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A seal is something such as a piece of wax which has an official mark on it, and which is attached to an important letter or document to make it official. It can also mean the device (e.g. a metal stamp or ring) which is used to make the official mark. The word comes from the Latin “sigillum”.
The study of seals is called Sigillography.
Impression[change | change source]
Seals are used on documents to prove that they really did come from the person who signed it (they “authenticate” the document). A seal could be put on the letter itself, or on the envelope where it is stuck down. The writer would pour some wax over the joint of the letter, then press a ring or metal stamp (called a matrix) which has his official mark on. This meant that no one would be able to open the letter and then close it again, because the seal will break when the letter is opened. Most governments still put seals on important documents. Letters do not normally have seals any more, even important letters.
Sometimes lead, pewter or ivory were used instead of wax.
Each seal is different from any other. This means that an important person (e.g. a king) has his own personalized stamp.
History of seals[change | change source]
Seals were used in very early civilizations. In ancient Mesopotamia seals were engraved on cylinders, which could be rolled to create an impression on clay. Signet-rings of kings from Ancient Egypt have been found. From Ancient Egypt seals in the form of signet-rings of kings have been found. Other ancient seals come from Saudi Arabia or the Ancient Greek and Roman times.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 seals were not used so much. The Popes used lead seals, and Charlemagne (who died in 814) had a special seal engraved with Jupiter Sarpis. In England all the kings from Edward the Confessor onwards had their own “seal of majesty”.
Seals from East Asian later developed into block printing. Seals from China have been found from the 5th century B.C.
The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning sign) is an old tradition among nobles in European and some other cultures. In Latin America, it is also traditional for the descendants of the old criollo aristocratic families to wear signet rings in the Spanish tradition.
Signet rings were often worn on the little finger of either the right or left hand (depending on the country), although some countries have different customs (French and German noblemen, and some Spanish nobles wear it on the ring finger of their left hand; Swiss wear it on the ring finger of their right hand). In the United Kingdom, signet rings are typically worn on the little finger of the left hand of the bearer and are often cast of gold. The ring is worn with the seal facing outwards so that the wearer can make a seal without taking the ring off.
A similar tradition is found with blacksmiths who use their “touchmark” (a stamp used on the hot metal to show who made it) on whatever they made. When they died their touchmark was destroyed.
The study of seals (sigillography) is very useful in many areas: genealogy, political history, art history etc. This is because modern science can work out very closely how old a seal is. This makes it possible to date documents or works of art.
Metaphorical uses of “seal”[change | change source]
The word “seal” is often used as a metaphor:
- To “set one’s seal”, or to give one’s "seal of approval" means: to say or do something which seems to give one’s authority to some decision.
Because seals are used to close something officially, the word “seal” can also be used in other situations with a similar meaning:
- A seal can mean a gesture or promise which is made, e.g. the promise made by two people at their marriage.
- To “seal” can mean to decide or settle something, e.g. to “seal someone’s fate” or to “seal a business agreement”.
- To “seal” can mean to close something for a long time. To “seal something off” means to close an area so that no one can go there.
- A secret record is "sealed".
References[change | change source]
- Encyclopædia Britannica 1973 edition
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Welcome to Israel’s water revolution
When it comes to water, Israel is up against some serious challenges. The country is nearly two-thirds desert, and even those places where water exists, such as Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee) and the headwaters of the Hermon River, are overtaxed, which could lead to a breakdown of what is known as Israel’s “water economy.”
Needless to say, water is at the center of many disputes in the region with Israel and its neighboring countries.
Israel has accomplished a great deal in the areas of desalination and reuse (or “reclamation”) of this precious resource. The country reuses more than 80 percent of its wastewater for irrigation – the highest percentage in the world by far (the United States, for the record, reuses about one percent).
But the company Mekorot is aiming even higher. Desalination, though long known as a vexingly expensive prospect, is now cheaper, cleaner, and more energy efficient, and it may offer one solution to Israel’s, and perhaps the world’s, water crisis.
In the past decade, Israel has opened five major desalination plants. Together, they will produce a total of more than 130 billion gallons of potable water a year, with a goal of 200 billion gallons by 2020.
These advances are so transformative that many are calling this a water revolution.
Read More: Israel 21C
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) refers to the fertilization of a woman’s egg outside of her body. The procedure involves ovarian stimulation, removing a mature egg or eggs from the woman’s ovary, fertilizing it with semen (in vitro: outside the body), incubating the dividing cells in the laboratory and then transferring the developing embryo in the mother’s uterus at the appropriate time. The fertilization of the eggs can be carried out by means of the conventional IVF technique or by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).
In Vitro Maturation is an alternative to IVF where the main differences are • there is little or no ovarian stimulation, • the egg/s are obtained from the woman’s ovary before they have completed their growth and final maturation. The collected immature egg/s complete their development in the laboratory before they are fertilized with semen. In IVM the pregnancy rate is lower than conventional IVF, thus it is reserved for carefully selected patients at risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and for those with contraindications to hormone administration.
PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis) for single gene disorders is a genetic test that may be performed during assisted reproduction treatment to screen embryos that are at risk to develop a serious genetic disorder. PGD is performed on a small embryo biopsy and identifies which embryos are not at increased risk of developing the disease. Some genetic diseases only affect one sex rather than the other. In this case, the embryo is tested to find out its sex and only embryos of the non-affected sex are transferred to the mother’s womb. PGD is recommended for • couples at risk of transmitting chromosomal alterations or monogenic diseases, • couples with a medical history of repeated miscarriages, • couples with several cycles of IVF that have not achieved pregnancy, • when are abnormalities in spermatozoa maturation and • women of advanced age.
Preimplantation Genetic Screening 24 (PGS24) is a genetic test that may be performed on embryos during IVF treatment to screen for numerical chromosomal abnormalities and offers comprehensive analysis of all 24 chromosome types. PGS24 is performed on a small embryo biopsy prior to transfer and identifies which embryos are chromosomally normal. Chromosomally normal embryos are the most likely to develop to term and to be born as a healthy baby. PGS24 is recommended for couples with a previous pregnancy with chromosomal abnormality, couples who have experienced several spontaneous miscarriages of unknown cause, couples with several cycles of IVF that have not achieved pregnancy, men with low sperm concentration and for women over 35 years of age.
PICSI – Physiological Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection is an innovative technique where the single viable sperm to be microinjected into the extracted egg is selected based on its ability to bind to specific molecules that are physiologically surrounding a mature-ready to be fertilized-egg. The use of IMSI for sperm selection significantly improves fertilization rate and embryo quality and thus the IVF outcome. Physiological Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (PICSI) is similar to ICSI but differs in the criteria used to select the single viable sperm to be microinjected into the extracted egg. While in ICSI the sperm’s selection criteria are based on the visual observation in the microscope, in PICSI the selection is made by imitating the selection that is made in human biology during fertilization of the sperm with the egg. The mature egg to be fertilized is surrounded by a specific negatively charged polysaccharide called Hyaluronic Acid (HA) or Hyaluronan and for fertilization to occur the sperm must be able to bind to it. During PICSI sperm is placed in dish containing samples of Hyaluronan hydrogel and competent, mature, biochemically active sperm binds to it and is selected and used for ICSI.
Semen sample for the use of any of the Assisted Reproductive Techniques can be provided by the man via normal ejaculation but whenever this is not possible, due to obstructive or nonobstructive azoospermia, sperm can be extracted via the TESE(Testicular/Epididymal Sperm Extraction) technique directly from the anatomical site of its production.
The time-lapse technology allows inspecting the development of their embryos with great frequency but without disturbing them or exposing them to outside air conditions.
Controlled Ovarian Stimulation
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Stroke is now the third-leading cause of death and a common reason for disability in older adults. That's the bad news. There's good news, too the stroke mortality rate is declining. In 1950, approximately 89 per 100,000 people died of stroke. By 1994, it had dropped to 27 per 100,000. Today, it is even lower due to improvements in preventive and treatment strategies.
A stroke occurs when blood flow to part of the brain slows or stops. Brain cells, called neurons, begin to die within minutes as levels of oxygen and nutrients decline.
Approximately 80% of strokes ate ischemic blood clots or other debris block circulation through cerebral arteries.
Other strokes are hemorrhagic- a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures and impairs normal circulation. The leakage of blood also damages surrounding brain tissue.
A full-fledged stroke is often preceded by a transient ischemic attack (TIA). This temporary interruption of blood flow results in the same symptoms as a stroke. Symptoms of a TIA disappear within a few minutes to 24 hours-but don't ignore them. People who have had a TIA are at least nine times more likely to have a stroke than those who have not had a TIA.
The American Heart Association advises everyone 20 years of age and older to have early risk-factor screenings for stroke. These include measuring blood pressure, pulse rate, body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol and glucose levels.
Most stroke risk factors can be dramatically reduced through changes in lifestyle. Medications also can cut the risk.
Manage hypertension. High blood pressure is a major cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
Daily exercise reduces hypertension. So does maintaining a healthy weight. A weight loss of as little as 10 pounds can lower blood pressure. Also, limit your sodium intake.
In addition, your doctor may recommend the use of diuretics, ACE inhibitors and,/or other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Take a daily multivitamin that contains B-complex vitamins. This group of vitamins lowers levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that increases the risk of stroke.
Beware: Few doctors routinely test for homocysteine. Insist on the test. An average reading is approximately 10-but lower is better.
People who have elevated homocysteine are two to three times more likely to have a stroke than those who have lower levels.
Take aspirin daily. People who have had a stroke or who are at high risk of having one should consider taking a daily aspirin to inhibit blood clots in the arteries. An 81-milligram (mg) baby aspirin and a 325-mg adult aspirin appear to be equally effective, but the smaller dose is less likely to cause intestinal bleeding. Other blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or clopidogrel (Plavix), al so significantly reduce stroke risk for some people.
Ask your doctor about statins. This class of cholesterol-lowering drugs appears to reduce stroke risk by approximately 25%, even in people who have normal cholesterol. Side effects can include muscle pain, nausea and diarrhea of constipation.
If you smoke, quit. Smokers are several times more likely than nonsmokers to have a stroke. Within 10 years of quitting smoking, the risk of having a stroke is almost the same as for someone who has never smoked.
People who have had a TIA or stroke require a number of screening tests to identify the type of stroke and where in the brain it occurred.
New finding: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more effective than traditional computed tomography (CT) scans for stroke diagnosis. MRI reveals areas of the brain that have been damaged by ischemic stroke and also gives information about cerebral blood flow.
Treatments For Ischemic Stroke
Neurologists say, time is brain. If given intravenously within three hours of a stroke, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can dissolve blood clots, restore normal circulation and minimize tissue damage. Any delay in treatment greatly reduces survival and increases the likelihood of post-stroke disability.
New research: Studies have found that only approximately 3% of stroke victims receive tpA, usually because they don't seek help until it's too late for the drug to do any good.
New finding: Research has also shown that tPA can be injected directly into a blood clot in the brain via a catheter threaded through an artery. Catheter-directed delivery might extend the window for using tPA to six hours.
Another technique removes clots in the brain but does not use tPA. A catheter is inserted in the groin and guided upward until it reaches the clot. A corkscrew-shaped device, called the MERCI (mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia) Retriever, is then used to snare the clot and remove it from the artery.
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the carotid artery is opened and plaque is removed to promote better blood flow.
New technique: Carotid stenting, in which a mesh tube is inserted inside a carotid artery to maintain blood flow The stent acts like scaffolding to prevent the artery from collapsing or being closed by plaque. Early studies suggest that stenting is as effective as surgery-and possibly safer for some high-risk patients.
Treatment For Hemorrhagic Stroke
Surgery to repair blood vessels is the primary approach doctors use. Scientists are developing drugs to minimize brain tissue damage following a hemorrhagic stroke, but these drugs are still experimental.
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Netbooks can be a cost-effective way to get more computers out to pupils. Simon Fisher helps you make the right choice
As schools look to improve their ratio of computers to pupils at a time of shrinking budgets, netbooks can be an attractive option. Despite competition from tablets and budget ultraportable laptops, netbooks arguably provide the best balance between cost, mobility and usability, combining a small form factor with a physical keyboard and a relatively low purchase price.
Netbooks can be seen as miniature laptops, typically sporting 10in screens and running a full operating system and applications. It needs to be clear that selecting a netbook over a laptop involves making a compromise, but this doesn’t have to be a problem as long as the school is aware of how these devices differ from their full-sized counterparts.
Size and weight are key differentiators. Typically, netbooks weigh between 1.1 and 1.5kg, dramatically less than the 2 to 2.5kg of the average laptop. This, along with reduced dimensions, makes them more flexible for classroom use. Schools adopting a “blended” learning approach – not solely relying on technology-based materials – may be far more comfortable with devices that don’t take up a whole desk, and that can be moved easily around the classroom. Similarly, schools that envisage allocating a device to each pupil on a semi-permanent basis may prefer a netbook that can be easily transported between lessons.
Keyboards can be a sticking point. While a smaller case clearly necessitates a smaller keyboard, manufacturers are finding ways around this. Using the whole chassis width, as commonly seen on modern 10in models, allows for a keyboard that’s typically 80 to 90% of the size of a regular laptop model – and while certain keys may be consolidated, moved or shrunk, these keyboards will be usable for a wide range of year groups, as well as staff.
The 16:9 displays found on most netbooks usually have a resolution of 1,024 x 600; an improvement on the 800 x 480 of very early models. This provides a good horizontal resolution, allowing the majority of websites to be rendered correctly, but the lack of vertical pixels can give you the feeling you’re looking through a letterbox. While this isn’t an issue for word processing, pupils may struggle when working on spreadsheets or PowerPoint presentations. Pupils with visual impairments using accessibility tools, such as the screen magnifier, could also struggle. Some manufacturers incorporate glossy displays, providing more intense colours and contrast ratios – but while attractive, these act as a magnet for fingerprints.
Netbooks always lack an optical drive, but this isn’t the issue it might seem. Few schools now install software manually onto each computer, preferring disk-imaging software to install a standard configuration. Also, as SaaS (software as a service) products, such as Microsoft’s Office 365, become more commonplace, the need for traditional software installation via physical media is likely to reduce even further.
Netbooks don’t usually offer the same level of connectivity as full-sized laptops, but the basics are usually well covered. All include at least two USB ports, a VGA output, an Ethernet port, a headphone output and built-in 802.11n Wi-Fi. A few models will have HDMI outputs, meaning you can easily connect them to HD projectors and displays. A multicard reader, included on some models, can make the process of downloading photographs or videos from capture devices much easier. At the same time, too many connections in a small chassis can be disastrous. For instance, if the USB ports are grouped too closely together it can make it impossible to insert a USB memory stick at the same time as anything else. If possible, check before you buy.
Read more: Buying netbooks for schools | Education | Features | PC Pro http://www.pcpro.co.uk/features/372892/buying-netbooks-for-schools#ixzz2DVMX9Ijq
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Used with permission from Stars and Stripes®, ©Stars and Stripes 2003.
Bill Mauldin captured World War II from the GIs perspective down in the mud and combat instead of the “big picture” as envisioned by senior officers and world leaders. The cartoon above speaks volumes about the love many GIs had for their jeeps. It shows an old cavalry sergeant preparing to dispatch his trusty steed. American cavalry units were equipped with horses as late as 1942. Horses that broke a leg would have to be dispatched in a similar manner. Cavalry units were re-equipped with steeds of steel. One was the jeep which included the pre-standardized Bantam BRC,Ford GP and the Willys MA as well as the standardized jeeps —Willys MB and Ford GPW
Many jeep collectors today understand the closeness of the cavalry sergeant to his mount. They work painstakingly to return the jeep to a drivable condition and some even complete factory restorations. The vehicle is revered as much today as it was during WW2 as exemplified in Bill Mauldin’s cartoon.
In 2002 Stars and Stripes® paid tribute to Bill Mauldin’s work. Unfortunately, it doesn’t appear that you can view it online any longer. However, you can find the jeep in a number of his cartoons in books that are still available.
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Ecuador. The inefficiency of the judiciary led the government to begin a major reform work of the entire judicial system at the end of July, the largest change of the legal system in a Latin American country in 50 years. In early September, a two-month legal emergency was issued that allowed the government to re-furnish completely freely in the judicial system, which suffered from corruption and neglect and which, according to the government, risked collapsing completely. One member of the Special Transitional Commission responsible for implementing the reforms claimed that there were a total of 1.2 million unresolved legal cases in Ecuador. The entire transformation process was expected to be completed in 2015. Visit ABBREVIATIONFINDER for the acronym of ECU that stands for the country of Ecuador.
According to Countryaah official site, the Legal Transition Commission is headed by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, known for the arrest of Chile’s former dictator Pinochet in London in 1998, and hand-picked by President Rafael Correa himself. The Commission was a direct result of the government’s victory in the referendum on May 7, where citizens had to decide on a series of proposals for constitutional and legal reforms. Among the ten questions in the referendum, the most controversial was the issue of tougher control of media ownership. The opposition protested both against the referendum and against the government’s state of emergency but could not do much because the opposition parties were deeply divided and the government coalition Alianza País (AP) has a majority in Congress. However, even within the AP, there were those who particularly opposed the legal reform package for fear of increased authoritarianism and reduced autonomy for the justice system. Two members of government and four members of Congress left their posts and the alliance. In November, a major government reform was implemented.
In April 1994, a fire on the island of Isabela in the Galápagos group destroyed about 6,000 hectares of forest, endangering the traditional habitat of large turtles. It forced the government to issue a decree regulating tourism, passenger traffic and illegal fishing. Yet it was not until 1998 that the government banned industrial fishing in the area as a means of protecting the archipelago’s sensitive ecosystem.
In June 1994, President Durán Ballén abolished the land reforms issued in 1964 and 73. These reforms had led to the dissolution of the large estates and, for the first time, transferred land to the indigenous people and peasants. In response, CONAIE blocked the roads into numerous small and larger cities. It prompted the government to declare state of emergency and dispatch the military to bring the situation under control. In Eduador, 48% of agricultural land belonged to peasant communities – predominantly of the indigenous peoples – and 41% belonged to individuals.
In early 1995, there was a new armed clash with Peru in the El Cóndor mountain range, where the border between the two countries had never been properly marked and where there are deposits of gold, uranium and oil. Once again, Durán Ballén declared the country in a state of emergency, and despite international mediation, the killings cost dozens of dead – especially on the Peruvian side.
Towards the end of the year, ministers were investigated by Congress for misuse of public funds. The investigation led to the arrest of several ministers and the escape of Vice President Alberto Dahík from the country.
After lengthy debates, Congress approved the sale of 35% of the country’s telephone company. The government had sought to complete this extensive privatization before the end of its term of office in August 1996. At this year’s election, populist Abdalá Bucaram won with 54% of the vote over Social Christian candidate Jaime Nebot, gaining 46%. Bucaram’s first important act as president was to reassure business leaders and bankers who had become frightened at the prospect that he might fulfill his election promises to the poorest sectors of the population. Up until the election, the media had talked a lot about the likelihood of a military coup if Bucaram was elected. These rumors now turned out to be unfounded.
During a meeting in September 1996 with his Chilean counterpart, Eduardo Frei, Bucaram declared himself an admirer of the Chilean social security and housing system. At the same time, he invited the departed and highly polemical former Argentine Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo to join his government.
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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
MBCT was originally designed to help people suffering with recurrent bouts of depression and chronic unhappiness. Over time it has been shown to be effective in the treatment of other mental health problems, such as anxiety disorders. There is also some evidence of its efficacy in developing powers of concentration in people with Attention Deficit Disorder.
MBCT combines the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy with meditative practices and attitudes. It increases our self-awareness and teaches us to observe - rather than get caught up in - our thought processes. We are encouraged to take an impartial bystander's view on the thoughts that race backwards and forwards through our minds. Being mindful in meditation means paying attention in a particular way to our internal world, purposefully, in the present moment and non-judgementally. It is not about stopping thoughts or emptying the mind, but about accepting and detaching from what is there through meditative practice.
MBCT was developed by Zindel Segal, Mark Williams and John Teasdale, based on Jon Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program.
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in a local municipality where food scraps and garden waste is collected, upcycled into a variety of high value products that are returned back to the community to grow healthy and nutritious food?
In the process, using regenerative methods, soil, plant, human health is improved, ecosystems, biological diversity is restored and GHG reduced and food security raised!
Our vision is to direct the nutrients and carbon contained in bio-waste into regenerative food production that supports the sustainability of our soils, people and the planet.
Bio-waste is a catalyst to help move towards more sustainable food production by replacing synthetic fertilizers.
Bio-waste has always been part of nature that has returned to the soil. Now that more people have moved to cities, this circulation is broken. Unfortunately, most bio-waste ends up in landfills and incineration, resulting in pollution and a waste of valuable resources.
than 2% of the nutrients in food waste is looped in cities;
than 60 harvests are available now globally due to soil depletion;
agriculture accounts for 25 % of total climate emissions;
– Biowaste collection from restaurants and offices
– Biowaste transportation
– Valorization with bacteria and earthworms
– Soil enriching biofertilizers
– Using biofertilizers in regenerative agriculture
– Clean, healthy, and nutritious food reaches consumers
Yes, then add yourself to our mailing list, and you will always be the first to receive exciting news and cooperation offers.
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11/10/1977 - 12/31/1977
Art Museum of South Texas
This exhibition, organized by AMST, presented work by the group of 19th century American painters known as “The Ten”. The group was formed primarily as a protest against the old fashioned bureaucratic practices of the Society of American Artists. John Twachtman organized this group and its members included leading figures of American Impressionism.
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Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh): Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working on many ambitious programmes and Gaganyaan is one of them. Moreover, ISRO is developing a reusable launch vehicle. As the launch cost of satellites is cheap at ISRO facility, developed countries are approaching India to launch their satellites. This was stated by Dr Jaya Saxena, Head SPID, TEOG, National Remote Sensing Centre at ISRO. She is in Bhopal to register her presence at ISRO stall put up on MANIT premises under four-day India International Science Festival. Interacting with Free Press, she spoke about Gaganyaan mission and said most tests had been done for the unmanned mission.
By year end, half humanoid robot will be sent into space. If it succeeds, manned mission will be launched. Under manned mission, which would take place next year, a woman among three, a robot will be sent into space for period of three to seven days. “India is now among the top four countries in space technology in the world,” she said. Now with the arrival of modern technology, it is aspiring to scale further height in space programmes. The number of satellite launches will increase as launch cost is coming down, she added.
Moreover, to tap best young minds, ISRO conducts outreach programmes in which it puts up stalls and interacts with students. A bus has been specially designed to inform about the successful ISRO missions. The bus is known as Space on Wheels. “We also go to rural areas and visit government schools to deliver lectures to students. This is done to create awareness and to tap young minds for Indian space programme,” she said.
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Where does lost fat go?
If you’ve been working on improving your activity and nutrition with the goal of losing weight, you’ve probably asked yourself this question at least once: Where does the fat go? As you probably know, energy (in this case, fat) cannot be created, nor destroyed! With that in mind, it can truly be disappearing.
So the question here is: How do your fat deposits transform when you are on a weight-loss diet? In this article, you’re going to learn more about fat loss and what happens to the weight that disappears from the scale during a successful diet.
So, let’s get to it!
How Do You Lose Weight, Even?
Though many fad diets have taken priority spots in people’s lives, fat loss is mainly about one specific principle, called “eating in a caloric deficit”. Your body requires a certain amount of energy to maintain its physiological processes and mass in space.
That amount of energy depends on the following factors:
If you consume more energy from food than your body needs to maintain its weight, you will progressively gain weight. On the other hand, if you consume LESS energy from food than your body needs to maintain its weight, you will LOSE fat. It’s quite simple and there is no way around it! Every fad diet that makes you lose weight, does so not because of the diet itself, but because of the caloric deficit that it helps you establish.
But, as a side note here, caloric deficit should never be extreme! Putting your body into too much of a deficit (through diet and/or exercise) will actually put into a "starvation state" - which will stimulate your body to hold onto fat, and break down proteins (muscle). It does this under the expectation that the calorie deficient is due to a lack of food in your environment, so your fat stores go untouched to give you emergency fuel for as long as possible. Therefore, caloric deficient should be reasonable - somewhere between 250-500 calories per day!
But Where Does Lost Fat Go?
When you’re in a deficit of energy, your body uses its energy deposits (fat) to compensate for that deficit. That is to say that, during fat loss, your body actually burns off the fat in order to use it for a variety of functions.
When oxidized (burned with the help of oxygen), fat leaves the body in the form of carbon dioxide and water! That is to say that the two main “exhausts” for lost fat, are:
The urinary system
In other words, when you lose fat, you exhale the carbon dioxide and then the water gets into your circulation, until it leaves the body as sweat and urine.
How Much Of The Fat Is Water?
Interestingly enough, when you lose fat, most of it comes out as carbon dioxide, through your lungs. To be precise, about 80-85% of lost fat turns into carbon dioxide, while the other 15-20% turn to water. For instance, if you lose 10 kg of fat, roughly 8 kg of it comes out through your lungs and the remaining weight is excreted in the form of urine/sweat.
As a matter of fact, basically everything you consume comes out as carbon dioxide! Nearly every gram of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and even alcohol, get converted to carbon dioxide and water, while the byproducts of the food leave the body as excrements.
The only exception for a nutrient that reaches your colon intact, is dietary fiber, which cannot be absorbed or digested but may help the digestive processes. Everything else besides fiber is absorbed and then takes exit via the lungs!
Fat loss is simple, yet interesting - it only requires a (reasonable) caloric deficit, but can make your body undergo drastic visual changes over a short period of time. The process becomes even more interesting when you think about the fact that 85% of the weight that disappears from the scale, takes its exit through your lungs!
If you have any other interesting questions, let us know in the comments below!
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Alkaline water is water that has a pH level greater than 7. The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most alkaline. Alkaline water is thought to have a number of potential health benefits, including helping to neutralize acid in the body, improving the absorption of nutrients, and helping to detoxify the body. However, there is limited scientific research to support these claims, and more studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of alkaline water.
There are also some potential risks and side effects associated with drinking alkaline water. For example, some people may experience stomach discomfort, nausea, or other digestive symptoms if they drink water that is too alkaline.
Additionally, some people may be at risk of developing kidney stones if they drink alkaline water regularly.
It is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting to drink alkaline water, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking any medications.
In general, it is important to maintain a balanced diet and to drink plenty of water in order to stay hydrated and healthy.
Drinking alkaline water may have some potential benefits, but it is not a substitute for a healthy diet and lifestyle. It is always a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider before making any changes to your diet or hydration habits.
Ionized alkaline water, on its own, does not cure cancer or other diseases. However, it provides the tools your body needs so that your body can heal itself as nature wanted.
Ionized alkaline water has the characteristics of the best and most natural water found on our earth before the earth was polluted. Ionized alkaline water, as it is alkaline, it has more oxygen in it than other kinds of water which are acidic.
The problem a lot of health professionals have with alkaline water is not its safety, but rather the health claims that are made on it.
There is insufficient science to support the use of alkaline water as a treatment for any health problem. Consuming natural alkaline water is generally considered safe because it contains natural minerals.
However, you should be cautious about artificial alkaline water, which probably contains fewer good minerals than its high pH would suggest, and may contain contaminants. Keep in mind as well that drinking too much alkaline water can leave you deficient in minerals.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted some North American governments to change their approach to protecting the environment. In the last month, there have been moves to modify, exempt, or make exceptions to a wide range of environmental rules. Ontario, Alberta and the United States have issued orders or passed regulations that change or get rid of environmental compliance and/or consulting requirements during the state of emergency we find ourselves in.
This blog will highlight everything you need to know about these changes in Ontario.
In early April, the Ontario government passed a regulation under the Environmental Bill of Rights(EBR). It exempts new laws, regulations, or policies that will impact Ontario’s land, air, water and/or wildlife from going through a 30-day consultation period. This consultation period was in place so all Ontarians can participate in decisions that impact our environment. Under the new regulation, however, this 30-day minimum consultation period is no longer legally required.
Changes could mean less transparency
The Ontario government has been in hot water before for this same part of the EBR. In October 2019, the government was found to have broken the law when it cancelled cap and trade and failed to post that change as a proposal for a 30-day consultation as the EBR requires.
The new regulation also says that decision makers won’t have to consider environmental values when making policies. These values, known as Statements of Environmental Values (SEVs), are meant to keep the government accountable to their commitments to the environment when they make decisions. This means that now, not only is there no legal requirement to consult the public while this new regulation is in place, there is also no requirement to consider the environment when making decisions.
The public could be left out
While acknowledging the importance of governments responding quickly and nimbly to the COVID-19 pandemic, there are big concerns with these exemptions. The EBR already has an existing emergency section (Section 29) that could have been used to exempt policies that need to be in place quickly to fight COVID-19. In fact, over 40 organizations including Environmental Defence have signed a letter to Premier Ford citing concerns with this blanket exemption. It would have been more straightforward and clear to the public to simply exempt decisions that could not wait 30 days for consultation because they are directly linked to the COVID-19 response. Instead, this regulation offers a broad exemption to all proposals whether or not they are directly related to COVID-19.
In an email to stakeholders, Minister of Environment, Conservation and Parks Jeff Yurek said that the government will still have public consultations or postings wherever possible. Indeed, many proposals currently on the Environmental Registry of Ontario, posted under the EBR, have been extended to allow the public more time to comment in light of COVID-19. This is a good thing. We hope that the government will voluntarily consult the public and wherever possible will hold off on making changes to environmental policy until after we’ve weathered the COVID-19 storm. The concern, however, is that in light of this new exemption regulation there is no longer the legal requirement to do so.
Despite the reassurance from Minister Yurek, and his recent comments to CBC News about the changes, the new regulation removes the legal requirement to consult the public across the board regardless of whether or not the policy is COVID-19 related. Any public consultations that go on now are completely voluntary, so the public could be left out of important changes to environmental policy. That’s why this new exemption is so concerning.
The government has been working tirelessly to protect Ontarians from COVID-19 and stop the spread of the virus. They deserve the benefit of the doubt that this new exemption will only be used on relevant proposals or policies designed to address the COVID-19 crisis. Environmental Defence will be vigilant in monitoring the Environmental Registry and regulatory environment for any new proposals being rushed under this new exemption.
In the meantime, you can sign up for our newsletter by using the form below to stay connected and up to date with environmental news. We’re also hosting weekly webinars as part of the Recovery Series to take a closer look at environmental solutions and options for our economic recovery to also benefit the environment. Tune in every Thursday at 12 noon EST to join the conversation.
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16 Dots and Boxes
Here are some dots; in fact there are nine of them:
We’re going to a play an “exploding dots” game. Here’s the only rule for the game:
The 1←2 Rule
Whenever there are two dots in single box, they “explode,” disappear, and become one dot in the box to the left.
Example: Nine dots 1←2 in the system
We start by placing nine dots in the rightmost box.
Two dots in that box explode and become one dot in the box to the left.
Once again, two dots in that box explode and become one dot in the box to the left.
We do it again!
Hey, now we have more than two dots in the second box, so those can explode and move!
And the rightmost box still has more than two dots.
Keep going, until no box has two dots.
After all this, reading from left to right we are left with one dot, followed by zero dots, zero dots, and one final dot.
Solution: The 1←2 code for nine dots is: 1001.
On Your Own. Here’s a diagram showing what happens for seven dots in a 1←2 box. Trace through the diagram, and circle the pairs of dots that “exploded” at each step.
Solution: The 1←2 code for seven dots is: 111.
Note: In solving this problem, you don’t need to draw on paper; that can get tedious! Maybe you could use buttons or pennies for dots and do this by hand.
- Draw 10 dots in the right-most box and perform the explosions. What is the 1←2 code for ten dots?
- Find the 1←2 code for eighteen dots.
- What number of dots has 1←2 code 101?
Think / Pair / Share
After you worked on the problem, compare your answer with a partner. Did you both get the same code? Did you have the same process?
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we think about indoor air quality. With the virus being spread through airborne transmission, it is more important than ever to understand the different ways to improve air quality in our homes and businesses. One of the most important factors in improving indoor air quality is understanding MERV ratings and how they can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of the virus. MERV stands for Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value, and it is a rating system used to measure the effectiveness of air filters.
The higher the MERV rating, the more efficient the filter is at capturing particles from the air. The ratings range from 1 to 16, with 1 being the least efficient and 16 being the most efficient. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using a MERV 13 filter or higher to reduce the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.A MERV 13 filter is capable of capturing particles as small as 0.3 microns, which is small enough to capture most virus particles.
Types of Air FiltersThere are several types of air filters available on the market today, each with their own MERV rating.
The most common types are fiberglass filters, which have a MERV rating of 5-8, and pleated filters, which have a MERV rating of 11-14.Higher-MERV filters are also available, such as those rated at 15 or 16, but these are typically used in commercial settings or for special applications.
Benefits of High-MERV FiltersUsing a high-MERV filter can provide several benefits when it comes to improving indoor air quality. These filters are more effective at capturing particles from the air, including virus particles, which can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission. High-MERV filters also help reduce smoke, smog, and other pollutants from entering your home or business.
Drawbacks of High-MERV FiltersWhile high-MERV filters can be beneficial in improving indoor air quality, there are some drawbacks to using them as well. These filters can be more expensive than lower-MERV filters and may need to be replaced more often due to their higher efficiency. Additionally, high-MERV filters can restrict airflow in HVAC systems, which can lead to decreased efficiency and increased energy costs.
Other Ways to Improve Indoor Air QualityIn addition to using high-MERV filters, there are several other ways to improve indoor air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic.
These include increasing ventilation practices such as opening windows and doors for cross breezes or using fans to increase airflow; using portable or ceiling air purifiers; using single-unit air conditioners that recirculate filtered air; and avoiding large gatherings where possible.
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Karma is central to all the Indian religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Basically, karma is the belief that every moral action has its own consequence that pursues the doer often beyond the grave into many different lives.
A key concept in Jain beliefs is that the world or reality is made of two distinct dimensions:
- the visible world – made up of souls in their
various forms, matter, space, the principles of motion and rest, time –
it is eternal and formless, continually in the process of change but is
- the invisible world – a realm behind the visible world, unperceived by the senses – an indestructible and eternal realm of limitless knowledge and infinite power, a pure state of “release” or moksha
So – the primary goal of Jainism is the perfection of the soul – for it to be perfected from the all its layers of karma, from its current place in the visible world to the invisible world. Thus, moksha is the ultimate goal.
Although, the idea of karma is central to all the Indian religions, Jainism has a particular twist on this doctrine: the notion of the karmic body.
The karmic body is a kind of subtle matter – tiny atoms of matter in which the soul in enmeshed during the state of transmigration and from which it is not separated even at the time of death. This subtle matter in which the soul in enmeshed obstructs the true nature of the soul, which is pure power, knowledge and bliss.
Karmic matter pervades space and is drawn to vibrations of the molecules that compose the organs of the mind, speech, and the body. Karmic matter gets attracted and, when the soul is actuated by passions and indulges in evil actions, the soul absorbs the karmic matter, like a wet cloth absorbs dust.
Many of the Jain texts on this idea – these texts are called the Karmagranthas – explicate at length the varieties of will and action that bring about the influx of particular categories of karmic matter, and their influence in people’s lives, their duration, characteristics, etc.
Some examples include: knowledge-obscuring karmas, perception-obscuring, deluding, body-determining, status-determining, falling-producing, age-determining – some attack the nature of the soul itself, others attack the body in which the soul is housed.
Some of these can be expelled easily, but some require great effort. Some stay in the soul for only a few moments, some for eons, awaiting the time of their maturity, at which point they disassociate of their own accord from the soul after yielding their respective fruits, positive or negative. They will be later reabsorbed by a new series of passions and actions and the wheel of samsara will turn on and on.
Liberation from the cycle of transmigration occurs only by stopping the influx of karmas – by arresting the passions and by guarding the channels of activity: the mind, the body and speech. This is called “samvar” or “blocking” – blocking the inflow of karma into the soul. Hence the Jain focus on right knowledge, right faith and right action - which is translated to right speaking, thinking, and acting.
Also, the accumulated karmas have to be shed – either passively (waiting for them to burn out of their own accord) or actively via forgiveness, making amends, meditation, etc.
The boat analogy helps in understanding this:
Imagine we are in a boat, having a good time. We notice that it’s filling with water. So, first, we find the hole, then plug it. This is “samvar” – finding and plugging the leak, stopping the inflow of water into the boat. Our lives have many “holes” in which karmic matter flows: wrong beliefs, passions, lax speech, evil activities, etc. Once we see that they are sinking us, we can begin to “plug” those holes so they don’t sink our soul.
Once we plug the holes – “samvar” – then we must undertake “nijara” or “falling off.” Again, using the boat analogy, we must begin to dip out the water that accumulated in the boat. We must not only stop new karmic matter from coming in, we must take out that which has accumulated while we weren’t watching.
Once this is done completely, the soul will be in its true natural state, able to exist in full capacity – full power, full knowledge and bliss.
All the austerities of Jainism exist in this effort of samvar and nijara, and they are both external efforts and internal efforts:
-external: complete or partial fasting, bodily endurance (standing or sitting in a posture for a long time despite the pain), controlling the senses via staying in isolation for extended periods
-internal: asking forgiveness or forgiving, humility or being polite, serving others, studying spiritual ideas, meditating
These can be less or more extreme depending on whether one is householder or monk.
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Curubis, the modern city of Korba, lies on the eastern shore of Cap Bon (Tunisia). Fortifications are mentioned in an inscription from 46 BC. After the civil war Curubis was made a Roman colony, colonia Iulia Curubis.
The Carthaginian bishop Cyprian was exiled here in 257 AD.
The navicularii of Curubis had an office on the Piazzale delle Corporazioni in Ostia (statio 34). No traces of the harbour have so far been found.
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As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes smarter and more advanced, we’ve started to see its usage grow across various industries. From retail and commerce to manufacturing, the technology continues to do some pretty amazing things in nearly every sector. The civil engineering field is no exception.
An estimated 20 billion internet-connected devices will be active around the world by 2020. Adoption is certainly ramping up, and the technologies that support IoT are also growing more sophisticated — including big data, cloud computing and machine learning.
As a whole, civil engineering projects have a lot to gain from the integration of IoT technologies and devices. The technology significantly improves automation and remote monitoring for many tasks, allowing operators to remain hands-off more than ever before. The data that IoT devices collect can inform and enable action throughout the scope of a project and even beyond.
For example, IoT sensors can monitor soil consolidation and degradation, as well as a development project’s environmental impact. Alternatively, IoT can measure and identify public roadways that need servicing. These two basic examples provide a glimpse into what IoT can do in the civil engineering sector.
IoT, alongside many other innovative construction technologies, will completely transform the industry. That said, what role is it currently playing in the field? What are some other applications that are either planned or now in use? How can the civil engineering industry genuinely use IoT?
1. Allows a Transformation From Reactionary to Preventative Maintenance
Most maintenance programs are corrective or reactionary. When something breaks down or fails, a team acts to fix the problem. In reality, this practice is nothing more than slapping a bandage on a gaping wound.
With development projects, once things start to break down, they generally continue on that path. Problems grow much more prominent, no matter what fixes you apply. It makes more sense, then, to monitor a subject’s performance and status and apply fixes long before things break down. In other words, using a preventative maintenance routine is much more practical, efficient and reliable.
IoT devices and sensors deliver all the necessary data to make such a process possible. They collect information about a subject in real-time and then report it to an external system or analytics program. That program then identifies potential errors and communicates the necessary information to a maintenance crew.
In any field of construction, preventative maintenance considerably improves the project in question as well as the entire management process. Maintenance management typically comprises about 40% to 50% of a business’s operational budget. Companies spend much of their time reacting to maintenance issues rather than preventing them. IoT can turn that around.
2. Presents a Real-Time Construction Management Solution
A proper construction management strategy is necessary for any civil engineering project. Many nuanced tasks need to be completed, whether they involve tracking and measuring building supplies or tagging field equipment and dividing it up properly.
IoT technology can reduce tension by collecting relevant information in real time and delivering it to the necessary parties. Real-time solutions also provide faster time-to-action. Management and decision-makers can see almost immediately how situations are playing out and take action to either improve or correct a project’s course.
For example, imagine the following scenario. During a project that’s underway, workers hit a snag that forced them to use more supplies than expected. Rather than waiting until supplies run out, the technology has already ordered more. That way, the supplies are already on their way and will arrive at the project site before the existing supply is exhausted. The result is a seamless operation that continually moves forward, despite any potential errors. IoT can measure the number of supplies and report it to a remote system, which then makes the necessary purchase order.
3. Creates Automated and Reliable Documentation
One of the minor responsibilities of development and civil engineering projects is related to paperwork. Documentation records a great deal about a project before, during and after it wraps up.
IoT technologies can improve the entire process, if not completely automate many of the tedious elements. Reports are especially useful to have during inspections, insurance and liability events, and much more. The data that IoT collects can be parsed and added to any report to fill out much-needed details. Because the process happens automatically, the reports can generate with little to no external input.
4. Provides a Seamless Project Safety Platform
Worksites can be dangerous, which is why supervisors and project managers must remain informed about their workers at all times. If an accident occurs, they must be able to locate and evacuate any nearby personnel. IoT can provide real-time tracking for all workers on a site — and even those off-site.
More importantly, IoT technology can connect all those disparate parties, allowing for direct communication with near-instant delivery. The result is a much safer operation for all involved, especially the workers who spend most of their time in the trenches.
5. Enhances Operational Intelligence Support
By putting IoT and data collection devices in place with no clear guidance, an operation can suffer from data overload — an overabundance and complete saturation of intelligence with no clear way to analyze and use it.
Instead, once IoT technology is implemented, organizations are forced to focus on an improved operational intelligence program to make sure the data coming in is adequately vetted, categorized and put to use. It’s cyclical because IoT empowers the intelligence program by offering real-time collection and analysis opportunities. So, even though more data is coming in and the process of extracting insights is more complex, the reaction times are much faster and more accurate as a result.
Here’s a quick example. With bridge and tunnel construction, it’s necessary to monitor the surrounding area for environmental changes. Soil and ground movement, earthquakes, changes in water levels and similar events can impact the project. Sensors embedded within the surrounding area can collect pertinent information, which passes to a remote analytics tool. During a seismic event, the entire system would instantly discern if work must be postponed or if it can continue safely. A support program can distribute alerts to all necessary parties automatically, helping to ensure everyone knows the current status of the project — especially those in the field.
Identifying New Opportunities With IoT
Most civil engineering and development teams have no shortage of projects in today’s landscape. Yet, it’s still crucial to remain informed about the goings-on to help pinpoint more practical opportunities.
When IoT is installed during new projects, the resulting data reports may reveal additional challenges or problems that would have otherwise gone unnoticed. A new two-lane road, for instance, may see more traffic and congestion than initially expected. Or, perhaps a recently developed water pipeline is seeing unpredictable pressure spikes.
With the correct solutions in place, IoT can introduce many new opportunities — opportunities that might significantly improve the value and practicality of a project.
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Why does Lidwina of Schiedam lie on the ice in such an odd pose?
Nelly Moerman, author
Cis van Heertum, English translation
When the church wardens of Schiedam decided to print the life of Lidwina of Schiedam (1380-1433), it had to be an illustrated book. Lidwina had already been dead for over sixty years and her life had been chronicled by several authors. The text used by the church wardens was the Latin Vita alme virginis Lijdwine (The Life of the Blessed Virgin Lidwina), written by Johannes Brugman in 1456. A series of twenty woodcuts depicting events from her life was commissioned especially for the occasion. The book was printed by Otgier Nachtegael and appeared in 1498.
When we speak of a woodcut we commonly mean the impression. The woodblock used for making the impression, however, is also known as a woodcut. The process of making a woodcut usually starts with a drawing on paper. The design is then transferred to a woodblock whose surface has been smoothed. Next the rest of the wood is cut away, leaving a raised image which can be printed. This raised area – the woodcut – attracts the most ink, and the impression on paper from this woodblock is also known as a ‘woodcut’. The designer of the image and the woodcutter could be different persons.
Lidwina’s fall on the ice
The best known woodcut in the series is ‘Lidwina’s fall on the ice’. (illus. 1) This woodcut became widely known and is included in numerous books on skating. It reflects the defining event of Lidwina’s life, the moment someone collides with her while she is out skating with friends. Lidwina falls on her right side on a fragment of ice and breaks a short rib. This accident is the beginning of a life of illness and misery.
The woodcut reflects the situation directly after the fall. Two friends are kneeling down by Lidwina and try to get her back on her feet. A third woman is approaching across the ice. In the background we see skating figures and on the left a city wall with an entrance gate and towers. As with the other Lidwina woodcuts, the image is executed with clear lines and simple hatching. (ref. 1)
Fractured rib? Fractured hip?
Lidwina’s odd pose and the first-aid treatment by her friends merit some attention. Anyone with some experience in first aid knows that a person with a broken right rib must not be lifted this way. The victim would cry out with pain and refuse help. The way in which Lidwina lies on the ice would rather suggest a fractured hip. But why a fractured hip?
In the woodcut showing Lidwina’s fall on the ice her face clearly shows pain and she is unable to stand. Judging from the position of the foot, her left leg is lying in an unusual, contorted position. These details point to the three classical symptoms of a bone fracture, i.e. pain, misalignment and loss of function. Unfortunately a fractured hip does not match with the story. The text clearly states that Lidwina’s right short rib was broken. Text and image do not correspond in this respect. How might this be explained?
Correspondence of form with the swooning Mary group
The helpless Lidwina and the two women assisting her are the core of the woodcut. A similar group of three is often depicted in paintings on the crucifixion. This group of three is known as the swooning Mary group. The Virgin Mary faints, is caught by John and supported by her half sister Mary of Cleophas. The group is always depicted left of the cross and has iconographic significance.
A fine example of a swooning Mary group is the Descent of Christ from the Cross by Rogier van der Weyden dating from c. 1435. (ill. 2) Note the pose of St John, his hand on Mary’s shoulder, the bent knee and the foot emerging from under his clothes. This pose is identical to that of the woman supporting Lidwina. The position of her right hand and the bent knee are the same. Her foot also emerges from under her dress, though she is wearing what is called in Dutch a ‘prikschaats’, a skate with a spike close to the toe. There is clearly a correspondence of form here. Lidwina’s pose in the woodcut matches that of the swooning Mary in the painting.
Could Rogier van der Weyden’s painting have served as a model? In theory this is possible. The painting is nowadays in Madrid, but in those days it hung in a church in Louvain. Art historians have also pointed to a possible relation with the work of Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen (c. 1472-1533).(ref. 2) This painter produced several crucifixion scenes with a similar swooning Mary group. (ill. 3) Van Oostsanen’s manner of painting is furthermore said to be distinguished by its ‘graphic character’, which would be in line with the work of a woodcutter. These are important clues, but they do not offer absolute certainty about the identity of the maker of the woodcuts.
A continuing visual tradition
It is clear by now that Lidwina and her friends were modelled after the iconographic arrangement of a swooning Mary group. Lidwina’s theatrical pose on the ice in the woodcut does not agree with the character of an active skater which she no doubt was. Throughout the centuries, however, this has become the customary representation of Lidwina. The Basilica of Saint Liduina in Schiedam for instance features a window made by the stained glass artist Henk van Kooy in 2007. (ref. 3) Lidwina’s fall on the ice is part of the window. (illus. 4) The image clearly references the woodcut. Here, too, we find a group of three, with the faces sparsely sketched in profile. Lidwina, all dressed in blue, is the central figure and is portrayed en face as she lies helpless on the ice – as in the woodcut. The position of the arms and even the headdress are identical. The two women behind Lidwina also appear to have been inspired by the other women in the woodcut. It is a fine example of how a visual tradition originating from the Middle Ages continues to carry meaning today.
1. Nelly Moerman, Lidwina van Schiedam nader bekeken: Houtsneden in vroege drukken, Amsterdam 2012.
2. Daantje Meuwissen, ‘A painter in black and white: the symbiotic relationship between the paintings and woodcuts of Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen’, in: Making and Marketing: Studies of the Painting Process in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Netherlandish Workshops, Molly Faries (ed), Turnhout 2006, pp. 55-81.
3. Nelly Moerman, ‘In hout gesneden. Verbeelding en beeldtraditie in Het leven van Liduina van Schiedam’, in: Beelden van Liduina, Heilige van Schiedam, Schiedam 2015, pp. 77-88.
- The images of the woodcuts were made by the author, courtesy of Museum Catharijneconvent Utrecht. The image of the stained glass window in the Basilica of Saint Liduina was also made by the author.
- ‘The Crucifixion’ attributed to Van Oostsanen is in a private collection, courtesy of Thomas Agnew & Sons, London.
- ‘Descent of Christ from the Cross’ by Rogier van der Weyden is in the public domain.
© Nelly Moerman 2018
This article is protected by copyright. Reproduction of the text, in whole or in part, is permitted only on an individual basis and under the conditions of acknowledgement of source and correct citation. In case of a financial interest or the pursuit of such an interest, copying is not allowed. In case of doubt, please contact the author, who can be reached through email@example.com.
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BRIEF HISTORY OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY (CBT):
I: Behavior Therapy (BT): Cognitive-behavior therapies are actually a group of modern related therapies that are the first truly “empirical” psychotherapies. “Empirical” means the psychological theories on which these therapies are based on pure scientific research and furthermore the resulting therapeutic strategies are scientifically proven effective. Beginning in the 1940’s, the need for an effective short term therapy for anxiety and depression had became an absolute necessity because of returning WWII vets and the major emotional adjustments they were faced with. This practical need for effective short-term therapy coincided with a build up of behavioral research which psychologists had been building for a few decades regarding how we “learn” to behave and react emotionally (behavioral learning theory). This combination of events gave birth to the “first wave” of behavior therapy. This therapy, called “behavior therapy” or “behavioral therapy”, was a revolutionary challenge to the traditional therapy of that day which was psychoanalytic (Freudian) therapy (today modern Freudian based therapies are sometimes referred to as psychodynamic or therapy). Behavior therapy is still a very important part of all therapies now called cognitive-behavior therapy or cognitive therapy.
II: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT): A second revolution in behavior therapy occurred in the late 1960’s. Psychologists and psychiatrists began the empirical study of how thinking (cognitions) affected emotions and behavior. This was a revolutionary challenge to traditional behavior therapy is sometimes referred to as a “second wave” or the “cognitive revolution”. Paying more attention to the role of conscious thinking in psychotherapy made common sense to patients and slowly to most mental health professionals. The history of the cognitive revolution in psychotherapy was also helped along by two other developing “cognitive” sciences. The first was social psychology which was beginning to understand the complex ways in which individuals interact and think about each other. “Attribution theory” was the main reason why social psychology gave a boost to the development of cognitive therapy. Social attribution research was the exploration our minds tendency to think about or “attribute” causes to the actions of others. The second boost to the cognitive revolution was the development of computer science and computer programming. It seemed that computer software and software programs were a perfect analogy for understanding the “programming rules” for human brains and behavior. These two areas of research and gave added momentum and scientific legitimacy to the cognitive revolution. Behavior therapists could now further understand a patient’s difficulties by assessing the role of conscious thoughts and not just study visible behavior. This combination of scientific disciplines and theories gave us the first true “Cognitive-Behavior Therapy” (CBT).
III: Third Wave or Third Generation CBT: Now in 2006 with cognitive behavioral therapy being nearly 50 years old, there is talk of new changes in traditional CBT, a so called “third wave” of cognitive-behavior therapies. While trying to describe all the newer therapies loosely known as third generation CBT’s is impossible to do here, let me briefly review some of the main similarities and differences. There are many similarities, third wave CBT therapists base themselves in empirical research, they acknowledge the important role of behavior just as much if not more so than traditional CBT, most also continue to acknowledge the important role of cognitions (thinking). So what is so revolutionary? Some of the main theoretical difference seems to be about control and emotional avoidance. Third wave therapists have sparked a re-examination of whether trying to control our thoughts and emotions is part of the solution or the problem. They believe that there may be other non-traditional ways to address the way we deal to our thinking. This theoretical question has stimulated renewed efforts for cognitive-behavioral therapists to improve their ability to not just work with the content of our thoughts but the process of thinking itself. Another way of saying this is trying not to just change what we think but how we think. Now traditional CT has also tried to do this in its own way, but when it comes to our thoughts, third wave CBT is putting much more emphasis reacting to our thoughts in a new ways, placing them in context, rather than getting caught in arguing with the content our negative thoughts. (For a more technical definition of “3rd generation CBT” see footnote quote 1 below). Philosophically third wave therapies have a decreased emphasis on controlling our internal experience; they offer a more eastern approach to our psychological lives. Many of these therapies are incorporating the role of acceptance and mindfulness into traditional CBT (see description above for more on acceptance and commitment therapy). However we relate to our thoughts, the third wave therapist wants thoughts to help our behavior to be adaptive. Are our reactions to our thoughts flexible enough to lead us into consistent with leading valuable, productive lives, or are our efforts at controlling our thoughts and emotions taking up all of our attention and energy? These are some of the main problems confronted by third wave CBT’s. For a further brief history of some of the most influential therapists for each of the above types of therapy see the above section on “types of CBT”. So called “third wave” CBT is a loose affiliation of various modern therapies with no specific criteria about who is or isn’t third wave. At the risk of sounding like alphabet soup here are some of the major third wave CBT therapies; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Behavioral Activation (BA), Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP), Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), Integrative Couple Therapy (ICT).
1. Third Generation or Third Wave CBT (Hayes, S. C., 2004): “Grounded in an empirical, principle-focused approach, the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapy is particularly sensitive to the context and functions of psychological phenomena, not just their form, and thus tends to emphasize contextual and experiential change strategies in addition to more direct and didactic ones. These treatments tend to seek the construction of broad, flexible and effective repertoires over an eliminative approach to narrowly defined problems, and to emphasize the relevance of the issues they examine for clinicians as well as clients. The third wave reformulates and synthesizes previous generations of behavioral and cognitive therapy and carries them forward into questions, issues, and domains previously addressed primarily by other traditions, in hopes of improving both understanding and outcomes”.
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Seychelles Magpie Robin
The most endangered of the endemic birds, Seychelles Magpie Robin or Pi Santez in Creole, came close to extinction in the late twentieth century; in 1970 there were only about 25 surviving birds on one island (Fregate Island).
Seychelles Magpie Robin © Richard Thomas
At 9 days old © J. Souyave
At 17 days old © J. Souyave
Through an active conservation programme coordinated by BirdLife Interntional and later Nature Seychelles, which involved moving predators, improving habitat and providing nest boxes on Fregate and moving birds to other predator-free islands to start new populations, the total number of birds has risen significantly, although it remains one of the rarest birds in the world. Its conservation status has greatly improved, but it still relies on conservation management and implementation of the Seychelles Magpie Recovery Team (SMART), which was formed to take conservation actions to save this species. SMART is coordinated by Nature Seychelles. The species was downlisted from being Critically Endangered to Endangered in 2005 after great efforts to increase its population.
Scientific name: Copsychus sechellarum
Conservation status: Endangered
Population in Seychelles: a minimum of 260 birds
Distribution in Seychelles: Fregate, Cousin, Cousine, Denis and Aride
Habitat: Forests and gardens
Nest: Build from grasses, fribes, usually in nextboxes or natural cavities in trees, sometimes in the top of coconut palms. A single egg is laid.
Diet: Insects and other invertebrates, baby mice, fish dropped by seabirds
Identification: Long-tailed, glossy black and white bird with black bill
Seychelles Bird of Pride Established on a 'New' Island
Seychelles Magpie Robin Species Action Plan
Species Fact Sheet on BirdLife Data Zone
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Why Should You Consult a Skin Tag Removal Dermatologist?
Skin tags are common blemishes that do not pose serious health risks despite their persistence. But they may get irritated occasionally or make the affected sites look unappealing. Some people are tempted to take them out on their own, but that may create a bigger problem rather than make things better.
A skin tag removal dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in getting rid of this condition safely and effectively. In this article, we explain what skin tags are, their scientifically proven remedies and why you should leave them in the hands of a medical expert.
What Are Skin Tags?
A skin tag is a small, benign growth that attaches to the skin by a stalk of tissue. It may be the same color as the surrounding skin or darker. Most have a diameter of 0.5 to 2.5 millimeters, but rarely, they can grow to a size of 1-2 centimeters.
In medical lingo, a skin tag is also called “acrochordon,” “fibroepithelial polyp” or “soft fibroma.” Like raised acne scars, it has mostly fibrous connective tissue inside. Skin tags are not normally painful or itchy, but friction with jewelry or clothing may irritate or inflame them.
What Causes Skin Tags?
The cause of skin tag formation is not entirely clear. About half of adults develop at least one skin tag in their lifetime, so some experts believe it could be related to the loss of elasticity of aging skin.
However, there are chronic health conditions strongly associated with the occurrence of skin tags. They include the following:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Heart disease
- Some genetic disorders, such as Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and tuberous sclerosis
- Infections, such as the wart virus HPV
- Hormonal imbalance, e. g. estrogen, progesterone and growth hormone
Various skin tissue growth factors are more active when these conditions are present, which may explain why patients who have them are acrochordon-prone.
What Are the Common Sites for Skin Tags?
Skin tags usually appear on skin fold areas, especially the eyelids, neck and armpits. Individuals with diabetes mellitus may develop large lesions in the groin and upper thighs.
Are Skin Tags Anything to Worry About?
Skin tags are non-malignant and generally do not result in serious health issues. They are usually asymptomatic, but they may bleed or feel sore when they rub against clothing or other objects you put on your body. There is no immediate need to remove these benign skin growths, though most patients want them gone for cosmetic reasons or when they start to cause discomfort.
When Should You Be Concerned Over a Skin Tag?
An acrochordon attaches to the skin by a thin stalk of tissue. Twisting or getting caught between objects can irritate it or make it bleed. These symptoms normally resolve in a few days, but you should seek medical help when you observe the following:
- Continuous, excessive bleeding despite pressure
- Pus, fever, and tenderness, which signify the onset of infection
- Severe itchiness and other signs of allergy
On the other hand, the following blemishes may look like skin tags to the untrained eye:
- Seborrheic keratosis
- Neurofibromas, which are benign lesions growing on nerves
- Skin cancer
Some of them need urgent treatment, especially skin cancer. If you have a stubborn skin condition but are not sure what it is, you must consult your dermatologist about it. Suspicious lesions that bleed with minimal trauma, grow rapidly or develop abnormal pigmentation could be malignant and must be checked promptly.
Can You Safely Remove Skin Tags by Yourself?
Home remedies for skin tags have been making the rounds online in recent years. Freezing kits, tea tree oil, garlic and cutting with non-surgical tools are just a few examples.
There are several issues regarding the use of DIY skin tag treatments.
First is their safety. Many people with skin tags have illnesses that can make them vulnerable to infection, non-healing or uncontrollable bleeding after an injury. Patients without a medical background cannot assess their side effect risks reliably. So removal attempts without proper skin preparation can produce complications.
Second is the lack of scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. Your costs can pile up when you use ineffective treatments for long periods.
Third is the danger of missing an early skin cancer diagnosis. As mentioned previously, some malignant skin lesions can mimic acrochordons. A timely Mohs surgery gives skin cancer patients the best survival odds and cosmetic results. The opposite is true if it is delayed.
So if you want to get rid of this problem worry-free, it’s best to hand it over to a board-certified dermatologist.
How Do Dermatologists Treat Skin Tags?
Dermatologists deal with skin tags using scientifically proven cosmetic surgery procedures. They include the following:
- Simple excision
Your doctor may use surgical scissors or blades to cut out the skin lesion. Small skin tags normally do not require local anesthesia.
Your dermatologist may also burn an acrochordon by passing electric or radiofrequency pulses on it. Ablative laser treatment, e. g. using the CO2 laser, is also an option. Cauterization can eliminate large or multiple skin tags efficiently, but pain management during the session is essential.
Freezing can also get rid of this skin condition. Numbing medication is usually not required.
No matter the technique used, doctors begin a surgical procedure by cleaning the target area with a medical-grade antiseptic. Doing so minimizes the risk of infection.
Skin tag surgery is quick. Treatments without anesthesia are usually done within minutes. Local anesthetics need time to set in, so procedures requiring pain control take a bit longer.
Generally, it takes only one session to cut out solitary masses, but multiple growths may require more.
The prognosis of this condition is excellent, but overweight patients may develop new lesions after recovery. Your doctor may advise you to start eating healthily and exercising to prevent skin tag recurrence, and more importantly, serious metabolic issues.
What Are the Side Effects of Skin Tag Removal Procedures?
The most common side effects of in-office skin tag treatments are mild discomfort, swelling, and redness, which are normal signs of inflammation. They resolve spontaneously after a few days, but sensitive patients may take acetaminophen and low-potency anti-inflammatory drugs for symptom control.
Cosmetic surgery procedures have a small risk of complications, which include the following:
- Skin infection
- Allergy to the numbing medication
- Pigmentation changes
- Painful nerve growths called “neuromas”
- Worsening of appearance or lack of cosmetic improvement
But if done properly, the risk becomes insignificant. Choosing the right dermatologist to perform your skin tag removal is crucial because it helps you avoid unwanted side effects.
How Long Does It Take to Heal from an In-Office Skin Tag Treatment?
The duration of the recovery period after skin tag removal depends on the lesion’s severity and location and your health status.
You may be advised to restrict your activities during the first few weeks after surgery to let yourself heal properly. Postop wounds generally close and scab within the first week. Re-epithelialization—the regrowth of superficial skin cells—follows and is complete by the second or third week. You may resume your usual after that, though changes beneath the skin surface will continue for months or years.
Extensive lesions take more time to heal than smaller ones. Younger patients generally recover faster than people of advanced age. Poor circulation, clotting function, immunity and blood sugar control inhibit skin repair processes and are all contraindications to surgery.
The following measures can help speed up your recovery after an in-office skin tag treatment:
- Proper postop wound care. The regimen typically includes cleaning with water and mild soap, applying petroleum jelly and changing the bandage daily.
- Protecting the treated site from excessive sun exposure
- Avoiding trauma and picking at the surgical wound
- Taking the prescribed postop medications if there are any
- Holding off harsh skin treatments in the first few weeks after your session, when the postop wound is still actively healing
- Avoiding cigarettes and alcohol, which can slow down the skin’s repair mechanisms
Call your doctor for any problems that you think may be related to your surgery.
How Much Do Skin Tag Removal Procedures Cost?
In-office skin tag treatment costs vary widely, ranging from $100 to $500. Factors affecting the total costs include the following:
- The size of the skin growth or area involved
- The provider’s expertise
- The surgical technique used
- The treatment facility’s geographic location
Initial consultation fees are not included in this estimate, but they also differ significantly from doctor to doctor.
Skin tag removal is considered a cosmetic procedure. Health insurance will not pay for it unless complications like infection or severe bleeding are present. To avoid unnecessary costs, trust only a bona fide skin tag specialist to perform this treatment.
Because Skin Tag Removal Is Not as Simple as It Seems
In summary, skin tags are non-cancerous lumps attached to the skin surface by a stalk of tissue. They are typically asymptomatic, but traumatic contact may cause inflammation, bleeding or infection. The lesions are often treated for cosmetic reasons, though their formation is strongly linked to obesity, some hereditary disorders and other medical conditions.
Home remedies abound, which are neither effective nor safe. Meanwhile, dermatologists easily eliminate these blemishes using minimally invasive surgical techniques. Seeing a skin tag specialist ensures that you get the best outcomes from your treatment.
Finally, skin tag removal is considered a cosmetic procedure. So most cases are paid out of pocket. To get your money’s worth, don’t leave your skin care to chance. Entrust it only to a highly experienced, board-certified dermatologist.
Got Pesky Skin Tags? LA’s Finest Dermatologists Can Get Rid of Them Fast
Skin tags persist despite drug treatment. And snipping them on your own risks skin infection, bleeding and other complications. When DIY remedies are neither effective nor safe, it is best to leave a skin problem in the hands of a skilled dermatologist.
At BHSkin Dermatology, our skin tag removal specialists help countless patients restore their skin’s radiance everyday. Visit our Glendale or Encino office or use our telederm portal for your initial consultation.
Book your appointment today!
Get superior skincare from LA's finest dermatologists
Book the type of an appointment that suits you best.
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Is it ever morally permissible to lie to someone? Describe a circumstance in which it seems that lying might make more people happy than telling the truth. Would lying be the right thing to do in that circumstance, or is it our moral duty to tell the truth, even then? Consider what Immanuel Kant would say, and explain that with reference to this week’s readings. Then, offer your own perspective. If you agree with Kant, consider and respond to an objection to his view. If you disagree with Kant, explain why. Discuss the positive and negative aspects of deontological theory as it relates to another of the theories you have encountered in this course.
Describe a scenario and discuss the implications of lying: 1 point
Reference Immanuel Kant and what he would say Do you agree or disagree with him, and why? 1 point
Discuss the positive and negative aspects of deontology and contrast that with other theories from class: 1 point
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three fifths plus one quarter = 17 twentieths
Eight and three fourths plus six and two fifths is fifteen and one twentieth.
one and one tenth
2.15 or 2 and three twentieths
Seventeen eighths or two and an eighth.
Three and four-fifths
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n., plural: valence electrons
Definition: electrons that are available in the outermost shell of an atom
What are valence electrons? Why are they significant?
Valence electrons definition in chemistry: The electrons in an atom’s outermost electron shell are called valence electrons. These electrons are the farthest from the nucleus and therefore the least firmly held by the atom. They participate in bonding and chemical processes.
The periodic table can help to understand and determine the valence electrons number an element (particularly a neutral atom of the element) possesses. This also implies that the quantity of valence electrons an element possesses impacts its reactivity, electronegativity, and bonding capacity.
For instance, the valence electron is illustrated in red, which is the simplified picture of sodium’s electrons shown below. It is located on the outside shell (in this case, the shell resembles a ring). (Talk 2022)
Valence refers to an element’s capacity to establish chemical connections with other atoms. Historically, the valence of an element was determined by the number of hydrogen atoms it could connect to (which is determined by the number of valence electrons it has available for bonding): for instance, carbon can create CH4, thus it has a valence of 4 and four valence electrons. Nitrogen, on the other hand, may form NH3, hence it has a valence of 3 and three valence electrons.
Watch this vid about valency:
Similar to chemistry and biochemistry, a valence electron is regarded as any electron on the outer shell of the nucleus of an atom. A valence electron is capable of interacting with other atoms, such as when an electron moves to another atom or when electrons are shared. In a single covalent bond, for instance, each of the two atoms shares a valence electron and forms a bond.
- Molecular interaction: the valence electrons of an atom account for the properties of an element. Based on its valence, it can be determined if the element or compound is capable of bonding with another element and up to what extent.
- Energy absorption/release: A valence electron is capable of absorbing and releasing energy (in the form of a photon).
Valence Electrons and Electronic Configuration
An electronic configuration of an atom refers to the arrangement of electrons in the shells. The highest energy electrons not only determine its valence but also help in determining the chemical behavior of an atom.
Where are electrons located?
The valence electrons of a main-group element are those located in the electronic shell with the largest primary quantum number, n. In this regard, the quantity of valence electrons a molecule may possess is directly significant and also a function of its electron configuration.
Take this for example:
The electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 (long form). Another way to show its electron configuration is the short form where its core electrons have the same electronic configuration as this: [Ne] 3s2 3p3. This configuration is sometimes expressed in part as Ne for neon (a noble gas), where Ne refers to the core electrons.
However, the energy levels of transition elements are (n-1)d, which are approximately close to the ns energy level. Therefore, a valence electron belonging to a transition element is at a location other than the noble gases core, in contrast to the main group elements. Even though they are not in the outermost shell, d electrons in transition metals act as valence electrons in general.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 represent the electronic configuration of Manganese (Mn), which can also be written as (Ar) 3d5 4s2, where the electronic configuration of (Ar) is similar to the argon which is a noble gas. In these atoms, the 3d and 4s electrons have the same energy levels and significantly have more energy levels than 3s or 3p electrons. There are seven valence electrons present outside the core of argon [Ar] 3d5 4s2. This agrees with the scientific fact that manganese might reach an oxidation state of +7.
How Many Valence Electrons Does an Element Have?
The periodic table can help to understand and determine the valence electrons number an element (particularly neutral atoms of the element) possesses. Consider the element’s group, as the group number shows the number of valence electrons the element possesses.
Notably, this restriction applies specifically to elements that are not transition metals. Transition metals have more complex electron structures. To determine this, it is necessary to examine the element’s unique electron shell configuration.
This also implies that transition metals should be excluded when examining group numbers. They are situated in the middle block of the periodic table. In this view, groups 1 and 2 in the figure below remain the same, while group 13 becomes “group 3,” group 14 becomes “group 4,” and so forth.
Determination of Valence Electrons
Now let us know how to determine valence electrons.
Checking the position of elements in the periodic table is one of the more basic approaches to locating its valence electrons. A thorough investigation of the vertical column in which the elements are arranged will reveal the element’s valence electrons.
This can be accomplished by looking at the column from the side. We can determine the valence electrons number that an element is made up of by looking at the group number that is provided and comparing it to the total number of electrons in that column.
Knowing the electrical configuration is another method that can be utilized for locating or determining valence electrons.
However, locating the valence electron in transition metals (groups 3–12) is a difficult job due to the complexity of the scenario. The atomic structure of these elements is rigid, and the d subshell is missing valence electrons, which causes it to lie below the outer shell.
What is the valence shell?
The set of orbitals that are capable, from an energy point of view, of accepting electrons to produce chemical bonds is referred to as the valence shell.
The ns and np orbitals are found in the outermost shell of an electron that makes up the valence shell for main-group elements. There are the incomplete orbitals for transition metals, as well as the incomplete subshells for lanthanides and actinides.
There is a possibility that the involved orbitals are located in the inner shell of electrons. Furthermore, the involved orbitals are not at the same electron shell or main quantum number n, they all are present at comparable distances from the nucleus.
In most cases, a reaction between two main-group elements (other than hydrogen and helium) will result in the formation of s2p6 electron configurations. Each linked atom has a total of eight electrons, which also includes the shared electrons, this is called the octet rule.
In the same manner, we achieve the formation of d10s2p6 electron configuration as a result of a reaction with a transition metal. This observed behavior is called the “18-electron rule”, every linked atom has a total of 18 valence electrons, shared electrons included.
Take note though that atoms are most stable when they have a filled valence shell of electrons.
The strength of an atom’s bonds is directly proportional to the number of its n valence electrons.
The group I alkali metals, like sodium (Na) and potassium (K), is one of the types of metallic elements which show high reactivity. This is because there would be just one valence electron in such an atom. In the process of formation of ionic connection, the one extra valence electron can lose easily. During this, ionization energy is obtained. This results in the development of a cation (positive ion) that has a closed shell. To create a closed-shell positive ion (like Mg2+), each atom must lose two of its valence electrons. So, the alkaline earth metals of group 2, like Mg, become less reactive than other metals in the same family.
Within every group (column) of metals comprising the periodic table, reactivity increases while moving towards the lower row, i.e. from a lighter element to a heavier one. The reason is that moving from top to bottom the electron shell is added in every row and their valence electrons have greater primary quantum numbers than those of lighter elements.
In non-metals, the valence electrons are more attractive by atom to full valence shell; this can be done in 2 different ways:
- Either an atom makes a covalent bond by sharing its electron with the neighboring atoms
- Or, forms an ionic bond by gaining or losing an electron
The nonmetal element with the highest reactivity is a halogen, such as fluorine or chlorine.
In the formation of an ionic bond, the electrons are removed from other atoms by a halogen atom (e.g., Cl–, F– etc.). In a covalent bond, one of the halogen’s electrons and one of the other element’s electrons must couple up to establish a covalent bond (e.g., in the case of molecule H-F, one electron shared by H2 and seven electrons shared by fluorine, represent this shared pair of valence electrons).
In moving from top to bottom (light to heavy elements) in the non-metals group, the reactivity is decreased. This happens because the valence electrons have progressively greater energies and are, as a result, less firmly bonded.
In reality, the 16 group has the lightest element O2. It is the second most reactive element after fluorine in the non-metals group, despite not being a halogen. This is due to the fact that the valence shell of halogens has a larger main quantum number.
In Biology (Relevance of term in biology)
The valence electron has the ability to accept and release energy (in the form of a photon). The quantum unit of light energy or electromagnetic radiation is the photon.
As electrons transition from one energy state to another, photons are emitted (when electron loses energy), and when emitted by a biological system, they are referred to as biophotons. This occurs in species with bioluminescence capabilities. In photosynthesis, photons that are absorbed by the chlorophyll’s reaction centers (e.g. P680) trigger the latter to become an electron donor.
How to find valence electrons??
One of the simplest methods to identify valence electrons in the periodic table is by checking out the elements’ location in the table. Close inspection of the vertical column in which the elements are arranged reveals information on the valence electrons of each element. Group numbers tell us how many valence electrons each element in a particular column has, thus we can use them to sort elements by their electronic properties. As an illustration, carbon resides in group 4 and possesses a total of 4 valence electrons. Oxygen is a member of group 6 and possesses a total of six valence electrons.
What is valence electron, with example?
The total number of electrons that are present in the orbit of the valence shell is referred to as the valence electron count. Take for instance: since there are six electrons in the last orbital shell of oxygen, the number six is the valence electron.
What is the purpose of valence electrons?
The electrons that are available in the outermost shell of an atom is called valence electron. The reactivity of an atom can be primarily related to its valence electrons.
How do valence electrons work?
Those electrons that are available in the outermost shell of an atom are called valence electrons. Since the electrons in an atom’s outermost shells are the first ones to come into contact with each other during an interaction between two atoms, these electrons are the ones responsible for determining how an atom will behave during a chemical reaction.
Why are valence electrons important?
Valence electrons are important as they help in determining how atoms interact with other atoms and molecules.
Important Notes: Q&As
|Where are valence electrons located?||In the outermost shell of an atom|
|How many valence electrons does hydrogen have (H valence electrons)?||2|
|How many valence electrons does fluorine have (F valence electrons) (fluorine valence electrons)?||7|
|How many valence electrons does sodium have (Na valence electrons)?||1|
|How many valence electrons does carbon have (C valence electrons)?||4|
|How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?||5|
|How many valence electrons does aluminum have?||3|
|How many valence electrons are in chlorine (Cl valence electrons)?||7|
|How many valence electrons does oxygen have (O valence electrons)?||6|
|How many valence electrons does sulfur have (S valence electrons)?||6|
|How many valence electrons does potassium have?||1|
|How many valence electrons does magnesium have?||2|
|Ca valence electrons?||2|
|Li valence electrons?||1|
|Be valence electrons?||2|
|Argon valence electrons?||8|
|Phosphorus valence electrons?||5|
|I valence electrons?||7|
|Calcium valence electrons?||2|
|Se valence electrons?||6|
|He valence electrons?||2|
|Co valence electrons?||10|
|Te valence electrons?||6|
|Neon valence electrons?||8|
|Bromine valence electrons?||7|
|What is the valence electron of beryllium?||[He] 2s²|
|What does vsepr stand for?||valence shell electron pair repulsion|
|O2– electron configuration?||[He] 2s² 2p⁴|
Data Source: Shoaib Zaheer of Biology Online
Answer the quiz below to check what you have learned so far about valence electrons.
- BYJU’S (2022). “Valence Electrons.” Retrieved 11 July, 2022, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/valence-electrons/.
- ChemistryTalk. (2022). “valence electrons.” Retrieved 11 July, 2022, from https://chemistrytalk.org/what-are-valence-electrons/.
- TheImportantSite (2022). “Valence electrons determine how atoms interact with other atoms or molecules.” Retrieved 11 July, 2022, from https://theimportantsite.com/why-valence-electrons-are-important/#:~:text=Valence%20electrons%20determine%20how%20atoms,with%20other%20atoms%20or%20molecules.
©BiologyOnline.com. Content provided and moderated by Biology Online Editors.
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How do you make a 4,685-pound truck use 25 percent less fuel? By making it a 3,985-pound truck – at least according to Ford.
The automaker has said that, in an effort to improve fuel efficiency, it is considering using aluminum instead of steel for key parts of its signature F-150 truck line, trimming around 700 pounds from the vehicles' weight. The proposal is part of the scramble among automakers to meet stringent new federal fuel efficiency standards, which will be phased in starting in 2017. By 2025, the standards will require automakers to double efficiency.
The standards were controversial when President Obama announced them last year. In the end, however, the president managed to get 13 major automakers to back the proposal in principle, though the carmakers have still pushed for significant changes in the way the proposal will be implemented.
Obama's standards require only that new car models use less gas; they don't say how. They don't require that new models contribute to lower oil consumption overall or that they be any better for the environment. The Ford F-150 redesign may not do either of those things.
While aluminum parts help to reduce a car's fuel consumption and emissions, aluminum production generates around 10 times as much carbon dioxide as steel production, according to a 1999 MIT report. The report found that, once production of raw materials is factored in, aluminum-bodied cars actually produce higher emissions than lightweight steel ones. Each aluminum-based car would need to be on the road for 32 to 38 years in order for the lower emissions of the final vehicle to offset the difference in emissions during production, according to the report.
Assembling aluminum cars is also more energy-intensive, since aluminum, unlike steel, is not magnetic. Automakers must use huge, electricity-hogging vacuums to move aluminum parts, while steel parts can be easily picked up with magnets.
The aluminum industry claims that the metal's possible sustainability failings are made up for by its recyclability. Two-thirds of the aluminum ever produced remains in use today, according to the Aluminum Association, an industry group whose mission statement is to “aggressively promote aluminum as the most sustainable and recyclable automotive, packaging and construction material in today's market.” (1)
There are, however, only so many soda cans out there to be crushed down and turned into car parts. While the Aluminum Association trumpets the fact that 1.56 billion pounds of used beverage cans were recycled in 2008, the transportation industry consumed over 6 billion pounds of aluminum that same year. A further increase in demand could make recycled aluminum a much smaller portion of overall consumption. Novelis, the world leader in rolled sheet aluminum, is already tripling its U.S. production of the sort of aluminum used by the automotive industry.
An increase in demand could also spur a spike in prices. Recently, aluminum prices have been at two-year lows because of a supply glut. Ford's proposed use of aluminum in its F-Series trucks could go a long way toward changing that. At one time, Ford F-series truck sales accounted for 5.5 percent of all U.S. vehicle sales; while sales have declined since then, the company still sold nearly 600,000 of the vehicles last year.
If aluminum prices do increase, beverage packagers may rely more on plastic – which, of course, is made from petroleum. Less oil would go into cars, but more would go into holding soft drinks. Fewer aluminum cans being produced would also mean fewer coming back to be recycled.
I don't know what net effect Ford's move to aluminum would have on the environment. The administration was equally in the dark when it pushed the new fuel standards without knowing how automakers would achieve them. The new standards may end up being a good thing. They may not. Only time will tell.
1) The Aluminum Association, “About the Association”
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Author: Jull Carnahan, MD
We all know antioxidants are great for us. They act as a friendly police force, helping us fight free radicals. Without antioxidants, free radicals can run rampant throughout the body causing damage as they go. We eat more berries, drink tea, and justify our glass of wine each night with the idea the antioxidants in them are what make each of these a healthy choice.
But there’s a new sheriff in town.
Molecular hydrogen or H2 gas is a very small neutrally charged molecule that has the ability to cross cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier. This gives it the unique ability to access DNA and mitochondria within the cell where it has protective action.
Free radicals are uncharged or unstable molecules, which make them highly reactive and extremely likely that they’ll pull apart pieces of other molecules to gain stability. In their search for stability, they can damage […]
Last modified: December 12, 2019
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It’s safe to assume that everyone knows it’s important to keep their car maintained properly, but most of us don’t know exactly what that looks like on a day-to-day basis. Most people don’t intentionally neglect their car, but it can happen since we live in a very busy world. Often we put off regular maintenance like checking the tire pressure, replacing the spark plugs and wires, changing the oil, etc. The same way our bodies are not designed to function on one meal for several months, cars won’t continue to function properly past their regular service intervals suggested by the manufacturer.
One of the reasons people don’t properly maintain their car is because they don’t want to spend money on things they don’t feel makes a difference. The problem here is that when people don’t properly maintain their car, they don’t realize that they are actually going to spend more money on their car when damage occurs to it because of poor maintenance. Here are examples of some consequences for neglecting regular maintenance:
Engine oil – If the engine oil hasn’t been changed for at least 12,000 miles, the oil loses its lubrication benefits and becomes more of a watery substance causing internal friction. This internal friction means that the engine is slowly starting to self-destruct. Unfortunately, this is permanent damage which will drastically shorten the life of the engine.
Spark plugs – Spark plugs that have never been changed can cause problems starting the car, engine misfire, and poor fuel economy. Since most of us don’t know what an engine misfire is, the best way to explain it is that there’s an explosion happening inside the engine because old spark plugs are no longer able to do their job efficiently. When old spark plugs explode or misfire, they can cause serious engine damage.
Tire pressure – Car tires need to be inspected on a regular basis to prevent them from losing too much air. Some of us might be wondering, “What if my tires aren’t leaking air?” Even if tires are not leaking air, the weather will cause the air pressure in car tires to increase or decrease depending on the temperature. Too much air or too little air can cause the tires to wear unevenly. Uneven tire wear means they’ll deteriorate faster and it’ll cost more money to maintain them since they’ll need to be replaced more often. Tires that are under inflated are a very serious safety hazard because it causes the tires to overheat, and and when a tire overheats it could blow out on the highway.
Brake pads – Worn brake pads that are ignored will eventually damage the brake rotors meaning a costly brake job. Sometimes brake pads that are worn have damage from severe overheating, and this can cause poor braking performance potentially resulting in an accident.
As we can see, neglecting regular car maintenance can be catastrophic to the health of a car. However, all of these problems are preventable if we stop to think about how much we depend on our cars. A car is a major investment. When we keep our cars maintained properly, that’s when they add value to our busy lives the way they were designed to.
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Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2017). 2017 National healthcare quality and disparities report. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/research/findings/nhqrdr/2017nhqdr.pdf
Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
Anderson, M. (2019, July). “Teens, Social Media & Technology.” Presented at Social Media and Youth Mental Health Meeting; Rockville, MD.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Center on the Developing Child. (n.d.). Toxic stress. Harvard University. Retrieved from https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/
Center on the Developing Child. (n.d.). Resilience. Harvard University. Retrieved from https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/resilience/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). A look inside food deserts. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/fooddeserts/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). NVSS report: Deaths: Final data for 2016 (No. 5). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_05.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). Drowsy driving: Asleep at the wheel. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/dsdrowsydriving/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). The social-ecological model: A framework for prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/publichealthissue/social-ecologicalmodel.html
Englander, E. (2019, July). “Emerging Issues That Complicate Cyberbullying Interventions.” Presented at Social Media and Youth Mental Health Meeting; Rockville, MD.
Feldman, R. S. (2016a). Physical development in adolescence. In (7th ed.), Child Development (pp. 358–383). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Feldman, R. S. (2016b). Cognitive development in adolescence. In (7th ed.), Child Development (pp. 384–411). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Feldman, R. S. (2016c). Social and personality development in adolescence. In (7th ed.), Child Development (pp. 412–442). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Feldman, R. S. (2016d). Theoretical perspectives and research. In (7th ed.), Child Development (pp. 17–49). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Franke, H. A. (2014). Toxic stress: Effects, prevention and treatment. Children, 1(3), 390-402. doi: 10.3390/children1030390
Haas, S. A. (2006). Health selection and the process of social stratification: The effect of childhood health on socioeconomic attainment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 339–354.
Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2019). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use 1975-2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org//pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2018.pdf
Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., et al. (2018). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR Surveillance Summary, 67(8), 1-479.
Martin, M. E. (2017). Introduction to human services profession. In, (4th ed.), Introduction to human services: Through the eyes of practice settings. (p. 1–17). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M.J. K., & Driscoll, A. K. (2019). Births: Final data for 2018. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68(13). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf
Metzler, M., Merrick, M. T., Klevens, J., Ports, K. A., & Ford, D. C. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021
National Center for Education Statistics. (2017). Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographic characteristics for the United States, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: School year 2015-16 [Data set]. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/tables/ACGR_RE_and_characteristics_2015-16.asp
National Institute of Mental Health. (2017). Eating disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/eating-disorders.shtml
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Peterson, J. S., & Ray, K. E. (2006). Bullying and the gifted: Victims, perpetrators, prevalence, and effects. Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(2), 148–168. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean_Peterson/publication/237254877_Bullying_and_the_Gifted_Victims_Perpetrators_Prevalence_and_Effects/links/55d7c8a008aed6a199a6959f.pdf
Richardson, A., Allen, J. A., Xiao, H., & Vallone, D. (2012). Effects of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on health information-seeking, confidence, and trust. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23(4), 1477–1493.
Troxel, N., & Hastings, P. (n.d.). Poverty during childhood and adolescence may predict long-term health. Policy Brief: Center for Poverty Research, 2(10). Retrieved from https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/sites/main/files/file-attachments/policy_brief_troxel-hastings_poverty_stress.pdf
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking — 50 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm
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Valladares, S., & Anderson Moore, K. (2009). The strengths of poor families. Child Trends. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Child_Trends-2009_5_14_RB_poorfamstrengths.pdf
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Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).
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But despite outlines and timetables, the epic developed its own life. For example, new characters whom I had not anticipated suddenly appeared. In the siege of a mountain fortress, a character emerged in the process—as the fortress was in the throes of being destroyed, Odysseus’ son Telemachus discovered a girl fiercely holding her own against three of his soldiers. He sent them away and, when she was too exhausted to continue fighting, captured her. Pelagia was her name; she was the daughter of the chieftain, who had brought her up as if she were a son. Her capture had a profound effect on the rest of the story, for she became a major figure. To a lesser extent, the same applied to Amunet, a Phaeacian slave of Helen of Troy.
As a result, the complex outline of the work continually evolved, with four major changes made to the epic within two years.
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Progress or Well Trained Animals? Everyone likes to think we are much smarter than 100 years ago, but this proves otherwise.
Define the following terms of government: Democracy, Limited Monarchy, Absolute Monarchy, Republic. Give Examples of Each.
To what four governments are students in school subjected?
Name 5 county officers and the principal duties of each.
Give 3 duties of the president. What is meant by VETO power?
Give at least 5 rules to be observed in maintaining good health?
Define Cerebrum; Cerebellum
Name the organs of circulation.
How many parts of speech are there? Define each.
TAKE THE TEST BELOW!
“Today, America would be outraged if U.N. troops entered Los Angeles to restore order [referring to the 1991 LA Riot]. Tomorrow they will be grateful! This is especially true if they were told that there were an outside threat from beyond [i.e. an ‘alien’ invasion], whether real or promulgated, that threatened our very existence. It is then that all peoples of the world will plead to deliver them from this evil. The one thing every man fears is the unknown. When presented with this scenario, individual rights will be willingly relinquished for the guarantee of their well-being granted to them by the World Government.”
NASA: 1 Billion ‘Earths’ in Our Galaxy Alone; Estimate, “May Be a Little Low”
July 25th, 2015 Via: Washington Post:
During the NASA newser Thursday, I asked whether the latest Kepler data offered any new insight on the abundance of Earth-like planets around sun-like stars (the shorthand for this formulation is “eta-Earth”), and then followed up with an e-mail to NASA. Batalha, an astrophysicist who is the mission scientist for the Kepler telescope, e-mailed her answer:
Previous estimates of eta-Earth suggest that 15-25% of stars host potentially habitable planets. These estimates are based largely on discoveries of planets orbiting the cooler stars called M dwarfs. These new discoveries suggest that the statistics for sun-like stars are roughly in-line with estimates from the cooler M-type stars. So how does that translate to the number of planets in the galaxy? M, K, and G dwarfs comprise about 90% of the stars in the galaxy. Conservatively speaking, if 15% of stars have a planet between 1 and 1.6 times the size of Earth in the Habitable Zone, then you’d expect 15% of 90% of 100 billion stars to have such planets. That’s 14 billion potentially habitable worlds.
Stephen Hawking announces $100 million hunt for alien life
And there is Faux NASA Again with their cute little photoshopped trikcery once again for those with inside eyes to see what is really going on here.
Pluto/Hades is the god of the underworld.
Charon – Ferryman of the underworld.
Nix/Nyx – Goddess is the personification of night, found in the shadows of the world, also mother of Charon.
Hydra – The many headed serpent like creature guards the entrance to the underworld.
Kerberos/Cerberus – 3 headed hound prevents escape from the underworld.
Styx – The boundary of the underworld.
And Rope-A-Jesuity-Pope Francis declares evolution and Big Bang theory are real and God is not ‘a magician with a magic wand’
Did you know the Vatican is the largest and longest owners of space telescopes..hmmm
Why Is the Vatican the Largest and Longest Owners of Telescope Observatories, Including the Newest Named L.U.C.I.F.E.R.?
It is very hard to argue that these videos have been photoshopped, which means….???
I am a Mendocino Farmer and am losing fruit trees, olive, apple, pear, cherry and walnut trees at alarming rates. My strawberry plants have turned a deadly burnt amber and my cucumbers ripen straight to an over ripe yellow.
I have excellent soil yet now my veggies are only yielding 1/3rd to 1/2 of total…
Doomsday Seed Vault was built by Gates, et. al in 2007, has this been part of their Agenda?
We are also seeing mass die of of our forests here. Eucalyptus in strands, tan and scrub oaks dying off above ground and shattering from within, doug fir and ancient redwoods losing life as leaves turn yellow and burnt amber, groves of spruce trees as well.
Please see Dane’s important video on the elevated levels of UV-B of over 1,000% as a primary, though not only, cause. This is happenig all across the world.
Here is info on our dying forests and trees.
“The US Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Program conducted special early season aerial surveys of Southern California and the Southern Sierras in April to get a preliminary assessment of forest conditions in some of the most severely drought-impacted areas of the State. Approximately 12 ½ million dead trees were identified – 4 times that of all of California’s tree die-off in 2014. In 2014, an estimated 3.3 million trees died throughout the state, nearly double 2013 mortality rates.
Nanotechnology – the new threat to food
30 October 2008
Following on from genetic engineering, nanotechnology represents the latest high technology attempt to infiltrate our food supply. Senior scientists have warned that nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms and molecules, introduces serious new risks to human and environmental health. Yet in the absence of public debate, or oversight from regulators, unlabelled foods manufactured using nanotechnology have begun to appear on our supermarket shelves.
Congressman and Agricultural Subcommittee Chairman: “Nearly 80 Percent of the Food Produced In the United States Contains Some Kind of GM [Genetically Modified] Product”
You Don’t Matter. House Votes for Monsanto’s Right to Deceive Consumers
On Thursday, 275 members of the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of H.R. 1599, the DARK (Deny Americans the Right to Know) Act. By voting for the DARK Act, these politicians voted against truth and transparency, against science, against the more than century-old right of states to legislate on matters relating to food safety and labeling.
They voted against the 90-percent of Americans who are in favor of mandatory labeling of GMOs. They voted against the producers of non-GMO foods.
Whole Foods pushes new rating system that promotes chemical agriculture as better than organic
vaccine 300 GMO vaccines to come
“Today’s scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equation after equation, and eventually build a structure which has no relation to reality.”
Vaccines: An Ideal Covert Op to Genetically Re-Engineer Humans
The reference is the New York Times, 3/15/15, “Protection Without a Vaccine.” It describes the frontier of research. Here are key quotes that illustrate the use of synthetic genes to “protect against disease,” while changing the genetic makeup of humans. This is not science fiction:
“By delivering synthetic genes into the muscles of the [experimental] monkeys, the scientists are essentially re-engineering the animals to resist disease.”
“’The sky’s the limit,’ said Michael Farzan, an immunologist at Scripps and lead author of the new study.”
“The first human trial based on this strategy — called immunoprophylaxis by gene transfer, or I.G.T. — is underway, and several new ones are planned.”
“I.G.T. is altogether different from traditional vaccination. It is instead a form of gene therapy. Scientists isolate the genes that produce powerful antibodies against certain diseases and then synthesize artificial versions. The genes are placed into viruses and injected into human tissue, usually muscle.”
Here is the punchline: “The viruses invade human cells with their DNA payloads, and the synthetic gene is incorporated into the recipient’s own DNA. If all goes well, the new genes instruct the cells to begin manufacturing powerful antibodies.”
Read that again: “the synthetic gene is incorporated into the recipient’s own DNA.”Alteration of the human genetic makeup. Not just a “visit.” “Permanent residence.”
The Times article taps Dr. David Baltimore for an opinion:
“Still, Dr. Baltimore says that he envisions that some people might be leery of a vaccination strategy that means altering their own DNA, even if it prevents a potentially fatal disease.”
Yes, some people might be leery. If they have two or three working brain cells.
You Are What You Eat!
Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2008!
FDA Approves Cloned Meat
How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo
Perhaps the greatest polo player ever, Adolfo Cambiaso is planning to compete on a pony that died nearly a decade ago—a clone of his beloved stallion Aiken Cura. With more than 25 replicas of champion horses now in existence, Haley Cohen explores how the science came to polo.
Here, kitty-kitty-kitty-kitty / Sausalito firm offers clones for $50,000, signs up 5 cat owners
Thursday, April 15, 2004
make sure to note, at 21 minutes in, his reference to putting chips in the H1N1 vaccine~this backs up my evidence from business wire news about verichip gettting the H1N1 contract in 2009
Apple Co-Founder: We Will All Be Pets to Robots One Day, Like Dogs
Speaking at an event at the Freescale Technology Forum 2015 in Austin, Texas recently, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak said artificial intelligence being in charge of everything is actually a comforting thought, and it’ll be great when we “will probably treated in a similar fashion to dogs” by robots Fortune reports.
But, he said, they won’t eradicate us like in the The Terminator movies because humans are part of nature, so we have to be kept:
“They’ll be so smart by then that they’ll know they have to keep nature, and humans are part of nature,” he continued. “So I got over my fear that we’d be replaced by computers.”
Wozniak believes robots will helps us because we’re the “gods originally.”
Transhumanism and You in the Age of Transitions
“Amazon, Google Race to Get Your DNA Into the Cloud”
Amazon.com Inc is in a race against Google Inc to store data on human DNA, seeking both bragging rights in helping scientists make new medical discoveries and market share in a business that may be worth $1 billion a year by 2018.
Academic institutions and healthcare companies are picking sides between their cloud computing offerings – Google Genomics or Amazon Web Services – spurring the two to one-up each other as they win high-profile genomics business, according to interviews with researchers, industry consultants and analysts.
That growth is being propelled by, among other forces, the push for personalized medicine, which aims to base treatments on a patient’s DNA profile. Making that a reality will require enormous quantities of data to reveal how particular genetic profiles respond to different treatments.
Already, universities and drug manufacturers are embarking on projects to sequence the genomes of hundreds of thousands of people. The human genome is the full complement of DNA, or genetic material, a copy of which is found in nearly every cell of the body.
Harriet A. Washington. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Anchor Books, 2006).
The last chapter, and perhaps the most appalling, is on the US military’s R&D programs for chemical and biological weapons, which were tested on unknowing black populations. For example, the residents of Carver Village, an integrated state-built housing complex opened in Miami in 1951. The joint CIA-Army MK-NAOMI offensive biological warfare program, located at the Army Chemical Corps base at Fort Detrick, MD, released swarms of millions of mosquitoes near the all-black community at Carver Village, to determine if they could be used as an attack vector for spreading disease. The result was a sharp uptick in whooping cough, along with a rash of other illnesses through 1960. According to the records of MK-ULRA, of which MK-NAOMI was a part, the CIA released biological agents including mosquitoes and bacteria in hundreds of similar dispersals — including a mosquito release at another community called Carver Village in Georgia. Local residents recalled the Army placing mosquito traps in backyards and conducting surveys to record the incidence of mosquito bites, even as people began sickening and dying.
After news of the Tuskegee experiments broke, resulting in widespread outrage over Cold War use of the public as guinea pigs, MK-ULTRA director Dr. Sidney Gottlieb attempted to destroy all case files. Eventually citizen activists reconstructed the lost material by piecing together evidence from train tickets, receipts for lab animals, crop dusters and biological testing supplies, and the like. For example, signed receipts (stamped MK-NAOMI) for cultures of a whooping cough pathogen in the same year cases of tha
EPA Knew EMFs Were a “Probable Human Carcinogen” Decades Ago and Covered It Up
WiFi; The Invisible Killing Fields
Why Is The EU Forcing European Nations To Adopt ”Bail-In” Legislation By The End Of The Summer?
29 Percent of Elderly Americans Have No Retirement Savings
Secretary Mineta Confirms Dick Cheney Ordered Stand Down on 9/11
Mineta is on video testifying before the 9/11 Commission, though it was omitted from their final report. He told Lee Hamilton:
“During the time that the airplane was coming into the Pentagon, there was a young man who would come in and say to the Vice President…the plane is 50 miles out…the plane is 30 miles out…and when it got down to the plane is 10 miles out, the young man also said to the vice president “do the orders still stand?” And the Vice President turned and whipped his neck around and said “Of course the orders still stand, have you heard anything to the contrary!?”
Mineta confirmed his statements with reporters, “When I overheard something about ‘the orders still stand’ and so, what I thought of was that they had already made the decision to shoot something down.”
Mineta was still in the PEOG bunker when the plane was reported down in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
“I remember later on when I heard about the Shanksville plane going down, the Vice President was right across from me, and I said, ‘Do you think that we shot it down ourselves?’ He said, ‘I don’t know.’ He said, ‘Let’s find out.’ So he had someone check with the Pentagon. That was about maybe, let’s say 10:30 or so, and we never heard back from DoD until probably about 12:30.
And they said, ‘No, we didn’t do it.’”
And the payoff for keeping his mouth shut in the future
In December 2006, Mineta was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
UN is a Puppet Sock to those truly in power
Netanyahu: We’ll Continue to Build in All of Jerusalem
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wrote about Tisha B’Av on his Facebook profile today (Saturday), saying emphasizing that Jerusalem will remain united and part of Israel.
“No, really; you should never EVER doubt the authenticity of anything we tell you! Well, okay, yes, we did lie about torpedoes in the Gulf of Tonkin, and we did lie about a Spanish mine in Havana harbor sinking the USS Maine and we did lie about Saddam’s nuclear weapons, and we did lie about the Lusitania not carrying weapons, and we did lie about Pearl Harbor being a surprise, and we did lie about Assad using Sarin on his own people, and yes we did lie about Israel’s attack on the USS Liberty being mistaken identity, and yes we did play dirty tricks with that staged hippie riot at Disneyland, and yes we did create the Black Panther Coloring book and frame the blacks for it back in the 60s! We did lie about Vince Foster being a suicide, and we did lie about TWA 800 being about an exploding fuel tank and how all the people who thought they saw a missile were drunks. I will admit we really blew the timeline on 9-11 by reporting that Building 7 had collapsed 22 minutes before it actually happened! And yes we did make up that whole Al Qaeda hoax, and yes, that wasn’t really Osama bin Laden at Abbottabad, and we did lie about not reading all your emails, listening to your phone calls, and we are lying about the 5.6% unemployment rate and how well the Obamacare computer system works, and how safe vaccines and GMO are.
“That is no reason to ever for one second doubt that a Government-linked website run by a woman whose father was executed as an Israeli spy would ever, ever, ever, EVER, lie to you about this Jihad website being 100% bona fide authentic and the real deal, so you have to give us your money and your children for another WAR FOR DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM (reg trademark White House)!” — Official White Horse Souse
United Nations Resolution 127: ” . . . ‘recommends’ Israel suspends it’s ‘no-man’s zone’ in Jerusalem”. *
United Nations Resolution 162: ” . . . ‘urges’ Israel to comply with UN decisions”. *
United Nations Resolution 237: ” . . . ‘urges’ Israel to allow return of new 1967 Palestinian refugees”.
United Nations Resolution 250: ” . . . ‘calls’ on Israel to refrain from holding military parade in Jerusalem”. *
United Nations Resolution 251: ” . . . ‘deeply deplores’ Israeli military parade in Jerusalem in defiance of Resolution 250″. *
United Nations Resolution 252: ” . . . ‘declares invalid’ Israel’s acts to unify Jerusalem as Jewish capital”. *
United Nations Resolution 267: ” . . . ‘censures’ Israel for administrative acts to change the status of Jerusalem”. *
United Nations Resolution 271: ” . . . ‘condemns’ Israel’s failure to obey UN resolutions on Jerusalem”. *
United Nations Resolution 298: ” . . . ‘deplores’ Israel’s changing of the status of Jerusalem”. *
United Nations Resolution 446: ” . . . ‘determines’ that Israeli settlements are a ‘serious obstruction’ to peace and calls on Israel to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention”. *
United Nations Resolution 452: ” . . . ‘calls’ on Israel to cease building settlements in occupied territories”. *
United Nations Resolution 465: ” . . . ‘deplores’ Israel’s settlements and asks all member states not to assist Israel’s settlements program”. *
United Nations Resolution 471: ” . . . ‘expresses deep concern’ at Israel’s failure to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention”. *
United Nations Resolution 476: ” . . . ‘reiterates’ that Israel’s claim to Jerusalem are ‘null and void'”. *
United Nations Resolution 478: ” . . . ‘censures (Israel) in the strongest terms’ for its claim to Jerusalem in its ‘Basic Law'”. *
United Nations Resolution 607: ” . . . ‘calls’ on Israel not to deport Palestinians and strongly requests it to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention. *
United Nations Resolution 608: ” . . . ‘deeply regrets’ that Israel has defied the United Nations and deported Palestinian civilians”. *
United Nations Resolution 672: ” . . . ‘condemns’ Israel for violence against Palestinians at the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount. *
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An Early Summary of “The Society of Friends” in Eliot, Maine
In 1662, King Charles 2nd, gave freedom of worship to all except Quakers. Of them, he wrote, “We cannot be understood to direct or wish than any indulgence should be granted to those persons commonly called Quakers, whose principles being inconsistent with any kind of government. We have found it necessary by the advice of our parliament here to make a sharp law against them, and all are contented that you do alike”.
That same year, three ladies of the Friends came to Dover, N.H. and they received very harsh treatment there.
A following order was issued: “To Constables of several towns, you all are required to take these vagabond Quakers that are out of your jurisdiction, place them in a cart, drive them through your towns and whip them on the naked backs not exceeding 10 stripes each until they are out of this jurisdiction.” Dated December 22, 1662, Dover, N.H.
This harsh order was executed in many towns, however, religious zeal has never been silenced by persecution.
The Quaker preachers returned and renewed their religion. Their most violent persecutors became supporters of the Society of Friends. The first Quakers found refuge for a time at the home of Nicholas Shapleigh that was in the vicinity of Sturgeon Creek.
At court, held 15 September 1665, Nicholas Shapleigh, James Heard and Richard Nason, being selectmen, were dismissed from that office under the charge of being Quakers. People were being fined for showing hospitality to Quakers. Quakers were now in Kittery, Eliot, and the Berwicks. Several families of Friends were here in 1721.
The court further declared that a fine of five pounds should be paid by any Quaker who took part in any town business,
The first meeting of the Friends for worship was established in Eliot, October, 1730 and was connected to the Dover, N.H. monthly meeting. For more than 10 years, it was the only one in Maine.
(Town records for Kittery, Maine in 1737, show a list of Quakers allowed by the selectmen amounted to twenty two people. This register was signed by the six selectmen of that year.)
In the Spring of 1742, it was visited by John Churchmen, celebrated as a minister of the society in Pennsylvania. In 1764, a Preparative Meeting was granted. In 1769, a Friends Meeting House was removed from Dover, N.H. and set up in Eliot on Friend Jenkin’s land, opposite the Asa Allen Farm on River Road. The “Friends Graveyard” exists today on the corner of State and River Roads.
Among those remembered as Friends were the Allens, Frys, Neals, and Jenkins. At one time, they possessed considerable strength, but they have long since ceased to have existence as a distinctive body.
The house was taken apart and transported across the Piscataqua River from Dover and rebuilt in Eliot.
The stone on the corner served as a horse block, for the mounting and dismounting of a riding horse. Now the stone is on the corner where the road from Sturgeon Creek meets the road from the river. A historical Marker was installed in this stone in later years that shows the date of the “First Meeting House in Eliot”. It reads as follows:
The Site of
The First Meeting House
Built in Dover N.H. Taken Down and
Erected Here in 1769
During this time, the Quakers built red brick silo’s of which two were built on River Road by the Quaker group. They are standing today, but in desperate need of repairs.
The building that set on this land was torn down in the 1800’s and a new structure was built by Mr. Charles Goodwin. Mr. Charles Goodwin’s wife was the grandmother of Eliot Emery who inherited the property and sold it to Mr. Del Rowe, who later on in years sold it to Mr. & Mrs. John Miller (now 799 River Road).
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Hysteroscopy is an inspection of the uterine cavity which can help diagnose uterine maladies that could possibly be contributors to infertility issues. It is a valuable diagnostic tool in the treatment of infertility. Its role in the treatment process is also evolving as other benefits are being discovered. It was traditionally used to diagnose and operate upon sub-mucous, pedunculated myxomas and endometrial polyps, among others. Nearly half of all infertility cases are diagnosed using hysteroscopy, which is best performed in the post menstrual proliferative stage. A hysteroscope is a miniature, fibre optic telescope of sorts, which can be rigid or semi-flexible, depending on the need of the procedure. It comprises various ‘channels’ that serve different purposes, like providing light to allow examination, and facilitating the flow of fluids that hold open the uterine walls. Some more advanced tools also have channels that allow insertion of tools to carry out minimal surgical tasks inside.
Locations for a hysteroscopy can vary from a surgical clinic or a hospital operating room, and popular media of the same are carbon dioxide gas, sorbitol, glycine, etc, while endoscopes or hysteroscopes used for the procedure vary from 2mm to 6.5mm in size. Patients in need of a hysteroscopy procedure are identified using other adjunctive procedures such as sonohysterography and hysterosalpingography, which can then help determine the location, medium and instrument chosen for the final procedure.
Carbon dioxide gas remains the most favoured medium, for its safety and clarity in usage. It does, however, pose the risk of gas bubbles forming, which can obscure the surgeon’s view. Carbon dioxide is also used solely for diagnostic hysteroscopies, and a minor chance exists that the system would absorb the gas, causing complications. Substances like sorbitol and glycine can be put to effective use in cases of resectoscope in treating large intrauterine lesions, such as myomas. This too, has some possibly serious complications like pulmonary edema, fluid overload accompanied by an electrolyte imbalance, cardiovascular collapse, neurologic toxicity, and anaphylactic shocks. While most physicians will already have one preferred medium of choice, it is best to consult someone who is familiar enough with all possible options and use the one best suited to your needs.
The choice of instrument depends on the selected medium. Larger ones are reserved for operative intervention, and would require larger doses of anaesthesia as well. Anaesthetic relief too, can come in various manifestations, from simple non-inflammatory drugs and anxiolytics to conscious sedation, intravenous medication, general anaesthesia or epidurals.
Contraindications are present in the case of hysteroscopy, as they do for all medical procedures. Some absolute contraindications include pelvic infections, endometrial cancer, and relative contraindications prevail in the form of severe vaginitis, pregnancies, or cardiovascular disease. 1-3% of hysteroscopy cases report complications, which include bleeding, uterine perforation or cervical lacerations. Long-term complications can occur in the form of femoral injury, which could cause intrauterine scarring, or even permanently injure contiguous organs.
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Monitoring wildlife crossing the fence between Etosha and the surrounding human landscape
As the global human population increases, the competition for space and resources results in increased human-wildlife interactions from conversion of natural habitats into human-dominated areas. When landscapes are changed to accommodate the demand for the development of permanent settlements and structures, this forces wildlife coming into increased contact with people, their livestock, and crops, which can result in the loss of livelihoods for people and retaliatory killings against wildlife. In order to preserve natural ecosystems and limit human encroachment, wildlife managers and national park officials have created protected areas to protect remnant wildlife populations. Protected areas commonly use conservation fences in an attempt to further decrease conflict with people living in adjacent areas. While conservation fences provide positive benefits to both people and wildlife, fences can also restrict wildlife movement and historic migration corridors and prevent both people and wildlife from accessing limited resources, specifically in dryland ecosystems. Overall, conservation fences and their role in management plans are still poorly understood since we lack the knowledge of longer-term or broad-scale effects on the social, ecological, and economic impacts, resulting in contentious debates on their overall effectiveness for conserving species and trans-frontier conservation areas.
In the Greater Etosha Landscape, Etosha National Park (Etosha) lies in the middle of a mosaic of communal and private lands that differ in land use and tolerance for wildlife. An 820 km conservation fence surrounds Etosha that consists of a 2-meter-high fence with a wire mesh on the lower half of the fence, however the wire mesh is not consistent around the entire perimeter. Along the southern border runs a veterinary cordon fence to delineate the “red zone” to prevent the spread of food and mouth disease from North to South. Areas where elephant crossings are frequent are reinforced with strong steel cables. Some areas of the fence are electrified while others are not. A key issue is that many parts of the fence have large breaks and sections of the fence are completely down.
Hole and breakage in the Etosha fence.
Lions, spotted hyenas, and elephants are all known to leave the park regularly, which has caused conflicts in the surrounding farms and communal livestock areas. Also, cattle and domestic dogs have been seen in the park which need to be prevented from happening as this can lead to the spread of diseases between wild animals and livestock.
Domestic dog crossing the fence and cattle walking alongside it.
For my MSc, I am trying to determine how land use and fence structure affect crossing behaviors of the animals living on the periphery of Etosha. I placed 47 motion-activated cameras along the Etosha fence in three different land use areas in five separate locations. The cameras are along the fence at Ongava & Onguma Game Reserves, Ehi-Rovipuka & King Nehale Communal Conservancies, and Stillerus Private Farm.
Deploying the camera traps on the Etosha fence.
I will be monitoring the cameras for a year and will go through the pictures to determine which species cross the fence and other factors such as time of day, time of year, habitat type, type of fence break, number of fences in the area, and if the fence is electrified or has wire mesh. This information will be valuable to Etosha park managers on how to better manage the fence and limit animal crossings and breakages.
A few shots from the fence cameras... Many more to come!
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Packaging and plastics in a global context
Circular Economy, resource scarcity and conscious consumption; the last decade has borne witness to an exponential rise in the interest in circularity and closedloop systems from companies, consumers, governments and investors. The topic of plastic use – particularly packaging – has been at the heart of this conversation, as our single-use consumer habits have been examined, and images of unmanaged waste exhibiting household brand names have garnered global attention. Circular principles have multi-trilliondollar implications1, and present growth opportunities which align with targets covered by multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12).
The Plastic Investor Working Group, created by the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), a UN-supported network of investors, carried out research which highlighted how, “the plastic value chain is complex, touching most (if not all) business sectors globally, exposing investor portfolios to an array of risks.”2 Throughout the last few years, we have seen regulatory, geo-political, and supply chain risks materialize. In October 2020, the WWF, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Boston Consulting Group called for a Global treaty on plastic pollution,3 which could harmonise and simplify reporting, and offer greater transparency to better manage these risks.
Our global plastic consumption is set to double over the next 20 years4 and the flow of plastic into the ocean is projected to nearly triple within the same timeframe.5 As plastic packaging represents a significant portion of our plastic use, and because of its short use-cycle and pervasive nature, efforts to increase circular plastic systems and reduce the impact of inappropriate disposal and environmental leakage have seen a strong focus on packaging.6
Addressing Plastic in the 2020 CSA
Within this context, all 2020 Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA) questions within the Packaging criterion were updated to more accurately reflect the financially material topics addressed above: A new question uniquely devoted to plastics was introduced, and disclosure metrics across all materials expanded to include targets, as well as production volumes and data coverage details.
A similar disclosure approach was adopted for the Use of Recycled and Sustainably Sourced Materials question within the Product Stewardship criterion.
Finally, the number of industries that the Packaging criterion is applied to has also been expanded, in line with the PRI plastic-related risk assessment.7
The Price of Plastic
Emerging financial materiality of the topic
How and why is this topic financially material?
The PRI Plastic Investor Working Group’s report highlights that “the containers and packaging sector, as well as related sectors such as food and beverage and consumer goods, face increasing reputational and regulatory pressures to use alternative materials and recycled content at scale.”8
Regulatory risks can be found in bans, taxes, levies or regulation: China’s 2018 ban on impure recycled plastic scrap lead to total plastics exports dropping globally by around 50% from 2016 to 2018 and former key plastic waste exporter countries were left dealing with a surplus of unprocessed or inadequately processed waste.9
The number of countries implementing regulations on single-use plastic items has more than doubled over the past five years10, and both European11 and US12 markets face upcoming packaging legislation such as 25% minimum recycled content thresholds, and a European plastic tax from January 202113, closely followed by a similar initiative in the UK in 2022.14
Risks can also be found in access to recycled plastic feedstocks, and their associated costs: Lockdowns and social distancing lead to a drop in recycling rates in 2020 affecting recycled PET supply, and the fall in crude oil price at the beginning of the year meant during the height of the pandemic, postconsumer PET bottle bales became more expensive than virgin PET feedstocks.15
This places an economic burden on companies already struggling to meet recycled content targets, as minimum recycled content legislation is enforced and companies may be forced to pay a premium for recycled content. Transition to other alternative materials aside from recycled content will likely also have cost implications for companies, not only at the research & development and sourcing stages, however also in operational costs. Companies that are introducing more aggressive internal targets ahead of legislation, adapting their supply chain and budgeting to absorb these costs, will find themselves ahead of those who don’t.
Further risks identified by the group include the reputational risks from increased public scrutiny, the impact of using alternative materials for plastic producers, access to raw materials to produce recycled plastics (for producers), and scalability of new business models and market acceptance.16
The PRI’s Plastic Investor Working Group consists of 29 global investors representing US$5.9 trillion in assets; the interest towards addressing plastics in investment solutions from this volume of assets reinforces the financial materiality of this topic for companies.
As well as the risks and costs that we can currently quantify, we must consider the external costs of mismanaged packaging waste to society and the environment, and the financial risk that this would pose, should companies be forced to internalize these costs.
The Pew Charitable trusts estimates that by continuing with a business as usual scenario, by 2040 businesses will face an annual financial risk of US$100 billion if governments require them to cover waste management costs at expected volumes and recyclability.17
The True Cost of Plastic Pollution
It has long been recognised that due to its durability, plastic pollution poses a significant threat to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, with the exponential growth in plastic production and associated pollution, there has been increasing recognition of the negative impacts of plastic beyond just the environment.
While the direct impacts of plastic pollution on biodiversity such as entanglement and ingestion, are relatively well documented, with over 900 species known to be affected by plastic debris18, indirect impacts across the entire life cycle of plastic products from production to end-of-life tend to receive less attention. However, it is important to recognise that plastic also has significant climate impacts across both the production and waste management phases. With plastic production becoming one of the fastest growing uses of fossil fuels, based on current projections, production and incineration of plastics will account for 10 - 13% of the annual 1.5C carbon budget by 205019.
It is clear that plastic pollution also represents a significant economic cost to society at large: This is seen both in terms of the direct impacts associated with the loss of tourism income, damage to fishing vessels and costs of increased waste management infrastructure, as well as the indirect impacts associated with the loss of ecosystem services. Although the full environmental impacts are often difficult to monetize, it is estimated that in 2011 alone there was a global loss of up to $2.5trn in benefits derived from marine ecosystem services due to plastic pollution20.
Lastly, it is also important to consider the human impacts of plastic pollution. While wealthier communities tend to generate higher volumes of waste, it is typically poorer communities who experience the biggest social impacts of plastic pollution. Communities with inadequate waste management are exposed to air pollution from spontaneous fires in dumps, disease and toxins from dump site contents and its decomposition, while waste pickers in the informal sector face dangerous work and living conditions. There are also significant flooding and associated disease-related risks from clogged drainage and sewage systems.
No Plastics in Nature, WWF International
Current proposed solutions and limitations
Stakeholders along the value chain need to work together to collectively stop the linear21 flow of packaging into our waste streams and our natural environment, while ensuring that we are preserving the value of the materials.
Multiple solutions and strategies are available to corporates and the most common solutions are discussed below:
Creating packaging from material that is recyclable is currently a popular solution for many companies and, when practised correctly, this method has the strong advantage of keeping the value of a material within the economy.
For the 2020 CSA we aligned our definition of recyclable packaging with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s definition: “A packaging or packaging component is recyclable if its successful post-consumer collection, sorting, and recycling is proven to work in practice and at scale.”22 This differentiates between what is technically recyclable, and what recycling infrastructure exists, in order to avoid classing packaging as recyclable in geographies where this recycling is not available.
Compostable packaging avoids landfill or incineration, supports a closed-loop system with nutrients being returned to the soil and offers a solution where packaging may contaminate organic waste streams.23 However, as with recycling, the compostability of packaging relies on an appropriate infrastructure as well as cross-industry alignment to be in place to ensure that it is actually happening.
Again, for the CSA we have used the definition by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation: “A packaging or packaging component is compostable if it is in compliance with relevant international compostability standards and if its successful post-consumer collection, sorting, and composting is proven to work in practice and at scale.”24
Inclusion of post-consumer recycled content (over virgin content)
As stated above, producing packaging made from 100% recyclable material is not beneficial if the actual recycling is not taking place at scale. In order to create a market for high quality recycled content – thus increasing investment in the collection, sorting and recycling industry – demand needs to be created by producers through the inclusion of high percentages of post-consumer recycled content25 within their packaging. This equally reduces the reliance on virgin (fossil) feedstocks.
Bio-based plastic packaging
The term bio-based implies that the material or product is derived from biomass, or plants, which for bio-based plastics is typically corn, sugarcane, or cellulose.26 The biggest advantage of the use of bio-based materials is the diversion from fossil feedstocks to a regenerative material. However, care must be taken, as bio-based does not automatically equal bio-degradable, nor compostable. In the 2020 CSA, companies were not requested to disclose data separately around their use of bio-based plastics.
For the 2020 CSA, we defined reusable packaging as “Packaging which has been designed to accomplish or proves its ability to accomplish a minimum number of trips or rotations in a system for reuse. The packaging needs to be refilled or used again for the same purpose for which it was conceived”, basing the definition on the recommendations of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 27
Reusable packaging can offer many benefits, not only to the consumer who can benefit from a more personalised and improved customer experience, but also to the company, who can benefit from cost savings and access to data on customer preferences and habits. The advantages of a re-use model will be discussed in more depth below in the section ‘Packaging commitments’.
Reduction or elimination
It is imperative that policies, innovations, consumer behaviour shifts and incentives are implemented that lead to reduced material demand or product redesign for avoidable plastic, which should not require a replacement.28
In the 2020 CSA, companies were requested to report their total weight of all plastic packaging produced over the last four years and if they had a target for this figure for 2019.
Substitution for non-plastic materials
Substitution involves plastic packaging being replaced with an alternative material – for example paper or aluminium – for which effective recycling or composting is possible. However, the sustainability of sourcing raw materials, existing recycling infrastructure and the carbon footprint should all be included in a lifecycle analysis when considering substitution. The Pew Charitable Trusts’ report Breaking the Plastic Wave advises that “designing products for reuse is preferable to simple substitution with another single-use material.”29
Within the Packaging Materials question, the CSA measures volumes of glass, metal and wood and paper fiber packaging.
Reporting landscape and availability of data
As the world has sought solutions to the plastics issue, the need for more and better data on plastics use and its fate after-use has become a priority. In response to increasing competitive, consumer and regulatory forces, businesses across the plastic value chain are starting to wrestle with the difficulties of collecting and using this data. As a result, the availability and quality of company-level data on plastics is undoubtedly improving.
Participation in voluntary initiatives with mandatory annual public reporting such as the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment 30 – whose signatories account for more than 20% of the global plastic packaging market – has led many businesses to assess the quantity and types of plastic packaging they use for the first time.31 This has driven substantial improvements in their internal data – increasingly being brought within scope of third-party verification processes – and thereby their understanding of their packaging portfolio and ability to drive progress. At the same time, new policy measures targeting plastic packaging are forcing businesses to track new data to ensure compliance. The investment community is in turn placing more emphasis on this data, increasingly using it to inform engagement with portfolio companies.
With businesses keen to communicate high ambitions and progress around plastics, inconsistencies and lack of clarity on certain terms and metrics can make it difficult to understand and compare different claims. To overcome this barrier to industry transparency, the adoption of common metrics and definitions by major reporting platforms has been an important step forward. Alignment is now being driven through a number of initiatives. Signatories to the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment now report annually against a common set of guidelines and metrics – these same definitions have been incorporated into the packaging criterion of the Corporate Sustainability Assessment, as well as the expanding New Plastics Economy Plastics Pact network and beyond.
Despite this progress, there remains huge scope to improve availability and quality of plastic packaging data. In particular, and as demonstrated by the insights shared in this publication, the vast majority of businesses outside the Global Commitment still do not collect and/or publicly disclose data related to their use of plastic packaging. Those failing to take action to track this data now risk falling far behind the rest of the industry in managing the risks – and exploiting opportunities – associated with their use of packaging.
Programme Manager - Strategic Engagements,
New Plastics Economy
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
Non-Plastic Packaging Materials
To maintain a holistic overview of packaging trends across all materials commonly used, in 2020 we updated the CSA questions requiring disclosure of wood and paper fiber, metal and glass usage, and their respective recycled or certified content and targets. This affected companies in industries such as beverages, food products, retailing, etc however not in the containers and packaging industry.
The results highlight that there is significant progress to be made; both in terms of monitoring materials used and subsequent disclosure. Barely more than a quarter of respondents confirmed they are monitoring the amounts of packaging materials used and, among those, less than half are reporting their usage publicly:
Figure 1: Companies monitoring the amounts of packaging materials used
Amongst the 27% of companies who monitor the amount of packaging materials used, we observe that monitoring does not necessarily extend to target-setting: Only a quarter of companies are setting targets related to inclusion of recycled or certified glass content, and this drops to a fifth for metal. For wood or paper fiber, there is a slightly higher rate of target-setting at just under 40%, with a quarter of those having 100% recycled/certified content targets.
If we consider the average recycled/certified content targets for 2019 among those who provided data, alongside the average actual achieved amounts of recycled content we see the below:
Figure 2: Average Achieved Recycled/Certified Content vs Average Target (2019)
For wood and paper fiber, we observe that companies set higher targets on average compared to metal and glass, and the average percentage realised is also noticeably higher. Among the data for metal and glass, we see average targets and average actual percentages achieved in 2019 hovering around 50%, however given the wide spread of responses, this is more a reflection that companies are all at very different stages of progress, and that there is currently not one uniform trend.
Considering that certifications such as Forest Management Certification (FSC) have been in place since the mid-90s,32 the spread of companies’ realised percentages of recycled and/or certified material wood or paper fiber feedstocks seems lower than expected.
Equally, metals commonly used within packaging such as aluminium (used for beverage and aerosol cans and food trays) are often touted as ‘infinitely recyclable’, and that the use of recycled aluminium saves up to 95% energy compared to virgin feedstocks.33 Considering that the aluminium industry is known across Europe for its extremely high rates of capture and recycling, it is surprising that targets and attained percentages are not reported higher on the scale.
Containers and Packaging
When reviewing the performance of companies specifically within the containers and packaging industry, we see almost 75% are monitoring the amounts of packaging materials used in some form. However, in line with the industries discussed above, the percentage of companies setting targets for recycled content remains low, and the availability of data is too limited to draw out significant trends for 2019.
Corporate Plastic Practices
The Plastic Packaging question seeks insight into companies’ levels of monitoring their plastic packaging volume and materials, as well as their targets for recyclable and compostable plastic packaging, and the percentage of recycled content included.
Monitoring and availability of data
Rates of monitoring
Similar to wood/paper fiber, metal and glass, we observe that just over a quarter of companies state they are monitoring their plastic packaging performance in terms of total weight of all plastic packaging and related shares of recyclable, compostable plastic packaging and the share of recycled content in their plastic packaging:
Figure 3: Companies monitoring their performance with regards to plastic packaging
In the 2020 CSA we asked companies to provide figures for their total weight of packaging produced, and the relevant shares of plastic type, in each of the last four years. The analysis below (figure 4) considers only this quarter of companies (figure 3) who actively monitor their performance.
In general companies seem to improve their coverage of data-availability over the years: The number of companies that can provide data for 2019 is double the number who were able to provide data for 2016. Similarly, we see a two-fold increase in the percentage of companies monitoring their volumes of recyclable packaging and recycled content. However, while a larger share of companies has some data available for 2019, the average coverage as percentage of goods sold reduced from over 80% in 2018, to an average coverage of approximately 70% in 2019.
Figure 4: Packaging Data Availability
Figure 5: Average Content % Achieved (of Total of all Plastic Packaging)
Transparency doesn’t equal sustainability
Despite the positive trend of increasing data collection and monitoring, there remains significant progress to be made in terms of target-setting – both in the number of companies setting targets across these areas and how ambitious the set targets are – and performance in general.
Despite twice as many companies having recyclable packaging data available for 2019 compared to for 2016 (figure 4), when taking an average of the actual rates achieved, we see stability in this percentage across the last four years. This indicates that companies are yet to significantly embrace the opportunities of switching away from hard-to-recycle plastics in favour of those currently recycled at scale.
We observe average recycled content increasing by approximately a third from 2018-2019 from 9% to 12% and average compostable content 13 times larger in 2019 than 2018, albeit only to 3%.
2019 Target setting
Among companies that have shared that they are monitoring some form of their plastic packaging usage (the 27% above), we see the most popular target being set by companies relates to use of recyclable material, with a third of companies doing so. This is followed by a recycled content target, shared by a quarter of companies. Only 7% of companies set a compostable target.
When comparing the average 2019 targets set by companies against the average percentages achieved during 2019, we observe the following:
– Use of recyclable packaging stands out as the area where companies have focused their attention, both regarding the average target for recyclable packaging, which reaches almost 75%, and a general higher average performance.
– Although we see companies aiming for an average recycled content target of 17%, average current realisation rates cluster lower on the scale at 12%.
– Compostable packaging remains a topic with predominantly low target setting, and even lower average performance, despite a few companies reporting high percentages in this area.
Figure 6: Average Achieved Content Included vs Average Target Content (2019)
Recycled content: Preparedness
When we consider company preparedness for the upcoming legislation, such as the 25% recycled content by 2025 that the EU and some US states have passed, we observe that in 2020, the percentage of companies currently above the 25% target inclusion rate is less than 10%, leaving nine out of ten companies seemingly unprepared:
Figure 7: Company Inclusion of Recycled Content (2019)
However, if we refer back to Figure 6, between 2018 and 2019 we saw companies reporting an increase of 30% in recycled content included; if this rate of increase is maintained over the next five years by those currently monitoring, this would bring the proportion of companies who are prepared close to a third. However, this does not take into account the future performance of those who did not disclose data in 2019.
In 2020 we wanted to take a deeper look at what companies are publicly committing to regarding their packaging strategy and which solutions companies are favouring moving forward. The new Packaging Commitments question requests information on commitments across seven different areas, including single-use elimination, R&D spend and the use of recycled content.
We found that just over 50% of the 525 companies assessed are addressing at least one environmental aspect publicly in their strategy and giving examples of implementation of that commitment. Given the global consumer, government and investor focus on this topic, it seems surprising and risky that such a high number percentage of companies are choosing not to share their commitments and programs publicly.
Considering packaging-composition-related commitments, we see that the use of recyclable packaging is the favoured commitment, stated by 30% of companies assessed. Increased inclusion of recycled content and packaging reduction were chosen by approximately a quarter of respondents, with programs to increase the use of reusable packaging following closely behind:
Figure 8: Composition-related commitments (% companies stating this commitment)
– Considering the upcoming regulation on recycled plastic content quotas, it is surprising that only 26% of companies are publicly stating that this forms part of their packaging strategy and sharing details of programs they have in place. A lack of industry-wide adoption of this practice will expose companies to risks when faced with legislation such as the EU plastic packaging tax.
– Equally, much stronger commitments to the removal of unnecessary packaging and overall packaging reduction are needed from companies in order to stop our current flow of mismanaged plastic waste.
– The low number of companies stating their commitment to reusable packaging is a missed business opportunity, as laid out by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation below.
Considering more strategic related packaging commitments, we see varied levels of adoption amongst companies assessed:
Figure 9: Strategy-based packaging commitments (% companies stating this commitment)
– It is not surprising that programs to phase out single-use plastic packaging are the most commonly stated commitment, not only due to the intense media attention that the topic of single use has received, but also as this area may offer common easy wins for companies (removal of single-use plastic bags, straws etc). However, once bans on these single-use items become more commonplace, we will see if companies translate this into a reduction of general unnecessary single-use packaging and an increase in reusable models.
– Aside from increasing the amount of recycled content within their own packaging, companies have a responsibility to ensure that packaging made with recyclable materials ends up in an appropriate recycling facility. Currently only a fifth of companies are committed to these programs, which highlights a need for more collaboration industry-wide and with governments and local authorities to ensure implementation of deposit return schemes (DRS) (currently popularly implemented in countries such as Germany, Norway and Sweden and planned for the UK).
– The least popular category among the commitments is the allocation of R&D resources to development in this area; only one in ten companies gave public examples of commitments, implying a general preference for existing – rather than development of new – solutions.
Reuse as a business opportunity
Reuse models have recently gained momentum in the world of packaging, driven by increasing recognition of their potential to both reduce plastic waste and pollution, and unlock significant business benefits.
The innovation opportunity around shifting to reusable packaging is estimated to be worth more than USD 10 billion.34 By leveraging digital technologies and aligning with shifting user preferences, reuse can help to reduce costs of production and transport, adapt products to individual customer needs, optimise operations, build brand loyalty, improve user experience, and gather consumer intelligence.
The four business-to-consumer reuse models
Reusable packaging is designed to be used multiple times, for its originally intended purpose, as part of a dedicated system for reuse. There are four different business-to-consumer reuse models:35
Refill at home: Users refill their reusable container at home – for example, with refills delivered through a subscription service.
Refill on the go: Users refill their reusable container away from home – for example, at an instore dispensing system.
Return from home: Packaging is picked up from home by a collection service –for example, by a logistics company.
Return on the go: Users return the packaging at a store or drop-off point – for example, in a deposit return machine or a mailbox.
In addition to these business-to-consumer models, a variety of business-to-business reuse models exist. These range from individual companies reusing their own transport packaging to industry-wide reuse systems where reusable packaging is standardised.
Businesses’ approach to reuse models
The growth in the number of reuse-focused pilots, commitments, research initiatives, and start-ups launched over the past two years is proof of the increasing interest in reusable packaging models.
The overall proportion of packaging designed to be reusable remains low – just 1.9% of plastic packaging put on the market by Global Commitment signatories in 2019 was reusable.36 However, examples of substantial existing reuse-based businesses are provided by FMCG giants The Coca-Cola Company, which delivers 23% of its overall global sales volumes through reuse and packageless models, and Danone S.A., which delivers approximately 50% of its plain water business volume via reusable containers and jugs.37
Many businesses are working to test and implement reuse models across their portfolios and markets. We are seeing a particular focus on refill models among businesses in the household, personal care, and cosmetics sectors – both refill on the go, through bulk dispensers, and refill at home, through concentrated and compact refills. SC Johnson, for example, now offers refillable cleaning products that account for 17% of its total packaging weight, while Natura Cosmetics is aiming to expand availability of refill options to cover 50% of all product lines by 2025 (up from 10% today). Food applications are also a growing area of focus, with 20% of businesses in the Global Commitment identifying this as an opportunity for future expansion of reuse efforts.38
An increasing trend is the use of smart dispensers to improve safety and hygiene of refill systems. Start-ups such as EcoCarga, Algramo and MIWA are working with sensors that recognise when a package is in place, automatically dispense the required quantity, register product information, and facilitate cash-free payments.
Progress at scale on reuse requires fundamental changes to packaging and delivery models which take time to create, test, and scale. Looking ahead, the large number of businesses investing in piloting reuse solutions points to growth to come. 39% of signatories to the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment had reuse pilots in progress over the 2019 reporting year, with a further 17% reporting plans to deliver pilots going forward.39 While this is positive, we will need to see businesses further increase their level of ambition, attention, and investment in reuse to trigger a significant shift over the next few years.
Programme Manager - Strategic Engagements,
New Plastics Economy
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
The topic of packaging will only continue to grow in importance, for companies, consumers, governments, and investors, presenting both risks and opportunities along the way. Risks remain highly regulatory and reputational, but opportunities exist for proactive companies to attract the attention of investors.
The 2020 CSA highlighted that currently only a quarter of companies are actively monitoring their performance regarding their plastic and other raw material packaging. Among those who are monitoring, not only do we see a low percentage of companies setting targets, but that those targets need to be more ambitious – particularly concerning recycled content – to face regulatory change and solve our current packaging dilemma.
The use of recyclable material is currently the most employed method of companies in ensuring circularity of systems, and one of the most common public commitments moving forward. However, companies will need to pay more attention to other solutions, to ensure that they can adapt to the optimum solution for each location and market, and reap the different benefits that each solution offers.
The way forward
With regulatory and public pressure around use of plastics continuing to mount and the approach of 2025 target deadlines, we expect progress towards a circular economy for plastic packaging to accelerate in the coming years.
Businesses representing more than 20% of global plastic packaging volumes are now aligned behind a common vision of a circular economy for plastics and working towards ambitious 2025 targets through the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment.40 Among this leading group of businesses, we are already seeing strong growth in recycled content (increasing 22% between 2018 and 2019), alongside widespread phase out of a number of problematic materials and testing of reuse models.41 Growing adoption of overall plastic or virgin plastic packaging reduction targets should also drive a step change in efforts to design out the need for single-use packaging in the coming years.
However, progress is not universal, and a substantial acceleration will be needed in several areas in order to achieve 2025 targets. In particular, a significant proportion of businesses are yet to set – or demonstrate progress against – targets to increase recycled content and recyclability of packaging, while current investment by businesses in more innovative efforts to design out the need for packaging altogether and shift to reuse models is insufficient.
In light of this, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and UN Environment Programme have called on industry to:42
- Take bold action on packaging types that are not recyclable today — either developing and executing a credible roadmap to make recycling work, or decisively innovating away from these packaging types.
- Set ambitious plastic packaging reduction targets — aimed at helping to mobilise increased efforts to rapidly scale innovative new delivery models that deliver products to customers without packaging, or by using reusable packaging.
Industry cannot deliver the shift to a circular economy for plastics alone. It will need the support of policymakers putting in place the enabling conditions, incentives, and frameworks to create a circular economy for plastic,43 both domestically and internationally through a Global Treaty on plastic pollution.44
The Covid-19 pandemic has shone a new light on the drawbacks of our linear economy, emphasising the urgent need to rethink how we produce, use, and reuse plastics. We have seen, for example, rocketing demand for takeaway food containers and bubble wrap – most of it not recyclable – and the halting of policies aimed at reducing single-use plastic products. However, this crisis has also demonstrated the speed at which the world can mobilise change, and post-Covid-19 economic recovery plans present an opportunity to take this necessary action on plastic pollution.45
Programme Manager - Strategic Engagements,
New Plastics Economy
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
1 Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2020), “Financing the circular economy”
2 https://www.unpri. org/sustainabilityissues/ environmentalsocial-andgovernanceissues/ environmentalissues/plastics
3 WWF, The Ellen MacArthur Foundation & Boston Consulting Group (2020), “The business case for a UN treaty on plastic pollution”
4 World Economic Forum (2016), “The New Plastics Economy Rethinking the future of plastics”
5 The Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020), “Breaking the Plastic Wave: A Comprehensive Assessment of Pathways Towards Stopping Ocean Plastic Pollution”
6 Martin C Heller et al (2020) “Environ. Res. Lett. 15 094034”
7 https://www. unpri.org/plastics/ plastics-thechallengesand-possiblesolutions/4773. article
8 https://www.unpri. org/plastics/risksand-opportunitiesalong-the-plasticsvalue-chain/4774. article
9 Greenpeace (2019), “Data from the global plastics waste trade 2016- 2018 and the offshore impact of China’s foreign waste import ban”
10 Ibid, see 3
11 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of the Impact of Certain Plastic Producs on the Environment (2019)
12 https://www. wastedive.com/news/ tracking-the-futureof-us-recycling-policyin-congress/570778/
13 European Council (2020), https://www. consilium.europa.eu/ media/45109/210720- euco-finalconclusions-en.pdf
14 https://www.gov. uk/government/ publications/ introduction-ofplastic-packaging-tax/ plastic-packaging-tax
15 S&P Global Platts
16 Ibid, see 8
17 Ibid, see 5
18 IKuhn et al (2020), “Marine Pollution Bulletin: Quantitative overview of marine debris ingested by marine megafauna”
19 CIEL (2019), “Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet”
20 Beaumont et al (2019), “Marine Pollution Bulletin: Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic”
21 A linear model of resource consumption is one that follows a ‘take-make-dispose’ pattern, where products are discarded by the consumer once they no longer serve their purpose. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013), “Towards The Circular Economy”
22 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2018), “New Plastics Economy Global Commitment”
23 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2020), “Upstream Innovation: A guide to packaging solutions”
24 Ibid, see 20
25 Ibid, see 22
26 https://www. european-bioplastics. org/bioplastics/”
27 Ibid, see 20
28 Ibid, see 5
29 Ibid, see 5
30 https://www. newplasticseconomy. org/projects/globalcommitment
31 Ellen MacArthur Foundation & UN Environment Programme (2020), “Global Commitment 2020 Progress Report” https:// www.ellenmacarthur foundation.org/ global-commitment
32 https://www.fsc-uk. org/en-uk/about-fsc/ who-is-fsc/our-history
33 https://alupro.org. uk/consumers/why-isrecycling-aluminiumso-important/
34 Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2020), “Upstream Innovation: A guide to packaging solutions”
35 Ibid, see 28
36 Ibid, see 28
37 Ibid, see 28
38 Ibid, see 28
39 Ibid, see 28
40 Ibid, see 28
41 Ibid, see 28
42 Ibid, see 28
43 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation and UN Environment Programme have called on policymakers to: (1) Establish policies and mechanisms that provide dedicated and stable funding for collection and sorting, through fair industry contributions, such as extended producer responsibility; and (2) Set a global direction and create an international agreement and framework for action, through the UN Environment Assembly, building on the vision of a circular economy for plastics.
44 Ibid, see 3
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Welcome back to the HLC!
It is certainly about time for a new blog post, don’t you think? Well, I do.
So, we’ve spent quite some time looking at English and other Germanic languages. I figured it was about time to do something different.
So, for a little while, we’re going to be looking at the Italic languages!
Let’s get started with what they actually are – and let’s not confuse them with the early Italian languages, shall we?
The Italic languages are a group of cognate languages spoken throughout the middle and southern parts of Italy before the predominance of Rome.
Most of you (dare I say all of you?) will probably recognise at least one of the Italic languages: Latin.
Latin, of course, has a somewhat privileged status among languages generally today (and previously in history as well). This is primarily because so many texts written in Latin survive – and, of course, that it had such an impact on many languages around it.
But Latin isn’t the only Italic language.
In fact, the language family is generally divided into two branches: one represented by Latin and the closely related (or potentially dialectal) Faliscan. The other is represented by a subgroup of languages usually referred to as the Sabellic or Sabellian languages.
So, although you might be inclined to think “Latin, Latin, Latin”, the tree actually looks more like this:
A tad bit larger than you thought?
There are plenty of languages in the Italic language family. Perhaps those that spring to mind are Spanish, Italian and French. But, Britannica notes that the term Italic languages sometimes even excludes Latin. We’ll talk more about that next week.
As with the Germanic languages, the Italic languages are classified as Italic based on some shared features, such as phonological and/or grammatical changes.
During the following weeks, we’ll look a bit closer at these shared features and the daughter-languages of Proto-Italic.
But, for now, study my little guide-tree and read up on some Italic languages… and join me again in two weeks to learn some more about the Italic languages together!
Philip Baldi & Gabriel C.L.M. Bakkum. 2014. Italic languages. Oxford Bibliographies. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0045.
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- Concepts: What are some of the challenges of teaching this topic in the classroom? Is there something you would like more support around? Is there something that you understand better now?
When teaching in the primary years in can be a challange to teach the concept of artifical intelligence and break kids away from the image they may have built from movies and games about what AI is and teach them what true ai is, how we use it today and where it could go.
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Nutritional and Obesity Status of Children and Adolescents with ADHD: a case-control study
Keywords:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; obese; children; adolescents; nutrients; energy
Objective: Due to their prone to obesity and unbalanced nutrient intake this study was carried out to evaluate the daily energy and nutrient intake and obesity status of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 390 children (169 ADHD and 221 control groups) between the ages of 6-17 years. Body weight and height were measured and height-for-age-z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ) and BMI-z-score (BMIZ) were calculated. 24-hour dietary recalls of the participants were recorded, and energy and nutrients intake were analysed. The ratio of meeting daily energy and nutrients adequacy according to age and gender was calculated.
Results: The HAZ values of the children with a mean age of 10±2 years were within the normal range in most of both groups. The ratio of overweight-obese children was 43.8% in the ADHD group and 39.8% in the control group, respectively. The ratio of energy from fat was high in both groups (ADHD: 39%, control: 41%) (p <0.05). It was found that folic acid and thiamine were sufficient in both groups, pyridoxine was consumed in borderline excess, other vitamins were consumed in excess. All minerals except sodium were sufficient and sodium was consumed more. Folic acid and water consumption were found to be less in children with ADHD (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Overweight and obese rates are common among children and adolescents with ADHD, and their eating habits are similar to those of their healthy peers.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 171-179
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Sümeyye KOC, Muazzez GARİPAĞAOĞLU, Özalp EKİNCİ, Arzu KANIK, Fatih GÜLTEKİN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Articles in Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY-4.0.This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Large-scale biology projects such as the sequencing of the human genome and gene expression surveys using RNA-seq, microarrays and other technologies have created a wealth of data for biologists. However, the challenge facing scientists is analyzing and even accessing these data to extract useful information pertaining to the system being studied. This course focuses on employing existing bioinformatic resources – mainly web-based programs and databases – to access the wealth of data to answer questions relevant to the average biologist, and is highly hands-on.
This course is part of the Plant Bioinformatic Methods Specialization
About this Course
Skills you will gain
- Genetic Analysis
- Bioinformatics Analysis
- Comparative Genomics
Syllabus - What you will learn from this course
Blast II/Comparative Genomics
Multiple Sequence Alignments
Review: NCBI/Blast I, Blast II/Comparative Genetics, and Multiple Sequence Alignments
- 5 stars77.08%
- 4 stars18.56%
- 3 stars3.37%
- 2 stars0.36%
- 1 star0.61%
TOP REVIEWS FROM BIOINFORMATIC METHODS I
This is course is very helpful to me. The learning material is so easy to follow and the concepts are well explained by the instructor. He is very responsive to answer queries.
I enjoyed doing the course. It is exciting to see how much one can learn from a few gene or protein sequences. Thank you for making the course understandable to a beginner in bioinformatics!
Useful and informative. This is the best bioinformatics course I have taken so far as it focusses on the practical applications instead of the theory which is much more relevant! Thank you!
Great course for beginners! Easy to follow and prof. Provart explains everything in great detail. I can't wait to continue learning other courses within this specialization!
About the Plant Bioinformatic Methods Specialization
Frequently Asked Questions
When will I have access to the lectures and assignments?
What will I get if I subscribe to this Specialization?
Is financial aid available?
More questions? Visit the Learner Help Center.
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The U.S. Virgin Islands is an organized and unincorporated island territory of the United States of America, located between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
Covering a total land area of 346.36 sq. km. As observed on the physical map of the US Virgin Islands above, the territory consists of three main islands: Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix, as well as several dozen smaller islands.
Most of the islands are volcanic in origin and as observed on the map, the islands of Saint Thomas and Saint John are quite hilly. Saint Croix is the largest of the US Virgin Islands and comparatively has a much flatter terrain.
The highest point is Crown Mountain on Saint Thomas at 1,555 ft. (474 m). The lowest point is at the sea level.
Scattered streams help to drain the islands, while white sand beaches and coral reefs are common.
There are no first-order administrative divisions of the US Virgin Islands as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 islands at the second order; Saint Croix, Saint John, Saint Thomas.
The U.S. Virgin Islands is an organized and unincorporated island territory of the United States of America. Geographically, a part of the archipelago of Virgin Islands, the island territory is situated in the Leeward islands of the Lesser Antilles chain in the north-eastern Caribbean Sea. The island territory is positioned both in the Northern and Western hemispheres of the Earth. The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the east of Puerto Rico; in the southeast of Miami and in the west of British Virgin Islands.
Regional Maps: Map of North America
|Legal Name||Virgin Islands|
|Capital City||Charlotte Amalie|
|18 21 N, 64 56 W|
|Total Area||1,910.00 km2|
|Land Area||346.00 km2|
|Water Area||1,564.00 km2|
|Currency||US Dollar (USD)|
|GDP Per Capita||$35,938.02|
This page was last updated on February 25, 2021
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Flu/RSV Information for Parents
With winter and the holidays approaching, we are well into the Flu and Respiratory Syncytical Virus, (RSV) season. RSV has been in the news recently as cases continue to rise across the state and nation. RSV is a common respiratory virus that usually infects children under 5 years of age and can cause mild, cold-like symptoms that may include cough, sore throat, headache, and fatigue. These symptoms can last for 1 to 2 weeks.
Flu usually has a sudden onset and will almost always include a fever. Other common flu symptoms include body aches, cough, sore throat, headache, and feeling tired. Treatment for the flu is most effective if started in the first 24 to 48 hours. Encourage your student to rest and stay hydrated. Your doctor may recommend a prescription antiviral and/or a fever-reducing medicine to help with the aches, pains, and chills that often come with the flu. Flu does not usually have stomach symptoms.
When calling in your student’s absence to the school, please be specific and tell us if you think your child has the flu, RSV, or you suspect something else and if they have been diagnosed by a doctor. You must keep your child home from school until they are 24 hours fever free without the use of fever-reducing medications such as Advil, Tylenol, Motrin, or any other similar medication. Aspirin should never be given to children.
NPS continues to prioritize sanitization and has frequent cleaning rotations within all schools. Cleaning focuses particular attention to high-traffic areas, doorknobs, bathrooms, and water fountains. Handwashing continues to be the most effective way to prevent common transmission of illness and hand sanitizer is widely available throughout all schools. Take-home COVID-19 tests are also available for parent pickup (contact your school health professional to request tests).
All NPS students seen in the school health room will be checked for signs and symptoms of fever and illness. In accordance with the NPS Illness Protocol and procedures, school health staff will ensure reasonable separation of students with signs and symptoms of fever or illness from the general student population until a parent or guardian can come and pick the student up.
Please refer to the NPS Student Health website to find additional resources from the Oklahoma State Department of Health, CDC, and American Academy of Pediatrics. If you have questions or concerns please contact your school health staff.
It’s never too late to get a flu shot. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC) highly recommends everyone 6 months of age or older get a flu shot. The flu shot works to protect you from getting the flu and may lessen the severity of the symptoms and the length of the illness if you do get the flu. Frequent and thorough hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent illness.
Flu: A Guide for Parents - CDC
Preventing the Flu - American Academy of Pediatrics
CDC: Influenza (Flu)
Meningitis Immunization Information for Parents
Meningococcal disease, commonly known as meningitis, is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that can strike teenagers and college students. The disease can come on quickly and may cause death or permanent disability within hours of the first symptoms. Meningitis is very rare, but may be prevented through vaccination.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends routine meningococcal disease immunization at the preadolescent doctor’s visit (11 to 12 years old). For those teenagers who have not been previously vaccinated, immunization is recommended for high school students and for all incoming college freshmen.
Teenagers and college students have an increased rate of meningococcal infection compared to the general population, accounting for nearly 30 percent of all U.S. cases annually. Of those who survive, up to 20 percent suffer long-term disabilities, including brain damage, loss of hearing, organ failure and limb amputations.
Meningococcal disease can be misdiagnosed as something less serious, because early symptoms are similar to those of influenza or other common viral illnesses, including high fever, headache, nausea, and stiff neck. That is why immunization is so important. A conjugate meningococcal vaccine is now available which public health officials anticipate will provide longer protection against four of the five strains of bacteria that cause meningococcal disease. Although teenagers and college students are at increased risk for contracting the disease, up to 83 percent of cases in that population may be prevented through immunization.
The Meningitis Vaccine is safe; however, there are risks with any vaccine. About half of the people who get the vaccine will have pain and redness where the shot was given, but because the vaccine is not made from the whole bacteria, it cannot cause bloodstream infections or meningitis. A small percentage of people who get the vaccine develop a fever. Vaccines, like all medicines, carry a risk of an allergic reaction, but this risk is very small.
Contact your healthcare provider or the Cleveland County Health Department. The health department has the vaccine available at no charge for all students who: have no health insurance; are Medicaid eligible; are Native American; or whose health insurance does not pay for vaccines.
This vaccine is not required to attend public school in Oklahoma but may be required by colleges and universities. For more information contact your healthcare provider or the Cleveland County Health Department or visit the CDC Web site at www.cdc.gov.
Resources - Infectious Diseases
- CDC: Bacterial Meningitis
- CDC: Viral Meningitis
- OSDH: Meningitis
- Enteroviruses (Oklahoma State Health Dept.)
- Enterovirus D68 Espanol Infographic (de los CDC)
- The Flu: A Guide For Parents - CDC 2019
- La Influenza Usted (de los CDC)
- CDC: Strep Throat
- Dolor de garganta (de los CDC)
- MRSA (Spanish Version)
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A vast variety of topic sessions were available to participants at Wolf Creek Public Schools’ first Mental Health Symposium on Saturday, Oct. 25, including an in-depth look at the conflict cycle, which will help defuse and rectify negative situations.
Rob Reid, principal of Wolf Creek Academy, was leading the session and says conflict in the classroom stems from the stress and perception of the affronted.
“It’s really important to understand where our students are coming from,” said Reid.
Negative behavior is related to the brain’s limbic system, where emotions and the body’s fight, flight or freeze response it stored.
Reid says there are three types of stress: positive stress, which is tolerable and beneficial; tolerable stress, such as a competitive sports competition, and toxic stress. “It’s over some period of time . . . it really impacts.”
Toxic stress in early childhood can impair brain circuits and result in smaller brain development. This can cause feelings of guilt, abandonment and inadequacy, classified as irrational thoughts.
Common irrational thoughts of youth include: they must always do everything perfectly or they are a failure, everyone must like them or they are a “loser”, people who do something they do not like are bad people and must be punished and everyone must be fair to them because they are entitled to that. Such beliefs are where stress and conflict can breed.
“There’s advantages to irrational beliefs,” said Reid. “They allow people to feel secure, brings psychological order to a chaos and allows people to protect themselves from helplessness, confusion and anger.”
Actions based on irrational thoughts can drive self-fulfilling prophecies and push youth to return to negative behavior because it results less frightening than the unknown.
“What kids believe about themselves is more important in determining their behavior than any facts about them,” said Reid, who explained the conflict cycle can be used by teachers and administration for cognitive reconstruction to tap into a student’s perception.
“Perception drives our thoughts, thoughts drive our feelings and feelings drive our behavior,” said Reid.
People have seven defense mechanisms; rationalization, projection, displacement, sublimation, conversion and regression and it is not an event that triggers feelings but a person’s perception of the event.
The conflict cycle, or a similar strategy, is a tool to break the pattern of negative behavior because it can sooth an offended perception.
“They will not remember what we said, they will not remember what we did but they will remember how we made them feel,” Reid told those in attendance.
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Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) is a perennial plant that grows across much of North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Also known as puzzle plant or scouring rush, horsetail is easy to recognize by its reedy, jointed stems. Many people enjoy picking horsetail herbs for its nutrient content. A horsetail plant’s taproots can reportedly reach depths of up to 150 feet (46 m.), which may explain why the plant is so rich in silica and other minerals found deep within the earth.
Reasons for Harvesting Horsetail Herbs
Horsetail herbs are 35 percent silica, one of the most abundant minerals on the planet. Silica may strengthen bones, nails, hair, skin, and teeth, as well as bodily tissues, membranes, and cell walls. It may also help the body absorb calcium and restore a healthy balance between calcium and magnesium.
Herbalists believe horsetail may strengthen lungs, kidneys, and the bladder. It is valued for its diuretic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat bronchitis and chronic urinary tract infections.
When to Harvest Horsetail Plants
Below are some tips for when and how to harvest horsetail plants for herbal use in the garden:
Tan stems: Harvest the tan stems as soon as they emerge in early spring, before they become tough and fibrous. The stems aren’t used for medicinal purposes, but they can be eaten raw. In fact, the tender stems were considered a delicacy among Native American tribes of the Pacific Northwest.
Green tops: Harvest the green tops of horsetails plants a little later in spring when the leaves are bright green and pointing either straight up or out. Pinch the stems a few inches (8 cm.) above the ground. Don’t remove the entire plant; leave some in place for next year’s growth.
Remove the papery brown covering and the top cone from the stems. Herbalists recommend that tea is the best way to use the herb. Otherwise, you can sauté the shoots or add them to soup.
Fall harvest: You can also harvest horsetail in fall. The silica content is very high, but the shoots are too tough for any use other than tea.
Is Horsetail Toxic?
According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), one species of horsetail (Equisetum arvense) is toxic to horses and may cause weakness, weight loss, tremors, staggers, and even death.
However, experts at the University of Maryland Medical Center advise that herbal remedies made from horsetail are safe for humans when used properly, but they recommend against long-term use. Take a vitamin if you use horsetail, as the herb may cause depletion of vitamin B1. Don’t use the herb if you have diabetes, kidney disease, gout, or if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Disclaimer: The content of this article is for educational and gardening purposes only. Before using or ingesting ANY herb or plant for medicinal purposes or otherwise, please consult a physician or a medical herbalist for advice.
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The LMNA gene provides instructions for making several slightly different proteins called lamins. The two major proteins produced from this gene, lamin A and lamin C, are made in most of the body's cells. These proteins are made up of a nearly identical sequence of protein building blocks (amino acids). The small difference in the sequence makes lamin A longer than lamin C.
Lamins A and C are structural proteins called intermediate filament proteins. Intermediate filaments provide stability and strength to cells. Lamins A and C are scaffolding (supporting) components of the nuclear envelope, which is a structure that surrounds the nucleus in cells. Specifically, these proteins are located in the nuclear lamina, a mesh-like layer of intermediate filaments and other proteins that is attached to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus. Lamins A and C are also found inside the nucleus, and researchers believe the proteins may play a role in regulating the activity (expression) of certain genes.
The lamin A protein must be processed within the cell before becoming part of the lamina. Its initial form, called prelamin A, undergoes a complex series of steps that are necessary for the protein to be inserted into the lamina. Lamin C does not have to undergo this processing before becoming part of the lamina.
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As blockchains are being implemented in an increasing number of pilots for real-world use cases – from cross-border financial transactions to supply chain management – the classic ‘trilemma’ of achieving scalability, security, and decentralization persists. The ‘trilemma’ refers to the notion that scalability, security, and decentralization cannot be achieved simultaneously. For instance, the average TPS (transaction per second) of Bitcoin is only 5 compared to the average TPS of centralized networks like VISA, which has an average TPS of around 1500-2000. While Bitcoin is a highly decentralized payments solution, Visa’s processes are governed by its central organization.
Blockchain tech needs to find common ground for providing the three elements all at once now that it is moving toward mainstream adoption. The ongoing innovation in the blockchain sphere is heavily concentrated on finding solutions to the classic trilemma. The developers have come up with a number of solutions, like Layer-1 and Layer-2 scaling solutions, ZK rollups, Sharding, Plasma chains, etc.
Sharding is one of several popular methods developers are experimenting with to increase a blockchain’s transactional throughput and overall scalability. But what exactly is sharding, and why is it so important in the crypto world? Let’s find out.
What Exactly is Sharding?
The idea behind ‘sharding’ is to distribute the processing power horizontally rather than continuously adding it to a single blockchain. Sharding is a database partitioning technique used by blockchain companies to increase scalability by processing more transactions per second. Sharding can divide a blockchain’s entire network into smaller partitions known as ‘shards.’ Each shard has its own set of data. This distinguishes it and sets it apart from other shards.
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network, such as a blockchain, consists of multiple full nodes (computers), each of which records a copy of the blockchain’s history. Sharding allows nodes to function without having to maintain all of that data at once. Splitting a blockchain network into separate shards can help reduce network latency or slowness. This enables the network to process a greater volume of transactions at a faster rate.
How Does Sharding Work?
The distributed ledger of blockchain technology makes it appealing because it enables transactions to be shared consensually across multiple nodes spread across geographies. As transactions are recorded, copies are immediately sent to the shared network, creating public witnesses. However, in order to fully utilize blockchain technology, we must reduce the amount of computing power required by each node to maintain a steady flow of operations.
As a result, most blockchains, including Ethereum, are shifting to the more environment-friendly and energy-efficient Proof-of-Stake (Pos) consensus mechanism. Unlike the PoW system, PoS only requires nodes to stake the blockchain’s native cryptocurrency on the network. The blockchain recognizes these stakers as contributors and makes them network transaction validators. This reduces the amount of computing power required. Sharding is most commonly done on Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks rather than Proof-of-Work (POW) networks.
It is accomplished by horizontally partitioning databases and dividing them into rows. Shards are sub-chains that are built on top of the main blockchain. They can be compared to tree branches; the tree grows larger each time a new branch is added. Each shard functions as a mini-blockchain with its own processing power and set of nodes. One shard, for example, could be in charge of storing the state and transaction history for a specific type of address. Additionally, shards may be divided based on the type of digital asset stored in them. Transactions involving that digital asset could be made possible by combining shards.
Consequently, a ‘sharded’ blockchain declutters and runs all underlying protocols more efficiently and acts as a decentralized distributed ledger. This happens as the data from the main chain is fragmented and distributed among the shards. Because nodes no longer need to access all of the data on the main chain, the required computing power is reduced even further. This increases the processing speed of each shard.
The data on each shard can still be shared with the other shards. It will ensure the preservation of a key aspect of blockchain technology—the decentralized ledger. In other words, users can still access the ledger and view all the transactions.
Sharding is a good way to scale if you want to keep things decentralized, as the alternative is to increase the size of the existing database. Increasing the size of the database requires validators to possess expensive ASICs requiring a large amount of energy to function. Along with addressing scalability, some argue that sharding preserves the native security of a blockchain by retaining ‘most of the desired decentralization and security properties of a blockchain.’
With sharding, validators are no longer required to store all of this data themselves but can instead use data techniques to confirm that the data has been made available by the network. This significantly reduces the cost of storing data on layer 1 by reducing hardware requirements.
Sharding is gradually gaining popularity due to its potential contributions to the advancement of the crypto world. Ethereum is testing sharding as a potential solution to latency and scalability issues. After ‘The Merge,’ in which the Ethereum Mainnet ‘merges’ with the Beacon Chain proof-of-stake system, Ethereum intends to launch 64 new shard chains. Shardeum, an initiative by WazirX CEO Nischal Shetty and Omar Syed, is expected to achieve ‘infinite scalability, true decentralization, and solid security’ by using sharding.
Did you find sharding a cool concept that could solve many of blockchain’s current issues? If yes, remain hooked for more such concepts and ideas from the blockchain world. Stay tuned!Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency is not a legal tender and is currently unregulated. Kindly ensure that you undertake sufficient risk assessment when trading cryptocurrencies as they are often subject to high price volatility. The information provided in this section doesn't represent any investment advice or WazirX's official position. WazirX reserves the right in its sole discretion to amend or change this blog post at any time and for any reasons without prior notice.
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Constitutionally, India is a secular country but in practice the empirical data suggests that the country is set to be a Hindu state. Countless Hindu-Muslim riots in India after August 1947 including the demolition of Babri Mosque in December 1992 and communal riots in Indian Gujarat in February 2002 are some of the hallmarks of so-called Indian secularism and “the biggest democracy” in the world. Minorities of India could be termed “children of lesser God”, if one looks at their plight. India’s Muslims face issues such as identity and security, education and empowerment, equitable share in state funds, and a fair share in decision making process. In 2006, Sacher Committee Report had exposed the plight of Muslims, and brought out that on most socio-economic indicators, Muslims were on the margin or even worse than the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
At present, the growing Hindutva influence in Indian society is threatening non-Hindu minorities of India. The sub-continent witnessed the horrors of division through the experience of partition at the time of independence in 1947. Partition not only took a terrible toll of life, with an estimated 1 million victims, but also it resulted into the largest exodus of the twentieth history. The post-partition political cosmos in India has only let fundamentalist organizations blossom while terribly oppressing other minority groups. Subsequently, India witnessed political movements with a broad range of Hindutva-centric ideologies, striving for a radical change, often creating problems for other religious minorities comprising mostly Muslims and the Christians. The snow balling threat to religious minorities by fanatic and aggressive Hindu fundamentalism has raised serious doubts among the international community regarding the secular outlook and democratic claims of India. As per the Reuters, the US President Obama had warned India not to stray from its constitutional commitment to allow people to freely “profess, practice and propagate” their religion after conclusion of his visit to India in January 2015.
The plight of Indian minorities, especially, in BJP’s era has surpassed all previous records. Modi’s fundamental policies, supported and directed by the RSS, have started unleashing atrocities on Indian minorities. But the world still seems in denying mode and is unable to believe that secular claims by India are not supported by the ground realities. The reality is that India has an unwritten mandate of pushing the minorities against the wall through state policies as well as by hardliner Hindu politicians. State-sponsored anti-majority initiatives like “Purkhon Ki Ghar Vapsi”, a mass conversion jointly organized by Dharma Jagran Samanavay Vibhag, an offshoot of the RSS and Bajrang Dal, ban on cow slaughter, lynching of Muslims on fabricated charges of eating beef, increasing rape incidents targeting all the minority groups including Christian elderly Nuns, and instigation of Hindus against Muslim populace are just few examples, out of many, of anti-minority fervor amongst Hindutva-centric Modi government and its political allies. There is a silence at the top. A series of recent incidents in India have not only exposed Indian pluralism-cum-secularism but have put a big question mark on true democratic values because minorities, especially Muslims, have been victims of right wing Hindu extremists, i.e. RSS, Sangh Parivar, and the BJP.
Modi, as an activist of RSS, had demonstrated his performance as Chief Minister Gujrat in 2002, where thousands of Muslims were massacred and many were left homeless. Now the situation under his RSS-backed reign is haunting country’s minorities more than ever and they are living under constant fear. Hindu extremist organization’s leader Shiv Sena Udhay Thakray has demanded that India be proclaimed as Hindu country. In 2014, Dharm Jagran Smiti (DSJ) leader Rjeshwar Singh had threatened to Hinduize India by 2021 by expelling or re-converting Muslims and Christians. Muslims face massacre, Christians are subjected to vandalism of Churches and rape of Nuns, Sikh community is being suppressed in the name of Khalistan etc and denied separate socio-religious status, whereas, Scheduled castes and other communities face different intimidating tactics at the hands of upper class Hindus. The BJP government is providing support and oxygen to Hindu extremists to launch their agenda to “Hinduise” India. The extremist Hindu parties seem bent upon spreading Hindu-first ideology to all corners of India.
Having said that, a Hindu extremist country like India, in a progressing region, will pose serious threat and challenge to the regional peace and security. International community should end its slumber and it should be understood that any kind of support to India will be inadvertent support for Hindu extremism. The world cannot afford another religious extremism after the rise of al-Qaeda and now the ISIS. The Western business elites may continue to support Modi to accomplish their business interests but at the same time they must admonish the Indian government for deliberate gross violations of religious freedom and legitimate rights of minorities. If impartial analysis is made, it could safely be said that political Hinduism is on the rise in India, which will have negative implications for not only Pakistan-India relations but also for peace and harmony in the region.
Taken by: Pakistan Observer, November 27, 2016.
Disclaimer: Views expressed are of the writer and are not necessarily reflective of IPRI policy.
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The genus Digitalis is characterized by eye-catching spires of densely arranged, elegant, tubular flowers, which begin opening from the bottom and continue upwards. The flowers occur in a wide range of colors, frequently with spots. Many species self-sow prolifically, a trait that can be considered “naturalizing” or “nuisance,” depending upon the site. There are species suitable for sunny borders, open woodlands, and meadows.
Noteworthy CharacteristicsThese low-maintenance plants bloom with colorful, vertical drama.
CareMost species prefer part-shade in humus-rich soil, but can tolerate anything but extreme conditions.
PropagationSow seed in situ or in a cold frame in spring.
ProblemsSouthern blight, anthracnose, fungal leaf spot.
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Washers are a common, yet overlooked, fastener that finds use in a wide variety of applications, being especially important in the aviation industry. While coming in a number of forms, washers are generally notable for their flat, circular design where a hole is provided for the insertion of a bolt or similar threaded fastener. Depending on the application, type of washer, and other such factors, washers may perform roles ranging from acting as a spacer to preventing the loosening of bolts. In this blog, we will provide a brief overview of the most common types of washers used on aircraft, allowing you to have a better understanding of their potential uses and benefits for such applications.
Fixed-wing aircraft and rotary-wing aircraft are two forms of planes that differ in their wing design. Whereas fixed-wing aircraft have wings that stay in the exact same place on the vessel throughout flight, rotary aircraft have a set of rotating wings. Though these two types of planes rely on specially designed airfoils to generate lift, rotary aircraft have the advantage of not needing to move forward in order to fly. Instead, they may fly forward, backward, and side to side, in addition to being able to take off and land from a small space.
Helicopters are a unique form of aircraft, capable of performing maneuvers not possible for many fixed-wing aircraft like hovering, vertical take-off and landing, and much more. With their special abilities, helicopters find use in applications ranging from aerial transportation in dense cities to carrying out military operations. While helicopters equipped with turbine engines can fly upwards of 25,000 feet in the atmosphere, they are more limited when they are hovering. Regardless, both height limitations fall below those of many commercial aircraft, begging the question of why they cannot attain such heights. In this blog, we will seek to answer this question, allowing you to better understand the engineering and aerodynamics of such rotary-wing aircraft.
With a typical fixed-wing airplane, one can now traverse the globe in times never before thought possible, as countries across the world are now just hours away instead of weeks or months. A majority of these fast-moving aircraft utilize a similar design where engines create forward momentum and wings ensure ample lift. These are the types of aircraft that we are used to in our current day, but one may wonder if we have the ability to create the science-fiction-like aircraft that hover, glide, and otherwise have full control of how they move. While these aircraft are fictional, we do actually have some aircraft that are able to take off vertically before gliding forward, not accounting for helicopters.
By far, aviation serves as one of the safest ways to travel, and this is made possible through rigorous regulations and advanced technology. With a variety of robust systems, pilots are provided ample assistance and aid during various flight conditions, ensuring they always have the tools and resources at hand to efficiently and safely carry out an operation. For instance, the landing process can be complex, especially if weather phenomena detracts from overall visibility of the runway. As landing without visuals would be highly dangerous, pilots utilize what is known as the Instrument Landing System (ILS) to optimally touchdown at the end of a flight.
Whether an aircraft is being turned over between flights or simply needs to be refueled before its next operation, a majority of servicing and flight preparation is carried out through the use of ground support equipment (GSE). There are many types of GSE, including equipment that aids in repair, overhaul, refueling, parking, towing, baggage transportation, and much more. As critical resources for basic aircraft management and preparation, it is very important that operators maintain the functionality and reliability of their arsenal. In this blog, we will discuss GSE in more detail, allowing you to better understand how to best manage and source such equipment for your operational needs.
Across the globe, thousands of commercial flights are scheduled everyday, and a single airliner will often conduct multiple flights back to back with a tight schedule. To meet the demands of passengers and to ensure minimal downtime between each flight operation, airliners will need to rapidly be serviced, inspected, turned-over, and more. To carry out all the tasks required to prepare an aircraft for its next flight, ground service equipment (GSE) is used. GSE comes in a number of forms, ranging from equipment used to transport baggage to vehicles that provide fuel. In this blog, we will discuss some of the most common types of GSE, allowing you to better be aware of how airliners are serviced.
Whether one is operating a simplistic drone for hobby piloting or an advanced model for scientific pursuits, most drones rely on propeller assemblies for the means of creating lift and conducting flight. With their role in making flight possible, it is crucial that drone propeller parts are regularly maintained and replaced as necessary before an issue or failure occurs. To effectively manage the health of aircraft propeller parts while saving money, it is paramount that one determines the correct time to replace drone propellers. By familiarizing yourself with the common signs of wear and impending failure, you can ensure the continued health of your system while only conducting maintenance when necessary.
One of the most critical elements of aviation safety is communication. Over the years, aerospace engineers have developed multiple sophisticated measures to help aircraft maintain verbal and nonverbal communication with ground authorities and other aircraft. One such piece of technology that has stood the test of time is the transponder, which remains a vital piece of aircraft safety and functionality even 60 years after its invention. In this blog, we will discuss everything you need to know about transponders, including their history, design, and current implementation.
Vertical tail fins provide control and stability to aircraft as air flows around them. Typically offering pilots command over the yaw axis, vertical tail fins also house a controllable rudder and a trim tab for fine-tuning during takeoff, cruise, and landing. Pilots achieve such maneuverability by using their foot pedals and auto flight systems. The shape and size of the fins are dependent on the type of flight and maneuvers the aircraft is intended to carry out.
Modern aircraft feature an immensely complex electrical system that supports vital avionic equipment and in-flight entertainment systems. With a combination of both AC and DC buses, as well as an intricate network of monitoring devices, nearly every region of the aircraft is integrated with electrical wiring or other similar components. However, despite the robustness of these systems, there are many parts of the airplane that are not meant to encounter electrical currents and must be protected. In this blog, we will discuss bonding jumpers, those of which are used throughout an aircraft to preserve non-electrical surfaces, and to provide a means of grounding.
The final approach and landing of an aircraft is a complex process, requiring pilots to carefully control speed, orientation, engine power, and other flight characteristics for safety and efficiency. Depending on the type of aircraft one is flying, the various equipment present on the vehicle, and the specifics of the airport that one is landing at, the particular procedure of landing one undertakes may differ. While observing aircraft as they land, one may notice that a large number of them land while pointing their nose at an inclination. This is due to the way in which aircraft conduct their landings, and this blog will help you to better understand why planes land on rear wheels with their nose angled upward.
With drones garnering popularity for commercial, artistic, and exploratory purposes, an interest in their maintenance and repair has become commonplace. Similar to other mechanical devices, drones have limited service lives that can be extended with proper care and maintenance. As such, this blog will cover how to maintain drones and their related parts.
Like most transportation vessels, aircraft need to be regularly serviced to ensure proper functionality. As such, there are many different ways of scheduling maintenance and services for different aircraft. For example, all commercial planes need to be inspected prior to each flight, while light aircraft are annually checked after being in service for a specific number of hours. In the case of commercial helicopters, maintenance is a routine procedure used to guarantee safe flying conditions.
While most aviation enthusiasts and passengers notice the propellers commonly found on famous aircraft like the C130, Spitfire, and Dash 8, usually little thought is given to how they work. Indeed, the aerodynamics of propeller propulsion are incredibly fascinating, and the design of such assemblies has been dramatically upgraded over the years. This blog will discuss the basic aerodynamics of propellers, their pitfalls, and why they must spin in a particular direction.
Of the hundreds of controls found in the cockpit of an aircraft, one of the most important and readily used is the thrust lever. They are found in every aircraft that has an engine, and while their location and size may vary, their operating principle remains the same. This article will discuss the purpose, location, and types of thrust levers in airplanes.
The aircraft rudders are one of the primary controls of countless aircraft types, allowing for the pilot to manage the positioning of the rudder surface. Like most other flight controls, the rudder serves as a surface similar to aircraft wings, capable of affecting aerodynamics for the creation of lift in a specific direction. The rudder is mounted to the vertical portion of an airplane’s tail section, and the surface is oriented so that it may deflect left or right. With its actuation through the use of rudder control equipment, the nose of the aircraft may be pulled left or right.
While serving as a technology that has long benefited flight since the early days of aviation, aircraft propellers are robust structures that are still found on countless aircraft models for propulsion generation. Many aircraft propeller system types have come about over the years as well, each of which feature various differences in their design and functionality. In this blog, we will provide a brief overview of the most common propeller hardware types so that you may be aware of their various advantages, disadvantages, and uses.
To take flight, helicopters utilize a combination of specialized components to achieve such capabilities. While most modern helicopters come in a variety of sizes and shapes, the critical apparatuses that comprise the aircraft remain fundamentally the same. To achieve flight, primary components of a helicopter consist of the airframe, fuselage, landing gear, powerplant, transmission, main rotor, and anti-torque system. While all of these parts are needed and contribute to flight, the rotor system in particular is a major section that separates helicopters from other aircraft types. Without these correlating sections of the rotorcraft, flight would be compromised and unsafe for pilots.
Aircraft drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are aircraft that fly without the need of a pilot on board. While many individuals may be familiar with the drones that serve defense applications and hobbyists, there are also numerous types that are used for science endeavors, search and rescue missions, environmentalism, and more. Regardless of what a particular drone is used for, it is important that they are well maintained and inspected on regular intervals to ensure their longevity and performance.
While the main rotor of a helicopter is paramount for flight, the tail rotor is also an assembly that is crucial for safely operating the rotorcraft. Aircraft tail rotors are part of the single rotor design of helicopters, and they are the type that most are familiar with. Consisting of small rotor blades vertically attached to the tail of the helicopter, the assembly ensures that reactional torque created by the main rotors does not have a major detrimental effect on performance and safety.
The oil system of an aircraft is paramount to its performance, allowing for numerous parts to be lubricated and cooled during standard operations. Over time, oil may be exposed to numerous contaminates that can affect performance, and common contaminants include gasoline, acid, dirt, moisture, carbon, and metallic particles. To prevent these contaminants from having major effects on the lubrication system, the regular draining and replacement of oil should be conducted. In some cases, however, maintaining the oil system may require more than simply replacing liquids as one may need to clean parts, check aircraft oil filters, replace damaged components, and more.
To put it simply, a marine gauging system is a vital piece of marine machinery that is located on the tanker of a vessel and which is used to evaluate the contents inside the tank. For more information on the marine gauging system, the article below will go into depth on the many different types of ship tankers.
Aircraft maintenance refers to the regular performance of tasks required to ensure the lasting airworthiness of an aircraft or aircraft parts. This includes overhaul, inspections, replacement, engine fuel monitoring, aircraft tyres checks, defect rectification, modification, and adherence to airworthiness and repair guidelines. Given the ongoing global health crisis caused by the impact of COVID-19, aircraft maintenance, a profession in which workers operate in close quarters, has inevitably been affected.
If you are just starting out in the aviation mechanics industry, you might know that deciding the size of the propeller was likely the most important thing that you can learn. With enough time and practice, anyone can begin to recognize what types of propeller is necessary for you to use. In this article, we’ll discuss the procedure to choose a propeller for a plane structure.
The helicopter rotor system is the rotating section of the aircraft that generates lift. The rotor is made up of the mast, hub, and rotor blades. The mast is a hollow, cylindrical metal shaft that extends up from the transmission. In some configurations, the transmission also supports the mast. Atop the mast lies the attachment point for the rotor blades. This is called the hub. The rotor blades can attach to the hub through a variety of means. In fact, the type of rotor system is determined by the way the blades are attached to the hub. There are three different rotor systems: semirigid, rigid, and fully articulated. This blog will explain each of these rotor systems, as well as the rotor types themselves.
Rivets are an indispensable mechanical fastener for the construction of aircraft assemblies. Rivets feature a cylindrical shaft that has a head on one end and a tail on the other, providing the ability for the rivet to be passed through components before the tail end is made into another head. When the tail is formed into a head, the rivet then acts as a permanent fastener, supporting tension and shear loads without the risk of loosening. While solid rivets have proved their use since the Bronze Age, they always require access to both sides of a component for proper installation and head formation. This can create problems and consume time for aircraft assembly where accessing the other side of a component proves to be very difficult. Luckily, fasteners such as blind and pop rivets solve this problem by allowing installation from one side of the component. In this blog, we will discuss what blind and pop rivet parts are, and how they differ from each other.
Altimeters are a very useful tool for a variety of applications including flying aircraft, hiking, climbing, skiing, and more. Altitude measurement is made by determining atmospheric pressure, otherwise known as barometric pressure. Atmospheric pressure refers to the pressure that is caused by gravity pulling in the air from the atmosphere towards Earth. As pressure is caused by the accumulated air weight, atmospheric pressure is reduced while travelling upwards in elevation. With an understanding of atmospheric pressure and how it differs depending on elevation, we can now discuss how the altimeter aircraft feature provides pilots with altitude readings.
When designing rotor blades for a new helicopter, the length is often decided based on the intended application. With longer helicopter rotor blades, more powerful lift can be achieved which is optimal for carrying heavier loads. Smaller blades on the other hand allow for less drag and faster achievable speeds. With the advent of new technology and capability, the ability to have both types with the same rotor may soon become a reality.
Making difficult decisions in life is something you’ll encounter in any type of work. From administrative work to government and the medical field, difficult decisions are being made every day. What some people might not know is that the supply chain industry involves much decision making and the choices made here can be significantly influential. Take equipment and machinery selection, for instance. Some managers and inventory specialists will be tempted to select the items that save the most costs, but those decisions can potentially come back to haunt them when these cheaper items will inevitably falter. Read on below for a closer look at this in engine hoist selections.
Piston engines serve as one of the most popular forms of engines that are used today. Any adult who drives may not even realize that they rely on a piston engine everyday as almost every automobile utilizes one. Smaller aircraft also utilize piston engines for their fuel combustion and functionality. So what are piston engines, and how do they work?
If you’ve ever boarded a plane and were fortunate enough to have a seat by the window, you’ve probably seen the curve at the tip of the aircraft wing. While the design certainly looks cool and sleek, there is a functional purpose for having this curve on an aircraft. These curves are called aircraft winglets and their purpose is to reduce wingtip vortex and vortices.
id you know that there are about 550 pounds of paint that is coated on the average airplane? That amounts close to 70-950 gallons of paint used and about $200,000. Needless to say, the task of painting an airplane is no small feat and if you are just entering the realm of aviation and aviation parts, then it might benefit you to learn about what it takes to prepare a newly fledged or veteran aircraft for flight. Paint, much to every novice’s surprise, plays an essential role in that.
By 2018, the consumer drone market reached over $1 billion in sales. Given how ubiquitous unmanned drones are now, this is unsurprising; drones are used in everything from farming to photography, from scientific research to traffic management. They are also an increasingly popular private hobby for individuals and competitions. But just like any other machine, drones are susceptible to mechanical fatigue and wear and tear, with their propellers in particular being vulnerable to failure. In this blog, we’ll break down some key reasons for replacing your propeller.
Relays have several important uses in electronics. A relay is powered by a small electric with the ability to turn a larger electrical current on or off, like a switch. Joseph Henry, an American electromagnetics scientist, is credited with creating the concept of switching large electromagnets on and off.
The next time you’re outside, turn your eyes to the sky and you will most likely see a few vapor trails above us. These are the white wispy lines that jet engine planes paint across the great blue sky as they zoom across the horizon. These lines are made by the engines inside the plane that powers them, specifically, jet engine propulsion. This type of engine converts energy rich liquid fuel into a powerful force called thrust. The thrust, in combination with lift, forces air past the wings to power it into the sky and enable flight. Let’s explore how jet engines function and how they vary from piston engines.
It’s an exciting time for the helicopter industry—new innovations and upgrades are on the forefront of technological development for Helicopters. Advancements in overall structure, engine components, and design are changing the way we conceptualize— and use—these aircraft. Traditional rotor systems are getting a facelift, and Bell is one of the companies paving the way for the future of helicopter operation.
The concept that led to propeller propulsion was derived from the rotating screw design, invented by Archimedes in 200 BC. This design was used to lift water from wells and was an inspiration for Leonardo Da Vinci’s flying machine. Although his helicopter-like design was never built, it inspired many aviation innovators. By the mid-1700s, the rotating screw design was also used in marine propulsion.
One of the most important parts of any rotorcraft is undoubtedly the rotor. But the blades are a close second. Afterall, for rotorcraft, the rotational movement of the blades is the only reason that the aircraft can even achieve lift and fly. For rotorcraft like helicopters, lift is achieved when the rotor blades (airfoil) meet the oncoming airflow and deflect them, creating a change in the direction of the airflow, which results in an area of low pressure forming behind the leading edge of the upper surface of the blade.
The propeller is the one of the most vital parts on your aircraft, and one of the most vulnerable. The aircraft propeller is the main component used to generate thrust, consistently stressing the propeller. The likelihood of the propeller sustaining damage is substantially higher than it is for the rest of the airframe. So, it’s important to care for the propeller and conduct regular visual inspections. Fortunately, proper propeller care doesn’t require a specialized technician, nor will it take a lot of time. By following these few easy steps, you can remain vigilant on your propeller’s condition and remain confident when cruising at 15,000 feet.
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Recommended Procedure for Cleaning Up a Liquid Chemical Spill
To contain and control a liquid chemical spill, the following procedure works well. First, remove all unprotected personnel and students away from spill. If the spilled chemical is volatile, ventilate the area or evacuate. If the spilled chemical is flammable, remove all ignition sources. Wear personal protection equipment such as chemical splash goggles, chemical–resistant gloves and apron.
Gently pour sand around the spill and onto the spill. The sand will contain the spill, prevent it from spreading, and also provide traction if you need to walk over it. Next, pour absorbent (kitty litter, oil absorbent) around the spill and onto the spill. This will absorb the liquid and also begin to contain any vapors. For both the absorbent and sand, it is best to gently drop or sprinkle the spill control material around the spill and then onto the spill to avoid further spreading. Lastly, if the spill is an inorganic acid or base, apply the appropriate neutralizer around the spill and onto the spill. The neutralizer needs to be mixed well with the sand and absorbent to come in contact with all of the spilled chemical—use a plastic broom to mix well.
After the spill is controlled, the cleanup begins. If the material is warm or still giving off vapors, ventilate the room and wait before cleaning up. Use a plastic dustpan and plastic broom to sweep up the now solid mess and place it into large, heavy–duty plastic garbage or leaf bags for disposal. If at any time during the chemical spill containment or cleanup step you don’t feel comfortable, leave the area and get help. © 2006 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction permission is granted to science teachers who are current customers of Flinn Scientific, Inc. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.
PREVENTING CHEMICAL SPILLS
No matter what precautions are taken, accidental chemical spills will occur in a science laboratory. Be a responsible science teacher and make sure proper safety equipment is available to contain and control a spill and understand how to use the safety equipment. Equally as important as knowing how to clean up spills is understanding how to prevent both minor and major chemical spills. Experiments, laboratories, and purchasing procedures should be designed to minimize the possibility of chemical spills. Experiments should use the minimal amount of chemicals whenever possible. The following guidelines will reduce the risk of chemical spills.
Purchase of Chemicals:
Storage of Chemicals:
Dispensing of Chemicals:
If the above suggestions are followed, the number of minor spills should decrease and the probability of a major spill will be greatly reduced. However, it is important to regularly review the proper procedures for cleaning up chemical spills and to maintain an adequate supply of spill control materials. For information on how to clean up chemical spills, please request Safety Fax! #10312.
For more information on laboratory safety, chemical hazards, or the storage and disposal of chemicals, consult your current edition of the Flinn Chemical & Biological Catalog/Reference Manual. This resource contains hundreds of helpful How To Boxes and safety tips, and over 100 pages of reference information. Depend on Flinn to provide the latest safety information and to be your problem solving source.
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Written in 380 BC, The Republic essentially consists of Socrates discussing the meaning and nature of justice with various men, speculating how different hypothetical cities, underpinned by different forms of justice, would fare. Confusingly, The Republic is not about a republic. The society described would be more accurately termed a polity.
In The Republic, Plato argues that kings should become philosophers or that philosophers should become kings, or philosopher kings, as they possess a special level of knowledge, which is required to rule the Republic successfullyWhat does Plato say in the republic?
Comments & Reviews
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AccessThat: Digital Accessibility Basics
We believe everyone should have access to digital spaces and content. This means we are committed to producing and sharing the most accessible media we can, and to training and encouraging others to do the same.
Media Accessibility for Creators
- For basics, watch our AccessThat training videos.
- For more detailed step-by-step directions, check out our Video Accessibility Guide.
Below, you will find basics on
- Audio Description
- Alt Text/Image Descriptions
- A list of other helpful accessibility tips
As an accessibility tool for people who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing, captions provide a real-time, on-screen text version of everything that is spoken within a video, as well as any relevant sounds or inflections (think off-screen cheers, sirens in the background, groans from a class room facing forward, or sarcasm in tone of voice). If these audio-based elements cannot be recovered visually and are important to understanding the story or situation, they should be included in the captions. The inclusion of this additional auditory information is what makes captions different from subtitles.
• The Described and Captioned Media Program (DCMP) provides an amazing guide of best practices when it comes to formatting captions.
• Here’s a guide to captioning your own YouTube Videos.
• Here’s guide for publishing captions to Facebook.
• You can also use a paid service to caption your online videos such as Rev or 3Play Media.
Watch our video about why you should Audio Describe.
Audio Description is a separate narrative audio track that describes all essential visual information that is necessary to understanding the story and purpose of the video. To simplify, audio description makes it so that if you were to remove the visual component of your video entirely, your story would still make sense as solely an auditory experience. This is achieved by the addition of a narrator, called the Audio Describer, who describes the important visual elements as they occur. This makes your content accessible to people who are blind and low vision who may not be able to see the video clearly. Audio described videos can also be helpful for people with certain sensory disabilities who are easily overstimulated and/or who would prefer to listen instead.
Audio description is often written by professionals who have experience and familiarity with the blind and low vision community. It can be tricky to craft good audio description and it is important to know exactly why and how people will be using it. We encourage all video makers to become proficient at creating their own audio description, but it’s important to make sure you are in communication with blind and low vision folks as you learn and begin to implement. Ask consumers to give you feedback, and if at all possible, include blind and low vision folks in the process.
• Here’s a great resource from American Council for the Blind and the Audio Description Project that provides some guidelines and best practices for audio describers.
• If you’re interested in hiring audio description services, The American Council for the Blind has compiled this list of audio description service providers.
A transcript is a text version of the video. A transcript should capture all the spoken audio, plus on-screen text and descriptions of key visual information that wouldn’t otherwise be accessible without seeing the video. Transcripts make video content accessible to everyone, including people who are unable to view the video due to accessibility or technical limitations of a video player, such as those that don’t support captions. When properly formatted, transcripts can be read in entirety by a screen reader or turned into a Braille document. They are also helpful for people who want to quickly scan or search a video’s content.
Transcripts can be made available to your online community by including a link on your website, or within the share text of your online video hosting platform.
It is important to remember that online transcripts need to be “machine-readable” so that software programs used by blind and low vision viewers to convert the text to speech or digital Braille have access. Many .pdfs for instance are inaccessible since many of them have “flattened” the text into the document. Text formats like .doc, .txt, and .html are most commonly used for transcripts since the text is recoverable by screen readers. One way to confirm accessibility is by selecting, copying, and pasting a sentence into a new document. If the sentence copies correctly, then it’s machine-readable.
• If you don’t want to transcribe your own videos, captioning services like Rev and 3Play Media also offer transcripts.
Alt Text and Image Descriptions
Watch our video that explains how to do Alt Text in 60s.
Similar to Audio Description, Image Descriptions and Alt Text are most often used in order to provide people who are blind and low vision access to visual information. But whereas Audio Descriptions are audio-based and primarily used for video, Alt Text and Image descriptions are text-based and meant to describe still images for those who use screen readers to navigate the web, or for anyone who has trouble understanding the visual information in an image.
While Alt Text and Image Descriptions include similar information, the key difference between Alt Text and Image Descriptions is where and how they appear online. Alt Text is a type of “hard-coded” metadata associated with an image that exists as html. It is most often included in an “Alt-Text” field when uploading an image. In addition to providing accessibility, this text helps search engines learn what your image is about, and can improve your website’s SEO significantly.
Image Descriptions are usually more detailed than Alt Text, and are most often included in the body of a post or share text.
• Here is a great resource on how to write Alt Text and Image Descriptions.
• Here is a guide to editing Alt Text on Facebook.
Other things we like to keep in mind.
• Avoid using all capital letters unless you’re using an acronym.
• Write text descriptions in plain language and avoid run-on sentences.
• Use “CamelCase” for hashtags. Example: #RootedinRights, not #rootedinrights.
• Put mentions (@) and hashtags (#) at the end of your post.
• Use high-contrast colors for text on graphics. Color contrast checker: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/.
• Use a URL shortener for links.
• Make sure your website address is listed in “About” section to provide easy point of entry for more information.
• If possible, include multiple ways to contact your organization (phone number, online contact form, email address).
• Acronyms can be confusing to screen readers; if possible, use full names followed by the acronym in parentheses.
• If your phone has built-in text-to-speech (VoiceOver for iPhone) or a text-to-speech app, try listening to your post prior to posting.
• CAPTCHA systems may be difficult for people who are blind or have low vision.
• Automatic/machine-generated captions are typically inaccurate; have a person review machine-generated captions before publishing.
• Avoid using short, vague hyperlinked text such as “click here” or “read more.” This can make it difficult for people with screen readers to understand where a link will take them. Instead, hyperlink fully descriptive text. For example, use the full title of an article or web page to which the link will direct readers as the hyperlink text.
• Make sure than any visual element that blinks or flashes at a rate or more than three flashes per second (including videos and GIFs) is small enough to only cover a quarter of an individual’s field of vision. Put a warning if possible.
• Include trigger warnings (tw) or content notes (cn) for potentially triggering content, such as content around violence or abuse.
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If you’re an allergy sufferer who also deals with snoring, you may be putting two and two together. Allergies and snoring. Are the two related, or is it just a grim case of bad luck that you can’t seem to breathe correctly when laying down to go to sleep?
As it turns out, you’re not crazy. There is absolutely a link between allergies and snoring.
In this post, you’re going to learn what it is. You’re also going to learn how to help curb your snoring issues for good.
What Will I Learn?
What Will I Learn?
Can Allergies Cause You to Snore?
Allergies and snoring definitely have a link, and it comes in the form of a condition known as Allergic Rhinitis. Also known as ‘hay fever,’ this troublesome condition is triggered by allergic reactions to allergens like pollen and creates a series of symptoms that make you much, much more likely to snore.
According to statistics, about 8% of adults in the U.S. experience Allergic Rhinitis of some kind. The common symptoms of this condition can include:
- Watery eyes
- A stuffy, runny, itchy nose
- A sore, scratchy throat
- Excessive fatigue
- Dark circles under the eyes
In other words, inflammation and congestion of the sinus passages often follow when you’ve come into contact with pollen and other allergens that may trigger an Allergic Rhinitis reaction. And if they do, you’re a lot more likely to snore.
The Answer to the Question: Can Sinus Problems Cause You to Snore?
Sinus congestion and inflammation can absolutely increase your odds of snoring. In fact, Allergic Rhinitis can sometimes cause Sinusitis to develop. This makes snoring even more likely.
Let’s break down how these two conditions can contribute to your snoring risk.
This condition, characterized by a runny nose, congestion, and inflammation, can cause snoring by making it more difficult to breathe through the nostrils. This can increase mouth breathing, which increases snoring risk all on its own. Or, it can cause nasal snoring by reducing the amount of room for airflow.
Sinusitis is often characterized by nasal congestion, discolored nasal drainage, a fever, a headache, and sinus pressure. Sinusitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections in the sinus cavities. Allergic Rhinitis doesn’t necessarily always cause it but in bad cases, it can certainly turn into it.
And just like Allergic Rhinitis, Sinusitis can contribute to your snoring risk in two major ways. For one, it reduces the amount of room for proper airflow in the nasal passages. This makes you more likely to develop a nasal snoring issue while sick. But it also increases the odds that you will start mouth-breathing in your sleep as well. And that also contributes to snoring risk.
Why Is Mouth Breathing Such an Issue?
Chronic mouth breathing can put you at risk for several different types of health complications. Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea are certainly top contenders here, but other risks include:
- Dental complications (decay and gum disease)
- Speech and swallowing difficulties
- Enlarged adenoids and tonsils
- Worsening of asthma problems
Mouth breathing contributes to your snoring risk because it increases the odds for soft palate vibration the primary mechanism to blame for snoring. Sleeping with your mouth closed can reduce the severity of snoring.
Soft palate vibrations happen when the soft tissues of the upper airway relax and collapse-in. This constricts the airway, resulting in airflow that’s faster than usual. This faster-moving air vibrates the tissue of the soft palate, causing the sounds that we have all come to recognize as ‘snoring.’
Mouth Breathing Also Puts You at an Increased Risk For Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSA is a much more serious sleep disorder that occurs when the soft tissues of the upper airway completely close-in and block airflow. This actually stops the person from breathing for a period of a few seconds. When the brain registers that oxygen isn’t coming into the body, it ‘jolts’ the person awake so that they tense their throat and take a breath.
This causes the ‘waking, choking, and gasping for air’ symptoms that so vividly characterize Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
If you fear that your allergies have caused you to develop an OSA problem, it is always a good idea to talk to your doctor. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is different from snoring. Snoring doesn’t always indicate a case of OSA. But loud, severe snoring is absolutely a primary symptom of OSA. Snoring is mostly just a nuisance, while OSA actually blocks your airway, keeps you from breathing, and jars you awake to pull you out of REM sleep.
As a result, you end up sleep-deprived, and at an increased risk of developing a number of different diseases and conditions, including:
- Daytime fatigue
- Cardiovascular problems
- Type-2 Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Excess weight gain
If your partner reports that you regularly stop breathing in your sleep for brief periods of time, only to ‘wake up gasping for breath,’ it’s probably because you’ve developed a case of OSA, and need to speak to a doctor for treatment.
How to Stop Allergies and Snoring
By now, you may be thinking to yourself “yes, I probably have an allergy-related snoring problem.”
If so, what can you do about it?
If your problem is truly rooted in your allergic reactions and doesn’t spring up in any other circumstances, then the news is partly good. It means that if you can successfully treat your allergy symptoms, you can probably manage your snoring risk as well.
Do Antihistamines Help With Snoring?
You need to be careful with medications when it comes to snoring. Some medications actually relax the muscles. These will tend to make your snoring issues worse. Tranquilizers like Valium and Antivan can have such an effect.
But antihistamines may actually alleviate snoring symptoms, especially if they are caused by allergies.
Allergies elicit an immune response from your body as a means of fighting against the ‘invaders’ of pollen, dander, dust, etc. Antihistamines rush to the sites where allergens are detected and bind to the receptors that cause the inflammation.
In other words, they help to reduce the inflammation by stopping the reaction. This is how they help to reduce snoring risk if your snoring is, indeed, caused by an allergic reaction.
What Will Make Me Stop Snoring?
If you’re dealing with allergies and snoring, then here are some steps to take when you start to endure seasonal allergy flair-ups.
Take an Allergy Medicine
Any antihistamine allergy medicine (okayed by your doctor, of course) has a decent shot at reducing your symptoms and your snoring risk.
Sleep on Your Side
It may not seem like it, but turning onto your side while you sleep can greatly reduce your odds of snoring, especially if your allergies are causing you to breathe through your mouth after you pass out. If you can’t manage to stay off of your back, try propping yourself up with pillows.
Use a Humidifier
A humidifier may not be a ‘one size fits all’ approach to stopping snoring problems but it can certainly help in dry months when the pollen count is higher. Moisturizing the air keeps dust, dirt, dander, and other debris from floating around at such a high volume. It also helps to soothe dry throats and nasal passages. If you really want to crank up the usefulness of your humidifier, consider getting a humidifier/essential oil diffuser combo, and use some peppermint or eucalyptus oil.
Use a Stop Snoring Device
If your snoring problem persists, you may need to use an anti-snoring device to curb it. A mandibular advancement device, a tongue stabilization device, or nasal strips can all be effective tools for helping to lower your snoring risk.
The most important thing to remember about snoring is that it needs to be addressed. A lot of people just ignore it and try to live with it. But this keeps your partner awake, and keeps you from getting the quality of rest you deserve.
So take measures to stop your snoring problem, and get back to a decent, restful night’s sleep.
Can Vicks help snoring?
Vicks VapoRub contains active ingredients that help to open the nasal passages and improve breathing during sleep. Yes, it can help to curb your snoring problems, especially if those problems are caused by allergies. But sometimes, Vicks alone isn’t enough to solve the issue.
Why does my nose get stuffy at night when I lay down?
Nasal congestion actually gets worse at night, due to the fact that when we lay down to go to sleep, more blood rushes to our head. This increases blood flow to the top of our body, increasing inflammation, and the odds that some kind of ‘swelling’ is going to happen. The steps outlined in the article above can do a lot to help eliminate snoring when it happens only at night. As a general rule, treating a stuffy nose in such cases will also help you to eliminate your allergies and snoring issues.
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While it may be a few weeks for much of the country before we can plant any warm-season crops like tomatoes, beans and peppers, we can start planning cool-season crops right now.
Cool-season crops are those plants that can take a bit of frost and don’t do well in hot weather. These plants are typically done growing by June, just when the warm-season crops are beginning to take off. Examples of cool-season crops include lettuce, broccoli, radishes, turnips, carrots and onions.
For these cool-season crops, you should plant them as soon as the soil is workable.
1. Chives. This plant is a perennial herb that can be harvested as soon as the leaves appear in early spring. The leaves impart the classic chives flavor, but the edible late spring blooms taste more like onions. Chives do well in containers and also in perennial garden beds.
Plants can be propagated by seed or by division, and planted 8-12 inches apart. They are great for attracting birds and bees, are deer resistant, and make a great low-maintenance garden plant.
Need Non-GMO Seeds For Your Garden? The Best Deals Are Here!
Culinary uses for chives include salads, used in egg dishes, as a garnish in cream soups, and, of course, on baked potatoes.
2. Spinach. Spinach is packed with essential nutrients like iron, calcium, protein and beta-carotene.
Spinach is easy to grow, and if you place it in shade, you may be able to keep it growing throughout the summer months. Where winters aren’t very harsh, spinach can be grown in late fall to allow for harvesting early in the spring, and it can also be overwintered in a cold frame. It can be grown both in partial sun and in full sun.
The small baby leaves can be harvested for salads 20-30 days after sowing, and the larger leaves can continue to be harvested until the hot weather leads to bolting. The larger leaves are quite tasty when briefly sautéed in olive oil and garlic. Whole spinach plants can be harvested 25-50 days after seeding.
Propagate spinach by direct seeding as soon as the soil is workable, about 4-6 weeks prior to the last frost date.
3. Lettuce. Lettuce comes in a wide variety of colors, shapes and flavors, and if you start growing your own, you’ll likely develop your favorites. Growing your own lettuce produces much fresher and tastier lettuce than you typically can purchase in grocery stores. Lettuce is a plant that really does best in cool weather, and one that bolts and tastes bitter when it gets too hot. You can find a number of more heat-tolerant varieties on the market. It also grows successfully in containers, as it does not require much space to grow.
Directly seed lettuce seeds as soon as the soil can be worked, at spaces of 2-12 inches apart, depending on the variety. Harvest can be extended by seeding every three weeks until late spring, and then again in late summer for a fall harvest.
Seamazing: The Low-Cost Way To Re-Mineralize Your Soil
Warning: Some lettuce varieties cannot tolerate hard frosts. Choose your varieties wisely. Romaine can tolerate a light frost but not a hard one.
4. Kale. A nutritional power green, kale seems to be all the rage these days. Kale bestows many health benefits to those who consume it, including iron, vitamin K, antioxidants such as carotenoids and flavonoids, vitamin C, beta-carotene, calcium and anti-inflammatory properties. Kale can be used as a garnish and added to salads, stir-fries, steamed vegetable dishes, soups and stews. The flavor and the color of kale are improved when the weather is cool and frosty.
Kale can be propagated from seed and grown in partial sun or in full sun. Be sure to plant kale plants at least 12-36 inches apart from one another.
Baby kale greens can be picked 20-30 days after seeding, and the mature leaves can be harvested 30-40 days later. Individual leaves can be selectively harvested and the plant will continue to produce more of them. Older leaves can be cooked and used in recipes.
What would you add to this list? Share your ideas in the section below:
Every Spring, Gardeners Make This Avoidable Mistake — But You Don’t Have To. Read More Here.
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By Charlena Wynn
For nonprofits, some may find themselves lacking the opportunity and sometimes funding to adequately address all issues that contribute to their focus. Some find themselves battling with other organizations and groups that could be potential allies, and must continuously work to fix one societal issue instead of combining preventative education, social justice, and effective change to transform society as a whole. The Center for Biological Diversity, founded in 1989, is changing that narrative. With a strong focus on the systematic root cause of societal inequity, the Center has created a foundation for educating and making societal change which in turn benefits the entire globe. The Center recognizes the dependency that humanity has on the natural environment and works to encourage biological diversity as the key for a healthy earth and people, which in turn protects wildlife. By addressing social inequality issues, organizations can find relevant ways to work with the public. The Center has found that incorporating historical concerns and new ways to think about history, has proven to be successful in making public policy changes for endangered species.
Empowerment and sustainable efforts go hand in hand, and contribute to a more biological diverse earth according to Peter Galvin, Founder and Director of Programs. The Center works to stop efforts to interrupt biological diversity and creates better ways to handle environmental concerns. They are an advocacy -and action-based organization that understands the power of interdisciplinary approaches to wildlife protection. They do so by using legal expertise, biological data and citizen petitions to secure legal protections for plants and animals. Galvin says their success is due to the dedication and passion of the staff. Scientists, lawyers, and researchers work to block building permits or make suggestions for new structures, secure laws and regulations preventing unsustainable efforts, and enact species lists on federal and state levels to ensure the planet is protected. Of the 900 lawsuits the Center has brought against government agencies and corporations, they have won 83% for the protection of habitats and endangered species by providing biological data and research to lawmakers.
Galvin feels that working with the public to understand wildlife and natural environments from a historic preservation perspective promotes a sense of history, culture and collective memory. Many of the natural wonders of the United States, like the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone are visited annually by millions of individuals. People visit because they are iconic to the United States says Galvin. Therefore protecting natural environments like these also preserves history in a different way. When the public can make connections to natural space as a place of history to be preserved and saved, the Center has found that they are more likely to support sustainable efforts and conservation efforts. Other nonprofits can be inspired by this notion – connecting the public to a historical component of the mission is effective in creating a relevant narrative for the cause.
Putting people and relevant topics at the forefront of conservation and wildlife protection is critical to garnering support. When people can see themselves in the movement and that their concerns are being addressed, individuals are able to connect to the goals of nonprofits. An example of this approach the Center uses is integrating women’s rights and empowerment and sexual health in their sustainability and population program. The program emphasizes women’s reproductive justice and economic empowerment as an important component for sustainability and population issues. When women are empowered, they are able to make smart choices for themselves and any children they may choose to have, says Galvin. The Center feels that when women have the tools to make healthy decisions, they can inspire others to make environmentally sound efforts. Access to reproductive care has been noted to positively affect a decrease in population size. Decreases in population and sustainable living can better support the earth, which in return positively affects the livelihood of humanity and nature.
The Center actively rejects anti-immigration sentiments and encourages a frame of compassion for reproductive health and freedom. They recognize the connections between reproductive freedom and choice and immigration rights as these two issues are integral to overpopulation and sustainability concerns. Providing immigrant women with preventative care and healthcare tools will enable them make healthy choices for their bodies and family which in turn reflects positively on environmental and animal conservation efforts. Additionally, young adults who are equipped with a sound sexual health education are also in a better positon to participate in sustainable efforts. Sustainability for the Center is a fun and informative discussion. Galvin feels that by approaching overpopulation and sustainability in an honest and fun way, organizations can reach and inspire the public to make positive choices individually and for the collective good.
For the Center for Biological Diversity, making honest connections with people is necessary as community participation is needed to protect wildlife. Solidarity with community forums has enabled the Center to connect with the public online, through action alerts and petitions such as the 52,251 letters sent to the Forest Service to stop a megamall development near the Grand Canyon National Park, and on the ground activism.
The Center for Biological Diversity’s goals is to protect wildlife and endangered species, but their work spans the entire globe and crosses healthcare, reproductive justice, historic preservation, and financial equity. The Center proves that making the connections between a variety of social issues is greatly tied to wildlife protection and environmental concerns. Nonprofits can benefit greatly from an interdisciplinary approach and connect with other organizations, foundations, and individuals to heal the entirety of their communities. Success in not about how many dollars a group can secure, but rather how other areas can benefit and flourish for a universal social change.
The Center for Biological Diversity believes that the welfare of human beings is deeply linked to nature. The Center is fighting a growing number of national and worldwide threats to biodiversity and is taking action on behalf of the world’s most critically endangered animals and plants. Charlena Wynn is currently pursuing her Master’s of Arts in Liberal Studies at NC State University with a concentration in examining the construction of Blackness in contemporary United States museums.
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It’s no secret that alcohol and substance use disorders have many causes. But as we’ve learned more over time with addiction, past or ongoing trauma can be a common driver.
A traumatic experience can feel like an overwhelming wave. You struggle to get your footing, and right when you think you’re okay, the pressure crashes back down on you. No matter the cause or situation, traumatic events can make you fear for your safety. And these experiences often have a continued negative impact on emotional and mental health.
That’s why trauma-informed care for addiction treatment is so important. In this post, we’ll explain the basics of trauma-informed care and the critical role it can play in addiction rehab.
The Basics of Trauma-Informed Care
Trauma-informed therapy shines a light on the direct relationship between a person’s past or current experiences and their addiction in order to help ease the healing process. Trauma-informed care works to address:
- The traumatic experience(s) that led to the addiction: Many people who experience trauma use drugs or alcohol as a way to escape from the pain and suffering caused by the traumatic event(s).
- Trauma caused by addictive behavior: Unfortunately, trauma can be a double-edged sword. The same substances used to escape the initial trauma often lead to new traumatic experiences as a result of destructive behavior.
- The main goal of trauma-informed care is to show the person suffering from addiction the connection between the two. After all, by creating a clear picture of the relationship, a sense of safety can be recovered, and healing can begin.
The Connection Between Trauma and Addiction
Research has shown that trauma can actually be the trigger that ignites an addiction. It’s common for someone who has experienced trauma to feel a strong sense of helplessness. The motivation to escape this crushing feeling can become so strong that the individual struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) turns to alcohol or drugs.
While drinking or getting high may be able to provide temporary relief, these actions oftentimes lead to a substance abuse disorder. This leaves a person in a vicious cycle of trauma and addiction. Once addiction takes hold, they continue to drink more or take more drugs, chasing the relief and escape these substances used to provide from their PTSD.
Since trauma has such a significant impact on addiction, trauma-informed therapy is used to get to the bottom of a person’s trauma. This therapy approach helps them face and work through their trauma, shows them about how their trauma led to and impacted their addiction, and teaches them how to cope with trauma in a healthy way.
For example, a patient who has experienced abuse may have an issue feeling safe. That trauma often gets the brain to overcompensate with intense feelings of anxiety and worry. An experienced clinician can help them dig into why they don’t feel safe, identify their triggers and develop coping skills and a proper mentality to help them feel secure without turning to alcohol or drugs.
The Role of Trauma-Informed Therapy in Addiction Rehab
Trauma-informed therapy in addiction rehab is used to help mend the trauma symptoms fueling addiction. But there’s an important distinction when it comes to trauma. Outside of addiction rehab, trauma is often treated as an “event” with lasting effects. With trauma-informed care, trauma isn’t seen as an “event”, but as a defining part of a person’s identity.
Many trauma-informed therapies stress the importance of control and empowerment. The benefit of this approach is that these skills can be used to address trauma and substance abuse. By actively collaborating with trauma-informed therapy, you can rebuild the confidence and safety trauma stole from you.
Support Is Within Reach at Silver Maple Recovery
If you or a loved one has experienced trauma and are currently suffering from a substance abuse disorder, support is within reach. Silver Maple Recovery uses evidence-based treatment including trauma-informed care to help you take back control of your life and regain sobriety.
Our trained caregivers are ready to answer your call 24 hours a day. Call (855)-762-7531 for support. Contact us today.
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NB. A Lot of the credit for the work talked about in this post go to Dave Warren from Otago University and also to the Yr 10 boys in my Science class who are teaching me as they go. They are awesome and I am really hoping we can get this to work.
Minecraft has been making more and more noise lately for lots of good reason. Last night I connected into to the live stream from the Microsoft Educator Exchange in Budapest (You can watch the event here) and was totally inspired by the talking around makerEd and gamification and what people are now doing with there classes. I am not sure why I had not come across Stephen Reid before but I LOVED his presentation on games and how he helps teachers and students use them in a meaningful way for learning. (I stayed up way tooooo late reading his blog and will def go back to it)
Games based learning in education #hacktheclassroom #mieexpert via @ImmersiveMind pic.twitter.com/Hr7MsWuxZt
— Brian Aspinall (@mraspinall) March 9, 2016
I have been thinking about how I can use Minecraft in the classroom for a while now. I used the hour of code last year to kick start my own learning about it, and had some super helpful year 10’s teach me the basics of it.
students having a go with #HourOfCode #minecraft…. great fun and I am learning too #edchatnz #msftedu pic.twitter.com/PsU8MPIdEP
— Rachel Chisnall (@ibpossum) November 17, 2015
I bought the game (my students laughed at me….) and started having a play. I accidentally killed a lot of chickens, figured out how to put them in a whole and feed them, then build a fence to keep them in and build a little garden (somewhat ironically my own garden got sadly neglected). I have visited some worlds and had a look around in the Molcraft world which is RAD.
At the moment I am exploring two different avenues for using minecraft
The first is my year 10 Science class.
I am really lucky to have a super awesome class of students who are willing to give things ago. To this end, 4 boys (I’m going to try and get some girls involved too but won’t push it if they don’t want to) are building a ‘body’ for the staying alive unit. Other students are making videos, putting together presentations or making some resources for students to learn about – the idea was everyone in the class should become an expert on something that helps us ‘Stay Alive’ that they could present to the class in some way at the end of the topic.
yr 10s getting their minecraft on building a body 🙂#scichatnz #MIEExpert @noisyteacher @nzannet @Doctor_Harves pic.twitter.com/Xrka527Og9
— Rachel Chisnall (@ibpossum) March 1, 2016
This is the progress they have made for so far (they started with a poop machine but have moved on to what we are learning about)
They have made a heart – the blue is deoxygenated blood, and the other side will be red. When this is live, the ‘liquid’ pulses to simulate a beating heart. They are working on connecting the heart to the lungs via the correct arteries and veins – hence they had the diagram of the heart up next to their model to check they were making it right.
Here is the lung next to the heart. The grey box is air – they couldn’t have it empty so have settled for grey but we wondered about colourless… but then how would you ‘see’ it. And wen this is running, the blood pulses through the arteries and veins. If we get time, there are plans to look at building a model alveoli too.
Because these students are keen and already have the software, setting this up was really easy for me as I didn’t have to do a thing. They have taught me a lot about mods (I still need to learn some more) and also how easy it is to set up a server in a cloud somewhere. At the moment the world lives on a memory stick and on the shared drive at school – but we spent time today talking about how we could set up a school server with the robotics teacher.
The Second is with what Dave Warren has done.
Dave has pretty much built a Chem lab in Minecraft. It is AMAZING. (I think his son helped). I know Dave both through his Chemistry outreach (which Dunedin is soo lucky to have access to) but also through Hands on Science, and we have kind of talked about this project off and on for a while, so it was really really AWESOME to see it for real today.
What he found (I’m sure others might know this but I didn’t) was if you smash up the rocks, or the dirt or whatever using a particular mod, you can break down the substance into the atoms that make it up – ie you can get silicon and oxygen from rocks, or carbon, oxygen and hydrogen from trees. Which you can then manipulate into different molecules.
So they have built this lab to do this in. There are microscopes and all sorts in there. Which you could then make up a quest book and follow some instructions to figure out some cool chemistry
Which is awesome – but so is the ability to just have a play around. We spent some time today talking to the boys about what they would like, and how we could make it manageable for teachers too (I think the students might like to just play, but teachers might like a quest to follow to give some more structure).
There also needs to be a bit of a juggling of some code to make all the molecules we want to (for example, to be able to build ionic compounds so students can ‘see’ the stoichiometyry behind the formulas and equations) – so next week Dave is going to try and get one of his students to come out and have a look with my students and see what they can come up with. Already, my students have had some solutions to a few of the issues Dave had with his set up – such as using an app to combine all the mods into one mod for a more user friendly set up on each machine. He has done all of the ground work, so I am really lucky to be able to jump in and test the proto type 🙂
So my students are going to work with Dave’s students to kick the whole thing off. We talked about servers, to which they replied, oh, that is easy, we already have one set up. But I would still like them to teach me, hopefully I can keep up, and maybe we can make a bigger one.
So at the moment I am feeling really excited about where this might go. I am certainly not ready to roll this out to my whole class, but probably could do so by the time chemistry comes around in term 2. I will also extend the invitation to other interested students and maybe (with the awesome Kevin who teaches robotics and is WAY more skilled in this than me) set up some sort of lunch time coding club. Kevin has some arduino gear that I am really keen to get my hands on as well.
If you are interested in joining in or following our progress, or if you have some tips or ideas, please do get in touch (@ibpossum). In talking to Dave he is looking to spread it round to. I would love any feedback, willing test subjects or technical expertise
Have fun – I sure am 🙂
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“--- were dead. Figures are omitted [because] NO ONE KNOWS.” —Red Cross Report
On Memorial Day 1921, a Black shoe shiner named Dick Rowland rode in an elevator with white operator Sarah Page. The next day, Rowland was detained inside the Tulsa, Oklahoma, courthouse for the alleged assault of Page. Meanwhile, Tulsans gathered outside the courthouse to either witness or prevent Rowland’s possible lynching. During this gathering, shots rang out. For the next 24 hours, white mobs invaded the Greenwood District—a thriving and vibrant Black business and residential neighborhood in Tulsa also known as Black Wall Street. The mobs bombed, looted, set fire to buildings, and shot at random while Black residents defended their homes and businesses. Hundreds fled, and unknown numbers were killed.
The American Red Cross immediately responded, arriving the next day to find 35 city blocks completely destroyed and 10,000 people in need of relief. The Tulsa Race Massacre was the first time the Red Cross mobilized to provide relief outside of a natural disaster. From June through December, the Red Cross provided food, shelter, and medical care that would enable Black Tulsans to slowly rebuild the district over the next 10 years.
The massacre was widely reported at the time, and records like those displayed here document many facets of the story. Yet, for decades the massacre was rarely mentioned publicly in Tulsa and was omitted from most mainstream American history texts and curricula. Today, active investigations into possible mass graves, inclusion in educational curricula, dramatic depictions in television and film, and other reconciliation efforts are being made to attempt to bring awareness, healing, and closure.
Banner Image: Photograph of People Standing Amid Rubble in the Greenwood District, June 1, 1921. National Archives, Records of the American National Red Cross, 1881–2008
The 100th Anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre Featured Document Display is made possible in part by the National Archives Foundation through the generous support of The Boeing Company.
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What are the causes of deforestation?
Eighty per cent of global forest loss is due to the conversion of forest to agricultural land to produce socalled ‘forest risk commodities’, such as beef, soya and palm oil, which are largely exported.
Are corporate voluntary commitments to halt deforestation working?
More than 450 companies in the food and agriculture sector have made commitments to stop deforesting and respect human rights. But it has become increasingly clear that these companies cannot achieve this goal on their own.
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Homes for Birds Week: A Flight of Feathered Fun
The second full week of February brings the observance of Homes for Birds Week. While the snow may still be falling and spring seems far away, our feathered friends are preparing to build their nests and raise a family. There are approximately 85 species of birds in North America that nest in cavities from March through August. Some birds create their own cavities and some use cavities that are pre-existing. Due to the development of land and the removal of dead trees, there are fewer options for nesting birds to find a safe place to raise their young. This is where you can help promote and enhance biodiversity by setting up nesting boxes while incorporating a multitude of subjects, utilizing a hands-on approach that your children or students are sure to enjoy!
“…there aren’t enough hollows in dead trees, cracks in old buildings, and other natural cavities to go around. Old trees are often cut down to make way for new tree growth or commercial development, and many old, cracked buildings are renovated.” (Audubon)
History & Importance
The first modern nest box was invented by Charles Waterton, a British conservationist, in the early 19th century. He wanted to grow the birdlife and waterfowl on his estate, so he set up nest boxes, studied the birds, and cared for them. He built a 9-foot-high wall three miles long around his estate, creating the first nature reserve.
Preserving birdlife helps to maintain a balanced ecosystem, which is vital for the survival of all species. Unfortunately, there is a decrease in natural areas for nesting birds to build their homes, which can lead to an imbalance in the ecosystem. “Cavity nesting birds, including Eastern Bluebirds, Tree Swallows, House Wrens and Chickadees, are in need of nest boxes due to a loss of habitat by development. As land has become more populated, the trees that often housed nesting birds in their natural cavities have decreased. There is also a supply issue with cavity nesting birds competing with aggressive House Sparrows and Starlings for nesting space. Given the right location and commitment to monitoring, nest boxes can have an immediate and positive impact on increasing the population of cavity nesting birds” (MSU – W.K. Kellogg Bird Sanctuary).
Nesting Box or Birdhouse?
If you are like me, you may think that a nesting box and a birdhouse are two different names for the same thing. It turns out that while the two are similar, there is a very significant difference when it comes to the preservation of birdlife. Because each species of bird has its own unique needs for nesting, the specifications of the nesting box need to be precise for the survival of the birds and their young. Birdhouses are typically more for decoration and can be harmful to birds if they decide to nest in a birdhouse that is not suited for them. The opening may be big enough to let in predators or be in an area where they will be disturbed by loud noises, people, animals, and bad weather. While decorative birdhouses are beautiful and can add appeal to your yard, nest boxes are functional and designed to meet the individual needs of each species to ensure the best chance of survival.
“Nest boxes are made as functional structures, and they don’t usually have a decorative look. They also need to be cleaned after every nesting season. That’s why they typically have a back door for old nest removal. Interestingly, nest boxes are also used by some non-migratory animals during the winter season to survive. On the other hand, birdhouses are specially made for birds, and they usually come with decorative designs. They usually don’t have a way to open the box if they’re not being used for functional purposes. In general, birdhouses are less practical and more of a decorative piece. Bird houses are typically only used for one nesting season.” (The Bird Geek)
How to Implement Bird Week into Your Lesson Plan
If you would like to incorporate hands-on activities into your lesson plan, we have provided some great ideas that cover multiple subjects.
- Set up a nesting box: You can either buy one or build one of your own. Not all birds will use a nesting box, but there are many that will. It is very important that your nesting box meets the needs of the species of bird you are trying to attract. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has an invaluable resource for making a safe, successful home. Buying or building a nesting box will utilize many skills including research and mathematics. Students will research which types of birds are in their area, what their needs are, the type of nest box they will need, and the places they can purchase their box or the products needed to make their own. Price comparison, budgeting, and measuring will provide a tangible lesson in math.
“Many backyard birds will not use a birdhouse or nest box, including popular species like cardinals, orioles and goldfinches. But enough birds do nest in birdhouses to make it worthwhile to set up a few to see what happens. About 30 bird species in each region of the country are so-called cavity nesters, which means that most of them will also use a birdhouse. Bluebirds, purple martins, house wrens, chickadees, tree swallows and house sparrows are the most common birds that nest in houses. Attracting birds like wood ducks, screech-owls, woodpeckers, titmice and nuthatches may also be possible.”
(Birds & Blooms)
Enjoy some culinary delights: Who doesn’t love food, especially when it is fun and hands-on?! Bring your newfound knowledge of birds and nesting boxes into the kitchen and enjoy some fun that is simultaneously delicious and educational! Teaching with food involves measuring ingredients, dividing into equal servings, health and nutrition, and lessons about where food comes from and how it grows. You can also bring shapes and geometry into the lessons, as well as how foods react when mixed together. Here are a few ideas to get you started, and a quick internet search will yield many more.
- Easy Baby Bird Treats by Kitchen Fun with My Three Sons
- Bird Themed Lunch by Lunchbox Dad
- Bird Nest Cookies from Art from my Table
It’s craft time: Crafts are one of the best ways to add an element of creative fun to the learning experience. Not only are crafts engaging, but they also help develop fine motor skills. Allow children to express their creativity using the following ideas or allow them to think up some of their own.
- Unique Bird Coloring Pages by iHeartCraftyThings
- Fun & Easy Bird Crafts for Kids by Messy Little Monster
- 30 Easy Spring Bird Crafts for Kids by Artsy Craftsy Mom
- 25 Fun and Awesome Bird Crafts For Kids, With Pictures by Mom Junction
- Take a look back: Bring history into the lesson by helping children learn about Charles Waterton, Walton Hall, nature reserves, environmentalists, or nest boxes from different periods of time. Children will also learn research skills and language arts skills if you have them write about what they learn.
Eye to the skies: Enjoy bird watching with your students/children and introduce them to the joy of learning in nature. It is like a treasure hunt that requires keen observation skills and a sense of adventure. It is truly an activity that people of all ages can enjoy together. Here are some tips:
- Easy Ways to Get Kids Birding by Audubon
- Birding for Kids: Bird Watching Activities and Lessons by Rhythms of Play
- Learn the life cycle: Explore the life cycle of birds and see if your children can identify them out in nature during their bird watching adventure. Compare a bird’s life cycle to that of a human and other animal species. Ask your students what they think it would be like to be a bird at the different stages of the cycle. Have fun coming up with all sorts of thoughts, whether serious or silly!
- Working with words: Have your students write a story or a poem about birds. Let their imagination flow as they come up with words that are factual, funny, expressive, etc. Have them illustrate in a style that they choose to add some art to the lesson. You could also allow them to make a slide presentation if appropriate for your setting. Have them read their work in front of the class for public speaking and presentation practice.
SnapWords® Cards: Use Child1st SnapWords® and Science Vocabulary Cards to introduce words and definitions utilizing a right-brained approach. Our SnapWords® teach phonemic awareness, phonics and orthographic mapping, instant word recognition, spelling, writing, comprehension and fluency, delivered in a way that utilizes the three primary learning modalities: visual, kinesthetic, and auditory. Our science cards not only teach students to recognize and read science terms fluently, but the backs of the cards also share a detailed definition alongside the plain words. Study the fronts of the cards together, paying close attention to the images that will help the words go into visual memory for great recall. Next, share the definition from the back, tying the word to related words in the set of cards wherever possible. Sets include Life Science, Earth Science, and Physical Science. You could also use our Math Vocabulary Cards to teach math terms if you are building a nest box.
Ideas for SnapWords® that would integrate into lessons about birds and nest boxes include:
- Bird, egg, life cycle, migrate, and ecosystem from our Life Science Cards.
- Measure, shape, length, height, inch, ruler, width, area, parallel, perpendicular, and right angle from our Math Vocabulary Cards.
- Fly, flapping, spring, week, box, home, bird, house, and build from our SnapWords®.
- Read a book: There is a variety of books about birds for every age range and interest level. There are fictional stories, educational books, funny stories, bird identification guides, etc. Visit the library or do an internet search and find books that your students/children will enjoy!
- Take part in the count: Join people from around the world for the Great Backyard Bird Count. This would be a great project for a school, a class, or a family. “Spend time in your favorite places watching birds–then tell us about them! In as little as 15 minutes notice the birds around you. Identify them, count them, and submit them to help scientists better understand and protect birds around the world.” This year’s event takes place from February 17-20, 2023.
- Follow along: If you or your students are interested in migration patterns, you may enjoy these Bird Cast Migration Tools. There are many helpful resources and interesting facts, as well as events and news. This would be an excellent way to incorporate geography into your lessons.
Birds are fascinating creatures to watch. You can observe them from the comfort of your own home, step out into your backyard, take a walk, or visit a zoo; the options are endless. Get creative and have fun as you explore birds, migration, and nesting, while helping to protect birds and keep balance in our ecosystem. Please share your experiences and ideas with all of us!
As always, we are here to support you! If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us!
Leave a comment
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What we are learning
Please see the termly curriculum overviews below to see what we will be learning each term.
Termly Curriculum Overviews
How can you help?
We hope that you can support your child with the learning that they are doing here in school by asking your child to talk about what they have learnt. If your child would like to do further learning this term, here are some suggestions that they may like to explore:
To Infinity and Beyond
- Create a diagram of the Saturn V rocket and annotate with key features
- Make a leaflet to give to someone who would like to know about space/Apollo 11 missions etc.
- Build a replica of the Lunar Rover
- Create a fact file about Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, Dorothy Vaughan
- Write a diary entry from the point of view of any of the people involved in an Apollo mission
- Build a replica model of the solar system
- Create 'guess who' cards a bout different planets
- Write a poem to describe the planets
- Carry out an experiment to test gravity, air resistance or friction.
A Period Before Its Time
- Create a 3D model replica of the House of Wisdom
- Write a diary from the point of view from a merchant travelling on the Silk Road
- Create a timeline and plot all of the history periods you have learnt so far (Stone Age-Iron Age, Romans, Vikings, Ancient Greeks, WW1, Space Travel)
- Write a travel brochure to encourage people to travel to Baghdad
- Create a painting to show the landscape of the rocky valleys of Mecca, Lava fields of Medina or Arabian Desert.
- Create a fact file about Rashidun Caliphate
- Research in which countries Islamic civilisation developed and label these countries on a world map
- Design Islamic style patterns (consider shape and symmetry)
We absolutely love seeing what your child has been up to and will always be happy to share it with the class as well as reward with Dojo points for their hard work and creativity.
Please do not hesitate to message us over Class Dojo or talk to us at the end of the school day if you have any questions about your child's learning.
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12. Nidānasaṁyutta: On Causation
III. The Ten Powers — SN 12.27: Conditions
- © Translated from the Pali by Bhante Sujato. (More copyright information)
Ignorance is a condition for choices.
Choices are a condition for consciousness. … That is how this entire mass of suffering originates.
2And what is old age and death? The old age, decrepitude, broken teeth, grey hair, wrinkly skin, diminished vitality, and failing faculties of the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings. This is called old age. The passing away, perishing, disintegration, demise, mortality, death, decease, breaking up of the aggregates, and laying to rest of the corpse of the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings. This is called death. Such is old age, and such is death. This is called old age and death. Rebirth is the origin of old age and death. When rebirth ceases, old age and death cease. The practice that leads to the cessation of old age and death is simply this noble eightfold path, that is: right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion.
3And what is rebirth? … And what is continued existence? … And what is grasping? … And what is craving? … And what is feeling? … And what is contact? … And what are the six sense fields? … And what are name and form? … And what is consciousness? …
4And what are choices? There are three kinds of choices. Choices by way of body, speech, and mind. These are called choices. Ignorance is the origin of choices. When ignorance ceases, choices cease. The practice that leads to the cessation of choices is simply this noble eightfold path, that is: right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion.
5A noble disciple understands conditions, their origin, their cessation, and the practice that leads to their cessation. Such a noble disciple is called ‘one accomplished in view’, ‘one accomplished in vision’, ‘one who has come to the true teaching’, ‘one who sees this true teaching’, ‘one endowed with a trainee’s knowledge’, ‘one who has entered the stream of the teaching’, ‘a noble one with penetrative wisdom’, and ‘one who stands pushing open the door of the deathless’.”
"Avijjāpaccayā, bhikkhave, sankhārā;
sankhārapaccayā viññāṇaṁ … pe … evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti.
2Katamañca, bhikkhave, jarāmaraṇaṁ? Yā tesaṁ tesaṁ sattānaṁ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jarā jīraṇatā khaṇḍiccaṁ pāliccaṁ valittacatā āyuno saṁhāni indriyānaṁ paripāko – ayaṁ vuccati jarā. Yā tesaṁ tesaṁ sattānaṁ tamhā tamhā sattanikāyā cuti cavanatā bhedo antaradhānaṁ maccu maraṇaṁ kālakiriyā khandhānaṁ bhedo kaḷevarassa nikkhepo; idaṁ vuccati maraṇaṁ. Iti ayañca jarā idañca maraṇaṁ. Idaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, jarāmaraṇaṁ. Jātisamudayā jarāmaraṇasamudayo; jātinirodhā jarāmaraṇanirodho. Ayameva ariyo aṭṭhangiko maggo jarāmaraṇanirodhagāminī paṭipadā. Seyyathidaṁ – sammādiṭṭhi, sammāsankappo, sammāvācā, sammākammanto, sammāājīvo, sammāvāyāmo, sammāsati, sammāsamādhi.
3Katamā ca, bhikkhave, jāti … pe … katamo ca, bhikkhave, bhavo … katamañca, bhikkhave, upādānaṁ … katamā ca, bhikkhave, taṇhā … katamā ca, bhikkhave, vedanā … katamo ca, bhikkhave, phasso … katamañca, bhikkhave, saḷāyatanaṁ … katamañca, bhikkhave, nāmarūpaṁ … katamañca, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṁ … ?
4Katame ca, bhikkhave, sankhārā? Tayome, bhikkhave, sankhārā – kāyasankhāro, vacīsankhāro, cittasankhāro. Ime vuccanti, bhikkhave, sankhārā. Avijjāsamudayā sankhārasamudayo; avijjānirodhā sankhāranirodho. Ayameva ariyo aṭṭhangiko maggo sankhāranirodhagāminī paṭipadā. Seyyathidaṁ – sammādiṭṭhi … pe … sammāsamādhi.
5Yato kho, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako evaṁ paccayaṁ pajānāti, evaṁ paccayasamudayaṁ pajānāti, evaṁ paccayanirodhaṁ pajānāti, evaṁ paccayanirodhagāminiṁ paṭipadāṁ pajānāti. Ayaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako diṭṭhisampanno itipi, dassanasampanno itipi, āgato imaṁ saddhammaṁ itipi, passati imaṁ saddhammaṁ itipi, sekkhena ñāṇena samannāgato itipi, sekkhāya vijjāya samannāgato itipi, dhammasotaṁ samāpanno itipi, ariyo nibbedhikapañño itipi, amatadvāraṁ āhacca tiṭṭhati itipī"ti.
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Lock of hair to help crack Da Vinci mystery
By T.K. Randall
May 1, 2019 · 0 comments
Leonardo da Vinci was a genius of his time. Image Credit: Raffaello Sanzio Morghen
A lock of hair thought to belong to Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci is set to undergo DNA testing.
Widely celebrated for his scientific and artistic achievements, Leonardo da Vinci's genius was so vast that even today we are still learning new things about his remarkable skills and accomplishments.
Now a lock of his hair discovered in a private collection in the US is set to help researchers confirm the identity of da Vinci's modern day descendants as well as to determine once and for all whether bones alleged to be those of the man himself are in fact the genuine article.
"We found, across the Atlantic, a lock of hair historically tagged 'Les Cheveux de Leonardo da Vinci' and this extraordinary relic will allow us to proceed in the quest to carry out research on Da Vinci's DNA," the researchers - Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato - said in a statement.
The lock of hair itself is due to go on display for the first time at the Ideale Leonardo da Vinci museum in Vinci - the town where Leonardo was born - in time for the 500th anniversary of his death.
"This relic is what we needed to make our historical research even more solid from a scientific point of view," said Sabato. "We are planning to carry out DNA analysis on the relic and compare it to Leonardo's living descendants as well as to bones found in Da Vinci burials that we have identified over the past years."
Da Vinci was originally buried at the chapel of Saint-Florentin at the Chateau d'Amboise, France, however this was later destroyed during the French Revolution and the precise whereabouts of his remains have since remained something of an enigma.
Whether DNA testing will help to solve the mystery however remains to be seen.
Source: The Guardian
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Winter Puzzle Printable FREE
This week I have a challenging winter puzzle printable that you can download for free at the bottom of this post. If you are looking for a one page black and white puzzle to work on multiple skills this is the puzzle for you.
How Does the Winter Puzzle Printable Work?
All you need to do is follow these three steps to download the Winter puzzle:
- Enter your email to sign up to receive the weekly emails and other announcements from Growing Play.
- Download and print the black and white puzzle pages (solution is on page two so don’t cheat)
- Give the kids scissors and a pencil to complete the puzzle.
Winter Activity Book
How to Complete the Puzzle
Cut out all of the 16 square pieces. Use 15 of them to make a puzzle that is 5 squares across and 3 squares down. There is one clue to start: the first square is puzzle piece B4. Which is the extra puzzle piece?
Want a bigger challenge?
Do not cut the puzzle pieces out and write the correct answers in the grid on the page.
What Skills Are Kids Practicing When Completing The Winter Puzzle Printable?
The puzzle page encourages kids to practice the following skills:
- fine motor skills (using the fingers and hands to cut out the pictures)
- visual spatial skills (knowing which puzzle piece goes next to each other)
- graphing skills
- problem solving
- visual closure skills (matching the other side of an object)
- visual discrimination skills (recognizing differences between pictures)
- visual motor skills (drawing lines and coloring)
All of these skills are necessary for reading, writing, and math! And to think it is a fun puzzle page!
Square Puzzles to Print
Who is This Activity Appropriate For?
This activity is appropriate for children in grade 3 and up because the puzzle is slightly difficult. Younger students could do it with some help.
It is a great challenge for adults too!
Download your FREE Winter Puzzle Printable Here
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This Day in History: January 5th- Ike’s Idea
This Day In History: January 5, 1957
Partly because of the “Better Dead than Red” paranoia that pervaded American politics in the 1950s, Arab nationalism in the Middle East ended up getting lumped in with Communism as something the U.S. was dead set on stamping out. Things came to a head with the Suez Canal Crisis.
In 1956, the U.S. government reneged on its promise to provide aid to Egypt for its Aswan Dam project (and to provide weapons to modernize the country’s military), citing Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s anti-West stance and his cozying up to the Soviet Union as justification. (Nasser had gone back and forth negotiating with the Soviets and Western powers, more or less to get the best deal, with the Soviets ultimately coming out on top.) Nasser, in turn, nationalized the Suez Canal, provoking military action by Great Britain, France, and Israel.
After significant international pressure was applied to this little triumvirate, they backed off, with many historians citing this as a convenient marking point for Britain falling from its former perch as one of the world’s top powers. These countries ended up with egg on their faces and little more for their efforts, while Egypt and the Soviets came out boasting a major propaganda victory. The U.S. was particularly displeased with the whole thing as the result was exactly what they didn’t want – political power in the Middle East seeming to veer toward the Communist world.
Of course, there was a lot at stake here- namely all that Middle Eastern oil so vital to the American and European economies. If this all fell under the control of the Soviets, it could potentially cause major issues for the West. The Soviets were aware of this and did their own part in jockeying for position in the region.
President Eisenhower’s solution was a plan of action that came to be known as the Eisenhower Doctrine. He pitched his idea to a joint session of Congress on January 5, 1957. The doctrine gave the President the authority to provide economic and military assistance to “any nation or group of nations in the general area of the Middle East” fighting to remain free from Communism. After several months of heated debate, Congress finally passed the resolution.
The Eisenhower Doctrine was invoked several times over the next couple of years. For instance, when King Hussein of Jordan ousted two pro-Soviet members of his cabinet in April of 1957, Eisenhower sent the Sixth Fleet to the Mediterranean claiming Jordan’s independence was crucial to U.S. interests. When things settled down in the region, Ike attributed it to American intervention.
Tensions in the Middle East remained high, however. Lebanon was imploding from within, but appealed to the U.S. under the Eisenhower Doctrine claiming Syrian aggression. It wasn’t until there was a coup in Iraq resulting in pro-Soviet leadership that Eisenhower acted by sending 15,000 troops to Lebanon.
Eisenhower believed that the turbulence in Lebanon was the work of Communist insurgents and if they were not stopped Communism would engulf the entire Middle East. His unfamiliarity with local concerns made him drastically overestimate the risk of losing the region to communism, leading him to conclude that any nationalist movements were hostile to American interests and potentially evidence of the locals working hand-in-glove with the Communists.
In the end, the whole thing mostly backfired, with U.S. intervention beginning to see some of the negative attitudes of the locals shift a bit from countries like Britain to the United States. It’s also very possible that the Doctrine in question simply fought an imaginary threat, particularly with regard to Egypt where President Nasser had no real love of the Soviet Union or communism.
Ike later seemed to agree the whole thing was a mistake. Six months after the Marines landed in Lebanon, Eisenhower was reevaluating his entire game plan in the Middle East. The administration had decided it was easier to work with the locals than to rail against Arab nationalism, and by 1958, instead of sending troops to help secure U.S interests, the U.S. was sending $150 million to Nasser and Egypt alone to garner its good will.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy our new popular podcast, The BrainFood Show (iTunes, Spotify, Google Play Music, Feed), as well as:
- How Dwight D. Eisenhower Playing Semi-Pro Baseball for a Handful of Games Nearly Changed American History
- How Large is a Barrel of Oil and Why Do We Measure It That Way?
- The U.S. Plan to Invade Canada: War Plan Red
- How Did the Cold War Start and End?
- Vasili Arkhipov: The Man Who Literally Saved the World
- As a child, Eisenhower was supposed to be watching his little brother, but didn’t. His brother then had an accident that resulted in him going blind in one eye.
- Every child in Eisenhower’s family was nicknamed “Ike”, “Little Ike” was Dwight’s nickname. After he rose to the position of 5 star general, he was the only one in his family that was still referred to as Ike.
- Eisenhower’s later life all hinged on a potentially life threatening decision he made as a freshman in school. He had hurt his knee, which led to a leg infection. The doctor told him he would die if he didn’t allow the leg to be amputated. Eisenhower refused to allow the surgery, but did not die obviously. Had he taken the doctor’s advice, he never would have had a military career, nor become President.
- While at West Point, Eisenhower once tackled legendary athlete Jim Thorpe during a football game in 1912. Eisenhower was also a cheerleader for the junior varsity team. This wasn’t because of lack of women at West Point, but because in the early days of cheerleading, the cheerleaders were always men.
- Eisenhower said of his life’s regrets, “not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest.” That’s either a testament to a life well led, or a testament to how much he loved baseball.
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California’s public policy innovations for solving environmental challenges have been emulated worldwide. The state is now poised to deepen this legacy of environmental leadership as it scopes the feasibility of implementing the tropical forests provision of its landmark Global Warming Solutions Act. This provision, which would create a mechanism for carbon trades between California and tropical nations, is currently under deliberation by the California Air Resources Board. At Earth Innovation Institute, we see it as the best opportunity in a decade to slow down climate change.
The reason is simple: healthy tropical forests are central to solving climate change. The clearing, logging and burning of tropical forests release about a fifth of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions that are caused by human activities. Roughly half of all of the carbon that leaks into the atmosphere when tropical trees are killed by bulldozers or chainsaws is absorbed again by living tropical trees that are growing and storing carbon in their wood. If we slow the loss of tropical forests while speeding their recovery, the chances of avoiding the worst impacts of climate change become considerably larger. Tropical forests can buy humanity precious time to make the much slower transition to low-emission energy systems.
But what does California have to do with tropical forests? The quick answer is: a lot! The tropical forests provision of California’s Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA)—formally known as the international sector-based offsets program–would establish the first regulated market for channeling investments into tropical states and provinces that are successfully slowing carbon pollution caused by tropical forest destruction. It was in anticipation of this market that Arnold Schwarzenegger, while Governor of California, invited Governors of tropical forest states and provinces in Brazil and Indonesia to Los Angeles to establish a novel partnership for slowing climate change by slowing tropical forest destruction. This 2008 partnership has grown to 29 members, called the “Governors’ Climate and Forests task force”. The territories of GCF members include one fourth of the world’s tropical forests, including most of the rainforests of Brazil, Indonesia, Peru and Mexico.
Many tropical governors have not waited for the launch of the California market. They have gotten to work. The Brazilian GCF state governments alone, with help from the Brazilian national government, have already slowed down Amazon deforestation rates by more than 70%, keeping four billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. This is a bigger contribution to climate change mitigation than Obama’s Clean Power Plan will achieve by 2030.
These tropical Governors and the farmers, businesses and rural communities that they represent are ready to do much more. But they need a signal that the world will care if they do. They need to know that their bold efforts to do what industrialized nations have failed to do—to keep most of their native forests standing—will translate into better markets for their products, better investments in their low-carbon economies, and more jobs. In 2014, GCF governors pledged to slow deforestation 80% by 2020 if adequate funding is in place.
Once operational, the GWSA tropical forest provision could provide just that signal. It would allow California’s biggest carbon polluters to offset up to 4% of their total emissions by investing in statewide programs that have been developed to slow the clearing and degradation of tropical forests.
The best example of this type of program—and the first in line to receive investments from California if the program is launched—is found in the Brazilian state of Acre, in the southwestern corner of the Amazon region. During a recent visit to Acre, where I serve on the science committee of the state’s climate change program, I was inspired by the remarkable progress that has been made in building a new “low-carbon” economy. Acre is keeping forests standing while producing more food on the land that is already cleared, increasing its exports of fish, pork, chicken, Brazil nuts and native rubber to other states. It is creating jobs and new sources of income for the state’s indigenous people, its forest-dwelling rubber tappers and its small-scale farmers. After showing me one of the Brazil nut processing factories that he is responsible for, Manoel Monteiro—who grew up in the forest harvesting native rubber—asked me if California would implement its tropical forest program. “Our cooperative is giving better Brazil nut and rubber prices to our 2500 members, who are all poor rubber tapper families. We need the California carbon market to keep this program strong.”
California’s tropical forest program would also bring substantial benefits to Californians, especially those with low incomes. By providing a large volume of inexpensive offsets, it would help to avoid price increases in electricity that are projected as the state’s power utilities strive to meet aggressive emissions reduction targets. California has pledged to reduce carbon pollution to 1990 levels by 2020 and to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.
The poorest people in California and the world will also suffer the most from climate change itself. In this regard, California’s tropical forest program could help avoid centuries of unnecessary suffering if it initiates a domino effect, with other states and nations building mechanisms for rewarding progress in slowing tropical deforestation. Such economic signals could go a long way towards realizing the potential of healthy tropical forests to solve climate change.
California can galvanize its global environmental leadership by implementing the tropical forest program.
Source: Daniel Nepstad, Ph.D. Executive Director and Senior Scientist at Earth Innovation Institute
Paris Climate Commitments into Action
This Earth Day, world leaders are coming together in New York City to sign the historic Paris Agreement. The event marks a watershed moment in global efforts to address climate change and create a prosperous, low-carbon future. But now isn’t the time to declare victory and go home. We need to carry on the spirit of collaboration we saw at the Paris climate talks. And we need to hold leaders accountable for their climate promises.
Back in November, the State of California launched its first auction for Phase 1 of their ETS from 2013 to 2014.
California’s AB-32, also known as the Global Warming Solutions Act, regulates more than 300 facilities emitting over 25,000 metric tonnes of CO2 each year with a plan to reduce GHG emissions to 427 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (MMTCO2e) by 2020 from the baseline of 507 MMTCO2e.
The State of California plans to allow emitters to cover a portion of their compliance obligations with offset credits. In Phase 1 of the program, these credits could come from projects in the United States that reduce emissions in the following sectors of: national forestry, urban forestry, ozone depleting substances and agricultural methane.
However, in Phase 2, commencing in 2015, we are hopeful that the scheme will allow offsets from REDD+ projects in Acre, Brazil, as the State of Acre has a signed memoranda of understanding (MOU) with the State of California, attempting to work this out. At this time, it is still unclear how the program will work.
If California accepts REDD+projects into the marketplace, it is possible for the Purus Project to be the first project leading the way for broader investment being placed into this forest protection and payment for ecosystem service projects.
Though there are still several prominent steps toward REDD+ inclusion into the California ETS, we will continue to create the best possible projects we can to protect these rainforests and its biodiversity while enhancing the lives of local communities.
Pearl Jam will perform before nearly half-a-million fans on its tour of Latin America, which kicks off on November 4, 2015 in Santiago, Chile and wraps up on November 28 in Mexico City. A complete list of tour dates are listed here: www.pearljam.com/tour
As they've done for over a decade, the band will offset carbon dioxide emissions resulting from their 2015 live performances through strategic investments in carbon mitigation projects. Their two newest investments are both certified REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation 'plus') projects in South America: Conservation International's Alto Mayo Project in Peru, andCarbonfund.org Foundation's Valparaiso Amazon Rainforest Project in Brazil.
"I think it's good to acknowledge the negative impacts our business has on the planet, right alongside the positive ones. We tour. Our tours emit carbon dioxide. We are constantly looking at ways to reduce and mitigate that. Our strategy has been to essentially 'tax' ourselves for our CO2-equivalent emissions, and invest that money into carbon mitigation projects. Hopefully this will serve as inspiration for other businesses and governments exploring ways to offset their carbon footprints," says Pearl Jam's Stone Gossard.
Pearl Jam have been tracking their tour-related carbon emissions since 2003, and to-date have made mitigation investments totaling over $500,000 USD. The band's full carbon mitigation history is here:http://www.pearljam.com/activism/carbon-mitigation
ASSETs for Life scientist Michael Totten helps the band identify its biggest carbon dioxide culprits on tour. For Pearl Jam, this includes: band and crew air travel, hotels, truck and freight travel, power at venues, and fan transportation to and from the shows.
The Conservation International and Carbonfund.org Foundation projects that Pearl Jam is investing in this year are certified at the highest levels, and structured to help fight the negative impacts of climate change while providing real benefits to the local communities.
Conservation International's Alto Mayo Protected Forest project in Peru is the world's first REDD+ project in a protected area. This project is demonstrating to policy makers and investors the tremendous potential of tropical forests to tackle climate change while generating co-benefits and sustaining critical ecosystem services including regulating water, preventing soil erosion and enhancing crop yields through natural pollination and pest control. More on the project can be found at www.conservation.org/alto-mayo
"Pearl Jam's ongoing efforts to offset their impact is an important reminder that we can fight climate change at every level," said Peter Seligmann, CEO of Conservation International (CI). "The band's generous contribution to CI's program in Peru's Alto Mayo Protected Forest will not only help mitigate their carbon footprint but also allow us to bring additional benefits to the people living there and protect the watershed for many more living nearby."
Conservation International (CI) uses an innovative blend of science, policy and partnerships to protect the nature people rely on for food, fresh water, and livelihoods. Founded in 1987, CI works in more than 30 countries on six continents to ensure a healthy, prosperous planet that supports us all.
Carbonfund.org's Valparaiso Amazon Rainforest Project in Brazil also is a certified REDD+ project and achieved Gold Level Distinction to the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCBS) due to the Project's exceptional community benefits. The Project undertook a forest carbon inventory, modeled regional deforestation and land-use patterns, and is mitigating deforestation pressures by utilizing payments for the Project's ecosystem services, along with ongoing monitoring of the climate, community and biodiversity impacts of the Project. More information on the Project can be found here: http://www.climate-standards.org/2013/07/18/the-valparaiso-project/
"We're thrilled to partner with Pearl Jam in this important environmental initiative to neutralize the impact of the band's Brazil tour dates this November," says Eric Carlson,
President of Carbonfund.org. "Their ongoing leadership and commitment to 'walking the walk' should inspire their fans and other performers to follow Pearl Jam's lead. Our forest preservation and biodiversity conservation projects in Brazil are so critical to protecting the Amazon Rainforest and helping to fight the negative impacts of climate change."
The Carbonfund.org Foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization, leading the fight against climate change, making it easy and affordable for any individual, business or organization to reduce and offset their climate impact and hasten the transition to a low carbon future. Carbonfund.org achieves its goals through climate change education, carbon offsets and reductions, and public outreach.
FIFA today announced the portfolio of carbon offsetting projects in Brazil that have been selected to reduce the footprint of the 2014 FIFA World Cup™. FIFA and the Local Organising Committee will offset all of the operational emissions directly under their control. This includes emissions resulting from the travel and accommodation of all staff, officials, teams, volunteers and guests as well as emissions resulting from venues, stadiums, offices and TV production.
In parallel, FIFA and the LOC launched a campaign last month calling on fans to participate in a contest, thereby offsetting the carbon emissions resulting from their travel to the event. In total, FIFA will compensate 331,000 tonnes of CO2 (251,000 of its own emissions and 80,000 from the fans who participated in the free contest) through four certified low-carbon development projects spread across Brazil.
Successful ticket applicants were invited to offset the emissions resulting from their travel to the tournament for free, no matter where in the world they were travelling from, and enter a prize draw to win two tickets for the FIFA World Cup™ final, including travel and accommodation. More than 17,000 ticket holders signed up in just over five days, registering 40,880 journeys to and from the 2014 FIFA World Cup. As a result, FIFA will offset 80,000 additional tonnes of CO2 and invite the winner of the contest and a companion of their choice to the 2014 FIFA World Cup final on 13 July.
“We are very happy with the outcome of this programme and campaign,” said Federico Addiechi, FIFA’s Head of Corporate Social Responsibility.
“FIFA and the LOC made the commitment to offset all of their own carbon emissions, but we also wanted to use the opportunity of the FIFA World Cup to engage with millions of people and raise awareness of the environmental impact of our journeys and the ways to mitigate it”. “Today, we want to say ‘thank you’ to the thousands of fans who have joined us in limiting the environmental impact of the FIFA World Cup™.”
The portfolio of low-carbon projects in Brazil was carefully selected together with non-profit carbon management programme BP Target Neutral. Each project went through a rigorous tender process and adheres to the standards set by the International Carbon Reduction and Offsetting Alliance (ICROA), with the final selection being made by an independent panel of environmental NGOs. Beyond the positive environmental impacts of these projects, they also have social and economic benefits for many local Brazilian communities.
"The projects selected by FIFA and BP Target Neutral to offset the carbon emissions from the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ in Brazil are all highly relevant to Brazil’s reality," said Suzana Kahn, President of the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change.
"They address the need to improve climate awareness and understanding of how climate protection and development can support each other, as well as reducing carbon emissions in a credible way. The projects cover different sectors and regions of the country and a range of activities and therefore make an important contribution to climate mitigation. I hope that the success of this programme incentivizes other sporting associations to follow suit," said Kahn.
Among the initiatives supported is The Purus Project, which contributes to the preservation of 36,000 hectares of pristine rain forest from deforestation, as well as bio-mass brick manufacturing and energy production.
More information on the selected projects.
The FIFA World Cup™ is the largest individual sporting event in the world. Staging a tournament of this scale inevitably has an impact on the environment. Offsetting is one way of limiting this impact. It aims to balance the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere in one place by removing, or preventing them, in another – resulting in a zero net effect.
First-Ever, REDD+ Project in the State of Acre, Brazil to Achieve Dual VCS-CCBS Validation
Carbon Securities and CarbonCo, LLC, a subsidiary of the Carbonfund.org Foundation, a leading climate solutions organization, is excited to announce the Purus Project, a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) forest conservation project, has officially become the first-ever REDD+ project in the State of Acre, Brazilto achieve dual-validation to the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCBS) with Gold Distinction.
CarbonCo, LLC provided financing and project development services for the Purus Project, while partnering with Carbon Securities and the local landowners' organization known as Moura e Rosa Empreendimentos Imobiliarios LTDA. Technical services were provided by TerraCarbon LLC.
The Purus Project will protect up to 34,702 hectares (85,714 acres) of privately-owned tropical rainforest within the Amazon Basin. Furthermore, the Purus Project will simultaneously preserve endangered species and a wide range of ecosystem services, provide direct benefits to local communities, and mitigate the release of nearly 900,000 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions over the first 10 years of the Project.
The Purus Project activities include undertaking a forest carbon inventory, modeling regional deforestation and land-use patterns, and mitigating deforestation by utilizing payments for the Project's ecosystem services, along with ongoing monitoring of the climate, community and biodiversity impacts of the Project. Social projects and activities to mitigate deforestation range from agricultural extension training, to patrols of potential deforestation sites, to eventually building better houses and installing solar photovoltaic panels for local communities.
The Amazon Rainforest is the largest contiguous rainforest in the world and home to an extraordinary diversity of life. The Amazon River, and its many tributaries, contain one-fifth of the world's freshwater while stretching nearly 4,000 miles (6,437 kilometers) from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean port city of Macapa. There are an estimated one to two million animal species throughout the Amazon Rainforest and species such as scarlet macaws and Amazon River dolphins have been observed within the Purus Project. In addition, at least two endangered flora species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List – known as Car-cara (Aniba rosaeodora) and Baboonwood (Virola surinamensis) – were identified at the Purus Project.
"The Purus Project is proof that REDD+ projects can provide vital development assistance for people while protecting our planet and tackling climate change in a manner that is technically robust, internationally-accepted, and market-based," said Eric Carlson , CEO CarbonCo, LLC. "Developing countries have enormous carbon stocks that need protecting and industrialized countries have the funding and incentive to reduce emissions in the most cost-effective manner possible."
"The validation of the Purus Project to the CCBS and VCS is the realization of a dream," said Normando Sales and Wanderley Rosa , Managing Directors of Moura & Rosa, "and is proof that it is possible to keep the forest standing while being profitable and also providing numerous environmental benefits."
"The Purus Project is the first private REDD+ project developed in Acre and is fully aligned with the State's System of Incentives for Environmental Services (the SISA)," said Eufran Ferreira do Amaral, President of the State of Acre's Climate Change Institute, "the Purus Project proves that it is possible to enhance the standing forest, guaranteeing the rights of traditional occupants and include a promising resource for improving the basis for sustainable production and conservation strategies on private areas in Acre."
The Purus Project is a Code REDD approved project and the first sales commitment of the Project has been contracted by The CarbonNeutral Company, based in London, United Kingdom.
This board has a compilation of articles and news related to Carbon Securities' Projects.
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The Things That Need Not Be Said: The Redundancy of Languages
Fields covered: Linguistics, Information Theory, Probability, Statistics
§ Entropy and Redundancy in English § Prediction and Entropy of Printed English |
Language is part of our daily lives. We use language to communicate ideas and concepts to each other. We hold conversations with people we meet, send text messages, and watch the news to keep each other up-to-date on what’s happening around us. It’s an irreplaceable part of our lives.
But do you ever wonder, how much of the language we use actually carry meaning? Consider the times we read an email and just go, ugh, can’t this fellow get to the point? Language can help us get our point across, but is it possible for language to get more succinct?
Claude Shannon, a mathematician, looked into this. He defined a way to measure the information content of a language, by quantifying the amount of “surprise” each successive letter has. We can think of this in terms of probability.
Consider a randomly generated text in English, with each alphabet having an equal probability of appearing. How much information does this contain? What can this tell us about the next character? Such a corpus tells us nothing about each character, as they have equal chances of appearing.
Fortunately, this is not how languages work. In English, some letters appear more frequently than others. We see vowels fairly often, while more elusive consonants are hardly seen at all. The top 5 most common alphabets are “e”, “a”, “r”, “i”, “o”. Given a random English book, could you predict a letter arbitrarily chosen from it? You are more likely to see an ‘e’ compared to a ‘z’. This imbalance of probabilities encodes information into our languages.
We can consider successive-order encoding as well. Given that you know the previous letter is ‘a’, could you guess the next letter? It seems more likely a consonant than yet another vowel. How about if the previous letter was ‘q’? The probabilities immediately skew heavily towards one particular vowel coming next. This can be applied successively, such that when you see ‘languag_’, you can fill in the blank easily.
This measure of information content applies not just to letters, but to higher-order linguistic structures as well. Some words appear more frequently than others, such as ‘the’, ‘she’, ‘an’, while individual nouns in general barely make an appearance. When you see an adjective, a noun or another adjective should follow. When you read a sentence about the life cycle of frogs, the next sentence is expected to continue on that same topic. When you wrap up a book about black holes, a paragraph regarding black holes should be its conclusion.
There are redundancies encoded into every level of our language. Shannon himself estimated that at least 50% of English does not carry information. Just think about it! At least half of every book read, every speech heard, of this article even, need not be said!
Next time you get stuck in that dull meeting, or trapped reading that monotonous report, remember: you are justified in thinking that some of it, is meaningless.
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High-calorie and low-carb foods are good for people seeking to add muscle who need a caloric surplus or those following a low-carb diet. Eating these types of foods can also help you hit your calorie budget if you are highly active and need a lot of calories.
In this article, I will list the high-calorie, low-carb foods that I often recommend as a Registered Dietitian to my clients.
First, let’s define what high-calorie and low-carb foods are.
What Defines Food High In Calories and Low In Carbs?
Defining High Calories
A high-calorie food has a lot of calories in a small volume of food. In other words, it is a high-energy-dense food.
For example, when you compare a donut and celery, they have very different calorie densities. Donuts are high-energy-dense, while celery is low-energy-dense. In 100 g of donuts, you get around 400 kcal, while in 100 g of celery, you get 14 kcal.
As you can see, both have the same volume of food, but donuts have more calories than celery.
Even though there is no standard to determine a high-calorie food, in this article, any food with more than 100 kcal per 100 g is considered high in calories.
Defining Low Carbs
To define a food low in calories, it needs to have less than 10 grams of net carbs per 100 g of food.
Net carbs = total carbs – total fiber
Fiber is a type of carb your body doesn’t digest. Thus, when talking about the number of carbs a food has, we are going to talk about net carbs, which are those that your body can digest.
The formula above will give you the number of carbs your body absorbs since fiber travels intact through your body.
- A food high in calories and low in carbs needs to have more than 100 kcal and less than 10 g of net carbs per 100g.
15 Best Foods High in Calories and Low in Carbs
1. Chia Seeds
Chia seeds are one of the best foods that are high in calories and low in carbs. In 100 g of 100 g of chia seeds, you get 486 kcal, 42.1 g of carbs, and 34.4 g of fiber. This gives a total of 7.7 g of net carbs.
One of the benefits of chia seeds is that they are very high in fiber, which is why they have a low net carb content even though they are high in carbs.
Chia seeds are also very high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, which can help reduce inflammation in the body.
2. Flax Seeds
Flax seeds are another great food you can include in your diet if you are looking for high-calorie and low-carb food. In 100 g of flax seeds, you get 534 kcal, 28.9 g of carbs, and 27.3 of fiber. This means flax seeds have a total of 1.6 g of net carbs.
Besides being high in omega-3 fatty acids, they also have heart-protecting properties.
In a study, people who consumed more than 30 g of flax seed for over 12 months saw a 15% reduction in LDL (bad cholesterol).
3. Hemp Seeds
Another great option to include that is low in carbs and high in calories is hemp seeds. In 100 g of hemp seeds, you get 553 kcal, 8.7 g of carbs, and 4.0 g of fiber. This gives a total of 4.7 g of net carbs.
One of the benefits of hemp seeds is that they are high in protein. Three tablespoons of hemp seeds have 9 g of protein, the same as having one large egg. It is also high-quality protein since it has all 9 of the amino acids (which are the building blocks of protein) your body needs.
In fact, hemp is one of the few plant-based protein sources that contains all 9 amino acids.
Like chia seeds and flax seeds, hemp seeds are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which can help reduce inflammation in your body.
Avocados are known for being high in calories and low in carbs. In 100 g of avocados, you get 160 kcal, 8.5 g of carbs, and 6.7 g of fiber. This means you get a total of 1.8 g of net carbs.
Avocados are a very nutrient-rich food since they are a good source of copper, vitamin C, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin B5, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B2, and vitamin B3.
Potassium is especially vital in your body since it helps regulate your hydration levels. On top of that, consuming potassium can help reduce muscle cramps.
This makes avocado one of the best foods to aid in post-workout recovery.
Salmon is another great option to help you add calories without worrying about the carb content. In 100 g of salmon, you get 142 kcal and 0.0 g of carbs.
It is a great protein source (19.8 g of protein per 100 g) since it contains all the amino acids your body needs.
It is also a significant source of omega-3 fatty acids, which like mentioned before, can help reduce inflammation in your body.
Salmon is a good source of niacin (vitamin B3) since it provides you with 62% of the daily recommended value. Niacin, along with other vitamins from the B complex, helps convert the food you eat into usable energy in the body.
6. Chicken Thighs
Another great protein source for you to add more calories to your diet without adding carbs is chicken thighs. In 100 g of chicken thighs, you get 221 kcal, 0.2 g of carbs, and 0.0 g of fiber.
One of the benefits of chicken thighs is that they are a more affordable protein source than foods like salmon or chicken breast. So, if you have a high protein requirement, they can help your grocery budget.
However, keep in mind that they are higher in saturated fats (4.52 g when eaten with the skin) than chicken breast (1.01 g per 100 g). A large consumption of saturated fats (more than 7% of your daily calories coming from saturated fats) can potentially increase the risk of heart disease.
7. Swiss Cheese
If you are looking for another protein source, cheese makes an excellent choice for you to pile on your calories without adding carbs. There are many different cheese choices, but in this case, I will talk about Swiss cheese. In 100 g of Swiss cheese, you get 393 kcal, 1.4 g of carbs, and 0.0 g of fiber.
Swiss cheese makes a great protein choice since it has 27 g of protein per 100 g and contains all the essential amino acids your body needs. It is also a versatile food you can add to breakfast, lunch, dinner, and even snacks.
That is why I often recommend my clients add cheese to their diets if they have trouble adding protein to their meals or struggle to eat enough calories in general.
Butter is high in calories and low in carbs. In 100 g of butter, you get 717 kcal and 0.0 g of carbs.
Since it is made from the fatty part of milk, you mostly consume fats.
One of the benefits of butter is that it contains vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that can help reduce inflammation in your body.
If you don’t like butter, you can try ghee, a concentrated form of butter with the water and milk solids removed. Ghee has a similar nutritional breakdown as butter.
9. Sesame Oil
Oils are your best friend if you want to include more calories in your diet without carbs. For example, in 100 g of sesame oil, you get 929 kcal and 0.0 g of carbs.
Sesame oil is a good source of antioxidants that can help reduce inflammation in your body.
It can also provide heart benefits.
In a study, people who consumed 4 tablespoons of sesame oil a day saw significant reductions in triglycerides (a type of fat found in the body) and LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol).
10. Olive Oil
Another oil to include if you are looking for high-calorie, low-carb food is olive oil. In 100 g of olive oil, you get 884 kcal and 0.0 g of carbs.
Olive oil is a very nutrient-rich food with high levels of antioxidants.
Also, a study showed that people who consume olive oil frequently can reduce the risk of stroke.
Almonds are another great way to increase your calories without increasing your carb intake. In 100 g of almonds, you get 667 kcal, 16.2 g of carbs, and 11.0 g of fiber. The total net carbs for almonds are 4.2 g.
Almonds are also high in antioxidants and can have positive effects on heart health.
One study showed that people who consumed 20% of their calories from almonds had an average reduction of 12 mg/dL of LDL cholesterol.
12. Brazil Nuts
Another nut high in calories and low in carbs is Brazil nuts. In 100 g of Brazil nuts, you get 659 kcal, 11.7 g of carbs, and 7.5 g of fiber. This represents a total of 4.2 g of net carbs.
One of the benefits of Brazil nuts is that they are very high in selenium. One ounce (28 g) of Brazil nuts offers 988% of the daily recommended value for selenium.
Selenium is a powerful antioxidant that can help reduce inflammation and boost your immune system.
13. Cream Cheese
Cream cheese is another option for you to increase your calories without increasing your carb content. In 100 g of cream cheese, you get 350 kcal, 5.5 g of total carbs, and 0.0 g of fiber.
However, while cream cheese is an excellent option to increase your calories, I wouldn’t recommend consuming it daily in high amounts.
Most of the calories from cream cheese come from fat (34.4 g), mostly from saturated fats (20.2 g).
Your body needs some saturated fats to function properly. However, as mentioned earlier, consuming more than 7% of your total calories come from saturated fat sources can increase the risk of heart disease.
14. Sour Cream
Another dairy option that is high in calories and low in carbs is sour cream. In 100 g of sour cream, you get 198 kcal, 4.6 g of carbs, and 0.0 g of fiber.
However, the same problem that you get from cream cheese applies to sour cream. With 10.1 g of saturated fat per 100 g, it is very high in saturated fat. So, you need to be careful with the portion size or add other healthier fats like avocado or olive oil to balance out your day.
Finally, the last food that is high in calories and low in carbs is olives. In 100 g of green olives, you get 145 kcal, 3.8 g of carbs, and 3.3 g of fiber. This means you get a total of net carbs of 0.5 g.
One of the benefits of olives is that they are very high in antioxidants, including a type of monounsaturated fat called oleic acid. Oleic acid can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer and promote wound healing.
Tips on How To Increase Your Calorie Intake Without Increasing Carbs
1. Choose Fats or Proteins
Fats and proteins tend to be low in carbs. So, if you want to add more calories to your diet without adding too many carbs, go with sources of fats or proteins.
As you can see from the list above, most high-calorie, low-carb foods are sources of fat or are high-protein fats. These help increase your calories without blowing your carb budget.
- Related Article: What Happens If You Go Over Your Carb Macros (Is This Bad?)
2. Avoid Sugars
While sugars are high in calories, they are also high in carbs.
Make sure to avoid foods that contain hidden sugars. Read the nutrition label carefully to check for any sugar in the ingredients list.
Some names for sugars are dextrose, fructose, sucrose, cane sugar, honey, high fructose corn syrup, agave nectar, syrups (and anything related), and galactose.
The American Heart Association recommends not having more than 35 g of sugar per day.
To my clients, I often recommend limiting the sugar intake to 20 to 25 g of added sugars per day.
- Related Article: How To Gain Weight Without Eating Sugar (Sample Meal Plan)
Reasons To Include High-Calorie, Low-Carb Foods in Your Diet
One of the reasons you may want to include foods high in calories and low in carbs is that you are on a weight gain journey.
To gain muscle, you need to consume more calories than your body burns each day (in other words, eat in a caloric surplus). Adding foods high in calories can help you reach your calorie goals.
Another reason you might want to include foods high in calories and low in carbs is that you are following a low-carb or ketogenic diet.
On a keto diet, you restrict your carb intake to 5-10% of your total calories.
For someone following a keto diet with a high caloric intake, it might be hard to meet their calorie goals. Thus, including high-calorie and low-carb foods can help you achieve your caloric intake without affecting your ketosis levels.
High Energy Requirements
Finally, one reason you might want to eat high-calorie, low-carb foods is that you are very active and need a lot of calories to support your lifestyle.
Foods high in carbs can be very filling, making it difficult to reach your daily calorie targets. Foods that are high in calories but low in carbs (especially oils) are an easy way to add more calories without feeling uncomfortable during the day.
Other High-Calorie Food Lists
- Foods High In Calories But Low In Sodium
- Foods High In Calories But Low In Saturated Fats
- Foods High In Calories But Low In Protein
- Foods High In Calories But Low In Sugar
- High-Calorie Low-Fiber Foods
- High Calorie Low FODMAP Foods
- High-Calorie Alternatives To Milk
About The Author
Brenda Peralta is a Registered Dietitian and certified sports nutritionist. In addition to being an author for FeastGood.com, she fact checks the hundreds of articles published across the website to ensure accuracy and consistency of information.
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Juneteenth, celebrated on June 19, is the name given to Emancipation Day by African-Americans in Texas. On that day in 1865 Union Major-General Gordon Granger read General Orders, No.3 to the people of Galveston. It stated
"The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere."
Large celebrations on June 19 began in 1866 and continued regularly into the early 20th century. The African-Americans treated this day like the Fourth of July and the celebrations contained similar events. In the early days, the celebration included a prayer service, speakers with inspirational messages, reading of the Emancipation Proclamation, stories from former slaves, food, red soda water, games, rodeos and dances.
The celebration of June 19 as Emancipation Day spread from Texas to the neighboring states of Louisiana, Arkansas and Oklahoma. It has also appeared in Alabama, Florida, and California as African-American Texans migrated.
In many parts of Texas, ex-slaves purchased land, or "emancipation grounds," for the Juneteenth gathering. Examples include: Emancipation Park in Houston, purchased in 1872; what is now Booker T. Washington Park in Mexia; and Emancipation park in East Austin.
Celebration of Juneteenth declined during World War II but revived in 1950 at the Texas State Fair Grounds in Dallas. Interest and participation fell away during the late 1950’s and 1960’s as attention focused on expansion of freedom for African-Americans. In the 1970’s Juneteenth revived in some communities. For example, in Austin the Juneteenth celebration returned in 1976 after a 25 year hiatus. House Bill no.1016 passed in the 66th Legislature, Regular Session, declared June 19, "Emancipation Day in Texas," a legal state holiday effective January 1, 1980. Since that time, the celebration of Juneteenth continues across the state of Texas with parades, picnics and dancing.
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Not everyone has the money to jet off to exciting locations to take photographs, or even the time to go exploring their local area with their camera. Thankfully, though, great images can be made in the comfort of home with no more than a few, simple everyday household items and a little imagination. Still life photography has been practiced for as long as shutters have been opening and closing. In fact, still life images were among the first photographs to be made back in the early days of photography.
It’s important to understand what still life photography is, however.
What Is still life photography?
Still life photography is a genre of photography that focuses on capturing inanimate objects. It is typically done in a studio setting and involves carefully arranging objects for the purpose of creating a visually appealing image. Still life photography is often used to create art, to sell products, to document objects for scientific research or for other commercial purposes.
What separates still life photography from general scenes with inanimate objects, such as a forest view, is that still life photographers have more time and control over the variables. The best still life photos are those that mix an interesting composition with nice lighting to emphasise the shape, form, colour, texture, light and shadow of a subject.
- Photography for Beginners: essential techniques and best cameras
What are the best still life subjects?
The best still life subjects are typically objects that have character or an interesting shape. Objects like cutlery, rusty tools, glass bottles, flowers and fruit are all time-tested and oft-photographed still life subjects.
If you’re shooting a still life for this first time, try starting with a subject that’s simple – something like fruit or coloured pencils are great for this. Then play around with light. You can use natural light from a window or even simple table lamps to create a more dramatic light effect.
Definition of still life photography
The definition of still life photography is the art of taking pictures of inanimate objects. These objects are usually arranged in a creative way to create an aesthetically pleasing image. The objects used in still life photography can be anything from food, flowers and plants to books, bottles and other everyday objects. The aim of still life photography is to create an image that captures the beauty, simplicity and detail of these objects.
History of still life photography
The history of still life photography dates back to the early 19th century, when photographers began experimenting with the genre. At the time, still life photography was primarily used for scientific purposes, such as documenting plants and animals for research. In the late 19th century, still life photography began to be used for commercial purposes, such as advertising products.
In modern times, still life photography remains a popular form of both product photography and creative expression.
Types of still life photography
There are several different types of still life photography. These include product photography, food photography, flower photography, abstract photography, and table-top photography. Product photography is used to showcase products, such as electronics, jewelry, and clothing. Food photography is used to capture the beauty of food, such as cakes, pastries, and dishes. Flower photography is used to capture the beauty of flowers and plants. Abstract photography is used to capture shadows, reflections, and patterns. Table-top photography is used to capture small objects, such as jewelry, coins, and toys.
Still life photography set up
The set up of a still life photography session depends on the type of photography being done. Generally, the photographer will need a backdrop, lighting, and the objects to be photographed. For product photography, the photographer will need a plain white or black backdrop and studio lighting. For food photography, the photographer will need a plain white background, natural light, and props such as plates, dishes, and utensils. For flower photography, the photographer will need a light box and natural light. For abstract photography, the photographer will need a dark background and studio lighting. For table-top photography, the photographer will need a small light box and studio lighting.
Examples of still life photography
Some of the best still life photography examples can literally be anything! Still life setups are used to capture a variety of objects, such as food, flowers, plants, books, bottles, furniture, toys and everyday objects. Some classic examples of still life photography include a bowl of fruit, a freshly-brewed cup of coffee, a single rose, a bouquet of flowers, an ornately set table, even a collection of books or magazines. Still life photography can also be used to create abstract images, which make creative use of shadows, reflections and patterns.
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Views: 23 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-11-15 Origin: Site
The tunnel emergency communication system is a dedicated communication system for the driver who is driving on the expressway tunnel to provide emergency rescue in the event of an accident. With the large-scale construction of global high-speed railways, the number of ultra-long tunnels has increased dramatically. How to solve the emergency communication guarantees in the event of a disaster emergency inside the tunnel, and ensure that the comprehensive command of the railway command centers at the disaster site becomes A question that needs attention.
1. Terminal equipment and control equipment in the tunnel that can adapt to harsh environments.
2. Networking technology that adapts to the basic conditions of long tunnels.
3. The tunnel equipment is connected to the flexible networking of the station, dispatch center and emergency center.
4. The tunnel terminal can be accurately located, remotely monitored, maintained, and managed.
5, in line with the requirements of simple cable laying, the number of thrift.
Wireless Mesh (WMN), also known as wireless mesh or wireless mesh network, is composed of multiple types of nodes, with mesh as the basic topology: self-organizing network, self-repairing, multi-hopping Wireless new network architecture featuring cascading, self-organization and self-management. Often used in military, public security, armed police, forest fire prevention and other fields.
Nesh configuration can be easily realized by Mesh ad hoc network technology. Its automatic relay feature can easily realize over-the-horizon transmission. The signal can automatically select the best path to continuously jump from one node to another, and finally arrive without direct view. The target node from the distance. Key technologies for solving the “last mile” problem in various fields.
The occurrence of an emergency has great uncertainty, and the event scene changes volatility. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a temporary portable base station on site according to the occurrence of the emergency. The on-site portable base station is temporary, it is established as the scene appears, and is withdrawn at the end of the event.
The wireless Mesh self-organizing mobile base station adopts military standard design: it is easy to carry, sturdy and durable, waterproof and dustproof, and is suitable for rapid deployment to meet the communication requirements of the emergency site in various harsh environments. In the case of a traditional WLAN network, if an AP uplink fails, all clients on the AP will not be able to access the WLAN network. Wireless Mesh has the characteristics of self-organizing network and self-repair. Therefore, AP nodes in a mesh network usually have multiple available links, which can effectively avoid single point of failure.
In the face of sudden incidents, how to timely, accurately, quickly and deeply grasp the real-time dynamic information of the event site, plays a vital role in whether the commanders at all levels can make correct judgments and determine the operational determination. The wireless Mesh self-organizing network high-performance portable base station adopts single-frequency networking, and strives to simplify the on-site configuration and deployment difficulty to the greatest extent, and meets the requirements of the first-line combat personnel for rapid network construction and zero configuration under emergency conditions.
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ST. JEROME’S OPUS MAGNUS, TRANSLATING THE BIBLE INTO LATIN
Aware that today is the feast day of St. Jerome, one of the Church’s greatest saints and a Doctor of the Church, I wanted to share one of my experiences related to this 4th-5th century saint.
I well remember visiting and taking photos of what today, in Bethlehem, is known as St. Jerome’s Cave, the place where he spent over 30 years translating the Bible into Latin, what is known as the Vulgate. I could see the photos in my mind’s eye as if I had taken them an hour ago. However, I could not remember on which of my trips to the Holy Land I took the photos, and thus spent considerable time this afternoon going through my tens and tens of thousands of photos. Patience paid off and I am posting a few of those with Jerome’s story. You can see how moved our pilgrimage group was by being in these caves, in St. Jerome’s Cave, adjacent to the cave of the Nativity!
I found my blogs from that trip but did not given an extended description of St. Jerome’s Cave, so, along with my photos, I offer some brief descriptions from a website about the Cave:
After many years in Rome and what today we call Turkey, St. Jerome, late in the summer of 388 was back in Palestine, and spent the remainder of his life working in a cave near Bethlehem, the very cave where Jesus was born, surrounded by a few friends, both men and women (including Paula and Eustochium), to whom he acted as priestly guide and teacher.
From a cave beneath the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem came the most enduring version of the Bible ever translated.
In this underground study — pleasantly cool in summer but chilly in winter — St Jerome spent 30 years translating the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
The scholarly Dalmatian priest had begun his task around AD 386. The text he produced in St Jerome’s Cave was the first official vernacular version of the Bible. Known as the Vulgate, it remained the authoritative version for Catholics until the 20th century.
This version, asserts the historian G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, was “assuredly heard by more Christians than any other”.
St Jerome (also known as Hieronymus, the Latin version of Jerome) spent more than 36 years in the Holy Land. He was well-known for his ascetic lifestyle and his passionate involvement in doctrinal controversies.
Access to St Jerome’s two-room cave is from the Church of St Catherine. On the right hand side of the nave, steps lead down to a complex of subterranean chambers. At the end, on the right, are the rooms where Jerome lived and worked.
The adjacent caves have been identified as the burial places of Jerome (whose remains were later taken to Rome), his successor St Eusebius, and Sts Paula and Eustochium.
Jerome died in 420. His body was later transferred to Constantinople and then to Rome, where his bones rest today in the Basilica of St Mary Major.
POPE FRANCIS INSTITUTES “SUNDAY OF THE WORD OF GOD”
With the Apostolic Letter “Aperuit illis” – Opened to Them” – Pope Francis has instituted Sunday of the Word of God to be celebrated annually on the Third Sunday of Ordinary Time. This Sunday will be dedicated to the celebration, reflection and spreading of the Word of God.
Given in Rome, at the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, on 30 September 2019, the liturgical Memorial of Saint Jerome, on the inauguration of the 1600th anniversary of his death. FRANCIS
The full Letter was made public this morning in 7 languages. St. Jerome is known for having translated the whole of the Bible into the Latin version which is known as the Vulgate.
POPE ESTABLISHES SUNDAY OF THE WORD OF GOD
Pope Francis, in his Apostolic Letter, Motu proprio “Aperuit illis”, published today by the Vatican, established that “the Third Sunday in Ordinary Time is to be devoted to the celebration, study and dissemination of the Word of God”. Following I the report by Vatican News.
The timing of the document is significant: September 30 is the Feast of Saint Jerome, the man who translated most of the Bible into Latin, and who famously said: “Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ”. This year also marks 1600 years since his death.
The title of the document, “Aperuit illis”, is equally important. They are its opening words, taken from St Luke’s Gospel, where the Evangelist describes how the Risen Jesus appeared to His disciples, and how “He opened their minds to understand the Scriptures”.
A response to requests
Recalling the importance given by the Second Vatican Council to rediscovering Sacred Scripture for the life of the Church, Pope Francis says he wrote this Apostolic Letter in response to requests from the faithful around the world to celebrate the Sunday of the Word of God.
An ecumenical value
In the Motu proprio (literally, “of his own initiative”), Pope Francis declares that, “the Third Sunday in Ordinary Time is to be devoted to the celebration, study and dissemination of the Word of God”. This is more than a temporal coincidence, he explains: the celebration has “ecumenical value, since the Scriptures point out, for those who listen, the path to authentic and firm unity”.
A certain solemnity
Pope Francis invites local communities to find ways to “mark this Sunday with a certain solemnity”. He suggests that the sacred text be enthroned “in order to focus the attention of the assembly on the normative value of God’s Word”. In highlighting the proclamation of the Word of the Lord, it would be appropriate “to emphasize in the homily the honour that it is due”, writes the Pope.
“Pastors can also find ways of giving a Bible, or one of its books, to the entire assembly as a way of showing the importance of learning how to read, appreciate and pray daily with Sacred Scripture”.
The Bible is for all
The Bible is not meant for a privileged few, continues Pope Francis. It belongs “to those called to hear its message and to recognize themselves in its words”. The Bible cannot be monopolized or restricted to select groups either, he writes, because it is “the book of the Lord’s people, who, in listening to it, move from dispersion and division towards unity”.
The importance of the homily
“Pastors are primarily responsible for explaining Sacred Scripture and helping everyone to understand it”, writes Pope Francis. Which is why the homily possesses “a quasi-sacramental character”. The Pope warns against improvising or giving “long, pedantic homilies or wandering off into unrelated topics”.
Rather, he suggests using simple and suitable language. For many of the faithful, he writes, “this is the only opportunity they have to grasp the beauty of God’s Word and to see it applied to their daily lives”.
Sacred Scripture and the Sacraments
The Pope uses the scene of the Risen Lord appearing to the disciples at Emmaus to demonstrate what he calls “the unbreakable bond between Sacred Scripture and the Eucharist”. Since the Scriptures everywhere speak of Christ, he writes, “they enable us to believe that His death and resurrection are not myth but history, and are central to the faith of His disciples”.
When the sacraments are introduced and illumined by God’s Word, explains the Pope, “they become ever more clearly the goal of a process whereby Christ opens our minds and hearts to acknowledge His saving work”.
The role of the Holy Spirit
“The role of the Holy Spirit in the Scriptures is primordial”, writes Pope Francis. “Without the work of the Spirit, there would always be a risk of remaining limited to the written text alone”. The Pope continues: “This would open the way to a fundamentalist reading, which needs to be avoided, lest we betray the inspired, dynamic and spiritual character of the sacred text”. It is the Holy Spirit who “makes Sacred Scripture the living word of God, experienced and handed down in the faith of His holy people”.
Pope Francis invites us never to take God’s Word for granted, “but instead to let ourselves be nourished by it, in order to acknowledge and live fully our relationship with Him and with our brothers and sisters”.
The Pope concludes his Apostolic Letter by defining what he describes as “the great challenge before us in life: to listen to Sacred Scripture and then to practice mercy”. God’s Word, writes Pope Francis, “has the power to open our eyes and to enable us to renounce a stifling and barren individualism and instead to embark on a new path of sharing and solidarity”.
The Letter closes with a reference to Our Lady, who accompanies us “on the journey of welcoming the Word of God”, teaching us the joy of those who listen to that Word – and keep it.
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Are you a student? Perhaps you like to work on the go? If so, you must have a laptop and maybe you get the Laptop Overheating problem usually.
These portable devices allow us to do our work almost anywhere. Gone are the days of working behind desktop computers.
There’s just one issue—they’re prone to Laptop Overheating. Why is this a problem? Excessive heat can reduce its performance and lifespan.
Is your laptop overheating? Want to know how you can prevent that from happening? If so, be sure to read the rest of the post!
Laptop Overheating: Why Does It Happen?
It’s not uncommon for laptops to overheat, especially if the fan doesn’t work properly. In fact, that’s one of the most common causes of laptop overheating.
Malware such as viruses, spyware, and adware can also put a heavy strain on the CPU, which would increase the internal temperature.
5 Ways to Keep Your Laptop Cool
Here are a few ways to prevent your laptop from overheating.
1. Keep It on a Solid and Flat Surface
Laptops typically have fans on the bottom. These air vents allow the machine to cool down.
You can easily smother the airflow if you put the device on an uneven surface such as a blanket; this would affect the cooling mechanism. As a result, heat can build up.
Considering this, you should always put your laptop on a firm and level surface. This will prevent the fan from being obstructed.
2. Invest in a Laptop Cooling Pad
Cooling pads are a great choice if your laptop is prone to overheating. There are two types—active and passive coolers.
Active coolers are equipped with small fans that generate airflow around the laptop’s body; this prevents heat from building up.
Passive coolers, on the other hand, do not require any power. Instead, they are filled with a special salt compound that absorbs the heat. Most will provide up to 8 hours of cooling.
3. Clean out the Dust
Dust can build up inside a laptop. Over time, it can clog the vents and fans, which will prevent it from cooling down properly.
Fortunately, there’s an easy fix—what you want to do is to buy a can of compressed air.
Point it at the cooling vents and spray it in quick, short bursts. The jets of air should be enough to knock the dust loose.
4. Monitor Your Laptop’s Temperature
Not sure whether or not your laptop is overheating? Consider getting a temperature monitoring program.
They will allow you to monitor your laptop’s internal temperature. You’ll know immediately if the device is starting to get too hot.
There are many programs available including Core Temp, HWMonitor, and MobileMeter.
5. Keep Your Laptop Out of the Heat
Never use your laptop under direct sunlight, especially during the summer—this can cause it to overheat.
In fact, the sunlight can be harmful even if the laptop is closed. The plastic casing can eventually degrade and become brittle.
Taking Good Care of Your Laptop
Worried about your laptop overheating? Keep these tips in mind and you’ll be able to keep it cool.
Need some help? Don’t hesitate to contact us!
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Identity and Access Management: Where We Were & Where We Are Now
We live in a digitized era that would have been unthinkable decades ago and almost everything we do depends on data. This has provided significant benefits of course (can you imagine living during the COVID-19 pandemic without access to the internet) but it also entails risk to our security and privacy, for companies and individuals alike. Given the huge amounts of information stored on clouds we need a system that controls access to the right people, the right businesses, at the right time.
Enter identity access management (IAM), a system by which major public cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform can deploy applications and data with far greater protection than previously possible. IAM tools are essential for anyone who uses cloud-based software, whether that be for themselves or for business. That’s why we’re going to explore IAMs, examine the history of their development, and what you need to know now.
When We Began Managing Identities
First, it’s important to consider what exactly identity entails as there’s much more to the concept than mere login information. Identity has history, thousands of years in fact, and the concept includes not just a person’s name but their title, age, occupation, and a myriad of other factors, which in the digital age have all become crucial and valuable information protected by privacy laws. This necessitates the creation of a way people can safely process this data.
Tahe conceptualization of IAM began in the early 2000s when developers realized they needed to securely store access information like handle authentication, attributes, and more. First to emerge was access control lists (ACLs), which allowed users to authenticate themselves using a unique identifier and a security token, in layman’s terms, a username and a password.
If you were around during this time you’ll probably remember writing login and password information down on a piece of sticky note paper, which was hardly a secure way to protect one’s personal information. What’s more: you needed a sticky note for each system you had access to, since each one had its own built-in user database, and you needed separate credentials for each. Access could be lost or mislaid, and it was easy to mix up which piece of paper belonged to which application.
Soon there were more apps than ever before and pieces of paper with hastily scribbled notes couldn’t suffice.
New Developments, New Details
Identity management was the next step towards IAM and built on what came before to provide a more comprehensive authentication build. Now, access to apps, systems, websites, and other tools could be centralized via one profile while using the same login info. Known as centralized user directories, they took a considerable burden away from the identity attribution process.
All of this occurred in tandem with improvements in credential management that ensured access to these centralized systems, so goodbye sticky note paper. While before, each app or system had its own user database and had to implement its own authentication/authorization process, now the database was consolidated into a standalone identity system that could manage the process.
These included user directory servers as well as standard protocols such as LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) that allowed outsourcing authentication from one app to another. This meant there was less boilerplate code to deal with, less infrastructure to manage, less room for error, and fewer accounts required for credential management.
This streamlined the workload of IT teams by reducing the number of tickets sent for password resets and offered users options to undergo verification procedures. These included single factor authentication (a simple password), single sign-on (SSO), and multi-factor authorization (MFA).
So we had a significant step up, but problems persisted. Authorization remained the responsibility of the application on each occasion a request was made, and human error remained an issue at times. Developers realized that a better alternative was required to provide the best levels of security possible. The solution wasn’t long in coming.
Technology in the Clouds
IAM offered consolidated authorization (including authentication) and allowed users to create a common decision-making language between the apps and identities managed under one system. Now, instead of each tool being solely responsible for its own identities and permissions, an external service could be engaged to manage access.
For example: an app developed in the early 2000s had to operate on its own when it came to identity management and was not connected to any others. Then, external systems emerged to keep user information and perform authentication. Finally, with the emergence of IAM, the same app would be able to delegate authorization decision making.
This occurred in tandem with the development of cloud infrastructure. Services like AWS could provide strong, siloed IAM services across its software suite, which means users could experience seamless identity and access management across all of Amazon’s infrastructure. However, if they went beyond that, the user would find themselves without protection, and what is more, they would not be able to integrate new software or customize AWS IAM. The same applies to other services like Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform.
In real life, permissions and roles for all the IoT system users change dynamically to facilitate business processes and maximize employee agility and company revenue. Connected devices, servers, projects, databases, and work groups need to reconfigure with every improvement of the company structure.
Whether it’s the cloud or self-hosted solution, IAM holds keys to your business’ digital transformation, taking care of the stability and security at your enterprise.
IAM tools should be open for integration, highly customizable, and able to easily configure apps. That’s why we developed Kaa Identity and Access Management (Kaa IAM). It provides integration APIs, supports arbitrary 3rd party app integrations by providing a common language (Kaa Resource Names, Actions, and configurable access control Policies).
It takes away the burden of both user authentication and authorization by reducing the security boilerplate to IAM integration. It’s simple to use, flexible, and the comprehensive answer to the original identity and access management problem.
Deploy safe and flexible Kaa IAM for your apps or multilayered services for quick and easy assigning of permissions across multiple users or categories of users.
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“Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.”
We’ve all heard that saying before, but most people don’t understand how dangerous tobacco use can actually be. According to the CDC, tobacco consumption is the number one cause of preventable diseases, disability, and death amongst the people of the U.S. Around 40 million adults in the country still smoke cigarettes, and reports show that 16 million people live with severe illnesses due to smoking.
There’s no denying cigarette smoking is lethal, but why do many people in the country still continue to consume tobacco? This article, the best urgent care in West Hartford, CT, will tackle everything you need to know about cigarette smoking and why it’s dangerous for your health.
Very few people seem to understand how dangerous smoking is for human health. A single stick of cigarette might not look harmful, but it already packs tons of cancer-causing chemicals. Health experts have linked smoking to lung cancer for decades, and the medical community has enough evidence to support this claim.
According to urgent care in West Hartford, CT, here are some of the illnesses caused by smoking.
Around 16 million Americans are living their lives with diseases caused by smoking. Annually, 480,000 people die from smoking-related diseases. These staggering figures are enough to demonstrate the danger of cigarette smoking, both to the smoker and the people around them.
Many people think that cigarette smoking only affects the lungs. Unfortunately, that’s not the case. Aside from nicotine, cigarette smoking can introduce over 5,000 chemicals into your body. These chemicals will go not only to your lungs but also to your bloodstream and other organs. The damages caused by tobacco consumption can significantly reduce your lifespan.
Pregnant women who smoke are putting their unborn babies at risk too. Below are some of the side effects of smoking on pregnancy:
Cigarette smoking is more like a ticking time bomb. A single puff may not sound too dangerous, but it will eventually cause serious health problems.
Unbeknownst to many, other forms of tobacco consumption aren’t as safe as most people think. Cigar smoking will expose you to the same chemicals as cigarette smoking does. The same can be said for chewing tobacco or other smokeless tobacco products in the market today. The delivery might be different for those products, but they will still deliver nicotine to your bloodstream.
E-cigarettes are one of the most popular alternatives to cigarette smoking. However, most people don’t realize that vaping harbors its own set of harmful effects. For starters, vaping delivers nicotine to the body at a higher concentration than cigarettes, but in the form of vapor. The consumption of vape products has been reported to cause various illnesses, such as asthma and COPD, to name a few.
Smokeless tobacco products such as chewing tobacco, snuff, and dissolvable may not be as harmful as cigarettes but bring their fair share of health risks. For starters, chewing tobacco can cause nicotine addiction. Additionally, some people who chew tobacco are reported to develop illnesses such as mouth, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer. Not to mention the risk of gum diseases and tooth decay.
The public now treats vaping as a much safer alternative to tobacco, but little do they know that the safety and danger between the two remain unclear. Both are technically cigarettes, just different in forms. One produces toxic smoke, while the other produces vapor containing nicotine. Additionally, vape products deliver a higher concentration of nicotine than cigarettes, making them as harmful as they can be.
Generally, urgent care in West Hartford, CT, diagnoses tobacco-related illnesses differently. Healthcare providers will ask smokers for details about tobacco usage and conduct physical examinations. Sometimes, they’ll also order some tests like x-rays and electrocardiograms, to name a few. Smokeless tobacco users will require other tests different from what we’ve mentioned above.
Aside from cancer and other lung diseases, cigarette smoking can lead to chronic health problems. These health issues usually require ongoing care from urgent care in West Hartford, CT. Here are some smoking-related health conditions that will require treatment:
Cigarette smoking and tobacco use will ultimately lead to chronic health problems that will eventually need ongoing treatment. This is why many urgent cares in West Hartford, CT, urge smokers to quit now while there’s still time.
Healthcare providers around the country can help smokers manage their smoking–related diseases. Since smoking targets different organs of the body, these healthcare professionals will do things their way, such as:
These are just some professionals who can help you deal with any smoking-related health issues you may be experiencing.
At this point, we’ve already established how dangerous cigarette smoking and tobacco use can be. If you want to avoid getting sick from smoking, urgent care in West Hartford, CT, recommends you never start smoking in the first place.
Here are some of the things you can enjoy if you stop smoking or don’t start smoking at all:
There’s no better day to stop a bad habit than today. If you want to quit smoking, you should understand that there are various ways to do so. Most urgent care in West Hartford, CT, suggests you find or create a smoking cessation plan that will work for your personality. Smoking cessation will require you to be emotionally and mentally ready. You need to understand that you need to quit smoking not just for the people you love but for yourself as well.
Here are some pointers that will help you quit smoking:
Even if you’ve been smoking for years, you should know you can still quit smoking. Smoking cessation will improve your health, regardless of your age. Given enough time, the damage caused by smoking to your organs can reverse over time.
Here’s what will happen if you quit smoking today:
Once you decide you’re ready to quit smoking, you can make use of tons of supportive resources out there. For starters, you can visit WhyQuit.com to learn more about smoking cessation. Some apps can help you throughout your smoking cessation journey. You can also join support groups such as Nicotine Anonymous to keep yourself encouraged and accountable.
The best time to quit smoking is now. Taking the first step may seem impossible, but it’s not. By quitting smoking, you’re allowing yourself to live longer and healthier.
Urgent cares in West Hartford, CT, are also willing to give a helping hand in case you’re experiencing health problems caused by smoking, such as asthma, wheezing, and severe coughing, to name a few. Here at DOCS Urgent Care – West Hartford, we also offer various tests and examinations necessary to keep your health in check. Contact us today so we can help you start your smoking cessation journey.
During this surge in COVID-19 cases, our primary focus is meeting the high demand for tests, and we are seeing higher than usual wait times. This means we are unable to answer most phone calls. Please know that our teams are working very hard during this time to care for as many patients as safely as possible. Please click the button below for answers to common questions. We appreciate your understanding.
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When facing trials or afflictions, a Muslim is required to keep patient and never despair of Allah’s mercy and to expect reward from Allah. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is reported to have said, “How wonderful is the affair of the believer, for his affairs are all good, and that does not apply for anyone except the believer. If something good happens to him, he gives thanks, and that is good for him; if something bad happens to him he, bears it with patience, and that is good for him” (Muslim).
In this regard we would liked to quote Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Shah, who stated:
“The trials and tribulations are part of human life. Allah reminds us in the Qur’an, [Be sure We [Allah] shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere](Al-Baqarah 2:155).
There are four possible reasons for trials and afflictions:
1. They are to test the faith (in Arabic: iman) of believers to separate the true believers from others.
2. They happen to train or educate believers in patience and dependence on Allah and in facing the difficult realities of life in this world.
3. They could befall to elevate the status of believers.
4. And they could be a result of one’s own sins and mistakes and a compensation for one’s wrongdoings.
Allah wants us to be patient during these times of stress and afflictions and not to despair, because despair is the result of non-belief. Allah says,[Truly no one despairs of Allah’s soothing mercy except those who have no faith](Yusuf 12:87).
It needs a lot of trust in the goodness of Allah, and the hope that He loves us more than our mothers and that He is not going to let us down.”
So, one should never lose hope in gaining Allah’s mercy and help.
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Denver Solar Gardens Becoming the Community Gardens of the Future2 min read
|Denver has long been a progressive city for environmental issues, and now even gardens are getting greener thanks to solar technology.
So far, nine solar gardens have popped up around the city, and another 10 are on the way, according to the Denver Post.
The gardens are designed for area residents and businesses that can’t put solar panels on their roofs. They can buy a fractional ownership for this solar power, similar to the kind found in community gardens around the city.
According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, approximately three-quarters of all homes do not have roofs suitable for solar panels. Those who buy ownership in these solar gardens get a credit on their electricity bills.
One of these solar arrays is next to Green Valley Ranch Middle School in Denver. The 800-kilowatt array is set to begin operating soon, thanks to Denver-based SunShare LLC and a Princeton, NJ, energy company.
A solar array in Boulder, which cost $1.5 million and puts out 500-kilowatts, is nearing completion by the Clean Energy Collective from Louisville, KY.
Of course, those aren’t the only gardens that Denver residents can participate in. The traditional type, offering vegetables, herbs or flowers, are another great way to “go green.”
This is also the time of year when area residents stock up on pesticides to get rid of insects, weeds, and plant diseases in their lawns. While most are synthetic, there are organic and even pesticide free lawncare and gardening options available to the public.
For those who want easy options for their gardens, or may have limited space, the Denver Post recommends trying plants in hanging baskets. These are easy to take care of as long as they are watered properly.
However, those who want to help Denver and the state of Colorado go “green” beyond the garden still have time to buy into the solar gardens being planned for the area.
There are also surrounding areas that have solar projects underway, including in Adams, Arapahoe, Jefferson and El Paso counties.
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Want to write an original article but still at the idea stage? This step-by-step tutorial will teach you a simple method to go from research idea to original article.
One of the best ways to learn is through the generation effect. Creating your own material based on what you want to learn activates your semantic memory, and actively manipulating new information creates relationships between each item, facilitating the retrieval of information when it’s needed.
Roam Research is a tool powerful enough to manage an end-to-end writing workflow, from research and note-taking (input) to writing an original article (output). There are many videos covering some of the more complex use cases for Roam, but in this tutorial we will focus on five simple steps you can take to go from idea to original article, all inside of Roam.
If you are not familiar with Roam, I recommend you first have a look at my beginner walk-through. As always with my Roam guides, you should pick a topic you want to explore before getting started. For the purpose of this tutorial, the topic should be broad enough that you can find quite a bit of content easily—the goal is to learn how to use Roam, not to learn how to look up obscure stuff online—and exciting enough that you’d want to write an article about it.
Not feeling inspired? Here are some ideas you can choose from:
- Knowledge management
- Internet friendships
Okay, you got your topic, you have a Roam Research account—again, if not, use the first-time Roam user guide first. You’re ready to go.
1. Create a page for your topic
Imagine you are an explorer. This page will be the hub you keep on coming back to. Let’s say you chose “metacognition” as your topic. Create a new page with that name.
Then, add it to your favourites by clicking on the star button in the top-right corner. This will pin the page to the left-hand side menu so you can easily access it.
2. Collate your raw notes
Now, go to your favourite search engine, and type in your topic. Open a few pages—it could be a Wikipedia page, a blog post, a research paper—and take your time to identify the nuggets of information you find most interesting and most relevant to your topic.
Copy and paste these nuggets into your hub page. One nugget should be one bullet point.
Sometimes, you will find a related topic that deserves its own page. That’s absolutely fine.
Create a new page, copy and paste your notes, and make sure to tag that satellite page with your topic. I usually do this at the bottom of the page. In my example, it would be #Metacognition (case sensitive!). This way, even if the specific word is not mentioned in the notes you copied and pasted, these satellite pages will be connected back to your hub.
Here is an example of a satellite page. Notice the tag at the bottom (#Metacognition) linking back to the hub page we created.
The great thing is that these satellite pages will automatically show up under the hub page. As you will see, it will be very useful later. But for now, you are just collecting nuggets of information. Copy and paste to your heart’s content, and make sure that all satellite pages have a tag linking back to the hub we created earlier.
Your research can happen over a long period of time. See something interesting on Twitter? Add it to your hub. Read an article that’s relevant? Create a dedicated page, take notes, and link it back to your hub with the right tag.
Once you feel like you have enough rough material, it’s time to structure your notes so you can start writing an original article.
3. Structure your raw notes
You should now have a lot of notes, some on the hub page itself, and some in satellite pages. The goal of this step is to bring everything you need to the hub page and to structure it. There are going to be a few shortcuts involved, so hold onto your keyboard.
If you look at the bottom of your hub page, you should see the section with the list of all the pages linking back to this one—some properly linked, and some unlinked. Let’s start with the linked ones.
Hover over one of the page links, which are blue and bold. In my case, I’m going to hover over the “Metamemory” page. Use shift+click or CMD+SHIFT+O (CTRL+SHIFT+O) and click on the link. It will open in the sidebar.
Then, pick a block (a paragraph starting with a bullet point) in the right-hand side panel that just opened, place your mouse over the corresponding bullet point, and press the ALT key on a Macbook (CTRL on a PC) while you drag it to your hub page. It sounds like a lot of work, but it’s super simple.
See it for yourself.
If you’re the kind of person who likes to poke around, you will notice that you can drag these paragraphs from the sidebar without pressing the ALT key. What’s the difference?
When pressing the ALT key, you are adding a copy of the original block to your hub. It means any change you make to the copy will be reflected everywhere in your Roam database. It’s the same block, displayed in two different places.
When you’re just holding and dragging the bullet point without using the ALT key, you are moving the block—effectively removing it from the original page.
If you’re confused, drag a block with and without holding the ALT key, and you will see the difference.
Okay, but why limit yourself to linked pages? You can do the exact same thing with unlinked pages. This section will resurface content you didn’t think about proactively including—relevant blocks without a tag linking back to your hub. Roam is making these connections for you.
Explore these unlinked references the same way: using the shift+click or CMD+SHIFT+O and click (CTRL+SHIFT+O) shortcut to open them in the right sidebar, and dragging whatever nuggets you think will be useful to your hub.
Feel free to reorder the bullet points in the hub area. Create sections and subsections. Try to shape a rough content plan.
After a while, you may feel like that’s a lot of different pages to navigate. You can actually expand or minimise pages in the right sidebar by clicking on the + or – buttons.
And when you’re lost, you can come back to your hub by clicking on the link in the left sidebar—which, remember, you created by adding that page to your favourites.
What you are doing in this section may feel messy—but you are effectively moving your raw notes from the right panel into your main working area on the left. It’s very similar to how the brain works—moving data from your long-term memory into your working memory.
Don’t worry about the phrasing of the content itself, at this point it’s more about moving things around so you can create an overall structure for your article.
4. Start writing
Onto the fun part. You now have a structured collection of notes. Each bullet point is an idea. You just need to take them and rephrase them using your own words.
If you have been using the ALT key when dragging blocks and want to keep a link to the original source, you can use this advanced trick shared by Conor White-Sullivan, the founder of Roam. Transform the block links ((block-code)) into regular links [*](((block-code))) which will create an asterisk linking to the original block.
Or you can just remove the imported blocks once you’re done rephrasing them. That’s my preferred way of working on an article, as I include the source in the final copy itself and I usually don’t feel the need to revisit the original block once I have found a good way to put it into my own words.
Rephrase each paragraph, move them around, and shape your article until you’re happy. You’ll have a beautifully structured article, but you’ll still be one step away from publication.
5. Export your article
Roam pages are made of a bunch of blocks which visually look like bullet points. You can move them around, copy them, export them, edit them. But when it’s time to publish your article on a blogging platform or somewhere else, it can be a bit frustrating.
If you want to export your draft, click on the three dots in the top-right corner, then “export” and choose the markdown option. You’ll get a zip file.
If you’re using a markdown-based publication tool, unzip the file and you’re good to go. If you’re using an HTML-based or a WYSIWYG tool, you will want to convert the file.
Head to Cloud Convert. You can convert the markdown file to HTML, DOCX, PDF, and more. I personally export to DOCX and then import into Google Docs to remove the bullet points and for final touchups before publishing to WordPress.
That’s it! Once you’re done with an article, you can remove it from your favourites.
If you want a more visual tutorial, check out this video by Conor. It includes extra tips such as how to check what references and raw notes have been included in your final version. It’s a bit more advanced, but a great watch if you want to see an end-to-end workflow.
And if you want an easy way to import text snippets from articles you read online into Roam, install this little extension I built. It works with any browser.
This was a very simple guide to go from idea to original article, and I left out some of the more advanced tricks you could use. Once you feel comfortable with these steps, start exploring and building your own workflow. Roam adapts to how you think, not the other way around.
P.S. Want to learn how to make the most of Roam? Join Roam Essentials, a short course to master 20% of the features that will unlock 80% of Roam’s power.
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MiFamily: Michigan's Family Engagement Framework
MiFamily: Michigan's Family Engagement Framework provides programs and schools research and best practices to further improve and develop family engagement.
The framework was developed by an MDE stakeholder's committee, inclusive of MDE staff and program, school, and community leaders, and in partnership with the Council of Chief State School Officers and the National Association for Family, School, and Community Engagement. The MiFamily document is offered as the first in a series of support documents to help parents and guardians as they engage and support their child's learning.
Family Engagement Principles
Relationships are the Cornerstone of Family Engagement
- Offer getting-to-know-you meetings in smaller, informal settings.
- Make relationship-building home visits.
- Co-design with families a pre-school-elementary school transition program.
- Create welcoming spaces in the program and schools.
- Learn the names of all families.
- Develop parent advisory committees.
Families are Engaged and Supported Partners in their Child's Education
- Peer-to-peer family groups.
- Volunteer opportunities.
- Linking families to community resources.
- Provide leadership opportunities for families.
- Parent-Teacher Home Visiting Program.
- Student-led conferences.
- Curriculum showcases.
Family Engagement Efforts are Purposeful, Intentional, and Clearly Identify Learner Outcomes
- Share how families can engage children in interactive play, reading, and hands-on math activities that promote problem-solving.
- Invite families to visit the after-school program, meet staff, and join the activities.
- Host "classroom visits" for families to see firsthand what their kids are doing in class and how the classroom is set up for linking learning to current events.
Family Engagement Efforts are Tailored to Address all Families so all Learners are Successful
- Talk about the skills that will help children upon their transition to kindergarten and discuss children's progress with families regularly.
- Explain your school or program's high achievement goals and ask families about their ideas to help their kids reach them.
- Seek barriers and remove them.
Positive Learning Environments Contribute to Family Engagement and Learning
- Provide opportunities for parent and student input on Title I school-parent compacts to make them more personalized.
- Respond to what students say about social and emotional issues.
- In middle and high school, set up an advisory system, so that all students have someone who knows them well and who can be their advocate in the school and the primary contact for their families.
Contact the Family Engagement Core Team for More Information:
Shanon Everett, 517-335-4092
Scott Martin, 517-335-1745
Jonnie Taton, 517-241-3592
Al Thomas, 517-241-6970
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Swimmin' the river : (The swim)
Summary: In Swimmin' the River (1987-1997), Billy Curmano swims the length of the Mississippi River as a political gesture to advocate for the freedom from toxicity. Spanning from the headwaters to the Gulf of Mexico, Curmano uses the river as an artistic medium and political landscape to discuss environmental issues. He wades in the Mississippi as the sunlight glistens and the wind shapes the tide. Each stroke Curmano takes is an attempt to reclaim the river under the banner of art and work toward an agenda for climate justice. The ecology of Curmano’s swim can largely be seen as an extended metaphor of pollution—one in which our existence has become contaminated by the effects of eco-capitalism.
Summary: Billy X. Curmano’s art practice examines issues of consequence with absurdist flair. Formally trained as a painter and sculptor, Curmano fuses the performative with traditional objects. He became the first person to swim the Mississippi River spanning from the source at Lake Itasca, through the center of the continental United States, to the Gulf of Mexico. This performance resulted in the Hampton Award Winning documentary Swimming the River (1987-1997), which brought the artist critical acclaim. Curmano extended the swim by performing excerpts of it in the traveling exhibition Objects Collected and Created in the Course of a Swim (1995-1997). His work has been exhibited and collected extensively from Austria’s III Vienna Graphikbiennale to New York’s Museum of Modern Art Library. Mark Pezinger Verlag published Billy X. Curmano Futurism’s Bastard Son (2012), an artist book that features a compilation of Curmano’s performance art. Amused journalists have dubbed Curmano as “The Court Jester of Southeastern Minnesota” with comparisons to P.T. Barnum, Andy Warhol, Marcel Duchamp and even... a happy otter.
Credits: Billy Curmano, The New X Art Ensemble, Amazing Tess Toss Tertones, and Nuclear Percussion Ensemble, musical score.
Credits: Billy Curmano, performer.
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How to draw a mouse step by step easy ? If you’re looking for a fun and easy art project, drawing a mouse is a great place to start. Sure! Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to draw a cute little mouse.
How to draw a mouse step by step (6 step)
Step 1: Sketch the basic shapes
Start by sketching the basic shapes that make up the mouse’s body. Draw a circle for the head, a long oval for the body, and smaller ovals for the ears and feet. Use light pressure and simple lines to create your rough sketch.
Step 2: Add details to the head
Next, it’s time to add some details to the mouse’s head. Draw a smaller circle inside the main circle for the snout, and two ovals for the eyes. Add two small circles inside the eyes for the pupils, and a curved line for the mouth. Finally, draw a small triangle for the nose.
Step 3: Draw the ears and feet
Now it’s time to draw the mouse’s ears and feet. Sketch in some details to create the shape of the ears, making them slightly curved at the top. Add some lines to the feet to create the toes.
Step 4: Add fur texture
To make your mouse drawing look more realistic, add some texture to the fur. Use short, quick strokes to create lines around the mouse’s body, head, and ears. You can also add some shading to the underside of the body and the ears.
Step 6: Refine the details
Once you’re happy with the basic shapes and details, it’s time to refine your mouse drawing. Use your eraser to clean up any stray lines or smudges, and adjust any proportions that need fixing. You can also add more shading or texture as needed.
Step 7: Color your mouse drawing
Finally, you can add some color to your mouse drawing if you like. Use colored pencils, markers, or paint to add some depth and dimension to your drawing. Use a light touch and blend colors as needed to create a natural look.
Tips for Drawing a Mouse
- Study mouse anatomy: To create a realistic mouse drawing, it’s important to understand the anatomy of these small creatures. Look at photos of mice to see how their bodies are shaped, and how their ears and feet are positioned.
- Use reference images: When drawing any animal or object, it’s helpful to have reference images to guide you. Use online resources or books to find photos or illustrations of mice that you can use as a reference.
- Start with simple shapes: When you’re first starting out, it’s best to keep your mouse drawing simple. Start with basic shapes like circles and ovals, and build up the details from there.
- Don’t be afraid to make mistakes: Drawing is a process, and it’s okay to make mistakes along the way. Use your eraser to correct any errors
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What is ransomware?
Ransomware is a type of malware that allows attackers to take control of a company’s data and demand a ransom to release it. It can devastate businesses, especially when vital business data is affected. The malware is typically spread through phishing emails, infected software downloads, or by exploiting vulnerabilities in a network.
Once the ransomware infects a system, it encrypts files and makes them inaccessible to the user. The attacker then demands payment, usually in the form of cryptocurrency, in exchange for the decryption key. Even some variants of ransomware threaten to publish or delete the stolen data if the victim does not pay the ransom.
Ransomware attacks have become increasingly common in recent years and have affected a wide range of organizations, from small businesses to large corporations and government agencies. The financial impact can be significant, as organizations may have to pay the ransom or incur costs associated with restoring their systems and data.
How does Object Storage mitigate the risk of a ransomware attack?
Object storage is a popular choice for businesses looking to protect their data from ransomware attacks. This is because object storage systems can target and block some of the most common ransomware attack vectors.
One of the biggest advantages of object storage is that it has a versioning feature. This implies that the system will automatically save any changes you make to an object as a new version. In the event of a successful ransomware attack, organizations can simply revert to a previous version of their data instead of paying to restore it.
Advanced Access Control
Another advantage of object storage is that it has advanced access control features. This allows companies to determine exactly who can and cannot access which part of their data. In the event of a successful ransomware attack, this can prevent the attackers from gaining access to all important data.
Backup your data
Companies that store their data in object storage should ensure that they perform regular backups and replicate them to a secure location outside the main storage. A comprehensive security strategy that includes training staff, monitoring networks and conducting penetration tests is also crucial.
In summary, object storage provides organizations with an effective way to mitigate the consequence of ransomware attacks. By using versioning, advanced access controls and replication, companies can reduce the risk of data loss and be able to respond more quickly to attacks. Additionally, these measures can help ensure the integrity and availability of critical business data.
Contabo offers an S3-compatible Object Storage. Check it out here.
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This proposal addresses how mainstream K-12 education can transition to use and share open educational resources and play a part in the future direction of the open educational movement (Weller 2014). The presentation is based on practical experience of a one year OER project in 2016 with 230 students in K-12 education from both minority and dominant communities in the city of Stockholm.
The theme of the OER project is students local culture and historic environment, encouraging a pedagogical approach of examining a neighbourhood’s past, present and future. Digital technologies and media in the project are commons driven and under Creative Commons Attribution or Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike licenses. Three main platforms are involved – the national website platsr.se, run by the Swedish National Heritage Board, the free encyclopedia for children wikimini.se and the Swedish language version of the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.
Incentives from participating teachers in outer city schools come from teaching students that their knowledge and expertise of their own neighbourhood counts, and how to take action to validate it and claim ownership of the historic environment and the diversity of traces it holds. This connects OER project with aspects of critical pedagogy (Farrow 2015) . Teachers also join the project for reasons embedded in digital literacy discourse. Shifting from a frequent tools approach to Wikipedia in the classroom to engaging with it as an online space, illustrates how mainstream education can benefit from OERs to develop students’ visitor mode of online engagement in institutional contexts (White & Cornu 2011).
Some of the key points and insights is how Wikipedia acts as an entry point to open culture for mainstream classrooms and that there is a strong pedagogical logic expressed by educators for how user generated OERs can unlock the classroom to an outside world. While this space may attract markets, the proposal suggests it should be harnessed by new collaboratives for education and learning where mission aligned institutions are crucial partners. OERs offer invitations for Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums (GLAMs) and Education to work together.
Farrow, R. (2015): Open education and critical pedagogy, Learning, Media and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/17439884.2016.1113991
Weller, M. (2014). Battle for Open: How openness won and why it doesn’t feel like victory. London: Ubiquity Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bam
White, D. & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9). doi:10.5210/fm.v16i9.3171
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"It is better to be feared than loved, more prudent to be cruel than compassionate."--Niccolo Machiavelli
"He who lives by the sword, will die by the sword." --Matthew 26:52
The two quotes above highlight what are often considered to be two opposing views of politics. The first suggests that, ultimately, people are only motivated by punishment. The second, however, warns that punishment leads to resentment and fear, which cause others to retaliate. In truth, successful statecraft often combines the two approaches to include both threats and promises so that undesirable behavior generates punishment, but favorable behavior merits a reward.
What is an incentive?
In an incentive, A promises rewards to B in an attempt to get B to do or not do X. (In our discussion, we will refer to A as a "sender," and B as a "target.") When punishments or sanctions are likely to be ineffective, providing rewards for preferred behavior may produce a more desirable outcome. However, incentives have been frequently associated with weakness or indecisiveness. As a result, scholarship has tended to focus more on sanctions than incentives. This unequal attention has skewed the perceived effectiveness of threats over promises. Incentives can be an effective alternative for managing conflicts. As with all such devices, however, they must be carefully administered with attention to matching the right tool with the right problem.
Types of incentives
There are generally four different types of incentives:
1.) Relaxing Penalties:
One type is the removal of existing penalties, such as sanctions, embargoes, investment bans, or high tariffs, in exchange for specific policy changes. This was an implicit part of the U.S. incentives package, which tried to encourage Libyan cooperation with U.N. antiterrorism conventions and seek Libyan assistance in the hunt for the perpetrators of the September 11th attacks. However, this approach is not always viewed as an actual incentive. If the penalties being relaxed are thought to be disproportionate to the alleged actions, or the penalties are perceived to be wrongly imposed in the first place, or their mere withdrawal is thought to be insufficient compensation, then the target may not view such an offer as an incentive at all. While these incentives may be viewed as bribes or be resented as invasions of sovereignty, the willingness to lift sanctions in exchange for particular policy changes can create an atmosphere more conducive to compromise than can the threat of more sanctions.
Another type of incentive is one used to improve the recipient's economic standing. This can include financial assistance, access to technology, loans, or investment initiatives, in return for certain concessions. The foreign policy community in the United States has recently pushed this strategy. In early 2002, for instance, the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution encouraging greater use of economic incentives as a diplomatic tool in the fight against terrorism. Joan Nelson and Stephanie Eglinton of the Overseas Development Council have suggested that foreign aid, typically considered a tool of support or tacit persuasion, should also be used as a form of pressure by making it explicitly conditional. Ways of achieving this, they argue, include providing more aid to those who meet certain criteria and making aid contingent on prearranged policy reforms. In 1992, for example, President Bush indicated that financial assistance to Israel would be contingent on its limiting settlement activities in the occupied territories.
Conditionality, however, does not need to be explicit. In the mid-1980s, South Africa was discouraged from approaching the International Monetary Fund for assistance, due to heavy international pressures against its practices of apartheid and the storm of protests that accompanied its 1983 IMF application. Similarly, the Structural Adjustment Lending program at the World Bank can place implicit pressure on a country's military budget by requiring specific economic and social expenditures aimed at squeezing out military spending. While such conditions may result in policy changes, nations are often unable to make the necessary reforms, or they are able to ignore the implicit pressures and continue "business as usual." Therefore, frustrated donors are increasingly attaching explicit conditions to economic packages, which are more difficult for the target to avoid.
Conditionality is often resented as an invasion of sovereignty, and can backfire on the sender. For instance, without sensitivity to internal political dynamics, a donor may inadvertently weaken reform movements and strengthen hard-line factions in the recipient nation. Moreover, imposing changes on a society whose existing institutions or culture are insufficient to handle the proposed policy changes, may result in unintended consequences that may do more damage than good. After the fall of the Soviet Union, rigid reforms were advocated in the West as conditions for providing financial assistance to Russia. However, imposing rapid, top-down changes had destabilizing effects on the economy and society that threatened reform efforts and democratization.
3.) Political and Security Incentives:
A third type of incentive is political or security cooperation. It involves meetings between political leaders or military/law enforcement exchanges, which can bolster the recipient government's legitimacy. States often seek international legitimacy for their policies in order to secure policy independence and improve international relations. Visits by foreign leaders symbolize this international legitimacy and can promise material gains. In addition, international legitimacy can potentially demonstrate successful leadership and strengthen domestic legitimacy.
Similarly, cooperation on security matters provides added legitimacy to the actions of one's military forces. For instance, the United States has sought international military cooperation in its "war on terror" and missions in Afghanistan and Iraq. This has been more out of symbolic than tactical need, as the superiority of U.S. forces is largely undisputed. However, unilateral military actions are resented in the international community and the political ramifications could have significant consequences. Indeed, several countries, like Turkey, explicitly offered coalition support in exchange for economic and political concessions from the United States. Less dramatic military cooperation can also provide significant benefits. For example, joint exercises or military assistance can help strengthen a nation's forces while simultaneously providing a powerful symbol of friendship, legitimacy, and security that bodes well for both domestic and international politics.
Another security incentive that has had notable success in conflicts requiring third-party mediation and arms-control measures is the issuance of security assurances. After the fall of the Soviet Union, significant nuclear stockpiles remained in Ukraine. In exchange for Ukraine's disarming, the United States and Russia reaffirmed their respect for the territorial and political sovereignty of Ukraine, and stated a willingness to defend the newly independent country. This international agreement helped alleviate Ukraine's fear that Russia might again pursue imperial ambitions, allowed it to disarm, and, in doing so, enhanced the stability of the region during an uncertain time. Similarly, U.S. security assurances through the extension of its "nuclear umbrella" have helped stave off the atomic ambitions of such countries as South Korea, where the development of a nuclear arsenal could spark a regional arms race.
4.) Inclusion Incentives:
The expansion of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has affected how states in the region behave, and has sparked discussion of the last type of incentive: inclusion in international organizations. These institutions can bestow financial, security, and psychological benefits on their members. Joining the European Union, for instance, symbolizes that one is part of, and ostensibly reflective of, a progressive and peaceful community with an increasingly competitive edge in the international marketplace. As Czech Foreign Minister Svoboda suggests, "The E.U. is for us the symbol of stability, prosperity, security and the capability of creating good relations with neighboring countries... It was a symbol for us to join the family of the free, democratic countries." Thus, the European Union provides financial benefits through an open market, security benefits through increased competitiveness in the global economy, and psychological benefits by allowing members to identify with like-minded neighbors who share similar values.
Membership, however, has its costs. Nearly every international organization has certain economic, political, or social criteria and norms that must be respected. While these stipulations may have significant domestic costs, the potential long-term benefits of joining often outweigh short-term losses. For instance, market-oriented changes necessary for membership into free trading zones, such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement, can threaten many businesses and jobs. Thus, leaders who initiate the integrative measures necessary for membership sometimes face heated domestic opposition. Yet, the long-term benefits associated with economic openness, and the potential for interconnectedness with one's neighbors to bring about peaceful relations, are powerful motives for leaders to make the necessary changes. Indeed, the prospect of stability and prosperity associated with membership in the European Union has encouraged many eastern European countries to undergo the difficult transition from socialist dictatorship to a more capitalist democracy, and has transformed a once divided and conflicted continent into an increasingly integrated group of countries.
A similar and largely effective type of incentive is a process that Paul Schroeder describes as "association-exclusion." Economic cooperation, development, democracy, and peaceful relations characterize the nations of the Pacific Rim and North Atlantic The prosperity of many of these countries is envied around the world, and the potential for improved relations and identification with them, particularly the United States, encourages others to undertake systemic changes that include democratic values. Indeed, David Cortright argues that, "the most powerful inducement for peaceful relations in the world today is access to the emerging system of political cooperation and economic development among major states." For instance, he attributes Brazil's and Argentina's dismantling of their budding nuclear programs to their desire to improve political and economic relations with the United States and their Latin-American neighbors. The fear of being excluded from the group, and foregoing the associated benefits, can provide an incentive like no other.
Benefits of Incentives
Some benefits of incentives are:
1.) Spill-over Effects: The decision to employ incentives will not only influence the immediate behavior of the target, but will also have a "spill-over effect" on relations in general. Incentives tend to enhance the willingness of the target to cooperate on other issues, while sanctions are likely to impede such cooperation.
2.) Legitimacy: It is generally much easier and less controversial to increase another's prosperity in return for a desired action, than to forcibly deprive them of something if they do not conform. That is why, for instance, the United States has been willing to provide nations with incentives for cooperation in the "war on terror," but has been reluctant to openly employ sanctions except in the most egregious of cases. In other circumstances, however, the opposite strategy may be required. Few would suggest that deterring nuclear attack by threatening retaliation is less moral or legitimate than offering a bribe to the potential attacker. Indeed, there was a great deal of outrage over President Clinton's decision to offer economic and energy incentives to North Korea in exchange for partial closure of its illegal nuclear weapons program, without further concessions on part of the North Koreans.
3.) Market Forces: Eileen Crumm argues that market forces work against sanctions, while incentives can be tailored to maximize their value to the targeted actor. Sanctions require multilateral coordination; if the target is able to acquire sanctioned goods elsewhere, then the sanction is only symbolic and has little impact on the target. Incentives can be unilateral and structured to fit the needs of the target, in a manner that maximizes their value and benefits particular sectors within society.
4.) Addressing Needs: Conflict largely arises out of political, economic or security-related need. Sanctions increase that need; by subtracting from the target's political, economic, or security baseline, they exacerbate the tensions and can precipitate conflict. Incentives, on the other hand, add to a target's baseline and can be structured to address the need that is creating contentious behavior.
The recent relationship between the United States and Pakistan provides an example of a successful use of sanctions or incentives. In 1998, the United States placed sanctions on Pakistan for testing a nuclear weapon. Offering an incentive, or tacitly accepting Pakistan's actions, could have encouraged nuclear proliferation by other countries and further weapons development within Pakistan. Instead, though the punishment was short-lived, the sanctions sent a signal that such behavior was unacceptable. After the terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001, the United States lifted these sanctions and provided Pakistan with financial assistance to secure its cooperation in the fight against terrorism. It is doubtful that continued or increased sanctions would have produced a similar outcome, although that was certainly an implied possibility had Pakistan not cooperated with U.S. policies.
Problems with incentives include:
1.) Symbolism: David Baldwin argues that "[n]egative sanctions have become psychologically linked with such characteristics as courage, honor, and masculinity," which are especially important in the international arena. Thus, he continues, "the statesman who would use [incentives] risks being perceived by both foreigners and his domestic public as soft, weak, or lacking in toughness." Therefore, the reputation -- and by extension domestic and international clout -- of a political leader may be damaged by offering incentives, unless the leader does so from a position of perceived strength.
2.) Blackmail: The use of incentives may encourage attempts to blackmail the sender. Richard Haass and Meghan O'Sullivan warn that, "the provision of incentives to curtail offensive behavior could encourage others to engage in similar activities in the hopes of extracting benefits." Moreover, the target country can exploit incentives, creating a "moral hazard," whereby an incentive generates further need for the incentive and the target develops strategies for extracting greater benefits. For instance, some argue that providing North Korea with assistance during the 1990s in exchange for halting its illegal nuclear program may have encouraged the Koreans' subsequent belligerence, with the goal of securing additional assistance. To help avoid such scenarios, David Cortright suggests structuring incentive packages in an incremental manner, which allows for evaluation of changes and ongoing relations and incorporates sanctions to combat resistance.
3.) Rewarding Evil: Just as sanctions may inadvertently bolster anti-reform or hostile sectors of society, incentives can have negative effects on internal political dynamics as well as have international consequences. For instance, during the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union provided military assistance to despotic leaders of other countries, as an incentive to adopt policies favorable to the U.S. or the U.S.S.R. in the global, geopolitical struggle. This materiel was all too often used against the country's own citizens in efforts to repress opposition and secure the illegitimate government's leadership. Similarly, assistance was provided to insurgent forces combating governments whose policies were unfavorable to the United States or U.S.S.R.. Such incentives had disastrous consequences within these countries, and sometimes produced a "boomerang effect." Indeed, when U.S. forces entered Somalia, they found themselves being fired upon by American-made weapons.
4.) Entanglement: Another problem for incentives is that they inevitably create invested interests not only within the target state but also in the sender country. For instance, the agricultural or defense industries benefit when the United States provides a country with grain or military assistance. These sectors may then try to hinder future policy changes, because they have significant interests in seeing aid continue to flow to the target country. In the 1970s, the United States opened trade with China to gain its cooperation toward containing the Soviet Union. By 1995, 200,000 American jobs and $12 billion in trade depended on China. At the same time, relations began to deteriorate over human rights and proliferation concerns. Yet, the United States had lost much of its leveraging power due to the increased interconnectedness of the two economies and its growing dependency on a healthy Chinese economy and stable political system.
Incentives do not guarantee peaceful diplomacy. However, they are a promising but underdeveloped tool for encouraging political change, and may help avoid conflict. They are most effective when there is at least an implicit, if not explicit, penalty for objectionable behavior. Moreover, incentives are most effective when provided incrementally, giving the sender an opportunity to evaluate incremental effectiveness. This reciprocal interaction helps sustain greater trust and enhances the potential for longer-term cordiality. Incentives can have unpredictable effects on both domestic and international political dynamics that can harm the interests of the sender. Thus, careful attention must be given to the political context of a particular situation, the economy and/or government relations of the target actor, and the sender's own structures and domestic circumstances.
For a brief discussion of the pitfalls associated with conceptually distinguishing positive from negative sanctions, see David A. Baldwin, "The Power of Positive Sanctions," World Politics Vol. 24, No. 1 (October 1971), pp. 24-27.
David A. Baldwin, "Foreign Aid, Intervention and Influence," World Politics Vol. 21, No. 3 (April 1969), pp. 425-447.
Joan M. Nelson and Stephanie J. Eglinton. Global Goals, Contentious Means: Issues of Multiple Aid Conditionality (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1993).
David Cortright, "Incentive Strategies for Preventing Conflict," in David Cortright (ed.), p. 249.
Thomas Bernauer and Dieter Ruloff (eds.), The Politics of Positive Incentives and Arms Control (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999).
Mark B.M. Suh, "The 'Korea Question' and Problems of Nuclear Proliferation in East Asia," Korean Peninsula: Enhancing Stability and International Dialogue (June 1-2, 2000), pp. 225-232; available online at http://www.mi.infn.it/~landnet/corea/proc/041.pdf.
"Czechs Cherish Dream of EU Prosperity and Stability," The Irish Times (October 11, 2002), p. 10.
However, the idea that economic interdependence facilitates peaceful relations is not universally accepted. For an overview of the debate, see Susan M. McMillan, "Interdependence and Conflict," Mershon International Studies Review 41 (1997), pp. 33-58.
Paul W. Schroeder, "The New World Order: A Historical Perspective," The Washington Quarterly Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 35.
David Cortright, "Incentive Strategies for Preventing Conflict," in Cortright (ed.), p. 269.
Eileen M. Crumm, "The Value of Economic Incentives in International Politics," Journal of Peace Research Vol. 32, No. 3 (1995), pp. 313-330.
Ibid., p. 34.
Richard N. Haass and Meghan L. O'Sullivan, "Introduction," in Richard N. Haass and Meghan L. O'Sullivan (eds.), Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions and Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 4.
David Cortright, "Incentive Strategies for Preventing Conflict," in David Cortright (ed.), The Price of Peace: Incentives and International Conflict Prevention (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997), p. 275- 80.
Use the following to cite this article:
Smith, M. Shane. "Incentives." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: April 2004 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/incentives>.
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Findings suggest drug has potential to reduce risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
In adults with obesity or overweight, weekly treatment with the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonist semaglutide leads to reduced excess body fat and increased lean body mass, according to an industry-sponsored study presented virtually at ENDO 2021, the Endocrine Society’s annual meeting.
“Our findings suggest that semaglutide, through body weight loss and improvement of body composition, has the potential to reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke in people with overweight or obesity,” said lead researcher John Wilding, D.M., F.R.C.P., of the University of Liverpool.
Obesity poses many health risks. Excess fat in the abdominal area, particularly fat in and around abdominal organs, also called visceral fat, contributes to major causes of death and disability, including heart attacks, strokes, high blood pressure, cancer, fatty liver disease and diabetes.
The study, called STEP 1, included 1,961 adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 or higher with at least one weight-related health condition, or a BMI of 30 or higher, without diabetes. A person is classified as overweight if their BMI is 25 to 29.9, and the range for obesity is a BMI of 30 or more.
The study participants were randomly assigned to inject themselves once weekly for 68 weeks with either 2.4 milligrams of semaglutide or a placebo. Semaglutide, already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at the lower dose of 1 mg weekly as a treatment for type 2 diabetes, is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1). It acts on appetite centers in the brain and in the gut, and produces feelings of fullness.
As part of the study, the researchers used dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA), a technique that is widely used clinically to assess body composition, to monitor the effects of therapy on total body fat and fat around the stomach area in 140 of the participants.
They found treatment with semaglutide improved body composition by reducing excess body fat, including abdominal fat, and increasing the proportion of lean body mass, or the amount of weight someone carries that is not body fat. The more body weight a participant lost, the greater the improvement in body composition.
In February 2021, the researchers published findings from the STEP 1 trial in The New England Journal of Medicine showing that patients who injected semaglutide lost close to 15% of their body weight, on average, compared with 2.4% among patients receiving the placebo. More than one-third of participants receiving semaglutide lost more than 20% of their weight. Many patients experienced improvements in risk factors for heart disease, blood sugar levels and quality of life.
Meeting: ENDO 2021
Be the first to comment on "Diabetes Medication Semaglutide Reduces Excess Body Fat in People With Obesity"
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|s i s t e m a o p e r a c i o n a l m a g n u x l i n u x||~/ · documentação · suporte · sobre|
Chapter 6. Modules and their Parameters
There are many SCSI related modules. The mid and upper level modules are listed below:
Notice that the first 3 have "_mod" appended to their normal driver names. Lower level drivers tend to use the name (or an abbreviation) of the HBA's manufacturer (e.g. advansys) plus optionally the chip number of the major controller chip (e.g. sym53c8xx for symbios controllers based on the NCR 53c8?? family of chips).
All SCSI modules depend on the mid level. This means if the SCSI mid level is not built into the kernel and if scsi_mod.o has not already been loaded then a command like modprobe st will cause the scsi_mod.o module to be loaded. There could well be other dependencies, for example modprobe sr_mod will also cause the cdrom module to be loaded if it hasn't been already. Also if the SCSI mid level is a module, then all other SCSI subsystem drivers must be modules (this is enforced by the kernel build configuration tools).
Modules can be loaded with the modprobe <module_name> command which will try to load any modules that the nominated <module_name> depends on. Also <module_name> does not need the trailing ".o" extension which is assumed if not given. The insmod <module_name> command will also try and load <module_name> but without first loading modules it depends on. Rules for how modules can cause other modules to be loaded (with appropriate parameters appended) are usually placed in the file /etc/modules.conf. [Note that in earlier Linux kernels this file was often called /etc/conf.modules.] For further information about the format of this file try man modules.conf.
When upper level drivers are initialized and if there are no hosts active then the mid level will attempt to load a module called "scsi_hostadapter". An "alias" can then be used to associate "scsi_hostadapter" with the actual name of the lower level (adapter) driver. For example, a line like "alias scsi_hostadapter aic7xxx" in the /etc/modules.conf file would cause the aic7xxx module to be loaded (if there were no lower level drivers already active).
There is a special relationship between the module parameter "scsi_hostadapter" and the initrd file system. For more information see man initrd and man mkinitrd.
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A Breckinridge County native, Joseph Holt (1807-1894) was a famous Kentuckian who had a long career in the national spotlight. He was a prominent lawyer who served as Commissioner of Patents (1857), Postmaster General (1859) and Secretary of War (1860) under President James Buchanan.
He achieved national prominence serving in the administration of
President Abraham Lincoln, who appointed him the nation's first Judge
Advocate General of the United States Army, a position he held from 1862 to
1875. His most memorable role as JAG came following the assassination
of President Lincoln, when Holt presided over the trial of the Lincoln
assassination conspirators including the first woman ever hanged by the
federal government, Mary Surratt.
Holt was born in rural
Breckinridge County in 1807 to John and Eleanor (Stephens) Holt, who
owned many acres of land in the vicinity. Judge Holt's maternal
grandfather, Captain Richard Stephens, received a 10,000-acre land
grant for his service during the Revolutionary War. The original house they built, on this site, burned and this one took its place.
Holt was given the opportunity to obtain a good education because of
his grandfather. Holt attended St. Joseph's College in Bardstown and
Centre College in Danville. He became a practicing attorney in
Elizabethtown 1828-1832 then moved to Louisville where he was the
assistant editor of the Louisville Advertiser and the Commonwealth's
Attorney. Later he moved to Mississippi where he practiced law in Port
Gibson and Vicksburg and was very successful. In 1842, Holt contracted
tuberculosis, retired and returned to Louisville and became involved in
Judge Holt was a believer and supporter of the Union
and played a key role in keeping Kentucky from leaving the Union during
the Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln appointed him to the newly
created office of Judge Advocate General in 1862, with the rank of
Colonel. Two years later he was promoted to Brigadier General and named
to lead the new Bureau of Military Justice.
During Judge Holt's
lifetime, he returned frequently to visit his Breckinridge County
family home. He was married twice, to his first wife Mary L. Harrison
in 1839 and following her death to Margaret Wickliffe in 1850. Both
wives are buried with their respective families in Bardstown. Following
Judge Holt's death in 1894, his body was returned to Breckinridge
County and he is buried along with his parents and other relatives in
the family cemetery.
John Bingham (L), Holt, Henry Burnett (R) three prosecutors in charge of Lincoln's assassination trial.
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Matisse, master of colors and he is famed as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. As the leader of the Fauves he was a relentless innovator of the art scene. His capture of symmetry in asymmetry along with his use of bold expressive colors and unique painting style brought him the admiration of Picasso and other artists. His pictures are so revolutionary because of its radical simplicity. Painting, Matisse seems to say, is not a representation of observed reality but the rhythmic arrangement of line and color on a flat plane. In his work, Matisse explored how far he could reduce images from nature to surface ornaments without destroying them. The placement of objects, figures, the proportions, empty spaces, all played a part in this.
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Dec. 27, 2021
We looked at chapter six of the Book of Acts, how Stephen was charged by the Hellenists of blasphemy against God and Moses and the Temple. In chapter seven, we read Stephen’s indictment against the Jews, reciting their history to them and then this happens:
56And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.
57Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,
58And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man’s feet, whose name was Saul.
59And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.
60And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.
St. John the Evangelist had a different martyrdom. “Tradition, more or less trustworthy, completes the history. Irenaeus says that Saint John did not settle at Ephesus until after the death SS. Peter and Paul, and this is probable. He certainly as not there when Saint Timothy was appointed bishop of that place. Saint Jerome says that he supervised and governed all the Churches of Asia. He probably took up his abode finally in Ephesus in 97. In the persecution of Domitian he was taken to Rome, and was placed in a cauldron of boiling oil, outside the Latin gate, [Eusebius makes no mention of this. The legend of the boiling oil occurs in Tertullian and in Saint Jerome]. He was sent to labor at the mines in Patmos. At the accession of Nerva he was set free, and returned to Ephesus, and there it is thought that he wrote his gospel. Of his zeal and love combined we have examples in Eusebius, who tells, on the authority of Irenaeus, that Saint John once fled out of a bath on hearing that Cerinthus was in it, lest, as he asserted, the roof should fall in, and crush the heretic. On the other hand, he showed the love that was in him. He commended a young man in whom he was interested to a bishop, and bade him keep his trust well. Some years after he learned that the young man had become a robber. Saint John, though very old, pursued him among the mountain fastnesses, and by his tenderness recovered him.” (Catholic Online)
The slaughter of the Holy Innocents: “is the incident in the nativity narrative of the Gospel of Matthew (2:16–18) in which Herod the Great, king of Judea, orders the execution of all male children two years old and under in the vicinity of Bethlehem. The Catholic Church regards them as the first Christian martyrs …” (Wikipedia)
Revelation chapter six tells us “9And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held:
10And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?
11And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled.
Slain for the Word of God – Jesus. There’s a warning to us, too – ‘fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were … ‘. Many people believe we are now living in the End Times. I don’t think so. Things will have to get worse beyond our imaging for that to be so. Regardless of the times or the age, we are to lead the best Christian lives we can, praying daily and often, and remembering that Jesus overcame the world.
6 thoughts on “The Martyrs”
Sorry Audre, I am confused. Did St. John die from the immersion in boiling oil or did he survive? Also, why was he afraid of the roof of the bath collapsing and why would he fear the death of the heretic Cerinthus?
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He survived the boiling oil – evidently it had no effect on him. Roof collapsing is a common way of stating that someone is Christian in name only; people who’ve lived away from the church for years and lived their lives however they wanted to and then come back often laugh (albeit nervously), that they expected the roof to fall in when they entered the church.
Righto, cleared that up for me very neatly. So John died of old age?
LikeLiked by 1 person
I have not heard that expression of the roof falling in before. Very apt though!
LikeLiked by 1 person
I guess it’s an ‘Americanism’ because it’s said all throughout the country, regardless of region.
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A powerful solar flare sparked on an Earth-facing section of the sun. A subsequent coronal mass ejection is expected to reach our planet later in the week, possibly causing disruptions of communication and power grids.
The flare was unleashed by the sun on Wednesday and was estimated at X1.6, putting it in the strongest ‘extreme’ class of solar flares. It was launched from a sunspot called Active Region 2158 and was caught on camera by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft, reports Space.com. The same region produced a smaller flare a day before that.
The flare was accompanied by the release of superhot plasma, a coronal mass ejection, with the cloud expected to reach Earth later on Friday. Luckily, most of it is expected to pass north of Earth, causing a relatively week solar storm. Power grids may experience some fluctuations, as the plasma would affect the planetary magnetic field, but it poses little danger either to anyone down here or to crew members of the International Space Station.
"We're not scared of this one," Tom Berger, director of the Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado told AP.
On the bonus side, the space weather events may trigger colorful aurora borealis in regions usually too far from the North Pole to produce them, which is good news for enthusiasts.
The frequency and intensity of solar flares depends on the phase of the 11-year solar cycle. The sun is currently close to the peak of Cycle 24. But our star was relatively quiet this cycle, with the maximum phase measured in the weakest in about 100 years.
The Wednesday flare was strong, but far from being the strongest this year. In February a monster flare was measured at X4.9. The absolute record in solar flare recorded was an X28 in November 2003, while the Carrington Super Flare of 1859, which fired telegraph systems at the time and would cause catastrophic damage if it happened in modern times, is estimated at well over X40.
Coronal Mass Ejections
Large flares are often associated with huge ejections of mass from the Sun, although the association is not clear. These coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are balloon-shaped bursts of solar wind rising above the solar corona, expanding as they climb. Solar plasma is heated to tens of millions of degrees, and electrons, protons, and heavy nuclei are accelerated to near the speed of light. The super-heated electrons from CMEs move along the magnetic field lines faster than the solar wind can flow. Rearrangement of the magnetic field, and solar flares may result in the formation of a shock that accelerates particles ahead of the CME loop. Each CME releases up to 100 billion kg (220 billion lb) of this material, and the speed of the ejection can reach 1000 km/second (2 million mph) in some flares. Solar flares and CMEs are currently the biggest "explosions" in our solar system, roughly approaching the power in ONE BILLION hydrogen bombs!
Fast CMEs occur more often near the peak of the 11-year solar cycle, and can trigger major disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, known as space weather.
Solar Storm and Space Weather -> Frequently Asked Questions
Watch live here or here
The shock front now crossing interplanetary space should reach Earth on Friday morning. SWPC forecasters are predicting a moderate G2 geomagnetic storm on Friday and more robust G3 levels through Saturday. These could trigger displays of auroras over locations roughly northward of latitude 45° north (Oregon, Illinois, New England, and northern Europe).
Although the "northern lights" can appear anywhere in the sky, would-be aurora watchers should look first toward north. Most displays appear as shimmering greenish curtains of light suspended in the sky. Stronger auroras can appear tinged with blue or red.
It is interesting that a Swift X-ray spike alert was sent out that same day just over 15 hours earlier. The X-ray spike was detected on the 10th at 1:02 AM Univeral Time, while the solar outburst occurred at 6:48 PM Universal Time. Here is some information about it from Sky and Telescope website.
An abrupt spike in X-ray emission was detected September 10th coming from the Galactic center, Sgr A*.
One possibility is that this gamma ray signal may have been associated with the core outburst and this could have somehow triggered the subsequent solar outburst. But this is just speculation.
New data shows that the X-ray emission from the Galactic center has stayed at its pre burst level, which is good news.
Evidence of superwave propagation in a nearby galaxy
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On Oct. 1, the United States government effectively shut down, following Congress’ inability to pass a spending bill for the 2014 fiscal year.
The current government shutdown comes on the heels of bipartisan haggling over the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) — commonly referred to as Obamacare — signed into law by President Obama in 2010.
Though PPACA was signed into law over three years ago, House of Representative Republicans, which make up the majority of the House, have been relentless in absolving the act since its inception, insistent that providing healthcare for all citizens takes away from employers and sends jobs overseas. House Republicans tacked on provisions to the spending bill bent on weakening PPACA, a move which Senate Democrats refused to let pass.
Due to the incessant volleying of the spending bill between the House and the Senate — each contingent on their own views of the PPACA — a spending bill was not passed, halting the normal timeline of government procedures for the fiscal year.
This ultimately leaves the United States in a lurch. Without the bill, a number of essential government programs and agencies are ineffective. For one, in light of this indecision over health care, the National Institutes of Health have stopped taking new patients for clinicals and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will halt its seasonal flu program. Other programs affected by the shutdown include the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Park Service, the Veterans Benefit Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, just to name a few.
Amid bipartisan turmoil and the subsequent shutdown, the U.S. no longer serves as an exemplary figure of diplomacy and democracy. Whereas the U.S. executives see government shutdown as a solution, no other country in the world sees this response as a plausible answer to any conflict. Even in the most dire times including periods of civil war, coups and an inability to elect a government, nations such as Syria, Colombia, Belgium and Pakistan have not resorted to a government shutdown. Deferring to this dramatic measure so easily and placidly, the United States has exposed its willingness to leave the nation stranded, employing a tactic that no other nation would even regard as an option.
The pettiness of the U.S. government is self-evident through the use of the spending bill — a basic part of Congress’s job and something people fundamentally need — as a means for party bickering. Rather than focus on the needs of the people and use the spending bill as a helpful tool, Congress takes this opportunity to divide the country and re-hash old issues.
With House Republicans refusing to fund Obamacare and Senate Democrats not tolerating the fiscal budget as a tool to demolish PPACA, countless programs have indefinitely evaporated. Neither Democrats nor Republicans proves right in this situation. Both parties hold responsibility for allowing a long standing feud to overflow into the lives of unassuming Americans.
While health care should be an ongoing conversation in this country, it is not a conversation that should disrupt the ebb and flow of our nation’s most fundamental agencies. With the government shutdown barrelling into its second week, as a nation we should truly take stock of these elected, paid officials, abdicating one of their most basic tasks in the pursuit of self-interest. If Congress’ lack of concern for their citizens says anything for us as a nation, it’s time to seriously reevaluate electing officials who blatantly ignore the U.S. people and their needs.
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The first aspect of global learning is that of global awareness. It is the step you must take in order to be fully globally educated and fully globally aware. It is the foundation of all global learning, as one must be aware of something in order to act upon it.
Global awareness is being able to understand these relationships and analyze how they affect our planet. For example, in this class, we talked a lot about global climate change, the impact that humans had on this detrimental process, and how to calculate it. On several of my blogs, I talked about how the factory farm industry has a massive negative impact on our environment, and I used math to support my answer.
I used what we learned in the breakfast foods project, as well as my own research, to discover what kind of impact eating meat and dairy has on the health of our Earth. In one of my blogs, I stated that “Right now, it is estimated that 30% of the planet’s landmass is set aside for factory farms, a.k.a. for meat, dairy, and egg production.” I went on to talk about that “Livestock production causes an even larger contribution to climate change than the transportation sector worldwide.” It turn out that it is very simple to use math to make sense of concepts like these, and that is all part about being globally aware in order to globally learn.
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Pakistan’s founder Mohammad Ali Jinnah, like all major personalities in history, is a contradictory figure. Many, with different ideological backgrounds and motivations, claim him.
While these claims are an outcome of political and social vicissitudes, one would expect that at least there would be consensus over Jinnah’s year, date and city of birth. But it’s not so simple.
Several contradictory claims, almost each one with documentary evidence, have been made about Jinnah’s date and place of birth. Ghulam Ali Allana, a friend and biographer of Jinnah’s, mentions several different dates in Jinnah’s biography, Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah: The Story of a Nation.
Written originally in English, the book was translated into Urdu by renowned poet Rais Amrohvi. Both versions have been published by Ferozsons.
Records show different dates
On page 19 of the Urdu version, Allana cites an enrolment register at Sindh Madressatul Islam in Karachi, which states that Jinnah was enrolled into the school on July 4, 1887. The records state his name as Mohammad Ali Jinnah Bhoy and city of birth as Karachi. His date of birth is not mentioned. Other entries are as follows: Age: 14 years; Sect: Khoja; Previous qualification: 4th standard Gujrati; Fee waived or to be paid: will be paid.
A second entry with the serial number 178 indicates that Jinnah was re-enrolled into Sindh Madressatul Islam on September 23, 1887. This time, his date of birth is October 20, 1875, and his previous qualifications are: First standard Anjuman-e-Islam Bombay.
A third entry made on February 9, 1891 carries these details: Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah Bhoy; Birthplace: Karachi; Date of Birth: October 20, 1875; Sect: Khoja; Previous qualification: 4th standard; Fee waived or to be paid: Paid.
The last two entries in the school records raise questions about December 25, 1876 being Jinnah’s official birthday. But, there is a lot more tenable evidence to support the official claim than the ones made by Allana’s in his biography of Jinnah.
For example, Sarojini Naidu, who was the first author to publish a Jinnah biography, Mohammad Ali Jinnah an Ambassador of Unity: His Speeches & Writings 1912-1917, has provided proof that December 25 is indeed Jinnah’s birthday. She cited Jinnah’s passport. At the same time, however, the document contradicts 1876 being his actual year of birth; according to Jinnah’s passport, his year of birth was 1875.
Controversies around his city of birth
Now to his city of birth, which also has twists and turns. Researcher and journalist Mazhar Laghari told me that most people in Sindh believe that Jinnah, as well as his grandfather Jinnah Bhoy Poonja, was actually born in Jhirk, Thatta, which at that time was an administrative part of Karachi.
Textbooks published by the Sindhi Adabi Board in 1950s and 60s mentioned Jhirk as Jinnah’s place of birth. Written by Dr Omar Bin Abdul Aziz, these books were taught at primary schools in Sindh.
Here is an excerpt from a textbook for Class 7 students:
“Sindh’s proud son was born around three-quarters of a century ago in a village near Jhirk. His father was a poor trader. No one could have imagined that one day he would be ranked among the greatest people of the world. After completing his preliminary education, he passed his matriculation exams from Sindh Madressatul Islam.
Later, he got a loan of Rs 3,000 from Seth Noor Mohammad Laalan and went to England to become a barrister. English civilisation and education deeply influenced his life. After returning from England, he landed in Bombay, where he started to practice as a lawyer and earned great fame.
Here, under the influence of veteran Dadabhai Naoroji, he actively participated in political affairs. First, he joined Congress, but when he realised that the Hindu-dominated Congress would never promote Muslim interests, he parted ways with the Congress and founded the Muslim League. Valiant men like Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar also joined it, but Jinnah outgrew everyone, owing much to his great moral character and resilience.”
The issue of Jinnah’s birthplace surfaced during the time of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who formed a fact-finding committee which visited Jhirk to collect evidence such as school registry lists.
However, some of the Jhirk elders believe that the records had been taken away in 1967 by the Commissioner Hyderabad Masroor Ahsan, who was President Ayub’s and Nawab of Kalabagh’s blue-eyed boy. As divisional commissioner, he wielded more power than today’s provincial governor. Ahsan belonged to the Urdu-speaking community and some of the events during his tenure betrayed his alleged prejudice towards Sindhis, their culture, language, and history.
It was during Ayub’s era that Sindhi language was banned as medium of instruction in schools and universities. In this backdrop, it is easy to understand why Ahsan was accused of destroying the records about Jinnah’s “real” birthplace: he wanted to deprive Sindhis of the honour that Jinnah was born in one of their towns.
No evidence of birthplace in Sindh
Myths aside, there is no proof that Jinnah was born in Jhirk. The town was well organised and all of the shops were registered and paid annual taxes. Its administrative records do not mention the names of Jinnah’s father and/or grandfather.
There is no documentary evidence to suggest that the Jinnah family lived in Jhirk when Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born. When Karachi was hit by the plague in around 1890, the family moved to a property owned by the Agha Khan in the modern-day Defence area of Karachi.
During these years they might have gone to Jhirk for a brief period, but it is too remote a possibility. And anyway, Jinnah would have been 16 by then.
Official documents show that Jinnah’s father lived in a rented house in Karachi from 1872 to 1880. It is difficult to believe that a man who lived in a metropolis would move to Jhirk, a town with few health facilities, at a time when his wife was about to give birth. There is no rationale for such relocation.
Yet, this does not prevent some from believing that Jinnah was born in a small Sindhi town. Former Minister of Culture in Sindh Sassui Palijo maintains that research conducted in 1990 proves that Jinnah was in fact born in Jhirk.
Wazir Mansion didn’t exist at time of birth
But if you’re thinking that the mystery has been resolved, you’re wrong. After hearing all these stories, I wanted to figure out the case once and for all. I contacted renowned historian and archaeologist Kaleem Lashari, who came up with a new revelation.
It is widely believed that Jinnah was born at the Wazir Mansion in Karachi, but the truth is that the mansion was not even built at the time of his birth.
Jinnah’s exact birthplace is a house located close to the plot where the Wazir Mansion stands today.
According to Lashari, Fatima Jinnah told the commissioner of Karachi that the Wazir Mansion was their family house and that she was born and spent her childhood there. The government appropriated the house and compensated the owner Wazir Ali Alauddin by giving him another property.
At the same time, people took Wazir Mansion to be Jinnah’s birthplace as well, without ever inquiring if he was actually born there. They thought that if Fatima Jinnah was born at the mansion, Jinnah, too, must have been born in the same house.
Two houses and a double-storey building stood on the plot where the mansion would later be built in 1880, at least four to five years after Jinnah’s birth. Another small double-storey building and two houses stood on the adjoining plot. Both plots were bought by a man named Omar from the municipality in an auction.
The houses that stood on the land which would later be taken up by the Wazir Mansion was occupied by the owner of these houses. The double-storey house on the adjacent plot was being rented by Jinnah’s father and grandfather. Today, an apartment building named Ali Manzal stands there.
By the time the Wazir Mansion was built, both the plots belonged to Jinnah’s father.
Jinnah’s father and uncles began construction on this land and the Wazir Mansion was built by their company Jeevna Bhai Natha Bhai & Co. But the building had to be auctioned off since the company incurred huge losses in the process. In 1890, the mansion was sold for Rs 18,500.
The documents available with the sub-registrar show that the six-storey Ali Manzal, adjacent to the Wazir Mansion, stands at the exact same place where Jinnah’s father and grandfather lived in a small rented house around the same period of time when Jinnah was born.
This lends credibility to Lashari’s account that Jinnah was not born in Wazir Mansion but where Ali Manzal stands today.
I have visited the Wazir Mansion, which has been declared a national heritage and is dubbed Quaid-e-Azam’s birthplace. A memorial tablet in one of the rooms reads: “Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born in this room.”
No doubt, the property was constructed and owned by the Jinnah family, but to say that it is also the place of birth of the country’s founder might not be the most accurate statement.
This article was translated by Arif Anjum from the original published in Urdu.
This article first appeared on Dawn.
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Around 1971 Dave Arneson and his circle of Minneapolis gamers invented games where players controlled individual characters who grew with experience and who could try anything because dice and a referee determined the outcomes. The group tried this style of play in various settings, but Dave invented one that proved irresistible: the dungeon.
Dave’s Blackmoor game—the campaign that spawned Dungeons & Dragons—began with a gaming group playing fictional versions of themselves in a fantasy world. The characters became champions in a series of miniature battles featuring armies clashing above ground. Without dungeons, the Blackmoor game might have stayed miniature wargaming rather than becoming D&D and a game nearly as well known as Monopoly. But by creating the dungeon crawl, Dave invented a new activity that transformed the campaign and ultimately made a lasting addition to popular culture.
The dungeons under Castle Blackmoor began as a minor diversion to the campaign’s fantasy battles above ground, but the Blackmoor bunch spent so much time underground that Arneson ultimately declared the above-ground conflicts lost to forfeit. In a recollection of that first dungeon adventure, player Greg Svenson writes, “By the end of the weekend I had fallen in love with the game.” Dave Megarry of the Blackmoor game wanted to capture the dungeon experience during Arneson’s down time, so he created the Dungeon! board game.
The dungeon crawl contributed as much to the initial popularity of D&D as roleplaying. In the dungeon, D&D brought a fun and evocative activity for a group of players. See (How the Dungeon Powered the Success of D&D and the First Role-Playing Games.
The strangest thing about focusing a game on parties of adventures who explore monster-infested dungeons for treasure is that this activity never happens in the fantasies that inspired the game. At best, you can find elements: traps and treasure in the mummy’s tomb, orcs in Moria, and so on.
The Blackmoor campaign first adapted the Chainmail rules, co-written by D&D co-creator Gary Gygax. But Chainmail never mentions dungeons. At most, the rules suggest using graph paper to map efforts to tunnel under fortifications.
Dave’s Blackmoor games featured a toy castle, which served as the focus for the above-ground battles. Castles can have dungeons, although in 1971 the dungeon of popular fiction was an underground jail rather than a sprawling compound stocked with monsters and treasure.
Nonetheless, in 1972’s second issue of the campaign newsletter, the “Blackmoor Gazette and Rumormonger”, Arneson reported on dungeons below the castle where “heroes went looking for adventure and treasure.” In Playing at the World, Jon Peterson writes, “By this point, Arneson had mapped, on a pad of graph paper, a dungeon six levels deep beneath the castle, with each level containing progressively more formidable adversaries.”
How did Dave Arneson invent the dungeon crawl? By the time people started asking about it, he no longer remembered all the details. Enough clues remain to reveal the specific stories and movies that probably inspired his creation, likely during a June weekend in 1971.
The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings offer obvious inspiration. J.R.R Tolkien imagines parties of heroes who keep finding themselves in sprawling, underground compounds.
The Hobbit takes readers into the goblin king’s warrens under the Misty Mountains, where Bilbo gets lost in the tunnels and encounters Gollum. Later, Bilbo and his party reach the abandoned dwarven city under the Lonely Mountain, where Smaug sleeps in the “great bottommost cellar or dungeon-hall of the ancient dwarves right at the Mountain’s root.” Even though the tunnels under Lonely Mountain do not fit the definition of a dungeon as an underground jail, Tolkien takes a bit of poetic license and refers to the halls as a dungeon. The Lord of the Rings revisits the dungeon again with Moria, the vast underground compound where the fellowship encounters both orcs and the demonic Balrog.
Dave cites a different inspiration for dungeons. In a 1978 interview that appeared in Wargaming issue 4, he explains. “A local TV station had on several old monster movies, which I watched while eating popcorn and reading old Conan novels. It was then that Blackmoor Dungeon was first conceived.”
His next account of inventing the dungeon crawl comes from his “My Life in Role Playing” article for Different Worlds issue 3, from June/July 1979. “How did it all start in Blackmoor? I can’t really say. I had spent the previous day watching about five monster movies on Creature Feature weekend (ch. 5), reading a Conan book (I cannot recall which one but I always thought they were much the same) and stuffing myself with popcorn, doodling on a piece of graph paper. I was also quite tired of my [Napoleonic] Campaign with all its rigid rules, etc., and was perhaps rebelling against it too (in fact I’m sure I was!!).”
Dave forgot the Conan book and never names the movies that sparked his imagination, but clues lead to some likely answers.
To start, the Horror Incorporated Project compiles a list of all the creature features broadcast on KSTP-TV in Saint Paul – Minneapolis throughout the 1970s.
Blackmoor started with Dave’s toy castle. “I had this neat German plastic kit and I just imagined what sort of fantasy setting it would make,” he recalled in a 2009 interview in Kobold Quarterly issue 9. Meanwhile, on Saturday May 29, 1971, The Black Room (1935) aired on the local station. The movie features a baron’s castle that, like Castle Blackmoor, sits atop a rocky hill and includes a bricked, secret room. But most revealing, the names of the movie and of Dave’s creation just swap two letters. “All this happened a few weeks before the first adventurers caught sight of [the castle].”
So Dave had a castle backdrop for fantasy miniature battles, but perhaps no dungeons yet.
Two weeks later, House of Dracula (1945) aired. This one movie might seem like five because it features all of Universal’s most famous monsters, Dracula, the Wolfman, and Frankenstein’s creation. In a remarkable piece of detective work, Daniel H. Boggs lists several similarities between the House of Dracula castle and Blackmoor. Both stand on rocky pinnacles overlooking a graveyard, a village, and the sea. Both include laboratories and torture chambers. Tunnels underneath both lead to seaside caves.
Castles with underground tunnels, monsters, and torture chambers offer much inspiration, but the Conan book surely provided even more.
While Robert E. Howard never has Conan willingly enter a dungeon, the barbarian often finds himself trapped in dungeons, forced to overcome monsters to earn freedom.
In “Hour of the Dragon,” Conan is imprisoned in the dungeon under the palace of King Tarascus in the Nemedian empire. A sympathetic slave girl gives Conan a rough map of the tunnels, and then warns, “Beyond these dungeons lie the pits which are the doors to Hell.” To escape, Conan defeats a monster that was one of “the goblins of Hyborian legendry, and were in reality ogres of the natural world.”
In “Rogues in the House,” Conan is lost in the pits below the house of the Red Priest, where he evades the traps that slay companions who lack Conan’s “steel-spring quickness.” Although the covered city of “Red Nails” lies above ground, its interior shares the ambiance of a dungeon.
Still, one story presents a dungeon that best resembles those in D&D. In the “Scarlet Citadel,” Conan escapes from “tunnels and dungeons” where an evil sorcerer “performed horrible experiments with beings human, bestial, and, it was whispered, demoniac, tampering blasphemously with the naked basic elements of life itself.” With a torch and sword, Conan explores a maze of tunnels while overcoming monsters.
In 1971, Dave Arneson started with a toy castle, a location inspired by creature features, and the notion that something might lurk underneath. “[The model] was too small for the scale I wanted,” Dave said. “But it was a neat kit and I didn’t want to abandon it, so the only way to go was down [into the dungeons].”
He added a treasure hunt from Tolkien, traps from Robert E. Howard, lurking monsters from both authors—and perhaps from some creature features—to invent a new activity for the characters in his Blackmoor campaign. When Gary Gygax played one of Dave’s Blackmoor games, the experience so fired Gary’s imagination that he went on to flesh out the game that would become Dungeons & Dragons. In the process, Gary’s imagination and broad knowledge of sword and sorcery would add countless details inseparable from the game. Ultimately, the dungeon crawl proved so compelling that it took root in popular culture.
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Complexity and Organization
Sentence structure, or syntax, is about the relationships among the words that form a sentence. It is one of the most important factors affecting the readability of a text. In fact, one readability study has shown that improvements to sentence structure generally have a greater impact on readability than the elimination of obscure terminology (See Masson and Waldron, "Comprehension of Legal Contracts" by Non-experts: Effectiveness of Plain Language Redrafting (1994), 8 Applied Cognitive Psychology 67 at 78). This is not surprising given the degree to which meaning depends on context. If it is easy to understand how the words of a sentence relate to each other, readers are often able to figure out the meaning of particular words that are unfamiliar.
Sentence structure has two aspects: complexity (including length) and organization (word order). This note examines them separately, but these aspects are related to each other because word order is the principal device available in English to express the interrelationship of ideas in a sentence. The more ideas a sentence contains (complexity), the greater the temptation to depart from the way sentences are normally organized in order to make it clear how the ideas relate to each other.
Studies of how people read show that the reading process involves two types of memory: short-term and long-term. Short-term memory is used to store the ideas contained in a single sentence. Once the sentence has been read, the reader's mind extracts its meaning and stores the meaning in long-term memory. Frederick Bowers, a linguist, describes this process as follows:
The process of reading is generally seen as one in which the reader first scans a sentence, organizing it into its semantic-syntactic grouping, and next reduces the organization into a semantic whole for storage in the memory as the succeeding sentence is scanned. (Linguistic Aspects of Legislative Expression (1989) at 338)
The difficulty posed by a complex sentence is that it strains the limits of short-term memory and often requires a reader to reread the sentence several times in order to understand it. Readers need breaks in the progression of ideas so that they can consolidate what they have read and then move on. In fact, the process of rereading is one of breaking the sentence into more manageable units from which meaning can be more readily extracted. The need for breaks also helps explain why more white-space on a page makes it a more inviting text for readers.
One way of overcoming the readability problems of complex sentences is simply to make them shorter. One of the most eminent people to suggest this was Driedger, who wrote:
My main criticism of common law legislation is that sentences are too long. This is a characteristic of English writing generally and not just of legislation. It seems to be thought to be a great intellectual achievement to write one sentence consisting of three or more main clauses, each modified by as many subordinate clauses as can be worked in grammatically. Much of our common law legislation would be better if sentences were shorter and there were more sections and subsections. (A Manual of Instructions for Legislative and Legal Writing, vol 6 at 556-557)
However, it is a mistake to assume that legislation can or should always be drafted in short sentences. There are often good reasons for long sentences and better ways to make them more easily understood. Long legislative sentences may avoid repetition or make clear the logical links between ideas. Just after the passage quoted above, Driedger quoted Sir John Fiennes, a former First Parliamentary Counsel of the United Kingdom:
Shorter sentences are easier in themselves, and it would probably help overall to have them shorter, but of course you are then faced with having to find the relationship between that sentence and another sentence two sentences away, which, if you have it all in one sentence, is really done for you by the draftsman.
Fiennes's point underscores the price that must sometimes be paid for dividing ideas into a series of sentences: the division may obscure the relationship of some of the ideas unless cohesive devices are included to knit them back together. The division may also be accentuated by formatting devices, such as numbering each sentence as a separate section.
Another price for shorter sentences is that they may result in the repetition of ideas that could otherwise be expressed elliptically in a single sentence. Consider the following example:
21. The Commission, with the approval of the Governor in Council, may make regulations
- (a) prescribing products, substances and organisms to be included in the classes listed in the schedule;
- (b) establishing classes, divisions, subdivisions and groups of dangerous goods;
- (c) specifying, for each prescribed product, substance and organism, the class listed in the schedule and the division, subdivision or group into which it falls;
In this example, the lengthy sentence avoids repetition of the opening words. It also makes it easier for the reader to see that the ideas presented in the paragraphs are linked to each other. The problems of complexity are overcome through paragraphing (for more information on paragraphing, see Part 3 - Paragraphing).
Complexity may also be overcome by introducing definitions of words that express ideas that recur throughout the text. Consider the following example:
"Minister" means the Minister of the Crown designated by the Governor in Council for the purposes of this Act.
This definition avoids the repetition of the details of the Minister's designation throughout the text and simplifies the sentences in which it occurs. For example, it would allow
3. The Minister of the Crown designated by the Governor in Council for the purposes of this Act may issue a licence.
to be drafted more simply as
3. The Minister may issue a licence.
The drafting techniques of paragraphing and defining produce much the same result as shortening sentences. They divide a sentence into logical units that can be easily transformed and stored in memory. This demonstrates that problems do not necessarily arise because a sentence is long. Rather, they result from undistinguished groups of ideas and the complexity of their interrelationship.
Although paragraphing can often be used to make complex sentences easier to read, it requires parallel grammatical units, which are not always found in a sentence. When paragraphing is not available, you should consider dividing a complex sentence into shorter sentences. Like paragraphing, it may not only improve readability, it may also help uncover ambiguities lurking within complex sentences.
Cohesion of ideas is not necessarily disrupted by creating multiple sentences, particularly if the sentences are contained within the same section. Numbering sentences as subsections within the same section generally indicates that they are related by a common theme and should be read together as a group. In addition, multiple sentences can be used within a subsection (or a section without subsections) as long as they are closely related: see Part 2 - Sentences (More than one sentence in a section or subsection). Finally, ambiguity about the relationship of ideas can often be overcome by cross-references, although you should avoid including unnecessary cross-references: see Part 2 - Sentences (Cross-references).
Consider the following example:
19. Where a person who handles, offers for transport or transports dangerous goods destined for Canada, or for any place outside Canada through Canada, is not resident in Canada or has their chief place of business or head office in a place outside Canada, that person, if required by the regulations to do so, shall file with the Minister the name of a person who resides in Canada or has their chief place of business or head office in Canada and who is willing to act as an agent, together with proof of such willingness, and on such filing that person is deemed to be the person handling, offering for transport or transporting for the purposes of this Act.
This example has three parts:
- a description of a group of persons who are required to file something with the Minister,
- a description of what they are required to file,
- a provision that filing has a particular legal effect.
These parts have been combined into one sentence to make clear the links between them. For example, the phrase "and on such filing …" is a succinct way of describing the relationship between filing and its legal effect. But is this precision worth the price of a longer sentence? Consider the following redraft:
19. (1) A person who handles, offers for transport or transports dangerous goods shall file with the Minister the name of a qualified agent in Canada if
- (a) the person is not resident in Canada or has their chief place of business or head office in a place outside Canada;
- (b) the goods are destined for Canada, or for any place outside Canada but passing through Canada; and
- (c) the regulations require the person to file the name of an agent.
(2) A person is qualified to be an agent in Canada if
- (a) the person resides in Canada or has a chief place of business or head office in Canada; and
- (b) the person is willing to act as an agent and proof of their willingness is filed with the Minister.
(3) The person whose name is filed is deemed for the purposes of this Act to be the person who handles, offers for transport or transports the dangerous goods.
In this redraft, the links between the various elements of the original sentence are implicit in the arrangement of ideas and the use of the definite article "the" in subsection (3) (see also Cross-references at page 59).
The meaning of sentences depends on more than the meaning of the individual words they contain. It also depends on the relationships among the ideas conveyed by the words. The order in which these ideas are presented greatly affects the ease with which their relationships can be understood.
In English, the usual order of ideas is subject - verb - object. In legislation, these components are often modified by adjectives, adverbs, participles and subordinate clauses. This results in three features that have attracted criticism:
- subjects are often separated from verbs and auxiliary verbs are often separated from main verbs,
- subordinate clauses, particularly clauses expressing conditions ("if" and "where" clauses), are often placed before the subject and verb,
- adverbial clauses are used when simpler adjectival clauses will do.
This section looks at each of these criticisms and suggests ways of responding to them.
Separation of Subject and Verb
The relationship between the subject and the verb in a sentence is critical. If they are close together, it is easy to see this relationship. In sentences with compound verbs, it is also easier to see this relationship when the auxiliary verb is next to the principal verb.
The main reason for separating subjects and verbs is to achieve greater precision. When a descriptive phrase is inserted between them, it is clear that it modifies the subject or the verb and not some other noun or verb found in the sentence. When the descriptive phrase is short, it seldom obscures the subject-verb relationship. For example:
13. The Minister may, in accordance with the regulations, designate inspectors as analysts for the purposes of this Act.
However, when a lengthy descriptive phrase is inserted, it is more difficult for the reader to connect the subject and verb. Consider the following example:
12. A certificate or report appearing to have been signed by an inspector or analyst stating that they have made an inspection or analysed or examined a product, a substance or an organism and stating the results of the inspection, analysis or examination is admissible in evidence in any prosecution for an offence under this Act without proof of the signature or official character of the person appearing to have signed the certificate or report and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, is proof of the statements contained in the certificate or report.
In this provision, almost four lines of text separate the subject, "certificate or report", from the verb, "is admissible". This provision is also too complex. Both problems can be corrected by dividing it into two subsections and subdividing the first one into paragraphs:
12. (1) A certificate or report of an analyst or inspector is admissible in evidence in any prosecution for an offence under this Act if it
- (a) appears to have been signed by the inspector or analyst;
- (b) states that the inspector or analyst has made an inspection or analysed or examined a product, a substance or an organism; and
- (c) states the results of the inspection, analysis or examination.
(2) The certificate or report is admissible without proof of the signature or official character of the person appearing to have signed the certificate or report. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is proof of the statements it contains.
The separation of subjects and verbs often occurs in "clause sandwiches". Part 3 - Paragraphing cautions against their use because of this.
An adverbial clause that describes the circumstances in which a provision applies is sometimes called the "case". George Coode distinguished the case from other adverbial clauses (which he called "conditions") establishing things that must be done before a provision will apply. Coode used the distinction as a basis for determining whether an adverbial clause should go before the main clause or after it (this is discussed below).
However, the distinction has no grammatical basis and is often difficult to make. Driedger has doubted its utility (see Composition of Legislation, 2nd ed. at 7). Both types of clauses may be described as conditional clauses.
Conditional clauses are a fact of life for legislative counsel. Legislation is unlikely ever to be simplified to the point where they are not needed. However, two things can be done to make them easier to understand:
- consolidate conditional clauses; and
- be careful about placing them at the beginning of a sentence.
Provisions are often qualified by two or more sets of circumstances. Consider the following example:
15. (1) If an inspector believes on reasonable grounds that
- (a) there is occurring or has occurred a discharge, an emission or an escape of dangerous goods or an emission of ionizing radiation exceeding levels or quantities prescribed pursuant to the Atomic Energy Control Act from any container, packaging or means of transport by means of which the goods are being handled or transported,
- (b) there exists a serious and an imminent danger of such a discharge, an emission or an escape by reason of any condition, or
- (c) any provision of this Act or the regulations is being or has been contravened,the inspector may take any measure referred to in subsection
(2) if he or she considers it necessary to prevent or reduce any serious and imminent danger to life, health, property or the environment.
In this example, two sets of circumstances govern the exercise of the inspector's power. One is expressed at the beginning of the provision, the other at the end. This complicates the reading process by requiring the reader to understand the first set of circumstances, then the main clause and finally another set of circumstances. Consider the following redraft:
15. (1) If an inspector
- (a) believes on reasonable grounds that
(i) there is occurring …, and
- (b) considers it necessary to take any measure mentioned in subsection (2) to prevent or reduce any serious and imminent danger to life, health, property or the environment,
- the inspector may take the measure.
This redraft consolidates the two conditions, but it results in a clause sandwich that poses another problem that is considered next.
The Place of the Case (and other Adverbial Clauses)
The question of where to place conditional clauses is more debatable. It can be answered by considering why the order of ideas in a sentence is important at all.
Grammarians have developed a concept that may be useful in examining this question. It is called "thematization". It points to the fact that a series of sentences generally has a principal idea or "theme" that connects them. Each sentence adds more information about the theme. In progressing from one sentence to the next, the reader looks first for the theme and then for the supplementary information. In general, the subject of a sentence is its theme. This is reflected in the usual order of ideas: subject - verb - object. Sentences are sometimes cast in the passive voice in order to keep the focus on the theme (more on this in a later drafting note).
When the theme is in the middle of a sentence or at the end, the reader must first read to find it and then reread to link it to the other parts of the sentence. This occurs, for example, when a lengthy exception is at the beginning of a provision or when other circumstances relating to its application appear at the beginning, as in the previous example. This order of ideas generally makes it more difficult to understand the sentence. This was noted more than 160 years ago in Bentham's Nomography (1839):
Whatever be the principal object which your sentence is designed to bring into view, bring forward as early as you conveniently can the word employed in the expression of it: if you can make the sentence begin with the same word, so much the better. (quoted in Bowers, Linguistic Aspects of Legislative Expression (1989) at 347-8)
This rule is at odds with a drafting convention that originated with George Coode in the middle of the 19th century. This convention relates to conditional clauses that describe the circumstances in which a provision operates (the "case"). Coode recommended that these clauses generally be placed at the beginning of the provision. The rationale is expressed in the following comments:
The case being placed first, the first few words of the sentence answer immediately to the inquirer whether his case is included in the provision or not; whether he need read on or should proceed to seek another law applicable to his circumstances in another clause. (Driedger, Composition of Legislation, 2nd ed. (1976) at 344)
This recommendation found its way into the Legislative Drafting Conventions of the Uniform Law Conference of Canada, but it was criticized by Driedger and has been omitted from the most recent version of those Conventions. It also contradicts the findings of modern linguistic studies, which suggest that difficulty in comprehension increases when an adverbial clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence. (See A.C. Lovgren, "The Place of the Case in Legislative Sentences" Statute Law Rev. 23 at 27, citing Dennis Kurzon, "Clarity and Word Order in Legislation" (1985), 5 Oxford J. Leg. Studies 269 at 270).
Finally, the applicability of the rationale given by Coode is questionable. It assumes that people usually read legislation to find the provisions that deal with their particular circumstances and skip over those that do not. This may occur when legislation sets out a series of prohibitions or rules that apply in mutually exclusive circumstances. But readers often want to gain a general understanding of the law so that they may be equipped to deal with whatever situations come along. It all depends on what the reader's focus is. Are they trying to weed out the rules that do not apply to them, or are they trying to understand the legislation as a whole?
Most modern legislation sets out groups of interrelated rules that must be understood together, such as rules describing administrative processes, as opposed to prohibiting distinct forms of conduct. Readers can seldom ignore the principal clause. Rather, they are likely to need the information it conveys in order to construct the meaning of the rest of the provision. Until its meaning is understood, the conditional clause has no point. When this clause is short, for example "If an inspector finds a hazardous condition, …", there is seldom a problem. But when it is lengthy or includes multiple conditions, readers will usually have to reread it to grasp the meaning of the provision in which it is found. The following redraft of one of the examples above corrects this problem.
15. (1) An inspector may take any emergency measure referred to in subsection (2) if the inspector
- (a) believes on reasonable grounds that
(i) there is occurring …, and
- (b) considers the measure necessary to prevent or reduce any serious and imminent danger to life, health, property or the environment
Adjectival Clauses instead of Adverbial Clauses
Another technique for simplifying the complexity of long sentences is to avoid adverbial clauses that have the same subject as the principal clause. This corresponds to the usage of "lorsque" in the French version, which is restricted to instances where the subjects are different.
As noted above, adverbial clauses at the beginning of sentences tend to be more difficult to understand. If the subject is the same as that of the principal clause, the adverbial clause can usually be transformed into an adjectival clause that modifies the subject. Consider the following example:
(3) If an inspector inspects or seizes a sample of any thing, the inspector shall, if the thing is sealed or closed up, provide the person in charge of it with a certificate in prescribed form as evidence of the inspection or seizure.
This can be redrafted as follows:
(3) An inspector who inspects or seizes a sample of any thing shall, if the thing is sealed or closed up, provide the person in charge of it with a certificate in prescribed form as evidence of the inspection or seizure.
The use of this technique simplifies the sentence structure and avoids repeating the subject. However, its use is limited to relatively short adverbial clauses. If the clause is longer, it should instead be shifted to the end of the provision, as suggested above in the discussion of the place of the case.
Legislative sentences can be improved by paying attention to their complexity and organization.
A complex series of ideas is often hard to understand. When they are presented in one sentence as a block of text, the difficulty becomes all the greater. Drafting techniques such as paragraphing or definitions can make a complex sentence easier to understand, but there are limits on their use. Another approach is to divide a complex sentence into a series of sentences. This allows the reader to digest the ideas in stages. However, it also requires the drafter to make sure that the sentences flow together so that the ideas are cohesive.
Sentence organization is equally critical to the reader's understanding. Readers need to know the principal parts of a sentence before they can understand the rest of its information. Reading difficulty is often increased by splitting subjects and verbs and by putting lengthy subordinate clauses at the beginning of a sentence. Legislative counsel can help readers considerably by avoiding these practices and by using simpler adjectival phrases instead of more complex subordinate clauses.
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i have made a pdf witnout roumaji for lesson 5.1 from the Rocket pdf file. Is there a way for me to make this available ? i will make another with no English and then one without optional kana. It is a chore and required purchase of a tool for PDF to D...
0 replies - Last post by Robert-S269 - July 17, 2020
For those who follow the forums I am about to take the next level of the JLPT in Canberra this July. I have already passed N5 and will be attempting N4. Just thought I would share some interesting sample questions from the test paper for others to answer...
4 replies - Last post by azenphish - June 15, 2020
Children's shows or movies in Japanese
Hello! I would like to ask if anyone could recommend some children's shows / films that I can watch in Japanese. Movies are far too fast-paced for me - I can barely pick up individual words in some of the Japanese anime because the characters speak SO f...
11 replies - Last post by MariletaR - January 17, 2020
Link for beginners 『Song for Learning Japanese』 Mihara Keigo（三原慧悟）
ヾ(❀╹◡╹)ﾉﾞ It's like a 4 min. 30 sec. survival kit for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7I2Ryji_9Js
1 reply - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - January 13, 2020
How would one say Davis Lainey in Japanese? (I already put my last name first and my first name second)
1 reply - Last post by Tony-S10 - August 1, 2019
Rocket Japanese: Transcript Down Again
We seem to have an issue with transcripts with Rocket Japanese again. This March, the issue was that the kana (Japanese) characters appeared broken. This time, the characters are not present at all. For a while the transcripts were in beautiful working ...
1 reply - Last post by teacup - June 22, 2019
僕の名前はガルシア イサクです。日本語を勉強したい、でもとても難しいです。平仮名とカタカナを読みことがあります、でもかんじを読みません。（My computer writes the Kanji for me, so I hope it is correct). 二ヶ月間日本語を勉強してます（Not sure about my grammar here)。がんばってます。。。 This is hard to write and it takes too long so I'll say it in Eng...
1 reply - Last post by Sayaka-Matsuura - May 30, 2019
My name is Keyatta but if you don't know it in Japanese and it won't translate then try my nickname Keke.
3 replies - Last post by Sayaka-Matsuura - May 30, 2019
Printing quizzes and graded results
Hi, Is there any way to print out quizzes and the graded results so that I can put it with my school portfolio?
0 replies - Last post by aaronm0509 - May 30, 2019
みんなさん、あけまして おめでとう ございます！ Happy New Year everyone! 「I cheated a little and skipped to module 13.1 for New Year's vocabulary. v(・∀・*) 」
11 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - May 26, 2019
Clarification on sentences that mix informal and formal verbs
はい。はいる の に おかね は いります か？ はい。入るのにお金はいりますか？ Yes. Does it cost money [do I need money] to get in? For this sentence, it looks like the verb "to enter" is in the informal form (はいる as opposed to 入ります--the former being informal, the latter being formal)....
5 replies - Last post by teacup - May 24, 2019
I know elementary Japanese so I don't want to start with aisatsu. where should I begin? Do I have to start at level 1?
5 replies - Last post by Rindaru - May 24, 2019
Hello everyone! I'm trying to grasp when the honorific "o" is used and when it isn't. In the instances below, the honorific is used in the first two instances , but not the second two (module 1.8). Is this a case where, just like with を, it's often dro...
2 replies - Last post by イ リ ニ - April 16, 2019
Hello, I am trying to find a Japanese keyboard here in the UK.....doesn't seem to be much choice, i was just wondering how the keys are laid out......does the keys have both Hiragana and Katakana on them? Thanks.
13 replies - Last post by Crystal-Rocket-Japanese-Tutor - March 26, 2019
When I am learning kanji, I was taught that there are two types of reading. Kun or On reading What I am really confused is when to use kun or on reading. The rules I taught was this. If the kanji appears by itself, it will be pronounced as kun reading, ...
7 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - February 23, 2019
きのうはここに４度でした。あしたは２３度です。あなたの天気はどうですか？ (Corrections welcome.)
3 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - February 3, 2019
日本語 を はなせます ひと は います か？ d(>_・ )
Let's have some fun. Answer a question, ask one in turn. にほんごでおねがいします。 If you see a grammar mistake, please fix it. いっしょにやりましょう！ ＼\٩( 'ω' )و //／ ✧･ﾟ: *✧･ﾟ:* *:･ﾟ✧*:･ﾟ✧ Update: ごめん！ｍ（＿ ＿）ｍ トニーさんが 正しいです。 スレッド のタイトル： 日本語 を 話せる 人 は いますか？ * Phrase is taug...
7 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - December 24, 2018
how can I enable my microphone?
I mistakenly said "no" when asked permission for this site to use my microphone. How can I re-enable it? Using a Mac...
4 replies - Last post by Rocket-Languages - December 18, 2018
What is the difference between Tokui (good) and Jyozu (skillful) ? It seems when trying to say "I'm/You're 'good' at something, sometimes the Rocket Japanese lesson uses Tokui and sometimes it uses Jyozu. What is the criteria for using these two words?
6 replies - Last post by teacup - December 9, 2018
I know several people have said to be good in a language (besides studying and such) you would have to actually think in that language instead of english. I'm wondering, how is that possible and how would you even go about doing it?
8 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - November 3, 2018
How do I do the Write it! exercises on my iphone? Specifically, how do I write kana or kanji in the box labeled "Write it in Japanese here"
2 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - August 7, 2018
I'm a beginner to Japanese as a whole in terms of speaking it myself. I've watched a lot of anime and seen it in the grammar studies too, why is desu sometimes said fully and sometimes not? ie: Hai, totemo amai desu. In the practice part desu is pronounc...
1 reply - Last post by Crystal-Rocket-Japanese-Tutor - August 7, 2018
i don't know how to read them because i'm only a starter :(
18 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - July 24, 2018
Is it really possible for a westerner to be fluent learning Japanese Online?
Hi there, I have just typed this topic into google and a lot of people say you will never be very fluent unless you live in Japan for many years........very discouraging. I have tried many programs over the years and have fully understood them all but s...
33 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - July 14, 2018
How do you practice speaking Japanese?
First of all, みんなさん、こんにちは！ About 4 or 5 years ago, it seemed like the Rocket Japanese forums were lively and several of the memebers were conversing and sharing ideas. But now things seem to have dried up to the point that it almost feels like a desert....
9 replies - Last post by ClaudiaR27 - July 14, 2018
How many Kanji do you think that we need to learn before we can read a japanese newspaper..
20 replies - Last post by WilliamW14 - July 4, 2018
Hi everybody It seems that when hearing を ください I hear sometimes o and other times wo. What is the right pronunciation ? Olivier
1 reply - Last post by Crystal-Rocket-Japanese-Tutor - June 29, 2018
I have heard these words used interchangeably and my coworker is having a hard time explaining in English. She told me there is no difference just difference in politeness. gochoshoku--->asagohan gochushoku-->ohirugohan goushoku-->ouhan Can you...
2 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - December 27, 2017
How many Kanji Characters are taught throughout the emailed grammar lessons? So far, I just have the one grammar lesson. Cheers
10 replies - Last post by VincentW - August 17, 2017
let's practice coversational Japanese together!
Hey everyone! I'm starting fresh with Japanese. I am beginning with the very first lesson and would like a conversational partner throughout every lesson. This way we will motivate and encourage each other to keep practicing. Perhaps we can get on contact...
2 replies - Last post by BruJo - June 19, 2017
Hi! I was thinking it'd be nice if we had a discord channel for RJ users. Anyone interested in making one with me?
1 reply - Last post by John Dee - May 16, 2017
How and where do you use the phrase "は どのように"? Thanks,
1 reply - Last post by Crystal-Rocket-Japanese-Tutor - April 17, 2017
So tonight I was doing the 1.3 lesson (sushi) and during the "know it" part of the testing I had 6 phrases I kept going over for about a half an hour and every time I came to them for the life of me couldn't remember what they were. Is this normal or am I...
3 replies - Last post by Nick Hoyt - February 8, 2017
Have a conversation with Siri in Japanese!
Although I am JLPT N3 certified, I still find it difficult to speak in simple Japanese. One of the reasons is that there is no opportunity for me to speak in the language. RJ is a good place to learn to speak Japanese but it is not enough. Lately, ...
1 reply - Last post by Nick Hoyt - January 4, 2017
Are certain Japanese words and phrases a regional or an etiquette issue?
はじめまして、みんなさん！ I've been studying Japanese on my own since I was 13 years old. I've tried various methods from Japanese and anime clubs in school, the internet, books, television, as well as a couple of other Japanese language programs (Talk Now! Instant ...
2 replies - Last post by trutenor - July 22, 2016
Any JLPT aspirants here on RJ or may be already certified ones ?
Hello Everyone, I understand and believe that learning is an eternal, everlasting journey especially when you are trying to learn a language. I would like to get in touch with JLPT aspirants using RJ or even those who are already certified..I think we sh...
14 replies - Last post by Pocketstash - March 14, 2016
I feel that I'm doing really well with my reading of Hiragana and Katakana: consequently my ability to read build a vocabulary has picked up speed dramatically. I'm also happy with sentence structure. I feel I'm being held up by an inability to grasp what...
5 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - March 12, 2016
Sometimes in the speaking desu is pronounced with a u and sometimes not when it is a the end of a sentence. How do I tell the difference?
3 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - March 9, 2016
In Rocket Record, I can hear the online voice and I can replay it, but it no longer allows me to record my voice. When I click on the You record button nothing happens. It worked at first, but then stopped working. What is wrong?
2 replies - Last post by Tony-S10 - March 8, 2016
Hi, Rocket Japanese has just got an update and I love it! But I can't seem to find the games anymore :( . Would anyone possibly know where they are or if they are still on? Thank you - William
4 replies - Last post by Rocket-Languages - October 19, 2015
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Dear Haijin, visitors and travelers,
Another day gone, time flies slips through my fingers like grains of sand. Every new day brings us closer to the future, but also closer to the end of times and life, but that's not for today. Today I love to inspire you all through the beautiful music of a not so well known female composer, Louise Farrenc. I had never heard from her, but she really composed wonderful music.
Louise Farrenc (1804 – 1875) was a French composer, virtuosa pianist and teacher. Born Jeanne-Louise Dumont in Paris, she was the daughter of Jacques-Edme Dumont, a successful sculptor, and sister to Auguste Dumont.
Louise Farrenc enjoyed a considerable reputation during her own lifetime, as a composer, a performer and a teacher. She began piano studies at an early age with Cecile Soria, a former student of Muzio Clementi. When it became clear she had the ability to become a professional pianist she was given lessons by such masters as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel, and, given the talent she showed as a composer, her parents decided to let her, in 1819 at the age of fifteen, study composition with Anton Reicha, the composition teacher at the Conservatoire, although it is unclear if the young Louise Dumont followed his classes there, since at that time the composition class was open only to men. In 1821 she married Aristide Farrenc, a flute student ten years her senior, who performed at some of the concerts regularly given at the artists' colony of the Sorbonne, where Louise's family lived. Following her marriage, she interrupted her studies to give concerts throughout France with her husband. He, however, soon grew tired of the concert life and, with her help, opened a publishing house in Paris, which, as Éditions Farrenc, became one of France’s leading music publishers for nearly 40 years.
|Music Score by Louise Farrenc|
In Paris, Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha, after which she reembarked on a concert career, briefly interrupted in 1826 when she gave birth to a daughter, Victorine, who also became a concert pianist but who died in 1859 aged thirty-three. In the 1830s Farrenc gained considerable fame as a performer and her reputation was such that in 1842 she was appointed to the permanent position of Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatory, a position she held for thirty years and one which was among the most prestigious in Europe. Accounts of the time record that she was an excellent instructor with many of her students graduating with Premier Prix and becoming professional musicians. Despite this, Farrenc was paid less than her male counterparts for nearly a decade. Only after the triumphant premiere of her nonet, at which the famous violinist Joseph Joachim took part, did she demand and receive equal pay. Beside her teaching and performing career, she also produced and edited an influential book, Le Trésor des Pianistes, about early music performance style, and was twice awarded the Prix Chartier of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, in 1861 and 1869. Farrenc died in Paris. (Source: Wikipedia; video by Unsung Masterworks)
I think I haven't say to much, this symphony is really a beauty and it inspired me to create the following tanka:
early morning the first sun beams cherish my body she awakens too my sunshine, my cooling summer rain, she the one I will love forever
I hope you did like this episode and that this music will inspire you as it did me ...
This episode is open for your submissions tonight at 7.00 PM (CET) and will remain open until December 22nd at noon (CET). I will publish our new episode, Dragon Empress by BrunuhVille, later on.
Nice music indeed and lovely tanka. Have you thought of moving tanka to the 2nd person, making the last line "you, the one I will love forever" ? I like tanka in 2nd person with 'you' but it is a hard choice!ReplyDelete
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The current educational system is regulated by the 1960 Constitution and the provisions of Law 24(I)/1993. Article 20 of the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus outlines the fundamental principles that govern the entire education system. As stipulated, every person has the right to receive and every person or institution has the right to give instruction or education, provided that it will be in accordance with the Republic’s laws. Education provision may only be restricted for reasons of the security of the Republic, or the constitutional order, or the public safety, health, and morals or the standard and quality of education or for the protection of the rights and liberties of others including the right of parents to secure for their children such education as is in conformity with their religious convictions. Furthermore, Article 20 stipulates that free and compulsory primary education, as well as education other than primary, should be made available as it will be provided by relevant laws.
Based on the above stated fundamental principles, official documents of the Ministry of Education and Culture, such as the school curricula and others, stipulate equal opportunities, democratic structures and mutual links between education and real-life - social, cultural, economic.
In accordance with Article 20 of the Constitution, Law 24(I)/1993 provides for free education from the age of 4 years and 8 months to the age of 18 (end of upper secondary education), and compulsory education from the age of 4 years and 8 months to the age of 15 (end of lower secondary education). Parents or guardians of minors who fail to register and send them to school during these specified periods are subject to a penalty.
Law 24(I)/1993 also provides that the textbooks published by the Ministry of Education and Culture in Cyprus are provided free of charge to teachers and pupils. It also assigns to the Council of Ministers the authority to decide for provision of transport, either subsidised or free of charge, to pupils living at a distance from the school they attend.
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Exact Answer: 7 to 9 Hours
Healthy sleep is associated with a healthy attitude. People who sleep properly tend to have a positive attitude towards life. Sound sleep makes waking up so energizing that any individual could refreshingly do their daily tasks.
Skipping sleep or not having enough sleep could drastically affect anybody’s life. It results in poor performance and a fatiguing day. Sleep is important to human beings in their everyday life to enhance their daily experience. This can even lead to death.
How Long a Person Should Sleep?
|Age Group||Amount of Sleep Needed|
|Newborns||14 – 17 hours a day|
|12 Months||Almost 10 hours at night with the addition of 4-hour naps|
|2 Years||Almost 11 – 12 hours at night with an addition of 1 – 2 hours of afternoon nap|
|3 to 5 Years||10 – 13 hours|
|6 to 13 Years||9 – 11 hours|
|14 to 17 Years||8 – 10 hours|
|Adults||7 to 9 hours|
The amount of sleep required varies from different age groups to different individuals. Some people only need a few hours of sleep whereas some others need an extended period of sleep. Since sleep is a basic human need, an individual should sleep at least a few hours every day for the human body to function seamlessly
Age is not the only factor that needs to be considered for a good sleep. Many other features should also be considered example:
Pregnant ladies need more sleep as compared to regular ladies. This is because the bodily changes that happen in their body demand extra hours of sleep
Old people tend to have more nap times. This is because their bodily functions are slow as compared to young adults. Hence, they require more short naps to make up lost energy.
An individual who has lost sleep because of his tiring work or any other factors, requires more than their regular hours of sleep. This is to ensure they have a good sleep to wake up rejuvenated.
Quality of Sleep
The quality of sleep is as important as the quantity of sleep. An individual who has irregular sleep with irregular patterns tends to have a rough day. Every individual should sleep comfortably in a suitable environment to get a perfect sleep.
Why Does a Person Need Long Sleep?
Sleep is the one need of human beings that can’t be substituted for anything else.
Not sleeping can lead to;
Many people who do not sleep properly tend to die mostly because of cardiovascular disease.
Lack of sleep is directly associated with accidents. Researches have proved that lack of sleep is as dangerous as drunken driving. Also, lack of sleep could bring accidents in job places, educational places, etc.
Lack of sleep leads to numerous health issues like; Diabetes, Stroke, Heart failure, Heart attack, etc.
It causes depression. This is common among teenagers whose lack of sleep leads to depression.
Lack of sleep can drastically affect the learning process of human beings. This could affect the ways of learning and could even lead to more severe memory loss.
Not sleeping enough could lead to swollen eye and sallow skin. Having an irregular sleep pattern permanently could result in having permanent dark circles around the eyes and having fine lines across the face which makes the person having that routine look a lot older.
Without a proper sleep schedule, a person tends to have the body produce more amounts of the hormone ghrelin, which causes the person to have increased hunger. This causes over consumption of food, which ultimately leads to obesity
Lack of Sex Drive
Lack of sleep can lead to disinterest in sex. This is caused because of the increase in libido, which lowers the sex drive in men and women.
Sleeping is an integral part of every organism except a few. As for human beings, we cannot function smoothly if we don’t have a good sound sleep. It helps the body to keep in check the 3 R’s; Repair, Restore and Rejuvenate.
The side effects of lack of sleep are much greater than that of its benefits. Hence an individual should have a long good sleep of at least a few hours for optimal performance. Any difficulties in sleeping are medically treatable. Any person having difficulty sleeping could consult their nearest doctor to have their sleep rectified.
I’ve put so much effort writing this blog post to provide value to you. It’ll be very helpful for me, if you consider sharing it on social media or with your friends/family. SHARING IS ♥️
Sandeep Bhandari is the founder of ExactlyHowLong.com website.
I am a professional full-time blogger, a digital marketer, and a trainer. I love anything related to the Web and I try to learn new technologies every day.
All the team management, content creation, and monetization tasks are handled by me. Together with the team at ExactlyHowLong, the aim is to provide useful and engaging content to our readers.
In game development, I love playing with every different engine, toolset, and framework I can find. In digital art, I love everything from painting to vector work to pixel art to 3D modeling.
In short, if it’s creative and you can make it digitally, I love it.
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When Babe Ruth Called His Shot Against the Chicago Cubs
“Only a damn fool would have done a thing like that.”
It was a legendary moment in a legendary career.
In the fifth inning of the third game of the 1932 World Series against the Chicago Cubs, the score was tied 4–4; the Yankees were up two games to none. The Chicago bench was riding Ruth hard, and the fans had joined in. Two had thrown lemons at him, and a whole bunch had laughed a little too hard when a fly ball skipped past him for two bases. Ruth tipped his hat after the miscue. But the fans had also been rude to his wife, Claire, and the insults might have been getting to him. At age 37, Ruth could still turn anger into pulverizing action. During the regular season, he had hit 41 home runs, batted in 133, and hit .341.
Another lemon rolled to his feet, as Ruth clutched his bat near the knob, his feet close together. He took strike one from pitcher Charlie Root, then waved his hand in the general direction of center field. He watched two balls go by. After a called strike two, he repeated the gesture. Root threw his fifth pitch, a curveball that didn’t curve—and Babe clouted it well beyond the center field fence for his 15th (and last) World Series home run. He dropped the bat shown opposite, and as he trotted past first base, made rude gestures toward the Cubs bench and some kind of pushing motion as he approached third. The Cubs dugout had gone silent.
The next day, the legend began. While many accounts of the game noted the byplay between Root and Ruth, the most widely circulated write-up stated that the Babe had pointed to center “so as to call his shot.” It didn’t take long for the tale to become an accepted truth.
Root, of course, said it never happened. If the Babe had been doing any such thing, the pitcher said, the slugger would “have ended up on his ass.” Eyewitness testimony was divided. The video evidence is ambiguous.
Ruth himself did not clarify matters. In his 1948 autobiography, he said he hit the ball “in exactly the spot I had pointed to.” But in 1933, he was equally definitive: “Hell no,” he told a reporter who asked if he had called the shot. “Only a damn fool would have done a thing like that.” In other instances, the Babe was uncharacteristically coy, neither confirming nor denying his intent.
In a sense, it hardly matters. In a sport that treasures its myths, this one was too good to cross examine. Perhaps the best summation came from Tom Meany, an early biographer: “Whatever the intent of the gesture, the result was, as they say in Hollywood, slightly colossal.” Not that Ruth needed the publicity. Widely regarded as the greatest baseball player ever, he fundamentally changed the game. Consider: in 1920, his first season with the Yankees, Ruth hit 54 home runs—or more than all but one team. And on May 25, 1935, the day he hit his 714th and last home run, he was hundreds in front of his nearest rivals, Lou Gehrig (378) and Rogers Hornsby (302).
Recognizing the power of power to put runs on the board and fill seats, management and players began to go for the home run in a way that had never happened before. No other player has had that transformative an influence. Ruth still ranks first in slugging percentage and on-base plus slugging percentage; he also has more home run titles (12) and RBI titles (6) than anyone else. Nor has any other player been as versatile. Ruth was a pitcher before he was a slugger, posting a league-best 1.75 earned run (ERA) in 1916. He compiled a career record of 94–46, with a 2.28 ERA. If he hadn’t made the Hall of Fame as a slugger, he might well have got there as a pitcher. That can be said of no other player.
From A HISTORY OF AMERICAN SPORTS IN 100 OBJECTS. Used with permission of Basic Books. Copyright 2016 by Cait Murphy.
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