imperial Conference concerning attacks on the Western colonies in Asia and Hawaii , Japanese leaders met to consider the attack plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters .", "6": "The summit occurred one day after the emperor had reprimanded General Hajime Sugiyama , chief of the IJA General Staff , about the lack of success in China and the speculated low chances of victory against the United States , the British Empire and their allies . Prime Minister Konoe argued for more negotiations and possible concessions to avert war . However , military leaders such as Sugiyama , Minister of War General Hideki Tōjō , and chief of the IJN General Staff Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano asserted time had run out and that additional negotiations would be pointless . They urged swift military actions against all American and European colonies in Southeast Asia and Hawaii . Tōjō argued that yielding to the American demand to withdraw troops would wipe out all the gains of the Second Sino - Japanese War , depress Army morale , endanger Manchukuo and jeopardize control of Korea ; hence , doing nothing was the same as defeat and a loss of face . On October 16 , 1941 , Konoe resigned and proposed Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni , who was also the choice of the army and navy , as his successor . Hirohito chose Hideki Tōjō instead , worried ( as he told Konoe ) about having the Imperial House being held responsible for a war against Western powers . Prince Takamatsu On November 3 , 1941 , Nagano presented a complete plan for the attack on Pearl Harbor to Hirohito . At the Imperial Conference on November 5 , Hirohito approved the plan for a war against the United States , Great Britain and the Netherlands , scheduled to start at the beginning of December if an acceptable diplomatic settlement were not achieved before then . Over the following weeks , Tōjō 's military regime offered a final deal to the United States . They offered to leave only Indochina , but in return for large American economic aid . On November 26 , the so - called Hull Memorandum ( or Hull Note ) rejected the offer and demanded that , in addition to leaving Indochina , the Japanese must leave China ( without Manchoukuo ) and agree to an Open Door Policy in the Far East .", "7": "Kōichi Kido On November 30 , 1941 , Prince Takamatsu warned his brother , Hirohito , the navy felt the Empire could not fight more than two years against the United States and wished to avoid war . After consulting with Kōichi Kido ( who advised him to take his time until he was convinced ) and Tōjō , the Emperor called Shigetarō Shimada and Nagano , who reassured him that war would be successful . On December 1 , Hirohito finally approved a `` war against United States , Great Britain and Holland '' during another Imperial Conference , to commence with a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at its main forward base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Intelligence gathering ( edit ) Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa , a spy in Pearl Harbor . On February 3 , 1940 , Yamamoto briefed Captain Kanji Ogawa of Naval Intelligence on the potential attack plan , asking him to start intelligence gathering on Pearl Harbor . Ogawa already had spies in Hawaii , including Japanese Consular officials with an intelligence remit , and he arranged for help from a German already living in Hawaii who was an Abwehr agent . None had been providing much militarily useful information . He planned to add 29 - year - old Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa . By the spring of 1941 , Yamamoto officially requested additional Hawaiian intelligence , and Yoshikawa boarded the liner Nitta - maru at Yokohama . He had grown his hair longer than military length , and assumed the cover name Tadashi Morimura . Yoshikawa began gathering intelligence in earnest by taking auto trips around the main islands , and toured Oahu in a small plane , posing as a tourist . He visited Pearl Harbor frequently , sketching the harbor and location of ships from the crest of a hill . Once , he gained access to Hickam Field in a taxi , memorizing the number of visible planes , pilots , hangars , barracks and soldiers . He was also able to discover that Sunday was the day of the week on which the largest number of ships were likely to be in harbor , that PBY patrol planes went out every morning and evening , and that there was an antisubmarine net in the mouth of the harbor .", "8": "Information was returned to Japan in coded form in Consular communications , and by direct delivery to intelligence officers aboard Japanese ships calling at Hawaii by consulate staff . In June 1941 , German and Italian consulates were closed , and there were suggestions Japan 's should be closed , as well . They were not , because they continued to provide valuable information ( via MAGIC ) and neither President Roosevelt nor Secretary Hull wanted trouble in the Pacific . Had they been closed , however , it is possible Naval General Staff , which had opposed the attack from the outset , would have called it off , since up - to - date information on the location of the Pacific Fleet , on which Yamamoto 's plan depended , would no longer have been available . Planning ( edit ) Main articles : Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Commander - in - Chief of the Combined Fleet Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Expecting war , and seeing an opportunity in the forward basing of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii , the Japanese began planning in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor . For the next several months , planning and organizing a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies to the south occupied much of the Japanese Navy 's time and attention . The plans for the Pearl Harbor attack arose out of the Japanese expectation the U.S. would be inevitably drawn into war after a Japanese attack against Malaya and Singapore . The intent of a preventive strike on Pearl Harbor was to neutralize American naval power in the Pacific , thus removing it from influencing operations against American , British , and Dutch colonies . Successful attacks on colonies were judged to depend on successfully dealing with the Pacific Fleet . Planning had long anticipated a battle in Japanese home waters after the U.S. fleet traveled across the Pacific , under attack by submarines and other forces all the way . The U.S. fleet would be defeated in a `` decisive battle '' , as Russia 's Baltic Fleet had been in 1905 . A surprise attack posed a twofold difficulty compared to longstanding expectations . First , the Pacific Fleet was a formidable force , and would not be easy to defeat or to surprise . Second , Pearl Harbor 's shallow waters made using conventional aerial torpedoes ineffective . On the other hand , Hawaii 's distance meant a successful surprise attack could not be blocked or quickly countered by forces from the continental U.S.", "9": "Several Japanese naval officers had been impressed by the British Operation Judgment , in which 21 obsolete Fairey Swordfish disabled half the Regia Marina ( Italian Navy ) . Admiral Yamamoto even dispatched a delegation to Italy , which concluded a larger and better - supported version of Cunningham 's strike could force the U.S. Pacific Fleet to retreat to bases in California , thus giving Japan the time necessary to establish a `` barrier '' defense to protect Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies . The delegation returned to Japan with information about the shallow - running torpedoes Cunningham 's engineers had devised . Japanese strategists were undoubtedly influenced by Admiral Togo 's surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur in 1904 . Yamamoto 's emphasis on destroying the American battleships was in keeping with the Mahanian doctrine shared by all major navies during this period , including the U.S. Navy and Royal Navy . Planner Commander Minoru Genda stressed surprise would be critical . In a letter dated January 7 , 1941 , Yamamoto finally delivered a rough outline of his plan to Koshiro Oikawa , then Navy Minister , from whom he also requested to be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to attack Pearl Harbor . A few weeks later , in yet another letter , Yamamoto requested Admiral Takijiro Onishi , chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet , study the technical feasibility of an attack against the American base . Onishi gathered as many facts as possible about Pearl Harbor . After first consulting with Kosei Maeda , an expert on aerial torpedo warfare , and being told the harbor 's shallow waters rendered such an attack almost impossible , Onishi summoned Commander Minoru Genda . After studying the original proposal put forth by Yamamoto , Genda agreed : `` ( T ) he plan is difficult but not impossible '' . Yamamoto gave the bulk of the planning to Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka , who was very worried about the area 's air defenses . Yamamoto encouraged Kusaka by telling him , `` Pearl Harbor is my idea and I need your support . '' Genda emphasized the attack should be carried out early in the morning and in total secrecy , employing an aircraft carrier force and several types of bombing . Although attacking the U.S.", "10": "Pacific Fleet anchor would achieve surprise , it also carried two distinct disadvantages . The targeted ships would be sunk or damaged in very shallow water , meaning it would be quite likely that they could be salvaged and possibly returned to duty ( as six of the eight battleships eventually were ) . Also , most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor afterward . Despite these concerns , Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead . By April 1941 , the Pearl Harbor plan became known as Operation Z , after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Tōgō at Tsushima . Over the summer , pilots trained in earnest near Kagoshima City on Kyūshū . Genda chose it because its geography and infrastructure presented most of the same problems bombers would face at Pearl Harbor . In training , each crew flew over the 5,000 ft ( 1,500 m ) mountain behind Kagoshima and dove into the city , dodging buildings and smokestacks before dropping to 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) at the piers . Bombardiers released torpedoes at a breakwater some 300 yd ( 270 m ) away . However , even this low - altitude approach would not overcome the problem of torpedoes bottoming in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor . Japanese weapons engineers created and tested modifications allowing successful shallow water drops . The effort resulted in a heavily modified version of the Type 91 torpedo , which inflicted most of the ship damage during the eventual attack . Japanese weapons technicians also produced special armor - piercing bombs by fitting fins and release shackles to 14 - and 16 - inch ( 356 - and 406 - mm ) naval shells . These were able to penetrate the lightly armored decks of the old battleships . Concept of a Japanese invasion of Hawaii ( edit ) At several stages during 1941 , Japan 's military leaders discussed the possibility of launching an invasion to seize the Hawaiian Islands ; this would provide Japan with a strategic base to shield its new empire , deny the United States any bases beyond the West coast and further isolate Australia and New Zealand . Genda , who saw Hawaii as vital for American operations against Japan after war began , believed Japan must follow any attack on Pearl Harbor with an invasion of Hawaii or risk losing the war .", "11": "He viewed Hawaii as a base to threaten the west coast of North America , and perhaps as a negotiating tool for ending the war . He believed , following a successful air attack , 10,000 - 15,000 men could capture Hawaii , and saw the operation as a precursor or alternative to a Japanese invasion of the Philippines . In September 1941 , Commander Yasuji Watanabe of the Combined Fleet staff estimated two divisions ( 30,000 men ) and 80 ships , in addition to the carrier strike force , could capture the islands . He identified two possible landing sites , near Haleiwa and Kaneohe Bay , and proposed both be used in an operation that would require up to four weeks with Japanese air superiority . Although this idea gained some support , it was soon dismissed for several reasons : Japan 's ground forces , logistics , and resources were already fully committed , not only to the Second Sino - Japanese War but also for offensives in Southeast Asia that were planned to occur almost simultaneously with the Pearl Harbor attack . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) insisted it needed to focus on operations in China and Southeast Asia , and refused to provide substantial support elsewhere . Because of a lack of cooperation between the services , the IJN never discussed the Hawaiian invasion proposal with the IJA . Most of the senior officers of the Combined Fleet , in particular Admiral Nagano , believed an invasion of Hawaii was too risky . With an invasion ruled out , it was agreed a massive carrier - based three wave airstrike against Pearl Harbor to destroy the Pacific Fleet would be sufficient . Japanese planners knew that Hawaii , with its strategic location in the Central Pacific , would serve as a critical base from which the United States could extend its military power against Japan . However , the confidence of Japan 's leaders that the conflict would be over quickly and that the United States would choose to negotiate a compromise , rather than fight a long , bloody war , overrode this concern . Watanabe 's superior , Captain Kameto Kuroshima , who believed the invasion plan unrealistic , after the war called his rejection of it the `` biggest mistake '' of his life .", "12": "Strike force ( edit ) Main articles : Carrier Striking Task Force and Attack on Pearl Harbor order of battle Admiral Chuichi Nagumo On November 26 , 1941 , the day the Hull note ( which the Japanese leaders saw as an unproductive and old proposal ) was received , the carrier force under the command of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo ( already assembled in Hitokappu Wan ) sortied for Hawaii under strict radio silence . In 1941 , Japan was one of the few countries capable of carrier aviation . The Kido Butai , the Combined Fleet 's main carrier force of six aircraft carriers ( at the time , the most powerful carrier force with the greatest concentration of air power in the history of naval warfare ) , embarked 359 airplanes , organized as the First Air Fleet . The carriers Akagi ( flag ) , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , and the newest , Shōkaku and Zuikaku , had 135 Mitsubishi A6M Type 0 fighters ( Allied codename `` Zeke '' , commonly called `` Zero '' ) , 171 Nakajima B5N Type 97 torpedo bombers ( Allied codename `` Kate '' ) , and 108 Aichi D3A Type 99 dive bombers ( Allied codename `` Val '' ) aboard . Two fast battleships , two heavy cruisers , one light cruiser , nine destroyers , and three fleet submarines provided escort and screening . In addition , the Advanced Expeditionary Force included 20 fleet and five two - man Ko - hyoteki - class midget submarines , which were to gather intelligence and sink U.S. vessels attempting to flee Pearl Harbor during or soon after the attack . It also had eight oilers for underway fueling . Execute order ( edit ) Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano On December 1 , 1941 , after the striking force was en route , Chief of Staff Nagano gave a verbal directive to the commander of the Combined Fleet , Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , informing him : Japan has decided to open hostilities against the United States , United Kingdom , and the Netherlands early in December ... Should it appear certain that Japanese - American negotiations will reach an amicable settlement prior to the commencement of hostilities , it is understood that all elements of the Combined Fleet are to be assembled and returned to their bases in accordance with separate orders .", "13": "( The Kido Butai will ) proceed to the Hawaiian Area with utmost secrecy and , at the outbreak of the war , will launch a resolute surprise attack on and deal a fatal blow to the enemy fleet in the Hawaiian Area . The initial air attack is scheduled at 0330 hours , X Day . Upon completion , the force was to return to Japan , re-equip , and re-deploy for `` Second Phase Operations '' . Finally , Order number 9 , issued on 1 December 1941 by Nagano , instructed Yamamoto to crush hostile naval and air forces in Asia , the Pacific and Hawaii , promptly seize the main U.S. , British , and Dutch bases in East Asia and `` capture and secure the key areas of the southern regions '' . On the home leg , the force was ordered to be alert for tracking and counterattacks by the Americans , and to return to the friendly base in the Marshall Islands , rather than the Home Islands . Lieutenant General Walter C. Short , commanding general of the Army post at Pearl Harbor Lack of preparation ( edit ) U.S. civil and military intelligence had , amongst them , good information suggesting additional Japanese aggression throughout the summer and fall before the attack . At the time , no reports specifically indicated an attack against Pearl Harbor . Public press reports during summer and fall , including Hawaiian newspapers , contained extensive reports on the growing tension in the Pacific . Late in November , all Pacific commands , including both the Navy and Army in Hawaii , were separately and explicitly warned war with Japan was expected in the very near future , and it was preferred Japan make the first hostile act . It was felt war would most probably start with attacks in the Far East : the Philippines , Indochina , Thailand , or the Russian Far East ; Pearl Harbor was never mentioned as a potential target . The warnings were not specific to any area , noting only that war with Japan was expected in the near future and all commands should act accordingly . Had any of these warnings produced an active alert status in Hawaii , the attack might have been resisted more effectively , and perhaps resulted in less death and damage .", "14": "On the other hand , recall of men on shore leave to the ships in harbor might have led to still more being casualties from bombs and torpedoes , or trapped in capsized ships by shut watertight doors ( as the attack alert status would have required ) , or killed ( in their obsolete aircraft ) by more experienced Japanese aviators . When the attack actually arrived , Pearl Harbor was effectively unprepared : anti-aircraft weapons not manned , most ammunition locked down , anti-submarine measures not implemented ( e.g. , no torpedo nets in the harbor ) , combat air patrol not flying , available scouting aircraft not in the air at first light , Air Corps aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip to reduce sabotage risks ( not ready to fly at a moment 's warning ) , and so on . By 1941 , U.S. signals intelligence , through the Army 's Signal Intelligence Service and the Office of Naval Intelligence 's OP - 20 - G , had intercepted and decrypted considerable Japanese diplomatic and naval cipher traffic , though nothing actually carrying significant information about Japanese military plans in 1940 - 41 . Decryption and distribution of this intelligence , including such decrypts as were available , was capricious and sporadic , some of which can be accounted for by lack of resources and manpower . At best , the information available to decision makers in Washington was fragmentary , contradictory , or poorly distributed , and was almost entirely raw , without supporting analysis . It was thus , incompletely understood . Nothing in it pointed directly to an attack at Pearl Harbor , and a lack of awareness of Imperial Navy capabilities led to a widespread underlying belief Pearl Harbor was not a possible attack target . Only one message from the Hawaiian Japanese consulate ( sent on 6 December ) , in a low level consular cipher , included mention of an attack at Pearl ; it was not decrypted until 8 December . While the Japanese Diplomatic codes ( Purple code ) could be read , the current version ( JN - 25C ) of the Japanese Naval code ( JN - 25 ) which had replaced JN - 25B on 4 December 1941 could not be read until May 1942 . In 1924 , General William L. Mitchell produced a 324 - page report warning that future wars ( including with Japan ) would include a new role for aircraft against existing ships and facilities .", "15": "He even discussed the possibility of an air attack on Pearl Harbor , but his warnings were ignored . Navy Secretary Knox had also appreciated the possibility of an attack at Pearl Harbor in a written analysis shortly after taking office . American commanders had been warned that tests had demonstrated shallow - water aerial torpedo attacks were possible , but no one in charge in Hawaii fully appreciated this . And in a 1932 fleet problem , a surprise airstrike led by Admiral Harry E. Yarnell had been judged a success and to have caused considerable damage , a finding corroborated in a 1938 exercise by Admiral Ernest King . Nevertheless , because it was believed Pearl Harbor had natural defenses against torpedo attack ( e.g. , the shallow water ) , the Navy did not deploy torpedo nets or baffles , which were judged to inconvenience ordinary operations . As a result of limited numbers of long - range aircraft ( including Army Air Corps bombers ) , reconnaissance patrols were not being made as often or as far out as required for adequate coverage against possible surprise attack ( they improved considerably , with far fewer remaining planes , after the attack ) . The Navy had 33 PBYs in the islands , but only three on patrol at the time of the attack . Hawaii was low on the priority list for the B - 17s finally becoming available for the Pacific , largely because General MacArthur in the Philippines was successfully demanding as many as could be made available to the Pacific ( where they were intended as a deterrent ) . The British , who had contracted for them , even agreed to accept fewer to facilitate this buildup . At the time of the attack , Army and Navy were both on training status rather than operational alert . There was also confusion about the Army 's readiness status as General Short had changed local alert level designations without clearly informing Washington . Most of the Army 's mobile anti-aircraft guns were secured , with ammunition locked down in armories . To avoid upsetting property owners , and in keeping with Washington 's admonition not to alarm civil populations ( e.g. , in the late November war warning messages from the Navy and War Departments ) , guns were not dispersed around Pearl Harbor ( i.e. , on private property ) . Additionally , aircraft were parked on airfields to lessen the risk of sabotage , not in anticipation of air attack , in keeping with Short 's interpretation of the war warnings .", "16": "Chester Nimitz said later , `` It was God 's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . '' . Nimitz believed if Kimmel had discovered the Japanese approach , he would have sortied to meet them . With the American carriers absent and Kimmel 's battleships at a severe disadvantage to the Japanese carriers , the likely result would have been the sinking of the American battleships at sea in deep water , where they would have been lost forever with tremendous casualties ( as many as twenty thousand dead ) , instead of in Pearl Harbor , where the crews could easily be rescued , and six battleships ultimately raised . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The effort to establish the Imperial Way ( kōdō ) had begun with the Second Sino - Japanese War ( called seisen , or `` holy war '' , by Japan ) . Bix , Herbert , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2001 , p. 326 - 327 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript to Withdraw from League of Nations '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns , Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 - 1988 , 2003 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Parkes , Henry Bamford . Recent America , A History Of The United States Since 1900 ( Thomas Y . Crowell Company , 1946 ) Page . 635 - 645 Jump up ^ Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack , Part 40 , ^ p. 506 , `` Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence '' . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` On the Treadmill '' , pp. 425 and 434 ; Baker , `` Human Smoke '' , p. 239 , ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6784 - 4 Jump up ^ Hsu Long - hsuen and Chang Ming - kai , translated by Wen Ha - hsiung . History of The Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 - 1945 ) , 2nd ed . ( Taipei , Republic of China : Chung Wu Publishing , 1971 ) , p.", "17": "317 , `` Invasion of French Indochina '' . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) . Japan Prepares for Total War : The Search for Economic Security , 1919 - 1941 . Ithaca : Cornell UP . pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Bix , Herbert , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2001 , p. 395 ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ US freezes Japanese assets and why Jump up ^ Bix , p. 401 ; Worth , Roland H. , Jr. , No Choice But War : the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific ( Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0141 - 9 Jump up ^ Yuichi Arima , The Way to Pearl Harbor : U.S. vs Japan , ICE Case Studies Number 118 , December , 2003 ( accessed April 10 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) . Japan Prepares for Total War : The Search for Economic Security , 1919 - 1941 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell UP . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Peattie , Mark R. & Evans , David C. Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ La Feber , Walter . Polenberg , Richard The American Century , A History Of The United States Since the 1890s ( John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ) , pp. 243 - 247 Jump up ^ Memorandum 95 Regarding a Conversation , Between the Secretary of State , the Japanese Ambassador ( Nomura ) , and Mr. Kurusu Peace and War : United States Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941 ( Department of State , Washington , DC 1943 ) Jump up ^ Bix , Hirohito , pp. 411 & 745 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Peter Wetzler , Hirohito and War , 1998 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Wetzler , op. cit. , pp. 29 & 35 Jump up ^ Wetzler , p. 39 . Jump up ^ OUTLINE OF PROPOSED BASIS FOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN Peace and War : United States Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941 ( Department of State , Washington , DC 1943 ) Jump up ^ Bix , op. cit. , pp. 430 - 431 Jump up ^ Wetzler , p. 39 Jump up ^ Toland , John . The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 ( Random House , 1970 ) , pp. 152 - 53 Jump up ^ Toland , op. cit. , p. 167 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Dillon , Katherine V. , and Goldstein , Donald M. At Dawn We Slept ( New York : Penguin , 1991 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 151 - 2 . Jump up ^ Evans , David C. ; Peattie , Mark R. ( 2012 ) . Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy 1887 - 1941 . Seaforth Publishing . pp. 462 . 489 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 159 - 5 . Jump up ^ Both U.S. and Japanese , as it turns out . Miller , Edward S. ( 2007 ) . War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 . Annapolis , MD : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 500 - 7 . Jump up ^ Willmott , Barrier ; Miller , War Plan Orange. ; Peattie & Evans , Kaigun ; Mahan , The Influence of Sea Power on History . ^ Jump up to : Prange , Gordon , At Dawn We Slept , pp.", "19": "25 - 27 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1453238425 . Jump up ^ Toland , op. cit. , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ It was for these reasons IJA also rejected proposals for an invasion of Australia . Jump up ^ For a more detailed analysis of whether a Japanese invasion of Hawaii could have been successful , see Invasion : Pearl Harbor ! at Combinedfleet.com . Jump up ^ In late April or early May of 1942 , Yamamoto reportedly secured a tentative agreement that an invasion of Hawaii would be launched after military operations in the Western Pacific were completed and additional ground troops and warships were available . By mid-1942 , Yamamoto had assembled sufficient forces for an invasion of the Midway Atoll , which was expected to serve as a base for further attacks against Hawaii . However , in the subsequent Battle of Midway , the loss of four of Japan 's six largest aircraft carriers made any future air and naval operations ( let alone an invasion ) against Hawaii impossible . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Pearl Harbor Papers : Inside the Japanese Plans . Washington : Brassey 's . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. , A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1994 ) , pp. 260 , 323 , and 329 - 330 . Jump up ^ Willmott , H.P. The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Strategies , February to June 1942 . ( United States Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) . Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Japanese Imperial Navy , 1887 - 1941 . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute . p.", "20": "472 . Jump up ^ US Department of the Navy description of Pearl Harbor Attack Jump up ^ The figure of 414 includes scout planes operated by escorts , which were not part of the strike force . Jump up ^ Order of Battle for Pearl Harbor Attack ^ Jump up to : US Army . Japanese monograph # 97 . Pearl Harbor Operations : General Outline of Orders and Plans , 5 November to 2 December 1941 . Washington , D.C. : US dept of the Army . Jump up ^ Japanese Monograph No. 97 Jump up ^ November 28 , 1941 , message Jump up ^ ibiblio.org Jump up ^ War warning , dated 27 November 1941 Jump up ^ Technically called `` Condition Zed '' . Prange et al. op . cit . Jump up ^ Kahn , David . The Codebreakers ; Prange et al. , Peaarl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Jump up ^ In August 1941 Yugoslav / English agent Dušan Popov submitted a report to the F.B.I. J. Edgar Hoover including a questionnaire about Pearl Harbor from the Japanese . Jump up ^ Costello , John ( 1994 ) . Days of Infamy : MacArthur , Roosevelt , Churchill -- the Shocking Truth Revealed . New York : Pocket Books . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 76985 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rebekah . `` The Day that Will Live in Infamy ... but it did n't have to '' . The USS Flier Project . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Naval Air Station , Kanoehe Bay , during the Pearl Harbor Raid Archived 2012 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gordon William Prange ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherine V. Dillon . Miracle at Midway . McGraw - Hill ; 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050672 - 5 . p. 9 .", "21": "( hide ) Pearl Harbor attack Attack Events leading to the attack Order of battle Present US ships Battleship Row Niihau incident Japanese carriers involved Akagi Kaga Sōryū Hiryū Shōkaku Zuikaku United States ships sunk Arizona salvaged artifacts California Oglala Oklahoma Shaw Utah West Virginia Aftermath Consequences Sleeping giant quote Infamy Speech U.S. declaration of war Roberts Commissions Remembrance Remembrance Day USS Arizona Memorial Survivors Association Commemorative Medal Books Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) Films Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) This Is the Army ( 1943 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Tora ! Tora ! Tora !", "22": "( 1970 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Final Countdown ( 1980 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Other Advance - knowledge conspiracy theory In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=819707178 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5869834741419224491	who gets the golden boot if its a tie	[ "shared" ]	{ "0": "Premier League Golden Boot - wikipedia Premier League Golden Boot Jump to : navigation , search Premier League Golden Boot Thierry Henry has won the most Golden Boot awards with four . Awarded for The leading goalscorer in a given Premier League season . Sponsored by Barclays Country England Presented by The Football Association First awarded Last awarded 2017 Currently held by Harry Kane The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League . For sponsorship purposes , from 1994 to 2001 it was called the Carling Golden Boot and from 2001 to 2004 , the Barclaycard Golden Boot ; as of 2015 , it is referred to as the Barclays Golden Boot . In addition to the trophy , winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £ 1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice , although Robin van Persie was given £ 30,000 after scoring 26 goals in the 2012 -- 13 season . The Premier League was founded in 1992 , when the clubs of the First Division left The Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The newly formed league had no sponsor for its inaugural season until Carling agreed to a four - year £ 12 million deal that started the following season , and it was simply known as the Premier League in its first year . As a result , the award was called the `` Premier League Golden Boot '' when Teddy Sheringham received the inaugural award in 1993 . Originally consisting of 22 teams , the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994 -- 95 season ; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38 . Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions , more than any other player . Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners , respectively , when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999 . Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons .", "1": "Phillips , Henry , Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot , with Henry achieving this on two occasions ( 2004 and 2005 ) . Shearer , Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs . Andy Cole and Shearer -- with 34 goals in 1993 -- 94 and 1994 -- 95 , respectively -- scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot , while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright , with 19 goals in 2008 -- 09 . The all - time record for lowest number of goals scored to be bestowed the award , however , is 18 goals ; this was achieved during the 1997 -- 98 and 1998 -- 99 seasons , when the award was shared between three players both times . The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010 -- 11 , when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award . Harry Kane recorded the highest goals - to - games ratio to win the award , scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016 -- 17 for a rate of 0.97 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Awards won by nationality 3 Awards won by club 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Winners ( edit ) Teddy Sheringham won the inaugural Premier League Golden Boot in 1993 . Cristiano Ronaldo , the 2008 winner , is one of four players to win the European Golden Shoe alongside the Golden Boot . Dwight Yorke , the 1999 co-recipient , is the first winner of the Golden Boot from outside Europe .", "2": "Key Player ( X ) Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point ( if more than one ) Games The number of Premier League games played by the winner that season Rate The winner 's goals - to - games ratio that season Indicates multiple award winners in the same season Indicates player also won the European Golden Shoe in the same season § Denotes the club were Premier League champions in the same season Premier League Golden Boot winners Season Player Nationality Club Goals Games Rate Ref ( s ) 1992 -- 93 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Tottenham Hotspur 22 41 0.54 1993 -- 94 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Newcastle United 34 40 0.85 1994 -- 95 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers 34 42 0.81 1995 -- 96 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 2 ) England Blackburn Rovers 31 35 0.89 1996 -- 97 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 3 ) England Newcastle United 25 31 0.81 1997 -- 98 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers 18 35 0.51 1997 -- 98 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Coventry City 18 36 0.50 1997 -- 98 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool 18 36 0.50 1998 -- 99 Owen , Michael Michael Owen ( 2 ) England Liverpool 18 30 0.60 1998 -- 99 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United 18 33 0.55 1998 -- 99 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Leeds United 18 36 0.50 1999 -- 2000 Phillips ,", "3": "Kevin Kevin Phillips England Sunderland 30 36 0.83 2000 -- 01 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( 2 ) Netherlands Chelsea 23 35 0.66 2001 -- 02 Henry 1 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal 24 33 0.73 2002 -- 03 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 25 34 0.74 2003 -- 04 Henry 2 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 2 ) France Arsenal 30 37 0.81 2004 -- 05 Henry 3 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 3 ) France Arsenal 25 32 0.78 2005 -- 06 Henry 4 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 4 ) France Arsenal 27 32 0.84 2006 -- 07 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea 20 36 0.56 2007 -- 08 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United 31 34 0.91 2008 -- 09 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Chelsea 19 36 0.53 2009 -- 10 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba ( 2 ) Ivory Coast Chelsea 29 32 0.91 2010 -- 11 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City 20 31 0.65 2010 -- 11 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United 20 32 0.63 2011 -- 12 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal 30 38 0.79 2012 -- 13 Persie ,", "4": "Robin van Robin van Persie ( 2 ) Netherlands Manchester United 26 38 0.68 2013 -- 14 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool 31 33 0.94 2014 -- 15 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City 26 33 0.79 2015 -- 16 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur 25 38 0.65 2016 -- 17 Kane , Harry Harry Kane ( 2 ) England Tottenham Hotspur 29 30 0.97 Awards won by nationality ( edit ) Country Total England 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Netherlands 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 France 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Argentina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ivory Coast 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Trinidad and Tobago 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Portugal 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bulgaria 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Uruguay 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Awards won by club ( edit ) Alan Shearer ( left ) and Robin van Persie ( right ) won consecutive Golden Boot awards with two clubs .", "5": "Club Total Arsenal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Manchester United 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chelsea 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Blackburn Rovers 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Liverpool 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Tottenham Hotspur 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Manchester City 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Newcastle United 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Coventry City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Leeds United 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Sunderland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 See also ( edit ) English football portal Association football portal English football first tier top scorers List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals List of top Premier League goal scorers by season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole and Shearer won the Golden Boot when the Premier League still operated a 42 - game season . Shearer , Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez scored the most goals in a 38 - game season with 31 goals in 1995 -- 96 , 2007 -- 08 and 2013 -- 14 , respectively . Jump up ^ This does not necessarily match the total number of games in a season . Jump up ^ From the 1995 -- 96 season onwards , the Premier League was reduced from 22 teams to 20 , thus reducing the number of games in a league season from 42 to 38 . Jump up ^ Teddy Sheringham scored his first goal of the 1992 -- 93 season as a Nottingham Forest player , while the rest of his goals were scored for Tottenham Hotspur following his transfer in August 1992 . ^ Jump up to : When rounding to three significant figures , Ronaldo 's goal ratio in the 2007 -- 08 season was 0.912 , while Drogba 's 2009 -- 10 ratio was 0.906 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 's official website incorrectly lists Van Persie as having played 37 games in the 2011 -- 12 season .", "6": "He played all 38 games , as confirmed by the Premier League . References ( edit ) General `` Van Persie wins Premier League Golden Boot ( 1992 -- 2012 Golden Boot Award winners list ) '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal FC. 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . `` A brief history of the English top division -- List of Honours ( List of Premier League champions ) '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 1 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Premier League Awards '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Van Nistelrooy has final say '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2003 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robin van Persie retains Barclays Golden Boot Award '' . Premier League . 22 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Joe ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Van Persie picks up Premier League Golden Boot '' . Goal.com . Perform Group . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter ( 19 January 2001 ) . `` Why Carling called time on Premiership '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Ten -- Golden Boot '' . Sky Sports . May 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 .", "7": "Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ascough , Phil , ed. ( 7 May 2012 ) . Kissing the Badge : How much do you know about 20 years of the Premier League ? . A & C Black . ISBN 9781408178539 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whooley , Declan ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Will Luis Suarez break the Premier League goal scoring record this season ? '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pontes , Carlos ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo receives Golden Boot in his native Madeira '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Shoe fits for Thierry Henry '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal FC. 31 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 2012 -- 13 : the season in numbers '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat attack : Liverpool 's season in numbers '' . Liverpool Echo. 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dumont , Albert ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Nicolas Anelka Wins Premier League Golden Boot '' . Goal.com . Perform Group . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Carr , Paul ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` Statistical breakdown of EPL season '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , James ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` Dimitar Berbatov 's bizarre season '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane wins the Premier League 's Golden Boot for the second season in a row '' . The Independent . 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Roller - coaster years '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 May 2001 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile -- Teddy Sheringham '' . Premier League . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Persie follows in Shearer 's footsteps '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lomas , Mark ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Dublin : Rooney the cream of the crop '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Question Nobody asked '' . Irish Independent . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phillips nets Golden prize '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 29 July 2000 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea clinch Uefa Cup spot '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 19 May 2001 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Van Nistelrooy nets Golden Boot '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 May 2003 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drogba collects Golden Boot award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Prentice , David ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Suarez , MacKay , Dalglish ... now how about some appreciation for Rodgers ? '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Herman , Martyn ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Anelka tops Premier League scoring charts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry calls for fresh investment to build on success '' . The Irish Times . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 .", "9": "( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Berbatov , Tevez share Premier League ' golden boot ' on drama - filled last day '' . The Sofia Echo. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile -- Robin Van Persie '' . Premier League . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Van Persie wins Premier League Golden Boot '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal FC. 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez & Tony Pulis win Barclays Premier League awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aguero and Hart seal Golden Awards double for Man City '' . Premier League . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 's Harry Kane clinches Premier League Golden Boot '' . Sky Sports . 15 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane wins the Premier League 's Golden Boot for the second season in a row '' . The Independent . 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 :", "10": "Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham", "11": "Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( returning in 2018 - 19 ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winning players Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Football League Football League Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division", "12": "( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_Golden_Boot&oldid=837518294 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Premier League trophies and awards Lists of association football league top scorers in England Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured lists Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Español فارسی Galego Հայերեն Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 10 : 03 .", "13": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8828538942223020699	where does the expression as the crow flies come from	[ "Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist", "Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist" ]	{ "0": "As the crow flies - Wikipedia As the crow flies Jump to : navigation , search A crow flying For other uses , see As the Crow Flies ( disambiguation ) . As the crow flies , similar to in a beeline , is an idiom for the most direct path between two points . This meaning is attested from the early 19th century , and appeared in Charles Dickens 's novel Oliver Twist : We cut over the fields at the back with him between us -- straight as the crow flies -- through hedge and ditch . According to BBC Focus , `` ' As the crow flies ' is a pretty common saying but it is n't particularly accurate '' . Crows do not swoop in the air like swallows or starlings , but they often circle above their nests . Crows do conspicuously fly alone across open country , but neither crows nor bees ( as in `` beeline '' ) fly in particularly straight lines . Before modern navigational methods were introduced , Crows were kept upon ships and released when land was sought . Crows instinctively fly towards land . ( See the sea - Nautical language . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links See also ( edit ) Geodesic Great - circle distance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert ( 2008 ) . Allen 's Dictionary of English Phrases . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141917689 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Oxford University Press , UK . ISBN 9780191578564 . ^ Jump up to : Villazon , Luis . `` Do crows actually fly in a straight line ? '' , BBC Focus ( August 30 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ http://see-the-sea.org/nautical/naut-body.htm Further reading ( edit ) Dundes , Alan ( 2004 ) . `` As the Crow Flies : A Straightforward Study of Lineal Worldview in American Folk Speech '' . In Lau , Kimberley J. ; et al. What Goes Around Comes Around : The Circulation of Proverbs in Contemporary Life . Utah State University Press . pp.", "1": "171 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87421 - 592 - 2 . Winfield , Charles H. ( 1882 ) . Adjudged Words and Phrases : Being a Collection of Adjudicated Definitions of Terms Used in the Law , with References to Authorities . Jersey City , NJ : J.J. Griffiths . p. 45 . OCLC 3364516 . External links ( edit ) Look up as the crow flies in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` As the crow flies '' The Phrase Finder . `` As the crow flies '' World Wide Words . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_the_crow_flies&oldid=835709035 '' Categories : English phrases Navigation English - language idioms Vocabulary and usage stubs Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 09 : 15 . 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6792980250224411482	who is the minister of local government in zimbabwe	[ "Hon July Moyo", "Hon July Moyo", "Hon July Moyo", "Hon July Moyo" ]	{ "0": "Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) - Wikipedia Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ministry of Local Government , Rural and Urban Development is a government ministry , responsible for local government in Zimbabwe . The incumbent minister is Hon July Moyo and the deputy minister is Sesel Zvidzai . It oversees : Municipalities of Zimbabwe Districts of Zimbabwe Provinces of Zimbabwe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.herald.co.zw/live-updates-ministers-swearing-in-ceremony/ Jump up ^ `` Cabinet sworn in amid chaotic scenes '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 13 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mugabe swears in 19 deputy ministers , 5 Ministers of State '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 20 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Local_Government_and_Urban_Development_(Zimbabwe)&oldid=838182093 '' Categories : Zimbabwean government stubs Government of Zimbabwe Provinces of Zimbabwe Districts of Zimbabwe Populated places in Zimbabwe Local government ministries Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "1": null, "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0 ]	[ 0 ]
4395570541686945657	who are the dallas cowboys playing on thanksgiving	[ "the Detroit Lions", "Los Angeles Chargers" ]	{ "0": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day - wikipedia NFL on Thanksgiving Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of National Football League games . For the Canadian Football League games , see Thanksgiving Day Classic . For the black college football rivalry , see Turkey Day Classic . The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL shield being used for the first time in 2008 . The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 .", "1": "The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) .", "2": "The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games .", "3": "It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 .", "4": "The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 .", "5": "In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games .", "6": "1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . ''", "7": "Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII .", "8": "2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future .", "9": "Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov.", "10": "24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov.", "11": "24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov.", "12": "26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov.", "13": "24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov.", "14": "22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m.", "15": "EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St.", "16": "Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov.", "17": "22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov.", "18": "25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving .", "19": "In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov.", "20": "24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams .", "21": "750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 .", "22": "250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 .", "23": "Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 .", "24": "000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 .", "25": "Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award .", "26": "In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg .", "27": "Complete list ( edit ) CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal )", "28": "1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady (", "29": "NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers and Keenan Allen ( both of the Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks .", "30": "The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) .", "31": "`` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press .", "32": "Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs.", "33": "Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores Links to related articles Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye", "34": "song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956", "35": "1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail", "36": "Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division", "37": "Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins", "38": "New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team", "39": "history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - 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Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix NFL on ABC Related programs Monday Night Football ESPN Sunday Night Football American Football League on ABC Pro Football Highlights Non-NFL programs College Football on ABC USFL on ABC World League of American Football on ABC Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Monday Night Mayhem ( film ) ABC Monday Night Football ( video game ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001", "42": "2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- present ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal ``", "43": "The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime - show controversy `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl", "44": "1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- present ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception ''", "45": "`` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Comeback '' `` The Interception '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 )", "46": "LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Fox NFL Related programs Fox College Football NFL Europe on Fox Fox NFL Kickoff Fox NFL Sunday Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) FoxBox NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Commentators Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Postseason games NFC Championship Game Super Bowl International games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series World Bowl Lore `` River City Relay '' 0 - 16 `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' Postseason lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal `` The Bert Emanuel Rule '' `` The Catch II '' `` 4th and 26 '' 18 - 1 The Helmet Catch 28 - 3 Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music Scott Schreer Super Bowl XXXI ( 1996 ) XXXIII ( 1998 ) XXXVI ( 2001 ) XXXIX ( 2004 ) XLII ( 2007 ) XLV ( 2010 ) XLVIII ( 2013 ) LI ( 2016 )", "47": "LIV ( 2019 ) Pro Bowl 2008 2011 World Bowl ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 2000 IX X XI XII XIII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day&oldid=816380284 '' Categories : NFL on Thanksgiving Day History of the National Football League National Football League competitions American Football League Detroit Lions Dallas Cowboys Recurring sporting events established in 1920 1920 establishments in the United States November sporting events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2148459599633305846	where is the limbic system located and what is its function	[ "on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum" ]	{ "0": "Limbic system - wikipedia Limbic system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Limbic system Cross section of the human brain showing parts of the limbic system from below . Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie ( 1786 ) The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the limbic lobe . Details Identifiers Latin Systema limbicum NeuroNames ancil - 247 Dorlands / Elsevier s_33 / 12787580 FMA 242000 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus , immediately beneath the cerebrum . It has also been referred to as the paleomammalian cortex . It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon , diencephalon , and mesencephalon . It includes the olfactory bulbs , hippocampus , hypothalamus , amygdala , anterior thalamic nuclei , fornix , columns of fornix , mammillary body , septum pellucidum , habenular commissure , cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus , entorhinal cortex , and limbic midbrain areas . The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion , behavior , motivation , long - term memory , and olfaction . Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system , and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories . Although the term only originated in the 1940s , some neuroscientists , including Joseph LeDoux , have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Hippocampus 2.1. 1 Spatial memory 2.1. 2 Learning 2.1.", "1": "3 Hippocampus damage 2.2 Amygdala 2.2. 1 Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks 2.2. 2 Attentional and emotional processes 2.2. 3 Social processing 3 Evolution 4 Clinical significance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Etymology and history 5.2 Academic dispute 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Anatomical components of the limbic system The limbic system was originally defined by Paul Broca as a series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem : the border , or limbus , of the brain . These structures were known together as the limbic lobe . Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were grouped into the limbic system . The existence of such a system as an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion has gone into disuse and currently it is considered as one of the many parts of the brain that regulate visceral , autonomic processes . Therefore , the definition of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is a controversial subject . The following structures are , or have been considered , part of the limbic system : Cortical areas : Limbic lobe Orbitofrontal cortex , a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision - making . Piriform cortex , part of the olfactory system . Entorhinal cortex , related with memory and associative components . Hippocampus and associated structures , which play a central role in the consolidation of new memories . Fornix , a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures , particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei Subcortical areas : Septal nuclei , a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis , considered a pleasure zone . Amygdala , located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes . Nucleus accumbens : involved in reward , pleasure , and addiction .", "2": "Diencephalic structures : Hypothalamus : a center for the limbic system , connected with the frontal lobes , septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle , with the hippocampus via the fornix , and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus . It regulates a great number of autonomic processes . Mammillary bodies , part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus . Anterior nuclei of thalamus receive input from the mammillary bodies . Involved in memory processing . Function ( edit ) The structures of the limbic system are involved in motivation , emotion , learning , and memory . The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex . The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system . It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the `` high '' derived from certain recreational drugs . These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system . In 1954 , Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens , as well as their septal nuclei , repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region , and did so in preference to eating and drinking , eventually dying of exhaustion . The limbic system also includes the basal ganglia . The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements . The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus . They receive input from the cerebral cortex , which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem . A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement . Recent studies indicate that , if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine , the striatum is affected , which can lead to visible behavioral symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex . Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems . To cure severe emotional disorders , this connection was sometimes surgically severed , a procedure of psychosurgery , called a prefrontal lobotomy ( this is actually a misnomer ) .", "3": "Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation . The limbic system is often classified as a `` cerebral structure '' . This structure is closely linked to olfaction , emotions , drives , autonomic regulation , memory , and pathologically to encephalopathy , epilepsy , psychotic symptoms , cognitive defects . The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects / emotions , memory , sensory processing , time perception , attention , consciousness , instincts , autonomic / vegetative control , and actions / motor behavior . Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system are epilepsy and schizophrenia . Hippocampus ( edit ) Various processes of cognition involve the hippocampus . Spatial memory ( edit ) The first and most widely researched area concerns memory , spatial memory in particular . Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus , such as the dentate gyrus ( DG ) in the dorsal hippocampus , the left hippocampus , and the parahippocampal region . The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons , called adult - born granules ( GC ) , in adolescence and adulthood . These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory , increasing the firing in cell networks , and overall causing stronger memory formations . While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation , the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories . Eichenbaum and his team found , when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats , that the left hippocampus is `` critical for effectively combining the ' what , ' when , ' and ' where ' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory . '' This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory . However , Spreng found that the left hippocampus is , in fact , a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus , but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time . Eichenbaum 's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus . Learning ( edit ) The hippocampus , over the decades , has also been found to have a huge impact in learning .", "4": "Curlik and Shors examined the effects of neurogenesis in the hippocampus and its effects on learning . This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects , and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks . Thus , they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits in the hippocampus as a result of the training , causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task . This neurogenesis contributes to the creation of adult - born granules cells ( GC ) , cells also described by Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning . The creation of these cells exhibited `` enhanced excitability '' in the dentate gyrus ( DG ) of the dorsal hippocampus , impacting the hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process . Hippocampus damage ( edit ) Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning , particularly memory such as spatial memory . As previously mentioned , spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus . While damage to the hippocampus may be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort , researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type . In particular , in a study performed by Parkard , rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze . In the first condition , rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal . When completing the maze task , these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal - dependent memory when compared to the control group . Then , in a second condition , a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs . Like the former these results reported similar outcomes , in that hippocampal - memory was also impaired . Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing , in particular the recall function of spatial memory . Furthermore , impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as Glucocorticoids ( GCs ) , which target the hippocampus and cause disruption in explicit memory . In an attempt to curtail life - threatening kepileptic seizures , 27 - year - old Henry Gustav Molaison underwent bilateral removal of almost all of his hippocampus in 1953 .", "5": "Over the course of fifty years he participated in thousands of tests and research projects that provided specific information on exactly what he had lost . Semantic and episodic events faded within minutes , having never reached his long term memory , yet emotions , unconnected from the details of causation , were often retained . Dr. Suzanne Corkin , who worked with him for 46 years until his death , described the contribution of this tragic `` experiment '' in her 2013 book . Amygdala ( edit ) Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks ( edit ) Another integrative part of the limbic system , the amygdala is involved in many cognitive processes . Like the hippocampus , processes in the amygdala seem to impact memory ; however , it is not spatial memory as in the hippocampus but episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks . Markowitsch 's amygdala research shows it encodes , stores , and retrieves EAM memories . To delve deeper into these types of processes by the amygdala , Markowitsch and his team provided extensive evidence through investigations that the `` amygdala 's main function is to charge cues so that mnemonic events of a specific emotional significance can be successfully searched within the appropriate neural nets and re-activated . '' These cues for emotional events created by the amygdala encompass the EAM networks previously mentioned . Attentional and emotional processes ( edit ) Besides memory , the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes . First , to define attention in cognitive terms , attention is the ability to home in on some stimuli while ignoring others . Thus , the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability . Foremost , however , this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear , allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear . However , as time has gone by , researchers such as Pessoa , generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings , and concluded that the amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly . However , when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear , this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes . Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes , in particular the ventral hippocampus .", "6": "He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult - born granule cells ( GC ) . These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component in the amygdala . A deficit of these cells , as Pessoa ( 2009 ) predicted in his studies , would result in low emotional functioning , leading to high retention rate of mental diseases , such as anxiety disorders . Social processing ( edit ) Social processing , specifically the evaluation of faces in social processing , is an area of cognition specific to the amygdala . In a study done by Todorov , fMRI tasks were performed with participants to evaluate whether the amygdala was involved in the general evaluation of faces . After the study , Todorov concluded from his fMRI results that the amygdala did indeed play a key role in the general evaluation of faces . However , in a study performed by researchers Koscik and his team , the trait of trustworthiness was particularly examined in the evaluation of faces . Koscik and his team demonstrated that the amygdala was involved in evaluating the trustworthiness of an individual . They investigated how brain damage to the amygdala played a role in trustworthiness , and found that individuals that suffered damage tended to confuse trust and betrayal , and thus placed trust in those having done them wrong . Furthermore , Rule , along with his colleagues , expanded on the idea of the amygdala in its critique of trustworthiness in others by performing a study in 2009 in which he examined the amygdala 's role in evaluating general first impressions and relating them to real - world outcomes . Their study involved first impressions of CEOs . Rule demonstrated that while the amygdala did play a role in the evaluation of trustworthiness , as observed by Koscik in his own research two years later in 2011 , the amygdala also played a generalized role in the overall evaluation of first impression of faces . This latter conclusion , along with Todorov 's study on the amygdala 's role in general evaluations of faces and Koscik 's research on trustworthiness and the amygdala , further solidified evidence that the amygdala plays a role in overall social processing .", "7": "Evolution ( edit ) Paul D. MacLean , as part of his triune brain theory , hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the forebrain , and that it developed to manage circuitry attributed to the fight or flight first identified by Hans Selye in his report of the General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936 . It may be considered a part of survival adaptation , leading to what describes evolution adaptation throughout the history of species differentiation in reptiles as well as mammals ( including humans ) . MacLean postulated that the human brain has evolved three components , that evolved successively , with more recent components developing at the top / front . These components are , respectively : The archipallium or primitive ( `` reptilian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the brain stem -- medulla , pons , cerebellum , mesencephalon , the oldest basal nuclei -- the globus pallidus and the olfactory bulbs . The paleopallium or intermediate ( `` old mammalian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the limbic system . The neopallium , also known as the superior or rational ( `` new mammalian '' ) brain , comprises almost the whole of the hemispheres ( made up of a more recent type of cortex , called neocortex ) and some subcortical neuronal groups . It corresponds to the brain of the superior mammals , thus including the primates and , as a consequence , the human species . It should be noted that similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species unrelated to humans and primates has also occurred , for example in cetaceans and elephants ; thus the designation of `` superior mammals '' is not an evolutionary one , as it has occurred independently in different species . The evolution of higher degrees of intelligence is an example of convergent evolution , and is also seen in non-mammals such as birds . According to Maclean , each of the components , although connected with the others , retained `` their peculiar types of intelligence , subjectivity , sense of time and space , memory , mobility and other less specific functions '' . However , while the categorization into structures is reasonable , the recent studies of the limbic system of tetrapods , both living and extinct , have challenged several aspects of this hypothesis , notably the accuracy of the terms `` reptilian '' and `` old mammalian '' .", "8": "The common ancestors of reptiles and mammals had a well - developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established . Further , birds , which evolved from the dinosaurs , which in turn evolved separately but around the same time as the mammals , have a well - developed limbic system . While the anatomic structures of the limbic system are different in birds and mammals , there are functional equivalents . Clinical significance ( edit ) Damage to the structures of limbic system results in conditions like Alzheimer 's disease , anterograde amnesia , retrograde amnesia , and Klüver - Bucy syndrome . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology and history ( edit ) The term limbic comes from the Latin limbus , for `` border '' or `` edge '' , or , particularly in medical terminology , a border of an anatomical component . Paul Broca coined the term based on its physical location in the brain , sandwiched between two functionally different components . The limbic system is a term that was introduced in 1949 by the American physician and neuroscientist , Paul D. MacLean . The French physician Paul Broca first called this part of the brain le grand lobe limbique in 1878 . He examined the differentiation between deeply recessed cortical tissue and underlying , subcortical nuclei . However , most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the American physician James Papez described his anatomical model of emotion , the Papez circuit . The first evidence that the limbic system was responsible for the cortical representation of emotions was discovered in 1939 , by Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy . Kluver and Bucy , after much research , demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys created an extreme behavioral syndrome . After performing a temporal lobectomy , the monkeys showed a decrease in aggression . The animals revealed a reduced threshold to visual stimuli , and were thus unable to recognize objects that were once familiar . MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed `` limbic system '' , more on the lines of the system described above . MacLean developed the intriguing theory of the `` triune brain '' to explain its evolution and to try to reconcile rational human behavior with its more primal and violent side .", "9": "He became interested in the brain 's control of emotion and behavior . After initial studies of brain activity in epileptic patients , he turned to cats , monkeys , and other models , using electrodes to stimulate different parts of the brain in conscious animals recording their responses . In the 1950s , he began to trace individual behaviors like aggression and sexual arousal to their physiological sources . He analyzed the brain 's center of emotions , the limbic system , and described an area that includes structures called the hippocampus and amygdala . Developing observations made by Papez , he determined that the limbic system had evolved in early mammals to control fight - or - flight responses and react to both emotionally pleasurable and painful sensations . The concept is now broadly accepted in neuroscience . Additionally , MacLean said that the idea of the limbic system leads to a recognition that its presence `` represents the history of the evolution of mammals and their distinctive family way of life . '' In the 1960s , Dr. MacLean enlarged his theory to address the human brain 's overall structure and divided its evolution into three parts , an idea that he termed the triune brain . In addition to identifying the limbic system , he pointed to a more primitive brain called the R - complex , related to reptiles , which controls basic functions like muscle movement and breathing . The third part , the neocortex , controls speech and reasoning and is the most recent evolutionary arrival . The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by Walle Nauta , Lennart Heimer and others . Academic dispute ( edit ) There is controversy over the use of the term limbic system , with scientists such as LeDoux arguing that the term be considered obsolete and abandoned . Originally , the limbic system was believed to be the emotional center of the brain , with cognition being the business of the neocortex . However , cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories , in which the hippocampus , a primary limbic structure , is involved : hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive ( memory ) deficits . More important , the `` boundaries '' of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience . Therefore , while it is true that limbic structures are more closely related to emotion , the brain can be thought of as an integrated whole .", "10": "See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limbic system . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Limbic - hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( LHPA axis ) Emotional memory Fundamentals of Neuroscience at Wikiversity Paralimbic cortex Triune brain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L. 2012 . Psychology. sec . 3.20 Jump up ^ Princeton Review ( 29 July 2003 ) . Anatomy Coloring Workbook , Second Edition . The Princeton Review . pp. 120 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76342 - 7 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reference needed Jump up ^ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Ledoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 ^ Jump up to : Broca , P ( 1878 ) . `` Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales : Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères . '' . Revue d'Anthropologie. 1 : 385 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Morgane PJ , Galler JR , Mokler DJ ( 2005 ) . `` A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain / limbic midbrain '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 75 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 60 . PMID 15784304 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2005.01. 001 . Jump up ^ Blessing WW ( 1997 ) . `` Inadequate frameworks for understanding bodily homeostasis '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 20 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 239 . PMID 9185301 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 96 ) 01029 - 6 . Jump up ^ Swenson , Rand . `` Chapter 9 - Limbic System '' .", "11": "Retrieved 9 January 2015 . : Jump up ^ Rajmohan V , Mohandas E ( 2007 ) . `` The limbic system '' . Indian Journal of Psychiatry . 49 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 139 . PMC 2917081 . PMID 20711399 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5545.33264 . Jump up ^ Olds , J. ; Milner , P. ( 1954 ) . `` Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain '' . J. Comp . Physiolo . Psycholo. 47 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 427 . PMID 13233369 . doi : 10.1037 / h0058775 . Jump up ^ Adams , R.D. and Victor , M. , Principles of Neurology , 3rd edn. , MacGraw - Hill , New York , 1985 . Jump up ^ lversen , S.D. , Recent advances in the anatomy and chemistry of the limbic system . In M.R. Trimble and E. Zarifian ( Eds . ) , Psychophannacology of the Lhnbic System , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1984 , pp. 1 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kheirbeck , M.A. ; Hen , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Dorsal vs ventral hippocampal neurogenensis : Implications for cognition and mood '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 36 ( 1 ) : 373 -- 374 . PMC 3055508 . PMID 21116266 . doi : 10.1038 / npp. 2010.148 . ^ Jump up to : Eichenbaum , H. ( 2007 ) . `` Comparative cognition , hippocampal function , and recollection '' . Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews . 2 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 66 . doi : 10.3819 / ccbr. 2008.20003 . Jump up ^ Spreng , R.N. ; Mar , R.A.", "12": "( 2012 ) . `` I remember you : A role for memory in social cognition and the functional neuroanatomy of their interaction '' . Brain Research . 1428 : 43 -- 50 . PMC 3085056 . PMID 21172325 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2010.12. 024 . Jump up ^ CurlikShors , D. ; Shors , T.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Training your brain : Do mental and physical ( map ) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus ? '' . Neuropharmacology. 64 ( 1 ) : 506 -- 14 . PMC 3445739 . PMID 22898496 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2012.07. 027 . Jump up ^ Parkard , M.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Anxiety , cognition , and habit : A multiple memory systems perspective '' . Brain Research . 1293 : 121 -- 128 . PMID 19328775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2009.03. 029 . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , Robert M. ( 2003 ) . `` Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System '' . Neurochemical Research . 28 ( 11 ) : 1735 -- 1742 . ISSN 0364 - 3190 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026021307833 . Jump up ^ http://suzannecorkin.com/permanent-present-tense/ ^ Jump up to : Markowitsch , H.J. ; Staniloiu , A ( 2011 ) . `` Amygdala in action : Relaying biological and social significance to autobiographical memory '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 718 -- 733 . PMID 20933525 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.10. 007 . Jump up ^ Pessoa , L. ( 2010 ) .", "13": "`` Emotion and cognition and the amygdale : From `` what is it ? '' to `` what 's to be done ? '' `` . Neuropsychologia. 48 ( 12 ) : 3416 -- 3429 . PMC 2949460 . PMID 20619280 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.06. 038 . Jump up ^ Todorov , A. ; Engell , A.D. ( 2008 ) . `` ) . The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 3 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 312 . PMC 2607057 . PMID 19015082 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsn033 . Jump up ^ Koscik , T.R. ; Tranel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 602 -- 611 . PMC 3056169 . PMID 20920512 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.09. 023 . Jump up ^ Rule , N.O. ; Moran , J.M. ; Freeman , J.B. ; Whitfield - Gabrieli , S. ; Gabrieli , J.D.E. ; Ambady , N. ( 2011 ) . `` Face value : Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions '' . NeuroImage. 54 ( 1 ) : 734 -- 741 . PMID 20633663 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.07. 007 . Jump up ^ `` The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress . '' . APA PsycNET. 1 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Bruce LL , Neary TJ ( 1995 ) . `` The limbic system of tetrapods : a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations '' . Brain Behav . Evol.", "14": "46 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 224 -- 34 . PMID 8564465 . doi : 10.1159 / 000113276 . Jump up ^ MacLEAN PD ( 1949 ) . `` Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain ; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion '' . Psychosom Med. 11 ( 6 ) : 338 -- 53 . PMID 15410445 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006842 - 194911000 - 00003 . ^ Jump up to : P.D. MacLean ( 1952 ) . `` Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system ( visceral brain ) '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 4 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 418 . PMID 12998590 . doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 4694 ( 52 ) 90073 - 4 . Jump up ^ Binder , Marc D ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Springer . p. 2592 . Jump up ^ Papez , JW. ( 1995 ) . `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 '' . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 12 . PMID 7711480 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . Jump up ^ Kluver , H. ; Bucy , P.C. ( 1937 ) . `` Psychic blindness '' and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy `` . American Journal of Physiology. 119 : 254 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Robert L , Isaacson ( 31 December 1992 ) . `` A fuzzy limbic system '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 52 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 131 . PMID 1294191 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 4328 ( 05 ) 80222 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , J.A. ( November 1973 ) .", "15": "`` The Limbic System '' ( PDF ) . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 39 ( 11 ) : 1138 -- 1138 . PMC 1083320 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 39.11. 1138 - a . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Fulton , John ( November 1953 ) . `` The Limbic System '' . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 118 . PMC 2599366 . PMID 13123136 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books .", "16": "0142001783 External links ( edit ) http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbic_system&oldid=807306913 '' Categories : Limbic system Mood disorders Memory Motivation History of neuroscience Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 35 .", "17": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6411144351147088389	who sang i put a spell on you in hocus pocus	[ "Bette Midler", "Bette Midler", "Bette Midler", "Bette Midler", "Bette Midler" ]	{ "0": "I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia I Put a Spell on You Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see I Put a Spell on You ( album ) . `` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins , whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 The original composition 2 Personnel 3 Covers and samples 4 References The original composition ( edit ) Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place .", "1": "I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style . A truncated version was released but the ban remained . The record still sold over a million copies . The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Revue . '' Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You '' : Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry '' . This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . Personnel ( edit ) Guitar -- Mickey Baker Piano -- Ernie Hayes Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson Bass -- Al Lucas Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland Recorded 12 September 1956 Covers and samples ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively ; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts , several later cover versions have . Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 .", "2": "The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain , and Australia . In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000 . Other versions of note : Marilyn Manson covered the song on the 1995 EP Smells Like Children The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their self - titled album . Manfred Mann released a version on their U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 ( also appeared on the band 's 1966 U.S. album ' Pretty Flamingo ' ) . The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 .", "3": "Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p.", "4": "911 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences .", "5": "Catégorie : Single publié par Okeh Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=838253449 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 2001 singles Alan Price songs Annie Lennox songs Arthur Brown ( musician ) songs Bette Midler songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Decca Records singles Disney songs Eels ( band ) songs Eric Burdon songs Fantasy Records singles Halloween songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Natacha Atlas songs Nina Simone songs Parrot Records singles Rhythm and blues songs Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs She & Him songs Sonique ( musician ) songs The Animals songs Van Morrison songs Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 39 . 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-6558090229319450246	what are the roles of international monetary fund	[ "to foster global monetary cooperation", "secure financial stability", "facilitate international trade", "promote high employment and sustainable economic growth", "reduce poverty around the world", "to foster global monetary cooperation", "secure financial stability", "facilitate international trade", "promote high employment and sustainable economic growth", "reduce poverty around the world", "foster global monetary cooperation", "secure financial stability", "facilitate international trade", "promote high employment and sustainable economic growth", "reduce poverty around the world" ]	{ "0": "International Monetary Fund - wikipedia International Monetary Fund Jump to : navigation , search See also : Notable Current and Former IMF Employees `` IMF '' redirects here . For other uses , see IMF ( disambiguation ) . International Monetary Fund Coat of arms Abbreviation IMF Formation 27 December 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 12 - 27 ) Type International financial institution Purpose Promote international monetary co-operation , facilitate international trade , foster sustainable economic growth , make resources available to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties Headquarters Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W / 38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W / 38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 Region Worldwide Membership 189 countries Official language English Managing Director Christine Lagarde Main organ Board of governors Parent organization United Nations Staff 2,700 Website imf.org The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international organization headquartered in Washington , D.C. , of `` 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world . '' Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money . As of 2016 , the fund had SDR 477 billion ( about $668 billion ) .", "1": "Through the fund , and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis , surveillance of its members ' economies and the demand for particular policies , the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries . The organisation 's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are : to promote international monetary co-operation , international trade , high employment , exchange - rate stability , sustainable economic growth , and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 1.1 Surveillance of the global economy 1.2 Conditionality of loans 1.2. 1 Structural adjustment 1.2. 2 Benefits 2 History 2.1 Since 2000 3 Member countries 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Benefits 4 Leadership 4.1 Board of Governors 4.2 Executive Board 4.3 Managing Director 4.3. 1 List of Managing Directors 5 Voting power 5.1 Effects of the quota system 5.2 Inflexibility of voting power 5.3 Overcoming borrower / creditor divide 6 Use 6.1 Exceptional Access Framework -- sovereign debt 7 IMF and globalization 8 Criticisms 8.1 Conditionality 8.2 Reform 8.2. 1 Function and policies 8.2. 2 US influence and voting reform 8.3 Support of dictatorships 8.4 Impact on access to food 8.5 Impact on public health 8.6 Impact on environment 9 Scandals 10 Alternatives 11 In the media 12 See also 13 Notes and references 13.1 Notes 13.2 References 13.3 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Functions ( edit ) According to the IMF itself , it works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy , advice and financing the members , by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty . The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets .", "2": "Such market imperfections , together with balance - of - payments financing , provide the justification for official financing , without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences . The IMF provides alternate sources of financing . Upon the founding of the IMF , its three primary functions were : to oversee the fixed exchange rate arrangements between countries , thus helping national governments manage their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritise economic growth , and to provide short - term capital to aid the balance of payments . This assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises . The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the international economy after the Great Depression and World War II . As well , to provide capital investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure . The IMF 's role was fundamentally altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971 . It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy . The IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery . A particular concern of the IMF was to prevent financial crisis , such as those in Mexico 1982 , Brazil in 1987 , East Asia in 1997 -- 98 and Russia in 1998 , from spreading and threatening the entire global financial and currency system . The challenge was to promote and implement policy that reduced the frequency of crises among the emerging market countries , especially the middle - income countries which are vulnerable to massive capital outflows . Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates , their function became one of surveillance of the overall macroeconomic performance of member countries . Their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates . In addition , the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality , which was established in the 1950s . Low - income countries can borrow on concessional terms , which means there is a period of time with no interest rates , through the Extended Credit Facility ( ECF ) , the Standby Credit Facility ( SCF ) and the Rapid Credit Facility ( RCF ) .", "3": "Nonconcessional loans , which include interest rates , are provided mainly through Stand - By Arrangements ( SBA ) , the Flexible Credit Line ( FCL ) , the Precautionary and Liquidity Line ( PLL ) , and the Extended Fund Facility . The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument ( RFI ) to members facing urgent balance - of - payments needs . Surveillance of the global economy ( edit ) The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries . This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international co-operation . Since the demise of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s , surveillance has evolved largely by way of changes in procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations . The responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members ' policies . The Fund typically analyses the appropriateness of each member country 's economic and financial policies for achieving orderly economic growth , and assesses the consequences of these policies for other countries and for the global economy . IMF Data Dissemination Systems participants : IMF member using SDDS IMF member using GDDS IMF member , not using any of the DDSystems non-IMF entity using SDDS non-IMF entity using GDDS no interaction with the IMF In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public . The International Monetary and Financial Committee ( IMFC ) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers : The General Data Dissemination System ( GDDS ) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard ( SDDS ) . The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively , and subsequent amendments were published in a revised Guide to the General Data Dissemination System . The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country . It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers . The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and statistical capacity building to evaluate statistical needs , set priorities in improving the timeliness , transparency , reliability and accessibility of financial and economic data .", "4": "Some countries initially used the GDDS , but later upgraded to SDDS . Some entities that are not themselves IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems : Palestinian Authority -- GDDS Hong Kong -- SDDS Macau -- GDDS EU institutions : the European Central Bank for the Eurozone -- SDDS Eurostat for the whole EU -- SDDS , thus providing data from Cyprus ( not using any DDSystem on its own ) and Malta ( using only GDDS on its own ) Conditionality of loans ( edit ) IMF conditionality is a set of policies or conditions that the IMF requires in exchange for financial resources . The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform . If the conditions are not met , the funds are withheld . The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 Executive Board decision and later incorporated into the Articles of Agreement . Conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment . Stemming primarily from the work of Jacques Polak , the theoretical underpinning of conditionality was the `` monetary approach to the balance of payments '' . Structural Adjustment ( edit ) Further information : Structural adjustment Some of the conditions for structural adjustment can include : Cutting expenditures , also known as austerity . Focusing economic output on direct export and resource extraction , Devaluation of currencies , Trade liberalisation , or lifting import and export restrictions , Increasing the stability of investment ( by supplementing foreign direct investment with the opening of domestic stock markets ) , Balancing budgets and not overspending , Removing price controls and state subsidies , Privatization , or divestiture of all or part of state - owned enterprises , Enhancing the rights of foreign investors vis - a-vis national laws , Improving governance and fighting corruption . These conditions are known as the Washington Consensus . Benefits ( edit ) These loan conditions ensure that the borrowing country will be able to repay the IMF and that the country will not attempt to solve their balance - of - payment problems in a way that would negatively impact the international economy .", "5": "The incentive problem of moral hazard -- when economic agents maximise their own utility to the detriment of others because they do not bear the full consequences of their actions -- is mitigated through conditions rather than providing collateral ; countries in need of IMF loans do not generally possess internationally valuable collateral anyway . Conditionality also reassures the IMF that the funds lent to them will be used for the purposes defined by the Articles of Agreement and provides safeguards that country will be able to rectify its macroeconomic and structural imbalances . In the judgment of the IMF , the adoption by the member of certain corrective measures or policies will allow it to repay the IMF , thereby ensuring that the resources will be available to support other members . As of 2004 , borrowing countries have had a very good track record for repaying credit extended under the IMF 's regular lending facilities with full interest over the duration of the loan . This indicates that IMF lending does not impose a burden on creditor countries , as lending countries receive market - rate interest on most of their quota subscription , plus any of their own - currency subscriptions that are loaned out by the IMF , plus all of the reserve assets that they provide the IMF . History ( edit ) IMF `` Headquarters 1 '' in Washington , D.C. The IMF was originally laid out as a part of the Bretton Woods system exchange agreement in 1944 . During the Great Depression , countries sharply raised barriers to trade in an attempt to improve their failing economies . This led to the devaluation of national currencies and a decline in world trade . The Gold Room within the Mount Washington Hotel where the Bretton Woods Conference attendees signed the agreements creating the IMF and World Bank This breakdown in international monetary co-operation created a need for oversight . The representatives of 45 governments met at the Bretton Woods Conference in the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods , New Hampshire , in the United States , to discuss a framework for postwar international economic co-operation and how to rebuild Europe . There were two views on the role the IMF should assume as a global economic institution . American delegate Harry Dexter White foresaw an IMF that functioned more like a bank , making sure that borrowing states could repay their debts on time . Most of White 's plan was incorporated into the final acts adopted at Bretton Woods .", "6": "British economist John Maynard Keynes imagined that the IMF would be a cooperative fund upon which member states could draw to maintain economic activity and employment through periodic crises . This view suggested an IMF that helped governments and to act as the United States government had during the New Deal in response to World War II . First page of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund , 1 March 1946 . Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives The IMF formally came into existence on 27 December 1945 , when the first 29 countries ratified its Articles of Agreement . By the end of 1946 the IMF had grown to 39 members . On 1 March 1947 , the IMF began its financial operations , and on 8 May France became the first country to borrow from it . Plaque Commemorating the Formation of the IMF in July 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference The IMF was one of the key organisations of the international economic system ; its design allowed the system to balance the rebuilding of international capitalism with the maximisation of national economic sovereignty and human welfare , also known as embedded liberalism . The IMF 's influence in the global economy steadily increased as it accumulated more members . The increase reflected in particular the attainment of political independence by many African countries and more recently the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union because most countries in the Soviet sphere of influence did not join the IMF . The Bretton Woods system prevailed until 1971 , when the United States government suspended the convertibility of the US $ ( and dollar reserves held by other governments ) into gold . This is known as the Nixon Shock . The changes to the IMF articles of agreement reflecting these changes were ratified by the 1976 Jamaica Accords . Since 2000 ( edit ) The IMF provided two major lending packages in the early 2000s to Argentina ( during the 1998 -- 2002 Argentine great depression ) and Uruguay ( after the 2002 Uruguay banking crisis ) . However , by the mid-2000s , IMF lending was at its lowest share of world GDP since the 1970s . In May 2010 , the IMF participated , in 3 : 11 proportion , in the first Greek bailout that totalled € 110 billion , to address the great accumulation of public debt , caused by continuing large public sector deficits .", "7": "As part of the bailout , the Greek government agreed to adopt austerity measures that would reduce the deficit from 11 % in 2009 to `` well below 3 % '' in 2014 . The bailout did not include debt restructuring measures such as a haircut , to the chagrin of the Swiss , Brazilian , Indian , Russian , and Argentinian Directors of the IMF , with the Greek authorities themselves ( at the time , PM George Papandreou and Finance Minister Giorgos Papakonstantinou ) ruling out a haircut . A second bailout package of more than € 100 billion was agreed over the course of a few months from October 2011 , during which time Papandreou was forced from office . The so - called Troika , of which the IMF is part , are joint managers of this programme , which was approved by the Executive Directors of the IMF on 15 March 2012 for SDR23. 8 billion , and which saw private bondholders take a haircut of upwards of 50 % . In the interval between May 2010 and February 2012 the private banks of Holland , France and Germany reduced exposure to Greek debt from € 122 billion to € 66 billion . As of January 2012 , the largest borrowers from the IMF in order were Greece , Portugal , Ireland , Romania , and Ukraine . On 25 March 2013 , a € 10 billion international bailout of Cyprus was agreed by the Troika , at the cost to the Cypriots of its agreement : to close the country 's second - largest bank ; to impose a one - time bank deposit levy on Bank of Cyprus uninsured deposits . No insured deposit of € 100k or less were to be affected under the terms of a novel bail - in scheme . The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by the IMF in April 2013 for the first time since 2005 , in a report entitled `` Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . The paper , which was discussed by the board on 20 May , summarised the recent experiences in Greece , St Kitts and Nevis , Belize , and Jamaica . An explanatory interview with Deputy Director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later , as was a deconstruction by Matina Stevis of the Wall Street Journal .", "8": "In the October 2013 Fiscal Monitor publication , the IMF suggested that a capital levy capable of reducing Euro - area government debt ratios to `` end - 2007 levels '' would require a very high tax rate of about 10 % . The Fiscal Affairs department of the IMF , headed at the time by Acting Director Sanjeev Gupta , produced a January 2014 report entitled `` Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality '' that stated that `` Some taxes levied on wealth , especially on immovable property , are also an option for economies seeking more progressive taxation ... Property taxes are equitable and efficient , but underutilized in many economies ... There is considerable scope to exploit this tax more fully , both as a revenue source and as a redistributive instrument . '' At the end of March 2014 , the IMF secured an $18 billion bailout fund for the provisional government of Ukraine in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution . Member countries ( edit ) IMF member states IMF member states not accepting the obligations of Article VIII , Sections 2 , 3 , and 4 Not all member countries of the IMF are sovereign states , and therefore not all `` member countries '' of the IMF are members of the United Nations . Amidst `` member countries '' of the IMF that are not member states of the UN are non-sovereign areas with special jurisdictions that are officially under the sovereignty of full UN member states , such as Aruba , Curaçao , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as Kosovo . The corporate members appoint ex-officio voting members , who are listed below . All members of the IMF are also International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) members and vice versa . Former members are Cuba ( which left in 1964 ) , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , which was ejected from the UN in 1980 after losing the support of then United States President Jimmy Carter and was replaced by the People 's Republic of China . However , `` Taiwan Province of China '' is still listed in the official IMF indices . Apart from Cuba , the other UN states that do not belong to the IMF are Andorra , Liechtenstein , Monaco and North Korea . The former Czechoslovakia was expelled in 1954 for `` failing to provide required data '' and was readmitted in 1990 , after the Velvet Revolution .", "9": "Poland withdrew in 1950 -- allegedly pressured by the Soviet Union -- but returned in 1986 . Qualifications ( edit ) Any country may apply to be a part of the IMF . Post-IMF formation , in the early postwar period , rules for IMF membership were left relatively loose . Members needed to make periodic membership payments towards their quota , to refrain from currency restrictions unless granted IMF permission , to abide by the Code of Conduct in the IMF Articles of Agreement , and to provide national economic information . However , stricter rules were imposed on governments that applied to the IMF for funding . The countries that joined the IMF between 1945 and 1971 agreed to keep their exchange rates secured at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a `` fundamental disequilibrium '' in the balance of payments , and only with the IMF 's agreement . Some members have a very difficult relationship with the IMF and even when they are still members they do not allow themselves to be monitored. ( source ? ) Benefits ( edit ) Member countries of the IMF have access to information on the economic policies of all member countries , the opportunity to influence other members ' economic policies , technical assistance in banking , fiscal affairs , and exchange matters , financial support in times of payment difficulties , and increased opportunities for trade and investment . Leadership ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Board of Governors ( edit ) The Board of Governors consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country . Each member country appoints its two governors . The Board normally meets once a year and is responsible for electing or appointing executive directors to the Executive Board . While the Board of Governors is officially responsible for approving quota increases , Special Drawing Right allocations , the admittance of new members , compulsory withdrawal of members , and amendments to the Articles of Agreement and By - Laws , in practice it has delegated most of its powers to the IMF 's Executive Board . The Board of Governors is advised by the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee . The International Monetary and Financial Committee has 24 members and monitors developments in global liquidity and the transfer of resources to developing countries .", "10": "The Development Committee has 25 members and advises on critical development issues and on financial resources required to promote economic development in developing countries . They also advise on trade and environmental issues . Executive Board ( edit ) 24 Executive Directors make up Executive Board . The Executive Directors represent all 189 member countries in a geographically based roster . Countries with large economies have their own Executive Director , but most countries are grouped in constituencies representing four or more countries . Following the 2008 Amendment on Voice and Participation which came into effect in March 2011 , eight countries each appoint an Executive Director : the United States , Japan , China , Germany , France , the United Kingdom , Russia , and Saudi Arabia . The remaining 16 Directors represent constituencies consisting of 4 to 22 countries . The Executive Director representing the largest constituency of 22 countries accounts for 1.55 % of the vote . This Board usually meets several times each week . The Board membership and constituency is scheduled for periodic review every eight years .", "11": "List of Executive Directors of the IMF , as of January 2017 Country Region Number of Member ( s ) Represented Director Country with Most Votes Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Sunil Sabharwal Zimbabwe Japan Japan Masaaki Kaizuka Japan Senegal Africa 2 23 Daouda Sembene Democratic Republic of the Congo Belgium Benelux and Eastern Europe 15 Anthony De Lannoy Netherlands Germany Germany Steffen Meyer Germany Mexico Spain & Central America 8 Carlos Hurtado Spain Malaysia Southeast Asia 13 Marzunisham Omar Indonesia Italy Mediterranean Europe 6 Carlo Cottarelli Italy France France Herve de Villeroche France United Kingdom United Kingdom Stephen Field United Kingdom Korea Far East 16 Heenam Choi Korea Canada North Atlantic & Caribbean 12 Nancy Gail Horsman Canada Sweden Northern Europe 8 Thomas Ostros Sweden Czech Republic Central Europe 8 Ibrahim Canakci Turkey Brazil Northern South America 11 Alexandre Tombini Brazil India Indian subcontinent Subir Gokarn India Malawi Africa 1 23 Maxwell M. Mkwezalamba South Africa Egypt North Africa & Middle East 13 Hazem Beblawi Elbeblawi United Arab Emirates Poland Switzerland , Poland & Near East 8 Miroslaw Jan Panek Switzerland Russia Russia Aleksei V. Mozhin Russia Iran Iran & Middle East 7 Jafar Mojarrad Iran Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Hesham Fahad Alogeel Saudi Arabia Senegal Africa 2 23 Daouda Sembene Democratic Republic of the Congo Argentina Southern South America 6 Jorge Angel Estrella Argentina Managing Director ( edit ) The IMF is led by a managing director , who is head of the staff and serves as Chairman of the Executive Board . The managing director is assisted by a First Deputy managing director and three other Deputy Managing Directors .", "12": "Historically the IMF 's managing director has been European and the president of the World Bank has been from the United States . However , this standard is increasingly being questioned and competition for these two posts may soon open up to include other qualified candidates from any part of the world . In 2011 the world 's largest developing countries , the BRIC nations , issued a statement declaring that the tradition of appointing a European as managing director undermined the legitimacy of the IMF and called for the appointment to be merit - based .", "13": "List of managing Directors ( edit ) Nr Dates Name Nationality Background 6 May 1946 -- 5 May 1951 Camille Gutt Belgium Politician , Minister of Finance 3 August 1951 -- 3 October 1956 Ivar Rooth Sweden Law , Central Banker 21 November 1956 -- 5 May 1963 Per Jacobsson Sweden Law , Economics , League of Nations , BIS 1 September 1963 -- 31 August 1973 Pierre - Paul Schweitzer France Law , Central Banker , Civil Servant 5 1 September 1973 -- 18 June 1978 Johan Witteveen Netherlands Economics , academic , author , politician , Minister of Finance , Deputy Prime Minister , CPB 6 18 June 1978 -- 15 January 1987 Jacques de Larosière France Civil Servant 7 16 January 1987 -- 14 February 2000 Michel Camdessus France Economics , Central Banker 8 1 May 2000 -- 4 March 2004 Horst Köhler Germany Economics , EBRD 9 7 June 2004 -- 31 October 2007 Rodrigo Rato Spain Law , MBA , politician , Minister of the Economy 10 1 November 2007 -- 18 May 2011 Dominique Strauss - Kahn France Economics , Law , politician , Minister of the Economy and Finance 11 5 July 2011 -- present Christine Lagarde France Law , politician , Minister of Finance On 28 June 2011 , Christine Lagarde was named managing director of the IMF , replacing Dominique Strauss - Kahn . Previous managing director Dominique Strauss - Kahn was arrested in connection with charges of sexually assaulting a New York hotel room attendant and resigned on 18 May . The charges were later dropped . On 28 June 2011 Christine Lagarde was confirmed as managing director of the IMF for a five - year term starting on 5 July 2011 .", "14": "In 2012 , Lagarde was paid a tax - exempt salary of US $467,940 , and this is automatically increased every year according to inflation . In addition , the director receives an allowance of US $83,760 and additional expenses for entertainment . Voting power ( edit ) Voting power in the IMF is based on a quota system . Each member has a number of basic votes ( each member 's number of basic votes equals 5.502 % of the total votes ) , plus one additional vote for each Special Drawing Right ( SDR ) of 100,000 of a member country 's quota . The Special Drawing Right is the unit of account of the IMF and represents a claim to currency . It is based on a basket of key international currencies . The basic votes generate a slight bias in favour of small countries , but the additional votes determined by SDR outweigh this bias . Changes in the voting shares require approval by a supermajority of 85 % of voting power . The table below shows quota and voting shares for IMF members Rank IMF Member country Quota : millions of SDRs Quota : percentage of the total Governor Alternative Number of votes Percentage out of total votes United States 82,994.2 17.68 Steven Mnuchin Jerome Powell 831,396 16.73 Japan 30,820.5 6.56 Taro Aso Haruhiko Kuroda 309,659 6.23 China 30,482.9 6.49 Zhou Xiaochuan Gang Yi 306,283 6.16 Germany 26,634.4 5.67 Jens Weidmann Wolfgang Schäuble 267,798 5.39 5 France 20,155.1 4.29 Bruno Le Maire François Villeroy de Galhau 203,005 4.09 6 United Kingdom 20,155.1 4.29 Philip Hammond Mark Carney 203,005 4.09 7 Italy 15,070.0 3.21 Pier Carlo Padoan Ignazio Visco 152,", "15": "154 3.06 8 India 13,114.4 2.79 Arun Jaitley Urjit Patel 132,598 2.67 9 Russia 12,903.7 2.75 Anton Siluanov Elvira S. Nabiullina 130,491 2.63 10 Brazil 11,042.0 2.35 Henrique Meirelles Ilan Goldfajn 111,874 2.25 11 Canada 11,023.9 2.35 Bill Morneau Stephen Poloz 111,693 2.25 12 Saudi Arabia 9,992.6 2.13 Ibrahim A. Al - Assaf Fahad Almubarak 101,380 2.04 13 Spain 9,535.5 2.03 Luis de Guindos Luis M. Linde 96,809 1.95 14 Mexico 8,912.7 1.90 Luis Videgaray Agustín Carstens 90,581 1.82 15 Netherlands 8,736.5 1.86 Klaas Knot Hans Vijlbrief 88,819 1.79 16 South Korea 8,582.7 1.83 Dong - yeon Kim Juyeol Lee 87,281 1.76 17 Australia 6,572.4 1.40 Scott Morrison John Fraser 67,178 1.35 18 Belgium 6,410.7 1.37 Jan Smets Marc Monbaliu 65,561 1.32 19 Switzerland 5,771.1 1.23 Thomas Jordan Eveline Widmer - Schlumpf 59,165 1.19 20 Indonesia 4,648.4 0.99 Agus D.W.", "16": "Martowardojo Mahendra Siregar 47,938 0.96 In December 2015 , the United States Congress adopted a legislation authorising the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms . As a result , all 188 members ' quotas will increase from a total of about SDR 238.5 billion to about SDR 477 billion , while the quota shares and voting power of the IMF 's poorest member countries will be protected . more than 6 percent of quota shares will shift to dynamic emerging market and developing countries and also from over-represented to under - represented members . four emerging market countries ( Brazil , China , India , and Russia ) will be among the ten largest members of the IMF . Other top 10 members are the United States , Japan , Germany , France , the United Kingdom and Italy . Effects of the quota system ( edit ) The IMF 's quota system was created to raise funds for loans . Each IMF member country is assigned a quota , or contribution , that reflects the country 's relative size in the global economy . Each member 's quota also determines its relative voting power . Thus , financial contributions from member governments are linked to voting power in the organisation . This system follows the logic of a shareholder - controlled organisation : wealthy countries have more say in the making and revision of rules . Since decision making at the IMF reflects each member 's relative economic position in the world , wealthier countries that provide more money to the IMF have more influence than poorer members that contribute less ; nonetheless , the IMF focuses on redistribution . Inflexibility of voting power ( edit ) Quotas are normally reviewed every five years and can be increased when deemed necessary by the Board of Governors . IMF voting shares are relatively inflexible : countries that grow economically have tended to become under - represented as their voting power lags behind . Currently , reforming the representation of developing countries within the IMF has been suggested . These countries ' economies represent a large portion of the global economic system but this is not reflected in the IMF 's decision making process through the nature of the quota system . Joseph Stiglitz argues , `` There is a need to provide more effective voice and representation for developing countries , which now represent a much larger portion of world economic activity since 1944 , when the IMF was created . ''", "17": "In 2008 , a number of quota reforms were passed including shifting 6 % of quota shares to dynamic emerging markets and developing countries . Overcoming borrower / creditor divide ( edit ) The IMF 's membership is divided along income lines : certain countries provide the financial resources while others use these resources . Both developed country `` creditors '' and developing country `` borrowers '' are members of the IMF . The developed countries provide the financial resources but rarely enter into IMF loan agreements ; they are the creditors . Conversely , the developing countries use the lending services but contribute little to the pool of money available to lend because their quotas are smaller ; they are the borrowers . Thus , tension is created around governance issues because these two groups , creditors and borrowers , have fundamentally different interests . The criticism is that the system of voting power distribution through a quota system institutionalises borrower subordination and creditor dominance . The resulting division of the IMF 's membership into borrowers and non-borrowers has increased the controversy around conditionality because the borrowers are interested in increasing loan access while creditors want to maintain reassurance that the loans will be repaid . Use ( edit ) A recent source revealed that the average overall use of IMF credit per decade increased , in real terms , by 21 % between the 1970s and 1980s , and increased again by just over 22 % from the 1980s to the 1991 -- 2005 period . Another study has suggested that since 1950 the continent of Africa alone has received $300 billion from the IMF , the World Bank , and affiliate institutions . A study by Bumba Mukherjee found that developing democratic countries benefit more from IMF programs than developing autocratic countries because policy - making , and the process of deciding where loaned money is used , is more transparent within a democracy . One study done by Randall Stone found that although earlier studies found little impact of IMF programs on balance of payments , more recent studies using more sophisticated methods and larger samples `` usually found IMF programs improved the balance of payments '' . Exceptional access Framework -- Sovereign debt ( edit ) The Exceptional Access Framework was created in 2003 when John B. Taylor was Under Secretary of the US Treasury for International Affairs . The new Framework became fully operational in February 2003 and it was applied in the subsequent decisions on Argentina and Brazil .", "18": "Its purpose was to place some sensible rules and limits on the way the IMF makes loans to support governments with debt problem -- especially in emerging markets -- and thereby move away from the bailout mentality of the 1990s . Such a reform was essential for ending the crisis atmosphere that then existed in emerging markets . The reform was closely related to , and put in place nearly simultaneously with , the actions of several emerging market countries to place collective action clauses in their bond contracts . In 2010 , the framework was abandoned so the IMF could make loans to Greece in an unsustainable and political situation . The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by IMF staff in April 2013 for the first time since 2005 , in a report entitled `` Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . The paper , which was discussed by the board on 20 May , summarised the recent experiences in Greece , St Kitts and Nevis , Belize and Jamaica . An explanatory interview with Deputy Director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later , as was a deconstruction by Matina Stevis of the Wall Street Journal . The staff was directed to formulate an updated policy , which was accomplished on 22 May 2014 with a report entitled `` The Fund 's Lending Framework and Sovereign Debt : Preliminary Considerations '' , and taken up by the Executive Board on 13 June . The staff proposed that `` in circumstances where a ( Sovereign ) member has lost market access and debt is considered sustainable ... the IMF would be able to provide Exceptional Access on the basis of a debt operation that involves an extension of maturities '' , which was labelled a `` reprofiling operation '' .", "19": "These reprofiling operations would `` generally be less costly to the debtor and creditors -- and thus to the system overall -- relative to either an upfront debt reduction operation or a bail - out that is followed by debt reduction ... ( and ) would be envisaged only when both ( a ) a member has lost market access and ( b ) debt is assessed to be sustainable , but not with high probability ... Creditors will only agree if they understand that such an amendment is necessary to avoid a worse outcome : namely , a default and / or an operation involving debt reduction ... Collective action clauses , which now exist in most -- but not all -- bonds , would be relied upon to address collective action problems . '' IMF and Globalization ( edit ) Globalization encompasses three institutions : global financial markets and transnational companies , national governments linked to each other in economic and military alliances led by the United States , and rising `` global governments '' such as World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , IMF , and World Bank . Charles Derber argues in his book People Before Profit , `` These interacting institutions create a new global power system where sovereignty is globalized , taking power and constitutional authority away from nations and giving it to global markets and international bodies '' . Titus Alexander argues that this system institutionalises global inequality between western countries and the Majority World in a form of global apartheid , in which the IMF is a key pillar . The establishment of globalised economic institutions has been both a symptom of and a stimulus for globalisation . The development of the World Bank , the IMF regional development banks such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , and multilateral trade institutions such as the WTO signals a move away from the dominance of the state as the exclusive unit of analysis in international affairs . Globalization has thus been transformative in terms of a reconceptualising of state sovereignty . Following United States President Bill Clinton 's administration 's aggressive financial deregulation campaign in the 1990s , globalisation leaders overturned longstanding restrictions by governments that limited foreign ownership of their banks , deregulated currency exchange , and eliminated restrictions on how quickly money could be withdrawn by foreign investors . Fund report in May 2015 , the world 's governments indirectly subsidise fossil fuel companies with $5.3 tn ( £ 3.4 tn ) a year .", "20": "Most this is due to polluters not paying the costs imposed on governments by the burning of coal , oil and gas : air pollution , health problems , the floods , droughts and storms driven by climate change . Criticisms ( edit ) Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) research undertaken in 1980 included criticisms of the IMF which support the analysis that it is a pillar of what activist Titus Alexander calls global apartheid . Developed countries were seen to have a more dominant role and control over less developed countries ( LDCs ) . Secondly , the Fund worked on the incorrect assumption that all payments disequilibria were caused domestically . The Group of 24 ( G - 24 ) , on behalf of LDC members , and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) complained that the IMF did not distinguish sufficiently between disequilibria with predominantly external as opposed to internal causes . This criticism was voiced in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis . Then LDCs found themselves with payments deficits due to adverse changes in their terms of trade , with the Fund prescribing stabilisation programmes similar to those suggested for deficits caused by government over-spending . Faced with long - term , externally generated disequilibria , the G - 24 argued for more time for LDCs to adjust their economies . Some IMF policies may be anti-developmental ; the report said that deflationary effects of IMF programmes quickly led to losses of output and employment in economies where incomes were low and unemployment was high . Moreover , the burden of the deflation is disproportionately borne by the poor . Lastly is the suggestion that the IMF 's policies lack a clear economic rationale . Its policy foundations were theoretical and unclear because of differing opinions and departmental rivalries whilst dealing with countries with widely varying economic circumstances . ODI conclusions were that the IMF 's very nature of promoting market - oriented approaches attracted unavoidable criticism . On the other hand , the IMF could serve as a scapegoat while allowing governments to blame international bankers . The ODI conceded that the IMF was insensitive to political aspirations of LDCs , while its policy conditions were inflexible .", "21": "Argentina , which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its compliance to policy proposals by the Bretton Woods institutions , experienced a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001 , which some believe to have been caused by IMF - induced budget restrictions -- which undercut the government 's ability to sustain national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health , education , and security -- and privatisation of strategically vital national resources . Others attribute the crisis to Argentina 's misdesigned fiscal federalism , which caused subnational spending to increase rapidly . The crisis added to widespread hatred of this institution in Argentina and other South American countries , with many blaming the IMF for the region 's economic problems . The current -- as of early 2006 -- trend toward moderate left - wing governments in the region and a growing concern with the development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business pressures has been ascribed to this crisis . In 2006 , a senior ActionAid policy analyst Akanksha Marphatia stated that IMF policies in Africa undermine any possibility of meeting the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) due to imposed restrictions that prevent spending on important sectors , such as education and health . In an interview ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) , the former Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu - Tăriceanu claimed that `` Since 2005 , IMF is constantly making mistakes when it appreciates the country 's economic performances '' . Former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere , who claimed that debt - ridden African states were ceding sovereignty to the IMF and the World Bank , famously asked , `` Who elected the IMF to be the ministry of finance for every country in the world ? '' Former chief economist of IMF and former Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) Governor Raghuram Rajan who predicted Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 criticised IMF for remaining a sideline player to the Developed world . He criticised IMF for praising the monetary policies of the US , which he believed were wreaking havoc in emerging markets . He had been critical of the ultra-loose money policies of the Western nations and IMF . Conditionality ( edit ) The IMF has been criticised for being `` out of touch '' with local economic conditions , cultures , and environments in the countries they are requiring policy reform .", "22": "The economic advice the IMF gives might not always take into consideration the difference between what spending means on paper and how it is felt by citizens . Jeffrey Sachs argues that the IMF 's `` usual prescription is ' budgetary belt tightening to countries who are much too poor to own belts ' '' . Sachs wrote that the IMF 's role as a generalist institution specialising in macroeconomic issues needs reform . Conditionality has also been criticised because a country can pledge collateral of `` acceptable assets '' to obtain waivers -- if one assumes that all countries are able to provide `` acceptable collateral '' . One view is that conditionality undermines domestic political institutions . The recipient governments are sacrificing policy autonomy in exchange for funds , which can lead to public resentment of the local leadership for accepting and enforcing the IMF conditions . Political instability can result from more leadership turnover as political leaders are replaced in electoral backlashes . IMF conditions are often criticised for reducing government services , thus increasing unemployment . Another criticism is that IMF programs are only designed to address poor governance , excessive government spending , excessive government intervention in markets , and too much state ownership . This assumes that this narrow range of issues represents the only possible problems ; everything is standardised and differing contexts are ignored . A country may also be compelled to accept conditions it would not normally accept had they not been in a financial crisis in need of assistance . On top of that , regardless of what methodologies and data sets used , it comes to same conclusion of exacerbating income inequality . With Gini coefficient , it became clear that countries with IMF programs face increased income inequality . It is claimed that conditionalities retard social stability and hence inhibit the stated goals of the IMF , while Structural Adjustment Programs lead to an increase in poverty in recipient countries . The IMF sometimes advocates `` austerity programmes '' , cutting public spending and increasing taxes even when the economy is weak , to bring budgets closer to a balance , thus reducing budget deficits . Countries are often advised to lower their corporate tax rate . In Globalization and Its Discontents , Joseph E. Stiglitz , former chief economist and senior vice-president at the World Bank , criticises these policies .", "23": "He argues that by converting to a more monetarist approach , the purpose of the fund is no longer valid , as it was designed to provide funds for countries to carry out Keynesian reflations , and that the IMF `` was not participating in a conspiracy , but it was reflecting the interests and ideology of the Western financial community '' . International politics play an important role in IMF decision making . The clout of member states is roughly proportional to its contribution to IMF finances . The United States has the greatest number of votes and therefore wields the most influence . Domestic politics often come into play , with politicians in developing countries using conditionality to gain leverage over the opposition to influence policy . Reform ( edit ) Function and policies ( edit ) The IMF is only one of many international organisations , and it is a generalist institution that deals only with macroeconomic issues ; its core areas of concern in developing countries are very narrow . One proposed reform is a movement towards close partnership with other specialist agencies such as UNICEF , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , and the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) . Jeffrey Sachs argues in The End of Poverty that the IMF and the World Bank have `` the brightest economists and the lead in advising poor countries on how to break out of poverty , but the problem is development economics '' . Development economics needs the reform , not the IMF . He also notes that IMF loan conditions should be paired with other reforms -- e.g. , trade reform in developed nations , debt cancellation , and increased financial assistance for investments in basic infrastructure . IMF loan conditions can not stand alone and produce change ; they need to be partnered with other reforms or other conditions as applicable . US influence and voting reform ( edit ) The scholarly consensus is that IMF decision - making is not simply technocratic , but also guided by political and economic concerns . The United States is the IMF 's most powerful member , and its influence reaches even into decision - making concerning individual loan agreements . The United States has historically been openly opposed to losing what Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew described in 2015 as its `` leadership role '' at the IMF , and the United States ' `` ability to shape international norms and practices '' . Reforms to give more powers to emerging economies were agreed by the G20 in 2010 .", "24": "The reforms could not pass , however , until they were ratified by the US Congress , since 85 % of the Fund 's voting power was required for the reforms to take effect , and the Americans held more than 16 % of voting power at the time . After repeated criticism , the United States finally ratified the voting reforms at the end of 2015 . The OECD countries maintained their overwhelming majority of voting share , and the United States in particular retained its share at over 16 % . Support of dictatorships ( edit ) The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War , because of claims that the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations , but also other Anti-communist and Communist regimes ( such as Mobutu 's Zaire and Ceaușescu 's Romania , respectively ) . Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to human rights , and labour rights . The controversy has helped spark the anti-globalization movement . An example of IMF 's support for a dictatorship was its ongoing support for Mobutu 's rule in Zaire , although its own envoy , Erwin Blumenthal , provided a sobering report about the entrenched corruption and embezzlement and the inability of the country to pay back any loans . Arguments in favour of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy ; however , critics highlight various examples in which democratised countries fell after receiving IMF loans . A 2017 study found no evidence IMF lending programs undermined democracy in borrowing countries . To the contrary , it found `` evidence for modest but definitively positive conditional differences in the democracy scores of participating and non-participating countries . '' Impact on access to food ( edit ) A number of civil society organisations have criticised the IMF 's policies for their impact on access to food , particularly in developing countries . In October 2008 , former United States president Bill Clinton delivered a speech to the United Nations on World Food Day , criticising the World Bank and IMF for their policies on food and agriculture : We need the World Bank , the IMF , all the big foundations , and all the governments to admit that , for 30 years , we all blew it , including me when I was president .", "25": "We were wrong to believe that food was like some other product in international trade , and we all have to go back to a more responsible and sustainable form of agriculture . -- Former U.S. president Bill Clinton , Speech at United Nations World Food Day , October 16 , 2008 Impact on public health ( edit ) A 2009 study concluded that the strict conditions resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by tuberculosis as public health care had to be weakened . In the 21 countries to which the IMF had given loans , tuberculosis deaths rose by 16.6 % . In 2009 , a book by Rick Rowden titled The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalism : How the IMF has Undermined Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS , claimed that the IMF 's monetarist approach towards prioritising price stability ( low inflation ) and fiscal restraint ( low budget deficits ) was unnecessarily restrictive and has prevented developing countries from scaling up long - term investment in public health infrastructure . The book claimed the consequences have been chronically underfunded public health systems , leading to demoralising working conditions that have fuelled a `` brain drain '' of medical personnel , all of which has undermined public health and the fight against HIV / AIDS in developing countries . In 2016 , the IMF 's research department published a report titled `` Neoliberalism : Oversold ? '' which , while praising some aspects of the `` neoliberal agenda , '' claims that the organisation has been `` overselling '' fiscal austerity policies and financial deregulation , which they claim has exacerbated both financial crises and economic inequality around the world . Impact on environment ( edit ) IMF policies have been repeatedly criticised for making it difficult for indebted countries to say no to environmentally harmful projects that nevertheless generate revenues such as oil , coal , and forest - destroying lumber and agriculture projects . Ecuador , for example , had to defy IMF advice repeatedly to pursue the protection of its rainforests , though paradoxically this need was cited in the IMF argument to provide support to Ecuador . The IMF acknowledged this paradox in the 2010 report that proposed the IMF Green Fund , a mechanism to issue special drawing rights directly to pay for climate harm prevention and potentially other ecological protection as pursued generally by other environmental finance . While the response to these moves was generally positive possibly because ecological protection and energy and infrastructure transformation are more politically neutral than pressures to change social policy .", "26": "Some experts voiced concern that the IMF was not representative , and that the IMF proposals to generate only US $200 billion a year by 2020 with the SDRs as seed funds , did not go far enough to undo the general incentive to pursue destructive projects inherent in the world commodity trading and banking systems -- criticisms often levelled at the World Trade Organization and large global banking institutions . In the context of the European debt crisis , some observers noted that Spain and California , two troubled economies within Europe and the United States , and also Germany , the primary and politically most fragile supporter of a euro currency bailout would benefit from IMF recognition of their leadership in green technology , and directly from Green Fund -- generated demand for their exports , which could also improve their credit ratings . Scandals ( edit ) Both Lagarde and her two predecessors Strauss - Kahn and Rato have been investigated by the authorities and have either faced trial or are scheduled to go on trial for a variety of offences . Lagarde had been accused of giving preferential treatment to businessman - turned - politician Bernard Tapie as he pursued a legal challenge against the French government . At the time , Lagarde was the French economic minister . Within hours of her conviction , in which she escaped any punishment , the fund 's 24 - member executive board put to rest any speculation that she might have to resign , praising her `` outstanding leadership '' and the `` wide respect '' she commands around the world . Alternatives ( edit ) In March 2011 the Ministers of Economy and Finance of the African Union proposed to establish an African Monetary Fund . At the 6th BRICS summit in July 2014 the BRICS nations ( Brazil , Russia , India , China , and South Africa ) announced the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement ( CRA ) with an initial size of US $100 billion , a framework to provide liquidity through currency swaps in response to actual or potential short - term balance - of - payments pressures . In 2014 , the China - led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank was established . In the media ( edit ) Life and Debt , a documentary film , deals with the IMF 's policies ' influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view . Debtocracy , a 2011 independent Greek documentary film , also criticises the IMF .", "27": "Portuguese musician José Mário Branco 's 1982 album FMI is inspired by the IMF 's intervention in Portugal through monitored stabilisation programs in 1977 -- 78 . In the 2015 film , Our Brand Is Crisis , the IMF is mentioned as a point of political contention . See also ( edit ) African Monetary Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS Development Bank Bank for International Settlements Conditionality Globalization Group of Thirty Group of Ten ( economic ) General Arrangements to Borrow International Financial Institution Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Special drawing rights Smithsonian Agreement Structural Adjustment Program Washington Consensus World Bank World Bank residual model Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) a . ^ There is no worldwide consensus on the status of the Republic of Kosovo : it is recognised as independent by 110 countries , while others consider it an autonomous province of Serbia . See : International recognition of Kosovo . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the IMF '' . IMF . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Boughton 2001 , p. 7 n. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : The IMF and the World Bank '' . IMF . 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the IMF Overview '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Broughton , James ( 2002 ) . `` IMF working paper '' ( PDF ) . imf.org . ^ Jump up to : Lipscy 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The IMF at a Glance '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Schlefer , Jonathan . `` There is No Invisible Hand '' . Harvard Business Review . Harvard Business Review . Jump up ^ Escobar , Arturo. 1980 . Power and Visibility : Development and the Invention and Management of the Third World . Cultural Anthropology 3 ( 4 ) : 428 -- 443 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` imf.org : `` Articles of Agreement , International Monetary Fund '' ( 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund -- 2016 Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` About the IMF '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Isard , Peter ( 2005 ) . Globalization and the International Financial System : What 's Wrong and What Can be Done . New York : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Nathan ( April 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the IMF on Direct Foreign Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 48 ) : 194 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . ^ Jump up to : Chorev , Nistan ; Sarah Babb ( 2009 ) . `` The crisis of neoliberalism and the future of international institutions : a comparison of the IMF and the WTO '' . Theory and Society . 38 : 459 -- 484 . doi : 10.1007 / s11186 - 009 - 9093 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Nathan ( April 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the IMF on Foreign Direct Foreign Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 48 ) : 194 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Stanley ( March 2003 ) . `` Financial Crises and Reform of the International Financial System '' . Review of World Economics . Springer Publications . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Lending '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bossone , Biagio . `` IMF Surveillance : A Case Study on IMF Governance '' ( PDF ) . Independent Office of the International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Surveillance '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Macao SAR Begins Participation in the IMF 's General Data Dissemination System '' .", "29": "Jump up ^ Guimaraes , Bernardo ; Iazdi , Oz ( 2015 ) . `` liquidity provision '' . International Tax and Public Finance . 22 : 705 -- 722 . doi : 10.1007 / s10797 - 014 - 9329 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Buira , Ariel ( August 2003 ) . `` An Analysis of IMF Conditionality '' . G - 24 Discussion Papers . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( 22 ) . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Conditionality '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Mohsin S. ; Sunil Sharm ( 24 September 2001 ) . `` IMF Conditionality and Country Ownership of Programs '' ( PDF ) . IMF Institute . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Nathan ( 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the International Monetary Fund on Foreign Direct Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 210 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cooperation and Reconstruction ( 1944 -- 71 ) '' . About the IMF . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IMF History and Structural Adjustment Conditions '' . UC Atlas of Global Inequality . Economic Crises . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Somanath , V.S. ( 1 February 2011 ) . International Financial Management . p. 79 . ISBN 9789381141076 . ^ Jump up to : De Vries , Margaret G ( 1986 ) . The IMF in a Changing World : 1945 -- 85 . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 9781455280964 . Jump up ^ Kenwood , George ; Lougheed , Alan ( 1 June 2002 ) . Growth of the International Economy 1820 -- 2000 : An Introductory Text . p. 269 .", "30": "ISBN 9780203199350 . Jump up ^ Fund , International Monetary ( 2002 ) . Imf Survey No. 13 2002 . International Monetary Fund . ISBN 9781455231577 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Carmen M. ; Trebesch , Christoph ( 2016 ) . `` The International Monetary Fund : 70 Years of Reinvention '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 28 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 30.1. 3 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Executive Board Approves € 30 Billion Stand - By Arrangement for Greece '' . ^ Jump up to : thepressproject.net : `` IMF leak : European banks had committed to maintain exposure in Greek bonds after first bailout -- but did n't '' 3 Feb 2014 Archived 19 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Quarterly Report to Congress on International Monetary Fund Lending : 1st Qtr 2012 `` '' ( PDF ) . www.treasury.gov . Jump up ^ País , Ediciones El ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Berlín y París incumplen con Grecia '' . Jump up ^ IMF 's biggest borrowers , Al Jazeera ( 17 Jan 2012 ) Jump up ^ Ehrenfreund , Max ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Cypriot banks to reopen amid criticism of bailout '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus disaster shines light on global tax haven industry no '' . MSNBC. 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Jan Strupczewski ; Annika Breidthardt ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Last - minute Cyprus deal to close bank , force losses '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika '' . Ekathimerini . Greece . 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 .", "31": "^ Jump up to : `` imf.org : `` SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUND 'S LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK '' 26 Apr 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Information Notice : IMF Executive Board Discusses Sovereign Debt Restructuring -- Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . ^ Jump up to : imf.org : `` GLOBAL WORK AGENDA IMF Launches Discussion of Sovereign Debt Restructuring '' IMF Survey online , 23 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Stevis , Matina ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` IMF Searches Soul , Blames Europe '' . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Monitor : `` Taxing Times '' Oct 2013 , p. 49 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` IMF : `` Fiscal Affairs and Income Inequality '' 23 Jan 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine to get $15 bn as Russia hit by downgrades '' . Jump up ^ `` Windfall for hedge funds and Russian banks as IMF rescues Ukraine '' . Jump up ^ Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund , Article VIII -- General Obligations of Members Section 2 : Avoidance of restrictions on current payments ; Section 3 : Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices ; Section 4 : Convertibility of foreign - held balances . Jump up ^ `` IMF -- Country Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Kosovo is now officially a member of the IMF and the World Bank '' . The Kosovo Times . 29 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Kosovo signed the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( the World Bank ) on behalf of Kosovo at the State Department in Washington . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo Becomes the International Monetary Fund 's 186th Member '' ( Press release ) . International Monetary Fund . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil calls for Cuba to be allowed into IMF '' . Caribbean Net News . 27 April 2009 .", "32": "Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Cuba was a member of the IMF until 1964 , when it left under revolutionary leader Fidel Castro following his confrontation with the United States . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nick ; Bob Davis ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` Kosovo Wins Acceptance to IMF '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Taiwan was booted out of the IMF in 1980 when China was admitted , and it has n't applied to return since . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database for April 2012 -- Country information '' . Imf.org. 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` II The IMF and the Transition from Central Planning '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . p. 255 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is the IMF ? '' . Telegraph . 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obligations and Benefits of IMF Membership '' . Money Matters : An IMF Exhibit -- The Importance of Global Cooperation . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Governance Structure '' . About the IMF : Governance . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet : Guide to Committees , Groups , and Clubs '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . ^ Jump up to : `` IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power '' . Member Quotas Shares , Governors , and Voting Power . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : The IMF 's 2008 Quota and Voice Reforms Take Effect '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Board of Governors Approves Major Quota and Governance Reforms '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Executive Board Approves Major Overhaul of Quotas and Governance '' . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Robin ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Brics say European IMF claim ' obsolete ' '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Woods 2003 , pp. 92 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Mallaby , Sebastian ( 9 June 2011 ) .", "33": "`` Can the BRICs Take the IMF ? '' . Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ `` IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss - Kahn Resigns '' . Press Release No. 11 / 187 . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Executive Board Selects Christine Lagarde as Managing Director '' . Press Release . IMF . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Lagarde elected new IMF chief '' . Reuters. 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anger over Christine Lagarde 's tax - free salary '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Membership '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blomberg & Broz 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Members ' Quotas and Voting Power , and IMF Board of Governors '' . Jump up ^ IMF IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Welcomes U.S. Congressional Approval of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms , Press release No. 15 / 573 , 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz and Members of a UN Commission on Financial Experts , Joseph E. ( 2010 ) . The Stiglitz Report : Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crisis . New York : The New Press . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Quotas '' . About the IMF . The International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ Kafka , Alejandre . `` Some IMF Problems after the Committee of Twenty '' . International Financial Policy : Essays in honour of Jaques J. Polack . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee , Bumba ( 2008 ) . `` International Economic Organizations and Economic Development '' . SAIS Review of International Affairs . 28 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 137 . doi : 10.1353 / sais. 0.0013 .", "34": "Jump up ^ inf.org : `` INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND -- Review of Exceptional Access Policy '' , 23 March 2004 Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Why the IMF 's Exceptional Access Framework is So Important '' . Jump up ^ `` WSJ '' -- via online.wsj.com . ^ Jump up to : `` THE FUND 'S LENDING FRAMEWORK AND SOVEREIGN DEBT -- PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS '' 22 May 2014 ( also bears date June 2014 ; team of 20 led by Reza Bakir and supervised by Olivier Blanchard , Sean Hagan , Hugh Bredenkamp , and Peter Dattels ) ^ Jump up to : Derber , Charles ( 2002 ) . People Before Profit . New York : Picador . Jump up ^ Alexander , Titus ( 1996 ) . Unravelling Global Apartheid : an overview of world politics . Polity press . pp. 127 -- 133 . Jump up ^ McCorquodale , Robert ; Richard Fairbrother ( August 1999 ) . `` Globalization and Human Rights '' . Human Rights Quarterly . 21 ( 3 ) : 735 -- 766 . doi : 10.1353 / hrq. 1999.0041 . Jump up ^ Fossil fuels subsidised by $10 ma minute , says IMF The Guardian 18 May 2015 Jump up ^ Alexander , Titus ( 1996 ) . Unravelling Global Apartheid : an overview of world politics . Polity press . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` The IMF and the Third World '' . ODI briefing paper . Overseas Development Institute . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Memoria del Saqueo , Fernando Ezequiel Solanas , documentary film , 2003 ( Language : Spanish ; Subtitles : English ) YouTube.com Jump up ^ `` Economic debacle in Argentina : The IMF strikes again '' . Twnside.org.sg . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 .", "35": "Jump up ^ Stephen Webb , `` Argentina : Hardening the Provincial Budget Constraint '' , in Rodden , Eskeland , and Litvack ( eds . ) , Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints ( Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Profit Solution Review by Toshko Raychev -- SCI Trading '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tăriceanu : FMI a făcut constant greşeli de apreciere a economiei româneşti -- Mediafax '' . Mediafax.ro . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile ( 2006 ) . Africa is in a Mess : What Went Wrong and what Should be Done . Godfrey Mwakikagile , New Africa Press . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9802534 - 7 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Reflections on Leadership in Africa -- Forty Years After Independence '' ( PDF ) . houseofknowledge.org.uk . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBI Guv Raghuram Rajan blasts IMF for being soft on easy money policies of West '' . 19 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Suvashree . `` RBI chief Rajan urges IMF to act against ' extreme ' policies '' . Jump up ^ `` RBI 's Raghuram Rajan urges IMF to act against ' extreme ' policies '' . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2005 ) . The End of Poverty . New York : The Penguin Press . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2006 ) . Making Globalization Work . Great Britain : Allen Lane : an imprint of the Penguin Group . Jump up ^ Garuda , Gopal ( 1998 ) . The distributional effects of IMF program . Cambridge : The Harvard university . Jump up ^ Hertz , Noreena . The Debt Threat . New York : Harper Collins Publishers , 2004 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph . Globalization and its Discontents . New York : WW Norton & Company , 2002 . Jump up ^ More by Benjamin M. Friedman ( 15 August 2002 ) . `` Globalization : Stiglitz 's Case '' . Nybooks.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Vreeland , James ( 2007 ) . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) : Politics of Conditional Lending . UK : Taylor & Francis Books UK . Jump up ^ Breen 2013 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Oatley & Yackee 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Donnan , Shawn ; Dyer , Geoff ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` US warns of loss of influence over China bank '' . ft.com . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Weisman ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain urges U.S. Congress to stop blocking IMF reform '' . Yahoo . Reuters. 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Krista ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Australia treasurer ' disappointed ' at U.S. impasse on IMF reform '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptances of the Proposed Amendment of the Articles of Agreement on Reform of the Executive Board and Consents to 2010 Quota Increase '' . imf.org . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Members ' Quotas and Voting Power , and IMF Board of Governors '' . imf.org . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WSJ '' -- via online.wsj.com . Jump up ^ Mayeda , Andrew ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Obama Seeks to Keep IMF Veto as China Influence Is Expanded '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 9 July 2015 .", "37": "Jump up ^ `` IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Welcomes U.S. Congressional Approval of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms '' . imf.org. 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Weisbrot , Mark ; Johnston , Jake ( 2016 ) . `` Voting Share Reform at the IMF : Will it Make a Difference ? '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ David van Reybrouck . Congo : The Epic History of a People . HarperCollins , 2012 . p. 374ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 220011 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank -- IMF support to dictatorships '' . Committee for the Abolition of the Third World Debt . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Stephen C. ; Wallace , Geoffrey P.R. ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Are IMF lending programs good or bad for democracy ? '' . The Review of International Organizations . 12 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 558 . doi : 10.1007 / s11558 - 016 - 9250 - 3 . ISSN 1559 - 7431 . Jump up ^ Oxfam , Death on the Doorstep of the Summit Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , August 2002 . 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Jump up ^ `` Financing the Response to Climate Change , Staff Position Note 10 / 06 , March 25 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert , Adam ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Finance : IMF Proposes 100 - Billion - Dollar Climate Fund -- Global Issues '' . Globalissues.org . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tapie affair : Background to case '' . 22 July 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Petroff , Alanna ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Christine Lagarde , IMF chief , guilty of negligence '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF Bets on Lagarde as Trump Aims to Upend World Order '' . 20 December 2016 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` AU discussions on African Monetary Fund '' . TradeMark Southern Africa . 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth BRICS Summit -- Fortaleza Declaration '' . VI BRICS Summit. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Lipscy , Phillip ( 2015 ) . `` Explaining Institutional Change : Policy Areas , Outside Options , and the BrettonWoods Institutions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Political Science . 59 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 356 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12130 . Blomberg , Brock ; Broz , J. Lawrence ( 17 November 2006 ) .", "39": "The Political Economy of IMF Voting Power ( PDF ) . 2006 International Political Economy Society Meeting ( IPES ) . Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs . Boughton , James M. ( 2001 ) . Silent Revolution : The International Monetary Fund 1979 -- 1989 . Washington , DC : International Monetary Fund . ISBN 978 - 1 - 557 - 75971 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Tearing Down Walls : The International Monetary Fund , 1990 -- 1999 . Washington , DC : IMF . ISBN 978 - 1 - 616 - 35084 - 0 . Breen , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Politics of IMF Lending . International Political Economy Series . Basingstoke and New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 26380 - 3 . Broz , J. Lawrence ; Hawes Brewster , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` US domestic politics and International Monetary Fund policy '' ( PDF ) . In Darren G. Hawkins et al. ( eds . ) , Delegation and Agency in International Organizations , pp. 77 -- 106 . Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions . Cambridge and New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86209 - 7 . Oatley , Thomas ; Yackee , Jason ( 2004 ) . `` American Interests and IMF Lending '' ( PDF ) . International Politics . 41 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 429 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. ip. 8800085 . Vreeland , James Raymond ( 2007 ) . The International Monetary Fund : Politics of Conditional Lending . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37462 - 0 . Woods , Ngaire ( 2003 ) . `` The United States and the International Financial Institutions : Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF '' .", "40": "In Rosemary Foot , S. Neil MacFarlane , and Michael Mastanduno , eds. , US Hegemony and International Organizations , pp. 92 -- 114 . Oxford and New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 26142 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Bordo , M.D. `` The Bretton Woods International Monetary System : A Historical Overview '' , in A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System , edited by M.D. Bordo and B. Eichengreen . London : 1993 . deVries , Margaret Garritsen . The IMF in a Changing World , 1945 -- 85 , International Monetary Fund , 1986 . James , H. International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods , Oxford , 1996 . Joicey , N. and Pickford , S . `` The International Monetary Fund and Global Economic Cooperation '' in Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock , The New Economic Diplomacy : Decision - Making and Negotiation in International Relations , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) . Keynes , J.M. The Collected Writings , Vol . XXVI . Activities 1941 -- 1946 : Shaping the Post-War World : Bretton Woods and Reparations , Cambridge , 1980 . Moschella , M. Governing Risk : The IMF and Global Financial Crises ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2010 ) . Skidelsky , R. John Maynard Keynes : Fighting for Britain , London , 2000 . Truman , E. Strengthening IMF Surveillance : A Comprehensive Proposal , Policy Brief 10 -- 29 , Peterson Institute for International Economics , 2010 . Woods , N. The Globalizers : The IMF , the World Bank , and Their Borrowers , Ithaca , 2006 External links ( edit ) IMF International Monetary Fund .", "41": "Official website IMF Publications page World Economic Outlook -- quarterly staff periodical recurrent Regional Economic Reports -- published annually biennial Global Financial Stability Report Staff Discussion Notes -- publication as and when desired Fiscal Monitor publication as and when desired Finance and Development -- quarterly academic journal International Monetary Fund at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) IFIWatchNet ( Web resource for analysis and commentary critical of the IMF and similar institutions ) `` IMF - Supported Macroeconomic Policies and the World Recession : A Look at Forty - One Borrowing Countries '' , from the Center for Economic and Policy Research , October 2009 `` Proceedings and Documents of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference , Bretton Woods , New Hampshire , July 1 -- 22 , 1944 '' `` IMF 's Effect on Third World Countries '' from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` IMF and Ukraine found a compromise '' International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism ,", "42": "Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America International organizations Intergovernmental organizations Non-cultural IGOs International Criminal Court International Monetary Fund International Seabed Authority Inter-Parliamentary Union Interpol New Development Bank Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations World Bank Group World Trade Organization Cultural IGOs Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Language Countries Organisation internationale de la Francophonie United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General", "43": "Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations", "44": "Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Economics Economic theory Econometrics Applied economics Macroeconomics Adaptive expectations Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Demand shock Depression ( Great Depression ) DSGE Economic growth Economic indicator Economic rent Effective demand General Theory of Keynes Hyperinflation Inflation Interest", "45": "Interest rate Investment IS -- LM model Microfoundations Monetary policy Money NAIRU National accounts PPP Rate of profit Rational expectations Recession Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Macroeconomics publications Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economic equilibrium Economic shortage Economic surplus Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Expected utility hypothesis Externality General equilibrium theory Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Non-convexity Oligopoly Opportunity cost Preference Production set Profit Public good Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Social choice theory Sunk costs Supply and demand Theory of the firm Trade Transaction cost Value Uncertainty Utility Microeconomics publications Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic history Education Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Public Service Transportation Urban Welfare Methodology Behavioral economics Computational economics Econometrics Economic systems Experimental economics Mathematical economics Methodological publications Economic thought Ancient economic thought Austrian school of economics Chicago school of economics Classical economics Feminist economics Heterodox economics Institutional economics Keynesian economics Mainstream economics Marxian economics Neoclassical economics Post-Keynesian economics Schools overview Notable economists and", "46": "thinkers within economics Kenneth Arrow Gary Becker Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Milton Friedman Ragnar Frisch Friedrich Hayek Harold Hotelling John Maynard Keynes Tjalling Koopmans Paul Krugman Robert Lucas Jr . Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal VIAF : 147860995 LCCN : n81052755 ISNI : 0000 0001 2295 783X GND : 1013082 - 2 SELIBR : 119884 SUDOC : 028535219 BNF : cb118842198 ( data ) NLA : 35232399 NDL : 00288626 NKC : kn20010710543 BNE : XX138883 Economy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&oldid=838113744 '' Categories : International Monetary Fund International finance institutions United Nations specialized agencies Global policy organizations International development organizations United Nations Development Group United Nations Economic and Social Council Organizations established in 1945 Organizations based in Washington , D.C. 1945 in economics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements", "47": "from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어", "48": "Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски", "49": "Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 48 . 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-628291178392259442	when was the first star wars film released	[ "May 25, 1977", "May 25, 1977", "1977", "May 25, 1977" ]	{ "0": "List of Star Wars films and television series - wikipedia List of Star Wars films and television series Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars logo The Star Wars films include two complete trilogies : the original trilogy released between 1977 and 1983 , and the prequel trilogy released between 1999 and 2005 . A third trilogy that follows the first two began in 2015 . Other films have taken or will take place between the trilogy films . There have also been several Star Wars television series and films , with the first being released in 1978 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Feature films 1.1 Film series 1.2 Cast 1.3 Technical information 1.3. 1 Music and sound effects 1.3. 2 Stunts 1.3. 3 Re-releases 1.4 Box office performance 1.5 Critical and public response 1.5. 1 Academy Awards 1.5. 2 National Film Registry 2 Television and internet 2.1 Animated series 2.2 Television films and specials 2.2. 1 Critical and public response 3 Parodies 3.1 Lucasfilm Star Wars parodies 3.2 Lego Star Wars 3.2. 1 Short films 3.2. 2 Television specials 3.2. 3 Animated series 3.3 Other licensed Star Wars parodies 3.3.", "1": "1 Parody Star Wars themed TV specials 4 Notes 5 References Feature films ( edit ) Film series ( edit ) Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Initial distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J.", "2": "Abrams Standalone films Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Initial distributor ( s ) Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Warner Bros . Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo : A Star Wars Story May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Jon Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Star Wars cast members and List of Star Wars characters Technical information ( edit ) All seven films of the Star Wars series were shot in an aspect ratio of 2.39 : 1 . The original and sequel trilogies were shot with anamorphic lenses . Episodes IV , V , and VII were shot in Panavision , while Episode VI was shot in Joe Dunton Camera ( JDC ) scope . Episode I was shot with Hawk anamorphic lenses on Arriflex cameras , and Episodes II and III were shot with Sony 's CineAlta high - definition digital cameras . Music and sound effects ( edit ) Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the original 1977 film . Burtt 's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done . Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi . John Williams composed the scores for all eight films . Lucas 's design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound , with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts . Williams 's Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well - known musical compositions in modern music history .", "3": "Stunts ( edit ) Lucas hired ' the Dean of Special Effects ' John Stears , who created R2 - D2 , Luke Skywalker 's Landspeeder , the Jedi Knights ' lightsabers , and the Death Star . The technical lightsaber choreography for the original trilogy was developed by leading filmmaking sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and performed all the sword stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , wearing Vader 's costume . Anderson 's role in the original Star Wars trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade , where he shares his experiences as the fight choreographer developing the lightsaber techniques for the movies . Re-releases ( edit ) Main article : List of changes in Star Wars re-releases Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking Refs . North America Other territories Worldwide Adjusted for inflation ( North America ) All - time North America All - time worldwide Star Wars May 25 , 1977 $11 million $460,998,007 $314,400,000 $775,398,007 $1,359,782,041 # 11 # 77 The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 $11 -- $33 million $290,475,067 $257,493,937 $547,969,004 $776,875,106 # 84 # 166 Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 $32.5 -- 42.7 million $309,306,177 $165,800,000 $475,106,177 $748,807,361 # 68 # 198 Original trilogy total $54.5 -- 86.7 million $ 7009106077925100000 ♠ 1,060,779,251 $ 7008728100000000000 ♠ 728,100,000 $ 7009178887925100000 ♠ 1,788,879,251 $2,885,464,508 The Phantom Menace May 19 ,", "4": "1999 $115 million $474,544,677 $552,500,000 $1,027,044,677 $722,955,556 # 12 # 29 Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 $115 million $310,676,740 $338,721,588 $649,398,328 $429,035,543 # 66 # 117 Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 $113 million $380,270,577 $468,484,191 $848,754,768 $476,488,298 # 29 # 61 Prequel trilogy total $343 million $ 7009116549199400000 ♠ 1,165,491,994 $ 7009135970577900000 ♠ 1,359,705,779 $ 7009252519777300000 ♠ 2,525,197,773 $1,628,479,397 The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 $245 million $936,662,225 $1,131,516,000 $2,068,178,225 $955,104,548 # 1 # 3 The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 $200 million $620,164,565 $712,484,660 $1,332,649,225 $620,164,565 # 7 # 9 Sequel trilogy total $445 million $ 7009153266838300000 ♠ 1,532,668,383 $ 7009180651870100000 ♠ 1,806,518,701 $ 7009333918708400000 ♠ 3,339,187,084 $1,551,110,706 The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 $8.5 million $35,161,554 $33,121,290 $68,282,844 $35,679,744 # 2,187 Rogue One December 16 , 2016 $200 million $532,177,324 $523,879,", "5": "949 $1,056,057,273 $532,091,909 # 9 # 24 All films total $1 billion $3,950,319,348 $4,006,323,018 $7,956,642,366 $ 7009569086667300000 ♠ 5,690,866,673 # 2 # 3 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Star Wars 93 % ( 8.6 / 10 average rating ) ( 113 reviews ) 90 ( 24 reviews ) The Empire Strikes Back 94 % ( 8.9 / 10 average rating ) ( 90 reviews ) 82 ( 25 reviews ) Return of the Jedi 80 % ( 7.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 86 reviews ) 58 ( 24 reviews ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 55 % ( 6 / 10 average rating ) ( 216 reviews ) 51 ( 36 reviews ) A − Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 66 % ( 6.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 245 reviews ) 54 ( 39 reviews ) A − Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 79 % ( 7.3 / 10 average rating ) ( 287 reviews ) 68 ( 40 reviews ) A − Star Wars : The Clone Wars 18 % ( 4.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 168 reviews ) 35 ( 30 reviews ) B − Star Wars : The Force Awakens 93 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 383 reviews ) 81 ( 54 reviews ) Rogue One 85 % ( 7.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 379 reviews ) 65 ( 51 reviews ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi 91 % ( 8.1 / 10 average rating ) ( 374 reviews ) 85 ( 56 reviews ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film .", "6": "Academy Awards ( edit ) The nine live - action films together have been nominated for 36 Academy Awards , of which they won seven . The films were also awarded a total of three Special Achievement Awards . Star Wars received seven awards and four nominations , The Empire Strikes Back received one award , one Special Achievement Award and two nominations , Return of the Jedi received one Special Achievement Award and four nominations , The Phantom Menace received three nominations , Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith received one nomination each , The Force Awakens received five nominations , Rogue One received two nominations and The Last Jedi received four nominations . Five films in the franchise ( Return of the Jedi , The Phantom Menace , The Force Awakens , Rogue One and The Last Jedi ) were nominated for Best Sound Mixing ; two films ( Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back ) won the award . Five films ( The Phantom Menace , Attack of the Clones , The Force Awakens , Rogue One and The Last Jedi ) were nominated for Best Visual Effects ; Star Wars won the award , while The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi received Special Achievement Awards for their visual effects and Star Wars received a Special Achievement Award for its alien , creature and robot voices . Four films ( The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) were nominated for Best Original Score ; Star Wars won the award . The Force Awakens was nominated for Best Film Editing and Star Wars won the award . The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi were nominated for Best Art Direction - Set Decoration and Star Wars won the award . Four films ( Return of the Jedi , The Phantom Menace , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) were nominated for Best Sound Editing . Star Wars won Best Costume Design and it also received nominations for Best Supporting Actor ( Alec Guinness ) , Best Director ( George Lucas ) , Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay . Revenge of the Sith received a nomination for Best Makeup . National Film Registry ( edit ) In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 .", "7": "Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Television and internet ( edit ) Animated series ( edit ) Title Seasons Episodes Release year Supervising Director Production company Network Setting Canon Droids 13 1985 -- 86 Nelvana ABC Between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope No Ewoks 35 1985 -- 86 Before Return of the Jedi Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 25 2003 -- 05 Genndy Tartakovsky Cartoon Network Studios Cartoon Network Between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 6 121 2008 -- 14 Dave Filoni Lucasfilm Animation Cartoon Network ( Season 1 -- 5 ) and Netflix ( Season 6 ) Between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith Yes Rebels 75 2014 -- 18 Dave Filoni ( Season 1 and 2 ) and Justin Ridge ( Season 3 and 4 ) Disney XD Between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope Forces of Destiny 16 2017 YouTube Across all eras Television films and specials ( edit ) Film Release date Director ( s ) Screen writer ( s ) Network Setting Canon Holiday Special Holiday Special November 17 , 1978 David Acomba and Steve Binder Bruce Vilanch CBS Between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back No Ewok television films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure November 25 , 1984 John Korty Bob Carrau Story by : George Lucas ABC Between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi No Ewoks : The Battle for Endor November 24 ,", "8": "1985 Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Story by : George Lucas Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Holiday Special 43 % ( 7 reviews ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure 25 % ( 12 reviews ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . No critical consensus has been reached for either film . Parodies ( edit ) Lucasfilm Star Wars parodies ( edit ) The following parodies were directly produced by Lucasfilm . Title Release year Notes Mockumentaries Return of the Ewok 1982 24 - minute fictional mockumentary - style movie , focusing on the decision of Warwick Davis to become an actor and act as Wicket the Ewok in Return of the Jedi . R2 - D2 : Beneath the Dome 2002 20 - minute mockumentary - style movie , focusing on the `` true '' story of R2 - D2 's life . It was made as a fun side - project by some of the crew of Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones , but was later released for television and its own DVD . Animated series Star Wars Detours N / A Produced between 2012 and 2013 , this animated animated Star Wars parody series from the creators of Robot Chicken was never released . Star Wars Detours was produced prior to the Disney acquisition , but its release was postponed in 2013 and it ultimately never aired , despite 39 episodes having been completed and 62 additional scripts finished . Lego Star Wars ( edit ) See also : Lego Star Wars To promote its sets , Lego has created multiple short films , television specials , and animated series that parody the Star Wars saga . Lego versions of Han Solo , Chewbacca , C - 3PO , and Lando cameo aboard the Millennium Falcon in The Lego Movie .", "9": "Short films ( edit ) Title Release date Notes Lego Star Wars : Revenge of the Brick 2005 Short film based on Revenge of the Sith Lego Star Wars : The Quest for R2 - D2 2009 Short film based on Star Wars : The Clone Wars Lego Star Wars : Bombad Bounty Short film that follows up The Quest for R2 - D2 Television specials ( edit ) Title Release year Notes Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace 2011 Half hour TV special Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out 2012 Half hour TV special Animated series ( edit ) Title Release year Episodes Notes Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles 2013 -- 14 7 Comic television series also known as Star Wars : The New Yoda Chronicles . Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales 2015 5 Comic television series retelling Episodes I - VI and Star Wars Rebels episode `` Droids in Distress '' . Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures 2016 -- present 26 Comic television series set between Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . Other licensed Star Wars parodies ( edit ) Parody Star Wars themed TV specials ( edit ) Robot Chicken series have produced three television specials satirizing the Star Wars films ( `` Robot Chicken : Star Wars '' , `` Episode II '' , and `` III '' ) , the success of the specials led to the development animated parody series Star Wars Detours . Family Guy series have also produced three Star Wars specials titled `` Blue Harvest '' , `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' and `` It 's a Trap ! '' . Phineas and Ferb parody of Star Wars aired in the summer of 2014 , soon after Disney 's acquisition of the franchise . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Until the deal between 21st Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company has been finalized Jump up ^ Adjusting for inflation is complicated by the fact that the first four films have had multiple releases in different years , so their earnings can not be simply adjusted by the initial year of release . Inflation adjusted figures for 2005 can be found in Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds.", "10": "( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . p. 519 . ISBN 978 - 0061778896 . Adjustment to constant dollars is undertaken in conjunction with the United States Consumer Price Index provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , using 2005 as the base year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Widescreen - O-Rama '' . The Digital Bits . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sergi , Gianluca ( March 1998 ) . `` Tales of the Silent Blast : Star Wars and Sound '' . Journal of Popular Film & Television . 26 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Quality Home Theater Systems Products '' . Digital Home Theater . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trilogy '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` John Stears , 64 , Dies ; Film - Effects Wizard '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` John Stears ; Special Effects Genius Behind 007 and R2 - D2 '' , Los Angeles Times , retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Reclaiming the Blade , IMDb , 2009 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Box Office Mojo .", "12": "Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Jedi '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Jedi '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 50th Academy Awards 1978 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 53rd Academy Awards 1981 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 56th Academy Awards 1984 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 72nd Academy Awards 2000 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 75th Academy Awards 2003 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 78th Academy Awards 2006 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 88th Academy Awards 2016 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 89th Academy Awards 2017 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : `` The 90th Academy Awards 2018 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry Titles '' . U.S. National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Holiday Special '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ewok Adventure '' . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Ewok Theater 2005 : Return of the Ewok '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R2 - D2 : Beneath the Dome '' ( DVD ) . Star Wars . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 .", "15": "Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Jason ; Goldman , Eric ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Seth Green Talks Star Wars Series '' . IGN . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars TV : Clone Wars canceled , Detours postponed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paur , Joey ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Update on the Star Wars : Detours Animated Series '' . GeekTyrant.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane . `` The LEGO Movie Almost Did n't Get To Include Star Wars '' . Jump up ^ `` New Star Wars Animated Series in the Works '' . StarWars.com. April 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's coming in Family Guy 's new Star Wars spoofs '' . SCI FI Wire . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PHINEAS AND FERB MEETS STAR WARS IN SPECIAL EPISODE '' . Star Wars . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . ( hide ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired )", "16": "Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic", "17": "The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars_films_and_television_series&oldid=838410184 '' Categories : Star Wars films Lists of films by common content Star Wars lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9199587263422732891	who was the bad guy in silence of the lambs	[ "Buffalo Bill", "Buffalo Bill" ]	{ "0": "Ted Levine - wikipedia Ted Levine Jump to : navigation , search Ted Levine Ted Levine in December 2008 . Frank Theodore Levine ( 1957 - 05 - 29 ) May 29 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Bellaire , Ohio , United States Occupation Actor Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Kim Phillips Children Frank Theodore `` Ted '' Levine ( born May 29 , 1957 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs and as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer in the television series Monk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Mainstream success 3 Filmography 3.1 Feature films 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Levine was born in Bellaire , Ohio , the son of Charlotte Virginia ( Clark ) and Milton Dmitri Levine , who were both doctors and members of Physicians for Social Responsibility . Levine 's father was of Russian Jewish descent and his mother had Welsh ancestry . He describes himself as a `` hillbilly Jew '' . He grew up in Oak Park , Illinois . In 1975 , he enrolled at Marlboro College . He became a fixture in the Chicago theatre scene and joined the Remains Theatre which was co-founded by Gary Cole and William Petersen . After his stage experience , Levine began to devote most of his energy during the 1980s toward finding roles in film and television . Mainstream success ( edit ) After his breakout role in The Silence of the Lambs ( as primary antagonist Buffalo Bill ) , there was a period where he was typecast in villainous roles . Levine was able to remedy this by playing more positive characters , such as a member of Al Pacino 's police unit in Heat , astronaut Alan Shepard in the HBO mini-series From the Earth to the Moon , and Paul Walker 's police superior Sergeant Tanner in The Fast and the Furious . In the drama Georgia , he played Mare Winningham 's husband , one of his most sympathetic roles .", "1": "His résumé also includes an uncredited role as the voice of the sociopathic trucker `` Rusty Nail '' in 2001 's Joy Ride , and his performance as Detective Sam Nico in the 2003 film Wonderland , based on the gruesome murders in the Hollywood Hills . From 2002 to 2009 , he co-starred as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer on USA Network 's detective series Monk , starring Tony Shalhoub . Levine provided the voice of the supervillain Sinestro in Superman : The Animated Series , Static Shock , Justice League , and Justice League Unlimited . Levine also appeared as a patriarch whose family takes a turn for the worse in the remake of The Hills Have Eyes ( 2006 ) . In 2007 , he portrayed local Sheriff James Timberlake in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and appeared in Ridley Scott 's American Gangster , alongside Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe . In 2010 , he appeared as the warden of the island prison in Shutter Island , starring Leonardo DiCaprio . In 2012 , he appeared as Sheriff Bloom Towne in Deep Dark Canyon , alongside Spencer Treat Clark and Nick Eversman , who portray Sheriff Towne 's sons , Nate and Skylar , respectively . In 2013 , he had a major supporting role in the FX murder mystery series The Bridge as Lieutenant Hank Wade , commander of a police homicide unit in a Texas border city . In 2014 he portrayed General Underwood in the British - Finnish action film Big Game . In February 2017 , Levine was cast in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom as Ken Wheatley . Filmography ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 One More Saturday Night Cop in Station Ironweed Pocono Pete Betrayed Wes 1989 Next of Kin Willy Simpson Love at Large Frederick King / James McGraw 1991 The Silence of the Lambs Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb The Paint Job Kenny the D.J. 1993 Nowhere to Run Mr.", "2": "Dunston Todo cambia Vince 1995 The Mangler Officer John Hunton 1995 Georgia Jake 1995 Heat Det . Mike Bosko Bullet Louis Stein 1997 Mad City Lemke 1997 Switchback Deputy Nate Booker 1997 Flubber Wesson 1998 You Can Thank Me Later Eli Cooperberg 1999 Wild Wild West General ' Bloodbath ' McGrath 2001 Evolution General Russell Woodman 2001 The Fast and the Furious Sgt . Tanner 2001 Joy Ride Rusty Nail Voice role 2001 Ali Joe Smiley 2002 The Truth About Charlie Emil Zadapec 2003 Wonderland Sam Nico The Manchurian Candidate Colonel Howard Birth Mr. Conte 2005 The L.A. Riot Spectacular Tom Saltine 2005 Memoirs of a Geisha Colonel Derricks 2006 The Hills Have Eyes Big Bob Carter 2007 The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Sheriff James Timberlake 2007 American Gangster Capt.", "3": "Lou Toback Shutter Island Warden 2012 Deep Dark Canyon Bloom Towne 2013 Jimmy James Lee Mitchell 2013 A Single Shot Cecile 2013 Banshee Chapter Thomas Blackburn 2014 Big Game General Underwood 2014 Dig Two Graves Sheriff Waterhouse 2014 Gutshot Straight Lewis 2015 Little Boy Sam 2016 Bleed for This Lou Duva 2017 Bottom of the World The Preacher 2018 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Ken Wheatley Post-production 2018 A Violent Separation Quinn filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Through Naked Eyes Patrolman Movie 1985 Two Fathers ' Justice Bennett Movie 1985 American Playhouse Commander Episode : `` The Killing Floor '' 1986 Crime Story Frank Holman Movie 1986 -- 87 Crime Story Frank Holman 13 episodes 1989 The Fulfillment of Mary Gray Jonathan Movie 1991 Murder in High Places Carson Russell Movie 1991 Dead and Alive : The Race for Gus Farace Charles Rose Movie 1993 Death Train Alex Tierney Movie 1993 The Last Outlaw Potts Movie 1993 Broken Promises : Taking Emily Back Gary Ward Movie 1995 Nowhere Man Dave ' Eddie ' Powers 2 episodes ( voice ) Wiseguy Paul Callendar Movie 1997 1999 Superman : The Animated Series Karkull Sinestro `` Absolute Zero '' `` In Brightest Day '' 1997 Ellen Foster Bill Hammond Movie 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Alan Shepard 2 episodes 1998 Moby Dick Starbuck Movie 2000 Harlan County War Silas Kincaid Movie 2000 Wonderland Dr.", "4": "Robert Banger 8 Episodes 2002 Third Watch Brian O'Malley Episode : `` Falling '' 2002 -- 06 Justice League Bulldozer / Sinestro 6 Episodes ( voice ) 2002 -- 09 Monk Captain Leland Stottlemeyer 125 Episodes Static Shock Sinestro Episode : `` Fallen Hero '' 2011 Hell on Wheels Captain Daniel Johnson Recurring 2011 Luck Isadore Cohen 5 episodes 2013 -- 14 The Bridge Lt. Hank Wade Main role ( 26 episodes ) 2014 Child of Grace Chief Edwards Movie 2015 The Spoils Before Dying Gerhart Moll Episode : `` The Trip Trap '' 2016 Mad Dogs Conrad Tull 2 episodes 2016 Ray Donovan Bill Primm 3 episodes 2016 Lethal Weapon Ned Brower Episode : `` Best Buds '' 2018 The Alienist Thomas F. Byrnes Recurring 2018 Here and Now Ike Bayer 2 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/8397646/Frank-Theodore-Levine Jump up ^ McGavin , Patrick Z . ( February 28 , 1991 ) . `` Ted Levine is not a bad guy '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Guide ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Bridge 's Ted Levine : `` The Killer Is More Hannibal Lecter Than Jame Gumb '' `` . littlefallstimes.com . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Guide ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Big Game '' . littlefallstimes.com . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Ted Levine on IMDb Ted Levine at AllMovie VIAF : 223170177 LCCN : no98115986 ISNI : 0000 0003 9901 7066 GND : 1019247088 SUDOC : 146734653 BNF : cb14040932n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Levine&oldid=835212200 '' Categories : 1957 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Russian - Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Chicago Male Western ( genre ) film actors Marlboro College alumni People from Bellaire , Ohio University of Chicago alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 08 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-507214070235479571	epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as	[ "disease conditions in defined populations", "biological agents", "stress", "chemicals", "alcohol", "smoking" ]	{ "0": "Epidemiology - wikipedia Epidemiology Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Epidemiology ( disambiguation ) . `` Clinical Epidemiology '' redirects here . For the journal , see Clinical Epidemiology ( journal ) . Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations . It is the cornerstone of public health , and shapes policy decisions and evidence - based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare . Epidemiologists help with study design , collection , and statistical analysis of data , amend interpretation and dissemination of results ( including peer review and occasional systematic review ) . Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research , public health studies , and , to a lesser extent , basic research in the biological sciences . Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation , transmission , outbreak investigation , disease surveillance , forensic epidemiology , occupational epidemiology , screening , biomonitoring , and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials . Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes , statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions , social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes , and engineering for exposure assessment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Modern era 3 Types of studies 3.1 Case series 3.2 Case - control studies 3.3 Cohort studies 3.4 Outbreak investigation 4 Causal inference 4.1 Bradford Hill criteria 4.2 Legal interpretation 5 Population - based health management 6 Applied field epidemiology 6.1 Humanitarian context 7 Validity : precision and bias 7.1 Random error 7.2 Systematic error 7.2. 1 Selection bias 7.2. 2 Information bias 7.2.", "1": "3 Confounding 8 The profession 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Epidemiology , literally meaning `` the study of what is upon the people '' , is derived from Greek epi , meaning ' upon , among ' , demos , meaning ' people , district ' , and logos , meaning ' study , word , discourse ' , suggesting that it applies only to human populations . However , the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations ( veterinary epidemiology ) , although the term `` epizoology '' is available , and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations ( botanical or plant disease epidemiology ) . The distinction between `` epidemic '' and `` endemic '' was first drawn by Hippocrates , to distinguish between diseases that are `` visited upon '' a population ( epidemic ) from those that `` reside within '' a population ( endemic ) . The term `` epidemiology '' appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española . Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population , a condition known as a syndemic . The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease , but of disease in general , and even many non-disease , health - related conditions , such as high blood pressure and obesity . Therefore , this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease cause changes in the function of everyone . History ( edit ) The Greek physician Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine , sought a logic to sickness ; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences . Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors ( air , fire , water and earth `` atoms '' ) . The cure to the sickness was to remove or add the humor in question to balance the body . This belief led to the application of bloodletting and dieting in medicine . He coined the terms endemic ( for diseases usually found in some places but not in others ) and epidemic ( for diseases that are seen at some times but not others ) .", "2": "Modern era ( edit ) See also : History of emerging infectious diseases In the middle of the 16th century , a doctor from Verona named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first to propose a theory that these very small , unseeable , particles that cause disease were alive . They were considered to be able to spread by air , multiply by themselves and to be destroyable by fire . In this way he refuted Galen 's miasma theory ( poison gas in sick people ) . In 1543 he wrote a book De contagione et contagiosis morbis , in which he was the first to promote personal and environmental hygiene to prevent disease . The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease . Wu Youke ( 1582 -- 1652 ) developed the concept that some diseases were caused by transmissible agents , which he called liqi ( pestilential factors ) . His book Wenyi Lun ( Treatise on Acute Epidemic Febrile Diseases ) can be regarded as the main etiological work that brought forward the concept , ultimately attributed to Westerners , of germs as a cause of epidemic diseases ( source : http://baike.baidu.com/view/143117.htm ) . His concepts are still considered in current scientific research in relation to Traditional Chinese Medicine studies ( see : http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js6170e/4.html ) . Another pioneer , Thomas Sydenham ( 1624 -- 1689 ) , was the first to distinguish the fevers of Londoners in the later 1600s . His theories on cures of fevers met with much resistance from traditional physicians at the time . He was not able to find the initial cause of the smallpox fever he researched and treated . Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 . John Graunt , a haberdasher and amateur statistician , published Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662 . In it , he analysed the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague , presented one of the first life tables , and reported time trends for many diseases , new and old .", "3": "He provided statistical evidence for many theories on disease , and also refuted some widespread ideas on them . John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th century cholera epidemics , and is also known as the father of ( modern ) epidemiology . He began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company . His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology . Snow used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and removed the handle ; this ended the outbreak . This has been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology , having helped shape public health policies around the world . However , Snow 's research and preventive measures to avoid further outbreaks were not fully accepted or put into practice until after his death . Other pioneers include Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner , who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of neonatal tetanus on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland . Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis , who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure . His findings were published in 1850 , but his work was ill - received by his colleagues , who discontinued the procedure . Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister ' discovered ' antiseptics in 1865 in light of the work of Louis Pasteur . In the early 20th century , mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross , Janet Lane - Claypon , Anderson Gray McKendrick , and others . Another breakthrough was the 1954 publication of the results of a British Doctors Study , led by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill , which lent very strong statistical support to the link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer . In the late 20th century , with advancement of biomedical sciences , a number of molecular markers in blood , other biospecimens and environment were identified as predictors of development or risk of a certain disease . Epidemiology research to examine the relationship between these biomarkers analyzed at the molecular level , and disease was broadly named `` molecular epidemiology '' . Specifically , `` genetic epidemiology '' has been used for epidemiology of germline genetic variation and disease .", "4": "Genetic variation is typically determined using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes . Since the 2000s , genome - wide association studies ( GWAS ) have been commonly performed to identify genetic risk factors for many diseases and health conditions . While most molecular epidemiology studies are still using conventional disease diagnosis and classification systems , it is increasingly recognized that disease evolution represents inherently heterogeneous processes differing from person to person . Conceptually , each individual has a unique disease process different from any other individual ( `` the unique disease principle '' ) , considering uniqueness of the exposome ( a totality of endogenous and exogenous / environmental exposures ) and its unique influence on molecular pathologic process in each individual . Studies to examine the relationship between an exposure and molecular pathologic signature of disease ( particularly cancer ) became increasingly common throughout the 2000s . However , the use of molecular pathology in epidemiology posed unique challenges including lack of research guidelines and standardized statistical methodologies , and paucity of interdisciplinary experts and training programs . Furthermore , the concept of disease heterogeneity appears to conflict with the long - standing premise in epidemiology that individuals with the same disease name have similar etiologies and disease processes . To resolve these issues and advance population health science in the era of molecular precision medicine , `` molecular pathology '' and `` epidemiology '' was integrated to create a new interdisciplinary field of `` molecular pathological epidemiology '' ( MPE ) , defined as `` epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease '' . In MPE , investigators analyze the relationships between ; ( A ) environmental , dietary , lifestyle and genetic factors ; ( B ) alterations in cellular or extracellular molecules ; and ( C ) evolution and progression of disease . A better understanding of heterogeneity of disease pathogenesis will further contribute to elucidate etiologies of disease . The MPE approach can be applied to not only neoplastic diseases but also non-neoplastic diseases . The concept and paradigm of MPE have become widespread in the 2010s . Types of studies ( edit ) Main article : Study design Epidemiologists employ a range of study designs from the observational to experimental and generally categorized as descriptive , analytic ( aiming to further examine known associations or hypothesized relationships ) , and experimental ( a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions ) .", "5": "In observational studies , nature is allowed to `` take its course , '' as epidemiologists observe from the sidelines . Conversely , in experimental studies , the epidemiologist is the one in control of all of the factors entering a certain case study . Epidemiological studies are aimed , where possible , at revealing unbiased relationships between exposures such as alcohol or smoking , biological agents , stress , or chemicals to mortality or morbidity . The identification of causal relationships between these exposures and outcomes is an important aspect of epidemiology . Modern epidemiologists use informatics as a tool . Observational studies have two components , descriptive and analytical . Descriptive observations pertain to the `` who , what , where and when of health - related state occurrence '' . However , analytical observations deal more with the ' how ' of a health - related event . Experimental epidemiology contains three case types : randomized controlled trials ( often used for new medicine or drug testing ) , field trials ( conducted on those at a high risk of contracting a disease ) , and community trials ( research on social originating diseases ) . The term ' epidemiologic triad ' is used to describe the intersection of Host , Agent , and Environment in analyzing an outbreak . Case series ( edit ) Case - series may refer to the qualitative study of the experience of a single patient , or small group of patients with a similar diagnosis , or to a statistical factor with the potential to produce illness with periods when they are unexposed . The former type of study is purely descriptive and can not be used to make inferences about the general population of patients with that disease . These types of studies , in which an astute clinician identifies an unusual feature of a disease or a patient 's history , may lead to formulation of a new hypothesis . Using the data from the series , analytic studies could be done to investigate possible causal factors . These can include case control studies or prospective studies . A case control study would involve matching comparable controls without the disease to the cases in the series . A prospective study would involve following the case series over time to evaluate the disease 's natural history . The latter type , more formally described as self - controlled case - series studies , divide individual patient follow - up time into exposed and unexposed periods and use fixed - effects Poisson regression processes to compare the incidence rate of a given outcome between exposed and unexposed periods .", "6": "This technique has been extensively used in the study of adverse reactions to vaccination , and has been shown in some circumstances to provide statistical power comparable to that available in cohort studies . Case - control studies ( edit ) Case - control studies select subjects based on their disease status . It is a retrospective study . A group of individuals that are disease positive ( the `` case '' group ) is compared with a group of disease negative individuals ( the `` control '' group ) . The control group should ideally come from the same population that gave rise to the cases . The case - control study looks back through time at potential exposures that both groups ( cases and controls ) may have encountered . A 2 × 2 table is constructed , displaying exposed cases ( A ) , exposed controls ( B ) , unexposed cases ( C ) and unexposed controls ( D ) . The statistic generated to measure association is the odds ratio ( OR ) , which is the ratio of the odds of exposure in the cases ( A / C ) to the odds of exposure in the controls ( B / D ) , i.e. OR = ( AD / BC ) . Cases Controls Exposed Unexposed If the OR is significantly greater than 1 , then the conclusion is `` those with the disease are more likely to have been exposed , '' whereas if it is close to 1 then the exposure and disease are not likely associated . If the OR is far less than one , then this suggests that the exposure is a protective factor in the causation of the disease . Case - control studies are usually faster and more cost effective than cohort studies , but are sensitive to bias ( such as recall bias and selection bias ) . The main challenge is to identify the appropriate control group ; the distribution of exposure among the control group should be representative of the distribution in the population that gave rise to the cases . This can be achieved by drawing a random sample from the original population at risk . This has as a consequence that the control group can contain people with the disease under study when the disease has a high attack rate in a population .", "7": "A major drawback for case control studies is that , in order to be considered to be statistically significant , the minimum number of cases required at the 95 % confidence interval is related to the odds ratio by the equation : total cases = A + C = 1.96 2 ( 1 + N ) ( 1 ln ⁡ ( O R ) ) 2 ( O R + 2 O R + 1 O R ) ≈ 15.5 ( 1 + N ) ( 1 ln ⁡ ( O R ) ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( total cases ) ) = A + C = 1.96 ^ ( 2 ) ( 1 + N ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ ln ( OR ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( OR + 2 ( \\ sqrt ( OR ) ) + 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( OR ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ approx 15.5 ( 1 + N ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ ln ( OR ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) where N is the ratio of cases to controls . As the odds ratio approached 1 , approaches 0 ; rendering case control studies all but useless for low odds ratios . For instance , for an odds ratio of 1.5 and cases = controls , the table shown above would look like this : Cases Controls Exposed 103 84 Unexposed 84 103 For an odds ratio of 1.1 : Cases Controls Exposed 1732 1652 Unexposed 1652 1732 Cohort studies ( edit ) Cohort studies select subjects based on their exposure status . The study subjects should be at risk of the outcome under investigation at the beginning of the cohort study ; this usually means that they should be disease free when the cohort study starts . The cohort is followed through time to assess their later outcome status . An example of a cohort study would be the investigation of a cohort of smokers and non-smokers over time to estimate the incidence of lung cancer . The same 2 × 2 table is constructed as with the case control study .", "8": "However , the point estimate generated is the relative risk ( RR ) , which is the probability of disease for a person in the exposed group , P = A / ( A + B) over the probability of disease for a person in the unexposed group , P = C / ( C + D ) , i.e. RR = P / P . ... Case Non-case Total Exposed ( A + B) Unexposed ( C + D ) As with the OR , a RR greater than 1 shows association , where the conclusion can be read `` those with the exposure were more likely to develop disease . '' Prospective studies have many benefits over case control studies . The RR is a more powerful effect measure than the OR , as the OR is just an estimation of the RR , since true incidence can not be calculated in a case control study where subjects are selected based on disease status . Temporality can be established in a prospective study , and confounders are more easily controlled for . However , they are more costly , and there is a greater chance of losing subjects to follow - up based on the long time period over which the cohort is followed . Cohort studies also are limited by the same equation for number of cases as for cohort studies , but , if the base incidence rate in the study population is very low , the number of cases required is reduced by 1⁄2 . Outbreak investigation ( edit ) For information on investigation of infectious disease outbreaks , please see outbreak investigation . Causal inference ( edit ) Main article : Causal inference Although epidemiology is sometimes viewed as a collection of statistical tools used to elucidate the associations of exposures to health outcomes , a deeper understanding of this science is that of discovering causal relationships . `` Correlation does not imply causation '' is a common theme for much of the epidemiological literature . For epidemiologists , the key is in the term inference . Correlation , or at least association between two variables , is a necessary but not sufficient criteria for inference that one variable causes the other . Epidemiologists use gathered data and a broad range of biomedical and psychosocial theories in an iterative way to generate or expand theory , to test hypotheses , and to make educated , informed assertions about which relationships are causal , and about exactly how they are causal .", "9": "Epidemiologists emphasize that the `` one cause -- one effect '' understanding is a simplistic mis - belief . Most outcomes , whether disease or death , are caused by a chain or web consisting of many component causes . Causes can be distinguished as necessary , sufficient or probabilistic conditions . If a necessary condition can be identified and controlled ( e.g. , antibodies to a disease agent , energy in an injury ) , the harmful outcome can be avoided ( Robertson , 2015 ) . Bradford Hill criteria ( edit ) Main article : Bradford Hill criteria In 1965 , Austin Bradford Hill proposed a series of considerations to help assess evidence of causation , which have come to be commonly known as the `` Bradford Hill criteria '' . In contrast to the explicit intentions of their author , Hill 's considerations are now sometimes taught as a checklist to be implemented for assessing causality . Hill himself said `` None of my nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against the cause - and - effect hypothesis and none can be required sine qua non . '' Strength of Association : A small association does not mean that there is not a causal effect , though the larger the association , the more likely that it is causal . Consistency of Data : Consistent findings observed by different persons in different places with different samples strengthens the likelihood of an effect . Specificity : Causation is likely if a very specific population at a specific site and disease with no other likely explanation . The more specific an association between a factor and an effect is , the bigger the probability of a causal relationship . Temporality : The effect has to occur after the cause ( and if there is an expected delay between the cause and expected effect , then the effect must occur after that delay ) . Biological gradient : Greater exposure should generally lead to greater incidence of the effect . However , in some cases , the mere presence of the factor can trigger the effect . In other cases , an inverse proportion is observed : greater exposure leads to lower incidence . Plausibility : A plausible mechanism between cause and effect is helpful ( but Hill noted that knowledge of the mechanism is limited by current knowledge ) . Coherence : Coherence between epidemiological and laboratory findings increases the likelihood of an effect . However , Hill noted that `` ... lack of such ( laboratory ) evidence can not nullify the epidemiological effect on associations '' .", "10": "Experiment : `` Occasionally it is possible to appeal to experimental evidence '' . Analogy : The effect of similar factors may be considered . Legal interpretation ( edit ) Epidemiological studies can only go to prove that an agent could have caused , but not that it did cause , an effect in any particular case : `` Epidemiology is concerned with the incidence of disease in populations and does not address the question of the cause of an individual 's disease . This question , sometimes referred to as specific causation , is beyond the domain of the science of epidemiology . Epidemiology has its limits at the point where an inference is made that the relationship between an agent and a disease is causal ( general causation ) and where the magnitude of excess risk attributed to the agent has been determined ; that is , epidemiology addresses whether an agent can cause a disease , not whether an agent did cause a specific plaintiff 's disease . '' In United States law , epidemiology alone can not prove that a causal association does not exist in general . Conversely , it can be ( and is in some circumstances ) taken by US courts , in an individual case , to justify an inference that a causal association does exist , based upon a balance of probability . The subdiscipline of forensic epidemiology is directed at the investigation of specific causation of disease or injury in individuals or groups of individuals in instances in which causation is disputed or is unclear , for presentation in legal settings . Population - based health management ( edit ) Epidemiological practice and the results of epidemiological analysis make a significant contribution to emerging population - based health management frameworks . Population - based health management encompasses the ability to : Assess the health states and health needs of a target population ; Implement and evaluate interventions that are designed to improve the health of that population ; and Efficiently and effectively provide care for members of that population in a way that is consistent with the community 's cultural , policy and health resource values . Modern population - based health management is complex , requiring a multiple set of skills ( medical , political , technological , mathematical etc . ) of which epidemiological practice and analysis is a core component , that is unified with management science to provide efficient and effective health care and health guidance to a population .", "11": "This task requires the forward looking ability of modern risk management approaches that transform health risk factors , incidence , prevalence and mortality statistics ( derived from epidemiological analysis ) into management metrics that not only guide how a health system responds to current population health issues , but also how a health system can be managed to better respond to future potential population health issues . Examples of organizations that use population - based health management that leverage the work and results of epidemiological practice include Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control , Health Canada Tobacco Control Programs , Rick Hansen Foundation , Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative . Each of these organizations use a population - based health management framework called Life at Risk that combines epidemiological quantitative analysis with demographics , health agency operational research and economics to perform : Population Life Impacts Simulations : Measurement of the future potential impact of disease upon the population with respect to new disease cases , prevalence , premature death as well as potential years of life lost from disability and death ; Labour Force Life Impacts Simulations : Measurement of the future potential impact of disease upon the labour force with respect to new disease cases , prevalence , premature death and potential years of life lost from disability and death ; Economic Impacts of Disease Simulations : Measurement of the future potential impact of disease upon private sector disposable income impacts ( wages , corporate profits , private health care costs ) and public sector disposable income impacts ( personal income tax , corporate income tax , consumption taxes , publicly funded health care costs ) . Applied field epidemiology ( edit ) Applied epidemiology is the practice of using epidemiological methods to protect or improve the health of a population . Applied field epidemiology can include investigating communicable and non-communicable disease outbreaks , mortality and morbidity rates , and nutritional status , among other indicators of health , with the purpose of communicating the results to those who can implement appropriate policies or disease control measures . Humanitarian context ( edit ) As the surveillance and reporting of diseases and other health factors becomes increasingly difficult in humanitarian crisis situations , the methodologies used to report the data are compromised . One study found that less than half ( 42.4 % ) of nutrition surveys sampled from humanitarian contexts correctly calculated the prevalence of malnutrition and only one - third ( 35.3 % ) of the surveys met the criteria for quality . Among the mortality surveys , only 3.2 % met the criteria for quality .", "12": "As nutritional status and mortality rates help indicate the severity of a crisis , the tracking and reporting of these health factors is crucial . Vital registries are usually the most effective ways to collect data , but in humanitarian contexts these registries can be non-existent , unreliable , or inaccessible . As such , mortality is often inaccurately measured using either prospective demographic surveillance or retrospective mortality surveys . Prospective demographic surveillance requires lots of manpower and is difficult to implement in a spread - out population . Retrospective morality surveys are prone to selection and reporting biases . Other methods are being developed , but are not common practice yet . WHO , `` Health topics : Epidemiology . '' http://www.who.int/topics/epidemiology/en/ Accessed : October 30 , 2017 . Porta , Miquel . `` A Dictionary of Epidemiology . '' Sixth Edition . International Epidemiological Society . Oxford University Press . 2014 . Accessed : October 30 , 2017 . Prudhon , C & Spiegel , P. `` A review of methodology and analysis of nutrition and mortality surveys conducted in humanitarian emergencies from October 1993 to April 2004 '' Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2007 , 4 : 10 . http://www.ete-online.com/content/4/1/10 Accessed : October 30 , 2017 . Roberts , B et al . `` A new method to estimate mortality in crisis - affected and resource - poor settings : validation study . '' International Journal of Epidemiology 2010 ; 39 : 1584 -- 1596 . Accessed : October 30 , 2017 . Validity : precision and bias ( edit ) Different fields in epidemiology have different levels of validity . One way to assess the validity of findings is the ratio of false - positives ( claimed effects that are not correct ) to false - negatives ( studies which fail to support a true effect ) . To take the field of genetic epidemiology , candidate - gene studies produced over 100 false - positive findings for each false - negative . By contrast genome - wide association appear close to the reverse , with only one false positive for every 100 or more false - negatives . This ratio has improved over time in genetic epidemiology as the field has adopted stringent criteria .", "13": "By contrast other epidemiological fields have not required such rigorous reporting and are much less reliable as a result . Random error ( edit ) Random error is the result of fluctuations around a true value because of sampling variability . Random error is just that : random . It can occur during data collection , coding , transfer , or analysis . Examples of random error include : poorly worded questions , a misunderstanding in interpreting an individual answer from a particular respondent , or a typographical error during coding . Random error affects measurement in a transient , inconsistent manner and it is impossible to correct for random error . There is random error in all sampling procedures . This is called sampling error . Precision in epidemiological variables is a measure of random error . Precision is also inversely related to random error , so that to reduce random error is to increase precision . Confidence intervals are computed to demonstrate the precision of relative risk estimates . The narrower the confidence interval , the more precise the relative risk estimate . There are two basic ways to reduce random error in an epidemiological study . The first is to increase the sample size of the study . In other words , add more subjects to your study . The second is to reduce the variability in measurement in the study . This might be accomplished by using a more precise measuring device or by increasing the number of measurements . Note , that if sample size or number of measurements are increased , or a more precise measuring tool is purchased , the costs of the study are usually increased . There is usually an uneasy balance between the need for adequate precision and the practical issue of study cost . Systematic error ( edit ) A systematic error or bias occurs when there is a difference between the true value ( in the population ) and the observed value ( in the study ) from any cause other than sampling variability . An example of systematic error is if , unknown to you , the pulse oximeter you are using is set incorrectly and adds two points to the true value each time a measurement is taken . The measuring device could be precise but not accurate . Because the error happens in every instance , it is systematic . Conclusions you draw based on that data will still be incorrect . But the error can be reproduced in the future ( e.g. , by using the same mis - set instrument ) . A mistake in coding that affects all responses for that particular question is another example of a systematic error .", "14": "The validity of a study is dependent on the degree of systematic error . Validity is usually separated into two components : Internal validity is dependent on the amount of error in measurements , including exposure , disease , and the associations between these variables . Good internal validity implies a lack of error in measurement and suggests that inferences may be drawn at least as they pertain to the subjects under study . External validity pertains to the process of generalizing the findings of the study to the population from which the sample was drawn ( or even beyond that population to a more universal statement ) . This requires an understanding of which conditions are relevant ( or irrelevant ) to the generalization . Internal validity is clearly a prerequisite for external validity . Selection bias ( edit ) Selection bias occurs when study subjects are selected or become part of the study as a result of a third , unmeasured variable which is associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest . For instance , it has repeatedly been noted that cigarette smokers and non smokers tend to differ in their study participation rates . ( Sackett D cites the example of Seltzer et al. , in which 85 % of non smokers and 67 % of smokers returned mailed questionnaires . ) It is important to note that such a difference in response will not lead to bias if it is not also associated with a systematic difference in outcome between the two response groups . Information bias ( edit ) Information bias is bias arising from systematic error in the assessment of a variable . An example of this is recall bias . A typical example is again provided by Sackett in his discussion of a study examining the effect of specific exposures on fetal health : `` in questioning mothers whose recent pregnancies had ended in fetal death or malformation ( cases ) and a matched group of mothers whose pregnancies ended normally ( controls ) it was found that 28 % of the former , but only 20 % of the latter , reported exposure to drugs which could not be substantiated either in earlier prospective interviews or in other health records '' . In this example , recall bias probably occurred as a result of women who had had miscarriages having an apparent tendency to better recall and therefore report previous exposures . Confounding ( edit ) Confounding has traditionally been defined as bias arising from the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors , referred to as confounders , with the main effect ( s ) of interest .", "15": "A more recent definition of confounding invokes the notion of counterfactual effects . According to this view , when one observes an outcome of interest , say Y = 1 ( as opposed to Y = 0 ) , in a given population A which is entirely exposed ( i.e. exposure X = 1 for every unit of the population ) the risk of this event will be R . The counterfactual or unobserved risk R corresponds to the risk which would have been observed if these same individuals had been unexposed ( i.e. X = 0 for every unit of the population ) . The true effect of exposure therefore is : R − R ( if one is interested in risk differences ) or R / R ( if one is interested in relative risk ) . Since the counterfactual risk R is unobservable we approximate it using a second population B and we actually measure the following relations : R − R or R / R. In this situation , confounding occurs when R ≠ R. ( NB : Example assumes binary outcome and exposure variables . ) Some epidemiologists prefer to think of confounding separately from common categorizations of bias since , unlike selection and information bias , confounding stems from real causal effects . The profession ( edit ) To date , few universities offer epidemiology as a course of study at the undergraduate level . One notable undergraduate program exists at Johns Hopkins University , where students who major in public health can take graduate level courses , including epidemiology , their senior year at the Bloomberg School of Public Health . Although epidemiologic research is conducted by individuals from diverse disciplines , including clinically trained professionals such as physicians , formal training is available through Masters or Doctoral programs including Master of Public Health ( MPH ) , Master of Science of Epidemiology ( MSc . ) , Doctor of Public Health ( DrPH ) , Doctor of Pharmacy ( PharmD ) , Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) , Doctor of Science ( ScD ) . Many other graduate programs , e.g.", "16": ", Doctor of Social Work ( DSW ) , Doctor of Clinical Practice ( DClinP ) , Doctor of Podiatric Medicine ( DPM ) , Doctor of Veterinary Medicine ( DVM ) , Doctor of Nursing Practice ( DNP ) , Doctor of Physical Therapy ( DPT ) , or for clinically trained physicians , Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery ( MBBS or MBChB ) and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) , include some training in epidemiologic research or related topics , but this training is generally substantially less than offered in training programs focused on epidemiology or public health . Reflecting the strong historical tie between epidemiology and medicine , formal training programs may be set in either schools of public health and medical schools . As public health / health protection practitioners , epidemiologists work in a number of different settings . Some epidemiologists work ' in the field ' ; i.e. , in the community , commonly in a public health / health protection service , and are often at the forefront of investigating and combating disease outbreaks . Others work for non-profit organizations , universities , hospitals and larger government entities such as state and local health departments , various Ministries of Health , Doctors without Borders , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , the Health Protection Agency , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , or the Public Health Agency of Canada . Epidemiologists can also work in for - profit organizations such as pharmaceutical and medical device companies in groups such as market research or clinical development . See also ( edit ) Health and fitness portal Age adjustment Caerphilly Heart Disease Study Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters ( CRED ) Critical community size Disease diffusion mapping Epidemic model Epidemiological methods Epidemiological Transition European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Hispanic paradox International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology Mathematical modelling in epidemiology Mendelian randomization Population groups in biomedicine Study of Health in Pomerania Targeted Immunization Strategies Whitehall Study References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miquel Porta ( 2014 ) . A Dictionary of Epidemiology ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 997673 - 7 .", "17": "Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nutter , Jr. , F.W. ( 1999 ) . `` Understanding the interrelationships between botanical , human , and veterinary epidemiology : the Ys and Rs of it all '' . 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A Population - Based Risk Management Framework for Cancer Control . The International Union Against Cancer Conference . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Smetanin , P. ; P. Kobak ( July 2005 ) . Selected Canadian Life and Economic Forecast Impacts of Lung Cancer . 11th World Conference on Lung Cancer . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ioannidis , J.P.A. ; Tarone , R. ; McLaughlin , J.K. ( 2011 ) . `` The False - positive to False - negative Ratio in Epidemiologic Studies '' . Epidemiology. 22 ( 4 ) : 450 -- 456 . doi : 10.1097 / EDE. 0b013e31821b506e . PMID 21490505 . ^ Jump up to : Hernán , M.A. ; Hernández - Díaz , S. ; Robins , J.M. ( 2004 ) . `` A structural approach to selection bias '' . Epidemiology. 15 ( 5 ) : 615 -- 625 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ede. 0000135174.63482. 43 . PMID 15308962 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) 24 ^ Jump up to : Rothman , K. ( 2002 ) . Epidemiology : An Introduction .", "23": "Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195135547 . ^ Jump up to : Greenland S , Morgenstern H ( 2001 ) . `` Confounding in Health Research '' . Annu. Rev. Publ . Health . 22 : 189 -- 212 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. publhealth. 22.1. 189 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Studies '' . Public Health Studies at Johns Hopkins . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Clayton , David and Michael Hills ( 1993 ) Statistical Models in Epidemiology Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852221 - 5 Miquel Porta , editor ( 2014 ) `` A dictionary of epidemiology '' , 6th edn , New York : Oxford University Press . ( 2 ) Morabia , Alfredo , editor . ( 2004 ) A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts . Basel , Birkhauser Verlag . Part I. ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Smetanin P , Kobak P , Moyer C , Maley O ( 2005 ) . `` The Risk Management of Tobacco Control Research Policy Programs '' The World Conference on Tobacco OR Health Conference , 12 -- 15 July 2006 in Washington DC . Szklo M , Nieto FJ ( 2002 ) . `` Epidemiology : beyond the basics '' , Aspen Publishers . Robertson LS ( 2015 ) . Injury Epidemiology : Fourth Edition . Free online at www.nanlee.net Rothman K , Sander Greenland , Lash T , editors ( 2008 ) . `` Modern Epidemiology '' , 3rd Edition , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5564 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5564 - 1 Olsen J , Christensen K , Murray J , Ekbom A. An Introduction to Epidemiology for Health Professionals . New York : Springer Science + Business Media ; 2010 .", "24": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 1497 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epidemiology . Look up epidemiology in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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-5562718362522355071	what are plasmodesmata and what is their function	[ "microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells[2] and some algal cells", "enabling transport and communication between them", "microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells[2] and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them" ]	{ "0": "Plasmodesma - wikipedia Plasmodesma Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of some plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata allow molecules to travel between plant cells through the symplastic pathway The structure of a primary plasmodesma . CW = Cell wall CA = Callose PM = Plasma membrane ER = Endoplasmic reticulum DM = Desmotubule Red circles = Actin Purple circles and spokes = Other unidentified proteins Plasmodesmata ( singular : plasmodesma ) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells , enabling transport and communication between them . Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages , and species that have these structures include members of the Charophyceae , Charales , Coleochaetales and Phaeophyceae ( which are all algae ) , as well as all embryophytes , better known as land plants . Unlike animal cells , almost every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall . Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening middle lamella , forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast . Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes , plasmodesmata enable direct , regulated , symplastic transport of substances between cells . There are two forms of plasmodesmata : primary plasmodesmata , which are formed during cell division , and secondary plasmodesmata , which can form between mature cells . Similar structures , called gap junctions and membrane nanotubes , interconnect animal cells and stromules form between plastids in plant cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Structure 2.1 Plasmodesmatal plasma membrane 2.2 Cytoplasmic sleeve 2.3 Desmotubule 3 Transport 4 See also 5 References Formation ( edit ) Primary plasmodesmata are formed when portions of the endoplasmic reticulum are trapped across the middle lamella as new cell wall is laid down between two newly divided plant cells and these eventually become the cytoplasmic connections between cells . Here the wall is not thickened further , and depressions or thin areas known as pits are formed in the walls .", "1": "Pits normally pair up between adjacent cells . Plasmodesmata can also be inserted into existing cell walls between non-dividing cells ( secondary plasmodesmata ) Structure ( edit ) Plasmodesmatal plasma membrane ( edit ) A typical plant cell may have between 10 and 10 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells equating to between 1 and 10 per μm . Plasmodesmata are approximately 50 - 60 nm in diameter at the midpoint and are constructed of three main layers , the plasma membrane , the cytoplasmic sleeve , and the desmotubule . They can transverse cell walls that are up to 90 nm thick . The plasma membrane portion of the plasmodesma is a continuous extension of the cell membrane or plasmalemma and has a similar phospholipid bilayer structure . Cytoplasmic sleeve ( edit ) The cytoplasmic sleeve is a fluid - filled space enclosed by the plasmalemma and is a continuous extension of the cytosol . Trafficking of molecules and ions through plasmodesmata occurs through this space . Smaller molecules ( e.g. sugars and amino acids ) and ions can easily pass through plasmodesmata by diffusion without the need for additional chemical energy . Larger molecules , including proteins ( for example green fluorescent protein ) and RNA , can also pass through the cytoplasmic sleeve diffusively . Plasmodesmatal transport of some larger molecules is facilitated by mechanisms that are currently unknown . One mechanism of regulation of the permeability of plasmodesmata is the accumulation of the polysaccharide callose around the neck region to form a collar , thereby reducing the diameter of the pore available for transport of substances . Desmotubule ( edit ) The desmotubule is a tube of appressed ( flattened ) endoplasmic reticulum that runs between two adjacent cells . Some molecules are known to be transported through this channel , but it is not thought to be the main route for plasmodesmatal transport . Around the desmotubule and the plasma membrane areas of an electron dense material have been seen , often joined together by spoke - like structures that seem to split the plasmodesma into smaller channels .", "2": "These structures may be composed of myosin and actin , which are part of the cell 's cytoskeleton . If this is the case these proteins could be used in the selective transport of large molecules between the two cells . Transport ( edit ) Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein 30 localizes to plasmodesmata . Plasmodesmata have been shown to transport proteins ( including transcription factors ) , short interfering RNA , messenger RNA , viroids , and viral genomes from cell to cell . One example of a viral movement proteins is the tobacco mosaic virus MP - 30 . MP - 30 is thought to bind to the virus 's own genome and shuttle it from infected cells to uninfected cells through plasmodesmata . Flowering Locus T protein moves from leaves to the shoot apical meristem through plasmodesmata to initiate flowering . Plasmodesmata are also used by cells in phloem , and symplastic transport is used to regulate the sieve - tube cells by the companion cells . The size of molecules that can pass through plasmodesmata is determined by the size exclusion limit . This limit is highly variable and is subject to active modification . For example , MP - 30 is able to increase the size exclusion limit from 700 Daltons to 9400 Daltons thereby aiding its movement through a plant . Also , increasing calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm , either by injection or by cold - induction , has been shown to constrict the opening of surrounding plasmodesmata and limit transport . Several models for possible active transport through plasmodesmata exist . It has been suggested that such transport is mediated by interactions with proteins localized on the desmotubule , and / or by chaperones partially unfolding proteins , allowing them to fit through the narrow passage . A similar mechanism may be involved in transporting viral nucleic acids through the plasmodesmata . See also ( edit ) Desmosome Gap junction Membrane nanotube References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maule , Andrew ( December 2008 ) . `` Plasmodesmata : structure , function and biogenesis '' . Current Opinion in Plant Biology . 11 ( 6 ) : 680 -- 686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi.", "3": "2008.08. 002 . PMID 18824402 . Jump up ^ Oparka , K.J. ( 2005 ) . Plasmodesmata . Blackwell Pub Professional . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2554 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zoë A. Popper ; Gurvan Michel ; Cécile Hervé ; David S. Domozych ; William G.T. Willats ; Maria G. Tuohy ; Bernard Kloareg ; Dagmar B. Stengel . `` Evolution and Diversity of Plant Cell Walls : From Algae to Flowering Plants '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Plant Biology . 62 : 567 -- 590 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - arplant - 042110 - 103809 . Jump up ^ Graham , LE ; Cook , ME ; Busse , JS ( 2000 ) , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 , 4535 - 4540 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Traas ; Teva Vernoux ( 29 June 2002 ) . `` The shoot apical meristem : the dynamics of a stable structure '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 357 ( 1422 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1091 . PMC 1692983 . PMID 12079669 . Jump up ^ Bruce Alberts ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gallagher KL , Benfey PN ( 15 January 2005 ) . `` Not just another hole in the wall : understanding intercellular protein trafficking '' . Genes & Development . 19 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 95 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1271005 . PMID 15655108 . Jump up ^ Gray JC , Sullivan JA , Hibberd JM , Hansen MR ( 2001 ) . `` Stromules : mobile protrusions and interconnections between plastids '' .", "4": "Plant Biology . 3 : 223 -- 33 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2001 - 15204 . Jump up ^ Lucas , W. ; Ding , B. ; Van der Schoot , C. ( 1993 ) . `` Tansley Review No. 58 Plasmodesmata and the supracellular nature of plants '' . New Phytologist. 125 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 476 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.1993. tb03897. x . JSTOR 2558257 . ^ Jump up to : Robards , AW ( 1975 ) . `` Plasmodesmata '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 26 : 13 -- 29 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pp. 26.060175. 000305 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , Berk , Zipursky , Matsudaira , Baltimore , Darnell ( 2000 ) . `` 22 '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4 ed . ) . p. 998 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3706 - X . OCLC 41266312 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : AW Robards ( 1976 ) . `` Plasmodesmata in higher plants '' . In BES Gunning ; AW Robards . Intercellular communications in plants : studies on plasmodesmata . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. 15 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : A.G. Roberts ; K.J. Oparka ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Plasmodesmata and the control of symplastic transport '' . Plant , Cell & Environment. 26 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 124 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3040.2003. 00950. x . ^ Jump up to : Overall , RL ; Wolfe , J ; Gunning , BES ( 1982 ) .", "5": "`` Intercellular communication in Azolla roots : I. Ultrastructure of plasmodesmata '' . Protoplasma. 111 : 134 -- 150 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01282071 . Jump up ^ Cantrill , LC ; Overall , RL ; Goodwin , PB ( 1999 ) . `` Cell - to - cell communication via plant endomembranes '' . Cell Biology International . 23 : 653 -- 661 . doi : 10.1006 / cbir. 1999.0431 . Jump up ^ Radford , JE ; White , RG ( 1998 ) . `` Localization of a myosin ‐ like protein to plasmodesmata '' . Plant Journal . 14 : 743 -- 750 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313x. 1998.00162. x . ^ Jump up to : Blackman , LM ; Overall , RL ( 1998 ) . `` Immunolocalisation of the cytoskeleton to plasmodesmata of Chara corallina '' . Plant Journal . 14 : 733 -- 741 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313x. 1998.00161. x . Jump up ^ Reichelt , S ; Knight , AE ; Hodge , TP ; Baluska , F ; Samaj , J ; Volkmann , D ; Kendrick - Jones , J ( 1999 ) . `` Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in plant cells and its localization at the post-cytokinetic cell wall '' . Plant Journal . 19 : 555 -- 569 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313x. 1999.00553. x . PMID 10504577 . Jump up ^ White , RG ; Badelt , K ; Overall , RL ; Vesk , M ( 1994 ) . `` Actin associated with plasmodesmata '' . Protoplasma. 180 : 169 -- 184 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01507853 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Corbesier , L. , Vincent , C. , Jang , S. , Fornara , F. , Fan , Q. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` FT protein movement contributes to long distance signalling in floral induction of Arabidopsis '' . Science . 316 ( 5827 ) : 1030 -- 1033 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1141752 . PMID 17446353 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Phloem Jump up ^ Shmuel , Wolf ; William , J. Lucas ; Carl , M. Deom ( 1989 ) . `` Movement Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Modifies Plasmodesmatal Size Exclusion Limit '' . Science . 246 ( 4928 ) : 377 -- 379 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 246.4928. 377 . Jump up ^ Aaziz , R. ; Dinant , S. ; Epel , B.L. ( 1 July 2001 ) . `` Plasmodesmata and plant cytoskeleton '' . Trends in Plant Science . 6 ( 7 ) : 326 -- 330 . doi : 10.1016 / s1360 - 1385 ( 01 ) 01981 - 1 . ISSN 1360 - 1385 . PMID 11435172 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Plant Physiology lectures , chapter 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmodesma&oldid=791326044 '' Categories : Cell anatomy Plant anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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5954016886103366248	when was night at the museum 3 filmed	[ "London, England", "British Columbia, Canada", "January to May 2014", "from January to May 2014", "2014" ]	{ "0": "Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office .", "1": "This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well .", "2": "Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History .", "3": "Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that .", "4": "I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No .", "5": "Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend of the Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters .", "6": "It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . ''", "7": "On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller -- once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard -- is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . ''", "8": "Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments .", "9": "In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 .", "10": "Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night at the Museum 3 '' . The Daily Mail . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) .", "11": "`` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood -- Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night at the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night at the Museum 3 in London '' . The Daily Mail . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com .", "12": "Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Tom Long ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb -- Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 .", "16": "Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=820637965 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4492033271398413517	what mall did they use in back to the future	[ "Puente Hills Mall", "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States", "Puente Hills Mall", "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States", "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States" ]	{ "0": "Puente Hills Mall - wikipedia Puente Hills Mall Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Puente Hills Mall South Exterior Location Industry , California Opening date Developer The Hahn Company Owner Kam Sang Company No. of stores and services 155 No. of anchor tenants 7 Total retail floor area 1.1 million square feet No. of floors 2 ( 3 for Macy 's ) Puente Hills Mall , located in the City of Industry , California , United States , is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County . It is most famous for serving as the filming site for the Twin Pines / Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Back to the Future 3 Nobel Son 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Puente Hills Mall was built in 1974 after the completion of the Pomona Freeway a few years earlier . It opened with four primary anchors in a cross-shaped design by The Hahn Company . One of the mall 's original tenants was the first Foot Locker store and that store still stands there today . Two anchors departed in 1996 , The Broadway ( at the time purchased by Macy 's ) and JCPenney . At the time of JCPenney 's departure , the mall had about a 50 % occupancy . The mall was extensively renovated afterwards and now features a 20 - screen AMC Theatres megaplex , and stores traditionally found in power centers such as 24 Hour Fitness and Burlington Coat Factory , in addition to the remaining two original anchors , Macy 's ( formerly Robinsons - May ) and Sears . Linens ' n Things , which had an anchor in the store , closed its Puente Hills store in 2008 as a nationwide effort to take the company 's operations online .", "1": "On August 28 , 2010 , the Japanese sports entertainment chain Round1 opened Round1 Bowling & Amusement , a state - of - the - art video game arcade and bowling alley with karaoke rooms , as a new anchor to Puente Hills Mall , marking the Japanese company 's first store overseas , taking Linens ' n Things ' old anchor . It also includes popular stores such as Forever 21 , Hollister , Old Navy , Hot Topic , Zumiez , Aéropostale and G by Guess . The newest addition to the mall , Toys R Us , opened its doors in June 2011 , replacing Circuit City . However , Toys R Us is closing all locations in efforts to close the company . This Toys R Us was previously located in the Plaza at Puente Hills on Gale Avenue in Industry . Today the mall is almost fully occupied and is the regional hub of a shopping and entertainment district that includes restaurants , auto dealerships , big - box stores , and a go - kart track . The center of the mall previously featured a large cubed water fountain , then a merry - go - round attraction built in 1990 , but it was later removed by the mall 's owners , Krausz Companies , as they were losing money in its operation . An East Asian - style koi pond replaced the carousel , but was removed as of 2006 . The koi were moved to Sycamore Lake at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier . The mall underwent a full interior makeover in 2007 , shortly after the removal of the koi pond . Due to the large and influential Asian immigrant populations residing and / or operating businesses in nearby areas ( notably in Industry , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , Walnut , and Diamond Bar ) , past owners of the mall redesigned some elements of Puente Hills Mall in order to conform to feng shui principles . There are also outlets of the Filipino chain restaurants Max 's of Manila , designed to attract the large Filipino - American population in the Rowland Heights , Walnut , and West Covina areas . Jolibee and Chow 's King outlets have since closed . Puente Hills Mall also caters to a large Latino population that primarily reside in the La Puente , El Monte , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , and West Covina areas .", "2": "Back to the Future ( edit ) Puente Hills Mall served as a filming location for the fictional Twin Pines Mall ( later Lone Pine Mall ) in the 1985 film Back to the Future . In the film , Doc Brown ( Christopher Lloyd ) uses the mall 's south parking lot ( visible in the above photograph ) to stage his time travel experiments with the DeLorean time machine . A JCPenney store and Robinson 's features prominently in the background . A Ross Dress For Less store can be seen in a strip mall across the street . The scenes were filmed in January 1985 . According to the DVD audio commentary , screenplay writer Bob Gale says that several fans gathered at the Puente Hills Mall in the early hours of October 26 , 1985 , the date given in the film as the present day , to see if anything would happen . Puente Hills Mall featured replicas of the Twin Pines Mall sign , the time machine , and Dr. E. Brown Enterprises truck in its parking lot in October 2015 . Nobel Son ( edit ) Nobel Son , a 2007 American comedy featuring Alan Rickman , Mary Steenburgen ( who was coincidentally in Back to the Future Part III ) , Bryan Greenberg and Danny DeVito was filmed at Puente Hills Mall in 2005 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Puente Hills Mall '' ( PDF ) . glimcher.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PUENTE HILLS MALL '' . www.glimcher.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Foot Locker Stores Over 40 Years '' . solecollector.com . Jump up ^ Fickes , Michael ( January 1 , 1998 ) . `` The Puente Hills Comeback '' . Retail Traffic .", "3": "Jump up ^ https://www.sgvtribune.com/2018/01/24/toys-r-us-casualties-include-west-covina-and-puente-hills-stores/ Jump up ^ Belgum , Deborah ( 2002 - 01 - 21 ) , `` Colima Road : Neighborhood puts Cultural Face on Firms . ( Chinese Prosperity -- L.A. 's Growth Market ) '' , Los Angeles Business Journal Jump up ^ Jensen , Danny . `` Photos : ' Back To The Future ' Fans Swarm The ' Twin Pines Mall ' '' . laist . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Puente Hills Website Industry , California Education Primary and secondary schools Hacienda La Puente Unified School District Workman High School Bassett Unified School District Rowland Unified School District Other Landmarks Industry Hills Expo Center Puente Hills Mall Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum This list is incomplete . Shopping malls in California Northern California Alameda Bay Street Emeryville Bayfair Center Eastmont Town Center Fremont Hub NewPark Mall Oakland City Center Pacific Commons Rockridge Market Hall Skywest Commons Southland Mall Stoneridge Shopping Center Union Landing Shopping Center Westgate Center Contra Costa Abella Center Broadway Plaza El Cerrito Plaza Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Pacific East Mall Somersville Towne Center Sunvalley Shopping Center The Shops at Hilltop Willows Shopping Center Fresno Fashion Fair Mall River Park Marin Mall at Northgate Town Center at Corte Madera Village at Corte Madera Monterey Del Monte Center Northridge Mall Sacramento Arden Fair Mall Downtown Commons Florin Mall Florin Towne Centre", "4": "Sunrise Mall San Francisco Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Union Street Stores Westfield San Francisco Centre San Mateo Hillsdale Shopping Center Serramonte Center Shops at Tanforan Westlake Shopping Center San Joaquin Sherwood Mall Weberstown Mall West Valley Mall Santa Clara Eastridge Great Mall of the Bay Area Mayfield Mall PruneYard Shopping Center San Antonio Shopping Center Santana Row Stanford Shopping Center Sunnyvale Town Center Vallco Shopping Mall Westfield Oakridge Westfield Valley Fair Westgate Mall Sonoma Coddingtown Mall Montgomery Village Santa Rosa Plaza Elsewhere Bayshore Mall Capitola Mall Chico Mall Solano Town Center Vintage Faire Mall Visalia Mall Westfield Galleria at Roseville Yuba Sutter Mall Southern California Los Angeles Los Angeles proper Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Brentwood Country Mart El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Hollywood and Highland Center Promenade at Howard Hughes Center West Hollywood Gateway Project Westfield Century City Westside Pavilion San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Crossroads of the World Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Galleria Northridge Fashion Center Sherman Oaks Galleria Universal CityWalk Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Promenade Westfield Topanga Elsewhere Antelope Valley Mall Cerritos Towne Center Del Amo Fashion Center Eastland Center", "5": "Edgemar Fisherman 's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Lakewood Center Long Beach Plaza Los Cerritos Center Malibu Country Mart Old Pasadena Paseo Colorado Plaza México Plaza West Covina Puente Hills Mall Quad at Whittier Santa Monica Place Shops at Montebello South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Stonewood Center Third Street Promenade Westfield Culver City Westfield Santa Anita Westfield Valencia Town Center Whittwood Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Irvine Spectrum Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Main Street Pedestrian Mall Moreno Valley Mall Promenade In Temecula Westfield Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center Fashion Valley Mall Grossmont Center Las Americas Premium Outlets Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Westfield Carlsbad Westfield Horton Plaza Westfield Mission Valley Westfield North County Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Ventura Collection at RiverPark The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall La Cumbre Plaza Valley Plaza Mall Coordinates : 33 ° 59 ′ 37 '' N", "6": "117 ° 55 ′ 39 '' W / 33.99356 ° N 117.92750 ° W / 33.99356 ; - 117.92750 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puente_Hills_Mall&oldid=836525194 '' Categories : Shopping malls in the San Gabriel Valley WP Glimcher Back to the Future Shopping malls established in 1974 Industry , California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 09 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3719623571078658627	what does rt mean on a dodge car	[ "Road/Track", "Road/Track", "Road/Track", "Road/Track" ]	{ "0": "R / T - wikipedia R / T Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the vehicle badge . For other uses , see RT . Dodge R / T vehicles badge R / T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s ( much like Chevrolet Super Sport ) . R / T stands for Road / Track ( no `` and '' ) . R / T models usually come with R / T badging and a combination of upgraded suspension , tires , brakes , and often more powerful engines . Many models have also come with monotone paint and stripes as well as aggressive body kits . In 2004 the Chrysler SRT Division ( Chrysler Corp . SRT Vehicles ) replaced R / T as the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles , though the trim level is still in use on many current models . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Vehicles 2 Previous Vehicles 3 Other vehicles using R / T properties 4 Concept vehicles using R / T properties 5 Engines Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Current Vehicles ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Challenger R / T 2008 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 375 hp ( Manual ) 372 hp ( Automatic ) 5.0 s Dodge Charger R / T 2011 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 370 hp 5.3 s Dodge Durango R / T 2011 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 360 hp 7.3 s Dodge Journey R / T 2012 - Present V6 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine 283hp 6.2 s Previous Vehicles ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Spirit R / T 1991 - 1992 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 5.8 s Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 1992 - 1993 I4 2.", "1": "2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 6.0 s Dodge Neon R / T 1998 - 1999 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon A588 engine 150 hp 7.5 s Dodge Neon R / T 2001 - 2004 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon Magnum engine 150 hp 7.6 s Dodge Caliber R / T 2004 - 2007 I4 2.4 World engine 172 hp 10.1 s Dodge Stratus R / T 2001 - 2005 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 200 hp 7.4 s Dodge Intrepid R / T 2000 - 2002 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 242 hp Dodge Avenger R / T 2008 - 2014 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGF engine 283 hp 6.0 s Dodge Nitro R / T 2008 - 2009 V6 4.0 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 255 hp 7.7 s Dodge Journey R / T 2009 - 2015 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 235 hp 8.0 s Dodge Stealth R / T 1991 - 1996 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi DOHC 6G72 engine 222 hp 3.0 Mitsubishi Twin - Turbo DOHC 6G72 engine 296 - 320 hp -- - 5.3 s Dodge Coronet R / T 1967 - 1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Magnum 375 HP 6.1 s 7.0 s Dodge Charger R / T 1968 - 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 5.3 s 7.", "2": "4 s Dodge Challenger R / T 1970 - 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - 6.2 s Dodge Aspen R / T 1976 - 1980 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA 360 engine 170 hp 9.9 s Dodge Dakota R / T 1998 - 2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 7.0 s Dodge Durango R / T 1999 - 2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 8.2 s Dodge Magnum R / T 2004 - 2007 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 hp 6.1 s Dodge Ram 1500 R / T 2005 - 2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 345 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 370 hp ( 08 - 10 ) 5.7 s Dodge Charger R / T 2006 - 2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 - 350 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 368 hp ( 08 - 10 ) Dodge Viper R / T10 1992 - 1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 400 hp Other vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Coronet Super Bee 1968 - 1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - Dodge Charger Daytona 1969 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP -- - Dodge Charger Super Bee 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - Dodge Ram 1500 SS / T 1996 - 1998 V8 5.", "3": "9 Chrysler Hemi engine 240HP -- - Dodge Ram 1500 Rumble Bee 2004 - 2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP -- - Dodge Charger Daytona 2006 - 2009 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 350HP ( 06 - 07 ) / 370HP ( 08 - 09 ) -- - Concept vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Copperhead 1997 V6 2.7 Chrysler LH engine 180HP -- - Dodge Sidewinder 1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 410HP -- - Dodge Charger R / T ( 1999 concept ) 1999 V8 4.7 Chrysler engine 325HP -- - Dodge Super 8 Hemi 2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP -- - Engines gallery ( edit ) The Turbocharged 2.4 L I4 Chrysler Neon Engine that used in Dodge Neon SRT - 4 is also used in Dodge Stratus R / T . The Chrysler 5.7 Hemi Engine is used in most of modern R / T V8 vehicles . A picture of the 8.0 Chrysler LA Viper engine which is used in the Dodge Viper R / T10 and the concept Dodge Sidewinder . The 7.2 Chrysler 440 SixPack engine , this was used in most of classic muscle cars made by Dodge and Plymouth . A picture of the classic 7.0 Chrysler Hemi engine with a power of 425HP , the modern aftermarket - or custom - 426 Hemi produce nearly to 600 HP .", "4": "See also ( edit ) Chrysler Group SRT Vehicles Mercedes - AMG Chevrolet SS Vehicles BMW M Power References ( edit ) Jump up ^ dodge Challenger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Journey R / T 2012 0 - 60 m / h Jump up ^ Dodge Spirit R / T 0 - 60 m / h - OnlineHome.us Jump up ^ Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 0 - 60 m / h - moparautos.com Jump up ^ Dodge Neon 1998 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Neon R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Caliber R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine Jump up ^ Dodge Stratus R / T 0 - 60 m / h - ModernRacer Jump up ^ Dodge Avenger R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Nitro R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine Jump up ^ Dodge JourneyR / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Stealth R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine .", "5": "Jump up ^ Dodge Challenger R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . 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-3436933223479131319	when did the movie breakfast club come out	[ "1985", "February 15, 1985", "February 15, 1985", "1985", "February 15, 1985" ]	{ "0": "The Breakfast Club - wikipedia The Breakfast Club Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . The Breakfast Club Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by Ned Tanen John Hughes Written by John Hughes Starring Emilio Estevez Paul Gleason Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Music by Keith Forsey Gary Chang Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Edited by Dede Allen Production company A&M Films Channel Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $51.5 million The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack . '' The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club . ''", "1": "In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Poster 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Critical reception 9 References 9.1 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellect Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . John , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives John several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker .", "2": "Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; John comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; John 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and John . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . ''", "3": "John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . Cast ( edit ) Judd Nelson as John Bender Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon John Kapelos as Carl Reed Ron Dean as Mr. Clark Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . Filming ( edit ) In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors .", "4": "Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . In 2015 the first draft of the film 's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building . Poster ( edit ) The film 's poster , featuring the five characters huddled together , was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting . The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on . The poster refers to the five `` types '' of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film , and in a different sequence , stating `` They were five total strangers with nothing in common , meeting for the first time . A brain , a beauty , a jock , a rebel and a recluse . '' Themes ( edit ) The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood , by adults and by themselves . It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs , as well as the lofty expectations of their parents , teachers , and other authority figures . On the surface , the students have little in common with each other .", "5": "However , as the day rolls on , they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations . Stereotyping is another theme . Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down , the characters `` empathize with each other 's struggles , dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions , and discover that they are more similar than different . '' The main adult character , Mr. Vernon , is not portrayed in a positive light . He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film . Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15 , 1985 in the United States . Home Media ( edit ) In 2003 , the film was released on DVD as part of the `` High School Reunion Collection . '' In 2008 , a `` Flashback Edition '' DVD was released with several special features , including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson . A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released in 2010 , and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal 's 100th Anniversary series . On March 10 , 2015 , the 30th Anniversary Edition was released . This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD , Digital HD and Blu - ray . On October 16 , 2017 , The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received high critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88 % approval rating based on 60 reviews , with an approval rating of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus states , `` The Breakfast Club is a warm , insightful , and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers . '' Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 % based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews . ''", "6": "Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated , `` Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers , as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades . '' Box office ( edit ) In February 1985 , the film debuted at # 3 at the box office ( behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford ) . Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide , the film is a box office success , given its alleged $1 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005 . Award Nominee Result Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Paul Gleason Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Won Legacy ( edit ) The Breakfast Club is known as the `` quintessential 1980s film '' and is considered as one of the best films of the decade . In 2008 , Empire magazine ranked it # 369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list . It then rose 331 places to rank at # 38 on their 2014 list . Similarly , The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie , Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club . In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle . '' Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' at the awards .", "7": "At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 19 , 1985 Recorded 1984 Genre Rock , new wave Length 38 : 02 Label A&M Records Producer various artists Singles from The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Do n't You '' Released : February 20 , 1985 ( US ) , April 8 , 1985 ( UK ) Audio sample Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) file help The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19 , 1985 by A&M Records . The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20 , 1985 in the United States and on April 8 , 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Simple Minds `` Waiting '' -- E.G. Daily `` Fire in the Twilight '' -- Wang Chung `` I 'm the Dude '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Heart Too Hot to Hold '' -- Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill `` Dream Montage '' ( instrumental ) -- Gary Chang `` We Are Not Alone '' -- Karla DeVito `` Reggae '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Did n't I Tell You ? ''", "8": "-- Joyce Kennedy `` Love Theme '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey Critical reception ( edit ) In a June 25 , 1985 review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a `` D − '' and said that it has `` utterly negligible '' songs , and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' best known for being played during the film 's opening and closing credits . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that , apart from Simple Minds ' `` undisputed masterpiece , '' the album is largely `` disposable '' and marred by `` ' 80s artifacts '' and `` forgettable instrumentals . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 's : ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' Among Films Added to National Film Registry '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` National Film Registry honors ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' and other teen angst movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Club 30 '' . BreakfastClub30.com . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` She Wo n't Forget About Him : Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' Cast Reunites , But Where 's Emilio ? ' Working on ' Mighty Ducks 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal .", "9": "Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere , December 1999 , Oral history `` Breakfast Club '' `` . comcast.net . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 59 , 69 . Jump up ^ Dameron , Emerson ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : The Director 's Cut '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Original ' Breakfast Club ' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 79 - 80 , 325 - 326 . ^ Jump up to : Loukides , Paul ( 1996 ) . Beyond the Stars 5 : Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film . Popular Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9780879727017 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( 2010 ) . Filmology : A Movie - a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know . Adams Media . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Oup.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( High School Reunion Collection ) : Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Ally Sheedy , John Kapelos , Paul Gleason , John Hughes , Ned Tanen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Flashback Edition ) : Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , Judd Nelson , Paul Gleason , Mercedes Hall , John Kapelos , Ron Dean , Perry Crawford , Fran Gargano , John Hughes , Tim Gamble , Jackie Burch , Thomas del Ruth : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) : Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , John Hughes : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) : Universal 's 100th Anniversary '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments '' . Universal 100th . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles , Including ' The Breakfast Club ' and ' I , Daniel Blake ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media , LLC . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Carroll , Cathleen ( February 15 , 1985 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' is an endearing teenage comedy : 1985 review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : February 15 - 18 , 1985 -- 4 - day President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dunkleberger , Amy ( 2007 ) . So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter ? . Enslow Publishers , Inc. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time -- Empire -- www.empireonline.com '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Pretty in Prank : A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of ... '' The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 25 , 1985 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Breakfast Club ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Ringwald , Molly ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` What About `` The Breakfast Club '' ? - Revisiting the movies of my youth in the age of # MeToo `` . The New Yorker .", "12": "Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Breakfast Club The Breakfast Club on IMDb The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes The Breakfast Club at Metacritic ( hide ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=838348610 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s high school films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen drama films 1985 soundtracks A&M Films films A&M Records soundtracks American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American teen comedy films American teen drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Film soundtracks Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in 1984 Films set in Illinois Films shot in Illinois Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 09 . 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-6477588851233520447	who is the king and queen of the netherlands	[ "King Willem-Alexander", "Queen Máxima of the Netherlands (born Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti;[1] 17 May 1971)", "Queen Máxima of the Netherlands", "King Willem-Alexander" ]	{ "0": "Queen Máxima of the Netherlands - wikipedia Queen Máxima of the Netherlands Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Zorreguieta and the second or maternal family name is Cerruti . Máxima Queen Maxima in 2015 Queen consort of the Netherlands Tenure 30 April 2013 -- present Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti ( 1971 - 05 - 17 ) 17 May 1971 ( age 46 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina Spouse Willem - Alexander of the Netherlands ( m . 2002 ) Issue Catharina - Amalia ,", "1": "Princess of Orange Princess Alexia Princess Ariane Father Jorge Zorreguieta Mother María del Carmen Cerruti Carricart Religion Roman Catholic Dutch royal family HM The King * HM The Queen * HRH The Princess of Orange * HRH Princess Alexia * HRH Princess Ariane * HRH Princess Beatrix * HRH Princess Mabel Countess Luana Countess Zaria HRH Prince Constantijn * HRH Princess Laurentien * Countess Eloise Count Claus - Casimir Countess Leonore Extended royal family ( show ) HRH Princess Irene HRH The Duke of Parma HRH The Duchess of Parma HRH Princess Luisa HRH Princess Cecilia HRH Hereditary Prince Carlos HRH The Countess of Colorno Mr Tjalling ten Cate Julia ten Cate Paola ten Cate HRH The Count of Bardi HRH The Countess of Bardi HRH Princess Zita HRH Princess Gloria HRH The Marchioness of Sala Mr Albert Brenninkmeijer Alaïa - Maria Brenninkmeijer Xavier Brenninkmeijer HRH Princess Margriet * Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven * HH Prince Maurits HH Princess Marilène Anna van Lippe - Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven Lucas van Lippe - Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven Felicia van Lippe - Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven HH Prince Bernhard HH Princess Annette Isabella van Vollenhoven Samuel van Vollenhoven Benjamin van Vollenhoven HH Prince Pieter - Christiaan HH Princess Anita Emma van Vollenhoven Pieter van Vollenhoven HH Prince Floris HH Princess Aimée Magali van Vollenhoven Eliane van Vollenhoven Willem van Vollenhoven HRH Princess Christina Bernardo Guillermo Eva Guillermo Isabel Guillermo Julián Guillermo Nicolás Guillermo Juliana Guillermo * Member of the Dutch royal house Queen Máxima of the Netherlands ( born Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti ; 17 May 1971 ) is the wife of King Willem - Alexander .", "2": "On 30 April 2013 , she became the first queen consort of The Netherlands since Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Relationship with Willem - Alexander 3 Marriage and family 4 Activities 5 Controversy over statement on Dutch identity 6 International appointments 7 Titles , honours and arms 7.1 Royal titles and styles 7.2 Honours 7.2. 1 National honours 7.2. 2 Foreign honours 7.3 Arms 8 References 9 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Máxima aged six , 1977 Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti was born in Buenos Aires , Argentina , on 17 May 1971 . Queen Máxima is the daughter of Jorge Zorreguieta ( 1928 -- 2017 ) , Secretary of Agriculture under General Jorge Rafael Videla during Argentina 's last civil - military dictatorship ( 1976 -- 1983 ) , and his second wife , María del Carmen Cerruti Carricart ( born 1944 ) . She has two brothers , a sister , and three half - sisters by her father 's first wife , Marta López Gil . She is named after her paternal great - grandmother Máxima Bonorino González ( 1874 -- 1965 ) . Her father was a scion of the Zorreguieta family who had been landed gentry , professionals , regional politicians , and statesmen for generations . Her maternal great - grandfather was also from the landed gentry ; Domingo Carricart Etchart ( 1885 - 1953 ) was a landowner , politician , Director of the Banco Provincial de Buenos Aires , first mayor of González Chaves , and mayor of Tres Arroyos . She grew up in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires city , and studied at Northlands School , a bilingual school of the city of Olivos . She graduated with a degree in Economics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina ( UCA ) in 1995 . This private university is governed by a directory of local bishops , including the current Pope Francis , then Archbishop of Buenos Aires and Grand Chancellor of UCA .", "3": "During her student years , Francis presided over the traditional Mass at the beginning of classes . She later completed her studies with a Master 's degree in the United States . From 1989 to 1990 , while still in college , she worked for Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A. From 1992 to 1995 , she worked in the sales department of Boston Securities SA in Buenos Aires , where she conducted research on software for financial markets . From July 1996 to February 1998 , the current queen Máxima worked for HSBC James Capel Inc. in New York City , where she became vice president of institutional sales for Latin America . From then until July 1999 , she was vice president of the emerging markets division of Dresdner Kleinwort Benson in New York . From May 2000 to March 2001 she worked in the Deutsche Bank in Brussels . She also worked as an English language teacher to children and adults , and of mathematics for high school students and freshmen . Relationship with Willem - Alexander ( edit ) Máxima and Willem - Alexander , 2001 Máxima met Willem - Alexander in April 1999 in Seville , Spain , during the Seville Spring Fair . In an interview , they stated that he introduced himself only as `` Alexander '' , so that she did not know he was a prince . She thought he was joking when he later told her that he was not only a prince , but the Prince of Orange and heir apparent to the Dutch throne . They agreed to meet again two weeks later in New York , where Máxima was working for Dresdner Kleinwort Benson . Their relationship apparently began in New York , but she did not meet his parents , Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus , for some time . The news of the couple 's relationship and eventual marriage plans caused controversy in the Netherlands , due to the involvement of Máxima 's father Jorge Zorreguieta as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process , the most recent Argentinian dictatorship . Her father 's tenure as a minister took place during the beginning stages of the Dirty War , a period of repression that saw 10,000 -- 30,000 people killed or disappeared during the seven - year military regime .", "4": "At the request of the States General , Michiel Baud , a Dutch professor in Latin American studies , carried out an inquiry into the involvement of Zorreguieta in the Dirty War ( roughly , 1974 -- 83 ) . Zorreguieta claimed that , as a civilian , he was unaware of the Dirty War while he was a cabinet minister . Baud determined that Máxima 's father had not been directly involved in any of the numerous atrocities that took place during that period . However , Baud also concluded that Zorreguieta was almost certainly aware of them ; in Baud 's view , it was highly unlikely that a cabinet minister would not have known about them . Even so , his possible presence at the royal wedding was debated for several months . Marriage and family ( edit ) The royal wedding , February 2002 Willem - Alexander , Máxima and their daughters on the balcony of the Royal Palace , after the abdication of Queen Beatrix in 2013 The couple announced their engagement on 30 March 2001 ; Máxima addressed the nation in Dutch ( which at the time she only spoke to basic conversational extent ) during the live televised broadcast . Máxima was granted Dutch citizenship by Royal Decree on 17 May 2001 and now has dual citizenship : Argentine and Dutch . The engagement was formally approved by the States General later that year -- a necessary step for Willem - Alexander to remain heir to the throne . Máxima and Willem - Alexander were married on 2 February 2002 in a civil ceremony in the Beurs van Berlage , Amsterdam , which was then followed by a religious ceremony at Amsterdam 's Nieuwe Kerk ( `` New Church '' ) . She remained a Roman Catholic after her marriage . She is the first Dutch queen consort to have been born outside Europe although , through her father , she is a descendant of King Afonso III of Portugal and other noble families of the Iberian Peninsula who moved to the Argentine viceroyalty during the early nineteenth century . Máxima 's parents were not present at the wedding ; her father was told he could not attend due to his role as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process , and her mother chose not to attend without her husband .", "5": "The couple have three daughters : Catharina - Amalia , Princess of Orange , born 7 December 2003 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague . Princess Alexia , born 26 June 2005 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague . Princess Ariane , born 10 April 2007 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague . Máxima is also godmother of : Countess Sophie Philippa Máxima Walburga Marie of Waldburg - Zeil , born 29 June 2000 . Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway , born 3 December 2005 . Countess Leonore Marie Irene Enrica of Orange - Nassau , born 3 June 2006 . Activities ( edit ) Willem - Alexander reads , with Queen Maxima at his side , the throne speech for Budget Day to members of the Senate and House in the Knights Hall . Queen Máxima has a particular concern for the integration of immigrants into Dutch culture . She was a member of a special parliamentary commission which sought to recommend ways to increase the participation of female immigrants in the workforce . Máxima stresses the importance for immigrants of learning the Dutch language ( as she did ) in order to fully participate in Dutch society . Dutch is the Queen 's third language ; she is also fluent in Spanish ( her native language ) and English . She speaks French to a conversational level . She participates in conferences around the world representing the Netherlands . She was granted a seat in the Dutch Council of State on 20 October 2004 , the highest advisory body and court of administration . She was a member of the Committee for Ethnic Minority Women 's Participation from July 2003 until 2005 . She has a seat on the board of governors of the Chair on the Management of Diversity and Integration at the Free University of Amsterdam ; she ( along with her husband ) is a patron of the Orange Fund ( established to promote social welfare and cohesion in the Netherlands ) ; and she also chairs the Board of Trustees of the Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity of the International Institute of Social Studies and the University of Utrecht .", "6": "Máxima is one of the few members of royal families anywhere in the world to be an open supporter of gay rights , and was the first member of a royal family to attend an LGBT rights conference , having attended a conference concerned with LGBT rights on 5 March 2008 . Queen Máxima has been honorary chair of the Money Wise Platform since 2010 . In this capacity , the Queen focuses attention on the importance of financial education and managing money sensibly , especially where children and young people are concerned . The Queen acts as special advisor to the Platform and consults with interested parties on ways of increasing people 's financial awareness and resilience . Since 10 June 2015 , Queen Máxima has been the honorary chair of the Ambassadors for Music at School Platform . Queen Máxima has for some years been committed to giving as many children as possible the opportunity to create music . Controversy over statement on Dutch identity ( edit ) In 2007 Maxima inadvertently caused a wave of massive criticism when in a speech to the Scientific Council for Government Policy she said that in the seven years that she had been in the Netherlands , she had been unable to find the Dutch identity . Maxima is quoted as having said the following : `` ... but ' the ' Dutch identity ? No , I have not found it . The Netherlands is : large windows without curtains so everyone can look in ; but also adherence to privacy and coziness . The Netherlands is : one biscuit at tea ; but also great hospitality and warmth . The Netherlands is : sobriety , control and pragmatism ; But also the experience of intense emotions together . The Netherlands is far too diverse to summarize in one cliché . ' The ' Dutchman does not exist . As a consolation I can tell you that ' the ' Argentinian also does not exist . I therefore find it very interesting that the title of the report of the Scientific Council for Government Policy is not ' the Dutch identity ' . But : Identification with the Netherlands . That leaves room for development and diversity . '' Critics felt that with this statement she unwisely entered a politically very sensitive area . During an interview in May 2011 , on the occasion of her fortieth birthday , Maxima said that she was shocked by the commotion her words had caused .", "7": "She claimed she was misunderstood and that she wanted to make a compliment to the Netherlands for being a many - faceted society . International appointments ( edit ) Máxima in 2015 with Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Queen Máxima currently serves as the United Nations Secretary - General 's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development ( UNSGSA ) . The UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon designated her to this role in September 2009 in order to raise awareness on the importance of inclusive financial systems for achieving economic and development goals such as poverty alleviation , food security and education . In her work as UNSGSA , the Queen focuses on how formal financial services such as savings , insurance , and credit can prevent people from falling into poverty due to expenditures on healthcare , and people who are not able to protect themselves against rising food prices and poverty because they do not have access to basic savings accounts . The role of the UNSGSA is to foster action by governments , private sector , financial system standard setters , and others towards a more inclusive financial system that works for the poor . Máxima is also the Honorary Patron of the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion ( GPFI ) since June 2011 . In this role she works with governments and partners to advance the G20 Action Plan on Financial Inclusion , and the G20 Financial Inclusion Peer Learning Program . Previously , the Queen was a member of the Advisors Group for the United Nations ' International Year of Microcredit 2005 and until 2009 , was a member of UN Advisors Group on Inclusive Financial Sectors . Titles , honours and arms ( edit ) By a decree issued on 25 January 2002 , upon the solemnization of marriage , Máxima Zorreguieta was granted the titles Princess of the Netherlands and Princess of Orange - Nassau , and the style Royal Highness was formally conferred upon her . She also became `` mevrouw van Amsberg ( Mrs. van Amsberg ) '' . Another decree issued on the same day also granted her own personal coat of arms and a personal standard . On 13 May 2011 , the Dutch parliament confirmed that Máxima would become queen consort of the Netherlands upon her husband 's accession , after a debate over her future title and style .", "8": "On 28 January 2013 , it was announced that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April in favour of Willem - Alexander . Máxima is the Kingdom 's first queen consort since Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont , the second wife of William III . She is the first Dutch queen consort to have been born as a commoner , and the first to have been born outside Europe . Royal titles and styles ( edit ) 2 February 2002 -- 30 April 2013 : Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands , Princess of Orange - Nassau , Mrs. van Amsberg 30 April 2013 -- present : Her Majesty The Queen Máxima 's full title and style is `` Her Majesty Queen Máxima , Princess of the Netherlands , Princess of Orange - Nassau '' .", "9": "Honours ( edit ) Royal Standard of Máxima See also : List of honours of the Dutch royal family by country National honours ( edit ) Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion King Willem - Alexander Investiture Medal ( 30 April 2013 ) Foreign honours ( edit ) Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown Brazil : Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross Brunei : Member 1st Class of the Order of the Most Esteemed Family Order of Brunei Chile : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit Denmark : Knight of the Order of the Elephant France : Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit Germany : Grand Cross Special issue of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Italy : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Japan : Grand Cordon ( Paulownia ) of the Order of the Precious Crown Luxembourg : Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau Mexico : Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav Oman : Member 1st Class of the Order of Sultan Qaboos Poland : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle Portugal : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Prince Henry Spain : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Sweden : Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star United Arab Emirates : Grand Cross of the Order of Union Arms ( edit ) Coat of arms of Queen Máxima of the Netherlands Notes This coat of arms is used by Queen Máxima of the Netherlands . It was granted by royal decree - law of Queen Beatrix on 25 January 2002 .", "10": "Escutcheon Quarterly : I and IV azure billety or , a lion with coronet also or armed and langued gules , holding in his dexter paw a sword argent hilted or , and in his sinister seven arrows argent pointed and bound together or , which is of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ; II and III or , a horn azure opened and bound gules , which is of the First House of Orange ; an inescutcheon or bearing a castle of three towers gules flanked on each side by a poplar tree au naturel , and a river azure flowing from the base , ondoyant to the gate of the castle , which is of the house of Zorreguieta in Argentina . Symbolism The first and fourth quarters are the coat of arms of the Netherlands , based on the coat of arms of the House of Nassau . The second and third quarters are the coat of arms of the Prince of Orange . In the center is the coat of arms of Queen Máxima 's paternal family , the Zorreguieta family . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pronunciation in Spanish ( ( ˈmaksima soreˈɣjeta ˈseruti ) ) and Dutch ( ( ˈmɑksimaː ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Reitwiesner , William Addams . `` Ancestry of Maxima Zorreguieta '' . WARGS . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrea Borella Annuario della Nobiltà Italiana , Edition XXXI Teglio ( SO ) 2010 S.A.G.I. Casa Editrice , vol. 1 and Ascendencia de Da . Máxima Zorreguieta , Princesa de la Corona de los Paises Bajos Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ancestry of Maxima Zorreguieta Archived 15 September 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` From Commoner to Queen - The Story of Máxima Zorreguieta '' . Euro Channel - The Best of Europe . Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 .", "11": "Retrieved 10 November 2015 . After moving to the United States to complete a master 's degree Jump up ^ `` Studie en werk vóór 2002 '' . Het Koninklij Huis . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hats off to birthday girl Queen Máxima of the Netherlands '' . Hello Magazine . 15 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Maxima '' . Hello magazine . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Human rights : Zorreguieta vs. humanrights Archived 19 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , March 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Crown Princess Maxima of the Netherlands '' . Hello ! . Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Engagement period Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Wedding 2002 . Jump up ^ Ook Beatrix heeft dubbele nationaliteit Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , ( Queen Beatrix also has dual citizenship ) , Radio Netherlands Worldwide , 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Joyful christening of Catharina - Amalia Jump up ^ Amsterdam Museum toont trouwtafel van Prins Willem - Alexander en Prinses Maxima Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Wedding 2002 . Jump up ^ Princess Maxima & Prince Willem - Alexander 's Wedding : A Look Back Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Genealogía Argentina Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ La Casa de Orange - Nassu y su parentesco político con Doña Máxima Zorroguieta Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fox News Archived 9 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine .", "12": "Jump up ^ Dutch abdication : profile of Maxima Zorreguieta , Holland 's new Queen consort Archived 25 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Prinses Máxima krijgt zitting in Raad van State '' ( in Dutch ) . 19 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Iss.nl Archived 19 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Queen Maxima at the Utrecht University in Utrecht '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ FreeForm Chicago Free Press : Judge Not ... Archived 7 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Landelijke koploperovereenkomst lesbisch '' . Rijksoverheid. 14 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Speech Máxima on identity Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , NIS , July 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Translated from the Dutch original . Jump up ^ Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands Archived 8 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` International Year of Microcredit 2005 '' . Year of Microcredit . Archived from the original on 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Decree of 25 January 2002 laying down the titles and styles of Máxima Zorreguieta and titles , names , and styles of the children who might be born from the marriage of His Royal Highness Prince Willem - Alexander Claus George Ferdinand , Prince of Orange , Prince of the Netherlands , Prince of Orange - Nassau , Jonkheer van Amsberg with Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands , Princess of Orange - Nassau , Mrs van Amsberg Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . No. 41 .", "13": "Published : 31 January 2002 ^ Jump up to : Decree of 25 January 2002 , regarding the coat of arms and personal flag of Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . No. 42 . Published : 31 January 2002 Jump up ^ Pinedo , Danielle ; Versteegh , Kees ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Deskundigen in NRC : Máxima kreeg te snel titel ' koningin ' '' . nrc.nl ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ www.koninklijkhuis.nl Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ State visit of Beatrix in Belgium , 2006 , Belga Pictures , group photo Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Noblesse et Royautés Archived 25 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( French ) , State visit of Netherlands in Brunei ( 01 / 2013 ) , Photo Archived 1 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Getty Images Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Getty Images Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Koning krijgt grootkruis van Legioen van Eer Archived 23 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . - website De Telegraaf Jump up ^ Quirinale website Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The royal forums Archived 4 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , State visit of Luxembourg to Netherlands , 2006 , Photo Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine .", "14": "Jump up ^ Official decree Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ Kongehuset Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interia Archived 27 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . - The Queen wears the rosette of the order above her brooch . Jump up ^ Portugal Archived 4 April 2013 at WebCite Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mad Hattery Archived 31 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , pictures during Princess Victoria of Sweden 's wedding Jump up ^ H.H Sheikh Khalifa welcomes HM Queen Beatrix of Netherlands Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - website of the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Wapens van leden van het Koninklijk Huis Archived 23 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Dutch Royal House . Retrieved on 6 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queen Máxima of the Netherlands .", "15": "Queen Máxima at the website of the Royal House Dutch royalty Vacant Title last held by Claus von Amsberg as prince consort Queen consort of the Netherlands 30 April 2013 -- present Incumbent Dutch royal consorts Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti ( 2013 -- present ) Claus van Amsberg ( 1980 -- 2002 ) Prince Bernhard of Lippe - Biesterfeld ( 1948 -- 1980 ) Duke Henry of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( 1901 -- 1934 ) Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont ( 1879 -- 1890 ) Princess Sophie of Württemberg ( 1849 -- 1877 ) Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia ( 1840 -- 1849 ) Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia ( 1813 -- 1837 ) Hortense de Beauharnais ( 1806 -- 1810 ) Dutch princesses by marriage Generations are numbered from William I of the Netherlands .", "16": "1st generation Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia Princess Louise of Prussia 2nd generation Princess Sophie of Württemberg Princess Amalia of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Princess Marie of Prussia 3rd generation None 4th generation None 5th generation None 6th generation Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti Mabel Martine Wisse Smit Petra Laurentien Brinkhorst Marie - Hélène van den Broek Annette Sekrève Anita van Eijk Aimée Söhngen Current consorts of sovereigns Africa ' Masenate Mohato Seeiso Lalla Salma Asia Saleha Michiko Rania Sabika Jetsun Pema Europe Philip Silvia Marie Sonja Maria Teresa Charlene Máxima Mathilde Letizia North America Philip Oceania Philip Nanasipauʻu See also : List of current sovereign monarchs - Category : Royal consorts - Category : Queens consort VIAF : 20604949 LCCN : n2001038213 ISNI : 0000 0001 2123 3530 GND : 12406695X SUDOC : 148917879 BNE : XX5002154 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Queen_Máxima_of_the_Netherlands&oldid = 838475785 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people People from Buenos Aires People from Wassenaar Argentine people of Basque descent Argentine people of Italian descent Argentine people of Portuguese descent Argentine people of Spanish descent Argentine people of French descent Argentine emigrants to the Netherlands Argentine Roman Catholics Dutch queens consort House of Orange - Nassau Princesses of Orange Princesses of Orange - Nassau Members of the Council of State ( Netherlands ) Dutch people of Argentine descent Dutch people of Basque descent Dutch people of Italian descent Dutch people of Portuguese descent Dutch people of Spanish descent Dutch Roman Catholics Commanders Grand Cross of the", "17": "Order of the Polar Star Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Crosses of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown ( Belgium ) Grand Crosses of the Order of the Southern Cross Bands of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Webarchive template webcite links Articles with Dutch - language external links Use dmy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue", "18": "Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 57 . 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7281701387754006749	what written material is included in the talmud	[ "the Mishnah (Hebrew: משנה, c. 200 CE), a written compendium of Rabbinic Judaism's Oral Torah", "the Gemara (c. 500 CE), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible", "the Mishnah", "the Gemara" ]	{ "0": "Talmud - wikipedia Talmud Jump to : navigation , search Rabbinic literature Talmud Readers by Adolf Behrman Talmudic literature -- -- Tannaitic -- -- Mishnah Tosefta -- -- Amoraic ( Gemara ) -- -- Jerusalem Talmud Babylonian Talmud -- -- Later -- -- Minor Tractates Halakhic Midrash -- -- Exodus -- -- Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai -- -- Leviticus -- -- Sifra ( Torat Kohanim ) -- -- Numbers and Deuteronomy -- -- Sifre Sifrei Zutta on Numbers ( Mekhilta le - Sefer Devarim ) Aggadic Midrash -- -- Tannaitic -- -- Seder Olam Rabbah Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva Baraita of the Forty - nine Rules Baraita on the Thirty - two Rules Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle -- -- 400 -- 600 -- -- Genesis Rabbah Lamentations Rabbah Pesikta de-Rav Kahana Esther Rabbah Midrash Iyyob Leviticus Rabbah Seder Olam Zutta Tanhuma Megillat Antiochus -- -- 650 -- 900 -- -- Avot of Rabbi Natan Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer Tanna Devei Eliyahu Alphabet of Sirach Ecclesiastes Rabbah Shir ha - Shirim Rabbah Deuteronomy Rabbah Devarim Zutta Pesikta Rabbati Midrash Shmuel Midrash Proverbs Ruth Rabbah Baraita of Samuel", "1": "Targum Sheni -- -- 900 -- 1000 -- -- Ruth Zuta Eichah Zuta Midrash Tehillim Midrash Hashkem Exodus Rabbah Shir ha - Shirim Zutta -- -- 1000 -- 1200 -- -- Midrash Tadshe Sefer haYashar -- -- Later -- -- Yalkut Shimoni Machir ben Abba Mari Midrash Jonah Ein Yaakov Midrash HaGadol Numbers Rabbah Smaller midrashim Targum -- -- Torah -- -- Targum Onkelos Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Fragment Targum Targum Neofiti -- -- Nevi'im -- -- Targum Jonathan -- -- Ketuvim -- -- Targum Tehillim Targum Mishlei Targum Iyyov Targum to the Five Megillot Targum Sheni to Esther Targum to Chronicles Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta", "2": "Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot )", "3": "Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal The Talmud ( / ˈtɑːlmʊd , - məd , ˈtæl - / ; Hebrew : תַּלְמוּד ‎ talmūd `` instruction , learning '' , from a root LMD `` teach , study '' ) is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism . The term `` Talmud '' normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) , although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) or Palestinian Talmud . It is also traditionally referred to as Shas ( ש ״ ס ‎ ) , a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim , the `` six orders '' , a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah . When referring to post-biblical periods , namely those of the creation of the Talmud , the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate , Jewish sources use the term `` Babylonia '' long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms . The Talmud has two components ; the Mishnah ( Hebrew : משנה , c. 200 CE ) , a written compendium of Rabbinic Judaism 's Oral Torah ; and the Gemara ( c. 500 CE ) , an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible .", "4": "`` Talmud '' translates literally as `` instruction '' in Hebrew , and the term may refer to either the Gemara alone , or the Mishnah and Gemara together . The entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates , and in standard print is over 6,200 pages long . It is written in Tannaitic Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and contains the teachings and opinions of thousands of rabbis ( dating from before the Common Era through the fifth century CE ) on a variety of subjects , including Halakha ( law ) , Jewish ethics , philosophy , customs , history , lore and many other topics . The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law , and is widely quoted in rabbinic literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Mishnah 2.2 Baraita 2.3 Gemara 2.4 Halakha and Aggadah 2.5 Minor tractates 3 Bavli and Yerushalmi 3.1 Talmud Yerushalmi ( Jerusalem Talmud ) 3.2 Babylonian Talmud 3.3 Comparison of style and subject matter 4 Language 5 Printing 5.1 Bomberg Talmud 1523 5.2 Benveniste Talmud 1645 5.3 Slavuta Talmud 1795 and Vilna Talmud 1835 5.4 Goldschmidt Talmud 1897 -- 1909 , and German translation 5.5 Critical editions 5.6 Editions for a wider audience 6 Translations 6.1 Talmud Bavli 6.2 Talmud Yerushalmi 7 Scholarship 7.1 Geonim 7.2 Halakhic and Aggadic extractions 7.3 Commentaries 7.4 Pilpul 7.5 Sephardic approaches 7.6 Brisker method 7.7 Critical method 7.7.", "5": "1 Textual emendations 7.8 Historical analysis , and higher textual criticism 7.9 Contemporary scholarship 8 Role in Judaism 8.1 Sadducees 8.2 Karaism 8.3 Reform Judaism 8.4 Humanistic Judaism 8.5 Present day 9 In visual arts 9.1 In Carl Schleicher 's paintings 9.2 Jewish art 10 Other contexts 11 Criticism 11.1 Middle Ages 11.2 19th century and after 11.3 Contemporary accusations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Logic and methodology 14.2 Modern scholarly works 14.2. 1 On individual tractates 14.3 Historical study 15 External links 15.1 General 15.2 Refutation of allegations concerning the Talmud 15.3 Full text resources 15.4 Manuscripts and textual variants 15.5 Layout 15.6 `` Daf Yomi '' program 15.7 Audio History ( edit ) Main article : Oral Torah An early printing of the Talmud ( Ta'anit 9b ) ; with commentary by Rashi The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud , Tractate Berachot , folio 2a Originally , Jewish scholarship was oral . Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah ( the written Torah expressed in the Hebrew Bible ) and discussed the Tanakh without the benefit of written works ( other than the Biblical books themselves ) , though some may have made private notes ( megillot setarim ) , for example of court decisions . This situation changed drastically , mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the Second Temple in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms . As the Rabbis were required to face a new reality -- mainly Judaism without a Temple ( to serve as the center of teaching and study ) and Judea without at least partial autonomy -- there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained . It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing .", "6": "The earliest recorded oral Torah may have been of the midrashic form , in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Pentateuch . But an alternative form , organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse , became dominant about the year 200 CE , when Rabbi Judah the Prince redacted the Mishnah ( משנה ‎ ) . The Oral Torah was far from monolithic ; rather , it varied among various schools . The most famous two were the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel . In general , all valid opinions , even the non-normative ones , were recorded in the Talmud . The oldest full manuscript of the Talmud , known as the Munich Talmud ( Cod. hebr. 95 ) , dates from 1342 and is available online . Structure ( edit ) The structure of the Talmud follows that of the Mishnah , in which six orders ( sedarim ; singular : seder ) of general subject matter are divided into 60 or 63 tractates ( masekhtot ; singular : masekhet ) of more focused subject compilations , though not all tractates have Gemara . Each tractate is divided into chapters ( perakim ; singular : perek ) , 517 in total , that are both numbered according to the Hebrew alphabet and given names , usually using the first one or two words in the first mishnah . A perek may continue over several ( up to tens of ) pages . Each perek will contain several mishnayot with their accompanying exchanges that form the `` building - blocks '' of the Gemara ; the name for a passage of gemara is a sugya ( סוגיא ‎ ; plural sugyot ) . A sugya , including baraita or tosefta , will typically comprise a detailed proof - based elaboration of a Mishnaic statement , whether halakhic or aggadic . A sugya may , and often does , range widely off the subject of the mishnah .", "7": "The sugya is not punctuated in the conventional sense used in the English language , but by using specific expressions that help to divide the sugya into components , usually including a statement , a question on the statement , an answer , a proof for the answer or a refutation of the answer with its own proof . In a given sugya , scriptural , Tannaic and Amoraic statements are cited to support the various opinions . In so doing , the Gemara will highlight semantic disagreements between Tannaim and Amoraim ( often ascribing a view to an earlier authority as to how he may have answered a question ) , and compare the Mishnaic views with passages from the Baraita . Rarely are debates formally closed ; in some instances , the final word determines the practical law , but in many instances the issue is left unresolved . There is a whole literature on the procedural principles to be used in settling the practical law when disagreements exist : see under # Logic and methodology below . Mishnah ( edit ) Main article : Mishnah The Mishnah is a compilation of legal opinions and debates . Statements in the Mishnah are typically terse , recording brief opinions of the rabbis debating a subject ; or recording only an unattributed ruling , apparently representing a consensus view . The rabbis recorded in the Mishnah are known as the Tannaim . Since it sequences its laws by subject matter instead of by biblical context , the Mishnah discusses individual subjects more thoroughly than the Midrash , and it includes a much broader selection of halakhic subjects than the Midrash . The Mishnah 's topical organization thus became the framework of the Talmud as a whole . But not every tractate in the Mishnah has a corresponding Gemara . Also , the order of the tractates in the Talmud differs in some cases from that in the Mishnah .", "8": "( hide ) The Six Orders of the Mishnah ( ששה סדרי משנה ‎ ) Zeraim ( Seeds ) ( זרעים ‎ ) Moed ( Festival ) ( מועד ‎ ) Nashim ( Women ) ( נשים ‎ ) Nezikin ( Damages ) ( נזיקין ‎ ) Kodashim ( Holies ) ( קדשים ‎ ) Tohorot ( Purities ) ( טהרות ‎ ) Berakhot Pe'ah Demai Kil'ayim Shevi'it Terumot Ma'aserot Ma'aser Sheni Hallah Orlah Bikkurim Shabbat Eruvin Pesahim Shekalim Yoma Sukkah Beitza Rosh Hashanah Ta'anit Megillah Mo'ed Katan Hagigah Yevamot Ketubot Nedarim Nazir Sotah Gittin Kiddushin Bava Kamma Bava Metzia Bava Batra Sanhedrin Makkot Shevu'ot Eduyot Avodah Zarah Avot Horayot Zevahim Menahot Hullin Bekhorot Arakhin Temurah Keritot Me'ilah Tamid Middot Kinnim Keilim Oholot Nega'im Parah Tohorot Mikva'ot Niddah Makhshirin Zavim Tevul Yom Yadayim Uktzim Baraita ( edit ) Main article : Baraita In addition to the Mishnah , other tannaitic teachings were current at about the same time or shortly thereafter . The Gemara frequently refers to these tannaitic statements in order to compare them to those contained in the Mishnah and to support or refute the propositions of the Amoraim . All such non-Mishnaic tannaitic sources are termed baraitot ( lit .", "9": "outside material , `` works external to the Mishnah '' ; sing . baraita ברייתא ‎ ) . The baraitot cited in the Gemara are often quotations from the Tosefta ( a tannaitic compendium of halakha parallel to the Mishnah ) and the Midrash halakha ( specifically Mekhilta , Sifra and Sifre ) . Some baraitot , however , are known only through traditions cited in the Gemara , and are not part of any other collection . Gemara ( edit ) Main article : Gemara In the three centuries following the redaction of the Mishnah , rabbis in Israel and Babylonia analyzed , debated , and discussed that work . These discussions form the Gemara ( גמרא ‎ ) . Gemara means `` completion '' ( from the Hebrew gamar גמר ‎ : `` to complete '' ) or `` learning '' ( from the Aramaic : `` study '' ) . The Gemara mainly focuses on elucidating and elaborating the opinions of the Tannaim . The rabbis of the Gemara are known as Amoraim ( sing . Amora אמורא ‎ ) . Much of the Gemara consists of legal analysis . The starting point for the analysis is usually a legal statement found in a Mishnah . The statement is then analyzed and compared with other statements used in different approaches to Biblical exegesis in rabbinic Judaism ( or - simpler - interpretation of text in Torah study ) exchanges between two ( frequently anonymous and sometimes metaphorical ) disputants , termed the makshan ( questioner ) and tartzan ( answerer ) . Another important function of Gemara is to identify the correct Biblical basis for a given law presented in the Mishnah and the logical process connecting one with the other : this activity was known as talmud long before the existence of the `` Talmud '' as a text . Halakha and aggadah ( edit ) The Talmud is a wide - ranging document that touches on a great many subjects . Traditionally Talmudic statements are classified into two broad categories , halakhic and aggadic statements . Halakhic statements directly relate to questions of Jewish law and practice ( halakha ) .", "10": "Aggadic statements are not legally related , but rather are exegetical , homiletical , ethical , or historical in nature . Minor tractates ( edit ) Main article : Minor tractate In addition to the six Orders , the Talmud contains a series of short treatises of a later date , usually printed at the end of Seder Nezikin . These are not divided into Mishnah and Gemara . Bavli and Yerushalmi ( edit ) The process of `` Gemara '' proceeded in what were then the two major centers of Jewish scholarship , Galilee and Babylonia . Correspondingly , two bodies of analysis developed , and two works of Talmud were created . The older compilation is called the Jerusalem Talmud or the Talmud Yerushalmi . It was compiled in the 4th century CE in Galilee . The Babylonian Talmud was compiled about the year 500 , although it continued to be edited later . The word `` Talmud '' , when used without qualification , usually refers to the Babylonian Talmud . While the editors of Jerusalem Talmud and Babylonian Talmud each mention the other community , most scholars believe these documents were written independently ; Louis Jacobs writes , `` If the editors of either had had access to an actual text of the other , it is inconceivable that they would not have mentioned this . Here the argument from silence is very convincing . '' Talmud Yerushalmi ( Jerusalem Talmud ) ( edit ) Main article : Jerusalem Talmud A page of a medieval Jerusalem Talmud manuscript , from the Cairo Geniza The Jerusalem Talmud , also known as the Palestinian Talmud , or Talmuda de-Eretz Yisrael ( Talmud of the Land of Israel ) , was one of the two compilations of Jewish religious teachings and commentary that was transmitted orally for centuries prior to its compilation by Jewish scholars in the Land of Israel . It is a compilation of teachings of the schools of Tiberias , Sepphoris and Caesarea . It is written largely in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic , a Western Aramaic language that differs from its Babylonian counterpart .", "11": "This Talmud is a synopsis of the analysis of the Mishnah that was developed over the course of nearly 200 years by the Academies in Galilee ( principally those of Tiberias and Caesarea . ) Because of their location , the sages of these Academies devoted considerable attention to analysis of the agricultural laws of the Land of Israel . Traditionally , this Talmud was thought to have been redacted in about the year 350 by Rav Muna and Rav Yossi in the Land of Israel . It is traditionally known as the Talmud Yerushalmi ( `` Jerusalem Talmud '' ) , but the name is a misnomer , as it was not prepared in Jerusalem . It has more accurately been called `` The Talmud of the Land of Israel '' . Its final redaction probably belongs to the end of the 4th century , but the individual scholars who brought it to its present form can not be fixed with assurance . By this time Christianity had become the state religion of the Roman Empire and Jerusalem the holy city of Christendom . In 325 , Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor , said `` let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd . '' This policy made a Jew an outcast and pauper . The compilers of the Jerusalem Talmud consequently lacked the time to produce a work of the quality they had intended . The text is evidently incomplete and is not easy to follow . The apparent cessation of work on the Jerusalem Talmud in the 5th century has been associated with the decision of Theodosius II in 425 to suppress the Patriarchate and put an end to the practice of semikhah , formal scholarly ordination . Some modern scholars have questioned this connection : for more detail see Jerusalem Talmud : Place and date of composition . Despite its incomplete state , the Jerusalem Talmud remains an indispensable source of knowledge of the development of the Jewish Law in the Holy Land . It was also an important resource in the study of the Babylonian Talmud by the Kairouan school of Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob , with the result that opinions ultimately based on the Jerusalem Talmud found their way into both the Tosafot and the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides .", "12": "Following the formation of the modern state of Israel there is some interest in restoring Eretz Yisrael traditions . For example , Rabbi David Bar - Hayim of the Makhon Shilo institute has issued a siddur reflecting Eretz Yisrael practice as found in the Jerusalem Talmud and other sources . Babylonian Talmud ( edit ) A full set of the Babylonian Talmud The Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) consists of documents compiled over the period of Late Antiquity ( 3rd to 5th centuries ) . During this time the most important of the Jewish centres in Mesopotamia , a region called `` Babylonia '' in Jewish sources and later known as Iraq , were Nehardea , Nisibis ( modern Nusaybin ) , Mahoza ( al - Mada'in , just to the south of what is now Baghdad ) , Pumbedita ( near present - day al Anbar Governorate ) , and the Sura Academy , probably located about 60 km south of Baghdad . The Babylonian Talmud comprises the Mishnah and the Babylonian Gemara , the latter representing the culmination of more than 300 years of analysis of the Mishnah in the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia . The foundations of this process of analysis were laid by Abba Arika , a disciple of Judah the Prince . Tradition ascribes the compilation of the Babylonian Talmud in its present form to two Babylonian sages , Rav Ashi and Ravina II . Rav Ashi was president of the Sura Academy from 375 - 427 . The work begun by Rav Ashi was completed by Ravina , who is traditionally regarded as the final Amoraic expounder . Accordingly , traditionalists argue that Ravina 's death in 475 CE is the latest possible date for the completion of the redaction of the Talmud . However , even on the most traditional view a few passages are regarded as the work of a group of rabbis who edited the Talmud after the end of the Amoraic period , known as the Savoraim or Rabbanan Savora'e ( meaning `` reasoners '' or `` considerers '' ) .", "13": "The question as to when the Gemara was finally put into its present form is not settled among modern scholars . Some , like Louis Jacobs , argue that the main body of the Gemara is not simple reportage of conversations , as it purports to be , but a highly elaborate structure contrived by the Savoraim , who must therefore be regarded as the real authors . On this view the text did not reach its final form until around 700 . Some modern scholars use the term Stammaim ( from the Hebrew Stam , meaning `` closed '' , `` vague '' or `` unattributed '' ) for the authors of unattributed statements in the Gemara . ( See eras within Jewish law . ) Comparison of style and subject matter ( edit ) There are significant differences between the two Talmud compilations . The language of the Jerusalem Talmud is a western Aramaic dialect , which differs from the form of Aramaic in the Babylonian Talmud . The Talmud Yerushalmi is often fragmentary and difficult to read , even for experienced Talmudists . The redaction of the Talmud Bavli , on the other hand , is more careful and precise . The law as laid down in the two compilations is basically similar , except in emphasis and in minor details . The Jerusalem Talmud has not received much attention from commentators , and such traditional commentaries as exist are mostly concerned with comparing its teachings to those of the Talmud Bavli . Neither the Jerusalem nor the Babylonian Talmud covers the entire Mishnah : for example , a Babylonian Gemara exists only for 37 out of the 63 tractates of the Mishnah . In particular : The Jerusalem Talmud covers all the tractates of Zeraim , while the Babylonian Talmud covers only tractate Berachot . The reason might be that most laws from the Orders Zeraim ( agricultural laws limited to the land of Israel ) had little practical relevance in Babylonia and were therefore not included . The Jerusalem Talmud has a greater focus on the Land of Israel and the Torah 's agricultural laws pertaining to the land because it was written in the Land of Israel where the laws applied .", "14": "The Jerusalem Talmud does not cover the Mishnaic order of Kodashim , which deals with sacrificial rites and laws pertaining to the Temple , while the Babylonian Talmud does cover it . It is not clear why this is , as the laws were not directly applicable in either country following the Temple 's 70 CE destruction . In both Talmuds , only one tractate of Tohorot ( ritual purity laws ) is examined , that of the menstrual laws , Niddah . The Babylonian Talmud records the opinions of the rabbis of the Ma'arava ( the West , meaning Israel / Palestine ) as well as of those of Babylonia , while the Jerusalem Talmud only seldom cites the Babylonian rabbis . The Babylonian version also contains the opinions of more generations because of its later date of completion . For both these reasons it is regarded as a more comprehensive collection of the opinions available . On the other hand , because of the centuries of redaction between the composition of the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmud , the opinions of early amoraim might be closer to their original form in the Jerusalem Talmud . The influence of the Babylonian Talmud has been far greater than that of the Yerushalmi . In the main , this is because the influence and prestige of the Jewish community of Israel steadily declined in contrast with the Babylonian community in the years after the redaction of the Talmud and continuing until the Gaonic era . Furthermore , the editing of the Babylonian Talmud was superior to that of the Jerusalem version , making it more accessible and readily usable . According to Maimonides ( whose life began almost a hundred years after the end of the Gaonic era ) , all Jewish communities during the Gaonic era formally accepted the Babylonian Talmud as binding upon themselves , and modern Jewish practice follows the Babylonian Talmud 's conclusions on all areas in which the two Talmuds conflict . Language ( edit ) Of the two main components of the Babylonian Talmud , the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew . Within the Gemara , the quotations from the Mishnah and the Baraitas and verses of Tanakh quoted and embedded in the Gemara are in Hebrew .", "15": "The rest of the Gemara , including the discussions of the Amoraim and the overall framework , is in a characteristic dialect of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic . There are occasional quotations from older works in other dialects of Aramaic , such as Megillat Taanit . Overall , Hebrew constitutes somewhat less than half of the text of the Talmud . This difference in language is due to the long time period elapsing between the two compilations . During the period of the Tannaim ( rabbis cited in the Mishnah ) , a late form of Hebrew known as Rabbinic or Mishnaic Hebrew was still in use as a spoken vernacular among Jews in Judaea ( alongside Greek and Aramaic ) , whereas during the period of the Amoraim ( rabbis cited in the Gemara ) , which began around 200 CE , the spoken vernacular was almost exclusively Aramaic . Hebrew continued to be used for the writing of religious texts , poetry , and so forth . Printing ( edit ) Bomberg Talmud 1523 ( edit ) The first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud was printed in Venice by Daniel Bomberg 1520 -- 23 with the support of Pope Leo X . In addition to the Mishnah and Gemara , Bomberg 's edition contained the commentaries of Rashi and Tosafot . Almost all printings since Bomberg have followed the same pagination . Bomberg 's edition was considered relatively free of censorship . Benveniste Talmud 1645 ( edit ) Following Ambrosius Frobenius 's publication of most of the Talmud in installments in Basel , Immanuel Benveniste published the whole Talmud in installments in Amsterdam 1644 -- 1648 , Though according to Raphael Rabbinovicz the Benveniste Talmud may have been based on the Lublin Talmud and included many of the censors ' errors . Slavuta Talmud 1795 and Vilna Talmud 1835 ( edit ) The edition of the Talmud published by the Szapira brothers in Slavuta in 1795 is particularly prized by many rebbes of Hasidic Judaism .", "16": "In 1835 , after an acrimonious dispute with the Szapira family , a new edition of the Talmud was printed by Menachem Romm of Vilna . Known as the Vilna Edition Shas , this edition ( and later ones printed by his widow and sons , the Romm publishing house ) has been used in the production of more recent editions of Talmud Bavli . A page number in the Vilna Talmud refers to a double - sided page , known as a daf , or folio in English ; each daf has two amudim labeled א ‎ and ב ‎ , sides A and B ( Recto and Verso ) . The convention of referencing by daf is relatively recent and dates from the early Talmud printings of the 17th century , though the actual pagination goes back to the Bomberg edition . Earlier rabbinic literature generally refers to the tractate or chapters within a tractate ( e.g. Berachot Chapter 1 , ברכות פרק א ׳ ‎ ) . It sometimes also refers to the specific Mishnah in that chapter , where `` Mishnah '' is replaced with `` Halakha '' , here meaning route , to `` direct '' the reader to the entry in the Gemara corresponding to that Mishna ( e.g. Berachot Chapter 1 Halakha 1 , ברכות פרק א ׳ הלכה א ׳ ‎ would refer to the first Mishnah of the first chapter in Tractate Berachot , and its corresponding entry in the Gemara ) . However , this form is nowadays more commonly ( though not exclusively ) used when referring to the Jerusalem Talmud . Nowadays , reference is usually made in format ( Tractate daf a / b ) ( e.g. Berachot 23b , ברכות כג ב ׳ ‎ ) . Increasingly , the symbols `` . '' and `` : '' are used to indicate Recto and Verso , respectively ( thus , e.g. Berachot 32 : , : ברכות כג ‎ . These references always refer to the pagination of the Vilna Talmud .", "17": "In the Vilna edition of the Talmud there are 5,894 folio pages . Goldschmidt Talmud 1897 -- 1909 , and German translation ( edit ) Lazarus Goldschmidt published an edition from the `` uncensored text '' of the Babylonian Talmud with a German translation in 9 vols . ( commenced Leipzig , 1897 -- 1909 , edition completed , following emigration to England in 1933 , by 1936 ) . Critical editions ( edit ) The text of the Vilna editions is considered by scholars not to be uniformly reliable , and there have been a number of attempts to collate textual variants . In the early 20th century Nathan Rabinowitz published a series of volumes called Dikduke Soferim showing textual variants from early manuscripts and printings . In 1960 work started on a new edition under the name of Gemara Shelemah ( complete Gemara ) under the editorship of Menachem Mendel Kasher : only the volume on the first part of tractate Pesachim appeared before the project was interrupted by his death . This edition contained a comprehensive set of textual variants and a few selected commentaries . Some thirteen volumes have been published by the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud ( a division of Yad Harav Herzog ) , on lines similar to Rabinowitz , containing the text and a comprehensive set of textual variants ( from manuscripts , early prints and citations in secondary literature ) but no commentaries . There have been critical editions of particular tractates ( e.g. Henry Malter 's edition of Ta'anit ) , but there is no modern critical edition of the whole Talmud . Modern editions such as those of the Oz ve - Hadar Institute correct misprints and restore passages that in earlier editions were modified or excised by censorship but do not attempt a comprehensive account of textual variants . One edition , by Rabbi Yosef Amar , represents the Yemenite tradition , and takes the form of a photostatic reproduction of a Vilna - based print to which Yemenite vocalization and textual variants have been added by hand , together with printed introductory material . Collations of the Yemenite manuscripts of some tractates have been published by Columbia University .", "18": "Editions for a wider audience ( edit ) A number of editions have been aimed at bringing the Talmud to a wider audience . The main ones are as follows . The Steinsaltz Talmud , which contains the text with punctuation , detailed explanations and translation . The Steinsaltz Edition is available in two formats : one with the traditional Vilna page and one without . It is available in modern Hebrew ( first volume published 1969 ) , English ( first volume published 1989 ) , French , Russian and other languages . In May 2012 , Koren Publishers Jerusalem launched the new Koren Talmud Bavli , a new version of the Steinsaltz Talmud which features a new , modern English translation and the commentary of Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz . This edition won widespread praise as `` America 's most important Jewish event '' , and for its `` beautiful page '' and `` clean type '' . It includes color photos and illustrations , and Steinsaltz 's historical , biographical and linguistic notes in modern English translation . Opened as a Hebrew book , this edition preserves the traditional Vilna page layout and includes vowels and punctuation ; the Rashi commentary too is punctuated . Opened as an English book , this edition breaks down the Talmud text into small , thematic units and features the supplementary notes along the margins . The Schottenstein Talmud , published by ArtScroll : the first volume was published in 1990 , and the series was completed in 2004 . Each page is printed in the traditional Vilna format , and accompanied by an expanded paraphrase in English , in which the translation of the text is shown in bold and explanations are interspersed in normal type . The Metivta edition , published by the Oz ve - Hadar Institute . This contains the full text in the same format as the Vilna - based editions , with a full explanation in modern Hebrew on facing pages as well as an improved version of the traditional commentaries . A previous project of the same kind , called Talmud El Am , `` Talmud to the people '' , was published in Israel in the 1960s - 80s .", "19": "The Talmud El Am contains Hebrew text , English translation and commentary by Rabbi Dr A. Ehrman , with short ' realia ' , marginal notes , often illustrated , written by experts in the field for the whole of Tractate Berakhot , 2 chapters of Bava Mezia and the halachic section of Qiddushin , chapter 1 . See also under Translations , below . Translations ( edit ) Talmud Bavli ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Editions of the Babylonian Talmud Editions : ( hide ) Neusner Translation Rodkinson Translation Schottenstein Edition Soncino Edition Steinsaltz Edition There are six contemporary translations of the Talmud into English : The Noé Edition of the Koren Talmud Bavli , Adin Steinsaltz , Koren Publishers Jerusalem . This work was launched in 2012 . Opened from the Hebrew side , this edition features the traditional Vilna page with vowels and punctuation in the original Aramaic text . The Rashi commentary appears in Rashi script with vowels and punctuation . Opened from the English side , the edition features bi-lingual text with side - by - side English / Aramaic translation . The margins include color maps , illustrations and notes based on Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz 's Hebrew language translation and commentary of the Talmud . Rabbi Dr. Tzvi Hersh Weinreb serves as the Editor - in - Chief . As of March 2017 , 28 volumes have been published . The entire set will be 42 volumes . Koren Talmud Bavli The Talmud : The Steinsaltz Edition Adin Steinsaltz , Random House . This work is an English edition of Rabbi Steinsaltz ' complete Hebrew language translation of and commentary on the entire Talmud . Incomplete -- 22 volumes and a reference guide . Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud , Mesorah Publications ( 73 volumes ) . In this translation , each English page faces the Aramaic / Hebrew page . The English pages are elucidated and heavily annotated ; each Aramaic / Hebrew page of Talmud typically requires three English pages of translation and notes . Complete .", "20": "The Soncino Talmud , Isidore Epstein , Soncino Press ( 26 volumes ; also formerly an 18 volume edition was published ) . Notes on each page provide additional background material . This translation is published both on its own and in a parallel text edition , in which each English page faces the Aramaic / Hebrew page . It is available also on CD - ROM . Complete . The Talmud of Babylonia . An American Translation , Jacob Neusner , Tzvee Zahavy , others . Atlanta : 1984 - 1995 : Scholars Press for Brown Judaic Studies . Complete . The Babylonian Talmud , translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. ( 1903 , contains all of the tractates in the Orders of Mo'ed / Festivals and Nezikin / Damages , plus some additional material related to these Orders . ) This is inaccurate and was wholly superseded by the Soncino translation : it is sometimes linked to from the internet because , for copyright reasons , it was until recently the only translation freely available on the Web ( see below , under Full text resources ) . There is one translation of the Talmud into Arabic , published in 2012 in Jordan by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies . The translation was carried out by a group of 90 Muslim and Christian scholars . The introduction was characterized by Dr. Raquel Ukeles , Curator of the Israel National Library 's Arabic collection , as `` racist '' , but she considers the translation itself as `` not bad '' . In February 2017 , the William Davidson Talmud was released to Sefaria . This translation is a version of the Steinsaltz edition which was released under creative commons license . Talmud Yerushalmi ( edit ) Talmud of the Land of Israel : A Preliminary Translation and Explanation Jacob Neusner , Tzvee Zahavy , others . University of Chicago Press . This translation uses a form - analytical presentation that makes the logical units of discourse easier to identify and follow . This work has received many positive reviews . However , some consider Neusner 's translation methodology idiosyncratic . One volume was negatively reviewed by Saul Lieberman of the Jewish Theological Seminary .", "21": "Schottenstein Edition of the Yerushalmi Talmud Mesorah / Artscroll . This translation is the counterpart to Mesorah / Artscroll 's Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud ( i.e. Babylonian Talmud ) . The Jerusalem Talmud , Edition , Translation and Commentary , ed . Guggenheimer , Heinrich W. , Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co . KG , Berlin , Germany German Edition , Übersetzung des Talmud Yerushalmi , published by Martin Hengel , Peter Schäfer , Hans - Jürgen Becker , Frowald Gil Hüttenmeister , Mohr&Siebeck , Tübingen , Germany Modern Elucidated Talmud Yerushalmi , ed . Joshua Buch . Uses the Leiden manuscript as its based text corrected according to manuscripts and Geniza Fragments . Draws upon Traditional and Modern Scholarship - www.talmudyerushalmi.org/talmud-yerushalmi-mevoar/ Scholarship ( edit ) From the time of its completion , the Talmud became integral to Jewish scholarship . A maxim in Pirkei Avot advocates its study from the age of 15 . This section outlines some of the major areas of Talmudic study . Geonim ( edit ) The earliest Talmud commentaries were written by the Geonim ( c. 800 - 1000 , CE ) in Babylonia . Although some direct commentaries on particular treatises are extant , our main knowledge of Gaonic era Talmud scholarship comes from statements embedded in Geonic responsa that shed light on Talmudic passages : these are arranged in the order of the Talmud in Levin 's Otzar ha - Geonim . Also important are practical abridgments of Jewish law such as Yehudai Gaon 's Halachot Pesukot , Achai Gaon 's Sheeltot and Simeon Kayyara 's Halachot Gedolot . After the death of Hai Gaon , however , the center of Talmud scholarship shifts to Europe and North Africa .", "22": "Halakhic and aggadic extractions ( edit ) One area of Talmudic scholarship developed out of the need to ascertain the Halakha . Early commentators such as Rabbi Isaac Alfasi ( North Africa , 1013 -- 1103 ) attempted to extract and determine the binding legal opinions from the vast corpus of the Talmud . Alfasi 's work was highly influential , attracted several commentaries in its own right and later served as a basis for the creation of halakhic codes . Another influential medieval Halakhic work following the order of the Babylonian Talmud , and to some extent modelled on Alfasi , was `` the Mordechai '' , a compilation by Mordechai ben Hillel ( c. 1250 -- 1298 ) . A third such work was that of Rabbi Asher ben Yechiel ( d . 1327 ) . All these works and their commentaries are printed in the Vilna and many subsequent editions of the Talmud . A 15th - century Spanish rabbi , Jacob ibn Habib ( d . 1516 ) , composed the Ein Yaakov . Ein Yaakov ( or En Ya'aqob ) extracts nearly all the Aggadic material from the Talmud . It was intended to familiarize the public with the ethical parts of the Talmud and to dispute many of the accusations surrounding its contents . Commentaries ( edit ) Main article : Rabbinic literature The Talmud is often cryptic and difficult to understand . Its language contains many Greek and Persian words that became obscure over time . A major area of Talmudic scholarship developed to explain these passages and words . Some early commentators such as Rabbenu Gershom of Mainz ( 10th century ) and Rabbenu Ḥananel ( early 11th century ) produced running commentaries to various tractates . These commentaries could be read with the text of the Talmud and would help explain the meaning of the text .", "23": "Another important work is the Sefer ha - Mafteaḥ ( Book of the Key ) by Nissim Gaon , which contains a preface explaining the different forms of Talmudic argumentation and then explains abbreviated passages in the Talmud by cross-referring to parallel passages where the same thought is expressed in full . Commentaries ( ḥiddushim ) by Joseph ibn Migash on two tractates , Bava Batra and Shevuot , based on Ḥananel and Alfasi , also survive , as does a compilation by Zechariah Aghmati called Sefer ha - Ner . Using a different style , Rabbi Nathan b . Jechiel created a lexicon called the Arukh in the 11th century to help translate difficult words . By far the best known commentary on the Babylonian Talmud is that of Rashi ( Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac , 1040 -- 1105 ) . The commentary is comprehensive , covering almost the entire Talmud . Written as a running commentary , it provides a full explanation of the words , and explains the logical structure of each Talmudic passage . It is considered indispensable to students of the Talmud . Medieval Ashkenazic Jewry produced another major commentary known as Tosafot ( `` additions '' or `` supplements '' ) . The Tosafot are collected commentaries by various medieval Ashkenazic Rabbis on the Talmud ( known as Tosafists or Ba'alei Tosafot ) . One of the main goals of the Tosafot is to explain and interpret contradictory statements in the Talmud . Unlike Rashi , the Tosafot is not a running commentary , but rather comments on selected matters . Often the explanations of Tosafot differ from those of Rashi . Among the founders of the Tosafist school were Rabbi Jacob ben Meir ( known as Rabbeinu Tam ) , who was a grandson of Rashi , and , Rabbenu Tam 's nephew , Rabbi Isaac ben Samuel . The Tosafot commentaries were collected in different editions in the various schools . The benchmark collection of Tosafot for Northern France was that of R. Eliezer of Touques .", "24": "The standard collection for Spain was that of Rabbenu Asher ( `` Tosefot Harosh '' ) . The Tosafot that are printed in the standard Vilna edition of the Talmud are an edited version compiled from the various medieval collections , predominantly that of Touques . Over time , the approach of the Tosafists spread to other Jewish communities , particularly those in Spain . This led to the composition of many other commentaries in similar styles . Among these are the commentaries of Nachmanides ( Ramban ) , Solomon ben Adret ( Rashba ) , Yom Tov of Seville ( Ritva ) and Nissim of Gerona ( Ran ) . A comprehensive anthology consisting of extracts from all these is the Shittah Mekubbetzet of Bezalel Ashkenazi . Other commentaries produced in Spain and Provence were not influenced by the Tosafist style . Two of the most significant of these are the Yad Ramah by Rabbi Meir Abulafia and Bet Habechirah by Rabbi Menahem haMeiri , commonly referred to as `` Meiri '' . While the Bet Habechirah is extant for all of Talmud , we only have the Yad Ramah for Tractates Sanhedrin , Baba Batra and Gittin . Like the commentaries of Ramban and the others , these are generally printed as independent works , though some Talmud editions include the Shittah Mekubbetzet in an abbreviated form . In later centuries , focus partially shifted from direct Talmudic interpretation to the analysis of previously written Talmudic commentaries . These later commentaries include `` Maharshal '' ( Solomon Luria ) , `` Maharam '' ( Meir Lublin ) and `` Maharsha '' ( Samuel Edels ) , and are generally printed at the back of each tractate . Another very useful study aid , found in almost all editions of the Talmud , consists of the marginal notes Torah Or , Ein Mishpat Ner Mitzvah and Masoret ha - Shas by the Italian rabbi Joshua Boaz , which give references respectively to the cited Biblical passages , to the relevant halachic codes and to related Talmudic passages .", "25": "Most editions of the Talmud include brief marginal notes by Akiva Eger under the name Gilyonot ha - Shas , and textual notes by Joel Sirkes and the Vilna Gaon ( see Textual emendations below ) , on the page together with the text . Pilpul ( edit ) During the 15th and 16th centuries , a new intensive form of Talmud study arose . Complicated logical arguments were used to explain minor points of contradiction within the Talmud . The term pilpul was applied to this type of study . Usage of pilpul in this sense ( that of `` sharp analysis '' ) harks back to the Talmudic era and refers to the intellectual sharpness this method demanded . Pilpul practitioners posited that the Talmud could contain no redundancy or contradiction whatsoever . New categories and distinctions ( hillukim ) were therefore created , resolving seeming contradictions within the Talmud by novel logical means . In the Ashkenazi world the founders of pilpul are generally considered to be Jacob Pollak ( 1460 -- 1541 ) and Shalom Shachna . This kind of study reached its height in the 16th and 17th centuries when expertise in pilpulistic analysis was considered an art form and became a goal in and of itself within the yeshivot of Poland and Lithuania . But the popular new method of Talmud study was not without critics ; already in the 15th century , the ethical tract Orhot Zaddikim ( `` Paths of the Righteous '' in Hebrew ) criticized pilpul for an overemphasis on intellectual acuity . Many 16th - and 17th - century rabbis were also critical of pilpul . Among them may be noted Judah Loew ben Bezalel ( the Maharal of Prague ) , Isaiah Horowitz , and Yair Bacharach . By the 18th century , pilpul study waned . Other styles of learning such as that of the school of Elijah b . Solomon , the Vilna Gaon , became popular . The term `` pilpul '' was increasingly applied derogatorily to novellae deemed casuistic and hairsplitting .", "26": "Authors referred to their own commentaries as `` al derekh ha - peshat '' ( by the simple method ) to contrast them with pilpul . Sephardic approaches ( edit ) Among Sephardi and Italian Jews from the 15th century on , some authorities sought to apply the methods of Aristotelian logic , as reformulated by Averroes . This method was first recorded , though without explicit reference to Aristotle , by Isaac Campanton ( d . Spain , 1463 ) in his Darkhei ha - Talmud ( `` The Ways of the Talmud '' ) , and is also found in the works of Moses Chaim Luzzatto . According to the present - day Sephardi scholar José Faur , traditional Sephardic Talmud study could take place on any of three levels . The most basic level consists of literary analysis of the text without the help of commentaries , designed to bring out the tzurata di - shema'ta , i.e. the logical and narrative structure of the passage . The intermediate level , ' iyyun ( concentration ) , consists of study with the help of commentaries such as Rashi and the Tosafot , similar to that practised among the Ashkenazim . Historically Sephardim studied the Tosefot ha - Rosh and the commentaries of Nahmanides in preference to the printed Tosafot . A method based on the study of Tosafot , and of Ashkenazi authorities such as Maharsha ( Samuel Edels ) and Maharshal ( Solomon Luria ) , was introduced in late seventeenth century Tunisia by Rabbis Abraham Hakohen ( d . 1715 ) and Tsemaḥ Tsarfati ( d . 1717 ) and perpetuated by Rabbi Isaac Lumbroso and is sometimes referred to as ' Iyyun Tunisa'i . The highest level , halachah ( Jewish law ) , consists of collating the opinions set out in the Talmud with those of the halachic codes such as the Mishneh Torah and the Shulchan Aruch , so as to study the Talmud as a source of law .", "27": "( A project called Halacha Brura , founded by Abraham Isaac Kook , presents the Talmud and a summary of the halachic codes side by side in book form so as to enable this kind of collation . ) Today most Sephardic yeshivot follow Lithuanian approaches such as the Brisker method : the traditional Sephardic methods are perpetuated informally by some individuals . ' Iyyun Tunisa'i is taught at the Kisse Rahamim yeshivah in Bnei Brak . Brisker method ( edit ) In the late 19th century another trend in Talmud study arose . Rabbi Hayyim Soloveitchik ( 1853 -- 1918 ) of Brisk ( Brest - Litovsk ) developed and refined this style of study . Brisker method involves a reductionistic analysis of rabbinic arguments within the Talmud or among the Rishonim , explaining the differing opinions by placing them within a categorical structure . The Brisker method is highly analytical and is often criticized as being a modern - day version of pilpul . Nevertheless , the influence of the Brisker method is great . Most modern day Yeshivot study the Talmud using the Brisker method in some form . One feature of this method is the use of Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah as a guide to Talmudic interpretation , as distinct from its use as a source of practical halakha . Rival methods were those of the Mir and Telz yeshivas . Critical method ( edit ) As a result of Jewish emancipation , Judaism underwent enormous upheaval and transformation during the 19th century . Modern methods of textual and historical analysis were applied to the Talmud . Textual emendations ( edit ) The text of the Talmud has been subject to some level of critical scrutiny throughout its history . Rabbinic tradition holds that the people cited in both Talmuds did not have a hand in its writings ; rather , their teachings were edited into a rough form around 450 CE ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) and 550 CE ( Talmud Bavli . ) The text of the Bavli especially was not firmly fixed at that time . The Gaonic responsa literature addresses this issue .", "28": "Teshuvot Geonim Kadmonim , section 78 , deals with mistaken biblical readings in the Talmud . This Gaonic responsum states : `` ... But you must examine carefully in every case when you feel uncertainty ( as to the credibility of the text ) - what is its source ? Whether a scribal error ? Or the superficiality of a second rate student who was not well versed ? ... after the manner of many mistakes found among those superficial second - rate students , and certainly among those rural memorizers who were not familiar with the biblical text . And since they erred in the first place ... ( they compounded the error . ) -- Teshuvot Geonim Kadmonim , Ed . Cassel , Berlin 1858 , Photographic reprint Tel Aviv 1964 , 23b . In the early medieval era , Rashi already concluded that some statements in the extant text of the Talmud were insertions from later editors . On Shevuot 3b Rashi writes `` A mistaken student wrote this in the margin of the Talmud , and copyists ( subsequently ) put it into the Gemara . '' The emendations of Yoel Sirkis and the Vilna Gaon are included in all standard editions of the Talmud , in the form of marginal glosses entitled Hagahot ha - Bach and Hagahot ha - Gra respectively ; further emendations by Solomon Luria are set out in commentary form at the back of each tractate . The Vilna Gaon 's emendations were often based on his quest for internal consistency in the text rather than on manuscript evidence ; nevertheless many of the Gaon 's emendations were later verified by textual critics , such as Solomon Schechter , who had Cairo Genizah texts with which to compare our standard editions . In the 19th century Raphael Nathan Nota Rabinovicz published a multi-volume work entitled Dikdukei Soferim , showing textual variants from the Munich and other early manuscripts of the Talmud , and further variants are recorded in the Complete Israeli Talmud and Gemara Shelemah editions ( see Printing , above ) . Today many more manuscripts have become available , in particular from the Cairo Geniza .", "29": "The Academy of the Hebrew Language has prepared a text on CD - ROM for lexicographical purposes , containing the text of each tractate according to the manuscript it considers most reliable , and images of some of the older manuscripts may be found on the website of the Jewish National and University Library . The JNUL , the Lieberman Institute ( associated with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ) , the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud ( part of Yad Harav Herzog ) and the Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society all maintain searchable websites on which the viewer can request variant manuscript readings of a given passage . Further variant readings can often be gleaned from citations in secondary literature such as commentaries , in particular those of Alfasi , Rabbenu Ḥananel and Aghmati , and sometimes the later Spanish commentators such as Nachmanides and Solomon ben Adret . Historical analysis , and higher textual criticism ( edit ) Historical study of the Talmud can be used to investigate a variety of concerns . One can ask questions such as : Do a given section 's sources date from its editor 's lifetime ? To what extent does a section have earlier or later sources ? Are Talmudic disputes distinguishable along theological or communal lines ? In what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism ? Can these early sources be identified , and if so , how ? Investigation of questions such as these are known as higher textual criticism . ( The term `` criticism '' , it should be noted , is a technical term denoting academic study . ) Religious scholars still debate the precise method by which the text of the Talmuds reached their final form . Many believe that the text was continuously smoothed over by the savoraim . In the 1870s and 1880s Rabbi Raphael Natan Nata Rabbinovitz engaged in historical study of Talmud Bavli in his Diqduqei Soferim . Since then many Orthodox rabbis have approved of his work , including Rabbis Shlomo Kluger , Yoseph Shaul Ha - Levi Natanzohn , Yaaqov Ettlinger , Isaac Elhanan Spektor and Shimon Sofer .", "30": "During the early 19th century , leaders of the newly evolving Reform movement , such as Abraham Geiger and Samuel Holdheim , subjected the Talmud to severe scrutiny as part of an effort to break with traditional rabbinic Judaism . They insisted that the Talmud was entirely a work of evolution and development . This view was rejected as both academically incorrect , and religiously incorrect , by those who would become known as the Orthodox movement . Some Orthodox leaders such as Moses Sofer ( the Chatam Sofer ) became exquisitely sensitive to any change and rejected modern critical methods of Talmud study . Some rabbis advocated a view of Talmudic study that they held to be in - between the Reformers and the Orthodox ; these were the adherents of positive - historical Judaism , notably Nachman Krochmal and Zecharias Frankel . They described the Oral Torah as the result of a historical and exegetical process , emerging over time , through the application of authorized exegetical techniques , and more importantly , the subjective dispositions and personalities and current historical conditions , by learned sages . This was later developed more fully in the five volume work Dor Dor ve - Dorshav by Isaac Hirsch Weiss . ( See Jay Harris Guiding the Perplexed in the Modern Age Ch. 5 ) Eventually their work came to be one of the formative parts of Conservative Judaism . Another aspect of this movement is reflected in Graetz 's History of the Jews . Graetz attempts to deduce the personality of the Pharisees based on the laws or aggadot that they cite , and show that their personalities influenced the laws they expounded . The leader of Orthodox Jewry in Germany Samson Raphael Hirsch , while not rejecting the methods of scholarship in principle , hotly contested the findings of the Historical - Critical method . In a series of articles in his magazine Jeschurun ( reprinted in Collected Writings Vol. 5 ) Hirsch reiterated the traditional view , and pointed out what he saw as numerous errors in the works of Graetz , Frankel and Geiger . On the other hand , many of the 19th century 's strongest critics of Reform , including strictly orthodox Rabbis such as Zvi Hirsch Chajes , utilized this new scientific method .", "31": "The Orthodox Rabbinical seminary of Azriel Hildesheimer was founded on the idea of creating a `` harmony between Judaism and science '' . Another Orthodox pioneer of scientific Talmud study was David Zvi Hoffman . The Iraqi rabbi Yaakov Chaim Sofer notes that the text of the Gemara has had changes and additions , and contains statements not of the same origin as the original . See his Yehi Yosef ( Jerusalem , 1991 ) p. 132 `` This passage does not bear the signature of the editor of the Talmud ! '' Orthodox scholar Daniel Sperber writes in `` Legitimacy , of Necessity , of Scientific Disciplines '' that many Orthodox sources have engaged in the historical ( also called `` scientific '' ) study of the Talmud . As such , the divide today between Orthodoxy and Reform is not about whether the Talmud may be subjected to historical study , but rather about the theological and halakhic implications of such study . Contemporary scholarship ( edit ) Some trends within contemporary Talmud scholarship are listed below . Orthodox Judaism maintains that the oral Torah was revealed , in some form , together with the written Torah . As such , some adherents , most notably Samson Raphael Hirsch and his followers , resisted any effort to apply historical methods that imputed specific motives to the authors of the Talmud . Other major figures in Orthodoxy , however , took issue with Hirsch on this matter , most prominently David Tzvi Hoffmann . Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Talmud . Lacking outside confirming texts , they hold that we can not confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws , and that we can say little for certain about their authorship . In this view , the questions above are impossible to answer . See , for example , the works of Louis Jacobs and Shaye J.D. Cohen . Some scholars hold that the Talmud has been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction , but that it contains sources we can identify and describe with some level of reliability . In this view , sources can be identified by tracing the history and analyzing the geographical regions of origin . See , for example , the works of Lee I. Levine and David Kraemer .", "32": "Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Talmud usually occurred more or less as described , and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study . In this view , historians do their best to tease out later editorial additions ( itself a very difficult task ) and skeptically view accounts of miracles , leaving behind a reliable historical text . See , for example , the works of Saul Lieberman , David Weiss Halivni , and Avraham Goldberg . Modern academic study attempts to separate the different `` strata '' within the text , to try to interpret each level on its own , and to identify the correlations between parallel versions of the same tradition . In recent years , the works of R. David Weiss Halivni and Dr. Shamma Friedman have suggested a paradigm shift in the understanding of the Talmud ( Encyclopaedia Judaica 2nd ed. entry `` Talmud , Babylonian '' ) . The traditional understanding was to view the Talmud as a unified homogeneous work . While other scholars had also treated the Talmud as a multi-layered work , Dr. Halivni 's innovation ( primarily in the second volume of his Mekorot u-Mesorot ) was to differentiate between the Amoraic statements , which are generally brief Halachic decisions or inquiries , and the writings of the later `` Stammaitic '' ( or Saboraic ) authors , which are characterised by a much longer analysis that often consists of lengthy dialectic discussion . It has been noted that the Jerusalem Talmud is in fact very similar to the Babylonian Talmud minus Stammaitic activity ( Encyclopaedia Judaica ( 2nd ed . ) , entry `` Jerusalem Talmud '' ) . Shamma Y . Friedman 's Talmud Aruch on the sixth chapter of Bava Metzia ( 1996 ) is the first example of a complete analysis of a Talmudic text using this method . S. Wald has followed with works on Pesachim ch. 3 ( 2000 ) and Shabbat ch. 7 ( 2006 ) . Further commentaries in this sense are being published by Dr Friedman 's `` Society for the Interpretation of the Talmud '' .", "33": "Some scholars are indeed using outside sources to help give historical and contextual understanding of certain areas of the Babylonian Talmud . See for example the works of the Prof Yaakov Elman and of his student Dr. Shai Secunda , which seek to place the Talmud in its Iranian context , for example by comparing it with contemporary Zoroastrian texts . Role in Judaism ( edit ) The Talmud represents the written record of an oral tradition . It became the basis for many rabbinic legal codes and customs , most importantly for the Mishneh Torah and for the Shulchan Aruch . Orthodox and , to a lesser extent , Conservative Judaism accepts the Talmud as authoritative , while Samaritan , Karaite , Reconstructionist , and Reform Judaism do not . This section briefly outlines past and current movements and their view of the Talmud 's role . Sadducees ( edit ) The Jewish sect of the Sadducees flourished during the Second Temple period . Principal distinctions between them and the Pharisees ( later known as Rabbinic Judaism ) involved their rejection of an Oral Torah and their denying a resurrection after death . Karaism ( edit ) Another movement that rejected the oral Torah was Karaism . It arose within two centuries of the completion of the Talmud . Karaism developed as a reaction against the Talmudic Judaism of Babylonia . The central concept of Karaism is the rejection of the Oral Torah , as embodied in the Talmud , in favor of a strict adherence to the Written Torah only . This opposes the fundamental Rabbinic concept that the Oral Torah was given to Moses on Mount Sinai together with the Written Torah . Some later Karaites took a more moderate stance , allowing that some element of tradition ( called sevel ha - yerushah , the burden of inheritance ) is admissible in interpreting the Torah and that some authentic traditions are contained in the Mishnah and the Talmud , though these can never supersede the plain meaning of the Written Torah . Reform Judaism ( edit ) The rise of Reform Judaism during the 19th century saw more questioning of the authority of the Talmud . Reform Jews saw the Talmud as a product of late antiquity , having relevance merely as a historical document .", "34": "For example , the `` Declaration of Principles '' issued by the Association of Friends of Reform Frankfurt in August 1843 states among other things that : The collection of controversies , dissertations , and prescriptions commonly designated by the name Talmud possesses for us no authority , from either the dogmatic or the practical standpoint . Some took a critical - historical view of the written Torah as well , while others appeared to adopt a neo-Karaite `` back to the Bible '' approach , though often with greater emphasis on the prophetic than on the legal books . Humanistic Judaism ( edit ) Within Humanistic Judaism , Talmud is studied as a historical text , in order to discover how it can demonstrate practical relevance to living today . Present day ( edit ) See also Halakha : Views today and Halakha : The sources and process of Halakha . Orthodox Judaism continues to stress the importance of Talmud study as a central component of Yeshiva curriculum , in particular for those training to become Rabbis . This is so even though Halakha is generally studied from the medieval and early modern codes and not directly from the Talmud . Talmudic study amongst the laity is widespread in Orthodox Judaism , with daily or weekly Talmud study particularly common in Haredi Judaism and with Talmud study a central part of the curriculum in Orthodox Yeshivas and day schools . The regular study of Talmud among laymen has been popularized by the Daf Yomi , a daily course of Talmud study initiated by Rabbi Meir Shapiro in 1923 ; its 13th cycle of study began on August , 2012 . The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute has popularized the `` MyShiur - Explorations in Talmud '' to show how the Talmud is relevant to a wide range of people . Conservative Judaism similarly emphasizes the study of Talmud within its religious and rabbinic education . Generally , however , Conservative Jews study the Talmud as a historical source - text for Halakha . The Conservative approach to legal decision - making emphasizes placing classic texts and prior decisions in historical and cultural context , and examining the historical development of Halakha . This approach has resulted in greater practical flexibility than that of the Orthodox .", "35": "Talmud study forms part of the curriculum of Conservative parochial education at many Conservative day - schools , and an increase in Conservative day - school enrollments has resulted in an increase in Talmud study as part of Conservative Jewish education among a minority of Conservative Jews . See also : The Conservative Jewish view of the Halakha . Reform Judaism does not emphasize the study of Talmud to the same degree in their Hebrew schools , but they do teach it in their rabbinical seminaries ; the world view of liberal Judaism rejects the idea of binding Jewish law , and uses the Talmud as a source of inspiration and moral instruction . Ownership and reading of the Talmud is not widespread among Reform and Reconstructionist Jews , who usually place more emphasis on the study of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh . In visual arts ( edit ) In Carl Schleicher 's paintings ( edit ) Rabbis and talmudists studying and debating Talmud abound in the art of Austrian painter Carl Schleicher ( 1825 - 1903 ) ; active in Vienna , especially c. 1859 -- 1871 . Jewish Scene II A Controversy Whatsoever on Talmud . At the Rabbi 's . Jewish Scene I . Jewish art ( edit ) Jews studying Talmud , París , c. 1880 - 1905 Samuel Hirszenberg , Talmudic School , c. 1895 - 1908 . Ephraim Moses Lilien , The Talmud Students , engraving , 1915 Maurycy Trębacz , The Dispute , c. 1920 - 1940 Solomon 's Haggadoth , bronze relief from the Knesset Menorah , Jerusalem , by Benno Elkan , 1956 . Hilel 's Teachings , bronze relief from the Knesset Menorah Jewish Mysticism : Jochanan ben Sakkai , bronze relief from the Knesset Menorah Other contexts ( edit ) The study of Talmud is not restricted to those of the Jewish religion and has attracted interest in other cultures . Christian scholars have long expressed an interest in the study of Talmud which has helped illuminate their own scriptures .", "36": "Talmud contains biblical exegesis and commentary on Tanakh that will often clarify elliptical and esoteric passages . The Talmud contains possible references to Jesus Christ and his disciples , while the Christian canon makes mention of Talmudic figures and contains teachings that can be paralleled within the Talmud and Midrash . The Talmud provides cultural and historical context to the Gospel and the writings of the Apostles . South Koreans reportedly hope to emulate Jews ' high academic standards by studying Jewish literature . Almost every household has a translated copy of a book they call `` Talmud '' , which parents read to their children , and the book is part of the primary - school curriculum . The `` Talmud '' in this case is usually one of several possible volumes , the earliest translated into Korean from the Japanese . The original Japanese books were created through the collaboration of Japanese writer Hideaki Kase and Marvin Tokayer , an Orthodox American rabbi serving in Japan in the 1960s and 70s . The first collaborative book was 5,000 Years of Jewish Wisdom : Secrets of the Talmud Scriptures , created over a three - day period in 1968 and published in 1971 . The book contains actual stories from the Talmud , proverbs , ethics , Jewish legal material , biographies of Talmudic rabbis , and personal stories about Tokayer and his family . Tokayer and Kase published a number of other books on Jewish themes together in Japanese . The first South Korean publication of 5,000 Years of Jewish Wisdom was in 1974 , by Tae Zang publishing house . Many different editions followed in both Korea and China , often by black - market publishers . Between 2007 and 2009 , Reverend Yong - soo Hyun of the Shema Yisrael Educational Institute published a 6 - volume edition of the Korean Talmud , bringing together material from a variety of Tokayer 's earlier books . He worked with Tokayer to correct errors and Tokayer is listed as the author . Tutoring centers based on this and other works called `` Talmud '' for both adults and children are popular in Korea and `` Talmud '' books ( all based on Tokayer 's works and not the original Talmud ) are widely read and known .", "37": "Criticism ( edit ) Part of a series on Criticism of religion By religion Buddhism Christianity Christian fundamentalism Catholic Catholicism Opus Dei Latter Day Saint movement Mormonism Jehovah 's Witnesses Protestantism Orthodoxy Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shi'ism Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Conservative Judaism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism By religious figure Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Saul By text Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious violence Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Persecution By Christians Sectarian violence Segregation Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Sikh Jewish War In Islam In Judaism Related topics Abuse Apostasy In Islam In Christianity Criticism of atheism Criticism of monotheism Sexuality Slavery Historian Michael Levi Rodkinson , in his book The History of the Talmud , wrote that detractors of the Talmud , both during and subsequent to its formation , `` have varied in their character , objects and actions '' and the book documents a number of critics and persecutors , including Nicholas Donin , Johannes Pfefferkorn , Johann Andreas Eisenmenger , the Frankists , and August Rohling . Many attacks come from antisemitic sources , particularly Christians such as Justinas Pranaitis , Elizabeth Dilling or David Duke . Criticisms also arise from Muslim sources , Jewish sources , and atheists and skeptics . Accusations against the Talmud include alleged : Anti-Christian or anti-Gentile content Absurd or sexually immoral content Falsification of scripture Defenders of the Talmud argue that many of these criticisms , particularly those in antisemitic sources , are based on quotations that are taken out of context , and thus misrepresent the meaning of the Talmud 's text . Sometimes the misrepresentation is deliberate , and other times simply due to an inability to grasp the subtle and sometimes confusing narratives in the Talmud .", "38": "Some quotations provided by critics deliberately omit passages in order to generate quotes that appear to be offensive or insulting . Middle Ages ( edit ) At the very time that the Babylonian savoraim put the finishing touches to the redaction of the Talmud , the emperor Justinian issued his edict against deuterosis ( doubling , repetition ) of the Hebrew Bible . It is disputed whether , in this context , deuterosis means `` Mishnah '' or `` Targum '' : in patristic literature , the word is used in both senses . Full - scale attacks on the Talmud took place in the 13th century in France , where Talmudic study was then flourishing . In the 1230s , Nicholas Donin , a Jewish convert to Christianity , pressed 35 charges against the Talmud to Pope Gregory IX by translating a series of blasphemous passages about Jesus , Mary or Christianity . There is a quoted Talmudic passage , for example , where Jesus of Nazareth is sent to Hell to be boiled in excrement for eternity . Donin also selected an injunction of the Talmud that permits Jews to kill non-Jews . This led to the Disputation of Paris , which took place in 1240 at the court of Louis IX of France , where four rabbis , including Yechiel of Paris and Moses ben Jacob of Coucy , defended the Talmud against the accusations of Nicholas Donin . The translation of the Talmud from Hebrew to non-Jewish languages stripped Jewish discourse from its covering , something that was resented by Jews as a profound violation . The Disputation of Paris led to the condemnation and the first burning of copies of the Talmud in Paris in 1242 . The burning of copies of the Talmud continued . The Talmud was likewise the subject of the Disputation of Barcelona in 1263 between Nahmanides ( Rabbi Moses ben Nahman ) and Christian convert , Pablo Christiani . This same Pablo Christiani made an attack on the Talmud that resulted in a papal bull against the Talmud and in the first censorship , which was undertaken at Barcelona by a commission of Dominicans , who ordered the cancellation of passages deemed objectionable from a Christian perspective ( 1264 ) .", "39": "At the Disputation of Tortosa in 1413 , Geronimo de Santa Fé brought forward a number of accusations , including the fateful assertion that the condemnations of `` pagans , '' `` heathens , '' and `` apostates '' found in the Talmud were in reality veiled references to Christians . These assertions were denied by the Jewish community and its scholars , who contended that Judaic thought made a sharp distinction between those classified as heathen or pagan , being polytheistic , and those who acknowledge one true God ( such as the Christians ) even while worshipping the true monotheistic God incorrectly . Thus , Jews viewed Christians as misguided and in error , but not among the `` heathens '' or `` pagans '' discussed in the Talmud . Both Pablo Christiani and Geronimo de Santa Fé , in addition to criticizing the Talmud , also regarded it as a source of authentic traditions , some of which could be used as arguments in favour of Christianity . Examples of such traditions were statements that the Messiah was born around the time of the destruction of the Temple , and that the Messiah sat at the right hand of God . In 1415 , Antipope Benedict XIII , who had convened the Tortosa disputation , issued a papal bull ( which was destined , however , to remain inoperative ) forbidding the Jews to read the Talmud , and ordering the destruction of all copies of it . Far more important were the charges made in the early part of the 16th century by the convert Johannes Pfefferkorn , the agent of the Dominicans . The result of these accusations was a struggle in which the emperor and the pope acted as judges , the advocate of the Jews being Johann Reuchlin , who was opposed by the obscurantists ; and this controversy , which was carried on for the most part by means of pamphlets , became in the eyes of some a precursor of the Reformation . An unexpected result of this affair was the complete printed edition of the Babylonian Talmud issued in 1520 by Daniel Bomberg at Venice , under the protection of a papal privilege . Three years later , in 1523 , Bomberg published the first edition of the Jerusalem Talmud .", "40": "After thirty years the Vatican , which had first permitted the Talmud to appear in print , undertook a campaign of destruction against it . On the New Year , Rosh Hashanah ( September 9 , 1553 ) the copies of the Talmud confiscated in compliance with a decree of the Inquisition were burned at Rome , in Campo dei Fiori ( auto de fé ) . Other burnings took place in other Italian cities , such as the one instigated by Joshua dei Cantori at Cremona in 1559 . Censorship of the Talmud and other Hebrew works was introduced by a papal bull issued in 1554 ; five years later the Talmud was included in the first Index Expurgatorius ; and Pope Pius IV commanded , in 1565 , that the Talmud be deprived of its very name . The convention of referring to the work as `` Shas '' ( shishah sidre Mishnah ) instead of `` Talmud '' dates from this time . The first edition of the expurgated Talmud , on which most subsequent editions were based , appeared at Basel ( 1578 -- 1581 ) with the omission of the entire treatise of ' Abodah Zarah and of passages considered inimical to Christianity , together with modifications of certain phrases . A fresh attack on the Talmud was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII ( 1575 -- 85 ) , and in 1593 Clement VIII renewed the old interdiction against reading or owning it . The increasing study of the Talmud in Poland led to the issue of a complete edition ( Kraków , 1602 - 5 ) , with a restoration of the original text ; an edition containing , so far as known , only two treatises had previously been published at Lublin ( 1559 -- 76 ) . In 1707 some copies of the Talmud were confiscated in the province of Brandenburg , but were restored to their owners by command of Frederick , the first king of Prussia .", "41": "A further attack on the Talmud took place in Poland ( in what is now Ukrainian territory ) in 1757 , when Bishop Dembowski , at the instigation of the Frankists , convened a public disputation at Kamianets - Podilskyi , and ordered all copies of the work found in his bishopric to be confiscated and burned . The external history of the Talmud includes also the literary attacks made upon it by some Christian theologians after the Reformation , since these onslaughts on Judaism were directed primarily against that work , the leading example being Eisenmenger 's Entdecktes Judenthum ( Judaism Unmasked ) ( 1700 ) . In contrast , the Talmud was a subject of rather more sympathetic study by many Christian theologians , jurists and Orientalists from the Renaissance on , including Johann Reuchlin , John Selden , Petrus Cunaeus , John Lightfoot and Johannes Buxtorf father and son . 19th century and after ( edit ) The Vilna edition of the Talmud was subject to Russian government censorship , or self - censorship to meet government expectations , though this was less severe than some previous attempts : the title `` Talmud '' was retained and the tractate Avodah Zarah was included . Most modern editions are either copies of or closely based on the Vilna edition , and therefore still omit most of the disputed passages . Although they were not available for many generations , the removed sections of the Talmud , Rashi , Tosafot and Maharsha were preserved through rare printings of lists of errata , known as Chesronos Hashas ( `` Omissions of the Talmud '' ) . Many of these censored portions were recovered from uncensored manuscripts in the Vatican Library . Some modern editions of the Talmud contain some or all of this material , either at the back of the book , in the margin , or in its original location in the text . In 1830 , during a debate in the French Chamber of Peers regarding state recognition of the Jewish faith , Admiral Verhuell declared himself unable to forgive the Jews whom he had met during his travels throughout the world either for their refusal to recognize Jesus as the Messiah or for their possession of the Talmud .", "42": "In the same year the Abbé Chiarini published a voluminous work entitled Théorie du Judaïsme , in which he announced a translation of the Talmud , advocating for the first time a version that would make the work generally accessible , and thus serve for attacks on Judaism : only two out of the projected six volumes of this translation appeared . In a like spirit 19th - century anti-Semitic agitators often urged that a translation be made ; and this demand was even brought before legislative bodies , as in Vienna . The Talmud and the `` Talmud Jew '' thus became objects of anti-Semitic attacks , for example in August Rohling 's Der Talmudjude ( 1871 ) , although , on the other hand , they were defended by many Christian students of the Talmud , notably Hermann Strack . Further attacks from anti-Semitic sources include Justinas Pranaitis ' The Talmud Unmasked : The Secret Rabbinical Teachings Concerning Christians ( 1892 ) and Elizabeth Dilling 's The Plot against Christianity ( 1964 ) . The criticisms of the Talmud in many modern pamphlets and websites are often recognisable as verbatim quotes from one or other of these . Contemporary accusations ( edit ) Criticism of the Talmud is widespread , in great part through the internet . The Anti-Defamation League 's report on this topic states that antisemitic critics of the Talmud frequently use erroneous translations or selective quotations in order to distort the meaning of the Talmud 's text , and sometimes fabricate passages . In addition , the attackers rarely provide full context of the quotations , and fail to provide contextual information about the culture that the Talmud was composed in , nearly 2,000 years ago . One such example concerns the line `` If a Jew be called upon to explain any part of the rabbinic books , he ought to give only a false explanation . Who ever will violate this order shall be put to death . '' alleged to be a quote from a book titled Libbre David ( alternatively Livore David ) . No such book exists in the Talmud or elsewhere . The title is assumed to be a corruption of Dibre David , a work published in 1671 .", "43": "Reference to the quote is found in an early Holocaust denial book , The Six Million Reconsidered by William Grimstad . Gil Student , an internet author , states that many attacks on the Talmud are merely recycling discredited material that originated in the 13th - century disputations , particularly from Raymond Marti and Nicholas Donin , and that the criticisms are based on quotations taken out of context , and are sometimes entirely fabricated . See also ( edit ) Judaism portal Baraita Daf Yomi Ein Yaakov Hadran ( Talmud ) Jesus in the Talmud List of logical arguments in the Talmud Minor Tractates Rashi Shas Pollak Siyum Siyum HaShas Talmudic Academies in Babylonia Talmudic Academies in Syria Palaestina Talmudical hermeneutics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Abraham ( 1987 ) . `` The Palestinian Talmud '' . In Safrai , Shmuel . The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud , Volume 3 The Literature of the Sages . Brill . doi : 10.1163 / 9789004275133_008 . Jump up ^ Jastrow , Morris Jr. ; Rogers , Robert W. ; Gottheil , Richard ; Krauss , Samuel ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk and Wagnalls . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . The Talmud gives the boundaries of as much of Babylonia as contained Jewish residents Jump up ^ See , Strack , Hermann , Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash , Jewish Publication Society , 1945 . pp. 11 - 12 . `` ( The Oral Torah ) was handed down by word of mouth during a long period ... The first attempts to write down the traditional matter , there is reason to believe , date from the first half of the second post-Christian century . '' Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon ( the New Testament ) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral Torah in writing .", "44": "Jump up ^ The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Torah into writing was first explained in the Epistle of Sherira Gaon and often repeated . See , for example , Grayzel , A History of the Jews , Penguin Books , 1984 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ For the meaning of `` page '' in this context see under # Printing . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Louis , Structure and form in the Babylonian Talmud , Cambridge University Press , 1991 , p. 2 Jump up ^ e.g. Pirkei Avot 5.21 : `` five for the Torah , ten for Mishnah , thirteen for the commandments , fifteen for talmud '' . Jump up ^ `` Talmud '' . A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion . Louis Jacobs . Oxford University Press , 1999 , page 261 Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Talmud '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Yerushalmi -- the Talmud of the land of Israel : an introduction , Jacob Neusner , J. Aronson , 1993 Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` XVIII : He speaks of their Unanimity respecting the Feast of Easter , and against the Practice of the Jews '' . Vita Constantini . III ( circa 330 CE ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Talmud and Midrash ( Judaism ) : : The making of the Talmuds : 3rd - 6th century '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Moshe Gil ( 2004 ) . Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages . p. 507 . Jump up ^ Nosson Dovid Rabinowich ( ed ) , The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon , Jerusalem 1988 , pp.", "45": "79 , 116 Jump up ^ Nosson Dovid Rabinowich ( ed ) , The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon , Jerusalem 1988 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Steinsaltz , Adin ( 1976 ) . The Essential Talmud . BasicBooks , A Division of HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02063 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress : The Talmud '' . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Jump up ^ Sáenz - Badillos , Ángel and John Elwolde. 1996 . A history of the Hebrew language . P. 170 - 171 : `` There is general agreement that two main periods of RH ( Rabbinical Hebrew ) can be distinguished . The first , which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era ( around 200 CE ) , is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in which the Mishnah , Tosefta , baraitot , and Tannaitic midrashim would be composed . The second stage begins with the Amoraim , and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular , surviving only as a literary language . Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the 10th century in , for example , the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic literature . '' Jump up ^ Dalin 2012 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Gottheil & Broydé 1906 . Jump up ^ Heller 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Amram 1909 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Amnon Raz - Krakotzkin . The Censor , the Editor , and the Text : The Catholic Church and the Shaping of the Jewish Canon in the Sixteenth Century . Trans . Jackie Feldman . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2007 . viii + 314 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4011 - 5 .", "46": "p104 Jump up ^ Christiane Berkvens - Stevelinck Le Magasin De L'Univers - The Dutch Republic As the Centre of the European Book Trade ( Brill 's Studies in Intellectual History ) Jump up ^ Printing the Talmud : a history of the individual treatises p239 Marvin J. Heller - 1999 `` The Benveniste Talmud , according to Rabbinovicz , was based on the Lublin Talmud which included many of the censors ' errors '' Jump up ^ The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Isaac Landman - 1941 `` His greatest work was the translation of the entire Babylonian Talmud into German , which , as it was made from the uncensored text and was the only complete translation in a European language , was of great value for students . '' Jump up ^ Friedman , `` Variant Readings in the Babylonian Talmud -- A Methodological Study Marking the Appearance of 13 Volumes of the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud 's Edition , '' Tarbiz 68 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Yosef . `` Talmud Bavli be-niqqud Temani '' . Nosachteiman.co.il . Jump up ^ Julius Joseph Price , The Yemenite ms. of Megilla ( in the Library of Columbia university ) , 1916 ; Pesahim , 1913 ; Mo'ed Katon , 1920 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Matthew . `` America 's Most Important Jewish Event ? '' , ' Commentary ' , June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen for a Day '' , Tablet Magazine , 5 February 2013 Jump up ^ The other Oz ve - Hadar editions are similar but without the explanation in modern Hebrew . Jump up ^ Introducing : Talmud in Arabic Jump up ^ `` Arab translation of Talmud includes anti-Israeli messages '' . Jump up ^ `` Talmud ( William Davidson ) '' . www.sefaria.org . Retrieved 4 June 2017 .", "47": "Jump up ^ http://www.jta.org/2017/02/07/news-opinion/united-states/with-full-talmud-translation-online-library-hopes-to-make-sages-accessible Jump up ^ As Pirkei Avot is a tractate of the Mishnah , and reached its final form centuries before the compilation of either Talmud , this refers to talmud as an activity rather than to any written compilation . Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : ספר הנר - ברכות -- אגמתי , זכריה בן יהודה '' . Jump up ^ For a list see Ephraim Urbach , s.v. `` Tosafot , '' in Encyclopedia of Religion . Jump up ^ See Pilpul , Mordechai Breuer , in Encyclopaedia Judaica , Vol. 16 , 2nd Ed ( 2007 ) , Macmillan Reference , USA and H.H. Ben Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , pp. 627 , 717 . Jump up ^ Kol Melechet Higgayon , the Hebrew translation of Averroes ' epitome of Aristotle 's logical works , was widely studied in northern Italy , particularly Padua . Jump up ^ Boyarin , Sephardi Speculation ( Hebrew ) ( Jerusalem 1989 ) . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive treatment , see Ravitzky , below . Jump up ^ Faur is here describing the tradition of Damascus , though the approach in other places may have been similar . Jump up ^ Examples of lessons using this approach may be found here . Jump up ^ Cf . the distinction in the Ashkenazi yeshivah curriculum between beki'ut ( basic familiarization ) and ' iyyun ( in - depth study ) . Jump up ^ David ben Judah Messer Leon , Kevod Ḥakhamim , cited by Zimmels , Ashkenazim and Sephardim , pp. 151 and 154 . Jump up ^ Chaim Joseph David Azulai , Shem Gedolim , cited Hirschberg , A History of the Jews in North Africa , pp 125 - 6 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Joseph Ringel , `` A Third Way : Iyyun Tunisai as a Traditional Critical Method of Talmud Study '' , Tradition 2013 46 : 3 . Jump up ^ Rav Avraham Yitzchok Ha - Cohen Kook , zt `` l , Late Chief Rabbi of Israel ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` A labor of great magnitude stands before us , to repair the break between the Talmudic deliberations and the halachic decisions ... to accustom students of the Gemara to correlate knowledge of all the halacha with its source and reason ... '' . Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) It should not be confused with the halachic compendium of the same name by Rabbi David Yosef . Jump up ^ For a humorous description of the different methods , see Gavriel Bechhofer 's An Analysis of Darchei HaLimud ( Methodologies of Talmud Study ) Centering on a Cup of Tea . Jump up ^ As Yonah Fraenkel shows in his book Darko Shel Rashi be-Ferusho la - Talmud ha - Bavli , one of Rashi 's major accomplishments was textual emendation . Rabbenu Tam , Rashi 's grandson and one of the central figures in the Tosafist academies , polemicizes against textual emendation in his less studied work Sefer ha - Yashar . However , the Tosafists , too , emended the Talmudic text ( See e.g. Baba Kamma 83b s.v. af haka'ah ha'amurah or Gittin 32a s.v. mevutelet ) as did many other medieval commentators ( see e.g. R. Shlomo ben Aderet , Hiddushei ha - Rashb `` a al ha - Sha '' s to Baba Kamma 83b , or Rabbenu Nissim 's commentary to Alfasi on Gittin 32a ) . Jump up ^ Etkes , Immanuel ( 2002 ) . The Gaon of Vilna . University of California Press . p. 16 .", "49": "ISBN 0 - 520 - 22394 - 2 . Jump up ^ Solomon Schechter , Studies in Judaism p. 92 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Sokoloff , Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic . Jump up ^ `` אוצר כתבי יד תלמודיים '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ See under # Manuscripts and textual variants , below . Jump up ^ See particularly his controversial dissertation , Mar Samuel , available at archive.org ( German ) . Jump up ^ ( www.entry.co.il ) , entry interactive . `` Igud HaTalmud '' . Jump up ^ Yaacov Elman ( November 2012 ) . Steven Fine ; Shai Secunda , eds . Shoshannat Yaakov : Jewish and Iranian Studies in Honor of Yaakov Elman . Brill Academic Pub Publishers . ISBN 978 - 9004235441 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Shai Secunda ( October 2013 ) . The Iranian Talmud : Reading the Bavli in Its Sasanian Context . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0812245707 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Secular Talmud Study - The City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism '' . Jump up ^ Lakein , Dvora ( December 28 , 2007 ) . `` Chabad Unveils Talmudic Study Program In 15 Cities '' . New York . Merkos L'inyonei Chinuch . Jump up ^ See Schleicher 's paintings at MutualArt . Jump up ^ `` Why Christians Should Study Torah and Talmud '' . Bridges for Peace . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hirschfield , Tzofia ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Why Koreans study Talmud '' . Jewish World . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alper , Tim ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Why South Koreans are in love with Judaism '' .", "50": "The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ross Arbes ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Talmud Became a Best - Seller in South Korea '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Rodkinson Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard , Semites and anti-Semites : an inquiry into conflict and prejudice , W.W. Norton & Company , 1999 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul , A history of the Jews , HarperCollins , 1988 , p. 577 Jump up ^ Arab attitudes to Israel , Yehoshafat Harkabi , p. 248 , 272 Jump up ^ Such as Uriel da Costa , Israel Shahak and Baruch Kimmerling Jump up ^ Such as Christopher Hitchens and Denis Diderot Jump up ^ Hyam Maccoby , Judaism on Trial Jump up ^ ADL report The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Anti-Defamation League Jump up ^ Student , Gil - Rebuttals to criticisms of Talmud Jump up ^ Bacher , Wilhelm , `` Talmud '' , article in Jewish Encyclopedia , Funk & Wagnalls Company , 1901 Jump up ^ `` TALMUD - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . Jump up ^ `` TALMUD - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraade , pp. 144 - 146 Jump up ^ Kimmerling , Baruch , `` Images of Gentiles '' ( book review ) , Journal of Palestine Studies , April 1997 , Vol. 26 , No. 3 , pp. 96 -- 98 Jump up ^ Siedman , p. 137 Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , p. 48 Jump up ^ Steinsaltz , pp. 268 - 270 Jump up ^ See , for example , Uriel DaCosta , quoted by Nadler , p. 68 Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , p. 47 Jump up ^ Wilhelm Bacher , `` Talmud '' , article in Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ ADL report , p.", "51": "1 - 2 Jump up ^ For examples of some selective quoting and omissions , see : Responses to criticisms by Gil Student : Responses to criticisms by Michael Gruda Jump up ^ Nov. 146.1. 2 . Jump up ^ Naomi Seidman , Faithful Renderings : Jewish - Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Rodkinson , pp 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Levy , p 701 Jump up ^ For a Hebrew account of the Paris Disputation , see Jehiel of Paris , `` The Disputation of Jehiel of Paris '' ( Hebrew ) , in Collected Polemics and Disputations , ed . J.D. Eisenstein , Hebrew Publishing Company , 1922 ; Translated and reprinted by Hyam Maccoby in Judaism on Trial : Jewish - Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages , 1982 Jump up ^ James Carroll Constantine 's sword : the church and the Jews : a history Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , pp 50 - 54 ^ Jump up to : Maccoby Jump up ^ Hyam Maccoby , op . cit . Jump up ^ Roth , Norman , Medieval Jewish civilization : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , 2003 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Rodkinson , p 98 Jump up ^ Hastings , James . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 23 , p 186 Jump up ^ Rodkinson , pp 100 - 103 Jump up ^ Rodkinson , p. 105 Jump up ^ Levy , p. 210 Jump up ^ Boettcher , Susan R. , `` Entdecktes Judenthum '' , article in Levy , p. 210 Jump up ^ Berlin , George L. , Defending the faith : nineteenth - century American Jewish writings on Christianity and Jesus , SUNY Press , 1989 , p 156 Jump up ^ Chesronos Hashas Jump up ^ The Talmud : The Steinsaltz Edition , pp. 103 - 104 Heller , Marvin J. ( 1999 ) . Printing the Talmud : a history of the individual treatises printed from 1700 to 1750 . Basel : Brill Publishers . pp. 17 , 166 .", "52": "Jump up ^ `` Page : Archives israelites 1851 tome12. djvu / 647 - Wikisource '' . Jump up ^ `` CHIARINI , LUIGI - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . Jump up ^ Rodkinson , pp 109 - 114 Jump up ^ Levy , p 564 Jump up ^ Jeansonne , Glen , Women of the Far Right : The Mothers ' Movement and World War II , University of Chicago Press , 1997 , pp 168 - 169 Jump up ^ Jones , Jeremy ( June 1999 ) . `` Talmudic Terrors '' . Australia / Israel Review . Archived from the original on 2002 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . If any reader doubts the maliciousness , virulence and prevalence of such material in cyber-space , it is well worth a visit to the Internet site known as Talmud Exposé ( www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8815 ( now at http://www.oocities.org/athens/cyprus/8815/ ) ) , in which Melbourne 's David Maddison has performed the Herculean task of responding , one by one , to the hundreds of `` anti-Talmud '' quotes , lies and themes he has encountered on the Internet ... Jump up ^ `` The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Anti-Defamation League . February 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . By selectively citing various passages from the Talmud and Midrash , polemicists have sought to demonstrate that Judaism espouses hatred for non-Jews ( and specifically for Christians ) , and promotes obscenity , sexual perversion , and other immoral behavior . To make these passages serve their purposes , these polemicists frequently mistranslate them or cite them out of context ( wholesale fabrication of passages is not unknown ). ... In distorting the normative meanings of rabbinic texts , anti-Talmud writers frequently remove passages from their textual and historical contexts .", "53": "Even when they present their citations accurately , they judge the passages based on contemporary moral standards , ignoring the fact that the majority of these passages were composed close to two thousand years ago by people living in cultures radically different from our own . They are thus able to ignore Judaism 's long history of social progress and paint it instead as a primitive and parochial religion . Those who attack the Talmud frequently cite ancient rabbinic sources without noting subsequent developments in Jewish thought , and without making a good - faith effort to consult with contemporary Jewish authorities who can explain the role of these sources in normative Jewish thought and practice . Jump up ^ Kominsky , Morris ( 1970 ) . The hoaxers : plain liars , fancy liars , and damned liars . Boston : Branden Press . pp. 169 -- 176 . ISBN 08283 - 1288 - 5 . LCCN 76109134 . Libbre David 37 . This is a complete fabrication . No such book exists in the Talmud or in the entire Jewish literature . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Hurley ( 1991 ) . Israel and the New World Order . Foundation for a New World Order , Santa Barbara , : Fithian Press . ISBN 9780931832994 . Jump up ^ The Six Million Reconsidered : A Special Report by the Committee for Truth in History , p. 16 Historical Review Press , 1979 Jump up ^ Student , Gil ( 2000 ) . `` The Real Truth About The Talmud '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Anti-Talmud accusations have a long history dating back to the 13th century when the associates of the Inquisition attempted to defame Jews and their religion ( see Yitzchak Baer , A History of Jews in Christian Spain , vol . I pp. 150 - 185 ) . The early material compiled by hateful preachers like Raymond Martini and Nicholas Donin remain the basis of all subsequent accusations against the Talmud . Some are true , most are false and based on quotations taken out of context , and some are total fabrications ( see Baer , ch. 4 f . 54 , 82 that it has been proven that Raymond Martini forged quotations ) .", "54": "On the Internet today we can find many of these old accusations being rehashed ... References ( edit ) Amram , David Werner ( 1909 ) . The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy . Philadelphia : J.H. Greenstone . Nathan T. Lopes Cardozo The Infinite Chain : Torah , Masorah , and Man ( Philipp Feldheim , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 944070 - 15 - 9 Aryeh Carmell ( December 1986 ) . Aiding Talmud study . Feldheim Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87306 - 428 - 6 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . ( includes Samuel ha - Nagid 's Mevo ha - Talmud , see next section ) Zvi Hirsch Chajes Mevo Hatalmud , transl . Jacob Shachter : The Students ' Guide Through The Talmud ( Yashar Books , 2005 ) . ISBN 1 - 933143 - 05 - 3 Dalin , D.G. ( 2012 ) . The Myth of Hitler 's Pope : Pope Pius XII And His Secret War Against Nazi Germany . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 185 - 0 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Dan Cohn - Sherbok ( 1994 ) . Judaism and other faiths . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10384 - 2 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Fraade , Steven D , `` Navigating the Anomalous : Non-Jews at the Intersection of Early Rabbinic Law and Narrative '' , in Laurence Jay Silberstein ; Robert L. Cohn ( 1 August 1994 ) . The Other in Jewish thought and history : constructions of Jewish culture and identity . NYU Press . pp. 145 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 7990 - 3 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Gottheil , Richard ; Broydé , Isaac ( 1906 ) . `` Leo X .", "55": "( Giovanni De Medici ) '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Heller , Marvin J ( 2005 ) . `` Earliest Printings of the Talmud : From Bomberg to Schottenstein '' ( PDF ) . Yeshiva University Museum : 73 . R. Travers Herford ( 15 February 2007 ) . Christianity in Talmud and Midrash . KTAV Publishing House , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 930 - 8 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . D. Landesman A Practical Guide to Torah Learning ( Jason Aronson , 1995 ) . ISBN 1 - 56821 - 320 - 4 Emmanuel Lévinas ; Annette Aronowicz ( February 1994 ) . Nine Talmudic readings . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20876 - 7 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Levy , Richard S. , Antisemitism : a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution , Volume 2 , ABC - CLIO , 2005 . See articles : `` Talmud Trials '' , `` Entdecktes Judenthum '' , `` The Talmud Jew '' , `` David Duke '' , `` August Rohling '' , and `` Johannes Pfefferkorn '' . Hyam Maccoby ; Jehiel ben Joseph ( of Paris ) ( 1993 ) . Judaism on trial : Jewish - Christian disputations in the Middle Ages . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874774 - 16 - 7 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . A compendium of primary source materials , with commentary . Maimonides Introduction to the Mishneh Torah ( English translation ) Maimonides Introduction to the Commentary on the Mishnah ( Hebrew Fulltext ) , transl . Zvi Lampel ( Judaica Press , 1998 ) . ISBN 1 - 880582 - 28 - 7 Aaron Parry The Complete Idiot 's Guide to The Talmud ( Alpha Books , 2004 ) .", "56": "ISBN 1 - 59257 - 202 - 2 Rodkinson , Michael Levi , The history of the Talmud from the time of its formation , about 200 B.C. , up to the present time , The Talmud Society , 1918 Jonathan Rosen ( 25 October 2001 ) . The Talmud and the Internet : A Journey Between Worlds . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5534 - 5 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Adin Steinsaltz ( 11 September 2006 ) . The essential Talmud . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 08273 - 5 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Read more here . See also here . Adin Steinsaltz The Talmud : A Reference Guide ( Random House , 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 77367 - 3 Logic and methodology ( edit ) Samuel ha - Nagid , Mevo ha - Talmud Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin , Mevo ha - Talmud Zerachiah Halevi , Sefer ha - Tzava Samson of Chinon , Sefer ha - Keritut Jacob Hagiz , Teḥillat Ḥochmah ( included in most editions of Keritut ) collective , ed . Abraham ibn Akra , Meharere Nemarim Joseph ibn Verga , She'erit Yosef Isaac Campanton , Darche ha - Talmud David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra , Kelale ha - Gemara Bezalel Ashkenazi , Kelale ha - Gemara Yeshu'ah b .", "57": "Yosef ha - Levi , Halichot Olam Joseph Caro , Kelale ha - Gemara ( commentary on Halichot Olam ) Solomon Algazi , Yavin Shemu'ah ( commentary on Halichot Olam ) Yisrael Ya'akov Algazi , Ar'a de-Rabbanan Serillo , Samuel , Kelale Shemuel Horowitz , Isaiah , Shene Luchot ha - Berit ( section on Torah she - be-al - Pe ) Moses Chaim Luzzatto , Derech Tevunot , translated into English as The Ways of Reason , Feldheim 1988 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87306 - 495 - 8 same , Sefer ha - Higgayon , translated into English as The Book of Logic , Feldheim 1995 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87306 - 707 - 2 de Oliveira , Solomon , Darche Noam Malachi ha - Cohen , Yad Malachi Aryeh Leib HaCohen Heller , Shev Shema'tata Goitein , B. , Kesef Nivhar Ezechia Bolaffi , Ben Zekunim vol. 1 Moshe Amiel , Ha - Middot le - Ḥeqer ha - Halachah , vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 Modern scholarly works ( edit ) Hanoch Albeck , Mavo la - talmudim Daniel Boyarin , Sephardi Speculation : A Study in Methods of Talmudic Interpretation ( Hebrew ) , Machon Ben Zvi : Jerusalem , 1989 Yaakov Elman , `` Order , Sequence , and Selection : The Mishnah 's Anthological Choices , '' in David Stern , ed . The Anthology in Jewish Literature ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) 53 - 80 Y.N.", "58": "Epstein , Mevo - ot le - Sifrut haTalmudim Uziel Fuchs , Talmudam shel Geonim : yaḥasam shel geone Bavel lenosaḥ ha - Talmud ha - Bavli ( The Geonic Talmud : the Attitude of Babylonian Geonim to the Text of the Babylonian Talmud ) : Jerusalem 2017 David Weiss Halivni , Mekorot u-Mesorot ( Jerusalem : Jewish Theological Seminary , 1982 on ) Louis Jacobs , `` How Much of the Babylonian Talmud is Pseudepigraphic ? '' Journal of Jewish Studies 28 , No. 1 ( 1977 ) , pp. 46 -- 59 Saul Lieberman , Hellenism in Jewish Palestine ( New York : Jewish Theological Seminary , 1950 ) Moses Mielziner , Introduction to the Talmud : repr. 1997 , hardback ISBN 978 - 0 - 8197 - 0156 - 5 , paperback ISBN 978 - 0 - 8197 - 0015 - 5 Jacob Neusner , Sources and Traditions : Types of Compositions in the Talmud of Babylonia ( Atlanta : Scholars Press , 1992 ) . Aviram Ravitzky , Aristotelian Logic and Talmudic Methodology ( Hebrew ) : Jerusalem 2009 , ISBN 978 - 965 - 493 - 459 - 6 Andrew Schumann , Talmudic Logic : ( London : College Publications 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84890 - 072 - 1 Strack , Herman L. and Stemberger , Gunter , Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash , tr . Markus Bockmuehl : repr.", "59": "1992 , hardback ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 09509 - 1 , paperback ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2524 - 5 On individual tractates ( edit ) Moshe Benovitz , Berakhot chapter 1 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Stephen Wald , Shabbat chapter 7 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Aviad Stollman , Eruvin chapter 10 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Aaron Amit , Pesachim chapter 4 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Netanel Baadani , Sanhedrin chapter 5 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Moshe Benovitz , Sukkah chapters 4 - 5 : Iggud le - Farshanut ha - Talmud ( Hebrew , with English summary ) Historical study ( edit ) Shalom Carmy ( ed . ) Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah : Contributions and Limitations Jason Aronson , Inc . Richard Kalmin Sages , Stories , Authors and Editors in Rabbinic Babylonia Brown Judaic Studies David C. Kraemer , On the Reliability of Attributions in the Babylonian Talmud , Hebrew Union College Annual 60 ( 1989 ) , pp. 175 -- 90 Lee Levine , Ma'amad ha - Hakhamim be-Eretz Yisrael ( Jerusalem : Yad Yizhak Ben - Zvi , 1985 ) , ( = The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine in Late Antiquity ) Saul Lieberman , Hellenism in Jewish Palestine ( New York : Jewish Theological Seminary , 1950 ) John W. McGinley , ' The Written ' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly .", "60": "ISBN 0 - 595 - 40488 - X David Bigman , Finding A Home for Critical Talmud Study External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Talmud Wikiquote has quotations related to : Talmud Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylonian Talmud . General ( edit ) Talmud , jewishencyclopedia.com Talmud Commentaries , jewishencyclopedia.com Jewish History : Talmud , aish.com Talmud / Mishnah / Gemara , jewishvirtuallibrary.org Jewish Law Research Guide , University of Miami Law Library A survey of rabbinic literature , Ohr Somayach Introduction To The Talmud For The Novice , Rabbi M. Taub Pshita , Talmud Study 2.0 ( Hebrew ) Refutation of allegations concerning the Talmud ( edit ) Talmud : The Real Truth About The Talmud , by Gil Student , also available here The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics , Anti-Defamation League Falsifiers of the Talmud Full text resources ( edit ) Talmud and English translation , from the Steinsaltz edition Talmud Bavli ( Soncino translation ) ( English ) . The Soncino Press translation of the Talmud Bavli in downloadable PDF format . Everything is present except for the index volume and the minor - tractates volumes. About 63 % of the translation is also available in the form of ordinary HTML webpages for those who prefer them . Mishnah ( Hebrew ) Tosefta ( Hebrew ) Talmud Yerushalmi ( Hebrew ) Talmud Bavli ( Hebrew ) Full searchable Talmud on Snunit ( Hebrew ) Rodkinson English translation See above , under # Talmud Bavli . E-Daf Images of each page of the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Megillah : .", "61": "pdf download showing Yemenite vocalization Shas.org Daf Viewer ( Hebrew ) Manuscripts and textual variants ( edit ) Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts , Jewish National and University Library Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts , search by tractate - search engine for readings in different manuscripts ( shows facsimile of individual pages ) The Munich Talmud ( Cod. hebr. 95 ) The Saul Lieberman Institute - another search engine ( shows results in Hebrew / Aramaic text , not as facsimile ) Yad Harav Herzog : manuscript request form - a third search engine Manuscripts and search engine hosted by the Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society Layout ( edit ) `` A Page from the Babylonian Talmud '' image map from Prof. Eliezer Segal `` Daf Yomi '' program ( edit ) A general resource for Daf Yomi Point by point summary and discussion by daf Calendar for this Daf Yomi cycle Daf - A-Week : A project to study a daf per week Daf Yomi in MP3 - by Rabbi Ephraim Schreibman Audio ( edit ) Shiurim on the Talmud , mp3shiur.com MP3 Talmud Shiurim by Rav Nissan Kaplan of Mir Yeshiva , Jerusalem Tractate Sukkah by page , showing Yemenite vocalization and recordings of pronunciation Shas.org Works by Talmud at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Jews and Judaism Outline of Judaism History Timeline Ancient Temple in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Jerusalem Significance Timeline Hasmonean dynasty Herod Sanhedrin Pharisees Sadducees Essenes First Jewish -- Roman War Bar Kokhba revolt Diaspora Middle Ages Muslim rule Sabbateans Haskalah Emancipation The Holocaust History of Zionism History of Israel Proposals for a Jewish state Land of Israel Aliyah Baal", "62": "teshuva movement Arab -- Israeli / Israeli -- Palestinian conflicts Judaism by country Jewish groups Ashkenazi Jews German Jews Hungarian Jews Lithuanian Jews Polish Jews Russian Jews Soviet Jews Sephardi Jews Spanish and Portuguese Jews Turkish Jews Maghrebi Jews Mizrahi Jews Yemenite Jews Iraqi Jews Syrian Jews Persian Jews Kurdish Jews Bukharan Jews African Jews Berber Jews Beta Israel Greco - Roman Jews Romaniote Jews Italkim Jews of the Caucasus Georgian Jews Mountain Jews Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Urfalim Indian Jews Baghdadi Jews Bene Ephraim Bene Israel Bnei Menashe Cochin Jews East Asian Jews Kaifeng Jews Religious movements Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Orthodox Religious Zionism Chardal Musar movement Conservative Neolog Reform / Progressive Reconstructionist Jewish Renewal Haymanot Humanistic Rabbinic Karaite Samaritanism Schisms Shomer Masoret Intra-Jewish relations Atheism Noahidism Philosophy 613 commandments Halakha Principles of faith Chosen people Ethics Chesed Tzedakah Pikuach nefesh Kavod HaBriyot Lashon hara Tza'ar ba'alei chayim Tikkun olam Teshuva Kashrut Kabbalah Names of God Messiah Eschatology Seven Laws of Noah Tzniut Yetzer hara Religious", "63": "texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Mishnah Talmud Jerusalem Talmud Hebrew Bible Tosefta Midrash Rabba Sifra Sifre Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Pesikta de-Rav Kahana Rabbinic literature Mishneh Torah Arba'ah Turim Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Chumash Zohar Haggadah Piyyut Siddur Places Land of Israel Four Holy Cities Jerusalem Tzfat Hebron Tiberias Beth din Synagogue Temple Tabernacle Temple Mount Western Wall Biblical figures Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Joseph Judah Moses Joshua Deborah Ruth David Solomon Elijah Ezra Nehemiah Leadership Hillel Shammai Yehudah haNasi Saadia Gaon Gershom ben Judah Isaac Alfasi Judah Halevi Abraham ibn Ezra Tosafists Yosef Karo Maimonides Nahmanides Gersonides Isaac Abravanel Maharal Isaac Luria Baal Shem Tov Vilna Gaon Moses Sofer Shneur Zalman of Liadi Moses Mendelssohn Samson Raphael Hirsch Abraham Geiger Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz Solomon Schechter David Ben - Gurion Golda Meir Menachem Begin Mordecai Kaplan Aharon Kotler Moshe Feinstein Yoel Teitelbaum Menachem Schneerson Abraham Joshua Heschel Joseph", "64": "B. Soloveitchik Elazar Shach Roles Kohen Hazzan Gabbai Maggid Mashgiach Mohel Posek Rabbi Rebbe Rosh yeshiva Scribe Culture Minyan Bar and Bat Mitzvah Bereavement Brit milah Mikveh Hebrew calendar Hebrew birthday Etymology of the word Jew Marriage Wedding Niddah Pidyon haben Music Cuisine Hiloni Shidduch Zeved habat Issues and others Who is a Jew ?", "65": "Abortion Assimilation Capital punishment Conversion to Judaism Crypto - Judaism Environmentalism Forbidden relationships Gender Heresy Holocaust theology Jewish intelligence Jewish studies Marriage Homosexuality Same - sex marriage Religious Terrorism Schisms Vegetarianism Jewish Encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Judaica Languages Hebrew Biblical Juhuri ( Judeo - Tat ) Judeo - Arabic Judeo - Aramaic Judæo - Iranian Ladino Yeshivish Yiddish Yemenite Hebrew Religious articles and prayers Aleinu Amidah Four species Gartel Hallel Havdalah Kaddish Kittel Kol Nidre Ma Tovu Menorah Hanukiah Mezuzah Sefer Torah Inauguration of a Torah scroll Services Prayer Shema Yisrael Shofar Siddur Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Yad Kippah / Yarmulke Interactions with other religions Jewish views on religious pluralism Abrahamic religions Christianity Catholicism Christian -- Jewish reconciliation Judeo - Christian Messianic Judaism Islam Mormonism Jewish Buddhist Semitic neopaganism Black Hebrew Israelites Kabbalah Centre Politics Israel Zionism General Labor Religious Revisionist Neo-Zionism Political movements Left Right Anarchism Bundism World Agudath Israel Edah HaChareidis Feminism Politics of Israel Antisemitism History Persecution New Racial Religious Secondary Portal NDL : 00572715 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talmud&oldid=806586291 '' Categories : Jewish texts Mishnah Oral Torah Talmud Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles containing Jewish Babylonian Aramaic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015", "66": "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кырык мары Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल", "67": "भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2178534208098154067	what are the value of style guides and style sheet	[ "improve communication", "enforce the best practice in ethics (such as authorship, research ethics, and disclosure), pedagogy (such as exposition and clarity), and compliance (technical and regulatory)" ]	{ "0": "Style Guide - Wikipedia Style Guide Jump to : navigation , search For Wikipedia 's own style manual , see Wikipedia : Manual of Style . Style guides ACS Style Guide AMA Manual of Style AP Stylebook APA Style The ASA Style Guide Bluebook Brazilian National Standards Organization The Business Style Handbook The Chicago Manual of Style Citing Medicine The Elements of Style The Elements of Typographic Style Fowler 's Modern English Usage IEEE style ISO 690 McGill Guide MHRA Style Guide The Microsoft Manual of Style MLA Handbook The New York Times Manual The Oxford Guide to Style / New Hart 's Rules Scientific Style and Format ( CSE style ) The Sense of Style Turabian : A Manual for Writers List of style guide abbreviations A style guide ( or manual of style ) is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents , either for general use or for a specific publication , organization , or field . ( It is often called a style sheet , though that term has other meanings . ) A style guide establishes and enforces style to improve communication . To do that , it ensures consistency within a document and across multiple documents and enforces best practice in usage and in language composition , visual composition , orthography and typography . For academic and technical documents , a guide may also enforce the best practice in ethics ( such as authorship , research ethics , and disclosure ) , pedagogy ( such as exposition and clarity ) , and compliance ( technical and regulatory ) . Style guides are common for general and specialized use , for the general reading and writing audience , and for students and scholars of various academic disciplines , medicine , journalism , the law , government , business , and specific industries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Varieties 1.1 Sizes 1.2 Topics 2 Updating 3 Examples 3.1 International 3.2 Europe 3.3 Australia 3.4 Canada 3.5 United Kingdom 3.5. 1 General 3.5. 2 Journalism 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 General 3.6. 2 Academic papers 3.6. 3 Business 3.6. 4 Government 3.6.", "1": "5 Journalism 3.6. 6 Law 3.6. 7 Religion 3.6. 8 Science 3.6. 8.1 Hard sciences 3.6. 8.2 Social sciences 3.6. 9 Web publishing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Varieties ( edit ) Style guides vary widely in scope and size . Sizes ( edit ) This variety in scope and length is enabled by the cascading of one style over another , in a way analogous to how styles cascade in web development and in desktop publishing ( e.g. , how inline styles in HTML cascade over CSS styles ) . A short style guide is often called a style sheet . A comprehensive guide tends to be long and is often called a style manual or manual of style ( MOS or MoS ) . In many cases , a project such as one book , journal , or monograph series typically has a short style sheet that cascades over the somewhat larger style guide of an organization such as a publishing company , whose content is usually called house style . Most house styles , in turn , cascade over an industry - wide or profession - wide style manual that is even more comprehensive . Some examples of these industry style guides include the following : AP style for journalism and most forms of corporate communications USGPO style or AGPS style for government publications Oxford style and Chicago style for academic publishing and readership APA style and ASA style for the social sciences CSE style for various physical sciences ACS style for chemistry AMA style for medicine Bluebook style for law Finally , these reference works cascade over the orthographic norms of the language in use ( for example , English orthography for English - language publications ) . This , of course , may be subject to national variety such as the different varieties of American English and British English . Topics ( edit ) Some style guides focus on specific topic areas such as graphic design , including typography . Website style guides cover a publication 's visual and technical aspects along with text . Style guides that cover usage may suggest ways of describing people that avoid racism , sexism , and homophobia . Guides in specific scientific and technical fields cover nomenclature , which specifies names or classifying labels that are preferred because they are clear , standardized , and ontologically sound ( e.g.", "2": ", taxonomy , chemical nomenclature , and gene nomenclature ) . Updating ( edit ) Most style guides are revised periodically to accommodate changes in conventions and usage . The frequency of updating and the revision control are determined by the subject matter . For style manuals in reference work format , new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years . For example , the AP Stylebook is revised annually , and the Chicago , APA , and ASA manuals are in their 17th , 6th , and 4th editions , respectively . Many house styles and individual project styles change more frequently , especially for new projects . Examples ( edit ) Further information : List of style guides International ( edit ) Several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations . One example is ISO 215 Documentation -- Presentation of contributions to periodicals and other serials . Europe ( edit ) The European Union publishes an Interinstitutional style guide -- encompassing 24 languages across the European Union . This manual is `` obligatory '' for all those employed by the institutions of the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works . The Directorate - General for Translation of the European Commission publishes its own English Style Guide , intended primarily for English - language authors and translators , but aiming to serve a wider readership as well . Australia ( edit ) Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and Printers by Snooks & Co for the Department of Finance and Administration . 6th ed . ISBN 0 - 7016 - 3648 - 3 . Australian Guide to Legal Citation Australian manual of scientific style ( AMOSS ) - online . by by Biotext ; illustrated by Biotext . 1st ed . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9946369 - 0 - 4 Canada ( edit ) General Public Works and Government Services Canada , Translation Bureau . The Canadian Style : A Guide to Writing and Editing. Rev. ed . Toronto : Dundurn Press , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 276 - 8 . The Canadian Press Stylebook : A Guide for Writers and Editors , 14th ed . Toronto : Canadian Press , 2006 . Guide to newspaper style in Canada . ISBN 0 - 920009 - 38 - 7 .", "3": "Lexicographical Centre for Canadian English A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles : Dictionary of Canadian English Walter Spencer Avis ( ed . ) Toronto : W.J. Gage ( 1967 ) OCLC 301088035 Editing Canadian English , 2nd ed . Prepared for the Editors ' Association of Canada / Association canadienne des réviseurs by Catherine Cragg , Barbara Czarnecki , Iris Hossé Phillips , Katharine Vanderlinden , and Sheila Protti . Toronto , ON : Macfarlane Walter and Ross , 2000 . Law McGill Law Journal . Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique . 8th ed . Toronto : Carswell , 2014 . United Kingdom ( edit ) General ( edit ) Style , by F.L. Lucas , 1955 ; 3rd edition , Harriman House , 2012 Butcher 's Copy - editing : The Cambridge Handbook for Editors , Copy - editors and Proofreaders , Judith Butcher , Caroline Drake , Maureen Leach . 4th ed. 2006 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 0521847131 Fowler 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage . Ed . Jeremy Butterfield . 4th ed . Oxford University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966135 - 0 ( hardcover ) . Based on Fowler 's Modern English Usage , by Henry Watson Fowler . The King 's English , by Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler . New Hart 's Rules 2005 . ( formerly republished as The Oxford Guide to Style , 2002 ) . The Complete Plain Words , by Sir Ernest Gowers . MHRA Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors , Editors , and Writers of Theses , 2nd ed . London : Modern Humanities Research Association , 2008 . The Oxford Style Manual . Edited by Robert Ritter . Oxford -- New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ( republished as New Oxford Style Manual , 2012 ) . Combines New Hart 's Rules ( 2002 ) and The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors ( 2000 ) .", "4": "Usage and Abusage , by Eric Partridge . Journalism ( edit ) The BBC News Style Guide : by the British Broadcasting Corporation . The Economist Style Guide : by The Economist ( UK ) . The Guardian Style Guide : by The Guardian ( United Kingdom ) . The Times Style and Usage Guide . Rev. ed . Compiled by Tim Austin . London : Times Books , 2003 . United States ( edit ) In the United States , most public - facing corporate communication and journalism writing is written with styles following The Associated Press Stylebook . Book publishers and authors of journals requiring reference sections generally choose the Chicago Manual of Style , while scholarly writing often follows the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing . One of the most popular grammar guides used in third - person writing is The Elements of Style . The Associated Press Stylebook is written to be used together with The Elements of Style to provide a very complete grammar and English style reference with no conflicts . General ( edit ) The Careful Writer , by Theodore Bernstein . The Elements of Style , by William Strunk , Jr. and E.B. White . ( Commonly called `` Strunk and White '' ) Style : Lessons in Clarity and Grace , by Joseph M. Williams The Well - Spoken Thesaurus , by Tom Heehler The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed . Chicago -- London : University of Chicago Press , 2017 . Merriam - Webster 's Manual for Writers and Editors . By the editors of Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . Springfield , Mass. : Merriam - Webster , 1998 . ( rev . ed. of Webster 's Standard American Style Manual , 1985 ) The New York Public Library Writer 's Guide to Style and Usage . New York : HarperCollins , 1994 . William A. Sabin . The Gregg Reference Manual : A Manual of Style , Grammar , Usage , and Formatting , 10th ed . Boston : McGraw - Hill , 2005 . Words into Type , 3rd ed . Based on studies by Marjorie E. Skillin , Robert M. Gay , and other authorities . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall , 1974 .", "5": "Academic Papers ( edit ) MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 8th ed . New York : Modern Language Association of America , 2016 . ( Commonly called `` MLA style '' . ) MLA Style Manual and Guide in Scholarly Publishing , 3rd ed . New York : Modern Language Association of America , 2008 . William A. Sabin . The Gregg Reference Manual : A Manual of Style , Grammar , Usage , and Formatting . 10th ed . Boston : McGraw - Hill , 2005 . Kate L. Turabian . A Manual for Writers of Research Papers , Theses , and Dissertations : Chicago Style for Students and Researchers , 7th ed . Revised by Wayne C. Booth , Gregory G. Colomb , Joseph M. Williams , and University of Chicago Press editorial staff . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 . ( Commonly called `` Turabian style '' . ) Kate L. Turabian. Student 's Guide to Writing College Papers , 4th ed . Revised by Gregory G. Colomb , Joseph M. Williams , and the University of Chicago Press editorial staff . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . Business ( edit ) The Business Style Handbook , An A-to - Z Guide for Effective Writing on the Job , by Helen Cunningham and Brenda Greene . The Wall Street Journal Guide to Business Style and Usage . Edited by Paul R. Martin . London : Free Press , 2002 . Government ( edit ) The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources : A Manual for Writers and Librarians. Rev. ed . Edited by Diane L. Garner and Diane H. Smith . Bethesda , MD : Congressional Information Service for the Government Documents Round Table , American Library Association , 1993 . United States Government Printing Office Style Manual , 30th ed . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 2008 . U.S. Geological Survey . Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey , 7th ed . Revised and edited by Wallace R. Hansen . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1991 .", "6": "Journalism ( edit ) The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law , 44th ed . Edited by Darrell Christian , Sally Jacobsen , and David Minthorn . New York : Associated Press , 2009 . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. Rev. ed . Edited by Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly . New York : Three Rivers Press , 1999 . Law ( edit ) ALWD Citation Manual : A Professional System of Citations , 3rd ed . Edited by the Association of Legal Writing Directors and Darby Dickerson . New York : Aspen , 2006 . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , compiled by the Harvard Law Review Association , the Columbia Law Review , the University of Pennsylvania Law Review , and the Yale Law Journal . Legal writers in most law schools in the United States are trained using this . Brian A. Garner . The Elements of Legal Style , 2nd ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation , 2nd ed . Edited by the University of Chicago Law Review . 2000 . Despite the near uniform use of the Bluebook , nearly every state has appellate court rules that specify citation methods and writing styles specific to that state - and the Supreme Court of the United States has its own citation method . However , in most cases these are derived from the Bluebook . There are also several other citation manuals available to legal writers in wide usage in the United States . Virtually all large law firms maintain their own citation manual and several major publishers of legal texts ( West , Lexis - Nexis , Hein , et al . ) maintain their own systems . Religion ( edit ) Catholic News Service . CNS Stylebook on Religion : Reference Guide and Usage Manual , 3rd ed . Washington , D.C. : Catholic News Service , 2006 . The Little Style Guide to Great Christian Writing and Publishing , 13th ed . By Leonard G. Goss and Carolyn Stanford Goss . This popular guide provides a fresh understanding and distinctively Christian examination of style and language . It covers the basic rules of grammar , style , and editing , and is intended for writers and editors .", "7": "The SBL Handbook of Style for Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines , 2nd ed . Edited by Patrick H. Alexander . Atlanta : SBL Press , 2014 ( 1st ed. : The SBL Handbook of Style : For Ancient Near Eastern , Biblical , and Early Christian Studies . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson , 1999 ) . The industry standard. ( 1 ) Reporting on Religion 2 : A Stylebook on Religion 's Best Beat . Edited by Diane Connolly and Debra I. Mason . Westerville , OH : Religion Newswriters , 2007 . Science ( edit ) Hard sciences ( edit ) AIP Style Manual , 4th ed . New York : American Institute of Physics , 1990 . American Medical Association . AMA Manual of Style : A Guide for Authors and Editors , 10th ed . Edited by Cheryl Iverson . New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Primarily used in medicine . ( Commonly called `` AMA style '' . ) American Chemical Society ( ACS ) . Primarily used for the physical sciences , such as physical chemistry , physics , and related disciplines . Commonly called `` ACS style '' . The ACS Style Guide : Effective Communication of Scientific Information , 3rd ed . Edited by Anne M. Coghill and Lorrin R. Garson . Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society , 2006 ; and ACS Style Guide : A Manual for Authors and Editors ( 1997 ) . ASM Style Manual for Journals and Books . Washington , D.C. : American Society for Microbiology , 1991 . Scientific Style and Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers , 7th ed . Compiled by the Style Manual Committee of the Council of Science Editors . Reston , VA : Council of Science Editors in cooperation with the Rockefeller University Press , 2006 . Used widely in the natural sciences , especially the life sciences . ( Commonly called `` CSE style '' . ) Social sciences ( edit ) ASA . Style Guide . 5th ed . Washington , DC : American Sociological Association , 2014 . Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th ed .", "8": "Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association , 2009 . Primarily used in social sciences . ( Commonly called `` APA style '' . ) Style Manual for Political Science , rev . ed . Washington , D.C. : American Political Science Association Committee on Publications , 2006 . Web publishing ( edit ) Janice Walker and Todd Taylor . The Columbia Guide to Online Style , 2nd ed . New York : Columbia University Press , 2006 . Microsoft Manual of Style by Microsoft Corporation . The Yahoo ! Style Guide : The Ultimate Sourcebook for Writing , Editing and Creating Content for the Web , by Chris Barr and the Yahoo ! Editorial Staff . Wikipedia Manual of Style Guidelines for citing web content also appear in comprehensive style guides such as Oxford / Hart , Chicago and MLA . See also ( edit ) Writing portal Graphic charter Citation Diction Documentation Disputed usage English writing style Grammar List of style guides Prescription and description Punctuation Sentence spacing in language and style guides Spelling Style sheet ( disambiguation ) Usage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ISO 215 : 1986 - Documentation - Presentation of contributions to periodicals and other serials '' . Iso.org. 2012 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Publications Office of the European Union ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Interinstitutional Style Guide '' . Europa . European Union12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Directorate - General for Translation ( European Commission ) . `` English Style Guide '' . European Union . Jump up ^ Translation Bureau , Public Works and Government Services Canada ( 1997 ) . The Canadian Style : A Guide to Writing and Editing ( Softcover ) ( Revised ed . ) . Toronto : Dundurn Press Limited . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 276 - 8 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Catherine Craig ; et al. , eds. ( 2000 ) . Editing Canadian English ( 2nd ed . ) . Toronto , ON : McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 258 .", "9": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 55199 - 045 - 3 . Jump up ^ McGill Law Journal / Revue de droit de McGill ( 2014 ) . Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique ( Hardcover ) ( in French and English ) ( 8th ed . ) . Toronto : Carswell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7798 - 6075 - 3 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC News Styleguide ( PDF ) , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ The Economist Style Guide , 10th edition ( 2010 ) , ISBN 1 - 84668 - 175 - 8 . Online version as of May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Guardian Style Guide , London , 19 December 2008 , retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 Jump up ^ The Times Style and Usage Guide ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 00 - 714505 - 5 . Online version as of May 2011 via archive.org Jump up ^ June Casagrande , Grammar Snobs Are Great Big Meanies : A Guide to Language for Fun and Spite ( New York : Penguin , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` What Is MLA Style ? '' , mla.org , Modern Language Association , 2011 , Web , 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress Catalog Record for The Business Style Handbook , 2nd edition : http://lccn.loc.gov/2012033481 Jump up ^ The Associated Press Stylebook , retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 2787 - 5 External links ( edit ) Look up stylebook or usage in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . But the stylebook says ... -- Blog post about stylebook abuse , by Bill Walsh of The Washington Post Handouts about writing style guides , from a conference of the American Copy Editors Society in 2007 William G. Connolly . `` How to Write a Stylebook in 10 Easy Steps '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 21 .", "10": "Doug Kouma . `` Creating an In - House Stylebook '' ( PDF ) . Meredith Special Interest Media . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Language Log '' Searching 43 stylebooks Books portal Languages portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Style_guide&oldid=836093618 '' Categories : Style guides Bibliography Communication design Design Graphic design Technical communication Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1915885935757407192	what is the approximate volume of blood in your body	[ "approximately 5 liters, with females generally having less blood volume than males", "approximately 5 liters, with females generally having less blood volume than males", "approximately 5 liters", "approximately 5 liters", "approximately 5 liters" ]	{ "0": "Blood volume - wikipedia Blood volume Jump to : navigation , search Blood volume is the volume of blood ( both red blood cells and plasma ) in the circulatory system of any individual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Humans 1.1 Semi-automated system 2 Other animals 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Humans ( edit ) A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters , with females generally having less blood volume than males . Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys . Blood volume ( BV ) can be calculated given the hematocrit ( HC ; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells ) and plasma volume ( PV ) , with the hematocrit being regulated via the blood oxygen content regulator : B V = P V 1 − H C ( \\ displaystyle BV = ( \\ frac ( PV ) ( 1 - HC ) ) ) Blood volume measurement may be used in people with congestive heart failure , chronic hypertension , renal failure and critical care . The use of relative blood volume changes during dialysis is of questionable utility . Total Blood Volume can be measured manually via the Dual Isotope or Dual Tracer Technique , a classic technique , available since the 1950s . This technique requires double labeling of the blood ; that is 2 injections and 2 standards ( 51Cr - RBC for tagging red blood cells and I - HAS for tagging plasma volume ) as well as withdrawing and re-infusing patients with their own blood for blood volume analysis results . This method may take up to 6 hours for accurate results . Semi-automated system ( edit ) Blood Volume may also be measured semi-automatically . The Daxor BVA - 100 consists of an automated well counter interfaced with a computer . It is able to report Total Blood Volume ( TBV ) , Plasma Volume ( PV ) and Red Cell Volume ( RCV ) using the indicator dilution principle , microhematocrit centrifugation and the Ideal Height and Weight Method . The indicator or tracer , is an I - 131 albumin injection . An equal amount of the tracer is injected into a known and unknown volume .", "1": "Clinically , the unknown volume is the patient 's blood volume , with the tracer having been injected into the patient 's blood stream and tagged to the blood plasma . Once the tracer is injected a technician takes five blood samples which undergo microhematocrit centrifugation to extrapolate true blood volume at time 0 . The concentration of the I - 131 in the blood is determined from the blood radioactivity against the standard , which has a known I - 131 dilution in a known volume . The unknown volume is inversely proportional to the concentration of the indicator in the known volume ; the larger the unknown volume , the lower the tracer concentration , thus the unknown volume can be calculated . The microhematocrit data along with the I - 131 indicator data provide a normalized hematocrit number , more accurate than hematocrit or peripheral hematocrit measurements . Measurements are taken 5 times in 6 minute intervals so that the BVA - 100 can calculate the albumin transudation time to understand the flux of liquid through capillary membranes . Other animals ( edit ) Animal Blood volume ( ml / kg ) Cat 55 ( 47 - 66 ) Cow 55 ( 52 - 57 ) Dog 86 ( 79 - 90 ) Ferret 75 Gerbil 67 Goat 70 Guinea pig 75 ( 67 - 92 ) Hamster 78 Horse 76 Human 77 Monkey ( rhesus ) 54 Mouse 79 ( 78 - 80 ) Pig 65 Rabbit 56 ( 44 - 70 ) Rat 64 ( 50 - 70 ) Sheep 60 Marmoset 60 - 70 The table at right shows circulating blood volumes , given as volume per kilogram , for healthy adults and some animals . However , it can be 15 % less in obese and old animals . See also ( edit ) Volume status Hypovolemia Hypervolemia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Lan Na ( 1998 ) . `` Volume of Blood in a Human '' . The Physics Factbook . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Dasselaar , JJ ; van der Sande , FM ; Franssen , CF ( 2012 ) . `` Critical evaluation of blood volume measurements during hemodialysis '' . Blood purification. 33 ( 1 - 3 ) : 177 -- 82 . doi : 10.1159 / 000334142 . PMID 22269777 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Mihae ( 2011 ) . `` A Prospective Randomized Trial Using Blood Volume Analysis in Addition to Pulmonary Artery Catheter , Compared with Pulmonary Catheter Alone , to Guide Shock Resuscitation in Critically Ill Surgical Patients '' . Shock. 35 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 228 . doi : 10.1097 / shk. 0b013e3181fc9178 . Jump up ^ Manzone , T.A. ; Dam , H.Q. ; Soltis , D. ; Sagar , V.V. ( 11 May 2007 ) . `` Blood Volume Analysis : A New Technique and New Clinical Interest Reinvigorate a Classic Study '' . Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 63 . doi : 10.2967 / jnmt. 106.035972 . PMID 17496003 . Jump up ^ Park , Junki ; Puri , Sonika ; Mattoo , Aditya ; Modersitzki , Frank ; Goldfarb , David ( 2012 ) . `` Radioisotope Blood Volume Measurement in Hemodialysis Patients '' . American Society of Nephrology . ^ Jump up to : A Compendium of Drugs Used for Laboratory Animal Anesthesia , Analgesia , Tranquilization and Restraint Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . at Drexel University College of Medicine . Retrieved April 2011 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Monica ; Plasma and Blood Volume in the Cow Using the T - 1824 Hematocrit Method American Journal of Physiology - June 1953 vol. 173 no .", "3": "3 421 - 427 Jump up ^ Wolfensohn & Lloyd , 2003 , Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare , 3rd Edition External links ( edit ) Klabunde , Richard E. ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Volume '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "4": "php?title=Blood_volume&oldid=813741213 '' Categories : Blood Mathematics in medicine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 00 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-369514098498013661	what season does bart bass die in gossip girl	[ ")" ]	{ "0": "Chuck Bass - Wikipedia Chuck Bass Jump to : navigation , search Chuck Bass Gossip Girl character Ed Westwick as Charles Bass First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Ed Westwick Information Full name Charles Bartholomew Bass Nickname ( s ) Chuck ( by everyone except Lily ) Aliases Television : Henry Prince Occupation Television : Entrepreneur High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) Title Television : CEO of Bass Industries Family Television : Bartholomew `` Bart '' Bass ( father ; deceased ) Elizabeth Fisher ( mother ; alias : Evelyn Bass ) Lillian `` Lily '' van der Woodsen ( adoptive mother ; née Rhodes ) Serena van der Woodsen ( adoptive sister ) Eric van der Woodsen ( adoptive brother ) Spouse ( s ) Television : Blair Waldorf ( wife ) Children Television : Henry Bass ( with Blair ; flash - forward ) Charles Bartholomew `` Chuck '' Bass is a fictional character in the novel and television series Gossip Girl . In the TV series , he is portrayed by English actor Ed Westwick . Although he is a secondary antagonist in the original book series , the TV series elevates him to an anti-heroic main character , where he is noted for his financial ambition , hedonism and personal style . Since they were children , Chuck has been best friends with Nate Archibald , Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf , who is his main romantic interest throughout the series . In the TV series , step - brother to Serena and Eric van der Woodsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.4.", "1": "1 Controversy 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 3 Characterization 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Novel series ( edit ) Chuck Bass is introduced by author Cecily von Ziegesar in her Gossip Girl series of teen novels , the first of which was published in 2002 . In the novels , Chuck is a relatively minor character , and has a series of flings with male and female characters across the course of the series . He got his name , Chuck Bass , from his signature chuckle in a bass tone , which often sounds like a raspy whisper . Chuck 's role is initially that of an antagonist to the main characters . Chuck resides with his family at the Plaza Hotel on the Upper East Side and attends school at the Riverside Preparatory School for Boys on the Upper East Side , along with scholarship student Dan Humphrey . Chuck is largely friendless , but is tolerated by the others because of his family 's enormous wealth . He is described as having flamboyant fashion sense , with a penchant for scarves , and has a pet monkey named Sweetie whom he carries around with him everywhere . Lazy , and vain , Chuck 's only interests are sex and money , and he is frequently chided by his father for lacking ambition and performing poorly in school . Following flings with numerous females and males , his only serious relationship comes near the end of the series , when he begins dating Blair Waldorf , a self - obsessed , luxury loving teenager . In the twelfth book in the series , Gossip Girl : It Had To Be You ( 2007 ) , Chuck is rejected from colleges because of poor grades and is sent to military school by his father . When next mentioned in Gossip Girl spin - off , The Carlyles ( 2008 ) , it is stated that Chuck never showed up to military school , and his whereabouts thereafter are unknown . In the thirteenth Gossip Girl novel , I Will Always Love You ( 2009 ) , it is revealed that Chuck went off to school in California and returned a changed man , and to have dated main character Blair Waldorf in Oxford , England for a year . TV series ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed .", "2": "Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constance Billiard School is an exaggerated version of Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar 's alma mater , the Nightingale - Bamford School . It was revealed in preparation for the 2007 TV series debut , Josh Schwartz hired recent graduates of Ziegesar 's alma mater to retool several characters . Chuck Bass was then reconfigured as a more central character , an antiheroic playboy whose on - off relationship with Blair Waldorf serves as one of the show 's major ongoing storylines . Chuck is the resident `` bad boy '' of the Upper East Side , and like Blair , is both vengeful and manipulative ; the two often scheme elaborate plans together . As the show progresses , Chuck develops a softer side , specifically towards Lily , Eric , and Serena , his adoptive mother , brother , and sister . Season 1 ( edit ) Chuck grew up on the Upper East Side with his three best friends and fellow elites Nate Archibald , Blair Waldorf , and future - stepsister Serena van der Woodsen . His father is Bart Bass , a self - made billionaire , which is irregular , compared to the Bass ' old money friends . Chuck is often described as the `` bad boy of his circle . '' Chuck is a playboy and womanizer who sees women as recreational tools . Chuck frequently skips class and smokes cannabis . In the pilot episode , Chuck attempts to rape both Serena and Jenny Humphrey . When speaking about Serena in the pilot episode , Chuck says , `` Serena looked effin ' hot last night . There 's something wrong with that level of perfection . It needs to be violated . '' With time , he attenuates his behaviors as a sexual predator and becomes more of a manipulating womanizer , however , his lecherous attitude continues as he makes multiple advances on his step - sister at the time , Serena . In episode seven , `` Victor / Victrola '' , Chuck purchases a burlesque club , Victrola . After Nate and Blair break up , Blair visits Chuck at Victrola where she ends up performing on stage . She later loses her virginity to him in the back of his limousine .", "3": "Though she tries to deny the encounter , Chuck buys a necklace for her and admits that he feels `` butterflies '' in her presence , leading to a clandestine sexual relationship . Despite this , Nate and Blair rekindle their relationship , leading to a jealous Chuck revealing to the anonymous `` Gossip Girl '' that Blair and Chuck had a sexual relationship . This leads Chuck to have a temporary rift with both Blair and Nate . As Bart Bass and Lily van der Woodsen 's relationship progresses , they decide to move their families in together . Chuck and Eric van der Woodsen , Lily 's son and Serena 's younger brother , become especially close . When Serena begins receiving mysterious packages ( pornography in the mail , alcohol delivered to her at school ) , she automatically blames Chuck . Given the creepy remarks Chuck has made about `` bathing together '' and `` turning that onepiece into a no - piece . '' Serena is not to blame . Bart subsequently forces Chuck to move out of the family home . Serena discovers that the culprit was actually Georgina Sparks , a past classmate of both Serena and Chuck . It is later revealed that Chuck lost his virginity to Georgina in the sixth grade . Chuck and Blair join together to prevent Georgina from further harming and embarrassing Serena . This process rekindles their bond , and they succeed in getting rid of Georgina . At Bart and Lily 's wedding at the end of Season 1 , Chuck apologizes and confesses to Nate that he was in love with Blair . During the wedding reception , Chuck gives a speech about forgiveness that is implied to be directed towards Blair . She accepts his apology and the two kiss . However , as they are about to embark on a trip to Tuscany together , Chuck gets cold feet . Blair leaves for Tuscany without him , as Chuck has decided to seduce Amelia , tossing the roses for Blair in the trash can . Season 2 ( edit ) In the season premiere , `` Summer Kind of Wonderful '' , we learn Blair has stayed in Europe . Chuck regretted his actions but told this to Blair too late as she was already dating Lord Marcus Beaton . Blair asks Chuck to tell her he loves her , but his fear of commitment stops him .", "4": "In order to gather material for a story , Dan tags along with Chuck for a night , ending with the two of them in jail after a fistfight . While in jail , Chuck tells Dan in confidence that Chuck 's mother died while giving birth to him , and that his father blames him for her death , which explains their icy relationship . When Chuck later discovers that Dan was using him for a story , he feels betrayed and tells Dan that he was lying about all of it . Chuck 's storyline throughout season 2 mainly deals with his inability to tell Blair that he loves her . Eventually , his father is killed in a car accident . Lily adopts him so that he 's able to own Bass Industries , making Serena and Eric his sister and brother . When Blair begins dating Nate again , Chuck realizes his true feelings for her . The two team up to take down Poppy Lifton , and Blair realizes that she still has feelings for Chuck as well . She breaks up with Nate . In the final episode of season 2 , Chuck admits to Blair his true feelings and the two finally begin a relationship . Season 3 ( edit ) When Season 3 returns , Chuck and Blair are very happy and very much in love . Chuck struggles to run Bass Industries to his deceased father 's impeccably high standards . He buys The Empire Hotel . Halfway through the season , Chuck meets a woman claiming to be his mother called Elizabeth Fisher . After initially rejecting her , Chuck finally accepts Elizabeth and is then met with a sexual harassment claim from his former employees . Despite his innocence , he settles to keep the scandal out of the media . Jack Bass , Chuck 's sinister uncle , informs the media anyway and necessitates Chuck signing the hotel over to Elizabeth to appease the public . She betrays him and signs the hotel over to Jack , whom she loves . However , she calls Chuck to say goodbye and reveals that Jack chose the hotel over her . She then reveals to Chuck that she is not his mother and she does not know whether his real mother is alive or dead . Chuck and Blair agree to team up to take down Jack to get the hotel back . Jack tells them both ( separately ) that he will only give up the hotel if he has sex with Blair . Unbeknown to Blair , Chuck sets the situation up and Blair goes to Jack 's .", "5": "After a kiss , Jack tells Blair the truth about Chuck 's involvement . Blair breaks up with Chuck and he gets the hotel back , vowing to get Blair back too . Chuck tries desperately to win Blair back , doing everything from banning all of the other Upper East Side men from dating her to asking her to meet him on top of the Empire State Building . Blair decides that Chuck is her true love and she 's going to meet him , but Dorota suddenly goes into labor and she ends up being two hours late . Chuck , thinking she is finally over him , leaves the building heartbroken and nearly suicidal . When he gets home , he sees that Jenny Humphrey has arrived looking for Nate . The two drunkenly sleep together , heartbroken that their true loves do n't return their feelings . Blair appears later in Chuck 's suite , apologizing for being late , and the two reunite ( sleep together ) . Chuck is about to propose to Blair at the hospital , as they visit Dorota and her new baby , when Dan appears and rashly delivers a punch to Chuck 's face . He then forces Chuck to tell Blair what happened between him and Jenny . Blair breaks things off with Chuck and informs him that it 's over for good . She also threatens to ruin Jenny 's life if she does n't leave Manhattan immediately . Chuck then travels to Prague to escape New York for a while , feeling as though he has nothing left . He gets robbed by two muggers who insist on taking the ring that Chuck intended on proposing to Blair with and when Chuck puts up a fight , he gets shot . The last shot of season 3 is him lying in an alley , presumably dying . Season 4 ( edit ) In the first episode of season four , we find that Chuck is alive and well , having been rescued by Czech girl , Eva ( Clémence Poésy ) who has no idea of his wealth or who he is . He creates a fake name and persona as he no longer wants to be the manipulative Chuck Bass . He eventually reveals who he really is and returns to New York City with her , at the request of Blair and Serena . Blair insists she no longer loves him , but still schemes to undermine his new relationship . He eventually falls for one of her schemes and breaks up with Eva .", "6": "He realizes his mistake and begs her to take him back , but she refuses , saying that he showed his true feelings by continuing to believe Blair over anyone else . Chuck asks Blair whether she still has feelings for him , and she denies it , prompting him to declare `` war '' on her . He tries to `` take '' Columbia from her , and arranges for Jenny Humphrey to return to the city in order to stir up trouble for Blair , who still has n't told her minions why she banished Jenny from the Upper East Side in the first place . After Jenny declares that it 's only a matter of time before they both destroy each other , Chuck and Blair agree to a truce . They even draw up a contract , with the stipulation `` no touching , '' but their mutual attraction proves too powerful and they soon fall into an enemies - with - benefits relationship . In `` The Witches of Bushwick '' , Chuck accidentally tells Blair during foreplay that he loves her and , not knowing whether his words are true , Blair chooses to gloss over the moment . Although Chuck and Blair spend the episode striving for different ends which will eventually alienate each other ( Blair to become the face of Anne Archibald 's charity , Girls Inc , and Chuck to increase the revenue of The Empire by returning to his bad boy persona ) , Blair makes the decision to attend Chuck 's Saints and Sinners party in order to confront him . Chuck confesses that he loves her , and the pair kiss in front of everyone after the curtain concealing them is pulled down . Anne tells Blair that she can no longer be a part of Girls Inc just as Chuck 's publicist KC tells Chuck that she thinks Blair will be good for business . Blair re-thinks her decision to sacrifice it all for their relationship , and she and Chuck break up once again . Chuck promises he 'll wait for her , and both affirm their belief that their love will reunite them in the end . On Thanksgiving Chuck and Blair run into each other at Serena 's house , Chuck offers to leave but she tells him that she was heading to JFK anyway and came to drop off the traditional pie and that they should get used to this . They hear about Serena being hospitalized and while they 're sharing that maybe nothing can change between them , Jenny walks in and interrupts their conversation .", "7": "While driving Blair home , Chuck tells her that he showed up only for Serena . When she told him that what happened with Serena made her question what she told him after the Saints & Sinners party ; Chuck tells her that he can not be her friend now as much as he wishes he could . After that Blair still sends him her traditional pie , saying that even if they ca n't be friends it does n't mean that they are n't . In `` The Townie '' episode , It was revealed that Lily was going to sell Bass Industries instead of giving Chuck the company back . So he sets off to New Zealand , where his uncle Jack Bass is currently living . In the following episodes Chuck returns to the Upper East Side with revenge for Lily . Chuck 's new love interest is Raina and her father is Russell Thorpe , a former rival of Chuck 's late father Bart Bass . Russell is the main contender to buy Bass industries . Chuck , however , manages to save the company after it is revealed that Russell accidentally killed his wife in a building fire that Bart was originally accused of . In `` The Princess and the Frog '' he learns that Blair 's relationship with Louis is serious , and that there is talk about them getting engaged . He gets drunk and embarrasses Blair in front of Louis ' mother , and later tries to force himself on her , while pushing her down and smashing a glass window right next to her face , after she tells him about her engagement . Blair ends up with her cheek being cut . Later , Blair is kidnapped by Russell , but Chuck saves her , and the two go to a Bar Mitzah . There , the two are seen dancing and smiling happily . Blair pulls him off the dance floor into a private room and the two have sex . Blair decides she is going to leave Louis , but Chuck stops her , telling her that she needs to be with Louis because he makes her happy . At the end of the episode , Chuck decides to spend the summer traveling with Nate . Controversy ( edit ) Further information : Blair Waldorf § Controversy Following the 20th episode of Season 4 , Safran spoke on behalf of the series regarding the scene in which Chuck became violent with Blair . `` The way we viewed it , I think it 's very clear that Blair is not afraid in those moments , for herself .", "8": "They have a volatile relationship , they always have , but I do not believe -- or I should say we do not believe -- that it is abuse when it 's the two of them . Chuck does not try to hurt Blair . He punches the glass because he has rage , but he has never , and will never , hurt Blair . He knows it and she knows it , and I feel it 's very important to know that she is not scared -- if anything , she is scared for Chuck -- and what he might do to himself , but she is never afraid of what he might do to her . Leighton and I were very clear about that . '' Season 5 ( edit ) In the first episode of season 5 , we find out that Chuck has spent his summer traveling the world with Nate . The two arrive in Los Angeles to meet up with Serena , who is working as an assistant on a film set . Seemingly over his break up with Blair , Chuck exhibits a positive outlook on life , telling Serena and Nate that he 's seeking to experience everything he can in life . However , his heartbreak soon becomes apparent when he receives an invitation to Blair 's upcoming wedding , which causes him to drive recklessly and get into a motorbike accident . In the following episode , it is revealed that Chuck has an emotional disorder as a result of his losing Blair , and which now causes him to be numb to physical and emotional stimuli . Dan decides to help Chuck break through this emotional barrier , and gets him a dog , hoping to spark some emotion . However , it is only when Blair reveals to him that she is pregnant with Louis 's baby does Chuck begin feel again -- he is shown crying over the revelation at the end of the episode . He names the dog `` Monkey '' ( a homage to the pet monkey Chuck 's character had in the books ) . He forms a reluctant friendship with Dan from here on . He meets a psychiatrist , Eliza Barnes , who tells him that he acts out because he never had a childhood , and needs help . When he finds himself falling back into his old patterns , he calls Dr. Barnes , ready to seek that help . However , it is revealed that Blair 's fiance , Louis , gives Dr. Barnes money to upset Chuck , in hopes that he will do something reckless and drive Blair away forever .", "9": "When Chuck finds this out , he publicly exposes both Dr. Barnes and Louis , leaving Blair devastated . Later that same night , he goes to Blair 's apartment to finally apologize to her for all the times he 's hurt her and let her down . His apology recounts all the obstacles Chuck and Blair have faced in their relationship thus far , and prompts an emotional Blair to thank him . Chuck assures her that she is going to be `` an amazing mother '' , having come to terms with her relationship with Louis . He resolves to keep his distance from her after that , but in `` The Big Sleep No More '' , a conflicted Blair seduces him in the hope to prove that his efforts to be a better man is just a ploy to win her back . When he kisses her , she slaps him , and tells him that he will never change . It is later revealed that he conspired with Dorota and kissed Blair in order to confirm her suspicions of him , and push her back to Louis . In the episode `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' he admits to Blair that he still loves her . They profess their love for one another in Chuck 's limo . This occurs whilst the limo is being chased by paparazzi on motorbikes and results in a car crash . Lily reveals at the conclusion of the episode that Blair is awake and doing fine , but whether or not Chuck has survived was not revealed . We later discover that Chuck did indeed survive the accident after a blood transfusion was donated to him . He wakes up to a very distant Blair , very opposite to the one he got into an accident with . For the next few episodes he chases her to discover what has changed her mind -- unbeknownst to him , Blair has made a pact with God over his life , where if she breaks her promise to Louis , Chuck will surely die . This leads to Blair going to Chuck 's penthouse in the episode `` The End of the Affair '' where she tells him what a good man he has become and to not let the ending of their relationship destroy him . In G.G. , Chuck is willing to accept the fact that Blair is marrying another man , when Blair 's mother tries to convince him to stop the wedding .", "10": "He makes one final play for Blair , but Blair -- despite saying that she `` loves him more and more every day , if it 's even possible to love somebody that much '' -- once more rebuffs him , saying that she 's actually doing this for him . Their conversation is unknowingly recorded , and released in a blast by Gossip Girl during the wedding . Despite this , Blair still marries Louis , but flees the reception with Dan when Louis reveals that their relationship is now strictly business . With the help of Dan , Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic 's law , but forgets her passport . Chuck , Nate and Serena eventually find Blair hiding out in a hotel room with Dan . However , Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor 's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return . Blair reluctantly goes back to Louis , despite an offer from Chuck to pay her dowry . In `` Cross Rhodes '' , Blair realizes she now has feelings for Dan , and Chuck and Serena struggle with watching their loves with their friends . In `` The Princess Dowry '' , Chuck pays Blair 's dowry so she can be free , but wishes for it to remain a secret . She finds out and accuses him of wanting to own her . He admits that he paid the dowry , but for her freedom and her freedom only . At the end of the episode , Blair begins a relationship with Dan . In `` Con Heir '' , Chuck invites his uncle , Jack , back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood , but starts to doubt Jack 's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C , and a test on Chuck turns to be negative . This kicks off a lot of `` mother / father '' issues for Chuck -- he believes that it was Elizabeth Fisher who donated the blood , then Diana says that she is his mother when Bart cheated on Elizabeth with her ( she claims that an arrangement was made with Diana leaving town alone , leaving Chuck to be raised by Bart and Elizabeth because Elizabeth could n't get pregnant ) , but in `` Despicable B '' , Nate receives a picture from Elizabeth that indeed shows her pregnant with Chuck .", "11": "Chuck is more interested in the man in the picture with Elizabeth -- his face is cut out , but his tattooed arm is still visible . Jack Bass has exactly the same tattoo . It all comes to a head in `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' , when he , Blair , Serena , Nate and Lola team together to crack the code in Diana 's day planner -- the code they believe will lead them to Jack Bass . They end up at a brothel that Diana is in charge of . Diana realizes that they are there and has the event shut down . During the chaos , Blair searches one of the rooms , still looking for Jack , and is shocked by what she sees . Blair later tells Chuck to re-enter the building once everyone is gone , which he does , and it is revealed that Bart Bass is still alive . Bart reveals that he faked his death to save Chuck and Lily , and has been hiding from everyone for the past three years . The car crash actually happened , and that it was ordered by one of Bart 's enemies . When he was in the hospital , he paid the doctor to say he died and then recruited Diana Payne to help him hide . Diana kept Bart informed of when Chuck was in trouble , so when Chuck was in the hospital , Bart was the one who donated his blood to save Chuck . In `` The Return of the Ring '' , Bart drops the bombshell that he will be returning to Bass Industries as `` the only Bass in Bass Industries '' , pushing Chuck out of the company . Bart tells Chuck that the most he did was ' redecorate ' and give everything up for Blair . After this , Blair declares her love for Chuck , admitting she finally really wants them to be together . Chuck rejects her in anger , shadowing the words she once said to him : `` I do n't want to be Mr. Blair Waldorf . '' Chuck pairs up with an unlikely partner -- Jack -- to take down his father . They meet in a casino in Monte Carlo . Blair turns up , informed by Jack of Chuck 's whereabouts . Blair reveals she is ' all in ' and one hundred per cent ready to be with him . His decision on the matter is thus far unknown .", "12": "Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of the season Chuck and Blair make a pact not to be together until Blair succeeds at Waldorf designs and Chuck takes down Bart . After many failed attempts of taking down Bart , Bart and Chuck end up in a fight . This leads to Bart falling off a building and dying . Blair is the only witness to this event and so Chuck and Blair get married so Blair does not have to testify against Chuck . In the 5 - year flash forward , Chuck and Blair are happily married with a son ( Henry ) . They are all gathered at the Bass house for Dan and Serena 's wedding . Characterization ( edit ) Ed Westwick who portrays the character on the television series said : `` As the ( first ) season 's progressed , I think everyone 's had sympathy for him . I think he 's an alluring character ; he 's very interesting . He has these slices of his personality . He can be the devil , but at times he can be very charming . It can be a very dangerous concoction . I think he has a good heart , but his heart is often tempted by corrupt desires . '' He later added : `` He 's intelligent and quite slimy in the way he manipulates to his gain . He goes after what he wants . Sometimes that 's not a good thing . He 's got a long way to go before he 's a nice guy . '' Westwick also said : `` Chuck 's just this vain kind of metrosexual Manhattan eccentric living in a flash world . '' While describing Chuck as `` mischievous '' , Westwick noted the second season displayed a `` more good - guy '' side of him . Ultimately , he said Chuck is a `` kid trying to find his way in the world . '' Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times characterizes him as more of `` a would - be Casanova than a seasoned predator . He 's the charming devil at the center of all the intrigues , the go - to guy when something naughty needs to be said and he 's the most self - aware of the Upper East Side high schoolers .", "13": "Stephanie Savage , one of the television series ' creators , described him as `` entertaining and observationally smart , he 's the friend who says all the things you want to say but ca n't , and he tempts you in ways , at that age , you want to be tempted . '' She compared his relationship with Blair to Glenn Close and John Malkovich 's in Dangerous Liaisons . She found Westwick 's portrayal of Chuck was similar to James Spader of Pretty in Pink and Robert Downey , Jr ... Savage said about the character 's evolution during the six seasons : `` I feel like Chuck has gone on the biggest journey of any one on the show . In the pilot , he 's pretty much a pure villain . He 's not a character that has a lot of layers . That was something Ed Westwick really brought as an actor . And his chemistry with Leighton ( Meester ) -- when we saw them together on screen and the power of the two of them working together but also being attracted to each other , which really inspired us to grow that character and give him some more layers . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2010 ) Entertainment Weekly named Chuck Bass and Blair Waldorf number one in their `` Best Dressed TV characters of 2008 '' list , as well as in their `` Best Performances '' list for Ed Westwick , alongside co-star Leighton Meester . His relationship with Blair was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' as well as Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . The character also made the `` Forbes Fictional 15 '' ranking at number 13 with an estimated $1.1 billion fortune . In February 2012 , Zap2it held a poll to determine TV 's Most Crushworthy . Chuck was elected TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % Male over Oliver Queen of Smallville . The 1 percenters are people that `` have everything going for them with their fantastic good looks and their opulent lifestyle '' .", "14": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://definitivetouch.com/features/20-distinguished-male-characters-tv-history Jump up ^ Walper , Simone ( September 2 , 2010 ) `` Spécial trading , entrez sur le Forex avec l'euro / dollar . '' MoneyWeek . Numerous 096 . Jump up ^ Arrow , Jennifer ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Boss : `` Chuck Has Never , and Will Never , Hurt Blair '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Seventeen Questions For Ed Westwick '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pool , Hannah ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Question time : Ed Westwick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pool , Hannah ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Question time : Ed Westwick '' . People . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl 's Ed Westwick is suited to the English gent role '' . Metro . September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl 's ' Chuck is the boy you love to hate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Co-Creator on the `` Emotional '' End and the Big Reveal That Almost Did n't Happen `` . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best & Worst of 2008 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Gossip Girl Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 .", "15": "Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 21 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richest Fictional Characters Opinions Wealth Retrieved : 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Carina Adly MacKenzie . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % ( Male ) '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , David ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy -- The 1 percenters : ' Gossip Girl ' stars Ed Westwick and Leighton Meester take on Emily Deschanel and Justin Hartley '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Chuck Bass on IMDb THE SCARF from CHUCK BASS : http://www.the-scarf.com/xoxo/ Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? ''", "16": "`` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr.", "17": "Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr.", "18": "Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Bass&oldid=814498671 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional bisexual males Fictional socialites Fictional orphans Fictional domestic abusers Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from June 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 04 : 52 . 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-1116288849470511210	when did france and belgium invade the ruhr	[ "1923", "11 January 1923", "January 1923", "1923", "1923" ]	{ "0": "Occupation of the Ruhr - wikipedia Occupation of the Ruhr Jump to : navigation , search French soldiers in the Ruhr in 1923 The Occupation of the Ruhr ( German : Ruhrbesetzung ) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic 's failure to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Occupation 3 Passive resistance 3.1 Sympathy for Germany 3.2 Poincaré 4 British perspective 5 Aftermath 5.1 Dawes Plan 5.2 German politics 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 French and German Background ( edit ) Map of the occupation of the Rhineland ( 1918 -- 1919 ) The Ruhr region had been occupied by Allied troops in the immediate aftermath of the First World War , during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland ( 1918 -- 1919 ) . Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) , which formally ended the war , Germany accepted responsibility for the damages caused in the war and was obliged to pay war reparations to the various Allies , principally France . The total sum of reparations demanded from Germany -- around 226 billion gold marks ( US $ 878 billion in 2018 ) -- was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission . In 1921 , the amount was reduced to 132 billion ( at that time , $31.4 billion ( US $442 billion in 2018 ) , or £ 6.6 billion ( UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) ) . Even with the reduction , the debt was huge . As some of the payments were in raw materials , German factories were unable to function , and the German economy suffered , further damaging the country 's ability to pay . By late 1922 , the German defaults on payments had grown so regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission ; the French and Belgian delegates urged occupying the Ruhr as a way of forcing Germany to pay more , while the British delegate urged a lowering of the payments .", "1": "As a consequence of a German default on timber deliveries in December 1922 , the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default , which led to the Franco - Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923 . Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered . The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty . The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923 , which was the thirty - fourth coal default in the previous thirty - six months . The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the Ruhr occupation and took this step only after the British had rejected his proposals for non-military sanctions against Germany . Frustrated at Germany not paying reparations , Poincaré hoped for joint Anglo - French economic sanctions against Germany in 1922 and opposed military action . However , by December 1922 he was faced with Anglo - American - German opposition and saw coal for French steel production and payments in money as laid out in the Treaty of Versailles draining away . Poincaré was exasperated with British opposition , and wrote to the French ambassador in London : Judging others by themselves , the English , who are blinded by their loyalty , have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them ... We , on the contrary , believe that if Germany , far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace , has always tried to escape her obligations , it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat ... We are also certain that Germany , as a nation , resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity . Occupation ( edit ) French Chasseurs Alpins in Buer Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 to extract the reparations himself . The real issue during the Ruhrkampf ( Ruhr struggle ) , as the Germans labelled the battle against the French occupation , was not the German defaults on coal and timber deliveries but the sanctity of the Versailles Treaty .", "2": "Poincaré often argued to the British that letting the Germans defy Versailles in regards to the reparations would create a precedent that would lead to the Germans dismantling the rest of the Versailles treaty . Finally , Poincaré argued that once the chains that had bound Germany in Versailles were destroyed , it was inevitable that Germany would plunge the world into another world war . Initiated by French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré , the invasion took place on 11 January 1923 . General Alphonse Caron 's 32nd infantry corps under the supervision of General Jean - Marie Degoutte carried out the operation . Some theories state that the French aimed to occupy the centre of German coal , iron , and steel production in the Ruhr area valley simply to get the money . Some others state that France did it to ensure that the reparations were paid in goods , because the Mark was practically worthless because of hyperinflation that already existed at the end of 1922 . France had the iron ore and Germany had the coal . Each state wanted free access to the resource it was short of , as together these resources had far more value than separately . ( Eventually this problem was resolved in the post-World War II European Coal and Steel community . ) Following France 's decision to invade the Ruhr , the Inter-Allied Mission for Control of Factories and Mines ( MICUM ) was set up as a means of ensuring coal repayments from Germany . Passive resistance ( edit ) Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival ( The sign on the left reads `` The Ruhr remains German '' ; the sign on the right reads `` We never want to be vassals '' . ) The occupation was greeted by a campaign of passive resistance . Approximately 130 German civilians were killed by the French occupation army during the events , including during civil disobedience protests , e.g. against dismissal of German officials . Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr , the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923 . Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921 , see 1920s German inflation .", "3": "In the face of economic collapse , with high unemployment and hyperinflation , the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government , which was followed by a state of emergency . Despite this , civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of the Weimar Republic , including the Beer Hall Putsch . The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen ( Aix - la - Chapelle ) in October 1923 . Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay , the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy , won the world 's sympathy , and under heavy Anglo - American financial pressure ( the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City ) , the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924 , which substantially lowered German reparations payments . Under the Dawes Plan , Germany paid only 1 billion marks in 1924 , and then increasing amounts for the next three years , until the total rose to 2.25 billion marks by 1927 . Sympathy for Germany ( edit ) Front page of Chicago Daily Tribune , 6 March 1923 , announcing French troops killing four resisting Germans Internationally , the French invasion of Germany did much to boost sympathy for the German Republic although no action was taken in the League of Nations since it was technically legal under the Treaty of Versailles . The French , with their own economic problems , eventually accepted the Dawes Plan and withdrew from the occupied areas in July and August 1925 . The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf and Duisburg along with the city 's important harbour in Duisburg - Ruhrort , ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925 . According to Sally Marks , the occupation of the Ruhr `` was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation , which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation , nor the franc 's 1924 collapse , which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations '' . Marks suggests the profits , after Ruhr - Rhineland occupation costs , were nearly 900 million gold marks .", "4": "Poincaré ( edit ) Despite his disagreements with Britain , Poincaré desired to preserve the Anglo - French entente and thus moderated his aims to a degree . His major goal was the winning of the extraction of reparations payments from Germany . His inflexible methods and authoritarian personality led to the failure of his diplomacy . British perspective ( edit ) When on 12 July 1922 , Germany demanded a moratorium on reparation payments , tension developed between the French government of Raymond Poincaré and the Coalition government of David Lloyd George . The British Labour Party demanded peace and denounced Lloyd George as a troublemaker . It saw Germany as the martyr of the postwar period and France as vengeful and the principal threat to peace in Europe . The tension between France and Britain peaked during a conference in Paris in early 1923 , by which time the coalition led by Lloyd George had been replaced by the Conservatives . The Labour Party opposed the occupation of the Ruhr throughout 1923 , which it rejected as French imperialism . The British Labour Party believed it had won when Poincaré accepted the Dawes Plan in 1924 . Aftermath ( edit ) French troops leaving Dortmund Dawes Plan ( edit ) To deal with the implementation of the Dawes Plan , a conference took place in London in July -- August 1924 . The British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , who viewed reparations as impossible to pay , successfully pressured the French Premier Édouard Herriot into a whole series of concessions to Germany . The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps commented that `` The London Conference was for the French ' man in the street ' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission , the right of sanctions in the event of German default , the economic occupation of the Ruhr , the French - Belgian railroad Régie , and finally , the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year '' . The Dawes Plan was significant in European history as it marked the first time that Germany had succeeded in defying Versailles , and revised an aspect of the treaty in its favour . The Saar region remained under French control until 1935 .", "5": "German politics ( edit ) In German politics , the French occupation of the Rhineland accelerated the formation of right - wing parties . Disoriented by the defeat in the war , conservatives in 1922 founded a consortium of nationalist associations , the `` Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands '' ( VVVD , United Patriotic Associations of Germany ) . The goal was to forge a united front of the right . In the climate of national resistance against the French Ruhr invasion , the VVVD reached its peak strength . It advocated policies of uncompromising monarchism , corporatism and opposition to the Versailles settlement . However , it lacked internal unity and money and so it never managed to unite the right before it had faded away by the late 1920s , as the Nazis emerged . See also ( edit ) NRW portal History of the Ruhr Allied occupation of the Rhineland Remilitarization of the Rhineland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Timothy W. Guinnane ( January 2004 ) . `` Vergangenheitsbewältigung : the 1953 London Debt Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Center Discussion Paper no . 880 . Economic Growth Center , Yale University . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ The extent to which payment defaults were genuine or artificial is controversial , see World War I reparations . Jump up ^ Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 pp. 240 -- 241 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 p. 240 . Jump up ^ Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 p. 241 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 p. 244 . Jump up ^ Leopold Schwarzschild , World in Trance ( London : Hamish Hamilton , 1943 ) , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Mordacq , Henri . Die deutsche Mentalitat . Funf Jahre B. am Rhein . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 28 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 42 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` Anaconda Standard '' . 1923 - 02 - 10 . Twenty Germans were said to have been killed and several French soldiers wounded when a mob at Rapoch attempted to prevent the expulsion of one hundred officials . Picture shows French guard being doubled outside the station at Bochum following a collision between German mob and the French Jump up ^ `` Hanover Evening Sun '' . 1923 - 03 - 15 . Three Germans killed in Ruhr by French sentries Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adam ; When Money Dies : The Nightmare of Deficit Spending , Devaluation and Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 994 - 1 Jump up ^ Marks , Sally `` The Myths of Reparations '' pp. 231 -- 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Walsh , p. 142 Jump up ^ Sally Marks , ' 1918 and After . The Postwar Era ' , in Gordon Martel ( ed . ) , The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered .", "7": "Second Edition ( London : Routledge , 1999 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Marks , p. 35 , no . 57 . Jump up ^ Hines H. Hall , III , `` Poincare and Interwar Foreign Policy : ' L'Oublie de la Diplomatie ' in Anglo - French Relations , 1922 -- 1924 , '' Proceedings of the Western Society for French History ( 1982 ) , Vol. 10 , pp. 485 -- 494 . Jump up ^ Aude Dupré de Boulois , `` Les Travaillistes , la France et la Question Allemande ( 1922 -- 1924 ) , '' Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique ( 1999 ) 113 # 1 pp. 75 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , `` The Myths of Reparations '' p. 248 . Jump up ^ Marks , `` The Myths of Reparations '' p. 249 . Jump up ^ James M. Diehl , `` Von Der ' Vaterlandspartei ' zur ' Nationalen Revolution ' : Die ' Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands ( VVVD ) ' 1922 -- 1932 , '' ( From `` party for the fatherland '' to `` national revolution '' : the United Fatherland Associations of Germany ( VVVD ) , 1922 -- 32 ) Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte ( October 1985 ) 33 # 4 pp. 617 -- 639 . Sources ( edit ) Fischer , Conan . The Ruhr Crisis , 1923 -- 1924 ( Oxford U.P. , 2003 ) ; online review Marks , Sally . `` The Myths of Reparations , '' Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 , September 1978 pp. 231 -- 255 . O'Riordan , Elspeth Y . `` British Policy and the Ruhr Crisis 1922 -- 24 , '' Diplomacy & Statecraft ( 2004 ) 15 # 2 pp. 221 -- 251 .", "8": "O'Riordan , Elspeth Y. Britain and the Ruhr Crisis ( London , 2001 ) ; Walsh , Ben . History in Focus : GCSE Modern World History ; French and German ( edit ) Stanislas Jeannesson , Poincaré , la France et la Ruhr 1922 -- 1924 . Histoire d'une occupation ( Strasbourg , 1998 ) ; Michael Ruck , Die Freien Gewerkschaften im Ruhrkampf 1923 ( Frankfurt am Main , 1886 ) ; Barbara Müller , Passiver Widerstand im Ruhrkampf . Eine Fallstudie zur gewaltlosen zwischenstaatlichen Konfliktaustragung und ihren Erfolgsbedingungen ( Münster , 1995 ) ; Gerd Krüger , Das `` Unternehmen Wesel '' im Ruhrkampf von 1923 . Rekonstruktion eines misslungenen Anschlags auf den Frieden , in Horst Schroeder , Gerd Krüger , Realschule und Ruhrkampf . Beiträge zur Stadtgeschichte des 19 . und 20 . Jahrhunderts ( Wesel , 2002 ) , pp. 90 -- 150 ( Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte von Wesel , 24 ) ( esp . on the background of so - called ' active ' resistance ) ; Gerd Krumeich , Joachim Schröder ( eds . ) , Der Schatten des Weltkriegs : Die Ruhrbesetzung 1923 ( Essen , 2004 ) ( Düsseldorfer Schriften zur Neueren Landesgeschichte und zur Geschichte Nordrhein - Westfalens , 69 ) ; Gerd Krüger , `` Aktiver '' und passiver Widerstand im Ruhrkampf 1923 , in Günther Kronenbitter , Markus Pöhlmann , Dierk Walter ( eds . ) , Besatzung . Funktion und Gestalt militärischer Fremdherrschaft von der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert ( Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich , 2006 ) , pp.", "9": "119 -- 30 ( Krieg in der Geschichte , 28 ) ; Authority control GND : 4130243 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_the_Ruhr&oldid=830459993 '' Categories : Economic history of France French Third Republic 1924 in Germany 1925 in Germany 1923 in France 1924 in France 1925 in France Military occupation Military history of Belgium French Army Aftermath of World War I in Germany 1925 in international relations 1924 in international relations 1923 in international relations 20th century in North Rhine - Westphalia Rhine Province Province of Westphalia Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Къарачай - малкъар Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1787430967072848088	what type of novel is goodbye mr chips	[ "Psychological fiction", "Psychological fiction", "novella", "Psychological fiction", "Psychological fiction" ]	{ "0": "Goodbye , Mr. Chips - wikipedia Goodbye , Mr. Chips Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( disambiguation ) . `` Mr. Chips '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mr. Chips ( disambiguation ) . Goodbye , Mr. Chips Cover of the UK first edition Author James Hilton Illustrator Ethel ' Bip ' Pares Genre Psychological fiction Publisher Little , Brown ( USA ) Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) Publication date June 1934 ( 1934 - 06 ) ( USA ) October 1934 ( 1934 - 10 ) ( UK ) OCLC 8462789 Goodbye , Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher , Mr. Chipping , written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934 . It has been adapted into two cinema films and two television presentations . The novella has remained an essential part of the English subject syllabus taught at Pakistan 's higher secondary school level for the past 30 years , although its choice has received some criticism in the recent past due to perceived lack of relevance to the local society and education system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Plot summary 3 Inspiration 4 Adaptations 4.1 1936 radio 4.2 1938 stage 4.3 1939 film 4.4 1939 radio 4.5 1969 film 4.6 1982 stage musical 4.7 1984 serial 4.8 2002 TV film 4.9 Parodies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The story was originally issued in 1933 , as a supplement to the British Weekly , an evangelical newspaper . It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic .", "1": "The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little , Brown and Company , who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934 . The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses , and Little , Brown were no exception . They cautiously released a small first print run . Public demand for more was immediate , and Little , Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month . Public demand remained strong , and Little , Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months , with at least two reprintings per month . The first British edition went to press in October 1934 . The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton , who had observed the success of the book in the United States , and they released a much larger first print run . It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication , and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public 's demand for the book proved insatiable . With the huge success of this book , James Hilton became a best - selling author . Plot summary ( edit ) The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher , Mr Chipping , and his long tenure at Brookfield School , a fictional minor British boys ' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield , in the Fenlands . Mr Chips , as the boys call him , is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom . His views broaden , and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine , a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District . Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster , and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield 's pupils . Despite Chipping 's mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin ( his academic subjects ) are dead languages , he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and the school 's governors . In his later years , he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone .", "2": "Although the book is unabashedly sentimental , it depicts the sweeping social changes that Chips experiences throughout his life : he begins his tenure at Brookfield in September 1870 , at the age of 22 , as the Franco - Prussian War was breaking out ; he dies in November 1933 , at the age of 85 , shortly after Adolf Hitler 's rise to power . Inspiration ( edit ) The setting for Goodbye , Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School , Cambridge , where James Hilton was a pupil ( 1915 -- 18 ) . Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist , Mr. Chips , came from many sources , including his father , who was the headmaster of Chapel End School . Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W.H. Balgarnie , a master at The Leys ( 1900 -- 30 ) , who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly ( in which Hilton 's first short stories and essays were published ) . Over the years , old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton , a master at The Leys and a historian of the school , confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie , who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82 . Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby . Like Mr. Chips , Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian , but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits . Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie 's death that `` Balgarnie was , I suppose , the chief model for my story . When I read so many other stories about public school life , I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did , and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie . '' The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname `` Chops '' , a likely inspiration for Mr Chips ' name . In Hilton 's final novel , Time and Time Again ( 1953 ) , protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself .", "3": "Early in the novel , Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing `` Chips '' . Adaptations ( edit ) 1936 radio ( edit ) A 50 - minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20 : 00 on 23 July 1936 , with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley , Ronald Simpson , Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen . There was a repeat broadcast the following evening . 1938 stage ( edit ) Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts , which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938 , with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine . It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939 . 1939 film ( edit ) Main article : Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 1939 film ) This version stars Robert Donat , Greer Garson , Terry Kilburn , John Mills , and Paul Henreid . Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role , beating Clark Gable , James Stewart , Laurence Olivier , and Mickey Rooney . While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book , this film is generally faithful to the original story . The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School , an independent school ( at the time of filming , for boys only ) , located in the village of Repton , in Derbyshire , in the Midlands area of England , whilst the interiors , school courtyards and annexes , including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains , were filmed at Denham Film Studios , near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire . Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film . 1939 radio ( edit ) A radio adaptation by the Lux Radio Theatre starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on November 20 , 1939 . 1969 film ( edit ) Main article : Goodbye , Mr.", "4": "Chips ( 1969 film ) In 1969 a musical film version appeared , starring Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark , with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams . In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded , and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades , with Chips ' career beginning in the early 20th century and later career covering World War II , rather than World War I. O'Toole and Clark 's performances were widely praised . At the 42nd Academy Awards , O'Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy . 1982 stage musical ( edit ) A stage musical based on the original novel , but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film , was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982 . The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie . Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips , Colette Gleeson as Kathie , Nigel Stock as Max , Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles , and 20 local school boys , including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic `` School Song '' , which features on the original cast album which was recorded on ' That 's Entertainment Records ' label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17 / 18 August 1982 . JAY - jay Records also have a release of it . 1984 serial ( edit ) In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC . It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half - hour episodes . Many scenes were filmed at Repton School , Derbyshire , in an effort to remain faithful to the original film . 2002 TV film ( edit ) A television film adaptation was produced by STV Productions ( then known as `` SMG TV Productions '' ) in 2002 . It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS 's Masterpiece Theatre in the United States .", "5": "It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill , William Moseley , Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd . Parodies ( edit ) Goodbye , Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace ( as Piss Off , Mr. Chips ) and Big Train . See also ( edit ) 1934 in literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Mr Chips ! '' . Dawn.com . Dawn . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A REJOINDER TO THE CRITICISM ON ' GOOD - BYE MR . CHIPS ' '' . humsub.com.pk . HumSub . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Among The Fiction -- Outstanding Sales '' . Reviews . The Times ( 46928 ) . London . 4 December 1934 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Atlantic ' ' on education '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 11 April 2011 ... Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Time . 30 July 1951 . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Carroll ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` Who was the real Mr Chips ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting -- Mr. Goolden in a School Play '' . Arts and Entertainment . The Times ( 47434 ) . London . 23 July 1936 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting '' . Arts and Entertainment . The Times ( 47435 ) . London . 24 July 1936 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Shaftesbury Theatre '' . Reviews . The Times ( 48108 ) . London . 24 September 1938 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Theatres '' . Reviews . The Times ( 48189 ) . London . 29 December 1938 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Art Exhibitions '' . Classified Advertising .", "6": "The Times ( 48203 ) . London . 14 January 1939 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Movies made in the Midlands '' . Sunday Mercury . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repton , Derbyshire '' . greatbritishlife.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 1939 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 11 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` 1930s : A year of tragedy and war worries '' . youandyesterday.com . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Other scenes were filmed at Christ College , Brecon ; with many of the school 's pupils taking roles in the production . BBC Derby Jump up ^ Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 2002 TV ) on IMDb . Retrieved 11 April 2011 External links ( edit ) Goodbye , Mr. Chips at Faded Page ( Canada ) VIAF : 182507999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodbye,_Mr._Chips&oldid=837735360 '' Categories : 1934 British novels English novels Novels by James Hilton British novels adapted into films Works originally published in British newspapers Little , Brown and Company books Novels set in schools Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 18 : 26 .", "7": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2105265206768647509	who won the mens figure skating in 2018 olympics	[ "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Shoma Uno", "Javier Fernández", "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]	{ "0": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall .", "1": "In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.", "2": "00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.", "3": "57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.", "4": "00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.", "5": "04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.", "6": "00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.", "7": "13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.", "8": "71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.", "9": "56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.", "10": "56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) .", "11": "International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.", "12": "87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S.", "13": "Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . 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134587584998146088	when do you get your dress blues in the army	[ "when commissioned", "during initial entry training", "during initial entry training" ]	{ "0": "Army service uniform - wikipedia Army service uniform Jump to : navigation , search U.S. Army soldiers modelling the class `` A '' service uniform in 2008 . U.S. Army soldiers modelling the class `` B '' service uniform in 2008 . The Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) is a military uniform worn by United States Army personnel in situations where formal dress is called for . It can be worn at most public and official functions , and as an analog for business dress . In combat situations , the Army Combat Uniform is used . The blue ASU replaced the `` Army Green '' and `` Army White '' service uniforms . Originally created in 2008 as a secondary uniform to the former army `` class A greens '' , in the autumn of 2010 it started being issued to all soldiers and now is worn army - wide as the official service uniform . It is based on the older `` dress blue '' dress uniform . Older antecedents include the uniforms of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and the Union Army 's during the American Civil War . Their influence is apparent in the overall blue theme , the officers ' passants ( shoulder - straps ) and trouser design . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Timeline of changes 1.2 Details 2 Current dress / service uniform 2.1 History 2.2 Description 2.3 Dress ASU 2.3. 1 Evening social events 2.4 Class `` A '' ASU 2.5 Class `` B '' ASU 2.6 Components 2.7 Accessory items 2.8 Insignia , awards , badges and accoutrements 2.9 Headgear 2.10 Miscellaneous 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Timeline of changes ( edit ) 1774 : Blue Continental Army coat , with state facing colors , and white waistcoat and breeches or overalls . ( Historical Note / Ref : The origin of `` blue '' as the primary uniform color is earlier during the Colonial period of the Continental Association or First Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia , PA and adjourned on Oct 26 , 1774 . ) George Washington was the appointed Presiding Officer .", "1": "While Washington was in Philadelphia , one hundred neighbors in Fairfax County ( VA ) , under the tutelage of George Mason , had organized themselves into a voluntary militia -- probably the first in the colony -- electing Washington their commander . Borrowing the colors of the English Whig party , the Fairfax Independent Company wore blue uniforms with buff facings and white stockings . Washington used Thomas Webb 's A Military Treatise on the Appointments of the Army as a guide for outfitting this particular unit . Washington would soon accept the additional field command of another four independent companies : in Prince William , Fauquier , Richmond , and Spotsylvania Counties . 1782 : Red facings only with branch of service white ( infantry ) or yellow ( artillery ) metal buttons . 1810 : French uniform coat with cut - in skirt fastened in front ; sleeved roundabout jacket for fatigue and field service . 1813 : Uniform coat devoid of buttonhole lace and facing colors . 1821 : Congressional confirmation of army wear of national blue ; practical gray wool pantaloons for the winter mud , a tradition of contrasting shades . 1829 : Undress frock ( full round skirt ) coat in place of officer 's civilian clothes . 1832 : Branch of service cap insignia , gold or silver officer grade insignia on epaulettes and sky - blue trousers for all but staff and generals . 1835 : Shoulder straps , used to hold fringed epaulettes , with undress , officer grade . 1851 : French frock ( full skirt ) coat only uniform , trimmed in system of branch of service colors . 1854 : New waist - length uniform jacket for mounted troops 1872 : Blouse for garrison and field , uniform coat for dress , with epaulettes for generals . 1881 : Dark blue flannel overshirt often in place of blouse on field service . 1885 : Sky - blue kersey trousers , aniline dye richer shade than original vegetable dye . 1895 : Officer 's undress sack coat , with black trim ; branch of service insignia and national cypher `` U.S. '' on collar , with national eagle on cap . 1902 : Olive drab wool and khaki cotton service uniforms introduced ; blue retained only for dress , full dress , mess dress , and special evening dress , trimmed with branch of service color .", "2": "New patterns of blue full dress and dress uniforms adopted for both officers and enlisted men Leather color changed from black to russet . The M1902 visored cap is adopted . 1907 and 1912 : Minor changes prescribed for 1902 model blue dress and full dress uniforms . 1911 : Wool felt M1911 Campaign Hat adopted . Hat cords were in Branch colors for enlisted men , a gold metallic thread and black cord braid for Subaltern and Field Officers , and woven of gold metallic thread for General Officers . 1917 : Wearing of blue dress , full dress and mess dress uniforms suspended for the duration of the war . Warrant Officers were authorized a hat cord of silver metallic thread and black cord braid for wear with the M1911 Campaign Hat . The side - folding cloth Overseas Cap was unofficially adopted by AEF personnel in a variety of styles influenced by similar Allied patterns . 1921 : The M1911 Campaign Hat was redesigned . 1928 : Return of pre-war blue dress uniforms with new visor cap , optional at expense of wearer . 1938 : Officer 's blue roll - collar coat adopted , with branch of service - color trim and dress belt ( from full dress coat ) . 1939 : The side - folding Overseas Cap is universally adopted as the Garrison Cap . 1940 : No blue uniform required during emergency ( end of saber ) . 1941 : The M1911 Campaign Hat is declared Limited Standard . 1947 : President Harry S. Truman note on lack of dress uniform and return of pre-war pattern ; evening dress uniform cuff with single gold lace and insignia of grade . 1953 : Post-war officer and EM pattern with patch pockets ; no traditional branch of service color trim on EM uniform and officers ' trousers stripes . 1956 : Distinctive uniform for bands and honor guards . Leather color changed from russet to black . 1957 : Women 's army blue uniform same cut as 1951 Taupe - 121 uniform . 1959 : Army blue uniforms for year - round wear . 1962 : Women 's army blue same as army green uniform , with new service hat . 1963 : Mandatory possession of officer 's army blue uniform .", "3": "1972 : Officers ' mess jacket cuff ornamentation simplified to resemble that of 1947 evening dress ( grade insignia replaced branch insignia ; single strand of gold lace replaced multiple ones which previously showed grade ) . 2008 : the new blue army service uniform ( ASU ) is introduced for optional wear by soldiers . 2010 : blue ASU issued to all soldiers , beginning in autumn . 2015 : Army green class A uniform officially retired ; blue ASU worn army - wide after October 1 . Details ( edit ) In the early days of the U.S. Army , the uniform worn in combat was essentially the same as that worn for everyday duties . This was the common practice with most armies of the time . This changed in modern times , as field uniforms were developed which were more suited for battle . Further information : Military uniform During the Civil War era , army uniforms were relatively simple . Typically , the same uniform served as a garrison uniform and as a combat uniform . Combat soldiers in the Civil War wore a standard dark blue coat , just like personnel in garrisons or in army offices and headquarters . In the first half of the war , many states supplied their regiments with uniforms , resulting in distinctive jackets and buttons . Rank was indicated by a shoulder strap for officers , and chevrons on the sleeves for non-commissioned officers . Branch or specialty could be indicated by the color of the enlisted badge of rank , or the background color for officers ' shoulder straps . Uniform standards were relaxed during the war years , especially on campaign , and men often wore a variety of hats in the field . The 1899 Army Uniform Regulations provided for a cotton khaki uniform for field service , drawing on the experience of the Spanish -- American War when both blue and drab clothing had been worn . From 1902 to 1917 , the army had two uniforms : a service uniform of wool olive drab Melton cloth for use by soldiers in the field , and a blue dress uniform used for ceremonies and off - post wear by enlisted men . Lieutenant General Edmund B. Gregory , the Quartermaster General , looking back in 1946 , pointed out that World War I uniforms had subtly changed from a comfortable loose - fitting four pocket field garment to a tight - fitting version suitable only for garrison wear .", "4": "At the outbreak of World War II , the army had to develop new loose - fitting patterns which the men could live in , as well as muster on the parade ground . Gregory noted that this gradual change to a tight - fitting uniform in peacetime has been characteristic of the history of uniforms in all armies . Around 1940 , soldiers began to use special uniforms designed for combat or field operations , with numerous special equipment and packs . The M - 1941 Field Jacket was one of the first clothing items which was approved specifically for use in the field , and which was not meant to be part of a standard service uniform . After this , service uniforms started to become more elaborate , as they were not needed to be useful in combat , and could take on a unique appearance , with new features and embellishments . Units began to display their own special patches , and badges were added for various specialties . Among the earliest unit patches was for the 81st Infantry Division . This unit trained at Fort Jackson , South Carolina . They created patches showing a wildcat , so that they could identify each other quickly in combat . Some officers questioned this , but General John Pershing decided it was a good idea , so the army started to implement it for all units . The first commendation ever used by the U.S. military was the original Purple Heart , designed personally by George Washington . It was originally a medal for valor , and at the time was the only one issued by the U.S. Army . It fell out of use after the American Revolution but was later revived and became the modern commendation for wounds in battle , which is how it is used today . World War I was the first time that the army began to award a variety of medals and decorations , except for the Medal of Honor , which was first awarded during the Civil War . The Combat Infantryman Badge and the Expert Infantryman Badge were created in 1943 by the United States Secretary of War . The combat infantryman badge was originally awarded for valor in combat . In 1947 , every soldier who earned it was given a Bronze Star , and since then , it is awarded for having participated in ground combat . Current dress / service uniform ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "5": "( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blue service uniform for officers , as worn by General George W. Casey , Jr . An ARNG sergeant in 2012 wearing the enlisted version of the ASU . History ( edit ) The Army currently uses the blue Army Service Uniform . According to Army Regulation 670 - 1 : Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia , Army White , and Army Blue uniforms are considered Dress Uniforms . The Army Service Uniform seeks to combine these distinctions through wear stipulations . Possession and use of the blue ASU is now mandatory for all soldiers as of October 1 , 2015 , when the green class A was retired . As of fall 2010 , enlisted soldiers receive the blue service uniform as part of their basic clothing bag issue when they enter the army during initial entry training . The army further provides active - duty enlisted soldiers an annual clothing allowance to maintain proper fit and appearance of their basic clothing bag issue items . The army includes a series of stipends in this annual clothing allowance towards the replacement of the green service uniform and all basic clothing bag items . Commissioned officers are given a one - time stipend when commissioned to purchase their required uniform items . Officers then maintain proper fit and appearance of their uniform items throughout their career . The army requires officers to purchase and maintain only the blue service uniform . To streamline the number of uniforms soldiers purchase and maintain throughout their careers , the army has phased out the green and white service uniforms and retained the blue service uniform as the army service uniform . The ASU was announced in 2006 by then - Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker , and will serve as the U.S. Army 's dress , garrison , and ceremonial uniform . Since the new army uniform is now standard , the only green uniform remaining in the U.S. military are the olive green Marine Corps service uniform . The ASU made its `` debut '' at the 2007 State of the Union Address , when General Schoomaker wore his army blue uniform . The ASU used the preexisting `` army blue '' uniform as a model .", "6": "Accordingly , in terms of color the ASU resembles the campaign uniforms worn by soldiers during the Mexican -- American War , American Civil War , Indian Wars , and the Spanish -- American War prior to the introduction of khaki uniforms in the 1890s ( phased out in 1985 ) and olive drab uniforms in 1902 ( phased out and replaced with `` army green '' between 1955 and 1957 ) , making the blue uniform a dress uniform . Dress uniforms of dark - blue tunics and light - blue trousers were worn by all ranks until 1917 and reintroduced in a modernized form ( with open collar and tie ) for officers and warrant officers in 1937 . Description ( edit ) The ASU includes a midnight blue coat and low waist trousers for male soldiers ; and a midnight blue coat , slacks and skirt for female soldiers . The fabric for the ASU is heavier and more wrinkle resistant than previously manufactured uniforms and will consist of 55 % wool and 45 % polyester material . The ASU coat has a tailored , athletic cut to improve uniform fit and appearance . The ASU includes an improved heavier and wrinkle resistant short and long - sleeved white shirt with permanent military creases and shoulder loops . The JROTC version replaces the white shirt with the prototype grey shirt and gold braid is not worn on the blue trousers or on the sleeves of the class A coat . Compared to the Army 's previous uniforms , the ASU does not include a garrison cap ; soldiers will continue to wear the Army 's berets . The army encourages soldiers and leaders who own the current army blue uniform to wear it , when appropriate , as their dress , class `` A '' , or class `` B '' Uniform . The fielding of the new uniform policy establishes a class `` B '' uniform category for the current army blue uniform as part of its bridging strategy . The class `` B '' uniform category defines those ASU items worn without the service coat . Dress ASU ( edit ) The dress blue ASU for males includes the blue coat and trousers and a long - sleeved white shirt with black tie . The dress blue ASU for females includes the blue coat , skirt , and a long - sleeved white shirt with black neck tab .", "7": "Currently , females in army bands , honor guards , and female chaplains are authorized to wear army blue slacks in the performance of their duties . The black beret and service cap are authorized for wear with this uniform . Combat boots and organizational items , such as brassards , military police accessories and distinctive unit insignia are not worn . All other accessories and insignia authorized for wear with the class `` A '' service uniform are authorized for wear on the dress blue ASU . Evening social events ( edit ) When the dress blue ASU is worn for social events in the evening ( i.e. after retreat ) , men may wear a black bow tie rather than a black four - in - hand necktie , and commanders may direct that headgear is not required . ALARACT 202 / 2008 specifies that the `` dress blue ASU '' for men includes a `` black bowtie . '' It makes no mention of the black four - in - hand necktie in connection with the `` dress blue ASU . '' Since , according to paragraph 10 of the same ALARACT and paragraph 27 - 19a of AR 670 - 1 , the bow tie is worn only after retreat , this text suggests that the `` dress blue ASU '' is not conceived of as a uniform order for the daytime , that the `` dress blue ASU '' for males is not an all - hours uniform including an evening variant with bow tie , and that the `` class A ASU '' is the highest order of dress for daytime wear . Class `` a '' ASU ( edit ) The class `` A '' ASU includes the army blue coat and trousers / skirt / slacks , a short or long sleeved white shirt and four - in - hand necktie ( male ) / neck tab ( female ) ( for accessories and other items authorized for wear on the class `` A '' ASU , see ASU accessory items authorized for wear ) . New blue ASU class `` A '' uniform with jump boots . This uniform also exists in the army JROTC program in a modified version . The main difference is that the AJROTC version mostly resembles the original trial version of the army service uniform which consisted of a grey , long or short sleeved shirt and the blue trousers without the gold stripe sewn on .", "8": "The blue class A coat is exactly the same as the current issue coat except that the gold edge trimming is not worn on the sleeves of the blue coat , the main blue shade of army blue 450 is the same as on the current army service uniform and the official headgear authorized is the grey beret with a black center flash with gold trim . The official designation of the uniform is the `` AJROTC cadet service uniform , '' or The ASU as well . The new cadet army service uniform will completely replace the cadet army green uniform by October 2015 . Most AJROTC units possessed the new blue uniform by October 2014 . Class `` B '' ASU ( edit ) New blue ASU class `` B '' uniform with jump boots . The class `` B '' ASU includes the army blue trousers / skirt / slacks , a short or long sleeve white shirt . Soldiers will wear the four - in - hand necktie with the long sleeve white shirt when it is worn without the class `` A '' coat . Until the new ASU items are available , soldiers who have the low waist trousers with belt loops , or slacks , have the option of wearing a commercial short sleeve white shirt with shoulder loops in the open collar configuration or with a four - in - hand necktie ( black neck tab for female soldiers ) . Soldiers have the option of wearing a commercial long sleeve white shirt with shoulder loops and a four - in - hand necktie ( black neck tab for female soldiers ) . Soldiers who have the current commercial white shirt without shoulder loops must wear as appropriate , the black wind breaker , black pullover or black cardigan sweaters with this uniform . Soldiers who have the high waist blue trousers worn with suspenders ( designed to wear with the blue mess uniform ) may wear these trousers with the current ASU during this transition period . These high waist trousers must be worn with the service coat , black wind breaker , black pullover or black cardigan sweaters .", "9": "Components ( edit ) The ASU consists of the following items : Coat , army blue shade 450 Trousers , army blue shade 451 , low Waist With Belt Loops ( male soldiers ) Slacks , Low Waist ( female soldiers ) Skirt ( female soldiers ) Accessory items ( edit ) Source : Belt and buckle Black combat boots ( optional for wear with class `` A '' and class `` B '' uniforms for soldiers authorized to wear the tan , green , or maroon berets , those assigned to air assault coded positions , and military police soldiers performing MP duties . ) Black bow tie ( worn after retreat ) Buttons Black cape ( officer only ) Blue cape ( officer only ) Chaplain 's apparel Gold cuff links and studs Black all - weather coat Black leather dress gloves ( worn with black all weather coat or black wind breaker ) White dress gloves Black handbag Black shoulder bag Black clutch Drill sergeant hat ( authorized for wear with class `` A '' and class `` B '' uniforms ) Judge 's apparel Military police accessories ( not authorized with the formal class `` A '' ASU ) Black necktie ( worn on duty ) Neck tabs Black scarf ( only with black all weather coat or black windbreaker ) White long - sleeve shirt White short - sleeve shirt Black shoes Black pumps Black cushioned socks ( worn with boots only ) Black dress socks ( worn with trousers / slacks ) Sheer stockings Black pullover sweater Black unisex Cardigan White undershirt Black umbrella ( female soldiers may carry and use an umbrella , only during inclement weather , when wearing the dress blue ASU . Umbrellas are not authorized in formations or when wearing field or utility uniforms ) Black windbreaker ( only with class `` B '' uniform ) Insignia , awards , badges and accoutrements ( edit ) Service aiguillettes ( officers only ) ( not authorized on the class `` B '' ASU ) Airborne background trimming Branch of service scarf ( not authorized on the enlisted formal class `` A '' service uniform ) Branch insignia ( not authorized on the class `` B '' ASU ) Brassards ( not authorized on the dress blue ASU ) Combat service identification badge ( CSIB ) .", "10": "Worn when available in place of the Green uniforms shoulder sleeve insignia . The CSIB will be worn centered on the wearer 's right breast pocket of the ASU coat for male soldiers ; female soldiers wear the CSIB on the right side parallel to the waistline on the ASU coat . The CSIB is ranked fifth in order of precedence below the Presidential , Vice-Presidential , Secretary of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badges . The CSIB can also be worn on the shirt when wearing the class `` B '' versions of the ASU Decorations and ribbons Distinctive items authorized for infantrymen Distinctive unit insignia ( enlisted only ) ( authorized for wear on the class `` A '' and class `` B '' uniforms only ) Foreign badges Fourragere lanyards Gold Star lapel pin Headgear insignia Rank insignia Officer candidate and warrant officer candidate insignia . Nameplate Organizational flash Overseas service bars ( optional ) Distinctive regimental insignia ( optional ) Service stripes ( enlisted personnel only ) Unit awards U.S. badges ( identification , marksmanship , combat and special skill ) U.S. Insignia ( not authorized on the class `` B '' ASU ) Headgear ( edit ) Black , maroon , tan , or green beret . ( Compared to the former green uniform , a garrison cap is no longer issued . ) Service cap ( male / female ; corporals and above ) Stetson ( U.S. Cavalry ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) Officer and non-commissioned officers will wear trousers with a gold braid sewn on the outside of seam of each trouser leg of the new blue ASU . The braid will be sewn from the bottom of the waistband to the bottom of the trouser leg ( soldiers assigned to the Old Guard are authorized the gold braid regardless of grade ) . On the new ASU , service stripes are authorized for wear on the left sleeve for enlisted soldiers and Overseas Service Bars on the right sleeve for both officers and enlisted soldiers . The new service stripes and Overseas Service Bars are similar in size to the ones currently worn on the army green uniform .", "11": "The new service stripes and Overseas Service Bars will be gold in color and trimmed in blue to match the ASU . During the transition to the new ASU , the traditional larger service stripes on the optional white and blue ( short jacket ) mess dress uniform will be maintained . The current ( old ) blue uniform ( with large service stripes ) remains authorized for wear until the final quarter of Fiscal Year 2014 . Soldiers who have the current ( old ) blue uniform are not required to remove the existing large service stripes . Privates through specialists who now own the current blue trousers are not required to remove the existing gold braid on their trouser legs . Until the last quarter of Fiscal Year 2014 official photos can be in either the army green service uniform or the blue ASU . The wear out date for the army green service uniform with accessories is the 4th quarter of Fiscal Year 2015 . All new insignia worn on the ASU will be designed and developed by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry The grey shirt initially developed for the army service uniform is only authorized for army JROTC units . The gold braid is only authorized for the active army and is not authorized for wear on the JROTC cadet ASU . I.e. the trousers or the coat sleeves . See also ( edit ) War portal Army Combat Uniform Military uniform Uniforms of the United States Army References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 5 October 2010 ) . Washington : A Life . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 266 - 7 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Chernow , p. 174 Jump up ^ Randy Steffen . The Horse Soldier , Vol. 3 , page 95 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2394 - X . Jump up ^ Jacques Noel Jacobsen , Sections 29 and 30 , `` Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States 1902 Jump up ^ Jacques Noel Jacobsen , Parts I & II , `` Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States 1912 Jump up ^ Randy Steffen . The Horse Soldier , Vol. 4 , page 66 . UE443.", "12": "S83 . ^ Jump up to : AR 670 - 1 , Wear and Appearance of the Army Uniform Insignia Jump up ^ Philip Haythornthwaite , plates 1 - 33 , Uniforms of the Civil War , ISBN 0 - 02 - 549200 - 4 Jump up ^ Randy Steffen , page 69 Volume III , `` The Horse Soldier 1776 - 1943 '' ^ Jump up to : The Army Dressed Up Archived 2008 - 04 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 1952 , Dr. Stephen J. Kennedy , The Quartermaster Review , January / February 1952 , Army Clothing History page , Army Quartermaster Foundation , Inc . Website , accessed 4 - 9 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Tiffany US Army Field Jacket Development in Response to Material Shortages and the Exigencies of World War II in Momentum Vol 1 Issue 1 Article 3 18 April 2012 Jump up ^ Pride important for US soldiers Archived December 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Lee Berry , Univ. of Mississippi . Jump up ^ TIOH Bronze Star page Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://ciehub.info/ref/AR/670-1_2005-02-03.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ALARACT 202 / 2008 . Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 2B AND 2D ,", "13": "AND 27 - 25 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 3 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 19A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 4 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 6A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 6B ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 7 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 10 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 8 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 12B ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 12C ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 13B ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 13D ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 13A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 14A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 15 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 19C ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 18 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 21A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 22C ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 22A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 23A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 23F AND 23G ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 24A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 24B ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 24D ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 27 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 26A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 28 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 27 - 30 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 25 ) AND ( 28 - 26 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 31B ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 20 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 10 AND 28 - 12A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 29 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 18 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 7 ,", "14": "29 - 8 AND 29 - 9 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 30 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 22 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 19 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 11 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 7 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 3 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 5 , 28 - 6 , 28 - 7 AND 28 - 8 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 14 AND 28 - 15 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 24C ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 31A ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 28 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 23 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 27 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 11 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 29 - 13 , 29 - 16 , 29 - 17 AND 29 - 18 ) Jump up ^ ( PARA 28 - 4 ) Further reading ( edit ) http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/10/01/rip-green-service-uniform-1954-2015/73142376/ External links ( edit ) Army service uniform website Army page Army Clothing History articles from the Quartermaster Foundation http://www.history.army.mil/html/museums/uniforms/survey_uwa.pdf Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D.", "15": "Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "16": "php?title=Army_Service_Uniform&oldid=826186411 '' Categories : United States Army uniforms 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 18 : 47 . 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1450599178139755430	what happened at the 1939 worlds fair in regards to television	[ "Television demonstrations are held" ]	{ "0": "1939 in television - wikipedia 1939 in television Jump to : navigation , search List of years in television ( table ) ... 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 ... 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 ... 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 ... In radio 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 In film 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science + ... The year 1939 in television involved some significant events . Below is a list of television - related events during 1939 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 2 Television shows 3 Programs ending during 1939 4 Births 5 References Events ( edit ) March 4 -- The BBC Television Service broadcasts one of the first television plays specially written for the medium , Condemned To Be Shot by R.E.J. Brooke , live from its London studios at Alexandra Palace . The production is notable for the use of a camera as the first - person perspective of the play 's unseen main character . March 27 -- The BBC broadcasts the entirety of Magyar Melody live from His Majesty 's Theatre in London . The 175 - minute broadcast is the first showing of a full - length musical by television . April Television demonstrations are held at the 1939 New York World 's Fair on Long Island and the Golden Gate International Exhibition in San Francisco . RCA , General Electric , Dumont and others begin selling television sets to the public in the New York City area . Screen sizes typically range from 5 to 12 inches , and Dumont features 14 - inch and 16 - inch models . Prices start at $200 and go as high as $1000 .", "1": "April 30 -- Franklin D. Roosevelt , appearing at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World 's Fair , becomes the first President of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television . May 17 -- The first baseball game ( Princeton University vs. Columbia University ) is broadcast by television , from Baker Field in New York . Bill Stern is the announcer . May 19 -- The Walt Disney cartoon Donald 's Cousin Gus airs on NBC 's experimental station W2XBS ( later WNBC - TV ) in New York . This marks the first movie cartoon to be televised in the United States . June 1 -- The first heavyweight boxing match is televised , Max Baer vs Lou Nova , from Yankee Stadium in the Bronx . August 26 The first Major League Baseball game is telecast , a double - header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field , in Brooklyn , New York . Poland broadcasts a feature film for the first time -- Barbara Radziwiłłówna ( 1936 ) -- using the experimental transmitter mounted atop the Prudential building in Warsaw . August 31 -- 18,999 television sets have been sold in England before manufacture stops due to World War II . September 1 -- The anticipated outbreak of World War II brings television broadcasting at the BBC in Britain to an end at 12 : 35 p.m. after the broadcast of a Mickey Mouse cartoon , Mickey 's Gala Premier , various sound and vision test signals , and announcements by presenter Fay Cavendish . It is feared that the VHF waves of television would act as a homing signal for guiding enemy bombers to central London : in any case , the engineers of the television service would be needed for the war effort , particularly for development of radar . The BBC would resume its broadcasting , with the same Mickey Mouse cartoon , after the war in 1946 . September 30 -- The first televised college football game , Fordham University vs Waynesburg College , at Randall 's Island , New York . October 22 -- The first National Football League game is televised . The Brooklyn Dodgers vs. Philadelphia Eagles at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn . November 8 -- CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission with an all - electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City .", "2": "Television shows ( edit ) Series Debut Ended Picture Page ( UK ) October 8 , 1936 1939 1946 1952 Starlight ( UK ) November 3 , 1936 1939 1946 1949 The Disorderly Room ( UK ) April 17 , 1937 August 20 , 1939 For The Children ( UK ) April 24 , 1937 1939 July 7 , 1946 1950 Sports Review ( UK ) April 30 , 1937 1939 Telecrime ( UK ) August 10 , 1938 July 25 , 1939 October 22 , 1946 November 25 , 1946 Programs ending during 1939 ( edit ) Date Show Debut August 20 The Disorderly Room ( UK ) 1937 Unknown Sports Review ( UK ) Births ( edit ) January 17 -- Maury Povich , talk show host January 22 -- Jeff Smith , American chef and presenter ( died 2004 ) February 6 -- Mike Farrell , actor , M * A * S * H April 5 - Roger Davis , actor , Alias Smith and Jones April 9 - Michael Learned , actress , The Waltons April 11 -- Louise Lasser , actress , Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman April 13 - Paul Sorvino , actor , Law & Order April 19 - Ellen Weston , actress , S.W.A.T.", "3": "April 23 David Birney , actor , Bridget Loves Bernie Lee Majors , actor , The Big Valley , The Six Million Dollar Man , The Fall Guy April 27 -- Judy Carne , actress , comedian , Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In ( died 2015 ) May 1 Mark Slade , actor , The High Chaparral Max Robinson , journalist ( died 1988 ) May 25 -- Dixie Carter , actress , Designing Women ( died 2010 ) June 1 -- Cleavon Little , actor ( died 1992 ) June 9 -- Dick Vitale , sportscaster July 4 - Ed Bernard , actor , Police Woman , The White Shadow , Hardcastle and McCormick July 10 - Lawrence Pressman , actor , Doogie Howser , M.D. July 31 -- Susan Flannery , actress , Days of Our Lives August 21 - Clarence Williams III , actor , The Mod Squad August 22 -- Valerie Harper , actress , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Rhoda August 29 -- Joel Schumacher , film director August 30 - William G. Schilling , actor , Head of the Class September 1 -- Lily Tomlin , actress , comedian , Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In September 18 - Fred Willard , actor , comedian September 29 -- Larry Linville , actor , M * A * S * H ( died 2000 ) October 30 - Danny Goldman , actor , The Smurfs October 31 - Ron Rifkin , actor , Alias , Brothers & Sisters November 11 - Denise Alexander , actress , General Hospital November 15 - Yaphet Kotto , actor , Homicide : Life on the Street November 20 - Dick Smothers , actor , comedian , The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour December 27 -- John Amos , actor , Good Times References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Early Television Stations -- W2XAB / W2XAX / WCBW -- CBS , New York '' . Early Television Museum . Hilliard , Ohio . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 26 .", "4": "( hide ) Years in television Before 1925 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939_in_television&oldid=805513056 '' Categories : 1939 in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Français Português Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 21 : 52 . 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7075559602853408649	when does buffy tell her friends she was in heaven	[ "Something to Sing About" ]	{ "0": "Once More , with Feeling ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) - wikipedia Once More , with Feeling ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Once More , with Feeling '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode Adam Hughes ' poster for the episode included visual elements that highlighted its unique appearance , evoking an Old Hollywood feel also reflected in several pieces of music . Episode no . Season 6 Episode 7 Directed by Joss Whedon Written by Joss Whedon Editing by Lisa Lassek Production code 6ABB07 Original air date November 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 06 ) Running time 50 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Anthony Stewart Head as Rupert Giles Hinton Battle as Sweet Amber Benson as Tara Maclay Episode chronology ← Previous `` All the Way '' Next → `` Tabula Rasa '' List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes `` Once More , with Feeling '' is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 -- 2003 ) and the only one in the series performed as a musical . It was written and directed by the show 's creator , Joss Whedon , and originally aired on UPN in the United States on November 6 , 2001 . `` Once More , with Feeling '' explores changes in the relationships of the main characters , using the plot device that a demon -- credited as `` Sweet '' but unnamed in the episode -- compels the people of Sunnydale to break into song at random moments to express hidden truths . The title of the episode comes from a line sung by Sweet ; once the characters have revealed their truths and face the consequences of hearing each other 's secrets , he challenges them to `` say you 're happy now , once more , with feeling '' . All of the regular cast performed their own vocals , although two actors were given minimal singing at their request . `` Once More , with Feeling '' is the most technically complex episode in the series , as extra voice and dance training for the cast was interspersed with the production of four other Buffy episodes .", "1": "It was Joss Whedon 's first attempt at writing music , and different styles -- from 1950s sitcom theme music to rock opera -- express the characters ' secrets in specific ways . The episode was well received critically upon airing , specifically for containing the humor and wit to which fans had become accustomed . The musical format allowed characters to stay true to their natures while they struggled to overcome deceit and miscommunication , fitting with the sixth season 's themes of growing up and facing adult responsibilities . It is considered one of the most effective and popular episodes of the series , and -- prior to a financial dispute in 2007 -- was shown in theaters with the audience invited to sing along . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Production and writing 4 Themes 5 Music and style 6 Reception 6.1 Soundtrack 6.2 DVD releases 6.3 Influence on television 7 Public showings 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Throughout the series Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , in her role as the Vampire Slayer , is assisted by her close friends , who refer to themselves as the `` Scooby Gang '' . These include Xander Harris ( Nicholas Brendon ) , a young man without particular strengths or talents , but devoted to Buffy and her calling , and Willow Rosenberg ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a young woman who has grown from a shy but gifted student into a strong woman and powerful user of magic . They are mentored by Buffy 's `` Watcher '' , Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) , a paternal figure since the first season , when Buffy moved to Sunnydale after her parents ' divorce . Xander is engaged to Anya Jenkins ( Emma Caulfield ) , a former vengeance demon who has become human . They have struggled with disclosing their engagement to the rest of the group and individually doubt their impending marriage . Buffy died at the end of the fifth season ( `` The Gift '' ) , sacrificing herself in place of her younger sister Dawn ( Michelle Trachtenberg ) in order to save the world . In the first episode of the sixth season , Willow , believing Buffy to be in Hell , used magic to bring her back from the grave .", "2": "Buffy was in fact at peace , in what she thinks was heaven , but she has kept this a secret from her friends . Since her resurrection , Buffy has been lost and without inspiration to perform her duties as a Slayer . Willow is romantically involved with Tara Maclay ( Amber Benson ) , a powerful but ethical witch . Tara has previously expressed concern at Willow 's use of her emergent magical powers for trivial or personal matters . In the preceding episode ( `` All the Way '' ) , Willow cast a spell to make Tara forget an argument about her abuse of magic . In the same episode , Dawn , who has been stealing from stores , including Anya 's magic shop , lies to Buffy and goes on a clandestine and almost deadly date . Left to take care of Dawn after the death of their mother Joyce Summers ( Kristine Sutherland ) in the fifth season ( `` The Body '' ) , Buffy has come to depend more heavily on Giles . Following Dawn 's date , Buffy asks Giles to shoulder responsibility for disciplining her , much to his discomfort . Buffy 's former nemesis is Spike ( James Marsters ) , a vampire . In the fourth season The Initiative , a secret military organization whose mission is to evaluate and eliminate demonic beings , rendered Spike harmless by implanting a microchip in his head that causes him intense pain when he attacks humans . However , the chip does not affect him when he harms demons and he now often fights on Buffy 's side , after at first fighting just for the pleasure of brawling . His motivations changed when , in the fifth season , Spike realized he had fallen in love with Buffy . She initially rejected him , but after and just before her death they had begun to form a friendship of sorts . She has been confiding in him ; prior to this episode , he is the only one to whom Buffy has revealed that she was in heaven . Throughout Buffy the Vampire Slayer , music serves as a narrative tool , integral to character development and action . The mood is set by music , characters discuss it , and writers use it to emphasize differences between generations . In an essay on the use of music in the series , Jacqueline Bach writes that in conjunction with the sixth season themes of growing up , `` Once More , with Feeling '' gives music a central role instead of keeping it in the background .", "3": "Plot ( edit ) When Buffy is on patrol , she laments in song about how uninspired her life has become ( `` Going Through the Motions '' ) . The next morning at the Magic Box , the gang reveal that they also sang that evening . Led by Giles , the gang theorizes about the cause of the singing ; they sense no immediate danger but agreeing that by working together they can overcome anything ( `` I 've Got a Theory / Bunnies / If We 're Together '' ) . Buffy learns that the whole town is affected when she looks outside the shop to see a large group ( led by series writer and producer David Fury ) singing and dancing about how a dry - cleaning service got their stains out ( `` The Mustard '' ) . Tara and Willow leave to `` research '' at home , but dally along the way while Tara muses about how much Willow has improved her life ( `` Under Your Spell '' ) . The next morning , Xander and Anya perform a duet about their secret annoyances with each other and their respective doubts about their impending marriage ( `` I 'll Never Tell '' ) . They realize that the songs are bringing out hidden secrets , and later insist to Giles that something evil is to blame . As they argue , they walk past a woman ( series writer and producer Marti Noxon ) protesting a parking ticket ( `` The Parking Ticket '' ) . That evening , Buffy visits Spike , who angrily tells Buffy to leave him alone if she will not love him ( `` Rest in Peace '' ) . Dawn tells Tara she is glad that Tara and Willow have made up after their argument . Since Tara has no recollection of an argument , she suspects that Willow has used magic to alter her memory . She goes to the Magic Box to consult a book , leaving Dawn alone . Dawn starts to bemoan that no one seems to notice her ( `` Dawn 's Lament '' ) , but is soon seized by minions of Sweet ( Hinton Battle ) , a zoot suit - wearing , tap - dancing , singing demon . They take Dawn to The Bronze , where her attempt to escape transforms into an interpretive dance with the minions ( `` Dawn 's Ballet '' ) before she meets Sweet .", "4": "He tells Dawn that he has come to Sunnydale in response to her `` invocation '' , and he will take her to his dimension to make her his bride ( `` What You Feel '' ) when his visit is complete . At the Magic Box , Giles recognizes that he must stand aside if Buffy is to face her responsibilities in caring for Dawn instead of relying on him ( `` Standing '' ) and Tara finds a picture of the forget - me - not flower Willow used to cast a spell on her in a book of magic . Giles and Tara separately resolve to leave the people they love , respectively Buffy and Willow -- Giles wants to leave Buffy for her own good , while Tara wants to leave Willow because she has become horrified by Willow 's magical manipulation of their relationship ( `` Under Your Spell / Standing -- Reprise '' ) . Captured by Spike outside the store , one of Sweet 's minions conveys a challenge from Sweet for Buffy to rescue Dawn from The Bronze . Giles forbids the gang to assist Buffy , so she goes alone , despite having no will to do so ; eventually Giles and the Scoobies change their minds and leave to catch up . Although Spike initially thinks that things would be better for him if Buffy was dead , he also changes his mind and decides to help Buffy ; Sweet opines that Buffy is drawn to danger ( `` Walk Through the Fire '' ) . Meeting Sweet at The Bronze , Buffy offers a deal to Sweet : she will take the place of her sister if she ca n't kill him . When asked by Sweet what she thinks about life , Buffy gives her pessimistic take on its meaning ( `` Something to Sing About '' ) . When the others arrive , she divulges that Willow took her from heaven , and Willow reacts with horror at finding out what she 's done . Upon divulging this truth , Buffy gives up on singing and dances so frenetically that she begins to smoke -- on the verge of combusting as Sweet 's other victims have been shown to do -- until Spike stops her , telling her that the only way to go forward is to just keep living her life . Xander then reveals that he , not Dawn , called Sweet , hoping he would be shown a happy ending for his marriage plans .", "5": "Sweet , after releasing Xander from the obligation to be Sweet 's `` bride '' , tells the group how much fun they have been ( `` What You Feel -- Reprise '' ) and disappears . The Scoobies realize that their relationships have been changed irreversibly by the secrets revealed in their songs ( `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' ) . Spike leaves The Bronze , but Buffy follows him out , and they kiss ( `` Coda '' ) . Production and writing ( edit ) Series creator Joss Whedon spent six months writing for the episode , the first time he had ever written music . Joss Whedon had wanted to make a musical episode since the start of the series . This was heightened during the fifth season when he hosted a Shakespeare reading at his house , to which the cast was invited . They began drinking and singing , demonstrating to Whedon that certain cast members had musical talents . Whedon knew he would have to write an entire score , which would take weeks or months . During the first three seasons of Buffy , he was unable to take more than two weeks off at a time , and the constraints of writing and directing the show precluded him from putting forth the effort of preparing a musical . Whedon spoke to the show 's producer , Gareth Davies , about his idea ; they agreed that a musical episode would be written . Whedon spent six months writing the music for `` Once More , with Feeling '' . When he returned after the end of the fifth season , he presented Davies with a script and CD , complete with notated and orchestrated music , which Davies found `` mind - boggling '' . The actors were initially bewildered ; in 2012 , James Marsters commented that `` it 's obvious now that they were good songs but the thing was Joss and his wife Kai , they do n't sing very well . And they do n't play piano very well . The songs sounded really cheesy and horrible ... We were saying , ' Joss , you 're ruining our careers . ' '' Preparing for the episode was physically difficult for some of the cast members , most of whom had little experience singing and dancing . They spent three months in voice training . Two choreographers worked with Whedon and the cast on dance sequences .", "6": "Michelle Trachtenberg ( Dawn ) , who is trained in ballet , requested a dance sequence in lieu of a significant singing part , and Alyson Hannigan ( Willow ) , according to Whedon , begged him not to give her many lines . Sarah Michelle Gellar ( Buffy ) told the BBC that `` It took something like 19 hours of singing and 17 hours of dancing in between shooting four other episodes '' and she was so anxious about singing that she `` hated every moment of it '' . When Whedon suggested using a voice double for her , however , she said , `` I basically started to cry and said , ' You mean someone else is going to do my big emotional turning point for the season ? ' In the end , it was an incredible experience and I 'm glad I did it . And I never want to do it again . '' Davies was so impressed with Hinton Battle 's performance on Broadway in The Wiz that he asked Battle to play the demon Sweet . Battle , a three - time Tony - winner , wore prosthetic make - up for the first time to give him a demonic red face . Sweet was portrayed as `` slick '' , smooth and stylish ; in contrast , most demons on the series were designed to be crude and ugly . The set for The Bronze was used frequently throughout the series , but stairs were built from the stage to maximize floor space for Battle 's dance . Running eight minutes longer than any in the series , the episode was also the most technical and complex . Whedon , who has stated this is one of his favorite Buffy episodes , used a widescreen letterbox format for filming ( the only episode in the series to get this treatment ) , different lighting to bring out the sets more vibrantly , and long takes for shooting -- including a complicated shot with a full conversation , a song , and two choreographed dances that took 21 attempts to get right . These were designed to give viewers all the clues they needed to establish all the nuances of the relationships between characters . Davies commented that the intricacies of filming this episode were `` infinitely more complicated than a regular Buffy '' episode , and Whedon stated in the DVD commentary that he was ambitious to prove what television is capable of , saying `` it just depends how much you care '' .", "7": "UPN , the television network that aired Buffy 's last two seasons , promoted the episode by displaying Gellar 's face on billboards with music notes over her eyes , and held a special premiere event . Network president Dean Valentine remarked he thought it was `` one of the best episodes of television I ever saw in my life '' . Critics hailed the episode as successful in telling a complex story about all the characters in a unique way , while retaining the series ' effective elements of writing and character development . Throughout the show -- as in the rest of the series -- the characters self - consciously address their own dialogue and actions . Anya describes her own duet `` I 'll Never Tell '' as `` a retro pastiche that 's never gon na be a breakaway pop hit '' . With a characteristic dry demeanor , Giles explains that he overheard the information about Sunnydale residents spontaneously combusting as he was eavesdropping upon the police taking `` witness arias '' . In her opening number , `` Going Through the Motions '' , Buffy sings that she feels as though she is playing a part : `` nothing here is real , nothing here is right '' . The song introduces the character 's emotional state but also removes the barrier between the actor and the audience , as Gellar the actor portrays Buffy , who feels she is merely playing the part of the Slayer . This hints to the audience that the episode 's musical format is strange to the actors and characters . According to Buffy essayist Richard Albright , the lack of polish among cast members ' singing voices added to the authenticity of their breaking out into song for the first time in the series . Whedon included self - conscious dialogue and references about the characters being in a musical and showed their reluctance toward song and dance , so that the audience would feel more comfortable with the improbability of such a thing happening on the show . Themes ( edit ) It is part of the fascination of `` Once More , with Feeling '' , that we can , if we wish , choose to select our relationship with the text and dwell on a happy ending -- or we can share the struggle of the characters . Rhonda Wilcox , 2005 The dynamic nature of the characters was a unique element of writing in the series at the time .", "8": "Once they were established in the twelve episodes of the first season , characters began to change and relationships were developed in the second . This continued through the series to the point of unpredictability that sometimes became unsettling to fans . Buffy essayist Marguerite Krause asserts that the monsters and demons faced by the Scoobies are thin symbolism for the show 's true focus : relationships and how to maintain or ruin them . Common among most of these relationships -- romantic , platonic , and familial -- is , according to Krause , a `` failure to communicate , lack of trust , ( and the ) inability to envision or create a viable future '' . Miscommunication is worsened or sustained through multiple episodes and seasons , leading to overwhelming misunderstanding and critical turning points for the characters , some of whom do not recover . `` Once More , with Feeling '' propelled the story arc for season six by allowing characters to confess previously taboo issues to themselves and each other . Whedon commented that he was `` obsessive about progressing a plot in a song , about saying things we have n't said '' , comparing the musical theater format to the fourth - season episode `` Hush '' , in which characters begin communicating when they stop talking . According to Buffy essayist Zoe - Jane Playdon , earlier episodes ' `` false saccharine behaviour '' impedes the characters so crucially that it summons a demon to force them to be honest . The consequences in the episode of concealing truth , spontaneous combustion , is an allusion to Bleak House by Charles Dickens -- of whom Whedon is a fan -- where characters also face immolation for being deceitful . For Buffy , however , truth is slow in coming , as she continues to lie to the Scoobies , claiming to forget what she sang about in the graveyard during `` Going Through the Motions '' . Buffy continues her charade in the chorus number `` If We 're Together '' , beginning the song by persuading others to join in one by one , as if each is convinced that she is still invested and in charge , and their strength as a group is infallible . Although she asks in verse `` Apocalypse / We 've all been there / The same old trips / Why should we care ? '' , all the Scoobies join her , including Giles despite his suspicions that Buffy is no longer interested in her life . Secrets reveal themselves steadily throughout the episode .", "9": "Xander fears that his future marriage will turn him into an argumentative drunk like his father . He attempts to avoid his fears through the song `` I 'll Never Tell '' , singing `` ' coz there 's nothing to tell '' , after summoning Sweet to Sunnydale to show him that he and Anya will be happy . Amid the various annoyances Xander and Anya express through this song , some verses are clear - sighted observations of behavior , such as Anya 's accusation that Xander -- once in love with Buffy -- uses Buffy as a mother figure to hide behind . Anya also avoids the truth by burying herself in wedding plans without thinking critically about what being married will entail ; instead she considers Xander an accessory to her desired lifestyle . Of all the characters , Anya is the most preoccupied with the style of singing and songs , demanding to know if Spike sang `` a breakaway pop hit , or a book number '' , and asking Dawn if the pterodactyl she facetiously says she gave birth to also broke into song . Anya and Xander 's duet is the only song in the episode to address the audience directly . During the long single - shot scene when she and Xander talk over each other insisting to Giles that evil must be at play , Anya refers to the audience , saying `` It was like we were being watched ... Like there was a wall missing ... in our apartment ... Like there were only three walls and not a fourth wall . '' Albright asserts that Anya 's constant preoccupation with her and others ' performances indicates that she has serious doubts about her future supporting role as Xander 's wife . Giles ' truth , according to Whedon , is that he realizes he must not `` fight my kid 's battles or my kid will never grow up '' , which he sings in `` Standing '' while he throws knives at Buffy as part of her training . Whedon remarked that this touch `` is the kind of complete turnaround that is a staple of the Buffy universe '' . Tara 's heartfelt love song also has an ironic subtext ; although she appears to mean that she is fulfilled by her relationship with Willow , the lyrics include multiple allusions to Willow working her manipulative will over Tara , overlaid with Tara 's euphoric singing about her pleasure in their union .", "10": "In Sex and the Slayer , Lorna Jowett calls the song between Willow and Tara the transformational event in their relationship , from Tara 's subservient bearing towards Willow , into a relationship of equals . Two Buffy essayists note that Willow and Giles sing together at the start of the episode , but later Tara and Giles share a duet to express the diminished part each plays in their respective relationships . Although `` Once More , with Feeling '' allows all the characters to confess truthfully , with the exception of Willow , it does not resolve the behavior that demanded confession in the first place . At the end of the episode , Buffy kisses Spike , initiating a romance that she hides from her friends . Their relationship lasts until the end of the series , marked for a time by Buffy 's loathing of him because he has no soul . Her relationship with Spike , however , allows her to feel lust and attraction , which she yearns for after being pulled back from a heavenly dimension . In The Psychology of Joss Whedon , Mikhail Lubyansky writes that , although Buffy 's first step toward re-engaging with her life is telling the Scoobies the truth in the song `` Something to Sing About '' , she does not find meaning again until the end of the season . In his essay `` A Kantian Analysis of Moral Judgment in Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' , Scott Stroud explains that Buffy , as the central character throughout the series , is torn between her desires and her duty , in a Kantian illustration of free will vs. predeterminism , symbolized by her responsibility as a Slayer and her adolescent impulses . In earlier seasons , this takes the form of simpler pleasures such as dating and socializing , interspersed with defeating evil forces . It reaches a climax in the ultimate sacrifice when Buffy offers to die to save the world . However , `` Once More , with Feeling '' , according to Stroud , is the turning point at which she begins to face her responsibility to the community , her friends and her family . Not only does she continue her Slaying despite a lack of inspiration , but for the rest of the season she works at a humiliating job to provide for her sister and friends . Music and style ( edit ) `` Once More , with Feeling '' was Joss Whedon 's first attempt at writing music , which he had always wanted to do .", "11": "He learned how to play guitar to write several songs . Christophe Beck , a regular composer for the series , filled in the overture and coda and composed `` Dawn 's Ballet '' . Whedon is a fan of Stephen Sondheim , and used him as the inspiration for much of the music , particularly with the episode 's ambiguous ending . Cast member James Marsters ( Spike ) said , `` Some of Joss ' music is surprisingly complicated . Maybe it 's a Beatles thing . He does n't know enough to know what he ca n't do and he 's smashing rules . '' The episode 's musical style varies significantly . Buffy 's opening number , `` Going Through the Motions '' , was influenced heavily by the Disney song `` Part of Your World '' sung by Ariel in The Little Mermaid . Whedon wanted to use a similar opening in which the heroine explains her yearning . While singing her song , Buffy fights three vampires and a demon who themselves break into a choreographed dance ; Whedon wanted this to be fun but not distracting . The song ends with chord influences from Stephen Schwartz 's Pippin and a visual tribute to Disney : as Buffy stakes a vampire , it turns to dust that swirls around her face . Amber Benson 's performance was a surprise to many critics and scholars , who have interpreted her starring role in the episode as representing the quiet strength of her character Tara . Whedon chose the most complicated scene , with the most dancers and choreography in the classic style of musical theater , to accompany an 18 - second song ( `` The Mustard '' ) `` to get it out of the way '' for more personal numbers later in the episode . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com considers this `` brilliant because it frees even people who hate musicals to settle into the story without getting hung up on the genre 's conventions '' . The musical styles span from a jaunty 1950s sitcom arrangement of the Buffy theme in the opening credits -- the only episode in the series to begin without the normal version of the theme song and full cast roll , signifying a genre shift -- to Anya 's hard - rock version of `` Bunnies '' . Whedon assigned Emma Caulfield the rock - opera format because Caulfield often sang in such a way to him on the set .", "12": "Spike 's `` Rest in Peace '' is also a rock song , which Whedon wrote after completing the episode 's first song , Tara 's `` Under Your Spell '' , a contemporary pop song with radio - play potential . Xander and Anya 's duet -- the most fun to shoot but difficult to write , according to Whedon -- is inspired by Fred Astaire - Ginger Rogers comedies as evidenced by the silken pajama costumes and art deco apartment setting . Musically , the song uses influences from Ira Gershwin , a Charleston rhythm , and jazz - like chord slides . Giles ' `` Standing '' is a ballad to Buffy that she does not hear , unlike the songs revealing truths elsewhere in the episode . Whedon shot the scene so that Giles moves in real time while Buffy works out in slow motion , to accentuate Giles ' distance from her . Buffy 's not hearing his song was intentional ; Whedon explained , `` You can sing to someone in musicals and they can never know how you feel or how much you love them , even if they 're standing right in front of you '' . `` Under Your Spell '' received attention from Buffy studies writers because it presents a frank and unflinching expression of lesbian romance . Buffy the Vampire Slayer was the first show in U.S. television history to portray a long - term lesbian relationship among the core cast of characters . Previous televised depictions of lesbian relations were primarily limited to single `` coming out '' or `` lesbian kiss '' episodes , showing lesbian - identified characters as affectionate but not erotic . Tara and Willow demonstrate throughout the series , and specifically in `` Once More , with Feeling '' , that they are `` intensely sexual '' , according to Buffy essayist Justine Larbalestier . Near the end of Tara 's song , she sings , `` Lost in ecstasy / Spread beneath my Willow tree / You make me / Com -- plete '' , as Tara levitates off the bed while Willow tacitly performs cunnilingus on her . Lorna Jowett called the song `` the most erotic scene '' of the series . Whedon admitted on the DVD commentary for the episode that the song is `` pornography '' and `` probably the dirtiest lyric I 've ever written , but also very , very beautiful '' .", "13": "Buffy essayist Ian Shuttleworth writes that Amber Benson ( Tara ) has `` the sweetest singing voice of all the lead players '' , referring to `` Under Your Spell '' as `` heavenly and salacious '' ; author Nikki Stafford concurs , writing that Benson `` has the most stunning voice , showing a surprising range '' . Whedon acknowledged that the `` lyrical , heavenly quality '' of Benson 's voice led him to assign her the episode 's love song . Alyson Hannigan ( Willow ) was unwilling to sing much and her performance is `` apprehensive '' , according to Shuttleworth . He considers this an example of Tara 's quieter strength coming out in front of Willow 's showy demonstrations of powerful magic . Buffy studies scholar Rhonda Wilcox interprets Willow 's diminished role representing the show 's silence about Willow 's descent into addiction and darkness through the rest of the season . Benson remarked that Tara 's story arc is significant within the episode , starting out with ecstasy but soon recognizing the illusory circumstances surrounding her bliss and that `` life ca n't be perfect all the time '' . The most complicated song , `` Walk Through the Fire '' , leads all the characters to the climax from different locations for different reasons , reminiscent of the `` Tonight Quintet '' from West Side Story . When they all sing the chorus at once to the line `` We will walk through the fire / And let it -- burn '' , two fire trucks race behind the Scoobies as they proceed to the Bronze . Whedon called the shot the `` single greatest thing we ever did '' . Each of the singers in this song , which `` marries soft rock to the function of a dirge '' , connects musically to earlier songs while foreshadowing Buffy 's next number and the final chorus , providing an ominous anxiety . Play media Whedon 's use of `` literal choreography '' in `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' expresses the anxiety of the characters in relation to the group after they have all divulged their secrets . Buffy 's numbers are the most complex , changing key and tempo when she begins to reveal the secrets she swore she never would .", "14": "This appears specifically in `` Something to Sing About '' , which starts with uptempo platitudes : `` We 'll sing a happy song / And you can sing along : / Where there 's life , there 's hope / Every day 's a gift / Wishes can come true / Whistle while you work ... '' While singing , she kills Sweet 's minions with a pool cue . Whedon attempted to make the song tuneful yet chaotic to express the main point of the episode . It transitions suddenly into her desire to be like normal girls , then changes again , slowing the tempo as she challenges Sweet not to give her a song , but `` something to sing about '' . Musicologist Amy Bauer categorizes the tempo shifts as `` rock ballad to punk polka to hymn '' that indicates Buffy 's turmoil . The key and tempo slow again , as Buffy finally reveals `` I live in hell / ' Cause I 've been expelled from heaven / I think I was in heaven '' with the chord changing from B minor to B diminished , each time she repeats `` heaven '' . When replying to her , Spike has the same shift from minor to diminished each time he repeats the word `` living . '' The episode nears the end with `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' , as the Scoobies stand dazed and disoriented , facing different directions . As they sing `` Understand we 'll go hand in hand / But we 'll walk alone in fear '' , they line up , hold hands , then fling each other 's hands away in a piece of what Whedon calls `` literal choreography '' . Each of the eight characters in this line wears a color in the visible spectrum , a conscious decision by the costume designer . The couples in the group wear opposite colors ( Giles in green and Buffy in red , Anya in blue and Xander in orange , Tara in yellow and Willow in purple ) , and Rhonda Wilcox interprets the color - coding and choreography to represent the `` tension between the individual and the group '' . The characters as a chorus sing `` The curtains close on a kiss , God knows / We can tell the end is near '' , moments before Buffy runs out to kiss Spike and the show closes with actual curtains . As Spike and Buffy kiss , a swell of music accompanies them , similar to the ending of Gone with the Wind .", "15": "Lyrics sung moments before , however , forecast the uncertainty of the relationship between Spike and Buffy , as well as their contrasting reasons for initiating any romance ; Spike wants to feel love from Buffy , while she simply wants to feel . Reception ( edit ) When the episode was originally broadcast in the United States on UPN on November 6 , 2001 , it received a Nielsen rating of 3.4 and a share of 5 . This placed the episode in sixth place in its timeslot , and 88th among broadcast television for the week of November 5 -- 11 , 2001 . It was the most watched program on UPN that night , and the third most watched program that week , trailing episodes of Star Trek : Enterprise and WWF SmackDown . This was a decrease from the 3.7 rating received by the previous episode a week prior . `` Once More , with Feeling '' received widespread critical acclaim from media and critics when it aired , during overseas syndication , and in reminiscences of the best episodes of Buffy after the series ended . Although Salon.com writer Stephanie Zacharek states `` ( t ) he songs were only half - memorable at best , and the singing ability of the show 's regular cast ranged only from the fairly good to the not so great '' , she also asserts that it works `` beautifully '' , paces itself gracefully , and is `` clever and affecting '' . Zacharek 's unenthusiastic assessments of the music and cast 's singing abilities were not shared by other writers . Debi Enker in Australia 's The Age writes , `` Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) and Tara ( Amber Benson ) are terrific , Xander ( Nicholas Brendon ) and Dawn ( Michelle Trachtenberg ) struggle valiantly , and Willow ( Alyson Hannigan ) barely sings a note '' . Tony Johnston in The Sunday Herald Sun writes that Gellar `` struggles on some of her higher notes , but her dance routines are superb , Michelle Trachtenberg 's Dawn reveals sensual dance moves way beyond her tender years , and James Marsters ' Spike evokes a sort of Billy Idol yell to disguise his lack of vocal proficiency ( ... ) The rest of the cast mix and match like ready - made Broadway troupers . '' Johnston counts `` I 'll Never Tell '' as one of the episode 's `` standout moments '' .", "16": "Connie Ogle in The Miami Herald calls the songs `` better and far more clever than most of the ones you 'll hear on Broadway these days '' . Writers agree that the episode was risky and could have failed spectacularly . Jonathan Bernstein in the British newspaper The Observer writes `` What could have been , at best , an eccentric diversion and , at worst , a shuddering embarrassment , succeeded on every level ( ... ) It provided a startling demonstration that creator Joss Whedon has a facility with lyrics and melody equal to the one he 's demonstrated for the past six seasons with dialogue , character and plot twists . Rather than adopt the ' Hey , would n't it be wacky if we suddenly burst into song ? ' approach practised by Ally McBeal , the Buffy musical was entirely organic to the series ' labyrinthine progression . '' Johnston in the Sunday Herald Sun says , `` There is just so much to this marvellously cheeky episode that suggests the show can take any route it pleases and pull it off '' , while Debi Enker in The Age comments , `` Whedon demonstrates yet again what Buffy aficionados have known and appreciated for years : that his wit , playfulness and readiness to take a risk make his television efforts rise way above the pack . '' Steve Murray in The Atlanta Journal - Constitution characterizes the episode as `` scary in a brand - new way '' , saying `` Once More , with Feeling '' is `` as impressive as Whedon 's milestone episodes ' Hush ' and ' The Body ' '' ; the episode is `` often hilarious '' , according to Murray , and acts as `` ( b ) oth spoof and homage , ( parodying ) the hokiness of musicals while also capturing the guilty pleasure and surges of feeling the genre inspires '' .", "17": "Writing in the Toronto Star , Vinay Menon calls `` Once More , with Feeling '' `` dazzling '' and writes of `` Joss Whedon 's inimitable genius '' ; he goes on to say `` ( f ) or a show that already violates conventions and morphs between genres , its allegorical narrative zigging and zagging seamlessly across chatty comedy , drama and over-the - top horror , ' Once More , with Feeling ' is a towering achievement ( ... ) The show may be anchored by existential weightiness , it may be painted with broad , supernatural brushstrokes , but in the end , this coming - of - age story , filled with angst and alienation , is more real than any other so - called teen drama ( ... ) So let 's add another line of gushing praise : ' Once More , with Feeling ' is rhapsodic , original , deeply affecting , and ultimately , transcendental . Quite simply , television at its best . '' The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Musical Direction , but the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( NATAS ) neglected to include the title on the ballots for Emmy nominations in 2002 . NATAS attempted to remedy this by mailing a postcard informing its voters that it should be included , but the episode did not win . NATAS ' oversight , according to the Washington Post , was `` another example of the lack of industry respect afforded one of television 's most consistently clever shows '' . Ogle in The Miami Herald vigorously protests this omission , writing , `` ( T ) he most astonishing , entertaining hour ( hour plus , actually ) of TV in the past year slips by virtually unnoticed . Nothing here is real ; nothing here is right . Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's musical episode , ' Once More , with Feeling ' , registers a paltry outstanding music direction nomination . Nice for the musical directors . A stake through the aspirations of writer / director Joss Whedon , the beating creative heart of Buffy , the only TV writer brave and clever enough to use horror as one great big wonderful metaphor for growing up ( ... ) ' Once More , with Feeling ' is TV of a different sort , something that comes along once in a lifetime and should not be buried but celebrated and rewarded . ''", "18": "The episode was also nominated for a Best Dramatic Presentation Hugo Award and a Best Script Nebula Award , both given for excellence in science fiction and fantasy writing . In 2009 TV Guide ranked the episode # 14 on its list of `` TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time '' . For its 65th anniversary , TV Guide picked it as the fifth best episode of the 21st century . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Once More , with Feeling ( Buffy soundtrack ) An album including all 14 songs in the episode , with Christophe Beck 's scores for three other Buffy episodes , was released by Rounder Records in September 2002 as season seven premiered . John Virant , president and chief executive of Rounder Records , told the Los Angeles Times , `` I remember watching the episode when it aired last October , and after it was over , I said to my wife , ' That 's the best hour of TV I 've ever seen . Someone should put that ( soundtrack ) out . ' I inquired at Fox , just following up , and they said , ' Well , we tried , it did n't happen . If you want to take a run at it , feel free . ' '' AllMusic gives the album five out of five stars , stating that the music is `` every bit as fun as the episode itself '' , praising the voices of Benson , Marsters and Head . Reviewer Melinda Hill states it is `` a must - have for Buffy fans , but it would n't be out of place in anyone 's collection '' . Chart ( 2002 ) Peak Australian ARIA Albums Chart 97 U.S. Billboard 200 49 U.S. Billboard Top Soundtracks DVD releases ( edit ) In addition to featuring on the sixth season box set , `` Once More , with Feeling '' was individually released on DVD in Region 2 format on April 14 , 2003 , the only episode to be individually released . In Region 1 , the episode was released on the sixth season box set on May 25 , 2004 , over a year later than the Region 2 release .", "19": "Influence on television ( edit ) Since the musical episode of Buffy aired , several other series have worked musical format into episodes , including Scrubs , ( `` My Musical '' ) in 2007 , an episode of Grey 's Anatomy entitled `` Song Beneath the Song '' in 2011 and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , ( `` Mayhem of the Music Meister ! '' ) in 2009 . The musical television episode was declared a genre , a gimmick , according to Mary Williams at Salon.com , for series that had run out of interesting story lines and characters . Both Williams and Margaret Lyons at New York magazine , however , declared `` Once More , with Feeling '' the `` gold standard '' for musical episodes . Despite this , Joss Whedon recognized the influence `` Once More , with Feeling '' has had on other shows , but denied that it was primarily responsible for the rise in musical television episodes or series such as Glee , citing the popularity of High School Musical instead . Public showings ( edit ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer developed an enthusiastic fan following while it aired . Following its series finale , fans continued their appreciation in theater showings of `` Once More , with Feeling '' where attendees are encouraged to dress like the show 's characters , sing along to the musical numbers , and otherwise interact in the style of The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Clinton McClung , a New York - based film programmer , got the idea for a sing - along from audience - participation showings of The Sound of Music in 2003 . The next year , he began putting on sing - alongs to `` Once More , with Feeling '' in Boston 's Coolidge Corner Theater , which became so popular that it went on the road . Audience members received props to use during key scenes , as well as directions ( for example , to yell `` Shut up , Dawn ! '' at Buffy 's younger sister ) , and a live cast performed the episode alongside the screen . Buffy sing - alongs received growing media attention as they spread . At the 2007 Los Angeles Film Festival , a special screening and sing - along was held that featured both Marti Noxon and Joss Whedon giving brief speeches to the audience .", "20": "In October 2007 , after a dispute with the Screen Actors Guild over unpaid residuals , 20th Century Fox pulled the licensing for public screenings of `` Once More , with Feeling '' , effectively ending official Buffy sing - alongs . Whedon called the cancellation `` hugely depressing '' and attempted to influence the studio to allow future showings . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Adam Shankman , choreographer for the episode `` The Bitter Suite '' , the 1998 musical episode of Xena : Warrior Princess Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog `` Dream On '' , Glee episode directed by Joss Whedon Mayhem of the Music Meister ! , an episode of Batman : The Brave and the Bold with a similar premise Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anthony Stewart Head and James Marsters were exceptions . Head had musical theater experience in Godspell , The Rocky Horror Show , and Chess . Marsters had experience singing in a band . Jump up ^ This episode is the longest only as it was originally broadcast and on DVD . When re-runs were aired , several verses of songs were cut . Jump up ^ The one exception was Anthony Stewart Head , who sang in `` Restless '' , `` Where the Wild Things Are '' , and `` The Yoko Factor '' . Jump up ^ Other series portrayed lesbian relationships among secondary characters ( Friends ) , one - time encounters , or relationships that lasted through several episodes ( Ellen ) , but did not show the characters touching ( HeartBeat ) . Willow and Tara 's relationship is noted for its longevity , the youth of the characters , the fact that both Willow and Tara are considered primary characters , and that the relationship was broadcast on network television during prime time . ( Newcomb , p. 359 , Tropiano , p. 44 , Castañeda and Campbell , p. 269 , Walters , p. 116 , Sweeney , p. 33 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Attinello , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Kaveney , pp. 13 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Stafford , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 284 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Dial - Driver , et al , pp. 38 -- 50 .", "21": "^ Jump up to : Whedon , Joss ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete Sixth Season ; DVD commentary for the episode `` Once More , with Feeling '' . ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Albright , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` Breakaway pop hit or ... book number ? '' : `` Once More , with Feeling '' and Genre Archived March 12 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Online International Journal of Buffy Studies . Retrieved on June 5 , 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stafford , p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Fury , David ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete Sixth Season ; David Fury 's Behind the Scenes of `` Once More , with Feeling '' . ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Norton , Al ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` 411Mania Interviews : James Marsters ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel ) '' . 411mania . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( Stafford , pp. 64 -- 65 , 95 ) . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Tony ( April 14 , 2002 ) . `` Something to Sing About '' , The Sunday Herald Sun ( Melbourne , Australia ) , p . X06 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kathy ( April 14 , 2002 ) . `` Buffy Hits a High Note '' , Sunday Mail ( Queensland , Australia ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 6 , 2001 ) . `` Joss Whedon Gets the Cast Vamping '' , USA Today , p. 12D . ^ Jump up to : Kaveney , pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p.", "22": "204 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Yeffeth , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Yeffeth , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Yeffeth , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ South , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , pp. 198 -- 201 . Jump up ^ South , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Davidson , pp. 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ South , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( November 7 , 2001 ) . `` The Hills Are Alive with the Sound of ... Vampire Slaying ! Archived October 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Salon.com . Retrieved on June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , pp. 210 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Stafford , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Mitchell and Reid - Walsh , p. 392 Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Wilcox , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Attinello , et al. , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , p. 200 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Ray , Kenneth ( November 19 , 2001 ) . `` BroadcastWatch . ( Programming ). ( television network ratings , November 5 -- 11 , 2001 ) ( Statistical Data Included ) '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information , Inc . Jump up ^ Ray , Kenneth ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` BroadcastWatch . ( Programming ). ( television network ratings , October 29 -- November 4 , 2001 ) ( Statistical Data Included ) '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Enker , Debi ( April 11 , 2002 ) . `` Buffy serves up musical feast with plenty of bite '' , The Age ( Melbourne , Australia ) , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Ogle , Connie ( July 23 , 2002 ) . `` Something 's Fangtastically Wrong in Emmyland '' , The Miami Herald , p. 1E . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( November 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Guide : Aerial view of America '' , The Observer , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Murray , Steve ( November 6 , 2001 ) . `` ' Buffy ' and friends fight fiend with a song in their heart '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , p . C3 . Jump up ^ Menon , Vinay ( November 13 , 2002 ) . `` Brilliant Buffy still slays us '' , The Toronto Star , p . D01 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( July 2 , 2002 ) . `` Unsung ' Buffy ' : Props for A Magical Musical Moment '' , The Washington Post . p . C07 . Jump up ^ 2002 Hugo Awards Archived August 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Hugo Awards . Retrieved on June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2003 Nebula Awards Archived February 17 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Locus Index to Science Fiction Awards . Retrieved on August 2 , 2010 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time '' TV Guide ; June 15 , 2009 ; Pages 34 -- 49 Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 2 -- 15 , 2018 ) . `` 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Randy Lewis ( September 23 , 2002 ) . `` In The Know ; Musical ' Buffy ' Finally Lands in Stores '' , Los Angeles Times . p . F6 . Jump up ^ Hill , Melinda Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Once More with Feeling ( Musical Episode Soundtrack ) , Allmusic.com . Retrieved on June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue No. 664 '' ( PDF ) . AriaNET . November 18 , 2002 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Once More with Feeling - Original TV Soundtrack Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Cult -- Buffy Stuff -- DVD and VHS '' . BBC . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pateman , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( May 25 , 2004 ) . `` Will Buffy - verse expand ? '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , UT . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Why You Must ' Tune ' In to Tonight 's Scrubs Musical ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Musical Episode to Feature Cast Singing Fray , Snow Patrol '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 2011 ) . Grey 's Anatomy 's Doctor / Horrible Sing - along Archived April 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York . Retrieved on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mary ( March 29 , 2011 ) . Musical TV episodes : The gimmick that wo n't die Archived April 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon.com . Retrieved on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( April 18 , 2011 ) . Once More , With Feeling : Joss Whedon Revisits ' Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ' Archived April 21 , 2011 , at Wikiwix . The New York Times . Retrieved on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fangs for the memories '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . , Associated Press ( January 19 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartzapfel , Beth ( February 25 , 2007 ) . Sing Out , Buffy ! Archived January 9 , 2011 , at Wikiwix , The New York Times . Retrieved on June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buffy - oke '' does it once more , with feeling Archived May 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Variety ( June 28 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( October 16 , 2007 ) FOX Pulls the Plug on ' Buffy ' Sing - Along Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Buddy TV . Retrieved on June 8 , 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Attinello , Paul ; Halfyard , Janet ; Knights , Vanessa ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . Music , Sound , and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd .", "26": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6042 - 2 Castañeda , Laura ; Campbell , Shannon ( 2006 ) . News and Sexuality : Media portraits of diversity , SAGE . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0999 - 6 Davidson , Joy ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The Psychology of Joss Whedon : An Unauthorized Exploration of Buffy , Angel , and Firefly , Benbella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933771 - 25 - 0 Dial - Driver , Emily ; Emmons - Featherston , Sally ; Ford , Jim ; Taylor , Carolyn Anne ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) , The Truth of Buffy : Essays on Fiction Illuminating Reality , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3799 - 3 Jowett , Lorna ( 2005 ) . Sex and the Slayer : A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan , Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6758 - 1 Kaveney , Roz ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Reading the Vampire Slayer : The New , Updated , Unofficial Guide to Buffy and Angel , Tauris Parke Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 4175 - 2192 - 9 Mitchell , Claudia ; Reid - Walsh , Jacqueline ( 2008 ) . Girl Culture : Studying Girl Culture : A Readers ' Guide , Volume 1 , Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33909 - 0 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television , Museum of Broadcast Communications , ISBN 1 - 57958 - 394 - 6 . Pateman , Matthew ( 2006 ) . The Aesthetics of Culture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , McFarland and Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2249 - 1 South , James ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy : Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale , Open Court Books .", "27": "ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9531 - 3 Stafford , Nikki ( 2007 ) . Bite Me ! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 807 - 6 Sweeney , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Maiden USA : Girl Icons come of Age , Volume 3 , Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 8197 - 1 Tropiano , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Prime Time Closet : A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV , Applause Theater and Cinema Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 557 - 8 Danuta Walters , Suzanna ( 2001 ) , `` All gay , all the time ? '' , in Danuta Walters , Suzanna , All the rage : the story of gay visibility in America , Chicago : Chicago University Press , p. 116 , ISBN 9780226872322 . Preview . Wilcox , Rhonda ( 2005 ) . Why Buffy Matters : The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 029 - 3 Yeffeth , Glenn ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Seven Seasons of Buffy : Science Fiction and Fantasy Authors Discuss Their Favorite Television Show , Benbella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 08 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Once More , With Feeling `` Once More , with Feeling '' on IMDb `` Once More , with Feeling '' at TV.com `` Once More , with Feeling '' at BBC.co.uk ( hide ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Season 1 `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' `` The Harvest '' `` Witch '' `` Teacher 's Pet '' `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' `` The Pack '' `` Angel '' `` I , Robot . You , Jane '' `` The Puppet Show '' `` Nightmares '' `` Out of Mind ,", "28": "Out of Sight '' `` Prophecy Girl '' Season 2 `` When She Was Bad '' `` Some Assembly Required '' `` School Hard '' `` Inca Mummy Girl '' `` Reptile Boy '' `` Halloween '' `` Lie to Me '' `` The Dark Age '' `` What 's My Line , Parts One and Two '' `` Ted '' `` Bad Eggs '' `` Surprise '' `` Innocence '' `` Phases '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' `` Passion '' `` Killed by Death '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Go Fish '' `` Becoming , Parts One and Two '' Season 3 `` Anne '' `` Dead Man 's Party '' `` Faith , Hope & Trick '' `` Beauty and the Beasts '' `` Homecoming '' `` Band Candy '' `` Revelations '' `` Lovers Walk '' `` The Wish '' `` Amends '' `` Gingerbread '' `` Helpless '' `` The Zeppo '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Consequences '' `` Doppelgangland '' `` Enemies '' `` Earshot '' `` Choices '' `` The Prom '' `` Graduation Day , Parts One and Two '' Season 4 `` The Freshman '' `` Living Conditions '' `` The Harsh Light of Day '' `` Fear , Itself '' `` Beer Bad '' `` Wild at Heart '' `` The Initiative '' `` Pangs '' `` Something Blue '' `` Hush '' `` Doomed '' `` A New Man '' `` The I in Team '' `` Goodbye Iowa '' `` This Year 's Girl '' `` Who Are You '' `` Superstar '' `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` New Moon Rising '' `` The Yoko Factor '' `` Primeval '' `` Restless '' Season 5 `` Buffy vs.", "29": "Dracula '' `` Real Me '' `` The Replacement '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` No Place Like Home '' `` Family '' `` Fool for Love '' `` Shadow '' `` Listening to Fear '' `` Into the Woods '' `` Triangle '' `` Checkpoint '' `` Blood Ties '' `` Crush '' `` I Was Made to Love You '' `` The Body '' `` Forever '' `` Intervention '' `` Tough Love '' `` Spiral '' `` The Weight of the World '' `` The Gift '' Season 6 `` Bargaining , Parts One and Two '' `` After Life '' `` Flooded '' `` Life Serial '' `` All the Way '' `` Once More , with Feeling '' `` Tabula Rasa '' `` Smashed '' `` Wrecked '' `` Gone '' `` Doublemeat Palace '' `` Dead Things '' `` Older and Far Away '' `` As You Were '' `` Hell 's Bells '' `` Normal Again '' `` Entropy '' `` Seeing Red '' `` Villains '' `` Two to Go '' `` Grave '' Season 7 `` Lessons '' `` Beneath You '' `` Same Time , Same Place '' `` Help '' `` Selfless '' `` Him '' `` Conversations with Dead People '' `` Sleeper '' `` Never Leave Me '' `` Bring On the Night '' `` Showtime '' `` Potential '' `` The Killer in Me '' `` First Date '' `` Get It Done '' `` Storyteller '' `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' `` Dirty Girls '' `` Empty Places '' `` Touched '' `` End of Days '' `` Chosen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_More,", "30": "_with_Feeling_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=838515519 '' Categories : 2001 American television episodes Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( season 6 ) episodes Musical television episodes Television episodes written by Joss Whedon Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template other archives All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use mdy dates from April 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français עברית Português Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 24 . 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6709331549884586945	the recipient of first jnanpith award was an author which language	[ "Malayalam", "Malayalam", "Malayalam", "Malayalam", "Malayalam" ]	{ "0": "Jnanpith Award - Wikipedia Jnanpith Award Jump to : navigation , search Jnanpith Award Award for individual contributions to Literature Instituted in 1961 Awarded for Literary award in India Sponsored by Bharatiya Jnanpith Reward ( s ) ₹ 11 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 12 lakh or US $19,000 in 2017 ) First awarded 1965 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Krishna Sobti Highlights Total awarded 58 First winner G. Sankara Kurup Website Official website The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their `` outstanding contribution towards literature '' . Instituted in 1961 , the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English , with no posthumous conferral . From 1965 till 1981 , the award was given to the authors for their `` most outstanding work '' and consisted of a citation plaque , a cash prize of ₹ 1 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 48 lakh or US $75,000 in 2017 ) , and a bronze replica of Saraswati , the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom . The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems , Odakkuzhal ( The Bamboo Flute ) , published in 1950 . The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years , excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹ 1.5 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 22 lakh or US $34,000 in 2017 ) from 1981 .", "1": "As of 2015 , the cash prize has been revised to ₹ 11 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 12 lakh or US $19,000 in 2017 ) and out of twenty - three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in fifteen languages : Hindi ( eleven ) , Kannada ( eight ) , Bengali ( six ) , Malayalam ( five ) , Gujarati , Marathi , Odia , and Urdu ( four each ) , Telugu ( three ) , Assamese , Punjabi , and Tamil ( two each ) , Kashmiri , Konkani , and Sanskrit ( one each ) . The award has been conferred upon fifty - seven writers including seven women authors . In 1976 , Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti ( The First Promise ) , the first in a trilogy . The most recent recipient of the award is Hindi fiction writer and essayist Krishna Sobti who was awarded for the year 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Rules and selection process 3 List of recipients 4 Explanatory notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Bharatiya Jnanpith , a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family , conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme `` commanding national prestige and of international standard '' to `` select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages '' . Later in November , Rama Jain , the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith , invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme . Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Ramdhari Singh Dinkar , Jainendra Kumar , Jagdish Chandra Mathur , Prabhakar Machwe , Akshaya Kumar Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme 's implementation .", "2": "The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad . On 2 April 1962 , around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad . The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president . However , Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee . The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar , Niharranjan Ray , Karan Singh , R.R. Diwakar , V. Raghavan , B. Gopal Reddy , Harekrushna Mahatab , Rama Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand . Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award . The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English . The final round had four authors ; Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bengali ) , D.V. Gundappa ( Kannada ) , Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( Telugu ) , and G. Sankara Kurup ( Malayalam ) . On 19 November 1966 , Kurup was presented with the citation , statue of Saraswati , and a cheque for prize of ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,600 ) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan , Delhi . In his acceptance speech , Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing `` integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane '' . Rules and Selection process ( edit ) The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts , teachers , critics , universities , and numerous literary and language associations . Every three years , an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages . The language of the most recent recipient 's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years . Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages .", "3": "All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board ( Pravara Parishad ) . The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of `` high repute and integrity '' . Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms . The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English . The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board , which has final authority in selection . List of recipients ( edit ) Key † Indicates a joint award for the given year G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award . Krishna Sobti is the most recent recipient of the award . List of award recipients , showing the year , and language ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Language ( s ) Refs. / Notes 1965 ( 1st ) Kurup , G. Sankara G. Sankara Kurup Malayalam ! Malayalam 1966 ( 2nd ) Bandyopadhyay , Tarasankar Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Bengali ! Bengali 1967 ( 3rd ) † Joshi , Umashankar Umashankar Joshi Gujarati ! Gujarati 1967 ( 3rd ) † Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' , Kuppali Venkatappa Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' Kannada ! Kannada 1968 ( 4th ) Pant , Sumitranandan Sumitranandan Pant Hindi ! Hindi 1969 ( 5th ) Gorakhpuri , Firaq Firaq Gorakhpuri Urdu ! Urdu 1970 ( 6th ) Satyanarayana , Viswanatha Viswanatha Satyanarayana Telugu ! Telugu 1971 ( 7th ) Dey , Bishnu Bishnu Dey Bengali !", "4": "Bengali 1972 ( 8th ) Singh ' Dinkar ' , Ramdhari Ramdhari Singh ' Dinkar ' Hindi ! Hindi 1973 ( 9th ) † Bendre , D.R. D.R. Bendre Kannada ! Kannada 1973 ( 9th ) † Mohanty , Gopinath Gopinath Mohanty Odia ! Odia ( 10th ) Khandekar , Vishnu Sakharam Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Marathi ! Marathi ( 11th ) , Akilan Akilan Tamil ! Tamil 1976 ( 12th ) Devi , Ashapoorna Ashapoorna Devi Bengali ! Bengali 1977 ( 13rd ) Karanth , K. Shivaram K. Shivaram Karanth Kannada ! Kannada 1978 ( 14th ) Vatsyayan , Sachchidananda Sachchidananda Vatsyayan Hindi ! Hindi 1979 ( 15th ) Bhattacharya , Birendra Kumar Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Assamese ! Assamese 1980 ( 16th ) Pottekkatt , S.K. S.K. Pottekkatt Malayalam ! Malayalam 1981 ( 17th ) Pritam , Amrita Amrita Pritam Punjabi ! Punjabi 1982 ( 18th ) Varma , Mahadevi Mahadevi Varma Hindi ! Hindi ( 19th ) Iyengar , Masti Venkatesha Masti Venkatesha Iyengar Kannada ! Kannada 1984 ( 20th ) Pillai , Thakazhi Sivasankara Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Malayalam ! Malayalam 1985 ( 21st ) Patel , Pannalal Pannalal Patel Gujarati !", "5": "Gujarati 1986 ( 22nd ) Routray , Sachidananda Sachidananda Routray Odia ! Odia ( 23rd ) Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' , Vishnu Vaman Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' Marathi ! Marathi ( 24th ) Reddy , C. Narayana C. Narayana Reddy Telugu ! Telugu ( 25th ) Hyder , Qurratulain Qurratulain Hyder Urdu ! Urdu ( 26th ) Gokak , Vinayaka Krishna Vinayaka Krishna Gokak Kannada ! Kannada 1991 ( 27th ) Mukhopadhyay , Subhash Subhash Mukhopadhyay Bengali ! Bengali ( 28th ) Mehta , Naresh Naresh Mehta Hindi ! Hindi ( 29th ) Mahapatra , Sitakant Sitakant Mahapatra Odia ! Odia ( 30th ) Ananthamurthy , U.R. U.R. Ananthamurthy Kannada ! Kannada 1995 ( 31st ) Nair , M.T. Vasudevan M.T. Vasudevan Nair Malayalam ! Malayalam ( 32nd ) Devi , Mahasweta Mahasweta Devi Bengali ! Bengali ( 33rd ) Jafri , Ali Sardar Ali Sardar Jafri Urdu ! Urdu 1998 ( 34th ) Karnad , Girish Girish Karnad Kannada ! Kannada 1999 ( 35th ) † Verma , Nirmal Nirmal Verma Hindi ! Hindi 1999 ( 35th ) † Singh , Gurdial Gurdial Singh Punjabi ! Punjabi 2000 ( 36th ) Goswami , Mamoni Raisom Mamoni Raisom Goswami Assamese !", "6": "Assamese ( 37th ) Shah , Rajendra Rajendra Shah Gujarati ! Gujarati 2002 ( 38th ) Jayakanthan , Jayakanthan Tamil ! Tamil 2003 ( 39th ) Karandikar , Vinda Vinda Karandikar Marathi ! Marathi ( 40th ) Rahi , Rehman Rehman Rahi Kashmiri ! Kashmiri 2005 ( 41st ) Narayan , Kunwar Kunwar Narayan Hindi ! Hindi 2006 ( 42nd ) † Kelekar , Ravindra Ravindra Kelekar Konkani ! Konkani 2006 ( 42nd ) † Shastri , Satya Vrat Satya Vrat Shastri Sanskrit ! Sanskrit 2007 ( 43rd ) Kurup , O.N.V. O.N.V. Kurup Malayalam ! Malayalam 2008 ( 44th ) Khan ' Shahryar ' , Akhlaq Mohammed Akhlaq Mohammed Khan ' Shahryar ' Urdu ! Urdu 2009 ( 45th ) † Amarkant , Amarkant Hindi ! Hindi 2009 ( 45th ) † Sukla , Sri Lal Sri Lal Sukla Hindi ! Hindi ( 46th ) Kambara , Chandrashekhara Chandrashekhara Kambara Kannada ! Kannada 2011 ( 47th ) Ray , Pratibha Pratibha Ray Odia ! Odia 2012 ( 48th ) Bharadhwaja , Ravuri Ravuri Bharadhwaja Telugu ! Telugu 2013 ( 49th ) Singh , Kedarnath Kedarnath Singh Hindi ! Hindi 2014 ( 50th ) Nemade , Bhalchandra Bhalchandra Nemade Marathi ! Marathi 2015 ( 51st ) Chaudhari , Raghuveer Raghuveer Chaudhari Gujarati !", "7": "Gujarati 2016 ( 52nd ) Ghosh , Shankha Shankha Ghosh Bengali ! Bengali 2017 ( 53rd ) Sobti , Krishna Krishna Sobti Hindi ! Hindi Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty - two languages viz . Assamese , Bengali , Bodo , Dogri , Gujarati , Hindi , Kannada , Kashmiri , Konkani , Maithili , Malayalam , Manipuri , Marathi , Nepali , Odia , Punjabi , Sanskrit , Santhali , Sindhi , Tamil , Telugu , and Urdu . Jump up ^ The trilogy consists of Pratham Pratisruti , Subarnalata , and Bakul Katha . Jump up ^ The Malayalam language committee headed by N.V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup 's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize . Jump up ^ Awarded for Odakkuzhal . Jump up ^ Awarded for Ganadevta . Jump up ^ Awarded for Nishitha . Jump up ^ Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam . Jump up ^ Awarded for Chidambara . Jump up ^ Awarded for Gul - e-Naghma . Jump up ^ Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu . Jump up ^ Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat . Jump up ^ Awarded for Urvashi . Jump up ^ Awarded for Nakutanti . Jump up ^ Awarded for Matimatal . Jump up ^ Awarded for Yayati . Jump up ^ Awarded for Chitttrappavai . Jump up ^ Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti . Jump up ^ Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu . Jump up ^ Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar . Jump up ^ Awarded for Mrityunjay . Jump up ^ Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha . Jump up ^ Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas .", "8": "See also ( edit ) Moortidevi Award , another annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India : Eighth Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . p. 1 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proposal for the 52nd Jnanpith Award '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith '' . Bharatiya Jnanpith . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati writer Raghuveer Chaudhary chosen for Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 30 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bhattacharji , Jaya Rose ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` The prize is right ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vasant Panchami , a celebration of Goddess Saraswati '' ( PDF ) . Government of Odisha . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Natarajan , Nalini ; Nelson , Emmanuel Sampath ( 1996 ) . Natarajan , Nalini ; Nelson , Emmanuel Sampath , eds . Handbook of Twentieth - century Literatures of India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28778 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Datta , Amaresh ( 1987 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1803 - 1 . Jump up ^ Surendran , K.V. ( 1999 ) . Indian Women Writers : Critical Perspectives . Sarup & Sons . p. 163 .", "9": "ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 072 - 6 . Ames , Roger T. ; Kasulis , Thomas P. ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 1998 ) . Ames , Roger T. ; Kasulis , Thomas P. ; Dissanayake , Wimal , eds . Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice . SUNY Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2725 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Nation honours Dr Rajendra Prasad on his 53rd death anniversary '' . Rediff.com. 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnakumar , Bhaskaramenon ( 2001 ) . Sweet , Gentle , Radiant : Selected Poems of G. Sankara Kurup . Sahitya Akademi . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1341 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith Laureates '' . Bharatiya Jnanpith . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jnanpith Award : All the past awardees from 1965 to now '' . Outlook India . 25 July 2003 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Das Soumitra , Dey Sreyoshi , Chakraborty , Showli ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Poet 's visual expression '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Vasudev , Chetana Divya ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Literary Trust Launches Programme to Honour Masti '' . The New Indian Express . Gavipuram . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Crowning achievement '' . India Today . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 234 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Sachidananda Routray passes away '' . The Hindu . Bhubaneswar. 22 August 2004 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu writer Ravuri Bharadwaja honoured with Jnanpith award '' . Deccan Chronicle . Hyderabad . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Naim , C.M. ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Aini Apa ( 1927 -- 2007 ) '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith for 1990 awarded to well - known Kannada writer Vinayak Krishna Gokak '' . India Today . 30 November 1991 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everyman 's poet bids final farewell : Obituary ( Subhas Mukhopadhyay ) '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . 9 July 2003 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , K.K. ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` The Spirit of Poetry '' . The Pioneer . Bangalore . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rao , Sunitha . R. ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` UR Ananthamurthy , renowned Kannada writer , dies in Bangalore '' . The Times of India . Bangalore . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` Mahasweta Devi and Habib Tanvir appointed as National Research Professors '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 2 March 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee presenting the 33rd Jnanpith Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 5 June 1998 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee presenting the prestigious Jnanpith Award for the year 1998 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Menon , Parvathi ( 1999 ) . `` The multi-faceted playwright '' . Frontline . Vol. 16 no . 3 . Bangalore : The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : `` Nirmal Verma , Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice President Shri Krishan Kant presenting the 36th Bhartiya Jnanpith Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 24 February 2002 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 18 July 2003 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith award for Jayakanthan '' . The Times of India . New Delhi / Chennai. 20 March 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President 's address at the conferment of 39th Jnanpith Award for 2003 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri Poet Shri Rahman Rahi '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 9 March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 .", "12": "^ Jump up to : `` 41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 22 November 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's Speech at The Conferment of 43rd Jnanpith Award at Thiruvananthapuram '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amar Kant , Shrilal Shukla , Kambar win Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Address of the Hon'ble President on the Occasion of Conferring the Jnanapith Award for the Year 2010 on Dr. Chandrashekhara Kambar '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Speech by the President of India , Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 48th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Telugu Littérateur Shri Ravuri Bharadhwaja '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Kedarnath Singh chosen for Jnanpith '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Marathi Littérateur Shri Bhalchandra Nemade '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Gujarati Littérateur Shri Raghuveer Chaudhari '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award '' . Daily News Analysis . 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi writer Krishna Sobti chosen for Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Sabharwal , Gopa ( 2007 ) . India Since 1947 : The Independent Years . Penguin Books India . p. 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310274 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Bandyopadhyay , Tarasankar ( 2009 ) . Ganadevta ( in Hindi ) ( 17 ed . ) . Bhartiya Jnanpith . ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 1675 - 5 . Pant , Sumitranandan ( 1991 ) . Chidambara ( in Hindi ) . Rajkamal Prakashan . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 267 - 0491 - 0 . Gorakhpuri , Firaq ( 2008 ) . Gul - e-Naghma ( in Hindi ) . Translated by Raza , Jafar . Rajkamal Prakashan . p.", "14": "278 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8031 - 285 - 4 . Dinkar , Ramdhari Singh ( 2014 ) . उर्वशी : खण्ड काव्य ( Urvashi : Poetic Novel ) ( in Hindi ) . Bhartiya Sahitya . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61301 - 343 - 4 . Khandekar , Vishnu Sakharam ( 1978 ) . Yayati : A Classic Tale of Lust . Translated by Kulkarni , Y.P. Orient Paperbacks . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 222 - 0428 - 5 . Devi , Ashapurna ( 2004 ) . Pratham Pratisruti ( The First Promise ) . Translated by Chowdhury , Indira . Orient Blackswan . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2650 - 1 . Karanth , K. Shivarama ( 2014 ) . Mookajjiya Kanasugalu ( Dreams of Mookajji ) ( in Kannada ) . Sapna Book House . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7285 - 062 - 3 . Vatsyayan , Sachchidananda ( 2000 ) . Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar ( in Hindi ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 0073 - 0 . Pritam , Amrita ( 1989 ) . Kagaz Aur Canvas ( Paper and Canvas ) ( in Hindi ) . Translated by Shanta . Rajkamal Prakashan . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 267 - 0492 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jnanpith Award .", "15": "Official website Jnanpith Award recipients 1965 -- 1985 G. Sankara Kurup ( 1965 ) Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay ( 1966 ) Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi ( 1967 ) Sumitranandan Pant ( 1968 ) Firaq Gorakhpuri ( 1969 ) Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( 1970 ) Bishnu Dey ( 1971 ) Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ( 1972 ) D.R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty ( 1973 ) Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar ( 1974 ) Akilan ( 1975 ) Ashapoorna Devi ( 1976 ) K. Shivaram Karanth ( 1977 ) Sachchidananda Vatsyayan ( 1978 ) Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya ( 1979 ) S.K. Pottekkatt ( 1980 ) Amrita Pritam ( 1981 ) Mahadevi Varma ( 1982 ) Masti Venkatesha Iyengar ( 1983 ) Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai ( 1984 ) Pannalal Patel ( 1985 ) 1986 -- 2000 Sachidananda Routray ( 1986 ) Kusumagraj ( 1987 ) C. Narayana Reddy ( 1988 ) Qurratulain Hyder ( 1989 ) Vinayaka Krishna Gokak ( 1990 ) Subhas Mukhopadhyay ( 1991 ) Naresh Mehta ( 1992 ) Sitakant Mahapatra ( 1993 ) U.R. Ananthamurthy ( 1994 ) M.T.", "16": "Vasudevan Nair ( 1995 ) Mahasweta Devi ( 1996 ) Ali Sardar Jafri ( 1997 ) Girish Karnad ( 1998 ) Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma ( 1999 ) Mamoni Raisom Goswami ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rajendra Shah ( 2001 ) Jayakanthan ( 2002 ) Vinda Karandikar ( 2003 ) Rehman Rahi ( 2004 ) Kunwar Narayan ( 2005 ) Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri ( 2006 ) O.N.V.", "17": "Kurup ( 2007 ) Akhlaq Mohammed Khan ( 2008 ) Amarkant and Sri Lal Sukla ( 2009 ) Chandrashekhara Kambara ( 2010 ) Pratibha Ray ( 2011 ) Ravuri Bharadhwaja ( 2012 ) Kedarnath Singh ( 2013 ) Bhalchandra Nemade ( 2014 ) Raghuveer Chaudhari ( 2015 ) Shankha Ghosh ( 2016 ) Krishna Sobti ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jnanpith_Award&oldid=819820848 '' Categories : Awards established in 1961 Events of The Times Group Indian literary awards Recipients of the Jnanpith Award Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) CS1 Kannada - language sources ( kn ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Esperanto ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 12 : 53 .", "18": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4835361556991861440	who was the first to declare the mutiny against the british	[ "29-year-old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI", "sepoys of the Company's army", "sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 miles northeast of Delhi (now Old Delhi)" ]	{ "0": "Indian rebellion of 1857 - Wikipedia Indian rebellion of 1857 Jump to : navigation , search `` Sepoy Mutiny '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sepoy Mutiny ( disambiguation ) . Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21 Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tatya Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Nawab Mehar Polo Bahadur Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) George Anson ( d .", "1": "May 1857 ) Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 . Indian Rebellion of 1857 1st Lucknow 1st Cawnpore Badli - ki - Serai Delhi Chinhat Aong Arrah Agra Najafgarh 2nd Cawnpore 2nd Lucknow Central India Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c.", "2": "760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c.", "3": "1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857 -- 58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . It is known by many names , including the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and India 's First War of Independence . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 miles northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859 . The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . Many Indians did rise against the British ; however , very many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides ; on British officers and civilians ( including women and children ) by the rebels , and on the rebels and their supporters ( sometimes including entire villages ) by British reprisals . The cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation .", "4": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels very quickly reached Delhi , whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , they declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well . With help from reinforcements , Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 , and Delhi by the end of September . However , it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi , Lucknow , and especially the Awadh countryside . Other regions of Company controlled India -- the Bengal Presidency , the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm . In the Punjab , the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support . The large princely states , Hyderabad , Mysore , Travancore , and Kashmir , as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana , did not join the rebellion , serving the British , in the Governor - General Lord Canning 's words , as `` breakwaters in a storm . '' In some regions , most notably in Awadh , the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence . However , the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system . Even so , the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian - and British Empire history . It led to the dissolution of the East India Company , and forced the British to reorganize the army , the financial system , and the administration in India , through passage of the Government of India Act 1858 . India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj . On 1 November 1858 , Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians , which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision , promised rights similar to those of other British subjects . In the following decades , when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming , Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen 's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism .", "5": "Contents ( hide ) 1 East India Company 's expansion in India 2 Causes of the rebellion 2.1 The Enfield Rifle 2.2 Civilian disquiet 2.3 The Bengal Army 3 Onset of the Rebellion 4 Mangal Pandey 4.1 Unrest during April 1857 4.2 Meerut 4.3 Delhi 5 Supporters and opposition 6 The Revolt 6.1 Initial stages 6.2 Delhi 6.3 Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) 6.4 Lucknow 6.5 Jhansi 6.5. 1 Indore 6.6 Other regions 6.6. 1 Punjab 6.6. 2 Bihar 6.6. 3 Bengal and Tripura 6.6. 4 Gujarat 6.7 British Empire 7 Aftermath 7.1 Deathtoll and atrocities 7.2 Reaction in Britain 7.3 Reorganisation 7.4 Military reorganisation 7.5 Awards 8 Nomenclature 9 Historiography 10 150th anniversary 11 In popular culture 11.1 Films 11.2 Theatre 11.3 Literature 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Citations 15 References 15.1 Text - books and academic monographs 15.2 Articles in journals and collections 15.3 Historiography and memory 15.4 Other histories 15.5 First person accounts and classic histories 15.6 Tertiary sources 15.7 Fictional and narrative literature 16 External links East India Company 's expansion in India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink . India in 1837 and 1857 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612 , and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes , its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India .", "6": "The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar , when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . After his defeat , the emperor granted the Company the right to the `` collection of Revenue '' in the provinces of Bengal , Bihar , and Odisha , known as `` Diwani '' to the Company . The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; later , the Anglo - Mysore Wars ( 1766 -- 1799 ) and the Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1772 -- 1818 ) led to control of even more of India . In 1806 , the Vellore Mutiny was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both Hindu and Muslim sepoys . After the turn of the 19th century , Governor - General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories . This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation . The subsidiary alliances created the princely states of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs . Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state . The border dispute between Nepal and British India , which sharpened after 1801 , had caused the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 -- 16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence . In 1854 , Berar was annexed , and the state of Oudh was added two years later . For practical purposes , the Company was the government of much of India . Causes of the rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time , rather than any single event . The sepoys were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the Company 's army . Just before the rebellion , there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army , compared to about 50,000 British . The forces were divided into three presidency armies : Bombay , Madras , and Bengal .", "7": "The Bengal Army recruited higher castes , such as Rajputs and Bhumihar , mostly from the Awadh and Bihar regions , and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855 . In contrast , the Madras Army and Bombay Army were `` more localized , caste - neutral armies '' that `` did not prefer high - caste men . '' The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion . Two sepoy officers ; a private sepoy , 1820s In 1772 , when Warren Hastings was appointed India 's first Governor - General , one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Company 's army . Since the sepoys from Bengal -- many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar -- were now suspect in British eyes , Hastings recruited farther west from the high - caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar , a practice that continued for the next 75 years . However , in order to forestall any social friction , the Company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals . Consequently , these soldiers dined in separate facilities ; in addition , overseas service , considered polluting to their caste , was not required of them , and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals . `` This encouragement of high caste ritual status , however , left the government vulnerable to protest , even mutiny , whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives . '' Stokes argues that `` The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact . '' After the annexation of Oudh ( Awadh ) by the East India Company in 1856 , many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites , as landed gentry , in the Oudh courts , and from the anticipation of any increased land - revenue payments that the annexation might bring about . Other historians have stressed that by 1857 , some Indian soldiers , interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent , were convinced that the Company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity .", "8": "Although earlier in the 1830s , evangelicals such as William Carey and William Wilberforce had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform , such as the abolition of sati and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows , there is little evidence that the sepoys ' allegiance was affected by this . However , changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment . As the extent of the East India Company 's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation , the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions , such as in Burma , but also to make do without the `` foreign service '' remuneration that had previously been their due . A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the General Service Enlistment Act of 25 July 1856 . As noted above , men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service . Specifically , they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march . Governor - General Lord Dalhousie saw this as an anomaly , since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six `` General Service '' battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required . As a result , the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma , readily accessible only by sea , and China had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies . As signed into effect by Lord Canning , Dalhousie 's successor as Governor - General , the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service . However , serving high - caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them , as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service . There were also grievances over the issue of promotions , based on seniority . This , as well as the increasing number of European officers in the battalions , made promotion slow , and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective . The Enfield rifle ( edit ) The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P - 53 rifle . These rifles , which fired Minié balls , had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets , and used paper cartridges that came pre-greased .", "9": "To load the rifle , sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder . The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef , which would be offensive to Hindus , and pork , which would be offensive to Muslims . At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this may cause : unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of caste , it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps . However , in August 1856 , greased cartridge production was initiated at Fort William , Calcutta , following a British design . The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co . By January , rumours were abroad that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat . Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high - caste sepoy and a low - caste labourer at Dum Dum . The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge , he had himself lost caste , although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum . There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people , and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour , as it apparently did . The Company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled . On 27 January , Colonel Richard Birch , the Military Secretary , ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease , and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture `` they may prefer '' . A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge was torn with the hands and not bitten . This however , merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified . Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges , which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper , was impregnated with grease . In February , a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours .", "10": "Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper `` being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing '' , said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease , and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds . Civilian disquiet ( edit ) The civilian rebellion was more multifarious . The rebels consisted of three groups : the feudal nobility , rural landlords called taluqdars , and the peasants . The nobility , many of whom had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse , which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs , felt that the Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance . Rebel leaders such as Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi belonged to this group ; the latter , for example , was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband 's heir . In other areas of central India , such as Indore and Saugar , where such loss of privilege had not occurred , the princes remained loyal to the Company , even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled . The second group , the taluqdars , had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of Oudh . As the rebellion gained ground , the taluqdars quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost , and paradoxically , in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty , did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers , many of whom joined the rebellion , to the great dismay of the British . It has also been suggested that heavy land - revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders , and providing ultimately a reason to rebel ; money lenders , in addition to the Company , were particular objects of the rebels ' animosity . The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution , even in areas of north - central India that were no longer under British control . For example , the relatively prosperous Muzaffarnagar district , a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme , and next door to Meerut , where the upheaval began , stayed relatively calm throughout . Charles Canning , the Governor - General of India during the rebellion .", "11": "Lord Dalhousie , the Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 , who devised the Doctrine of Lapse . Lakshmibai , the Rani of Maratha - ruled Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse . Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor , crowned Emperor of India , by the Indian troops , he was deposed by the British , and died in exile in Burma `` Utilitarian and evangelical - inspired social reform '' , including the abolition of sati and the legalisation of widow remarriage were considered by many -- especially the British themselves -- to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being `` interfered with '' , with the ultimate aim of conversion . Recent historians , including Chris Bayly , have preferred to frame this as a `` clash of knowledges '' , with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the `` insults to women '' , the rise of `` low persons under British tutelage '' , the `` pollution '' caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional astrological authorities . European - run schools were also a problem : according to recorded testimonies , anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction , stories were chosen that would `` bring contempt '' upon Indian religions , and because girl children were exposed to `` moral danger '' by education . The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians . The official Blue Books , East India ( Torture ) 1855 -- 1857 , laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 , revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians . The economic policies of the East India Company were also resented by many Indians . The Bengal Army ( edit ) Each of the three `` Presidencies '' into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies . Of these , the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest . Unlike the other two , it recruited heavily from among high - caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims .", "12": "The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal army , whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments . The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society . In the early years of Company rule , it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army , which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of the Bihar and Awadh regions . These soldiers were known as Purbiyas . By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards , the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted . The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life . Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed , the soldiers no longer received extra pay ( batta or bhatta ) for service there , because they were no longer considered `` foreign missions '' . The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers , in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors . In 1856 , a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company , which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas . Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits , the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well . A high - caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire , and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution . Onset of the rebellion ( edit ) Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857 Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion . On 26 February 1857 the 19th Bengal Native Infantry ( BNI ) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat , which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities . Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground , but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery , and cancelled the next morning 's parade .", "13": "Mangal Pandey ( edit ) Main article : Mangal Pandey On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground , near Calcutta , 29 - year - old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company , declared that he would rebel against his commanders . Informed about Pandey 's behaviour Sergeant - Major James Hewson went to investigate , only to have Pandey shoot at him . Hewson raised the alarm . When his adjutant Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest , Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh 's horse instead . General John Hearsey came out to the parade ground to investigate , and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of `` religious frenzy '' . He ordered the Indian commander of the quarter guard Jemadar Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey , but the Jemadar refused . The quarter guard and other sepoys present , with the single exception of a soldier called Shaikh Paltu , drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey . Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack . After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion , Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life , by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe . He managed only to wound himself . Court - martialled on 6 April , he was hanged two days later . The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 22 April . The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill - feelings towards its superiors , particularly after this incident . Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of havildar in the Bengal Army , but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed . Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh . The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians . Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge . Unrest during April 1857 ( edit ) During April , there was unrest and fires at Agra , Allahabad and Ambala .", "14": "At Ambala in particular , which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice , it was clear to General Anson , Commander - in - Chief of the Bengal Army , that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent . Despite the objections of the civilian Governor - General 's staff , he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth . However , he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and , rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble , he then proceeded to Simla , the cool `` hill station '' where many high officials spent the summer . Although there was no open revolt at Ambala , there was widespread arson during late April . Barrack buildings ( especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges ) and European officers ' bungalows were set on fire . Meerut ( edit ) `` The Sepoy revolt at Meerut , '' from the Illustrated London News , 1857 An 1858 photograph by Felice Beato of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed At Meerut , a large military cantonment , 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British - manned guns . The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot . Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known , on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael - Smyth , the unsympathetic commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry , ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills . All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges . On 9 May , the remaining 85 men were court martialled , and most were sentenced to 10 years ' imprisonment with hard labour . Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years ' imprisonment . The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles . As they were marched off to jail , the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them .", "15": "The next day was Sunday . Some Indian soldiers warned off - duty junior European officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force , but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action . There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself , with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire . In the evening , most European officers were preparing to attend church , while many of the European soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut . The Indian troops , led by the 3rd Cavalry , broke into revolt . European junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels . European officers ' and civilians ' quarters were attacked , and four civilian men , eight women and eight children were killed . Crowds in the bazaar attacked the off - duty soldiers there . About 50 Indian civilians , some officers ' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers , were also killed by the sepoys . The sepoys freed their 85 imprisoned comrades from the jail . Some sepoys ( especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry ) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt . Some officers and their families escaped to Rampur , where they found refuge with the Nawab . The British historian Philip Mason notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and sowars from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May . It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away , it was the ancient capital and present seat of the Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut . No effort was made to pursue them . Delhi ( edit ) Early on 11 May , the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi . From beneath the windows of the King 's apartments in the palace , they called on him to acknowledge and lead them . Bahadur Shah did nothing at this point , apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners , but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt . During the day , the revolt spread . European officials and dependents , Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were killed , some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters .", "16": "The Flagstaff Tower , Delhi , where the European survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857 ; photographed by Felice Beato There were three battalion - sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city . Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion , while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels . In the afternoon , a violent explosion in the city was heard for several miles . Fearing that the arsenal , which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition , would fall intact into rebel hands , the nine British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys , including the men of their own guard . When resistance appeared hopeless , they blew up the arsenal . Six of the nine officers survived , but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings . The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion . The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal , and a magazine two miles ( 3 km ) outside Delhi , containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder , was captured without resistance . Many fugitive European officers and civilians had congregated at the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge north of Delhi , where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations . When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming , they made their way in carriages to Karnal . Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot . Some were helped by villagers on the way ; others were killed . The next day , Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years . It was attended by many excited sepoys . The King was alarmed by the turn events had taken , but eventually accepted the sepoys ' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion . On 16 May , up to 50 Europeans who had been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the King 's servants under a peepul tree in a courtyard outside the palace . Supporters and opposition ( edit ) Troops of the Native Allies by George Francklin Atkinson , 1859 .", "17": "States during the rebellion The news of the events at Delhi spread rapidly , provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts . In many cases , it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder . Learning of the fall of Delhi by telegraph , many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves , their families and servants to places of safety . At Agra , 160 miles ( 260 km ) from Delhi , no less than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the Fort . The haste with which many civilians left their posts encouraged rebellions in the areas they left , although others remained at their posts until it was clearly impossible to maintain any sort of order . Several were murdered by rebels . The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner . Some officers trusted their sepoys , but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings . At Benares and Allahabad , the disarmings were bungled , also leading to local revolts . Although rebellion became widespread , there was little unity among the rebels . While Bahadur Shah Zafar was restored to the imperial throne , there was a faction that wanted the Maratha rulers to be enthroned also , and the Awadhis wanted to retain the powers that their Nawab used to have . There were calls for jihad by Muslim leaders like Maulana Fazl - e-Haq Khairabadi and the millenarian Ahmadullah Shah , which were taken up by Muslims , particularly artisans , which caused the British to think that the Muslims were the main force behind this event . The Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah , resisted these calls for jihad because , it has been suggested , he feared outbreaks of communal violence . In Awadh , Sunni Muslims did not want to see a return to Shiite rule , so they often refused to join what they perceived to be a Shia rebellion . However , some Muslims , like the Aga Khan I , supported the British . The British rewarded him by formally recognising his title . Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus , a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims .", "18": "The proportion of ghazis grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide ghazis from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops . In Thana Bhawan , the Sunnis declared Haji Imdadullah their Ameer . In May 1857 , the Battle of Shamli took place between the forces of Haji Imdadullah and the British . The Sikhs and Pathans of the Punjab and North - West Frontier Province supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi . Historian John Harris has asserted that the Sikhs wanted to avenge the annexation of the Sikh Empire eight years earlier by the Company with the help of Purbiyas ( ' Easterners ' ) , Biharis and those from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh who had formed part of the East India Company 's armies in the First and Second Anglo - Sikh Wars . He has also suggested that Sikhs felt insulted by the attitude of sepoys who , in their view , had beaten the Khalsa only with British help ; they resented and despised them far more than they did the British . The Sikhs feared reinstatement of Mughal rule in northern India because they had been persecuted heavily in the past by the Mughal dynasty . Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers , circa 1860 . Sikh support for the British resulted from grievances surrounding sepoys ' perceived conduct during and after the Anglo - Sikh Wars . Firstly , many Sikhs resented that Hindustanis / Purbiyas in service of the Sikh state had been foremost in urging the wars , which lost them their independence . Sikh soldiers also recalled that the bloodiest battles of the war , Chillianwala and Ferozeshah , were won by British troops , and they believed that the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet them in battle . These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit - making civil posts in Punjab .", "19": "In 1857 , the Bengal Army had 86,000 men , of which 12,000 were European , 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha . There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether , 40,160 European soldiers and 5,362 officers . Fifty - four of the Bengal Army 's 74 regular Native Infantry Regiments mutinied , but some were immediately destroyed or broke up , with their sepoys drifting away to their homes . A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny . In total , only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied . The Bengal Army also consisted of 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments . Of these , there was a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh , which mutinied en masse . Another large contingent from Gwalior also mutinied , even though that state 's ruler supported the British . The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society . Some irregular units actively supported the Company : three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units , and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force . On 1 April 1858 , the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the Company was 80,053 . However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North - West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion . The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments , whilst the Madras army had none at all , although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal . Nonetheless , most of southern India remained passive , with only intermittent outbreaks of violence . Many parts of the region were ruled by the Nizams or the Mysore royalty , and were thus not directly under British rule . The revolt ( edit ) Initial stages ( edit ) Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers .", "20": "An etching of Nynee Tal ( today Nainital ) and accompanying story in the Illustrated London News , August 15 , 1857 , describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut . Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India . Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will . In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries , their name still carried great prestige across northern India . Civilians , nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance . The emperor issued coins in his name , one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status . The adhesion of the Mughal emperor , however , turned the Sikhs of the Punjab away from the rebellion , as they did not want to return to Islamic rule , having fought many wars against the Mughal rulers . The province of Bengal was largely quiet throughout the entire period . The British , who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously , were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Zafar 's call for war . Initially , the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces , and captured several important towns in Haryana , Bihar , the Central Provinces and the United Provinces . When European troops were reinforced and began to counterattack , the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control . Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as Bakht Khan , whom the Emperor later nominated as commander - in - chief after his son Mirza Mughal proved ineffectual , for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes . Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders , but others were self - interested or inept . In the countryside around Meerut , a general Gurjar uprising posed the largest threat to the British . In Parikshitgarh near Meerut , Gurjars declared Choudhari Kadam Singh ( Kuddum Singh ) their leader , and expelled Company police . Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force , estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000 .", "21": "Bulandshahr and Bijnor also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively . Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between Meerut and Delhi participated in the revolt , in some cases with support from Jullundur , and it was not until late July that , with the help of local Jats , the British managed to regain control of the area . Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow , 30 July 1857 The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Gurjars and Ranghars ( Muslim rajpoots ) proved the `` most irreconcilable enemies '' of the British in the Bulandshahr area . Mufti Nizamuddin , a renowned scholar of Lahore , issued a Fatwa against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of Rao Tula Ram . Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul ( Nasibpur ) . After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857 , Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested , and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother - in - law Abdur Rahman ( alias Nabi Baksh ) were arrested in Tijara . They were taken to Delhi and hanged . Having lost the fight at Nasibpur , Rao Tula Ram and Pran Sukh Yadav requested arms from Russia , which had just been engaged against Britain in the Crimean War . Delhi ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Delhi Massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi The British were slow to strike back at first . It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea , although some regiments moved overland through Persia from the Crimean War , and some regiments already en route for China were diverted to India . It took time to organise the European troops already in India into field forces , but eventually two columns left Meerut and Simla . They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought , killed , and hanged numerous Indians along the way . Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut , the two forces met near Karnal .", "22": "The combined force including two Gurkha units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the Kingdom of Nepal , fought the main army of the rebels at Badli - ke - Serai and drove them back to Delhi . Assault of Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate , 14 September 1857 The Company established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the Siege of Delhi began . The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September . However , the encirclement was hardly complete , and for much of the siege the Company forces were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege , as the rebels could easily receive resources and reinforcements . For several weeks , it seemed likely that disease , exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the Company forces to withdraw , but the outbreaks of rebellion in the Punjab were forestalled or suppressed , allowing the Punjab Movable Column of British , Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers under John Nicholson to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August . On 30 August the rebels offered terms , which were refused . The Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858 , damaged in the fighting Mortar damage to Kashmiri Gate , Delhi , 1858 Hindu Rao 's house in Delhi , now a hospital , was extensively damaged in the fighting Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force , and from 7 September , the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels ' artillery . An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the Kashmiri Gate was launched on 14 September . The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties , including John Nicholson . The British commander wished to withdraw , but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers . After a week of street fighting , the British reached the Red Fort . Bahadur Shah Zafar had already fled to Humayun 's tomb . The British had retaken the city . Capture of Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson at Humayun 's tomb on 20 September 1857 The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city .", "23": "A large number of the citizens were killed in retaliation for the Europeans and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels . During the street fighting , artillery was set up city 's main mosque , neighbourhoods within range were bombarded ; the homes of the Muslim nobility that contained innumerable cultural , artistic , literary and monetary riches destroyed . The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah , and the next day the British agent William Hodson had his sons Mirza Mughal , Mirza Khazir Sultan , and grandson Mirza Abu Bakr shot under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza ( the bloody gate ) near Delhi Gate . On hearing the news Zafar reacted with shocked silence while his wife Zinat Mahal was content as she believed her son was now Zafar 's heir . Shortly after the fall of Delhi , the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in Agra , and then pressed on to Cawnpore , which had also recently been retaken . This gave the Company forces a continuous , although still tenuous , line of communication from the east to west of India . Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Cawnpore Tatya Tope 's Soldiery A memorial erected ( circa 1860 ) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well . After India 's Independence the statue was moved to the All Souls Memorial Church , Cawnpore . Albumen silver print by Samuel Bourne , 1860 In June , sepoys under General Wheeler in Cawnpore ( now Kanpur ) rebelled and besieged the European entrenchment . Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to a high - caste Indian lady . He had relied on his own prestige , and his cordial relations with the Nana Sahib to thwart rebellion , and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition . The besieged endured three weeks of the Siege of Cawnpore with little water or food , suffering continuous casualties to men , women and children . On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad .", "24": "With barely three days ' food rations remaining , the British agreed provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take place in daylight on the morning of the 27th ( the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th ) . Early in the morning of 27 June , the European party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to Allahabad . Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the Company were removed by the mutineers and killed , either because of their loyalty or because `` they had become Christian . '' A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys . After the European party had largely arrived at the dock , which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges , with clear lines of fire , firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew , and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red hot charcoal . The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck . One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped , but later grounded , was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore . Towards the end rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors . After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot . By the time the massacre was over , most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in The Bibighar massacre . Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats : two private soldiers , a lieutenant , and Captain Mowbray Thomson , who wrote a first - hand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore ( London , 1859 ) . During his trial , Tatya Tope denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms : the Europeans had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure . That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle , which created disorder and in the ongoing bewilderment , the boatmen jumped off the boats . The rebels started shooting indiscriminately .", "25": "Nana Sahib , who was staying in Savada Kothi ( Bungalow ) nearby , was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it . Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error ; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot , the panic - stricken British opened fire , and it became impossible to stop the massacre . The surviving women and children were taken to the Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate 's clerk ( The Bibigarh ) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh . Overall five men and two hundred and six women and children were confined in The Bibigarh for about two weeks . In one week 25 were brought out dead , from dysentery and cholera . Meanwhile , a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that the Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by the Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed . After the sepoys refused to carry out this order , two Muslim butchers , two Hindu peasants and one of Nana 's bodyguards went into The Bibigarh . Armed with knives and hatchets they murdered the women and children . After the massacre the walls were covered in bloody hand prints , and the floor littered with fragments of human limbs . The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well . When the 50 - foot ( 15 m ) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of the top , the remainder were thrown into the Ganges . Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty . With Company forces approaching Cawnpore and some believing that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save , their murders were ordered . Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore . Other historians have suggested that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib 's relationship with the British . Perhaps it was due to fear , the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings .", "26": "Photograph entitled , `` The Hospital in General Wheeler 's entrenchment , Cawnpore . '' ( 1858 ) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of European lives in Cawnpore 1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River , where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels . Bibigarh house where European women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found , 1858 . The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built . Samuel Bourne , 1860 . A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys . The British public was aghast and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all their support . Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict . Nana Sahib disappeared near the end of the Rebellion and it is not known what happened to him . Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June , two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar ( but after those at both Meerut and Delhi ) , specifically by Lieutenant Colonel James George Smith Neill of the Madras Fusiliers , commanding at Allahabad while moving towards Cawnpore . At the nearby town of Fatehpur , a mob had attacked and murdered the local European population . On this pretext , Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be killed by hanging . Neill 's methods were `` ruthless and horrible '' and far from intimidating the population , may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt . Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures , though contemporary British sources lionised him and his `` gallant blue caps '' . When the British retook Cawnpore , the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor .", "27": "They then hanged or `` blew from the cannon '' , the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny , the majority of the sepoy prisoners . Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves , they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time . Lucknow ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Lucknow The interior of the Secundra Bagh , several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1858 Very soon after the events in Meerut , rebellion erupted in the state of Awadh ( also known as Oudh , in modern - day Uttar Pradesh ) , which had been annexed barely a year before . The British Commissioner resident at Lucknow , Sir Henry Lawrence , had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound . The Company forces numbered some 1700 men , including loyal sepoys . The rebels ' assaults were unsuccessful , and so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound . Lawrence was one of the first casualties . The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via underground tunnels that led to underground close combat . After 90 days of siege , defended by John Eardley Inglis , numbers of Company forces were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys , 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants . On 25 September a relief column under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and accompanied by Sir James Outram ( who in theory was his superior ) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign , in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles . This became known as ' The First Relief of Lucknow ' , as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves , and so was forced to join the garrison . In October another , larger , army under the new Commander - in - Chief , Sir Colin Campbell , was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November , they evacuated the defended enclave within the city , the women and children leaving first .", "28": "They then conducted an orderly withdrawal , firstly to Alambagh 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort , then to Cawnpore , where they defeated an attempt by Tatya Tope to recapture the city in the Second Battle of Cawnpore . In March 1858 , Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army , meeting up with the force at Alambagh , this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh . He was aided by a large Nepalese contingent advancing from the north under Jang Bahadur . Campbell 's advance was slow and methodical , with a force under General Outram crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank , the forces drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting shooting on 21 March , there were few casualties to his own troops . This nevertheless allowed large numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh , and Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat , disease and guerrilla actions . Jhansi ( edit ) Main article : Central India Campaign ( 1858 ) Jhansi Fort , which was taken over by rebel forces , and subsequently defended against British recapture by the Rani of Jhansi Jhansi was a Maratha - ruled princely state in Bundelkhand . When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853 , it was annexed to the British Raj by the Governor - General of India under the doctrine of lapse . His widow , Rani Lakshmi Bai , the Rani of Jhansi protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son . When war broke out , Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion . A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in Jhansi Fort , and the Rani negotiated their evacuation . However , when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control ; the Europeans suspected the Rani of complicity , despite her repeated denials . By the end of June 1857 , the Company had lost control of much of Bundelkhand and eastern Rajasthan .", "29": "The Bengal Army units in the area , having rebelled , marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore . The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves . In September and October 1857 , the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of Datia and Orchha . On 3 February , Sir Hugh Rose broke the 3 - month siege of Saugor . Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator , freeing them from rebel occupation . In March 1858 , the Central India Field Force , led by Sir Hugh Rose , advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi . The Company forces captured the city , but the Rani fled in disguise . After being driven from Jhansi and Kalpi , on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of Gwalior from the Scindia rulers , who were British allies . This might have reinvigorated the rebellion but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city . The Rani died on 17 June , the second day of the Battle of Gwalior , probably killed by a carbine shot from the 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars according to the account of three independent Indian representatives . The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days . In descriptions of the scene of her last battle , she was compared to Joan of Arc by some commentators . Indore ( edit ) Colonel Henry Marion Durand , the then - Company resident at Indore , had brushed away any possibility of uprising in Indore . However , on 1 July , sepoys in Holkar 's army revolted and opened fire on the pickets of Bhopal Cavalry . When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge , Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow . The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at European sergeants and officers . Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost , Durand decided to gather up all the European residents and escape , although 39 European residents of Indore were killed .", "30": "Other regions ( edit ) Punjab ( edit ) Execution of mutineers at Peshawur What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division , centered on Lahore . It included not only the present - day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan Much of the region had been the Sikh Empire , ruled by Ranjit Singh until his death in 1839 . The kingdom had then fallen into disorder , with court factions and the Khalsa ( the Sikh army ) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar ( court ) . After two Anglo - Sikh Wars , the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 . In 1857 , the region still contained the highest numbers of both European and Indian troops . The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India , which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other . In some garrisons , notably Ferozepore , indecision on the part of the senior European officers allowed the sepoys to rebel , but the sepoys then left the area , mostly heading for Delhi . At the most important garrison , that of Peshawar close to the Afghan frontier , many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander ( the elderly General Reed ) and took decisive action . They intercepted the sepoys ' mail , thus preventing their coordinating an uprising , and formed a force known as the `` Punjab Movable Column '' to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred . When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt , the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment , backed by artillery , on 22 May . This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British . Marble Lectern in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum Jhelum in Punjab saw a mutiny of native troops against the British . Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty 's 24th Regiment of Foot ( South Wales Borderers ) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857 .", "31": "Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring , the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . To commemorate this event St. John 's Church Jhelum was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble lectern present in that church . The final large - scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July , when most of a brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi . They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross the Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours , the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island . Three days later , Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat . The British had been recruiting irregular units from Sikh and Pakhtun communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units , and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the Rebellion , 34,000 fresh levies eventually being raised . At one stage , faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi , the Commissioner of the Punjab ( Sir John Lawrence ) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship . The British Agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified . Referring to the massacre of a retreating British army in 1842 , Herbert Edwardes wrote , `` Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy . Europeans can not retreat -- Kabul would come again . '' In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held , and Dost Mohammed , whose relations with Britain had been equivocal for over 20 years , remained neutral . Lieutenant William Alexander Kerr , 24th Bombay Native Infantry , near Kolapore , July 1857 In September 1858 Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal , head of the Khurrul tribe , led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district , between the Sutlej , Ravi and Chenab rivers .", "32": "The rebels held the jungles of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area , besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni . A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege . Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana , who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen . Bihar ( edit ) See also : Siege of Arrah Kunwar Singh , the 80 - year - old Rajput Zamindar of Jagdispur , whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board , instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar . On 25 July , mutiny erupted in the garrisons of Dinapur . Mutinying sepoys from the 7th , 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of Arrah and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men . Mr. Boyle , a British railway engineer in Arrah , had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks . As the rebels approached Arrah , all European residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle 's house . A siege soon ensued -- eighteen civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the Bengal Military Police Battalion under the command of Herwald Wake , the local magistrate , defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels . On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah , but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house , severely defeated , and driven back . On 30 July , Major Vincent Eyre , who was going up the river with his troops and guns , reached Buxar and heard about the siege . He immediately disembarked his guns and troops ( the 5th Fusiliers ) and started marching towards Arrah , disregarding direct orders not to do so . On 2 August , some 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) short of Arrah , the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels .", "33": "After an intense fight , the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully . On 3 August , Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege . After receiving reinforcements Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur , however Singh had left by the time Eyre 's forces arrived . Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh 's brothers . Bengal and tripura ( edit ) In September 1857 , sepoys took control of the treasury in Chittagong . The treasury remained under rebel control for several days . Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd , 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners . The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the Gurkha regiments . The mutiny also spread to Dacca , the former Mughal capital of Bengal . Residents in the city 's Lalbagh area were kept awake at night by the rebellion . Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in Jalpaiguri to take control of the city 's cantonment . In January 1858 , many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of Hill Tippera . The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim Faraizi movement . Gujarat ( edit ) In central and north Gujarat , the rebellion was sustained by land owner Jagirdars , Talukdars and Thakors with the support of armed communities of Bhil , Koli , Pathans and Arabs , unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India . Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission . The Bet Dwarka island , along with Okhamandal region of Kathiawar peninsula which was under Gaekwad of Baroda State , saw a revolt by the Vaghers in January 1858 who , by July 1859 , controlled that region . In October 1859 , a joint offensive by British , Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region .", "34": "British Empire ( edit ) The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population , sepoy or civilian , took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings . In the Straits Settlements , and Trinidad the annual Hosay processions were banned , riots broke out in penal settlements in Burma , and the Settlements , in Penang the loss of a musket provoked a near riot , and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population . Aftermath ( edit ) `` The Relief of Lucknow '' by Thomas Jones Barker Deathtoll and atrocities ( edit ) The war and its aftermath resulted in the deaths of at least 800,000 people during the rebellion and its aftermath including those resulting from famine and disease . Both combatant sides committed huge numbers of atrocities against civilians . In Oudh alone , 150,000 Indians were estimated to have died during the war , with 100,000 of them being civilians . Places such as Delhi , Allahabad , Kanpur and Lucknow were all met with general massacre after they were recaptured by British forces . Another notable atrocity was carried out by General Neill who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion . The rebels ' murder of women , children and wounded British soldiers at Cawnpore , and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers , left many British soldiers seeking revenge . As well as hanging mutineers , the British had some `` blown from cannon , '' ( an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India ) , in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired . Most of the British press , outraged by the stories of rape and the killings of civilians and wounded British soldiers , did not advocate clemency of any kind . Governor General Canning ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet `` Clemency Canning '' from the press and later parts of the British public . In terms of sheer numbers , the casualties were much higher on the Indian side .", "35": "A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the `` Bombay Telegraph '' and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties : ... All the city 's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot , and the number was considerable , as you may suppose , when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding . These were not mutineers but residents of the city , who trusted to our well - known mild rule for pardon . I am glad to say they were disappointed . British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh , Lucknow , after its recapture ( steel engraving , late 1850s ) From the end of 1857 , the British had begun to gain ground again . Lucknow was retaken in March 1858 . On 8 July 1858 , a peace treaty was signed and the rebellion ended . The last rebels were defeated in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . By 1859 , rebel leaders Bakht Khan and Nana Sahib had either been slain or had fled . Edward Vibart , a 19 - year - old officer whose parents , younger brothers , and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre , recorded his experience : The orders went out to shoot every soul ... It was literally murder ... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again . The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered , were most painful ... Heaven knows I feel no pity , but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes , hard must be that man 's heart I think who can look on with indifference ... Blowing from a gun , 8 September 1857 Some British troops adopted a policy of `` no prisoners '' . One officer , Thomas Lowe , remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners -- they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest , he recalled . Later , after a quick trial , the prisoners were lined up with a British soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them . On the order `` fire '' , they were all simultaneously shot , `` swept ... from their earthly existence '' .", "36": "The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies . In The Last Mughal , historian William Dalrymple examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British , at that time , saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny . Reaction in Britain ( edit ) Justice , a print by Sir John Tenniel in a September 1857 issue of Punch The scale of the punishments handed out by the British `` Army of Retribution '' were considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British and European civilians by the rebels . Accounts of the time frequently reach the `` hyperbolic register '' , according to Christopher Herbert , especially in the often - repeated claim that the `` Red Year '' of 1857 marked `` a terrible break '' in British experience . Such was the atmosphere -- a national `` mood of retribution and despair '' that led to `` almost universal approval '' of the measures taken to pacify the revolt . Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against European women and girls appalled the British public . These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion . British newspapers printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls . One such account was published by The Times , regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi . Karl Marx criticized this story as false propaganda , and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in Bangalore , far from the events of the rebellion , with no evidence to support his allegation . Individual incidents captured the public 's interest and were heavily reported by the press . One such incident was that of General Wheeler 's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor 's concubine , though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself . Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her . During the aftermath of the rebellion , a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been `` dishonored '' at the Bibighar and elsewhere .", "37": "One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning . The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed , although numbers of European women and children had been killed outright . Long after the political recovery was done , women were the focal point and symbol of any distrust the British had in India . Women 's `` fragile female bodies '' were violated by the mutiny 's incidents of rape and Britain immediately reacted in `` vicious ... reprisals against the local population . '' However , Indian women at the time are still undocumented from the `` official male sources . '' Further research could lend insight to both sides of the situation during the rebellion of 1857 . The term ' Sepoy ' or ' Sepoyism ' became a derogatory term for nationalists , especially in Ireland . Reorganisation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bahadur Shah Zafar ( the last Mughal emperor ) in Delhi , awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising . Photograph by Robert Tytler and Charles Shepherd , May 1858 The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p. 2 ) Bahadur Shah was tried for treason by a military commission assembled at Delhi , and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862 , bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end . In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India on the advice of Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli . The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company 's rule in India . In August , by the Government of India Act 1858 , the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown . A new British government department , the India Office , was created to handle the governance of India , and its head , the Secretary of State for India , was entrusted with formulating Indian policy .", "38": "The Governor - General of India gained a new title , Viceroy of India , and implemented the policies devised by the India Office . Some former East India Company territories , such as the Straits Settlements , became colonies in their own right . The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform , trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at Westernization . The Viceroy stopped land grabs , decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service , albeit mainly as subordinates . Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained , though there was a major shift in attitudes . In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things : religion and the economy . On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous traditions , both Hindu and Muslim . On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the Company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and money - lenders . In consequence the new British Raj was constructed in part around a conservative agenda , based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy . On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising . In consequence , Indians were drawn into government at a local level . Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had been set , with the creation of a new ' white collar ' Indian elite , further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , a result of the Indian Universities Act . So , alongside the values of traditional and ancient India , a new professional middle class was starting to arise , in no way bound by the values of the past . Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of November 1858 , in which it is expressly stated , `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects ... it is our further will that ... our subjects of whatever race or creed , be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service , the duties of which they may be qualified by their education , ability and integrity , duly to discharge . ''", "39": "Acting on these sentiments , Lord Ripon , viceroy from 1880 to 1885 , extended the powers of local self - government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the Ilbert Bill . But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next , creating new elites and confirming old attitudes . The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a white mutiny and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law . In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service . Military reorganisation ( edit ) See also : Pattern 1853 Enfield Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir . Hope Grant 's Column , Madras Regiment , who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee , 1858 . Memorial at the St. Mary 's Church , Madras Memorial inside the York Minster The Bengal army dominated the Indian army before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army . The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers . The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict . The rebellion transformed both the native and European armies of British India . Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857 , only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost . The old Bengal Army had accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle . These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under - utilised by the British and from the minority so - called `` Martial Races '' , such as the Sikhs and the Gurkhas . The inefficiencies of the old organisation , which had estranged sepoys from their British officers , were addressed , and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the `` irregular '' system . From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857 , each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British officers , who held every position of authority down to the second - in - command of each company .", "40": "In irregular units there were fewer European officers , but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers , while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers . The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India . From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units , except for a few mountain batteries . The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century . Awards ( edit ) Victoria Cross Medals were awarded to members of the British Armed Forces and the British Indian Army during the rebellion . The one hundred and eighty two recipients of the Victoria Cross are listed here . Indian Mutiny Medal 290,000 Indian Mutiny Medals were awarded . Clasps were awarded for the siege of Delhi and the siege and relief of Lucknow . Indian Order of Merit A military and civilian decoration of British India , the Indian Order of Merit was first introduced by the East India Company in 1837 , and was taken over by the Crown in 1858 , following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907 . Nomenclature ( edit ) See also : First War of Indian Independence ( term ) There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period . In India and Pakistan it has been termed as the `` War of Independence of 1857 '' or `` First War of Indian Independence '' but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the `` Revolt of 1857 '' . The classification of the Rebellion being `` First War of Independence '' is not without its critics in India . The use of the term `` Indian Mutiny '' is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude . Others dispute this interpretation . In the UK and parts of the Commonwealth it is commonly called the `` Indian Mutiny '' , but terms such as `` Great Indian Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Rebellion '' , the `` Sepoy War '' , the `` Great Mutiny '' , the `` Rebellion of 1857 '' , `` the Uprising '' , the `` Mahomedan Rebellion '' , and the `` Revolt of 1857 '' have also been used .", "41": "`` The Indian Insurrection '' was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time . Historiography ( edit ) The Mutiny Memorial in Delhi , a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting . Adas ( 1971 ) examines the historiography with emphasis on the four major approaches : the Indian nationalist view ; the Marxist analysis ; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion ; and intensive studies of local uprisings . Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati , ed. 1857 Rebellion . Execution of mutineers by blowing from a gun . Thomas Metcalf has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor Eric Stokes ( 1924 -- 1981 ) , especially Stokes ' The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India ( 1978 ) . Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people . Instead , Stokes argues that 1 ) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2 ) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule . Stokes also explores issues of economic development , the nature of privileged landholding , the role of moneylenders , the usefulness of classical rent theory , and , especially , the notion of the `` rich peasant . '' Professor Kim Wagner has the most recent survey of the historiography , and stresses the importance of William Dalrymple 's The Last Mughal : The Fall of a Dynasty , Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui , who translated key Urdu and Shikastah sources and published a selection in Besieged : Voices from Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion , and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico - religious discord amongst the rebels . He did not discover much in the way of proto - nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion . Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism , militarism , and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions .", "42": "Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut , the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over . Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857 , Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a ' national revolt ' while Lord Palmerston , the Prime Minister , tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a ' mere military mutiny ' . Reflecting this debate , an early historian of the rebellion , Charles Ball , used the word mutiny in his title , but labelled it a ' struggle for liberty and independence as a people ' in the text . Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not , although it is popularly considered to be one in India . Arguments against include : A united India did not exist at that time in political , cultural , or ethnic terms ; The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army , the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments ; 80 % of the East India Company forces were Indian ; Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British ; Many rebel Sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight ; Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals ; The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers ; The revolt was largely limited to north and central India . Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature ; A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule , and against native rulers , often as a result of local internal politics ; The revolt was fractured along religious , ethnic and regional lines . The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion , Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1857 A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above - mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India 's independence .", "43": "The reasons advanced are : Even though the rebellion had various causes , most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so , made their way to Delhi to revive the old Mughal empire that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them ; There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as Awadh , Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand . The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion , and it spanned more than one region ; The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions , instead they repeatedly proclaimed a `` country - wide rule '' of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from `` India '' , as they knew it then . ( The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over : Khalq Khuda Ki , Mulk Badshah Ka , Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka -- `` the people belong to God , the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy Commandant '' ) . The objective of driving out `` foreigners '' from not only one 's own area but from their conception of the entirety of `` India '' , signifies a nationalist sentiment ; The mutineers , although some were recruited from outside Oudah , displayed a common purpose . 150th anniversary ( edit ) The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of `` India 's First War of Independence '' . Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra 's `` War of Civilizations '' , a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857 , and `` Recalcitrance '' by Anurag Kumar , one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857 . In 2007 , a group of retired British soldiers and civilians , some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict , attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow . However , fears of violence by Indian demonstrators , supported by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party , prevented the British visitors from visiting the site . Despite the protests , Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor , General Henry Havelock .", "44": "In popular Culture ( edit ) Henry Nelson O'Neil 's 1857 painting Eastward Ho ! depicting British soldiers say farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India . Films ( edit ) Bengal Brigade -- A 1954 film : at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny . A British officer , Captain Claybourne ( Hudson ) , is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders , but finds that his duty to his men is far from over Shatranj Ke Khilari -- A 1977 Indian film directed by Satyajit Ray , chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857 . The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh , and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th - century India . Junoon ( 1978 film ) -- Directed by Shyam Benegal , it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt . Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) -- Ketan Mehta 's Hindi film chronicles the life of Mangal Pandey . The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom -- During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace , Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in `` the mutiny '' and Chattar Lal complains , `` It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857 '' . The Last Cartridge , an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India ( 1908 ) -- A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion . Theatre ( edit ) 1857 : Ek Safarnama -- A play by Javed Siddiqui , set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at Purana Qila , Delhi . Literature ( edit ) Malcolm X 's autobiography The Autobiography of Malcolm X details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-European world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857 .", "45": "John Masters 's novel Nightrunners of Bengal , first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India , is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani , itself a fictionalised version of the town of Jhansi . Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time . J.G. Farrell 's 1973 novel The Siege of Krishnapur details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion . George MacDonald Fraser 's 1975 novel Flashman in the Great Game deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion . Two of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories , The Sign of the Four and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man , '' feature events that took place during the Rebellion . Michael Crichton 's 1975 novel The Great Train Robbery mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the Siege of Cawnpore , as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce . The majority of M.M. Kaye 's novel Shadow of the Moon is set between 1856 -- 58 , and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters , who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore ( a fictional town in north India ) . The early chapters of her novel The Far Pavilions take place during the Rebellion , which leads to the protagonist , a child of British ancestry , being raised as a Hindu . Indian writer Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is from this story that the film Junoon was later adapted in 1978 by Shyam Benegal . The 1880 novel The Steam House by Jules Verne takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Jules Verne 's famous character Captain Nemo , originally an Indian prince , fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion ( as stated in Verne 's later novel The Mysterious Island ) . E.M.", "46": "Forster 's 1924 novel A Passage to India alludes several times to the Mutiny . Flora Annie Steel 's novel On the Face of the Waters ( 1896 ) describes incidents of the Mutiny . The plot of H. Beam Piper 's science fiction novel Uller Uprising is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Rujub , the juggler and In Times of Peril : A tale of India by G.A. Henty are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857 See also ( edit ) India portal Vellore Mutiny Political warfare in British colonial India Bengal Native Infantry Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824 Shahzada Muhammad Hidayat Afshar , Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India ( are ) known variously as a mutiny , a revolt , a rebellion and the first war of independence ( the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become ) ... ( page 63 ) '' Jump up ^ `` '' The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ `` The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India , recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north . '' Jump up ^ `` What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain . '' Jump up ^ `` Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them ... For all their talk of improvement , the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule . '' Jump up ^ `` Many Indians took up arms against the British , if for very diverse reasons . On the other hand , a very large number actually fought for the British , while the majority remained apparently acquiescent . Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled . ''", "47": "Jump up ^ The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense . Two great cities , Delhi and Lucknow , were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British . Where the countryside resisted , as in parts of Awadh , villages were burnt . Mutineers and their supporters were often killed out of hand . British civilians , including women and children , were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments . '' Jump up ^ `` The south , Bengal , and the Punjab remained unscathed , ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... it was the support from the Sikhs , carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo - Sikh wars , and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt , that proved decisive in the course of the struggle . Jump up ^ `` ( they ) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order . '' Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India , ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole . '' Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation , and state non-interference in Indians ' religious affairs . Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution , generations of Indians cited the Queen 's proclamation in order to claim , and to defend , their right to religious freedom . '' ( page 23 ) Jump up ^ The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p.", "48": "2 ) Jump up ^ `` When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858 , she ( Queen Victoria ) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency ... they ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain . Over time , this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as ' the Magna Carta of Indian liberties ' , a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law '' ( pages 38 -- 39 ) Jump up ^ `` In purely legal terms , ( the proclamation ) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike . But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith , reality fell far short of theory , and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles . ( page 76 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Ignoring ... the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858 , Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs . Under these circumstances , it was not long before the seed - idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Gurkhas by W. Brook Northey , John Morris . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1577 - 8 . Page 58 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Peers 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Marshall 2007 , p. 197 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Chris ( 2006 ) , A Companion to 19th - Century Britain , John Wiley & Sons , p.", "49": "63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5679 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Bose & Jalal 2003 , pp. 88 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Marriott , John ( 2013 ) , The other empire : Metropolis , India and progress in the colonial imagination , Manchester University Press , p. 195 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 061 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Bender , Jill C. ( 2016 ) , The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 48345 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Bayly 1990 , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Bandyopadhyay 2004 , pp. 169 -- 172 , Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 87 , and Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , P.J. ( 2001 ) , `` 1783 -- 1870 : An expanding empire '' , in P.J. Marshall ( ed ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00254 - 7 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Spear 1990 , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 177 , Bayly 2000 , p. 357 ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Bayly 1990 , pp. 194 -- 197 ^ Jump up to : Adcock , C.S. ( 2013 ) , The Limits of Tolerance : Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom , Oxford University Press , pp.", "50": "23 -- 25 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999543 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Miles ( 2016 ) , `` The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George '' , in Aldrish , Robert ; McCreery , Cindy ( ed ) , Crowns and Colonies : European Monarchies and Overseas Empires , Manchester University Press , pp. 38 -- 39 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5261 - 0088 - 7 CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , p. 76 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Embree , Ainslie Thomas ; Hay , Stephen N. ; Bary , William Theodore De ( 1988 ) , `` Nationalism Takes Root : The Moderates '' , Sources of Indian Tradition : Modern India and Pakistan , Columbia University Press , p. 85 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06414 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks Project '' . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1 May 1994 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0025611696 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Claude . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` When the Vellore sepoys rebelled '' . 6 August 2006 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Ludden 2002 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Ludden , David . India and South Asia : A Short History . OneWorld . Jump up ^ to Mazumder , Rajit K. ( 2003 ) , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab , Delhi : Permanent Black , pp.", "51": "7 -- 8 , ISBN 81 - 7824 - 059 - 9 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Eric Stokes ( February 1973 ) . `` The first century of British colonial rule in India : social revolution or social stagnation ? '' . Past & Present . Oxford University Press . 58 : 136 -- 160 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 58.1. 136 . JSTOR 650259 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Metcalf 1990 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 171 , Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 90 Jump up ^ A Matter of Honour -- an Account of the Indian Army , its Officers and Men , Philip Mason , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 , page 261 Jump up ^ Essential histories , The Indian Rebellion 1857 -- 1858 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 25 Jump up ^ From Sepoy to Subedar -- Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram , a Native Officer of the Bengal Army , edited by James Lunt , ISBN 0 - 333 - 45672 - 6 , page 172 Jump up ^ `` The Indian Mutiny '' . Jump up ^ Hyam , R ( 2002 ) Britain 's Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 Third Edition , Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke P135 Jump up ^ Headrick , Daniel R . `` The Tools of Empire : Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century '' . Oxford University Press , 1981 , p.", "52": "88 Jump up ^ Kim A. Wagner ( 2010 ) , The great fear of 1857 : rumours , conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny , Peter Lang , ISBN 9781906165277 The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle , and hence the greased cartridges , were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut Jump up ^ Sir John William Kaye ; George Bruce Malleson ( 1888 ) , Kaye 's and Malleson 's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857 -- 8 , London : W.H. Allen & Co , p. 381 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 63 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 292 Jump up ^ M. Edwardes , Red Year : The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( London : Cardinal , 1975 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 293 Jump up ^ G.W. 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( 2004 ) , The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopaedia of British Military , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 925 - 6 , OCLC 54778450 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 358,428 Jump up ^ Essential Histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 79 Jump up ^ Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi , the Jeanne d'Arc of India ( 1901 ) , White , Michael ( Michael Alfred Edwin ) , 1866 , New York : J.F. Taylor & Company , 1901 Jump up ^ `` Biographies '' . Jump up ^ A history of the Sepoy war in India , 1857 -- 1858 -- John William Kaye ( sir . ) -- Google Books , Books.google.com , 1876 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Project Gutenberg '' . 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Jump up ^ Sieveking , Isabel Giberne ( 1910 ) . A turning point in the Indian mutiny . London : David Nutt . Jump up ^ The Sepoy Revolt . A Critical Narrative -- Google Books , Books.google.com , ISBN 9781402173066 , retrieved 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ John Cassell 's Illustrated history of England -- William Howitt , John Cassell -- Google Boeken , Books.google.com , 1864 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong City -- Banglapedia '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857 '' . 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramanlal Kakalbhai Dharaiya ( 1970 ) . Gujarat in 1857 . Gujarat University .", "59": "p. 120 . Jump up ^ Achyut Yagnik ( 24 August 2005 ) . Shaping Of Modern Gujarat . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 105 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 185 - 7 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James Macnabb ( 1896 ) . James Macnabb Campbell , ed . History of Gujarát . Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency . Volume I. Part II . GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES , 1857 -- 1859 . The Government Central Press . pp. 447 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , CM ' Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1827 ' in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society , 1970 , 43 , 1 , P100 Jump up ^ Straits Times , 23 August 1857 Jump up ^ Arnold , D ( 1983 ) ' White colonization and labour in nineteenth - century India ' , Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 11 , P144 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chopra , P.N. ( 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of India . 3 . Sterling Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 9788120725065 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Heather Streets ( 2004 ) . Martial Races : The Military , Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture , 1857 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6962 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sahib : The British Soldier in India 1750 -- 1914 Richard Holmes HarperCollins 2005 Jump up ^ Punch , 24 October 1857 ^ Jump up to : Herbert , C. ( 2008 ) , War of No Pity : The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp.", "60": "374 Jump up ^ Dalrymple 2006 Jump up ^ Chakravarty , G. ( 2004 ) , The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Judd , D. ( 2005 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Beckman , Karen Redrobe ( 2003 ) , Vanishing Women : Magic , Film , and Feminism , Duke University Press , pp. 33 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3074 - 1 Jump up ^ David 2003 , pp. 220 -- 222 Jump up ^ The Friend of India reprinted in South Australian Advertiser , 2 October 1860 Jump up ^ David , Saul . The Indian Mutiny . pp. 257 -- 258 . ISBN 0 - 141 - 00554 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tuson , Penelope ( May -- June 1998 ) . `` Mutiny narratives and the imperial feminine : European women 's accounts of the rebellion in India in 1857 '' . Women 's Studies International Forum . Elsevier . 21 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 303 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 5395 ( 98 ) 00023 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bender , J.C. , `` Mutiny or freedom fight '' , in Potter , S.J. , Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain , Dublin : Four Courts Press , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajit K. Mazumder , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab . ( Delhi , Permanent Black , 2003 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ Bickers , Robert A. ; R.G. Tiedemann ( 2007 ) , The Boxers , China , and the World , Rowman & Littlefield , p. 231 ( at p.", "61": "63 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5395 - 8 Jump up ^ W.Y. Carman , page 107 Indian Army Uniforms -- Infantry , Morgan - Grampian London 1969 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 238 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 319 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859 Jump up ^ `` Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837 '' . p. 60 . Jump up ^ First Indian War of Independence 8 January 1998 Jump up ^ A number of dispossessed dynasts , both Hindu and Muslim , exploited the well - founded caste - suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat 's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones . The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa , can by no ingenuity be called fighters for Indian freedom Hindusthan Standard , Puja Annual , 195 p. 22 referenced in the Truth about the Indian mutiny article by Dr Ganda Singh Jump up ^ In the light of the available evidence , we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning , nor were there any master - minds behind it . As I read about the events of 1857 , I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low . The leaders of the revolt could never agree . They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Surendranath Sen : Eighteen Fifty - seven ( Appx . X & Appx . XV ) Jump up ^ > Hasan 1998 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Nanda 1965 , p. 701 Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian History -- British Period -- First war of Independence '' .", "62": "Jump up ^ `` Il ya cent cinquante ans , la révolte des cipayes '' . 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ German National Geographic article Jump up ^ The Empire , Sydney , Australia , 11 July 1857 , or Taranaki Herald , New Zealand , 29 August 1857 Jump up ^ Michael Adas , `` Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857 -- 58 , '' Journal of Asian History , 1971 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 19 Jump up ^ It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes , Christopher Bayly , Rudrangshu Mukherjee , Tapti Roy , Rajat K. Ray and others . Biswamoy Pati ( 2010 ) , The 1857 Rebellion , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780198069133 Jump up ^ For the latest research see Crispin Bates , ed. , Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 : Volume I : Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Thomas R. Metcalf , `` Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India . '' Journal of Asian Studies 39 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ M. Farooqui , trans ( 2010 ) Besieged : voices from Delhi 1857 Penguin Books Jump up ^ Kim A. Wagner , `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 , '' History Compass 9 / 10 ( 2011 ) : 760 -- 766 , quote p 760 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x Jump up ^ See also Kim A. Wagner ( 2010 ) , The Great Fear Of 1857 : Rumours , Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising , Peter Lang , p. 26 , ISBN 9781906165277 Jump up ^ Sabbaq Ahmed , `` Ideology and Muslim militancy in India : Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion . ''", "63": "( PhD Dissertation , Victoria University of Wellington ( NZ ) , 2015 ) . online Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma by Christopher Herbert , Princeton University Press , Princeton 2007 Jump up ^ The History of the Indian Mutiny : Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India by Charles Ball , The London Printing and Publishing Company , London , 1860 Jump up ^ V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence . The Indian War of Independence : 1857 ( Bombay : 1947 ( 1909 ) ) . Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited , with one venturing so far as to say , ' It was neither first , nor national , nor a war of independence . ' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements , not one movement . The Peasant Armed ( Oxford : 1980 ) . See also S.B. Chaudhuri , Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857 -- 1859 ( Calcutta : 1957 ) Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny , Spilsbury Julian , Orion , 2007 Jump up ^ S&T magazine issue 121 ( September 1988 ) , page 20 Jump up ^ The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly , Bijnor , Moradabad , and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom . '' R.C. Majumdar : Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 ( page 2303 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Sitaram Yechury . The Empire Strikes Back Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Hindustan Times . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked '' . BBC News . 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Ram Dutt ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Briton visits India Mutiny grave '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` A little peek into history '' . The Hindu . India . 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Train Robbery ( 1st ed . ) .", "64": "Ballantine Books . 1975 . pp. 272 -- 275 , 278 , 280 . References ( edit ) Text - Books and Academic monographs ( edit ) Alavi , Seema ( 1996 ) , The Sepoys and the Company : Tradition and Transition 1770 -- 1830 , Oxford University Press , p. 340 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563484 - 5 . Anderson , Clare ( 2007 ) , Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners and Rebellion , New York : Anthem Press , p. 217 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 249 - 9 . Bandyopadhyay , Sekhara ( 2004 ) , From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India , New Delhi : Orient Longman , p. 523 , ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 1988 ) , Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 230 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25092 - 7 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 2000 ) , Empire and Information : Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India , c 1780 -- 1870 , Cambridge University Press , p. 412 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57085 - 9 . Bose , Sugata ; Jalal , Ayesha ( 2004 ) , Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Routledge , p. 253 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30787 - 2 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) , Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 480 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) , Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde , UK : History Press , p. 496 , ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harris , John ( 2001 ) , The Indian Mutiny , Ware : Wordsworth Editions , p.", "65": "205 , ISBN 1 - 84022 - 232 - 8 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) , The Great Mutiny : India 1857 , London : Allen Lane , p. 472 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 004752 - 2 . Jain , Meenakshi ( 2010 ) , Parallel Pathways : Essays On Hindu - Muslim Relations ( 1707 - 1857 ) , Delhi : Konark , ISBN 978 - 8122007831 . Judd , Denis ( 2004 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press , xiii , 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280358 - 1 . Keene , Henry George ( 1883 ) , Fifty - Seven . Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army , London : W.H. Allen , p. 145 . Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India ( 4th ed . ) , London : Routledge , xii , 448 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32920 - 5 . Leasor , James ( 1956 ) , The Red Fort , London : W. Lawrie , p. 377 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 034200 - 4 . Ludden , David ( 2002 ) , India And South Asia : A Short History , Oxford : Oneworld , xii , 306 , ISBN 1 - 85168 - 237 - 6 . Majumdar , R.C. ; Raychaudhuri , H.C. ; Datta , Kalikinkar ( 1967 ) , An Advanced History of India ( 3rd ed . ) , London : Macmillan , p. 1126 . Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) , A History of Modern India 1480 -- 1950 , London : Anthem , p. 607 , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 152 - 6 . Marshall , P.J.", "66": "( 2007 ) , The Making and Unmaking of Empires : Britain , India , and America c. 1750 -- 1783 , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Pp. 400 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922666 - 0 Metcalf , Barbara D. ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 337 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 68225 - 8 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1990 ) , The Aftermath of Revolt : India , 1857 -- 1870 , New Delhi : Manohar , p. 352 , ISBN 81 - 85054 - 99 - 1 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1997 ) , Ideologies of the Raj , Cambridge University Press , p. 256 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58937 - 1 . Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( 2002 ) , Awadh in Revolt 1857 -- 1858 : A Study of Popular Resistance ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Anthem , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 075 - 9 . Palmer , Julian A.B. ( 1966 ) , The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857 , Cambridge University Press , p. 175 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 05901 - 1 . Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 Ray , Rajat Kanta ( 2002 ) , The Felt Community : Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism , Oxford University Press , p. 596 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565863 - 9 . Robb , Peter ( 2002 ) , A History of India , Basingstoke : Palgrave , p. 344 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 69129 - 6 .", "67": "Roy , Tapti ( 1994 ) , The politics of a popular uprising : Bundelkhand 1857 , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 291 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563612 - 0 . Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Stanley , Peter ( 1998 ) , White Mutiny : British Military Culture in India , 1825 -- 1875 , London : Hurst , p. 314 , ISBN 1 - 85065 - 330 - 5 . Stein , Burton ( 2001 ) , A History of India , New Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 432 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565446 - 3 . Stokes , Eric ( 1980 ) , The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India , Cambridge University Press , p. 316 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29770 - 2 . Stokes , Eric ; Bayly , C.A. ( ed . ) ( 1986 ) , The Peasant Armed : The Indian Revolt of 1857 , Oxford : Clarendon , p. 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 821570 - 3 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Taylor , P.J.O. ( 1997 ) , What really happened during the mutiny : a day - by - day account of the major events of 1857 -- 1859 in India , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 323 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 564182 - 5 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 2004 ) , A New History of India ( 7th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 530 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516678 - 7 .", "68": "Articles in journals and collections ( edit ) Alam Khan , Iqtidar ( May -- June 2013 ) , `` The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt : A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role '' , Social Scientist , 41 ( 5 / 6 ) : 15 -- 23 , JSTOR 23611115 Alavi , Seema ( February 1993 ) , `` The Company Army and Rural Society : The Invalid Thanah 1780 -- 1830 '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 178 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016097 , JSTOR 312880 Baker , David ( 1991 ) , `` Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response : The Revolt of 1857 -- 58 in Madhya Pradesh '' , Modern Asian Studies , 25 ( 3 ) : 511 -- 543 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00013913 , JSTOR 312615 Blunt , Alison ( July 2000 ) , `` Embodying war : British women and domestic defilement in the Indian `` Mutiny '' , 1857 -- 8 `` , Journal of Historical Geography , 26 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 428 , doi : 10.1006 / jhge. 2000.0236 English , Barbara ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 169 -- 178 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1.", "69": "169 , JSTOR 651200 Hasan , Farhat ; Roy , Tapti ( 1998 ) , `` Review of Tapti Roy , The Politics of a Popular Uprising , OUP , 1994 '' , Social Scientist , 26 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 151 , doi : 10.2307 / 3517586 Klein , Ira ( July 2000 ) , `` Materialism , Mutiny and Modernization in British India '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 580 , JSTOR 313141 Lahiri , Nayanjot ( June 2003 ) , `` Commemorating and Remembering 1857 : The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife '' , World Archaeology , Taylor & Francis , 35 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 60 , doi : 10.1080 / 0043824032000078072 , JSTOR 3560211 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( August 1990 ) , `` ' Satan Let Loose upon Earth ' : The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 128 : 92 -- 116 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 128.1. 92 , JSTOR 651010 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 : Reply '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 178 -- 189 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1. 178 , JSTOR 651201 Nanda , Krishan ( September 1965 ) , The Western Political Quarterly , 18 ( 3 ) , University of Utah on behalf of the Western Political Science Association , pp. 700 -- 701 .", "70": "Roy , Tapti ( February 1993 ) , `` Visions of the Rebels : A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 228 ( Special Issue : How Social , Political and Cultural Information Is Collected , Defined , Used and Analyzed ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016115 , JSTOR 312882 Stokes , Eric ( December 1969 ) , `` Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India : A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 12 ( 4 ) : 606 -- 627 , doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00010554 , JSTOR 2638016 Washbrook , D.A. ( 2001 ) , `` India , 1818 -- 1860 : The Two Faces of Colonialism '' , in Porter , Andrew , Oxford History of the British Empire : The Nineteenth Century , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 395 -- 421 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman ( 2008 ) , `` 1857 ki Jung - e Azadi main Khandan ka hissa '' , Hayat Karam Husain ( 2nd ed . ) , Aligarh / India : Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences , pp. 253 -- 258 , OCLC 852404214 Historiography and memory ( edit ) Bates , Crispin , ed . Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 ( 5 vol . SAGE Publications India , 2013 -- 14 ) . online guide ; With illustrations , maps , selected text and more . Chakravarty , Gautam . The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) . Deshpande , Prachi . `` The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive : Lakshmibai , Jhansi , and 1857 . ''", "71": "journal of Asian studies 67 # 3 ( 2008 ) : 855 -- 879 . Erll , Astrid . `` Re-writing as re-visioning : Modes of representing the ' Indian Mutiny'in British novels , 1857 to 2000 . '' European Journal of English Studies 10.2 ( 2006 ) : 163 -- 185 . online Frykenberg , Robert E. ( 2001 ) , `` India to 1858 '' , in Winks , Robin , Oxford History of the British Empire : Historiography , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 194 -- 213 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924680 - 7 Pati , Biswamoy ( 12 -- 18 May 2007 ) . `` Historians and Historiography : Situating 1857 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 42 ( 19 ) : 1686 -- 1691 . JSTOR 4419570 . Perusek , Darshan ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 '' . NOVEL : A Forum on Fiction . Duke University Press . 25 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 1345889 . JSTOR 1345889 . Wagner , Kim A. ( October 2011 ) . `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 '' . History Compass. 9 ( 10 ) : 760 -- 766 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x . Other histories ( edit ) Dalrymple , William ( 2006 ) , The Last Mughal , Viking Penguin , ISBN 0 - 670 - 99925 - 3 David , Saul ( 2003 ) , The Indian Mutiny : 1857 , London : Penguin Books , Pp.", "72": "528 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 100554 - 8 David , Saul ( 2007 ) , Victoria 's Wars , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 00555 - 3 Mishra , Amaresh. 2007 . War of Civilisations : The Long Revolution ( India AD 1857 , 2 Vols . ) , ISBN 978 - 81 - 291 - 1282 - 8 Ward , Andrew . Our Bones Are Scattered . New York : Holt & Co. , 1996 . First person accounts and classic histories ( edit ) Anderson , Clare . The Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners , and Rebellion . London , 2007 . Barter , Captain Richard The Siege of Delhi . Mutiny memories of an old officer , London , The Folio Society , 1984 . Campbell , Sir Colin . Narrative of the Indian Revolt . London : George Vickers , 1858 . Collier , Richard . The Great Indian Mutiny . New York : Dutton , 1964 . Forrest , George W. A History of the Indian Mutiny , William Blackwood and Sons , London , 1904 . ( 4 vols ) Fitchett , W.H. , B.A. , LL. D. , A Tale of the Great Mutiny , Smith , Elder & Co. , London , 1911 . Inglis , Julia Selina , Lady , 1833 -- 1904 , The Siege of Lucknow : a Diary , London : James R. Osgood , McIlvaine & Co. , 1892 . Online at A Celebration of Women Writers . Innes , Lt. General McLeod : The Sepoy Revolt , A.D. Innes & Co. , London , 1897 . Kaye , John William . A History of the Sepoy War In India ( 3 vols ) . London : W.H. Allen & Co. , 1878 . Kaye , Sir John & Malleson , G.B. : The Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Rupa & Co.", "73": ", Delhi , ( 1st edition 1890 ) reprint 2005 . Khan , Syed Ahmed ( 1859 ) , Asbab - e Baghawat - e Hind , Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt , Allahabad , 1873 Malleson , Colonel G.B. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 . New York : Scribner & Sons , 1891 . Marx , Karl & Freidrich Engels . The First Indian War of Independence 1857 -- 1859 . Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 1959 . Pandey , Sita Ram , From Sepoy to Subedar , Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram , a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army , Written and Related by Himself , trans . Lt. Col. Norgate , ( Lahore : Bengal Staff Corps , 1873 ) , ed . James Lunt , ( Delhi : Vikas Publications , 1970 ) . Raikes , Charles : Notes on the Revolt in the North - Western Provinces of India , Longman , London , 1858 . Roberts , Field Marshal Lord , Forty - one Years in India , Richard Bentley , London , 1897 Forty - one years in India at Project Gutenberg Russell , William Howard , My Diary in India in the years 1858 - 9 , Routledge , London , 1860 , ( 2 vols . ) Sen , Surendra Nath , Eighteen fifty - seven , ( with a foreword by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ) , Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Delhi , 1957 . Thomson , Mowbray ( Capt . ) , The Story of Cawnpore , Richard Bentley , London , 1859 . Trevelyan , Sir George Otto , Cawnpore , Indus , Delhi , ( first edition 1865 ) , reprint 2002 .", "74": "Wilberforce , Reginald G , An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny , Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. WIlberforce , Late 52nd Infantry , Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot London : John Murray 1884 , facsimile reprint : Gurgaon : The Academic Press , 1976 . Tertiary sources ( edit ) `` Indian Mutiny . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Online . http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/342/91.html . 23 March 1998 . `` Lee - Enfield Rifle . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 23 March 1998 . Fictional and Narrative literature ( edit ) Conan Doyle , Arthur . The Sign of the Four , featuring Sherlock Holmes , originally appearing in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine 1890 . Farrell , J.G. The Siege of Krishnapur . New York : Carroll & Graf , 1985 ( orig. 1973 ; Booker Prize winner ) . Fenn , Clive Robert . For the Old Flag : A Tale of the Mutiny . London : Sampson Low , 1899 . Fraser , George MacDonald . Flashman in the Great Game . London : Barrie & Jenkins , 1975 . Grant , James . First Love and Last Love : A Tale of the Mutiny . New York : G. Routledge & Sons , 1869 . Kaye , Mary Margaret . Shadow of the Moon . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1979 . Kilworth , Garry Douglas . Brothers of the Blade : Constable & Robinson , 2004 . Leasor , James . Follow the Drum . London : Heinemann , 1972 , reissued James Leasor Ltd , 2011 . Masters , John . Nightrunners of Bengal . New York : Viking Press , 1951 . Raikes , William Stephen . 12 Years of a Soldier 's Life In India . Boston : Ticknor and Fields , 1860 . Julian Rathbone , The Mutiny . Rossetti , Christina Georgina .", "75": "`` In the Round Tower at Jhansi , 8 June 1857 . '' Goblin Market and Other Poems. 1862 . Anurag Kumar . Recalcitrance : a novel based on events of 1857 -- 58 in Lucknow . Lucknow : AIP Books , Lucknow 2008 . Stuart , V.A. The Alexander Sheridan Series : # 2 : 1964 . The Sepoy Mutiny ; # 3 : 1974 . Massacre at Cawnpore ; # 4 : 1974 . The Cannons of Lucknow ; 1975 . # 5 : The Heroic Garrison . Reprinted 2003 by McBooks Press . ( Note : # 1 -- Victors & Lords deals with the Crimean War . ) Valerie Fitzgerald `` Zemindar '' : 1981 Bodley Head . historic novel . Frédéric Cathala , 1857 , KDP , 2017 , historical novel . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Library resources about Indian Rebellion of 1857 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Detailed Map : The revolt of 1857 -- 1859 , Historical Atlas of South Asia , Digital South Asia Library , hosted by the University of Chicago Development of Situation - January to July 1857 -- Maj ( Retd ) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN from WASHINGTON DC defencejounal.com The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk Karl Marx , New York Tribune , 1853 -- 1858 , The Revolt in India marxists.", "76": "org Preceded by Second Anglo - Sikh War Indo - British conflicts Succeeded by Hindu German Conspiracy Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident ,", "77": "1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V.", "78": "Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.", "79": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. 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Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 --", "83": "1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=819296641 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 British East India Company Military of British India Mutinies Conflicts in 1857 Conflicts in", "84": "1858 Rebellions in India Rebellions in Pakistan Rebellions in Asia Wars involving India Wars involving the United Kingdom 1857 in India 1858 in India 19th - century military history of the United Kingdom Resistance to the British Empire 19th - century rebellions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto", "85": "Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 02 . 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-5800244801360835363	criminal minds episode where jj becomes a profiler	[ "The season seven premiere", "season seven premiere", "season seven premiere" ]	{ "0": "Jennifer Jareau - wikipedia Jennifer Jareau Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Jareau Criminal Minds character A.J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau First appearance `` Compulsion '' 1x02 , September 28 , 2005 Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by A.J. Cook Information Nickname ( s ) JJ Occupation FBI Special Agent Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent Family Rosaline Jareau ( sister , deceased ) Unnamed niece Sandy Jareau ( mother ) Unnamed sibling Significant other ( s ) William LaMontagne ( Husband ) Children Henry Jareau LaMontagne Michael Jareau LaMontagne Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by A.J. Cook . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 2 Storylines 2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return 2.2 Return to the BAU 2.3 Relationships and family 3 Characterization 3.1 Fears and obsessions 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) During various episodes , Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . When she was eleven , her seventeen - year - old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting . Rosaline 's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline , until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain . A high school athlete , Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School , where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh . She also attended Georgetown , presumably for graduate studies . JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then - Unit Chief Agent David Rossi .", "1": "She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading , which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college . The next fall , she applied to the FBI Academy . Storylines ( edit ) In the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) , JJ acted as the team 's liaison with the media and local police agencies . Though talented and helpful , she was not actually a profiler , having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner 's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis . She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits . However , she does accompany the team on raids , and is proficient with firearms . This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage - taker , Jason Clark Battle , with a single shot ( Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide , who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date , and then shot her , in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered ) . During season six , JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon ; however , she returns in season seven as a full - time profiler , having received the necessary training . In season 9 ( `` 200 '' ) , she is then kidnapped , and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story . It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan , in search for Bin Laden . The team saves her , and in season 10 , it is revealed she has PTSD , and has n't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped , as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan , one of which includes her having a miscarriage , after a convoy was attacked . She tries to work through it with the help of Reid , who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day , for almost a half - hour , after seeing herself on the table , in place of the victim . Promotion to Pentagon and brief return ( edit ) It is revealed in `` JJ '' , that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors . However , she is finally forced to transfer by `` the brass . ''", "2": "JJ 's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six , for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . JJ 's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine . Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster ( Agent Emily Prentiss ) . In the episode titled `` Lauren '' , JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle . The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach . It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ 's help , providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each `` to keep her comfortable '' . In the season six finale , JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is `` coming back '' . In `` 200 '' , it was revealed that JJ 's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz ( who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss 's death ) . During this time , she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force 's informants dead . In February 2011 , while overseas , she discovered that she was pregnant . However , in April 2011 , following the events of `` Lauren '' , during an attack on the task force , she was wounded and miscarried the baby . She did n't initially tell Will of the pregnancy , and it remained a secret between her and Cruz . In `` The Forever People '' , when she starts showing signs of PTSD , Reid calls her on it , and he tries to help her and talk to her . She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy , and asks him to keep it between them . Return to the BAU ( edit ) The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit , having received the training to become a full - time profiler , instead of the Media Liaison , a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia . She is initially against summoning Prentiss `` back from the dead , '' but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth .", "3": "Also , she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception , as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word , and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again . In season nine , the events during her departure in 2010 -- 11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief . In `` The Road Home '' , while waiting to meet Cruz , she is suddenly kidnapped . In `` 200 '' , it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari , who was a traitor in the task force , in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East . She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code . She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage , revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings , a man she worked with on the task force . He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code . She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss , and she proceeds to chase after Hastings . Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings , resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death . JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth . A year after her kidnapping and torture , she starts experiencing PTSD , something that Reid notices . When she is confronted by him , she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation , saying that it 's more than PTSD . She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid . She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak , which could have resulted the deaths of herself , the UnSub , and a hostage . Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he could n't find a term to describe JJ 's condition , he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari 's file , revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit , Iraq , and his criminal background . JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her . He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself .", "4": "He also tells her that he will take her sleep , her smile , and her safety away , as well as change her so that her husband and son wo n't even recognise her . He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear , but JJ snarls a harsh `` No '' to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination . Relationships and family ( edit ) Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will , JJ displayed little interest in dating . She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game , but little came of it romantically , although the two became very good friends . In the season 2 episode `` Jones '' , JJ first meets William `` Will '' LaMontagne , Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces . It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues , which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship . When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open , it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them . In `` The Crossing '' , JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child . He later asked her to marry him , and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective 's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job , though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child . JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave , and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry . Will transfers to the MPDC , and the family live together in Washington . In later seasons , toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A.J. Cook 's real - life son Mekhai Andersen . JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry 's godparents . When JJ returned from maternity leave , she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry 's birthstone , but did not seem to be officially engaged , as she wore her ring on her right hand , not the left .", "5": "In the season seven finale , JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again , and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi 's backyard . Characterization ( edit ) JJ is very loyal to her family and friends , as well as very protective . She is also known to be a crack shot . This was demonstrated in many episodes such as `` Nanny Dearest '' by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance . In `` Revelations '' , she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn . In `` Penelope '' , she kills Garcia 's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him . Despite her petite frame , she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed . In the season 7 finale , she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage . She is best friends with Spencer ( and is the only one who calls him `` Spence '' ) , Penelope , and Emily . Fears and obsessions ( edit ) In `` The Boogeyman '' , JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods . When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why , she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss 's murdered body in his cabin . After telling the story , she admits she was joking , and says she does n't know why she is afraid of the woods . In the same episode , JJ also states that she has a niece who , at the time , is about 8 years old . When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode `` The Big Game '' , and split up to apprehend the suspect , JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs . Although JJ shot and killed the dogs , saving her own life , Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime , and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him . After this traumatic experience , it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs .", "6": "In the episode `` Penelope '' , it 's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill , and who continued to threaten the life of , Penelope Garcia . She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos . She can be seen eating them often , and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was `` Cheeto - breath '' when she was playing Emily ( who was hiding in Paris at the time ) . In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Criminal Minds . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 5 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . Criminal Minds . Season 9 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Painless '' . Criminal Minds . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ CBS Corporation . `` About Criminal Minds - CBS.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North Mammon '' . Criminal Minds . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' Criminal Minds ' update : Cook and Brewster returning -- but for how long ? Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to ' Criminal Minds ' for Paget Brewster 's Final Episode Jump up ^ `` In Heat '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 17 . April 30 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 18 . May 7 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lo - Fi '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 21 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Catching Out '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 5 .", "7": "October 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Memoriam '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2008 . CBS . External links ( edit ) Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau on IMDb ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Jareau&oldid=814835737 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional characters from Pittsburgh Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 05 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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