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Last week, the Marlinton Volunteer Fire Department responded to a fire in the Riverside area. It was a stark reminder of basic rules that can save lives and prevent property damage. Please make a mental note and analyze your own home surroundings and that of your community, wherever that is. First – do you have a plan? Good housekeeping is a good start and is an important part of reducing fire risk. Next, have a place for your family members and everyone in the house to meet in the event of a house fire.
Now, consider this, the reason for this article: In the event of a house fire or a fire near your house, make sure your exit path is free of debris and clutter. Furthermore, accumulations of combustible scrap materials and trash can provide the main ingredient for a fire. Any additional fuel source can contribute to major fire development in a matter of minutes.
Additionally, accumulations of old clothes, wood and trash can be trip hazards with a house full of smoke. Flammable materials, sometimes even dust, can increase the likelihood of a flash fire or secondary explosion after the original ignition.
Basic housekeeping procedures should be established. Make sure exits are free of trash! Now, consider the firemen and other first responders showing up at your burning property – often during nighttime hours and/or the worst of weather conditions. Secondary dangers can, at best, slow response time, and, at worst, result in cuts, falls or broken bones for volunteers rushing to save lives and property. Getting in position to fight fire is a must. Searching properties afterward is another issue. A foot of snow on the ground only makes the exit or entry more dangerous. Think – and be safe.
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When you think about mosquitos these days, one disease likely leaps to mind: Zika.
The media has been sounding the alarm about the virus for months, particularly in Latin America, where health workers are on alert for pregnant women who may have become infected.
But another mosquito-borne disease kills a child every two minutes — and sickens hundreds of millions more, often over and over again: malaria.
In a rural health center in western Kenya, a 26-year-old woman waits her turn to see the nurse.
Christine Pepela began receiving prenatal care at the Mechimeru Health Centre in Bungoma County when she was four months pregnant.
It was here that she learned she is at risk for malaria — a far more deadly and prevalent mosquito-borne disease than Zika.
Now six months pregnant, Christine meets with Nurse Agnes Nambuya, who gives her an insecticide-treated bed net to sleep under and tells her about sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, the medication she needs to help prevent malaria in pregnancy.
The risk of malaria faced by Christine and her baby is not new or unique.
In sub-Saharan Africa alone, 10,000 pregnant women will lose their lives to malaria this year, and about 200,000 babies born to mothers who have had just one episode of malaria in pregnancy will die.
In fact, malaria in pregnancy contributes to 8 percent of all stillbirths in the region. Many more babies will be born small or anemic, which can lead to life-threatening consequences, as well as health problems throughout childhood and beyond.
This is exceptionally unfair, as the adverse outcomes associated with malaria in pregnancy are largely preventable.
USAID’s Maternal and Child Survival Program, the President’s Malaria Initiative and other partners are increasing measures to dramatically reduce the number of cases of malaria.
Together, we’re supporting government health ministries to combat malaria in pregnancy through lifesaving and cost-effective tools:
- In 2014, we obtained 29 million sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatments needed for intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women.
- Last year, about 900,000 pregnant women received two doses of this intermittent preventive treatment.
At the foundation of our efforts is ensuring access to high-quality, comprehensive prenatal care, which has proved effective in delivering critical care and counseling to both women and newborns.
It remains a key opportunity for trained health providers to deliver preventive treatment to pregnant women. Health providers can also recognize signs and symptoms of malaria, react swiftly, administer a rapid diagnostic test, and treat accordingly or refer to a higher-level facility.
With Zika virus cases mounting, prenatal care will be more critical than ever.
An estimated 94,000 newborn lives were saved through malaria in pregnancy interventions between 2009 and 2012.
As the world’s attention focuses on a newly emerging threat, we are reminded of the vulnerability of pregnant women to viruses and infections.
This underscores the importance of maternal and newborn health services to ensure all pregnant women receive the comprehensive counseling and care needed before, during and after pregnancy.
To learn more about the global efforts of the Maternal and Child Survival Program to prevent and treat malaria, click here. And to add your voice to the global conversation, join us on Twitter.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Elaine Roman is the Malaria Team Lead for USAID’s flagship Maternal and Child Survival Program.
- Check out more on our work fighting malaria
- Read a personal account of surviving cerebral malaria in Liberia
- Learn more about the President’s Malaria Initiative
- Follow @PMIGov; On Flickr
- Follow @USAIDGH; On Facebook
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Realistic Insects Graphite Drawing & Composition, High School, Middle School ArtRegular price $8.00 Save $-8.00
Have students show off their drawing skills and the techniques they've learned in your class while teaching about dynamic composition strategies. Students will choose an insect to draw from three different angles and use framing to create a strong focal point in this realistic insect drawing project.
Students apply compositional strategies including filling the frame, adding contrast, and allowing elements to break the frame in the process of creating their final artwork. One viewpoint will have dominance in their final drawing, creating emphasis. The final results are a show stopper! The lesson is best taught after the basics of drawing: value, line, and texture have been covered.
- 5 Page Lesson Plan with National Standards, Big ideas, Goals, and Objectives, Final Outcomes, Instructional Materials, Student supplies, Detailed process, and Vocabulary as an editable word document.
- 26-page editable PowerPoint presentation & PDF
- Demonstration Video
- Dynamic Composition Tricks Sheet
- Thumbnail Concepts Worksheet
- Student Project Checklist
- Written Critique Sheet
- Student Self-Evaluation
Students will love choosing their focus viewpoint for this realistic insect drawing composition. The results will amaze them as they demonstrate an understanding of composition while creating realistic drawings of insects.
WHAT TEACHERS ARE SAYING ABOUT OTHER DRAWING LESSONS OF MINE:
“This was an outstanding lesson. This is my first year teaching art with no background in art, lol. This has not only been a lifesaver, but really pulled artistic thought and ability out of my students. The slides were easy to follow and incredibly helpful. The finished projects are truly amazing.” - Chelsea S.
“This is a great resource and a really fun project. The slides are very well done and my students benefitted from the step-by-step instructions, loads of examples, and the practice/planning exercises. I will use this again for sure!”- Caribou Corner of Junction North
“This is a fave drawing piece of both my students and I. I've used it a couple of times now and have had great success! Thank you!” - Julia O.
National Visual Arts Standards
High School Standards Grades 9-12
Grades 9-12, VA:Cr1.1.HSI Use multiple approaches to begin creative endeavors.
Grades 9-12, VA:Cn10.1.HSI: Document the process of developing ideas from early stages to fully elaborated ideas.
Middle School Standards Grades 6-8
Grade 6, VA:Cr1.2.6: Formulate an artistic investigation of personally relevant content for creating art.
Grade 6, VA:Cr2.1.6: Demonstrate openness in trying new ideas, materials, methods, and approaches in making works of art and design.
Grade 7, VA:Cr1.2.7: Develop criteria to guide making a work of art or design to meet an identified goal.
Grade 7, VA:Cr2.1.7: Demonstrate persistence in developing skills with various materials, methods, and approaches in creating works of art or design.
Grade 8, VA:Cr2.1.8: Demonstrate willingness to experiment, innovate, and take risks to pursue ideas, forms, and meanings that emerge in the process of art-making or designing.
©2022 A Space to Create Art, LLC.
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For this challenge you will design and write a program to play against the computer.
The computer will display a random number between 1 and 1000. It will then ask the end-user whether they believe the next number will be higher or lower. The program will then generate the next number. If the user guessed right (e.g. the next number is higher or lower than the previous one) then the user scores one point. The game stops when the user guesses it wrong.
By completing this challenge you are going to use selection (IF statements) and iteration (While loop). You will use comparison operators such as > , < and == to compare numbers. You will use variables to store the value of random numbers, retrieve user input and keep and increment a score as the game progresses.
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Art is more than self-expression and creativity, it has another function; critiquing our society, and challenging the idea of our reality.
Critiques allow viewers to engage with art in-depth as it shifts the attention from aesthetic to a conscious dialogue. The Colombian artist, Beatriz González combines both aesthetic and dialogue, projecting images of mass media reflecting on politics and social structures.
Beatriz González was born and raised in Colombia, her early paintings document La Violencia during the 1940s and 1950s. Influenced by the political and social climate of her homeland, she uses magazines and newspapers as a reference for her paintings. Historical records of La Violencia are very incomplete as there is a lot of hidden information in regards to the true events of violence and brutality.
The representation of everyday life confronts the realities of poverty in underdeveloped countries. González addresses the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No Poverty and Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions demonstrating the corrupted social structure and political dominance in Colombia. She reflects on the imbalance of poverty and wealth in her home country, bringing it to the forefront analyzing the power struggle and corruption.
Her work is often categorized as pop art because of the depiction of flat figures and bold colour schemes reminiscent of the Pop-Art movement. Although, González doesn't identify with the movement considering her intentions behind her work are politically driven and involve social realism, rather than fashionable context associated with consumerism.
“It wasn't the appropriate label for the work I was doing, or a vision informing my way of painting...I’ve always considered myself more of a painter and within this remit I painted the joy of the underdeveloped,” said Gonzalez in an interview with Tate magazine.
She interprets images found in mass media transforming them to be perceived in different contexts. The opportunity allows viewers to engage with her art with a different mindset where national identity is questioned. The imagery in her paintings depicts a contrast of what Colombia means to the artist and the escalating identity of Colombia as means of power and violence increased.
González's work has greatly affected the conceptual art scene in Colombia as result she's received many awards such as second prize at the 1st Salon de Pintura and in the 17th Salon de Artistas Nacionales for her painting, Los suicidas del Sisga. Her recognition goes beyond Colombia and the Latin American community; she's established her legacy on the international scope.
Having contributed to filling in the gaps of Colombia’s puzzling historical timeline, González’s pieces have become timeless renditions that can fit into the pages of history books. The contrast of saturated colours she used demonstrates the impact art has in informing the wider public and drawing attention to political matters - an impact art will always continue to have.
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Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai was a beloved student of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Akiva was the spiritual guru during the Bar Kochba (Ben Kosiba) revolt in 135 CE against Rome and the only one of the four sages that entered the “Pardes,” which means Orchard in Hebrew, and came out whole, both mentally and physically. Pardes is also an acronym for Pshat (simple or plain), Remez, (hints or deep), Drash (inquire or seek), and Sod (secret or hidden), which are the four levels of Torah learning.
Rabbi Akiva passed on orally to his student, Rabbi Shimon, the Pardes of the Torah including the hidden level of Sod. Because Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai was a student of the spiritual guru of the revolt against Rome, bar Yochai was relentlessly pursued by the Romans and their politicians (it didn’t help that he hung out with Rabbi Jose and Rabbi Judah, whose parents happened to be proselytes; I need to be careful here... My ego might get offended...).
The story in the Talmud goes like this:
Rabbi Judah commenced the discussion by observing, "How fine are the works of the Romans! They have made streets, they have built bridges, and they have erected baths."
Rabbi Jose remained silent.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai responded, "All that they made, they made for their own benefit. They built market-places, to set harlots in them; baths, to rejuvenate themselves; and bridges to levy tolls."
Judah, the son of proselytes, spoke of the talk that they had, which eventually reached the politicians in the government. The politicians decreed: "Judah, who exalted us, shall be exalted. Jose, who was silent, shall be exiled to Sepphoris (Tzippori in Hebrew, located in the central Galilee). and Shimon, who dissented against the Roman Empire, shall be executed."
Rabbi Shimon and his son, Rabbi Elazar, hid themselves in the Bet Midrash (study hall), and Rabbi Shimon’s wife brought them bread and water to eat. When the decree became more severe... they left and hid in a cave.
A miracle occurred and a carob-tree and a wellspring of water were created for them to eat and to drink. They would remove their clothes and bury themselves up to their necks in sand and spend the whole day studying. When it was time for prayers, they came out of the sand, dressed, prayed, and then took off their clothes again and submerged into the sand once more, so that their clothes would not wear out. They spent twelve years in the cave.
Elijah the Prophet then came and stood at the entrance to the cave and proclaimed, "Who will inform the son of Yochai that the emperor is dead and his decree annulled?" So they emerged.
Seeing a man plowing and sowing, they exclaimed, "The people forsake eternal life and engage in temporal life!" and whatever Shimon and Elazar cast their eyes upon was incinerated immediately.
A heavenly echo (Bas Kol) then came forth and announced, "Have you emerged to destroy My world? Return to your cave!"
So they returned and lived like before for another twelve months and when they said, "The punishment of the wicked in Gehenom (Hell) is limited to twelve months," A Bas Kol came forth and told them to, "Go forth from your cave!"
Now wherever Rabbi Elazar harmed with his look, Rabbi Shimon healed. Rabbi Shimon said to his son, "My son! You and I are sufficient for the world."
On the eve of Shabbat, before sunset, they saw an old man holding two bundles of myrtle and running at twilight. "What are these for?" they asked him.
"They are in honor of the Sabbath," he replied.
"But, only one should suffice for you?" they asked.
The old man replied, "One is for remembering the day of Shabbat (Exodus 20:8) and one is to guard the Shabbat (Deuteronomy 5:12)."
Rabbi Shimon said to his son, "See how precious the mitzvot are to the people of Israel?" With this, their minds were put at ease.
During those years in the cave, when Rabbi Shimon studied with his son both the revealed Torah and the hidden or secret levels of Torah (Torat HaSod), also known as Kabbalah, Rabbi Shimon wrote down the material for the first time, in a book called the Zohar, meaning Splendor or Radiance. This mystical tradition was kept alive by the Ramban with his commentary on the Bible and came alive again in the sixteenth century with the Ari, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria, and their followers, in Tzfat, Palestine. Later, in the eighteenth century, Israel ben Elazar, the "Bal Shem Tov," embraced these mystical traditions again in Eastern Europe.
So, what about the bonfires on Lag baOmer? The story that I heard was when Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai died, sometime between 170-200 CE, he was in a house, communing with G-D and the heavenly court, when the light and power of that which was revealed became so unstable in this world that the house exploded in flame. Bar Yochai died in the flames and his final teaching to his devoted students was "Now it is my desire to reveal secrets...The day will not go to its place like any other, for this entire day stands within my domain..." the domain of light—of the light of Torah! Bar Yochai handed the Zohar to his students and passed, as a Tzaddik, into the next world. The Zohar, which some also say was begun by Abraham Avinu in a book called the Sefer Yitzirah (Book of Formation), was finally published in its current form by Rabbi Moshe de Leon sometime before 1305 in Spain.
All I have to say is what a lot of work to figure this all out and, in the end, I am still confused... I guess the secret level of Torah is destined to remain secret, despite the modern craze for Kabbalah and its self-help spin-off droppings, landing in a town near you!
Chag Sumeach and Shabbat Shalom!
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Yesterday, WWF unveiled the “Together for Forests” mural, a 24-meter-tall piece of street art, in an effort to raise awareness of the destructive impacts European consumption has on nature and wildlife around the world.
The mural depicts the hopes of hundreds of thousands of citizens for an ambitious EU deforestation law, currently being discussed by EU national governments and the European Parliament.WWF
Created on March 14 by the acclaimed urban artist and climate activist, Carlos Alberto GH, it brings iconic wildlife closer to the European quarter in Brussels, on 182 Chaussée d’Etterbeek. Initiated by WWF, the mural has been curated by the art for social change non-profit organisation Street Art for Mankind and comes to life with their free app “Behind the Wall®”.
“With every meal, we’re unwittingly wiping out vital ecosystems such as the Amazon or the Cerrado. These are also home to the main characters of our #Together4Forests mural landscape – macaws, jaguars, pumas – which is about to burst into flames. As consumers, we didn’t choose this destruction, and yet we are responsible. Only a strong EU deforestation law can change this,” said Ester Asin, Director of WWF’s European Policy Office.
Doing this work here in Belgium was a big challenge, however, the satisfaction is even bigger.Carlos Alberto GH, artist and climate activist
Drawing inspiration from the heart of Brazil, and amplifying a message in the heart of Brussels, the mural shows we are all connected. It voices the demand of 1.2 million citizens and almost 200 NGOs who joined forces in the #Together4Forests campaign and stood up for strong EU legislation to curb global deforestation. It draws Europeans closer to spectacular forests, wild savannahs and lush grasslands that indigenous peoples, communities, as well as unique wildlife species call home.
This mural is one of the most significant ones I have ever painted, on nature conservation. It represents the beauty but also the fragility of ecosystems, and how our consumption can be catastrophic for them.Carlos Alberto GH, artist and climate activist
“It is a true pleasure to be back in Brussels and collaborate for the first time with WWF on such an important mission. While our first mural in Brussels was with the UN about ecosystem restoration, this new mural with WWF is about preventing deforestation. They are two sides of the same coin. Our planet needs our help. And we take every opportunity, through our art, to support it”, explained Audrey Decker, Co-founder of Street Art for Mankind.
“Our Together for Forests Mural will immerse the public in the 3D world of the talented artist Carlos Alberto GH, and we do hope that with its incredible setting by Leopold Park, it will inspire people to act in order to protect nature”, added Thibault Decker, Co-founder of Street Art for Mankind.
We hope that this mural will serve as a reminder to them (national ministers and MEPs) every day that we need to get serious about tackling the EU’s footprint.Ester Asin, Director of WWF’s European Policy Office
Ester Asin concluded the inauguration with a message for the EU officials who are preparing to discuss the deforestation law: “As national ministers and MEPs discuss this law, we call on them to defend the strong elements of the Commission proposal such as knowing the origin of products and close all the remaining gaps. The law does not yet cover all the ecosystems that matter, all products that have an impact and leaves loopholes unaddressed”.
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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
- Specialist wikis
Last edited 10 Nov 2022
Minimum space standards
Which country has the smallest homes?
Of all EU countries, England has the smallest homes by floor area. A study by Find Me A Floor in 2017 found that homes in England have an average floorspace of 71.2 sq. m. This is compared to Italy’s average of 108.2 sq. m and Germany's average of 92.7 sq. m.Canada has the largest homes in the world measuring 150 sq m, with the US at 130 sq m.
The Smallest House in Britain, also known as Quay House, is a residential building in Conwy Quay, North Wales, that measures 3.05 m (10 ft) high and just 1.8 m (5.9 ft) wide
As a result of the UK housing shortage, the average size of new homes has continued to shrink, with the emergence of micro dwellings (single residential units that tend to range from 14 to 46 square metres) micro flats and products such as pocket homes.
What standards are their for space sizes?
In 1961, The Parker Morris Committee published 'Homes for Today and Tomorrow', a report on public housing space standards in the United Kingdom. The Parker Morris Standards were then set out in the Ministry of Housing's 'Design Bulletin 6 – Space in the Home', published in 1963.
From 1967, these standards were prescribed in England’s public housing, by linking space, not to the expected occupancy levels, but to the utility of the homes. This approach is still adopted in Scotland, but since the 1980s, England’s focus has been on the delivery of more houses, not space, although the building regulations do set some space standards in relation to circulation space, means of escape and space requirements for people with disabilities.
In addition, a number of cities developed their own minimum space standards, with London introducing its own standards since 2011. There have also been a number of ad hoc standards, such as; The Housing Corporation minimum housing quality standards for housing association properties developed with public subsidy, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation Lifetime Homes standards and so on.
In 2012, the coalition government’s fundamental review of building regulations was labelled ‘the biggest change in housing standards in a generation’. The review prescribed that space sizes for all new-build homes around the country would be brought into line with the London standards.
In October 2015, the government introduced a new nationally described space standard, which set out detailed guidance on the minimum size of new homes. According to this standard, the minimum floor area for any new home should be 37 sq. m.
Table 1 - Minimum gross internal floor areas and storage (m²)
Where a one person flat has a shower room rather than a bathroom, the floor area may be reduced from 39m² to 37m².
For more information, see Technical housing standards - nationally described space standard.
These rules were intended to rationalise and streamline the planning system, however, they were criticised for being overly complicated and onerous, as well as being unlikely to have a positive impact. Crucially, the rules for local authorities are only optional, and must be introduced through the planning system (rather than through building regulations) by including a policy in a local plan.
To do this, local authorities must demonstrate need and viability though testing and assessments before conducting a full local plan review, which has been described as unnecessarily bureaucratic and confusing. This means that in order to implement standards which have been described by the government as ‘reasonable’, local authorities are likely to wait for a wider plan review rather which could mean it takes several years to adopt them. In addition, the space standard is open to challenge from developers on site-specific viability grounds, even if the local authority has embedded it in local plan policy.
In addition, in 2013, the government temporarily relaxed planning laws, allowing office buildings to circumvent the planning process when being converted into housing. These conversions are not required to meet any planning-based quality standards, including the minimum space standards, meaning that apartments have been completed which are far smaller than the prescribed minimum of 37 sq. m.
In a separate move in December 2017, the government announced they were putting rogue landlords 'on notice', with the introduction of new measures to stamp out overcrowding and improve standards for those renting in the private sector. This includes new rules setting minimum size requirements for bedrooms in houses of multiple occupation:
- Room used for sleeping by 1 adult: No smaller than 6.51 sq. m.
- Room used for sleeping by 2 adults: No smaller than 10.22 sq. m.
- Room used for sleeping by children of 10 years and younger: No smaller than 4.64 sq. m.
For more information, see Tackling rogue landlords.
Housebuilders and industry bodies such as the RIBA have continues to call for national minimum space standard to be embedded within the Building Regulations, set as a standard for housing design across the country. As well as being beneficial for homeowners and tenants, housebuilders have argued that this would provide them with more certainty when bidding for land.
Related articles on Designing Buildings
- Floor area.
- Gross internal area.
- Housing Standards Review.
- International Property Measurement Standards.
- Micro dwellings.
- Micro flats.
- Occupant capacity of a building or space.
- Pocket homes.
- Smallest house in Britain.
- Tackling rogue landlords.
- Technical housing standards - nationally described space standard.
- Total useful floor area.
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Please check the date of the information about the size of homes in Britain and the rest of Europe. I believe it is very old and we no longer have the smallest homes.
Thanks for your comment. It is indeed the case that England has the lowest average floorspace in Europe - see the updated first paragraph. -Ed.
This is a wiki site - so if you are unhappy with something, just click 'Edit this article' at the top of the page and change it.
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It’s fall and that means cooler weather, darker nights, and, for many of us, more bad weather. We are at the start of the school season, and many of our children are learning virtually. But, unlike being in a brick-and-mortar classroom, you likely do not have the benefit of an entire playground or group of educators to provide diverse experiences for your children. If you’re struggling to come up with ideas for what, exactly, to do on those days you can’t get out, keep reading for tips.
1. Hire a virtual sitter
Virtual babysitting has been a godsend for working parents while schools are closed, they are working from home, and have online meetings etc. As long as your children are able to sit still and engage online for blocks of about an hour, a virtual babysitter can keep them occupied. Babysitters In A Pinch explains that this is not only less expensive than traditional babysitting, but it’s also a great way to introduce simple and entertaining activities to children who, in all honesty, are probably bored even if they are attending school remotely.
2. STEAM projects
For kids that have not yet started school, there are still plenty of ways to keep them busy by utilizing free and low-cost online educational opportunities. If your child has shown interest in science or technology, websites such as PBS, Einstein’s Workshop, and Math + Science + Music are some of Earth Science Jr’s top-rated online STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and math) programs.
3. Move exercise indoors
Have you ever noticed that when your kids don’t have recess at school that they are bundles of energy when they get home? This is because kids need to run, jump, and play every single day. Unfortunately, when the weather outside decides not to cooperate, it may be a little more difficult to let them burn off that pent up energy. Fortunately, there are a few ways they can exercise that will wear them down (hopefully in time for a mid-afternoon nap). These include doing handstands, creating an indoor obstacle course, and playing indoor volleyball with a balloon.
4. Go on a scavenger hunt
When you think of a scavenger hunt, you probably think of roaming your neighborhood looking for things like brown dogs and red cars. The truth is that you can create a scavenger hunt for anywhere. An around-the-house scavenger hunt might include things like finding a fork, something with a pattern, and something that has a strong odor.
Tips for parents
In our chaotic world, it’s not always easy to maintain our sense of sanity and self while also catering to the kids. Here are some tips to help you do that:
● When booking an online babysitter, choose an option that has reliable and consistent rates and well-screened childcare providers.
● Give yourself 30 minutes of “you-time” each day. This might mean taking a walk or savoring a long bath while your spouse or partner tends the children.
● Monitor your kids’ screen time. Although you may need them to channel their energies into something else while you work, too much sitting and staring at a television or smart phone screen may lead to behavioral and health problems.
The weather outside might dictate what you can do outdoors. But it is not a prison sentence. There are plenty of ways to educate, entertain, and engage even the most rambunctious children. And, with a few smart options, like investing in a virtual babysitter or creating a fun home scavenger hunt, you can buy yourself a few hours to work, clean, or just breathe.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929. He was the son of a Baptist minister, and he grew up in a time when segregation and discrimination against African Americans were prevalent in the United States. Despite this, King was an intelligent and ambitious young man, and he excelled in his studies. He received a bachelor's degree in sociology from Morehouse College and then went on to earn a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University.
King's activism began in the 1950s, when he became involved in the civil rights movement. He became a leader in the movement, and he was instrumental in organizing the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. This boycott was a protest against the segregation of public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. It was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. The boycott lasted for over a year and was successful in ending segregation on public buses in Montgomery.
In the 1960s, King continued to be a leading figure in the civil rights movement. He was a key organizer of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which were two major pieces of legislation that helped to end segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the United States. King's efforts were not without their challenges, however. He faced violence and intimidation from segregationists and was even arrested on several occasions.
Despite these challenges, King remained committed to his cause. He believed that nonviolence was the key to achieving civil rights for African Americans, and he preached this message throughout his career. He also believed that all people, regardless of race, were created equal and deserved to be treated with dignity and respect.
In 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was a great loss to the civil rights movement and to the world. However, his legacy lives on, and his message of nonviolence and equality continues to inspire people all over the world.
In conclusion, Martin Luther King Jr. was a remarkable man who dedicated his life to the pursuit of justice and equality. His work and his message continue to inspire people today, and he is remembered as a hero and a symbol of the civil rights movement.
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A school where everyone can succeed
BBC BiteSize - Reading Lesson
To be a Cat by Matt Haig
Using the novel 'To Be a Cat' you will learn about selecting key pieces of information from a text and evaluating the text while giving a personal opinion.
There are 2 video recordings by England Rugby Player Maro Itoje, who is reading extracts from the book.
There are then 3 practice activities using extracts from the books to explain, predict and descibe events from the text.
Have a look...
This week the reading activities are in order starting with a vocabulary comprehension as this will help to focus your vocabulary for your writing. There is a Tsunami quick read as you are all familiar with Tsunamis, this should be a quick revision read. There are also 2 comprehensions on famous people, David Walliams and Ernest Shackleton, we hope you fond them interesting.
You could use any of the comprehensions to do additional research on. Maybe you could use them to create a fact file, poster, or even a biography.
Enjoy the reading...
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It is pretty much accepted that women and men have different experiences when they are disabled. In this study, the authors concluded that women with disabilities in supported employment had more socially appropriate behavior, worked in jobs generally considered women's occupations, and worked fewer hours than men.
Building upon previous research done at Indiana University and the University of Oregon, these researchers recruited 462 employees from 13 vocational programs providing employment services to people with disabilities. An additional 538 employees were tested in a second survey to verify the initial findings. No significant gender differences were found overall, but males were more likely to engage in sexually inappropriate behavior and be aggressive to objects than females. The men also had more hygiene problems than females.
The average wage for all was $5.26 an hour. Men made an average $622.10 monthly wage and women made $543.71. Women also worked an average of 20.24 hours a week and men had 23.01 hours. Women had more jobs in food service or clerical work, and men had more janitorial jobs. Because women worked fewer hours than men, they made less money overall.
These results are similar to other studies regarding women with disabilities in the workplace. One of these studies (done in 1988) found that women received less public income support than men when they probably need it more based on employment findings. A study done the following year found that women with disabilities were more likely to be referred to part-time jobs or homemaker status. National disability employment policies are obviously not having the same effect on women as men.
Wrote the authors: "It is not surprising that some gender inequities exist. The vocational support agency staff and the employers of women with disabilities are members of a society that views people with disabilities and women in general through a distorted lens, holding negative assumptions about the employability of both. The gender-biased and disability-based assumptions directly impact women in supported employment."
Why do women make less? Why do they voluntarily leave their jobs? Is gender stereotyping a supported employment disadvantage? In policy and practice, there should be an awareness of gender bias toward women in employment, policies for equality, and self-determination training. #845
Olson, D., Cioffi, A., Yovanoff, P., & Mank, D. (2000). Gender differences in supported employment. Mental Retardation 38(2), 89-96.
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General Motors’ auto engineers have been heavyweights in vehicle lightweighting for years. Just since 2016, GM has launched 14 new vehicle models with a total mass reduction of over 5000 pounds or more than 350 pounds per vehicle. The lighter the car, the less fuel it uses, the less carbon it emits and the more money the driver saves. Pretty important stuff.
Now to push the boundaries on its next generation of lightweighting, the automaker is teaming up with Autodesk to use a combination of generative design and additive manufacturing as key technologies to develop future cars and trucks, including its alternative propulsion and zero emission vehicles. As GM announced today, it is becoming the first major automaker in North America to adopt Autodesk generative design software to go beyond the weight reduction possible through traditional design optimization techniques.
Generative design is a design exploration technology that uses AI-based algorithms to simultaneously generate multiple valid solutions based on real-word manufacturing constraints and product performance requirements, such as strength, weight, materials and more. Engineers can explore and choose from far more manufacturing-ready design options, far more rapidly than was ever conceivable before. They are freed from repetitive design tasks so they can focus on higher-value decisions like maximizing part performance.
“This disruptive technology provides tremendous advancements in how we can design and develop components for our future vehicles to make them lighter and more efficient, said GM Vice President Ken Kelzer, Global Vehicle Components and Subsystems. “When we pair the design technology with manufacturing advancements such as 3D printing, our approach to vehicle development is completely transformed and is fundamentally different to co-create with the computer in ways we simply couldn’t have imagined before.”
In an initial proof-of-concept project, GM and Autodesk engineers working together at GM’s Tech Center in Warren, Michigan used generative design to reconceive a small, but important vehicle component – the seat bracket where seat belts are fastened. The software produced more than 150 valid design options based on parameters the engineers set, such as required connection points, strength and mass. They zeroed in on a new design, whose organic structure no human could have conceived on their own. It is 40 percent lighter and 20 percent stronger than the original part.
It also demonstrates another major benefit of generative design – part consolidation. The new part consolidates eight different components into one 3D-printed part.
Speaking of 3D printing, GM has been a leader in additive manufacturing for 30+ years and boasts one of the most comprehensive 3D printing arsenals in the auto industry. GM runs more than 50 rapid prototype machines that have produced more than 250,000 prototype parts over the last 10 years.
“With our long-standing expertise in additive manufacturing, we see incredible opportunities for generative design. The seat-bracket is just a small demonstration of the potential mass and strength improvements when we apply these technologies to many of the 30,000+ parts in our vehicles. Maybe even more exciting are the far-reaching transformations we can imagine as we move into an era of electric and autonomous vehicles,” commented Kevin Quinn, GM Director of Additive Manufacturing.
This seat bracket project is just the beginning of multi-year, innovation-focused alliance for GM and Autodesk. The two companies will collaborate on additional projects involving generative design, additive manufacturing and materials science. Executives and engineers will participate in a series of onsite engagements to exchange ideas, learnings, and expertise. In March, for example, two GM engineers participated in a two-week generative design residency at Autodesk’s Pier 9 technology center.
GM also has on-demand access to Autodesk technical specialists and its full portfolio of software. GM is already using Autodesk Fusion 360* for access to the generative design technology; Netfabb for lattice optimization and metal additive simulation, which helps prevent problems like heat distortion, shrinkage and crack propagation during 3D printing; as well as Alias, Recap Pro and Meshmixer.
“Generative design is the future of manufacturing, and GM is a pioneer in using it to lightweight their future vehicles,” said Scott Reese, Autodesk Senior Vice President for Manufacturing and Construction Products. “But the benefits for GM go well beyond lightweighting. What really separates generative design from past technologies is the ability to consolidate many parts into one and the ability to dramatically compress the product development process. Engineers get hundreds of ready-to-manufacture design options they could never come up with manually and it happens in a fraction of the time it would take to validate a single design the old way. GM can take advantage of those benefits right now for parts like the seat-bracket, and they are already looking to the longer-term potential to transform the consumer experience for their vehicles. ”
GM envisions a future where reducing vehicle weight and material not only saves gas and driver money, but can also extend electric car range and open up more interior space for passengers to enjoy. As GM notes in its press release, these new technologies can provide “vehicle designers a canvas on which to explore designs and shapes not seen today.”
“GM has an incredible history of innovation. Through our collaboration, we’re tapping into GM’s heritage and bringing new technologies into the mix to further invigorate that culture of innovation,” said Mike Grau, an Autodesk engineer who is working with the automotive engineering team in Warren, MI. “GM is taking a bold leap into the future. I can’t wait to see the incredible advances to their vehicles that is going to come out of our alliance.”
* Fusion 360 includes commercial availability of Autodesk’s generative design technology. Read the Sept. 6 blog post here.
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Have you ever wondered what part of a vegetable has the most fiber?
While most people like to eat broccoli florets due to their aesthetic appeal and remarkable resemblance to adorable miniature trees, the fiber in the stalks is not to be ignored.
In leafy, cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, the stalk often contains the most fiber, while the leaves have the honor of having the highest nutrient content like vitamins C, E, K, and calcium.
Broccoli is a fiber-rich vegetable that contains about 2.4 grams of fiber in a single cup, most of which are found in the stalk.
When it comes to getting your daily dose of vitamins and minerals, broccoli is one of the best veggies around.
Not only are the florets packed with nutrients, but the stalks are nutritious as well.
In fact, broccoli stalks are an excellent source of fiber, calcium, and vitamins A and C.
They also contain a compound called sulforaphane, which has been shown to have cancer-preventing properties.
When it comes to cooking broccoli, the florets get all the attention while the stalks are often discarded.
This is a shame because broccoli stalks are not only edible but also quite delicious!
They can be cooked in a variety of ways, including steaming, roasting, and stir-frying.
Broccoli stalks also happen to be a good source of fiber and vitamins A and C.
So next time you’re at the grocery store, be sure to pick up a few extra stalks of broccoli.
And here’s a tip for preparing them: remove the tough outer layer with a peeler before cooking.
With a little effort, you’ll be rewarded with tender and flavorful broccoli stalks that make a great addition to any meal.
Do Broccoli Florets Have Fiber?
Not only are broccoli florets aesthetically pleasing, but each broccoli floret contains a small amount of fiber, which reduces digestion time and helps to keep the digestive system healthy.
Moreover, the presence of fiber in broccoli helps to prevent constipation and other digestive problems.
Broccoli florets are the small, bush-shaped pieces of the broccoli plant.
While broccoli florets can be eaten raw or cooked, they are most commonly used in cooked dishes such as stir-fries, pasta salads, and quiches.
Broccoli florets are an excellent source of vitamins A, C, and K, and they also contain a good amount of fiber and protein.
Most people know that broccoli is a healthy vegetable.
But did you know that broccoli is also a good source of fiber?
Fiber is an important nutrient that helps to keep your digestive system functioning properly.
Most people know that fiber is good for you, but many don’t know exactly why.
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body can’t digest.
It passes through the body undigested and helps to add bulk to the stool.
This is important because it helps to keep the digestive system running smoothly.
Fiber also binds to toxins and cholesterol, helping to remove them from the body. In addition, fiber helps to regulate blood sugar levels and keeps you feeling full after eating.
Broccoli is a great way to get your daily dose of fiber. Just one cup of broccoli contains six grams of fiber, which is about 10 to 20% of the recommended daily intake for adults.
It also helps to regulate blood sugar levels and promote heart health.
Eating broccoli may help to improve heart health in several ways.
Broccoli can help to reduce cholesterol levels and lower the risk of heart disease.
Additionally, broccoli contains antioxidants that help to protect against damage caused by free radicals.
These substances can also help to reduce inflammation, which is a major contributor to heart disease.
Furthermore, broccoli is a good source of vitamins C and E, both of which are essential for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system.
By including broccoli in your diet, you can help to keep your heart healthy and reduce your risk of developing heart disease.
Does Cooked Broccoli Still Have Fiber?
Broccoli is a nutrient powerhouse that has numerous health benefits.
However, when broccoli is cooked, some of the nutrients can degrade, depending on the method of cooking.
This isn’t the case with fiber! Steamed broccoli has been found to contain even more fiber than raw broccoli.
You might not think of broccoli as a particularly fibrous vegetable, but cooked broccoli actually has quite a bit of fiber.
The amount of nutrients and minerals lost in the cooking process depends on the method of cooking.
Overcooking broccoli, especially when you overboil the vegetable, can result in losing many of the vitamins and cancer-fighting antioxidants.
Blanching, boiling, or microwaving broccoli submerged in water has been known to cause heat-sensitive antioxidants and nutrients such as vitamin C and folate to leech out of the vegetables and into the cooking water.
However, steaming appears to be the best way to preserve the nutrients and yet enjoy the softer, more palatable texture of cooked broccoli.
Cooking broccoli is not known to significantly reduce the amount of fiber found in the vegetable.
Instead, it changes its state to softer or tougher.
Fiber is an important part of a healthy diet, and it can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.
Foods that are high in fiber are beneficial because they help to prevent constipation and keep the digestive system running smoothly.
They can also help to regulate blood sugar levels and lower cholesterol.
A fiber-deficient diet can have a number of serious consequences.
Without enough fiber, the body is unable to properly digest food and absorb nutrients.
This can lead to a variety of health problems, including constipation, diarrhea, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
In addition, a lack of fiber can cause weight gain, as the body is unable to properly metabolize fat.
Fiber is also essential for maintaining a healthy heart.
Studies have shown that a diet low in fiber is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
Is Cooked Broccoli High In Fiber?
Broccoli is a cruciferous vegetable that is remarkably high in fiber content.
Cooking is not known to destroy the fiber content in broccoli, merely to change its state, often from tougher to softer.
However, cooking broccoli can break down and degrade the heat-sensitive nutrients found in broccoli such as vitamin C and folate.
The number of nutrients lost depends on the cooking methods.
Steaming broccoli is known as the best way to preserve the healthful nutrients found in broccoli while boiling broccoli in water is one of the worst.
Popular ways to cook broccoli are by roasting, grilling, stir-frying, boiling, and steaming.
Many people think that cooking broccoli is tricky and time-consuming, but that’s simply not the case!
In fact, steaming broccoli is quick, easy, and results in perfectly cooked florets that are vibrant green and packed with nutrients.
Best of all, steaming doesn’t require any special equipment – all you need is a pot, some water, and a sturdy vegetable steamer.
Here’s how to do it.
- Fill a pot with about an inch of water and bring it to a boil
- Meanwhile, wash the broccoli and cut it into bite-sized pieces
- Don’t just use the florets, use the stems as well!
- When the water is boiling, add the broccoli to a steamer and cover it with a lid.
- Let the broccoli steam for 3-5 minutes, or until it is tender but still crisp.
- Remove the lid and enjoy!
I’m Chris Watson & the Founder of EatForLonger.com. I’m a food and wellbeing enthusiast researching and sharing foodstuffs and simple food-based concepts, such as fasting and clean eating.
I hope it inspires you to make tiny changes to what you eat and when you eat while optimizing your healthspan and all-around well-being.
Read more About Me here.
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Dental Crowns in Alexandria,VA - Alexandria Smiles Dentistry
What are crowns and bridges?
Crowns slide over teeth, strengthening them and concealing cosmetic issues. They're made of a variety of durable materials, including porcelain, porcelain-fused-to-metal, nickel, gold, ceramic, and resin. Crowns must be tough because they're subjected to very strong forces when you bite.
Bridges consist of two crowns that anchor one or more false teeth, called pontics They're used to replace missing teeth. Bridges are usually made of porcelain or porcelain-fused-to-metal.
How can crowns and bridges help me?
A missing tooth not only affects your appearance but also makes it more difficult to bite and chew. If several teeth are missing on one side, it can be particularly hard to chew foods. Unfortunately, if you don't chew foods thoroughly before swallowing them, you can experience an upset stomach. When you receive your new bridge, you'll be able to enjoy your favorite foods again without a problem.
Crowns are very versatile restorations and are used for a variety of purposes, including:
- Strengthening Damaged or Weakened Teeth: Crowns provide stability to cracked or chipped teeth in danger of breaking and restore teeth that are already broken.
- Providing Stability After Dental Procedures: Large fillings and root canal therapy are very effective treatments used to treat and repair tooth decay or inflammation and infection, but they can weaken teeth and make them more likely to break if they're not protected with crowns.
- Correcting Cosmetic Issues: Crowns conceal discolorations and chips, lengthen short teeth and change the appearance of crooked or oddly shaped teeth.
How do I receive crowns and bridges?
Teeth that will receive crowns must be reduced in size in order to accommodate the crowns. After the teeth are reduced, an impression of your mouth is made. A dental laboratory uses the impression to create crowns or bridges that will fit your mouth perfectly. You'll leave your dentist's office with temporary crowns or bridges and will return two or three weeks later when your permanent restoration is ready.
How Long Do Dental Crowns Last?
Crowns are designed to be durable and withstand the everyday strains and pressure that we experience with natural teeth, like biting, chewing, and habits like teeth grinding during sleep. The lifespan of a crown will vary from person to person, but the general range is anywhere between 5 - 15 years. Some can last much longer, while others may need maintenance after just a few years.
Are you looking to restore your natural smile? Call our Alexandria, VA office (also serving Alexandria West, Shirlington, & Bailey's Crossroads, VA) at (703) 671-0626 for more info!
Porcelain Crowns & Veneers Dear Doctor magazine examines two innovative strategies for improving your smile. In many instances, these two restorative techniques can produce nearly identical aesthetic results, even though they are designed differently for handling different structural problems... Read Article
Value Of Quality Care Are all crowns created equal? And why are some crowns more expensive than others? Crown fabrication costs depend upon the materials used and the time needed to create them, among other factors. Dear Doctor magazine examines these variables... Read Article
Fixed vs. Removable Bridgework For those patients who have lost all their teeth, but have not lost significant bone, a fixed bridge (permanent non-removable teeth) may be the treatment of choice. For those who have severe bone loss, an implant-supported overdenture offers significant advantages... Read Article
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Quail lay eggs early and often. These little birds begin to lay down while the chicks can barely outgrow themselves, and can lie down 300 eggs annually. In the United States, and coturnix Quail is the most common type locally. This breed is also known as Japanese quail, biblical quail and the Nile quail. While quail are relatively easy to breed and raise for eggs or meat, check with your state’s Department of Environmental Protection or equivalent before purchasing a bird. In some states, quail are considered fowl and require special permits.
Quail reach sexual maturity and start laying eggs at only 6 or 7 weeks old. Males reach sexual maturity and may mate a week or more earlier. You can have sex with quails at about 3 weeks of age, when differences are visible in the plumage of males and females. Females grow larger than males, and the feathers under the throat and breast are white. The female’s feathers are also longer and stronger than those of the male quail.
While quails start at an early stage, they often peak while domestic poultry are just starting out. Quails are most fertile and productive between the ages of 2 and 8 months, when hens usually lay one egg per day. At 9 months and beyond, fertility declines, although the hen may continue to produce 200 eggs per year. For best results, keep one male with only one to three females.
Index with chickens
Normal pie It has been bred mostly from coturnix chickens. If you want to raise quail without using a brooder, slip fresh quail eggs under a bantam hen. If you go this route, remove the bantam eggs from the nest. The two species hatch at different times, and the variable size of the eggs leads to poor hatching rates for quails.
Incubating quail eggs
You can also incubate eggs. The incubation period until hatching for coturnix quail eggs is 17 days Although it ranges from 14 and 19 days. Store eggs for incubation, the largest at the end, at 55 degrees and approximately 70 percent humidity.
Incubate the eggs as soon as possible but certainly within one week of collection – after that, hatchability levels drop sharply. Incubators vary, so follow the directions provided by the manufacturer. Turn the eggs three times daily, 180 degrees each time, until the 14th day. At this point, stop turning it and wait for it to hatch. You can check fertility on days 7 to 10 with the LED light, looking for a dark appearance in silhouette, against a transparent appearance, which indicates a lack of fertilization.
Bob White Quail
If you want to up your bird game, consider the bobwhite quail. Check with your state’s department of wildlife regarding regulations for raising bobwhite quail in your area. Bubanetti quail chickens do not lay as many eggs as coturnix, averaging 150 to 200 eggs per year. In contrast to coturnix, bobwhite eggs take between 23 and 24 days to hatch.
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Hello students and my most respected teachers. I hope you all are doing great. Today the topic of my speech is Social Media.
Firstly let’s all understand that what is social media. With the use and development of technology, social media platforms came in our life. Internet speed has increased and its rates have come down. Unlike old times where birds were the messenger. Now with internet socializing has increased at a very higher level. Different websites are available where you can interact with people from all over the world. This is all known as social media. There are thousands of websites which connect you to other people.
Now, what are advantages of using social media? The world is now a global village. You can find your lost friend by searching on social networking sites. Technology has all made this very easy and simple for everyone. Now you just have to make an account and have to login. After that world is all yours. Economic growth of a country is increased by it. People have found many online jobs through this social media thing. Love lives have improved with social media. People get to know each other better. In short it has huge benefits. One cannot deny them. You cannot free yourself from using these social media accounts. Everyone use Facebook today. People can now relax in their spare time by using these applications. It’s like a blessing for these. If anyone is in a remote area it connects you with people. Family things are shared on social media and all members can see them.
On the other hand, social media has a long list of disadvantages. There has been now a very big communication gap between generations. Children don’t feel the need to talk to their parents. They remain quiet all day and use their phones. Family gatherings are boring for them. They tend to make themselves busy with their mobiles at home. They waste their nights and days by chatting with strangers. This is against the moral values. Children don’t study and whole days of theirs are being used in these social media applications. Pictures are involved in both these applications. Social apps have very disadvantages more than its benefits.
So parents should always keep a check on their children. It’s necessary to keep track of them. Otherwise, they may waste a lot of time.
So social media is a very big web. You can explore and check different places. One can talk and share their stuff with their friends. A specific friend circle is present on these social media applications. You can restrict your activities to a specific group of people. I hope you all liked my speech regarding this topic. Now I would like to end it with some special words that social media is a very powerful magnet. It attracts people towards it.
Have a great day.
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Meaningful Small Groups in Math, Grades K-5
Meeting All Learners’ Needs in Any Setting
Target the Math…Support the Students…Provide Access for All
Corwin Mathematics Series
Mathematics Methods | Primary Professional Studies
Target the Math…Support the Students…Provide Access for All
The need for focused small group math instruction has never been greater. Today’s education landscape continues to be fraught with learning divides, and unlike its reading counterpart, small group instruction in elementary classrooms has often been reduced to learning centers and rotation stations, without enough emphasis on differentiated, small-group, teacher facilitated learning. We need expanded ways of differentiating so we may fully support students who have remarkably varying levels of understanding and vastly different needs.
Meaningful Small Groups in Math, Grades K-5 offers practical guidance on how to meet the diverse needs of today’s students. Written for K-5 classroom teachers, math interventionists, and instructional coaches, this user-friendly, accessible book provides guidance on the necessary components of small group instruction in math, trajectories for small-group instruction on specific concepts, and practical steps for getting started. Readers will find
- Checklists and templates for implementing small group instruction, with sample lessons in the major content domains
- Emphasis on flexible groups that take into account students’ strengths and increase their math identity and self-efficacy
- Intervention and extension ideas for differentiating learning
- An appendix of tips for coaches and leaders to scale Math Small Groups across a school or organization.
To meet the needs of today’s students, a more focused, targeted, and equitable approach is needed. Meaningful Small Groups in Math is here to answer the call.
This comprehensive resource provides the what, why, and how for effectively implementing small group instruction to support every student! Part A provides excellent suggestions, clearly based in experience, and Part B pairs important content with small group lesson ideas. Such a great resource for ensuring students develop confidence and competence in mathematics!
In Meaningful Small Groups in Math: Meeting All Learners’ Needs in Any Setting, Kimberly Rimbey offers us detailed suggestions on how to get the most out of students working in small groups. These details cover everything from tasks to group size, from how to form the groups to where these groups, once formed, could work. We learn how to answer questions and prompt thinking, and we are provided with detailed lesson plans, planning templates, and resources across a wide range of K–5 mathematics topics. Kimberly Rimbey leaves no stone unturned. I highly recommend this book to any K–5 teacher who is starting to think about using group work as well as any teacher who wants to reexamine and revitalize their use of group work in the classroom.
Mathematics is a beautiful, human enterprise and all humans should be given the opportunity to properly experience its wonder and awe, even our society's youngest of humans. We want our students to know, and always believe, that they are genuinely invited to mathematics. Dr. Rimbey's resource shows how.
We all know that active engagement—thinking, talking, collaborating, and figuring out—is the key to learning. We also know that small group, teacher-facilitated work is one way to generate this active engagement. But it’s not easy. That’s where Dr. Rimbey’s wonderfully practical and informative book Meaningful Small Groups in Math becomes a powerful resource. With a clear and punchy style—and a slew of examples and models—it’s like Kim was your friend and coach talking with you over coffee about what to do, why to do it, and how to do it when it comes to shifting math instruction for the better for all of our students.
As teachers move away from whole class instruction, they are often challenged by exactly what a small group lesson should look like and how to go about planning one. The sample lessons in this book follow math content trajectories across grade levels, with formative assessment ideas to help teachers form their groups. The Explore Before Explain (Eb4E) approach used in the lessons allows students to actively participate in concept development, with the teacher serving as a facilitator. This is a book that should be on your bookshelf!
Small group instruction is such an important part of the learning cycle. Dr. Rimbey breaks down why and then shows teachers, in plain language, how to set up and successfully run teacher-facilitated small groups. She pays extra attention to how different types of groups are used for different instructional purposes and supports teachers in judiciously matching a type of group with a learning need. As if that weren’t enough, Dr. Rimbey then breaks down the essential pieces of different elementary mathematics topics and then uses those pieces to show how a particular small grouping strategy elevates that content and makes it more accessible to all students. This book is a must-read for any elementary mathematics teacher or leader.
Rimbey raises the use of small groups to an art form. Small groups are the mainstay of much of mathematics instruction in the form of collaborative and cooperative groups, yet understanding how to organize and facilitate small groups is not always a part of teacher preparation programs or professional learning experiences. How can we better make these opportunities an ideal way to foster student thinking and reasoning, the sharing of ideas in safe spaces, and the inquiry-oriented approach we prize? Meaningful Small Groups in Math guides you through this common configuration. With the wisdom and insight Rimbey gleaned from years of experience, you will find what you need to effectively use small groups. Dig in to find practical approaches, routines, content examples, and ways to make each and every child’s voice prominent as they engage in productive ways to showcase their strengths.
With Meaningful Small Groups in Math, Dr. Rimbey offers K–5 teachers a versatile approach to teaching small group lessons in a variety of instructional structures. Her approach is practical, clearly described, and focused on effectively building upon students’ mathematical strengths with well-planned lessons. As a valuable resource for teachers who want to “let math take the lead,” Rimbey includes a Math Small Group Standards Trajectory Document that clearly maps out the interrelatedness of the standards in each domain—something I wish had been available when I was teaching. While the first part of the book provides guidance on how to get started with math small group lessons, the second part of the book delves into how to create and teach rigorous, engaging lessons with sample plans. Both beginning and experienced teachers will find this book to be an invaluable guide for teaching math using small group lessons, which to me is an essential instructional strategy for supporting the needs of all students.
This book offers a wealth of tips, strategies, and resources for designing effective and engaging small group instruction. You will find the answer to any question you can imagine including how small group instruction benefits students, ways to design small group lessons, thoughts on session duration, discussions of group membership, and even ideas for setting up the classroom to maximize small group instruction. The planning ideas related to some critical K–5 math topics (like counting and cardinality, base-ten addition/subtraction and multiplication/ division, and varied fraction and decimal skills) are an added benefit. This is a valuable resource for any teacher interested in beginning, or enhancing, small group instruction in their K–5 classrooms!
Facilitating small group instruction in our math classrooms can be one of the most challenging goals we set out to accomplish each year, but where do we begin? From the size and type of group to what is happening in small groups, and when it’s happening, it can all be overwhelming. Meaningful Small Groups in Math thoughtfully unpacks the smaller nuances and questions surrounding small groups and offers the tools teachers need to meet the needs of the students they support.
Sample Materials & Chapters
Chapter 1. Making the Case for Math Small Groups
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Horse racing is a beloved pastime for many Americans, with millions of people heading to the track each year to enjoy the excitement, camaraderie, and of course, the betting. But what state has the most horse racing? This article will explore the answer to this question, as well as providing an overview of the history of horse racing in the United States.
History of Horse Racing in the United States
Horse racing has a long and rich history in the United States, with the first recorded race taking place in 1665 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the centuries, horse racing has evolved from a pastime of the wealthy to a sport enjoyed by people of all socio-economic backgrounds. Today, it is one of the most popular forms of gambling in the country.
Types of Horse Racing
Horse racing comes in a variety of forms, including flat racing, harness racing, and steeplechasing. Flat racing is the most popular form of horse racing in the US and involves horses racing around a track of varying distances, typically a mile or less. Harness racing involves horses pulling a two-wheeled cart called a sulky and is most popular in the Midwest and East Coast. Steeplechasing is a form of racing that involves horses jumping fences and other obstacles and is usually run on turf courses.
The Most Popular Horse Racing Tracks
The most popular horse racing tracks in the United States are the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes, which together form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred racing. The Kentucky Derby is the oldest and most prestigious horse race in the US, with the first running taking place in 1875. The Preakness Stakes is the second leg of the Triple Crown and is held annually in Baltimore, Maryland. The Belmont Stakes is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held in Elmont, New York.
States with the Most Horse Racing Tracks
When it comes to the number of horse racing tracks located in a state, California, Florida, and New York top the list. California has the most horse racing tracks in the US, with a total of 29 tracks located throughout the state. Florida is second with 18 tracks, while New York is third with 17. Other states with notable numbers of horse racing tracks include Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas.
Legal Status of Horse Racing in the United States
Horse racing is legal in all 50 states, although the extent to which it is regulated varies from state to state. Most states allow for pari-mutuel betting, which is a form of wagering in which all bets are pooled together and the winners share the total amount. In some states, such as Kentucky and Florida, horse racing is regulated by state-run entities such as the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission and the Florida Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering.
Economic Impact of Horse Racing
Horse racing has a significant economic impact in the United States, generating billions of dollars in revenue each year. It is estimated that the industry employs over 400,000 people, with many of them working at the racetracks themselves. Horse racing also has a large ripple effect on the local and state economies, with many communities benefitting from increased tourism and jobs related to the industry.
How Technology Has Changed Horse Racing
Technology has had a major impact on horse racing, with tracks now utilizing electronic timing systems and video surveillance to ensure the accuracy of races. Technology has also enabled the use of instant replays, which allow for more accurate and reliable race results. Additionally, technology has enabled the use of simulcast wagering, which allows bettors to place bets on races at tracks across the country.
While horse racing is legal in all 50 states, the number of tracks and the amount of racing varies from state to state. California, Florida, and New York have the most horse racing tracks in the US, with 29, 18, and 17 respectively. Horse racing is a multi-billion dollar industry in the US, and is estimated to employ over 400,000 people. Technology has also had a major impact on the industry, with the use of electronic timing systems, video surveillance, and simulcast wagering becoming increasingly common.
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Rate analysis for earth excavation establishes the rate of labor and equipment required to excavate a site. Unlike other rate analysis works, the rate analysis of earth excavation does not undertake any material analysis. Manual or machine excavation method or ...
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Analysis of Rates for Civil Engineering Works
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Click here to learn about NIC's Orange Shirt Day 2021 and the National Day of Truth and Reconciliation
At NIC recognize that as an educational institution we have a responsibility to honour, respect, and support Indigenous cultures and identities as we move towards a future of reconciliation and hope.
In recognition of Orange Shirt Day, we are honouring the voices of Indigenous members of the NIC community and highlighting ways in which non-Indigenous members of the NIC community also work to celebrate and support Indigenous cultures and identities. Whether it is in student services, program initiatives or partnerships with various Indigenous communities, we are working to make education accessible, respectful and welcoming to Indigenous peoples.
“Today is a day to honour and remember residential school survivors and their families. We must also remember those children that never made it and are no long with us. Today is a day for survivors to tell their stories and for us to listen with open hearts.” - Phyllis Webstad.
Join the conversation
Share your voice about the importance of honouring residential school survivors and celebrating Indigenous voices, cultures and identities.
The NIC Orange Shirt Day profile frames are available on Facebook.
Instagram frames: story frame | post frame.
Listen to Survivors' Stories
Phyllis Webstad- Orange Shirt Day Presentation
Eddy Charlie shares. Eddy is a residential school survivor who started Victoria Orange Shirt Day. Watch his video.
Virtual Events and Videos
Free Orange Shirt Day Online Classroom (Exploring the New Orange Shirt Day Book)
Xe Xe Smun’eem, Victoria Orange Shirt Day | Xe Xe Smun’eem (Sacred Children) Victoria Orange Shirt Day Video
Orange Shirt Day Story with Phyllis Webstad Hosted by UBC
History of Orange Shirt Day
The History of Orange Shirt Day
How Orange Shirt Came to Be
Resources for Survivors
NIC Counselling - counselling and support resources for NIC students
Healing and wellness resources from the Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre
NIC Library & Learning Commons Library Guide
NIC Initiatives & Stories
NIC gifted Kwak'wala name Mixalakwila for Port Hardy campus
Centre for Applied Research, Technology & Innovation (CARTI)
Metal Jewellery Design
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PetPartners, Inc. is an indirect corporate affiliate of PetPlace.com. PetPlace may be compensated when you click on or make a purchase using the links in this article.
Overview of Canine Limping (Lameness)
Canine lameness, or limping, can be caused by any underlying reason for a dog to have pain. Any decrease in an animal’s ability to bear weight on a limb or a decrease in the normal mobility and function of a limb can be considered lameness. Lameness can be extremely subtle or profound, affecting one limb or several limbs. It can be intermittent or constant, worse in the morning, worse at night, worse after rest, worse after or during exercise.
There is no breed, age or sex predeliction for lameness. Lameness may be associated with a traumatic event, such as being hit by a car, or it may develop gradually, as in a bone tumor in an affected leg. The underlying cause of a lameness may be life threatening or it may be detrimental to a good quality of life such as debilitating and painful hip dysplasia and its associated arthritis.
What to Watch For
Diagnosis of Lameness in Dogs
Treatment of Lameness in Dogs
Following a surgical procedure you will need to enforce a period of rest and restriction. This may not prove too difficult at first; however, in the case of many healing fractures, it will need to last at least six weeks, and your pet may not want to be restricted.
Some lameness problems may be treated with a cast, splint or soft-padded bandage. This will need to be kept clean and dry and, where appropriate, the toes at the bottom of the bandage should be checked daily for swelling, sweating or pain.
Follow your veterinarian’s instructions carefully with regard to medications such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, and there may be a need for follow-up x-rays or a follow-up visit with your vet. If the lameness is resolving, gradually re-introduce exercise over a period of several weeks.
Lameness problems arise during normal everyday activity. Severe injuries such as falling from a height or being hit by a car can be avoided by good containment of your pet and appropriate use of a leash.
Certain lameness problems may be associated with certain breeds e.g. hip dysplasia, patella luxation, elbow dysplasia. Choosing your dog carefully, checking the parents and having regular veterinary check-ups can go a long way to reducing many risks for lameness.
In-depth Information on Lameness in Dogs
Sudden causes of lameness are generally more easy to define. If your dog was completely normal before taking exercise and suddenly comes up lame, obviously something happened that created a gait abnormality. Trauma of some type is most likely, although this can be extremely variable.
In all of these examples, the pet has gone from normal to abnormal within a short period of time, but this does not necessarily mean that defining the lameness is always easy. In some cases it is possible to hone in on the correct area, for example the knee, and from there, try to define the problem more accurately.
Sometimes dogs will develop sudden onset lameness when the underlying problem has actually been around for some time. A dog with a low grade, partially torn cruciate ligament may suddenly progress to a full blown tear, but there can be chronic arthritis and soft tissue thickening of the joint suggestive of a more long standing problem. Some pets with bone tumors of the limbs can suddenly develop a severe lameness associated with a fracture of a bone at the site of the tumor. These fractures are often associated with more minor trauma, such as slipping on a kitchen floor, an incident that would not normally be thought of as causing a broken bone.
Sudden onset lameness may be the initial presentation associated with a variety of spinal disorders. Extruded disk material in the neck region can causes a profound, single front leg lameness, a so-called root signature, as can disk problems in the lumbo-sacral region of the spine. Disk disease and fibrocartilaginous emboli (FCE) can produce rapid onset weakness and clumsiness that can be misinterpreted as lameness.
Many lameness problems are noted in young and growing animals. These problems often improve with rest and get worse during exercise, such as elbow dysplasia. They start out as low grade and become progressively more severe over a period of a few weeks.
Overt lameness of one or more legs may not be what an owner initially notices. It may be a reluctance to go up or down stairs, not eager to exercise, or just not acting as lively and bouncy as one might expect for a puppy. This often occurs in hip dysplasia in dogs, causing gait abnormality rather than causing specific limb lameness.
Some owners may pick up on subtle gait abnormalities, such as swinging a limb rather than flexing specific joints. Agility, endurance and working dogs may present with more mild and challenging sports injuries that affect performance but produce only minor problems in one or more limb.
Sometimes lameness due to an orthopedic disorder can be misinterpreted as a neurological disease. Dogs with cruciate injuries to both stifles can find it extremely difficult to walk and when they do can appear to be weak and clumsy on their back legs, similar to dogs with disk disease.
Careful history taking can be crucial in the diagnosis of many types of lameness. After noting your pets age, sex and breed and asking about general health issues, questions specific to the lameness may include:
a) How long has the problem been going on?
b) Is it getting better or worse?
c) Is it worse in the morning, worse at night, worse after rest, worse after exercise?
d) Does it wax and wane or remain constant?
e) Does your dog cry in pain?
f) Has it responded to any treatment?
Following a general physical examination your pet will be observed as he/she sits/stands in the examination room. For dogs it is common to observe walking and trotting. Sometimes owners find it helpful to bring along home videos of their pet’s gait, particularly if the problem appears to come and go.
Orthopedic evaluation usually concentrates on examination of all four limbs, palpating the bones, muscles and joints for pain, swellings and decreased or abnormal ranges of motion. Your veterinarian may also focus on specific areas to look for certain causes of lameness in areas like the hip (hip dyplasia – Ortolani maneuver), elbow (elbow dysplasia) and stifle (cruciate disease – cranial drawer sign).
Your veterinarian will also manipulate the neck and palpate the spine along its length. If neurological disease is suspected a more detailed neurological examination will be necessary.
If an abnormality of bone or joint is detected on the examination, radiographs of that region may be taken. Radiographs are not always necessary, however, although they can be helpful to confirm a suspected diagnosis, to discover the exact diagnosis (say there is elbow pain but the exact cause could be one of several different problems with different treatment plans) or to give an owner a more accurate prognosis.
Sometimes, with more subtle problems, it is necessary to radiograph the opposite normal limb for the purposes of comparison. Radiographs may lead to a suspicion of a certain problem, but not definitive confirmation. In some cases, further x-rays of the same site, taken in another 4 to 6 weeks may be suggested, to see if the area of interest has changed or the lesion progressed after that time.
Radiographs may also suggest that other diagnostic tests are appropriate such as a biopsy or a joint tap. A joint tap involves the insertion of a sterile needle into a joint, with your pet either sedated or anesthetized. The fluid is evaluated to define the type of pathology present in the joint.
In certain challenging lameness cases, CT scans or MRI can be helpful, such as in the diagnosis of a subtle cruciate injury in the knee. Alternatively, arthroscopy, that is visualization of the inside of the joint using a small camera inserted into the joint, can be minimally invasive and allow diagnosis of certain joint diseases. This is a less invasive alternative to surgically opening the joint, and obviously there is less discomfort associated with arthroscopy.
Where neurological disease is suspected, specific diagnostic tests may include myelography, CT scan, MRI, and spinal taps.
On occasion, injection of a water-soluble dye into a joint, a procedure called arthrography, can be helpful to define the extent and shape of a joint. Problems of the biceps tendon that runs through a sheath in the shoulder joint can be demonstrated, in some cases, using this technique.
Use of bone scans has limited applications in the diagnosis of small animal lameness.
Most lameness problems do not produce a specific change that can be detected with routine blood work. However blood samples may be obtained where infectious or auto-immune causes are suspected, and in cases where an animal will undergo general anesthesia for surgical correction of the lameness.
If conservative management, that is rest and the use of ant-inflammatory medications, is suggested, then it is imperative to adhere to the recommendations made by your vet. Many cases of lameness are caused by soft tissue injuries, like pulled muscles, ligament and tendon sprains and strains, and in most cases will not require specific diagnosis or treatment. But most dogs will not limit their own exercise for a sufficient period of time to allow proper healing to occur. Exercising too fast and too hard after an inadequate period of rest can re-injure or exacerbate the problem.
Sometimes the conservative treatment approach is used as a test of the severity of the problem. If after a period of restriction the lameness has not improved, your vet will have to believe that his/her suspicions of a minor cause were not correct.
There are obviously a multitude of levels of surgical intervention dependent on the underlying cause of the lameness, the number of limbs involved and concurrent problems. For more minor procedures, like removal of a plantar wart on a foot pad, a dog may be discharged the same day. In the case of multiple pelvic fractures, which may take many hours of anesthesia and surgical time to repair, a dog may be severely debilitated, needing intensive supportive care, intravenous fluids, intravenous or transdermal narcotics for alleviation of pain and indwelling urinary catheter. Such patients will require around the clock nursing care until they reach a point in their recovery at which their management can be performed at home.
Dogs are marvelously resilient and durable creatures. Despite receiving highly invasive treatment options, such as a total hip replacement, or a plate and screw fixation of a femur fracture, dogs can be up and around the day after such surgeries, in many cases using the surgical leg almost 100 percent.
In cases where a lameness is caused by a bone tumor, necessitating an amputation, almost all dogs are up and around the next day, invariably with a much improved attitude, because they are no longer carrying the painful tumor on the lame leg.
Restriction often lasts for four to six weeks and requires, in most cases, confinement to a single room, restriction from going up or down stairs, avoiding slippery surfaces such as tile, hardwood floors or linoleum, and leash walking for bathroom trips only. In some instances your vet may recommend cage or crate rest, which means the “single room” is replaced by a cage or crate, depending on the size of your pet. If this kind of restriction promises to prove difficult, then this problem should be discussed with your vet so that alternative treatment options may be adopted
Following many types of limb surgery, a soft-padded bandage may be placed on the leg to offer comfort, reduce some of the normal postoperative swelling, and provide some support. Because it is not possible to observe the surgical incision for any problems, it is imperative to check the toes on a daily basis for swelling, excessive heat or pain. If your pet is persistently trying to chew the bandage and is not behaving normally in any other respect, a bandage change might be helpful to evaluate the surgical site. Similar care would apply if a limb was in a splint or cast.
Follow-up Care for Dogs with Lameness
If your dog has a visible incision it should be checked daily for swelling, redness or discharge. Stitches or staples will need to be removed in 10-14 days following surgery.
Some dogs just do not tolerate a bandage very well, despite the absence of complications at the surgical site. Elizabethan collars can be helpful in most instances, but in some cases the bandage should be removed if it becomes more trouble than it is worth.
In some instances, passive range of motion, particularly after certain surgical procedures like FHO, will be demonstrated at the time of discharge in order to maximize postoperative range of motion in a joint.
Follow-up visits with your vet will be important to re-evaluate the lameness or to assess the healing from surgical intervention. Further radiographs may be indicated at this time.
Return to normal use of a limb after surgery should be done slowly and gradually. Start with five minutes of leash walk, twice a day for a week, building up to ten minutes twice a day for a week and so on. Don’t be in a hurry. Start to introduce stairs and short periods off leash slowly.
When lameness is due to a fracture, most fractures occur secondary to severe traumatic events and can therefore be prevented by keeping your dog on a leash. Spaying or neutering your pet will reduce the tendency to wander that can lead to trauma and fractures. Careful containment with fencing can also be helpful.
Sometimes lameness is secondary to nutritional problems. Dogs should be fed a carefully balanced diet to ensure a strong and healthy skeleton. In the case of “homemade recipes,” consult with your veterinarian so that vital minerals and vitamins for good bone development and maintenance are adequately provided.
Monitor your puppy‘s growth, checking on limb length and straightness. If any bowing or abnormal curvature seems to be developing, consult with your veterinarian.
The number one nutritional disorder in small animals is obesity, a problem that can lead to, and exacerbate many causes of frontleg and hindleg lameness. Be sure to avoid obesity in your pet.
When selecting a pedigree dog, ask the breeder about the OFA hip scores, elbow dysplasia and PennHIP scores for the dam and sire, if they are available.
Finally, consult with your veterinarian at the earliest sign of a sudden onset of limb lameness.
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Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon
On May 25, 1553–not May 21, as is often reported–a triple wedding took place at Durham Place, the Duke of Northumberland’s London house. The couples were Guildford Dudley and Jane Grey, Henry Herbert and Katherine Grey, and Henry Hastings and Katherine Dudley. (Note the profusion of Henrys and Katherines and pause for a moment of sympathy for the historical novelist.) Guildford was the son of the Duke of Northumberland, John Dudley; Jane was the daughter of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk. Henry Herbert was the heir of William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke; Katherine was the Duke of Suffolk’s second daughter. Henry Hastings was the heir of Francis Hastings, the Earl of Huntingdon; Katherine Dudley was Northumberland’s youngest surviving daughter.
The wedding preparations had been underway since at least April 24, 1553, when the master of the king’s wardrobe was ordered to provide parcels of tissues and cloth of gold and silver to the couples, as well as to Frances, Duchess of Suffolk (Jane and Katherine Grey’s mother) and to Jane, Duchess of Northumberland (Guildford and Katherine Dudley’s mother). Also on the list was Elizabeth Parr (née Brooke), the Marchioness of Northampton. Her husband, William Parr, the Marquess of Northampton, was the brother of the late queen, Katherine Parr. As Eric Ives has pointed out, William Cecil credited the marchioness with promoting the match between Guildford and Jane, and her presence on the list of those receiving apparel suggests that Cecil was correct.
In the eerie sort of recycling that was typical of the era, much of the apparel came from the forfeited goods of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who had been executed in 1551, and his widow Anne, Duchess of Somerset, who was a prisoner in the Tower. A few months later, when Mary I took the throne, the Duchess of Somerset would be among those allowed to pick from Northumberland’s own forfeited goods.
With the couples properly dressed, the next step was the entertainment. This Northumberland provided for on May 20, 1553, when he wrote a letter to Sir Thomas Cawarden, Master of the Revels. Northumberland asked Cawarden to arrange two masques, one of men and one of women, for the wedding, which was to take place “Thursday next,” i.e., May 25, 1553. With his usual attention to detail, the duke specified that the costumes be “rich” and “seldom used.”
Edward VI, who was seriously ill, did not attend the wedding, nor is there any indication that his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, were present. The imperial ambassador, Jehan Scheyfve, who described the nuptials as being celebrated with “great magnificence and feasting,” wrote that René de Laval de Boisdauphin, the outgoing French ambassador, was present on both days of the two-day festivities. Claude de L’Aubespine, secretary to the French king, was present on the second day, as was the Venetian ambassador. Giovanni Commendone wrote that the guests included “large number of the common people and the most principal of the Realm.”
Stephen Perlin, a Frenchman, was visiting England at the time of the wedding and later recalled his travels there. (Patriotically, he praised London as “one of the most beautiful, largest and richest places in the whole world”—”after Paris.”) Describing the wedding between the children of the Dukes of Northumberland and Suffolk as a “great festival,” he added with the benefit of several years’ hindsight, “Who would have thought that fortune would have turned her robe, and exercised her fury upon these two great lords?”
The members of the wedding party were indeed the victims of fortune’s fury. In a few months, the absent king and the Duke of Northumberland would be dead; by the following year, the Duke of Suffolk, Jane Grey, and Guildford Dudley would follow them to the grave. The marriage of Henry Herbert and Katherine Grey would be hastily annulled, and the match-making Marchioness of Northampton would be deprived of a husband by the government of Mary I, which forced the Marquess of Northampton to return to his previous wife, Anne Bouchier, whom he had divorced. (William Parr would be allowed to return to Elizabeth Brooke during Elizabeth I’s reign.)
One of the three couples who wed on May 25, however, kept both their heads and their marriage: Henry Hastings and Katherine Dudley. Though Katherine Dudley, who was probably still a child when she married Henry Hastings, was worthless as a bride after her father was executed on August 22, 1553, the Hastings family seems to have made no attempt to dissolve the marriage. Hastings succeeded to his father’s earldom in 1560. He and his countess, Katherine, were childless, but took charge of a number of young people during their forty-two-year marriage, which ended only with the earl’s death in 1595. Queen Elizabeth herself went to the bereaved countess to comfort her, but Katherine’s grief was such that one observer wrote that “my lady continueth in such sorrow and heaviness as greater cannot be in any creature living, certainly it is such that except the Lord in short time work some alteration, I fear it will endanger her life.” Evidently the Lord did work an alteration, for Katherine lived another twenty-five years, dying in James I’s reign in 1620.
Calendar of State Papers, Spanish.
Claire Cross, The Puritan Earl. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966.
Francis Grose et al., The Antiquarian Repertory, Vol. IV. London: Edward Jeffery, 1809.
Eric Ives, Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Diarmaid Macculloch, ed. and trans., The Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae of Robert Wingfield of Brantham. Camden Miscellany, Camden Fourth Series, Vol. 29, 1984.
C. V. Malfatti, trans. and pub., The Accession, Coronation, and Marriage of Mary Tudor as Related in Four Manuscripts of the Escorial. Barcelona, 1956.
7 thoughts on “A Triple Wedding at Durham Place: May 1553”
Henry of Huntingdon served as Lord President of the Council of the North for a quarter of a century. As the son of Catherine Pole, he was also the senior “Yorkist” claimant and may have succeeded had Elizabeth succumbed to smallpox in 1562.
Yes, very true! Interesting that he didn’t take after his Catholic great-uncle, Reginald Pole.
Quite apart from the fact that Margaret Pole and her descendants were barred from the throne by attainder Mary Queen of Scots who had been laying claim to the English throne since the death of Mary Tudor was the more favoured candidate particuarly by English Catholics who regarded her as their legitimate monarch.
What a great event – I don’t remember ever reading about a triple wedding before! Bet they looked spectacular!
Yes–it’s a shame no one sketched everyone!
There’s nothing like a story like this to make me grateful to be born post 1900. These poor people! I’m lifted though at least by the last story of the long and happy marriage of the countess and her husband. Living happily would have been a rarity! I think these poor people went through life only surviving through their enduring faith that heaven awaited if they only lived by the rules and never questioned.
Hi, Tania! It is good to know that one couple here had a happy ending.
Comments are closed.
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High density materials for supercapacitor electrodes can be obtained by one-step pyrolysis of biopolymers extracted from seaweeds or of seaweeds themselves. Seaweed-based materials have high capacitance values due to their high oxygen content. However, their low conductivity and poorly developed specific surface area means there is still room for improvement.
François Béguin and co-workers, CNRS-University, France, have investigated the use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as nanotexturing agents. They use a CNT/seaweed blend, which undergoes pyrolysis to produce a nanocomposite that combines the high capacitance of seaweed with the high conductivity of nanotubes.
As a consequence, at 10 s discharge time, the volumetric energy density extracted from a supercapacitor was 1.6 times higher for the composite containing 10 wt % CNTs than for seaweed-based carbon.
Image: (c) Wiley-VCH
- Carbon Nanotubes as Nanotexturing Agents for High Power Supercapacitors Based on Seaweed Carbons
E. Raymundo-Piñero, M. Cadek, M. Wachtler, F. Béguin,
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Django Web Development Books
Django for Beginners: Build websites with Python and Django
Django for Beginners is a project-based introduction to Django, the popular Python-based web framework. Suitable for total beginners who have never built a website before as well as professional programmers looking for a fast-paced guide to modern web development and Django fundamentals.
In the book you’ll learn how to:
- Build 5 websites from scratch, including a Blog and Newspaper
- Deploy online using security best practices
- Customize the look and feel of your sites
- Write tests and run them for all your code
- Integrate user authentication, email, and custom user models
- Add permissions and authorizations to make your app more secure
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1: Initial Set Up
- Chapter 2: Hello World App
- Chapter 3: Pages App
- Chapter 4: Messsage Board App
- Chapter 5: Blog App
- Chapter 6: Forms
- Chapter 7: User Accounts
- Chapter 8: Custom User Model
- Chapter 9: User Authentication
- Chapter 10: Bootstrap
- Chapter 11: Password Change and Reset
- Chapter 12: Email
- Chapter 13: Newspaper App
- Chapter 14: Permissions and Authorization
- Chapter 15: Comments
- Chapter 16: Deployment
Boost Your Django DX
During my years working with Django, I’ve picked up many tools and techniques to boost my Developer Experience, or DX. This book covers as many of these as possible, so you can learn them too!
The book contains 12 chapters.
Below is a brief summary of the contents - for a complete breakdown see the release post.
- OriginOpening notes, a description of the included examples, acknowledgements, changelog.
- DocumentationTools to get you to the right documentation, quicker. Covers DevDocs, DuckDuckGo, Bonus Django Documentation Sites, Wget, and some miscellaneous tips.
- Virtual Environments and DependenciesManage environments, and the dependencies within, correctly and easily. Covers venv, virtualenv, pip-tools, pip-lock, recommended practices for dependency management, and Python’s development mode.
- Python ShellEnhance your Python command line experience. Covers IPython and django-read-only.
- Development ServerMake Django’s
runserverbetter. Covers django-debug-toolbar, Watchman, django-browser-reload, and Rich.
- Code Quality ToolsThe key tools to improve your code quality. Covers EditorConfig, pre-commit, Black, isort, and Flake8.
- Further Code Quality ToolsMany extra tools useful for Django development. Covers pyupgrade, django-upgrade, pre-commit-hooks, reorder_python_imports, curlylint, DjHTML, Mypy (barely!), Prettier, ESLint, and Shellcheck.
- Build Your Own ToolsHow to make your own code quality tools. Covers pre-commit’s virtual languages, how to write and test a Flake8 plugin, and how to write a pre-commit-compatible command line tool.
- SettingsTips and patterns for managing Django’s settings file. Covers structuring your settings, a template, some patterns to avoid, and testing settings files.
- Models and MigrationsTips and tools for managing your data. Covers writing a management command to seed your development database, generating data with Factory Boy, migration safeguard practices, and django-linear-migrations.
- System ChecksMake the most of Django’s built-in runtime code quality framework. Covers how system checks work, how to write and test your own checks, and django-version-checks.
- TerminusClosing notes with links to further reading, including many things that didn't make it into the book.
Django for APIs: Build web APIs with Python and Django
Django for APIs is a project-based guide to building modern web APIs with Django & Django REST Framework. It is suitable for beginners who have never built an API before as well as professional programmers looking for a fast-paced introduction to Django fundamentals and best practices.
Over the course of 200+ pages you'll learn how to set up a new project properly, how web APIs work under the hood, and advanced testing and deployment techniques. Three separate projects are built from scratch with progressively more advanced features including a Library API, Todo API, and Blog API. User authentication, permissions, documentation, viewsets, and routers are all covered thoroughly.
Django for APIs is a best-practices guide to building powerful Python-based web APIs with a minimal amount of code.
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1: Initial Set Up
- Chapter 2: Web APIs
- Chapter 3: Library Website
- Chapter 4: Library API
- Chapter 5: Todo API
- Chapter 6: Blog API
- Chapter 7: Permissions
- Chapter 8: User Authentication
- Chapter 9: Viewsets and Routers
- Chapter 10: Schemas and Documentation
- Chapter 11: Production Deployment
Speed Up Your Django Tests
At the start of March I started writing a blog post called “How to Speed Up Your Django Tests”. Before I knew it, the outline alone was 4,000 words! I realized writing it up would be a major undertaking. As lockdown arrived, I found the time to write it all up.
So, I’m delighted to announce my new book, coming May 18…
Speed Up Your Django Tests!
It’s a practical guide to making your Django project’s tests faster. It has many tips and tricks that apply to all projects, big and small. And it covers the two most popular test runners: Django’s test framework and pytest.
Reducing test run time is the easiest and safest way to increase your speed of delivery. And it’s an organic way of increasing team happiness!
The content is based on my 8 years of experience with tests on Django projects. I’ve sped up many projects’ test suites, improved Django’s own testing framework, and created several pytest plugins.
It contains 13 chapters:
- Introduction - Opening notes, how to use the book.
- Toolbox - A tour of the various tools you can use to change how your tests run.
- Measure! - The importance of profiling, with walkthroughs using two different profilers on a test suite.
- Easy Wins - 11 things you can do in 5 minutes to speed up your test suite.
- Upgrades - The importance of upgrades, and some how-to guidance to get them done easily.
- Parallelize - How to use test suite parallelization to boost your tests.
- Migrations - Reduce the overhead of building your test database.
- Database Configuration - Tweak your database’s configuration to get more speed.
- CI Configuration - And tweak your CI configuration to boost test speed too.
- Test Structure - Notes on the best structure for fast, accurate tests, and ways you can restructure.
- Test Data - The best strategies for creating data in your tests.
- Targeted Mocking - A guide to mocking, and the best libraries for mocking out specific things such as HTTP requests and time.
- Outroduction - Closing notes with extra links.
Two Scoops of Django 3.x: Best Practices for the Django Web Framework
540+ pages, 519 while in Alpha
Once again, we're releasing a book chock-full of material that will help you with your Django projects!
In Two Scoops of Django we introduce you to various tips, tricks, patterns, code snippets, and techniques that we’ve picked up over the years. This book is an update and expansion of previous editions:
- Updated for Django 3.x (which will be maintained by the Django core team until at least April 2024!)
- Updated to match changes in the Django ecosystem, with corrections and clarifications added thanks to the feedback of our readers and technical reviewers.
- Updated for Python 3.8 and/or 3.9
- Revised material on nearly every topic within the book.
- New material on GraphQL, Django REST Framework, security, forms, models, and more.
Two Scoops of Django 3.x: Best Practices for the Django Web Framework is available in PDF now, possibly Kindle, ePub, and print formats later.
A Wedge of Django: Covers Python 3.8 and Django 3.x
A Wedge of Djangois a guided walkthrough tutorial where we build a real, production-quality Django web application from the ground up.
Originally a large part of our corporate training materials, this tutorial was once only available to companies paying $3000 a seat for in-person training. The contents of this book are professional-grade and have been used by real software companies to get their engineers up and running fast with Python 3.8 and Django 3.x development.
This book is designed to build solid foundations for any developer looking to get proficient with Django fast.
Django for Professionals: Production websites with Python and Django
Django for Professionals takes your web development skills to the next level, teaching you how to build production-ready websites with Python and Django.
Once you have learned the basics of Django there is a massive gap between building simple "toy apps" and what it takes to build a "production-ready" web application suitable for deployment to thousands or even millions of users.
In the book you’ll learn how to:
- Build a Bookstore website from scratch
- Use Docker and PostgreSQL locally to mimic production settings
- Implement advanced user registration with email
- Write comprehensive tests
- Adopt advanced security and performance improvements
- Add search and file/image uploads
If you want to take advantage of all that Django has to offer, Django for Professionals is a comprehensive best practices guide to building and deploying modern websites.
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1: Docker
- Chapter 2: PostgreSQL
- Chapter 3: Bookstore Project
- Chapter 4: Pages App
- Chapter 5: User Registration
- Chapter 6: Static Assets
- Chapter 7: Advanced User Authentication
- Chapter 8: Environment Variables
- Chapter 9: Email
- Chapter 10: Books App
- Chapter 11: Reviews App
- Chapter 12: File/Image Uploads
- Chapter 13: Permissions
- Chapter 14: Search
- Chapter 15: Performance
- Chapter 16: Security
- Chapter 17: Deployment
Django 3 by Example
Learn Django 3 with four end-to-end web projects
- Learn Django 3 by building real-world web applications from scratch in Python, using coding best practices
- Integrate other technologies into your application with clear, step-by-step explanations and comprehensive example code
- Implement advanced functionalities like a full-text search engine, a user activity stream, or a recommendation engine
- Add real-time features with Django Channels and WebSockets
If you want to learn the entire process of developing professional web applications with Python and Django, then this book is for you. In the process of building four professional Django projects, you will learn about Django 3 features, how to solve common web development problems, how to implement best practices, and how to successfully deploy your applications.
In this book, you will build a blog application, a social image bookmarking website, an online shop, and an e-learning platform. Step-by-step guidance will teach you how to integrate popular technologies, enhance your applications with AJAX, create RESTful APIs, and set up a production environment for your Django projects.
By the end of this book, you will have mastered Django 3 by building advanced web applications.
What you will learn
- Build real-world web applications
- Learn Django essentials, including models, views, ORM, templates, URLs, forms, and authentication
- Implement advanced features such as custom model fields, custom template tags, cache, middleware, localization, and more
- Create complex functionalities, such as AJAX interactions, social authentication, a full-text search engine, a payment system, a CMS, a RESTful API, and more
- Integrate other technologies, including Redis, Celery, RabbitMQ, PostgreSQL, and Channels, into your projects
- Deploy Django projects in production using NGINX, uWSGI, and Daphne
Who this book is for
Table of Contents
- Building a Blog Application
- Enhancing Your Blog with Advanced Features
- Extending Your Blog Application
- Building a Social Website
- Sharing Content on Your Website
- Tracking User Actions
- Building an Online Shop
- Managing Payments and Orders
- Extending Your Shop
- Building an E-Learning Platform
- Rendering and Caching Content
- Building an API
- Building a Chat Server
- Going Live
Django 3 Web Development Cookbook
About this book
Django is a web framework for perfectionists with deadlines, designed to help you build manageable medium and large web projects in a short time span. This fourth edition of the Django Web Development Cookbook is updated with Django 3's latest features to guide you effectively through the development process.
By the end of this book, you will have become proficient in using Django's powerful features and will be equipped to create robust websites.
Mastering Django is the latest version of Mastering Django: Core—the original, best-selling programmer’s reference for Django.
Mastering Django is not just a revision of the original book—it has been completely rewritten from the ground up to meet the needs of modern Django programmers.
The main goal of this book is to make you a Django expert. By reading this book, you’ll learn the skills needed to develop powerful websites quickly, with code that is clean and easy to maintain.
This book is also a programmer’s manual that provides complete coverage of modern Django version 3 and above.
For developers creating applications for commercial and business-critical deployments, Mastering Django delivers a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for the latest versions of Django.
Build a website with Django 3
Build a website with Django 3 is the fourth edition of my popular Django beginners book, fully updated for Django 3.
Not only has the book been updated to cover the latest version of Django, but I've added install instructions for macOS users.Your complete introduction to Django 3
Build a website with Django 3 covers all the core concepts of Django to get you up and running fast:
Why Django is the premier Python framework for developing web applications
- The big picture - how Django is structured
- Django Models
- Django Views
- Django Templates
- The Django admin
- Generic views
- Simple forms
- Complex forms and model forms
- Managing Users
- Restricted content
- File uploads
- Sending email
- Deploying a Django application
This book is not about boring theory. You'll be building a fully functioning website as you learn Django. I even show you how to deploy your website to the Internet for free.
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Kokino (Кокино) is the fourth oldest astronomical observatory in the world. It is a complex prehistoric archaeological site (2000 BC), on the territory of Municipality Staro Nagorichane near Kumanovo, Macedonia.
It encompasses most of neo-volcanic hill Tatikjev Kamen, at the bottom of which the village is Kokino is located.
The archaeological excavations that started in 2001, resulted in numerous archaeological artifacts that belong to the so-called Bronze Age. The findings from the early (XIX – XVII century BC) and Middle Bronze Age (XVII – XIV century BC) are relatively small in numbers and are dominated by the findings of the Late Bronze Age (XIV – XI century BC).
The latest archaeological excavations revealed traces of settlement of the so-called Iron Age (seventh century BC) on the southern slope of the site, thus confirming its use in a time span of over 1200 years.
- Read more: Kumanovo museum >>>
Some topographic characteristics of the site, such as the great visibility from the highest part of the hill, and the wealth of archaeological finds found in structures with ritual nature confirm its use as a “holy mountain.”
One of the rituals, probably tied to fertility and the Great Goddess-Mother, performed in a way that in the natural cracks in the rocks, were deposited vessels, probably filled with fruits, which were then covered with earth and stone.
The Megalithic Observatory is one of the most interesting features on this complex site.
Situated below the top of the hill, with dimensions of 100 m in an east-west direction and 50 m in the direction north-south. Seen in the third dimension, the contents of the observatory are located on two platforms: east and west, east of which is 20 meters higher than the west. In that space, the ancient people observed the heavenly bodies, primarily the sun and moon, and commemorated places rising visible horizon. On the west side were built observation places, and on the upper east side into the rocks were formed markers to mark the places of rising Sun and Moon on exactly certain days of the year.
Thus, with a long-term and dedicated gathering of information, the periodical movement of the Sun and Moon was discovered and the people then were able to develop and use a lunar calendar. They have managed also to recognize the cycles of eclipses of the sun and moon and could also predict them, which probably had great importance in building the image of the world and the organization of the religious life of the former community.
The age of the observatory, the homogeneity of the structure, the building, and proven purpose, contributed Kokino to be ranked fourth in the list of ancient observatories in the world published by the American space agency NASA (2005).
In 2008 the site was placed under temporary protection as a “Cultural landscape Kokino”.
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Chronic Kidney Disease Management
How do I manage my Chronic Kidney Disease?
If you're suffering from chronic kidney disease management is a necessary way of life. From this point forward, it is essential to manage your diet, your fluids, and even the amount of exercise you get in an effort to sustain your health and maintain your independence to the greatest degree possible. These are a few important chronic kidney disease management steps you must follow in order to sustain the best possible quality of life.
You need to come up with an easy to follow routine for rationing your daily amount of liquids, taking your daily required medications, eating a proper, healthy diet, and getting an adequate amount of fitness for optimal health -- even if it's simply taking a stroll to the mailbox each day. Establishing routines is a critical part of your chronic kidney disease management plan. The more you commit to practicing these routines, the less cumbersome they will become.
Avoid Dry Mouth
One of the worst aspects of rationing beverages is dry mouth. That's why it's so important to space your beverages apart in a manner that doesn't leave too much time between drinks. Keep this in mind as you adjust your chronic kidney disease management routine.
These are a few small things you can do to help combat dry mouth without significant consequences to your health and maintain your chronic kidney disease management efforts.
- Suck on ice chips
- Reduce sodium intake (salty foods make you thirsty)
- Skip social drinking (save your beverage intake for times when you're thirsty instead)
- Chew sugarless gum
- Brush your teeth frequently throughout the day
- Avoid foods that make your mouth feel dry (consider fresh fruits like blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries instead of crackers or breads)
These are small changes but they significantly impact your level of discomfort due to dry mouth throughout the day.
Focus on Foods You Can Have
There are a lot of limits to consider when adapting to your chronic kidney disease management routine. It's easy to hyper focus on all the things you can't have anymore. However, that's a negative way of thinking that often leads to depression, feelings of deprivation, and binging on things that aren't good for you.
Instead, adopt a more positive attitude about all the great foods you can have like fresh fruit and vegetables, egg whites, fish, and more. Keep your house well stocked with these foods as you develop your chronic kidney disease management plan and you'll find it more and more difficult to feel deprived.
Accommodate Other Dietary Needs
While it's great to get on board with your chronic kidney disease management diet, it's also important to accommodate other dietary needs you have. For instance, if you have diabetes or other health conditions with special dietary needs, you can't ignore them in an effort to focus on managing your kidney disease needs. You must find a balance between both needs or identify the more critical of the needs.
The key to successful chronic kidney disease management is creating a plan you can follow through with day after day. This isn't a temporary diet but a long-lasting lifestyle change that must be sustainable.
To lean more about our diet plans click here.
To see one of my best selling books, "Living With Chronic Kidney Disease" Click Here
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For hundreds of years, people have seen tiny flashes of light on the surface of the Moon. Very brief, but bright enough to be seen from Earth, these odd flashes still hadn’t been adequately explained up until now. Also known as Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs), they’ve been observed on many occasions, but rarely photographed. On Earth, meteorites burning up in the atmosphere can produce similar flashes, but the Moon has no atmosphere for anything to burn up in, so what could be causing them? As it turns out, according to a new study, the answer is still meteorites, but for a slightly different reason.
The lights don’t result from burning up as on Earth, but rather are hot blobs of material produced by the impact itself. The impacts were calculated to be powerful enough to melt the meteorites, producing super hot liquid droplets, called melt droplets, that produced light as they formed and then began to cool afterwards. The meteorites themselves can be tiny, but still cause an impact that could be seen from Earth.
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Sylvain Bouley, a planetary scientist at the Paris Observatory and co-author of the study, explains: “You have just a small piece of cometary material or asteroid, about 10 centimeters, that can do a very bright flash visible from the Earth.”
Fellow planetary scientist Carolyn Ernst of Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory, adds: “Something is melting, and because it’s so hot, it radiates in the visible wavelength until it cools down.”
The study included observations from 1999 – 2007, for which the brightness of the flashes and sizes and speeds of the meteorites were calculated.
The impacts have also been replicated at the Meteoroid Environment Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, where tiny aluminum spheres were shot into simulated lunar dirt. The results were similar, helping to confirm the other team’s findings.
Other previous possible explanations included reflections on the Moon by tumbling satellites or even volcanic activity. There may still be debate though, as an earlier report in 2007 had attributed the flashes to outgassing on the Moon’s surface.
The paper will be published in the March 2012 issue of Icarus.
6 Replies to “Mystery Moon Flashes Caused by Meteorite Impacts”
Sounds like a job for the Mythbusters.
Hot diggity dirt!
Given the number of meteors that hit Earth every day, it’s logical to assume that these flashes are impact events.
great article, paul! wouldn’t you love to catch one of these while observing? of course, unless you were videoing the moon at the time, you might not want to believe your own eyes. ah, my… no wonder some of us get into LTP work! thanks for reminding readers that there are many reasons to observe the moon!
Thanks, Tammy. Yeah I would, I’ve never seen one yet. I need to get a new telescope though too… 🙂
Wikipaedia has a good article…
I particularly like the Canterbury Monk’s description.
Comments are closed.
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Not very good at dancing? Not a problem anymore! Now you can easily impress your friends with a stunning video, where you dance like a superstar.
Researchers from UC Berkeley propose a new method of transferring motion between human subjects in different videos. They claim that given a source video of a person dancing they can transfer that performance to a novel target after only a few minutes of the target subject performing standard moves.
But let’s first check what were the previous approaches to this kind of tasks.
Motion transfer or retargeting received a considerable attention from researchers over the last two decades. Early methods were creating new content by manipulating existing video footage.
- Video Rewrite approach, suggested by Bregler and his colleagues in 1997, creates videos of a subject saying a phrase they did not originally utter by finding frames where the mouth position matches the desired speech.
- Efros et al.’s method presented in 2003, uses optical flow as a descriptor matches different subjects performing similar actions allowing “Do as I do” and “Do as I say” retargeting.
- Another approach can imply using 3D transfer motion for graphics and animation purposes. Recently, Villegas et al. demonstrated how deep learning techniques can help with retargeting motion without supervised data.
- The current state-of-the-art methods can successfully generate detailed images of human subjects in novel poses (for instance, Joo et al.’s approach to generating a fusion image).
- Moreover, such images can be synthesized for temporally coherent video and future prediction.
So, what is the idea behind this new approach?
This method poses the problem as a per-frame image-to-image translation with spatiotemporal smoothing. The researchers use pose detection, represented with the pose stick figures, as an intermediate representation between source and target. The aligned data is used to learn an image-to-image translation model between pose stick figures and images of the target person in a supervised way.
Two additional components improve the results: conditioning the prediction at each frame on that of the previous time step for temporal smoothness and a specialized GAN for realistic face synthesis.
Before diving deeper into the architecture of the suggested approach, let’s check the results with this short video:
So, in essence, the model is trained to produce personalized videos of a specific target subject. Motion transfer occurs when the pose stick figures go into the trained model to obtain images of the target subject in the same pose as the source.
The pipeline of suggested approach includes three stages:
- Pose detection – using a pretrained state-of-the-art pose detector to create pose stick figures from the source video.
- Global pose normalization – accounting for differences between the source and target subjects in body shapes and locations within the frame.
- Mapping from normalized pose stick figures to the target subject.
Here is an overview of the method:
For the training purposes, the model uses a pose detector P to create pose stick figures from video frames of the target subject. Then, the mapping G is learned alongside an adversarial discriminator D, which attempts to distinguish between the “real” correspondence pair (x, y) and the “fake” pair (G(x), y).
Next, for the transferring purposes, a pose detector P helps to obtain pose joints for the source person. These are then transformed with the normalization process Norm into the joints for the target person for which pose stick figures are created. Finally, the trained mapping G is applied.
The researchers base their method on the objective presented in pix2pixHD with some extensions to produce temporally coherent video frames and synthesize realistic face images.
To create video sequences, they modify the single image generation set up to enforce temporal coherence between adjacent frames as shown in the figure below.
In brief, the current frame G(xt) is conditioned on its corresponding pose stick figure xt and the previously synthesized frame G(xt−1) to obtain temporally smooth outputs. Discriminator D then attempts to differentiate the “real” temporally coherent sequence (xt−1, xt , yt−1, yt ) from the “fake” sequence (xt−1, xt , G(xt−1), G(xt)).
Face GAN setup
The researchers further extend the model with a specialized GAN setup designed to add more detail and realism to the face region as shown in the figure below. To be specific, the model uses a single 70×70 Patch-GAN discriminator for the face discriminator.
Now let’s move to the results of the experiments…
The target subjects were recorded for around 20 minutes of real time footage at 120 frames per second. Moreover, considering that the model does not encode information about clothes, the target subjects wear tight clothing with minimal wrinkling.
Videos of the source subjects were found online – these videos just need to be of the reasonably high quality and include the subject performing a dance.
Here are the results with the top row showing the source subject, the middle row showing the normalized pose stick figures, and the bottom row depicting the model outputs of the target person:
The tables below demonstrate the performance of the full model (with both temporal smoothing and Face GAN setups) in comparison to the baseline model (pix2pixHD) alone and the baseline model with a temporal smoothing setup. The quality of individual frames was assessed with the measure of Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS).
To further analyze the quality of the results, the researchers run the pose detector P on the outputs of each model and compare these reconstructed key points to the pose detections of the original input video. If all body parts are synthesized correctly, then the reconstructed pose should be close to the input pose on which the output was conditioned. See the results in the tables below:
As you can see from the tables, the temporal smoothing setup doesn’t seem to add much to the baseline if looking only on the quantitative results. However, qualitatively, the temporal smoothing setup helps with smooth motion, color consistency across frames, and also in individual frame synthesis.
Face GAN setup, on the other hand, improves both the quantitative and qualitative results of the model. As obvious from the pictures below, this component adds considerable detail to the output video and encourages synthesizing realistic body parts.
The presented model is able to create reasonable and arbitrarily long videos of a target person dancing given body movements to follow through an input video of another subject dancing. However, the results still often suffer from jittering. This is especially the case when the input movements or movement speed is different from the movements seen at the training time.
Considering that jittering and shakiness remain even if the target person tries to copy the movements of the source subject during the training sequence, the researchers suppose that jittering could also result from the underlying difference between how the source and target subjects move given their unique body structures. Still, this approach to motion transfer is able to generate compelling videos given a variety of inputs.
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Lesson Plan of Past Perfect Tense
Students` Learning Outcomes
- Illustrate the use of tenses, (Past Perfect Tense) previously learnt in their speech and writing.
Information for Teachers
- Past Perfect Tense is a tense that describes an action which has been completed at the Past time.
- Past Perfect takes place before another past action.
Subject + had + 3rd Form of the verb + Objective
Material / Resources
Writing board, chalk/marker, duster, flash cards of different word
Write the following sentences on the board.
- I had done this work.
- Schools had opened.
- You had waited for me in the garden.
- I had returned his book.
- I shall be going for a walk.
- We have not told a lie.
- She will be sewing her clothes.
Ask the students to identify the tense in each sentence.
Briefly discuss Past Perfect Tense
Ask a volunteer who is a good actor to come forward.
Tell the student that it is an activity in which he/she will be
Acting / expressing his/her thought without speaking.
- He had finished his work.
- I had passed the examination.
- We had eaten food (meal).
- She had not swept the house.
- Hamid had not done his duty.
- Had the postman come?
- Where had you seen this man?
The student acts out the situation given above without speaking.
The rest of the class has to tell what the actor is doing. .
After every action ask students what the boy/girl is doing
Give them the following sentences and ask them to supply past continuous. .
- We ________ not ________ a book at the moment (read)
- My father ________ to the Police officer yesterday. (talk)
- Ahmad and Ayesha ________ not _______ on the bus. (ride)
- The boy’s _____________ in the lack / pond. (swim)
- We ____________ table tennis right now. (play)
- Ahmed ____________ on the computer last week. (work)
Sum up / Conclusion
Elicit the difference between Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tense.
Write the following sentences on the board and ask the students to change them in Past Perfect Tense.
- I watched a movie which was not interesting at all.
- Ali ran after the kitten to catch it.
- I get ready for school early in the morning.
- People laughed at the foolish behavior of Amir.
- Ahmed drives his father’s car without his permission.
Any related activities must be done from the text book.
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Weed, pot, grass, herb, flower, marijuana and cannabis. Whether grown, bought, sold, smoked or ingested, there are myriad ways to reference one of the most widely-used drugs in the world.
Currently, cannabis is prohibited for most uses, except for some medicinal exceptions, in North Carolina. Depending on the amount possessed, the illegal possession, distribution and cultivation can result in either a misdemeanor or a felony.
The words decriminalization and legalization are often incorrectly used interchangeably when people speak about legislation surrounding the drug.
Decriminalization refers to loosening criminal penalties related to marijuana usage from a personal standpoint. This does not include the manufacturing and selling of marijuana — both of which are still illegal.
Simply put, decriminalization means individuals caught in the possession of marijuana will be imposed with civil fines rather than criminal charges.
Legalization is the lifting of laws that ban the possession and personal use of marijuana. This would remove the civil fines charged under decriminalization. The legalization of marijuana allows the government to regulate and tax marijuana use and sales.
Historically, the state has worked to pass legislation that would legalize the use of medical marijuana. However, none have yet been successful. In 1997, House Bill 1325 was passed to decriminalize cannabis possession. Medical legalization bills have failed in the past, particularly in the years 2015, 2017 and 2019.
Proponents for the legalization of marijuana argue that allowing its manufacturing and sale can remove the substance from the hands of criminals, those who illegally manufacture and sell it.
The manufacturing and sale can also provide a new stream of revenue. Not only does the legalization of marijuana help the economy, the regulation of sales allows for the product to be safer for consumers by taking away the ability for those who sell the drug to lace their products.
Decriminalization is the first step toward legalizing marijuana.
Medical marijuana, currently illegal in the state, is recommended by a doctor for the treatment of a medical condition. The most common uses for marijuana as a medical treatment is for pain control.
Marijuana is a good form of treatment as it is more favorable than opiates, because it is far less addictive and nearly impossible to overdose on. It is also more favorable than painkillers, such as Ibuprofen and Tylenol, as it does not cause damage to the kidneys and liver.
This is only a brief survey of some of the many uses of medical marijuana. As it continues to be legalized throughout the states, more research is being conducted to see where it can be used, such as with patients who experience chronic pain or for veterans who suffer from post traumatic stress syndrome.
Legalizing marijuana isn't a new idea: 39 states, plus Washington D.C. have passed legislation for the legalization of medical marijuana, with some legalizing it for recreational use as well. It may be time for North Carolina to join that list.
While many might continue to hold reservations against the legalization of a substance that is considered an illicit drug, cannabis continues to be evaluated for its usefulness. In the meantime, people can work to educate themselves on the benefits legalization can bring to the economy and to those who may suffer pain-inducing conditions.
It's time to legalize something that is already used commonly for recreational and medical purposes, allowing for sales and distribution to be regulated rather than attempting to control actions through criminal offenses or civil fines.
If you wish to participate in the discussion, call local legislation and voice your opinion so that legislation may finally be passed in North Carolina.
To get the day's news and headlines in your inbox each morning, sign up for our email newsletters.
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Coffee lovers rejoice! Despite all we’ve heard about links between Coffee and various cancers, the latest word from the medical community is, the beloved beverage does not Cancer and never did! The assertion this week comes after a survey by a group of 23 international scientists for WHO.
Last time the World Health Organization (WHO) took an in-depth look at Coffee and cancer was 1991. At that time, it concluded that Coffee was ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’. But that was 25 years ago and a lot of new work about Coffee has been published in the world’s medical journals since then. In fact, the survey, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), examined more than 1,000 learned papers on the issue. In the end, the consensus was that there was ‘inadequate evidence’ to support the earlier assertion that Coffee, itself, can cause cancer.
Left: Steaming Hot Coffee – not the
best way to take your morning hit!
And now, the rest of the story…
Seems that, while Coffee is not officially off the hook as a cancer causing agent, ‘very hot beverages’ are in the limelight. Evidence from Asia and the Middle East – where Coffee and other hot beverages are drunk at temperatures around 70 C / 160 F – suggests a connection between very hot beverages and esophageal cancer.
But that just confirms a previous WHO declaration that it’s hazardous, for a number of reasons, for humans to consume ‘scalding hot’ beverages.
For the record, most culinary instructors recommend that you brew Coffee at around 90-95 C / 200 but serve it somewhat cooler – say, 55 – 60 C / 140 – 145 F. And, then, most folks either let it cool further in the cup or add Milk or Cream.
So where does that leave us? Is an Iced Coffee resurgence imminent? Will folks use more Milk or Cream than they used to, to take the scald off their Java?
We’ll keep an eye on burgeoning trends…
~ Maggie J.
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It g expenses a lot of funds to get a satellite into orbit aboard a rocket—around $50 million minimum, to be much more distinct. Though this massively restricts who can access the space business, it is not all poor. According to NASA, there are roughly 27,000 hunks of space junk orbiting higher above humans’ heads at the moment, with an typical of 25 years just before they fall from orbit and burn away upon atmospheric reentry.
Nevertheless, lowering expenses whilst also shortening satellite lifespans is vital if space exploration and utilization is to stay protected and viable. As luck would have it, a group of students and researchers at Brown University just produced promising headway for each challenges.
[Related: How harpoons, magnets, and ion blasts could help us clean up space junk.]
Final year, the group effectively launched their breadloaf-sized cube satellite (or cubesat) aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket for the comparatively low production expense of $ten,000, with a substantially shortened lifespan estimated at just 5 years. What’s much more, a great deal of the microsat was constructed making use of accessible, off-the-shelf elements, such as a well-known $20 microprocessor powered by 48 AA batteries. In total, SBUDNIC—a play on Sputnik as effectively as an acronym of the students’ names—is most likely the 1st of its sort to be produced pretty much completely from components not particularly developed for space travel.
In addition, the group attached a 3D-printed drag sail produced from Kapton film that unfurled when the cubesat reached orbit roughly 520 kilometers above Earth. Considering the fact that tracking started in late May well 2022, the students’ satellite has currently lowered down to 470 kilometers—well beneath its fellow rocketmates aboard the Falcon 9, which stay about 500 kilometers higher.
[Related: These 3D printed engines can power space-bound rockets—or hypersonic weapons.]
“The theory and physics of how this operates has been fairly effectively accepted,” explained Rick Fleeter, an adjunct associate professor of engineering at Brown, in a statement. “What this mission showed was much more about how you recognize it—how you make a mechanism that does that, and how you do it so it is lightweight, smaller and inexpensive.”
With SBUDNIC’s resounding results, researchers hope implementing related drag-sail styles at scale for future satellites could support drastically lessen their lifespans, as a result minimizing space clutter to make sure a safer atmosphere for fellow orbiters, each human and artificial. And if $ten,000 is nonetheless a bit out of your value range—give the group some time. “Here, we’re opening up that possibility to much more people…We’re not breaking down all the barriers, but you have to get started someplace,” mentioned Fleeter.
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Antivirus protection is a crucial part of safeguarding your computer. There are numerous types of antivirus program and they can end up being free or perhaps paid. These kinds of programs use various ways to identify threats and protect your personal computer.
Most anti-virus programs do the job by encoding the computer designed for harmful documents and malware. They also monitor Homepage the behavior from the software to find suspicious activity. Some courses even use behavior-based detection to isolate potential viruses.
If your business is using multiple devices, you may need a solution that offers security for every one of them. Premium ant-virus packages present multi-device, multi-platform licenses.
Malware are risky, but there are various other types of cyber threats that you just ought to be concerned with. Ransomware is a relatively new sort of malicious software program. It can be very hard to remove.
Cybercriminals are becoming more sophisticated. Scammers are more liable to target businesses and organizations with consumer info. In addition to stealing private data, cyber criminals can try to steal your funds or access your bank account.
The top anti virus packages offer a wide range of features, including password managers, safe-browsing tools, cloud back-up, and more. You’ll need to determine your priorities and budget before you choose a program.
A single important characteristic you’ll want can be described as sandbox. Sandboxes allow antivirus software to evaluate a supposed malware ahead of it is attached to your machine.
You can also choose an malware package with increased advanced features, such as machine optimization, secureness enhancements, and parental handles.
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Spending many years as a classroom Trainer I’ve seen the benefits of finding the most effective math web sites for teenagers. Every week Third Area Learning’s maths specialist tutors support hundreds of main school children with weekly online 1-to-1 classes and maths interventions Since 2013 we’ve helped over one hundred thirty,000 kids develop into more assured, able mathematicians.
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The sport is quick-paced and starts with addition before moving on to subtraction, multiplication and mixing between all 3 options. This web site has greater than 1,000 video games in its database, together with on-line math games, science games, and studying video games. Kids use visible space fashions to match fractions with widespread denominators on this intergalactic math game.
The cookie is set to establish new vs returning users. Listed here are the four major Kindergarten math ideas taught in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten which you could observe along with your children Geometry Math Games to strengthen their learning. Step three: Player two can select to provide an answer and score the maximum 5 points, if they’re right, but threat scoring zero if they are flawed.
These math games are a great way for teenagers to make use of their online time correctly by reinforcing math expertise and giving mother and father peace of mind that their baby is learning whereas having enjoyable. Math Game Time is your go-to website if you happen to need help with homework and in addition want free math video games on-line.
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Any cookies that may not be particularly needed for the web site to perform and is used specifically to collect person personal information by way of analytics, adverts, other Geometry Game Online embedded contents are termed as non-essential cookies. Fast Math – Players are shown quite a few equations and must click on whichever one is appropriate.
Step 3: Players take turns to draw a card from the pile, and every player chooses which column to document the number in. The winner is the particular person to have the biggest number recorded at the end of the game. In addition they have academic video games, videos, on-line resources, and authorized worksheets for college kids.
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This is an example of a past Summer program offered by CSB/SJU. This program is currently not offered.
- Trips to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only cities in the world to be attacked by nuclear bombs
- “Disaster tour” of areas of Fukushima impacted by the nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant
- Lighter cultural diversions, such as live sumo, hot springs, and a visit to the Ghibli Museum
- Opportunity to attend and present at academic conference in Kyoto
- Mini-excursions in Tokyo, and day trips outside of Tokyo, with students from our host school, Bunkyo Gakuin Daigaku
- Of special interest to Japanese minors, students in Asian Studies, Peace Studies, and Environmental Studies, Global Business, etc. due to the focus on issues impacting our world politics, justice, and the environment
Explore more Japan - Embedded Program details on CSB/SJU Global Portal.
Course & Program Information
Course Name: Nuclear Japan
Course Number: JAPN 330D
Credit Number: 4 credits
Common Curriculum: Ethics (ES) & Intercultural (IC)
Integrations Curriculum: CS & GL pending
Prerequisite: completion of FYS 101, HONR 101, FYS 201
This course combines classroom learning at CSB/SJU during CD mod and ends with an experiential component abroad. With portions both at home on campus and abroad in Japan, this “embedded” course explores the legacy of nuclear weapons and energy in Japan through ethical perspectives. While we consider the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on one hand, and the nuclear meltdown in Fukushima following the triple disaster of March 11, 2011 on the other, we also look for points of convergence and divergence between the understanding of atomic weapons and atomic energy in the imagination of Japan and the world. We look at witness narratives in short story and novel form, and traverse media such as film, manga, anime, photography, painting, children’s books, poetry, and digital art to gain insight into the possibilities for expression and representation in the atomic age. After establishing a foundation for understanding Japan’s nuclear legacy in the domestic portion of the course, we deepen our knowledge by visiting Japan’s nuclear ground zeros. The Japan portion of the course will be based out of Tokyo, where there are many exhibits and spaces that commemorate Japan’s nuclear tragedies. From there, we will make trips to Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Kyoto, as well as safe areas outside of Fukushima. Through discussions as a class and with Japanese students, reflections (journals) that compare our pre-Japan learning to that on site, and portfolio creations, students will demonstrate integration of the home and abroad portions of the course.
On March 11, 2011, Japan faced a triple disaster of earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown in Northern Japan, in which reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant exploded. The meltdown at Fukushima was the worst nuclear incident since the Chernobyl disaster of 1986, and led to the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of residents. Japan is the only country in history to be targeted with atomic bombs, and the meltdown at Fukushima Daiichi constituted what writer Ōe Kenzaburo called a self-inflicted “third atomic bombing.”
This course explores ethical perspectives though various approaches (literature, film, history, politics, science) to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the nuclear meltdown in Fukushima. While treating each event in its specificity, this course also considers points of convergence and divergence between atomic weapons and atomic energy in the imagination of Japan and the world.
After spending two months at CSB/SJU doing readings and coursework that provide a strong background on nuclear issues in Japan and the world, students and instructor will continue the course in Japan by visiting the “ground zeros” of nuclear Japan, meeting survivors, and experiencing sites of memory. Bunkyo University in Tokyo will serve as the launch pad for visits to Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Kyoto, as well as safe areas (outside the exclusion zone) within Fukushima prefecture.
Program Cost & Financial Considerations
Students on an embedded program will pay an education program fee in addition to the cost of attendance for the semester. Find additional Fee information on the CSB/SJU Global Portal.
Students should plan early for a successful study abroad experience. Financial aid and scholarships may be available to help with program costs, but must be searched out well in advance.
Bunkyo Gakuin Daigaku, our partner school for exchange, will host us at our home base in Tokyo. During our excursions to Kyoto, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, we will stay in Japanese-style inns and hostels.
Program Director Information
This program is directed by Dr. Jeffrey DuBois, Assistant Professor of Japanese language, literature, and culture at the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University. His courses include “Nuclear Japan: Atomic Bombs, Atomic Energy, Atomic Art,” “Japanese Folklore,” “Contemporary Japanese Women Writers,” “Transnational Japan,” all levels of Japanese language, and more.
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SOURCE: The New Republic
The Surprising Cross-Racial Saga of Modern Wealth Inequality
by Adolph Reed Jr.
A political scientist argues that the black-white wealth gap is mostly a product of four decades of income gains accruing to the highest earners; accordingly a broad economic justice program is the best way to close the wealth gap.
It Takes Black Women in the U.S. 20 Months to Earn What White Men Make in a Year. Here's the History Behind That Wage Gap
by Andrea Flynn
In order to understand the present day race and gender wage gaps we must first look to slavery and the Jim Crow era that followed.
SOURCE: Washington Post
Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation
by Calvin Schermerhorn
When one system of economic oppression collapsed, new ones were created to fill the void.
SOURCE: Boston Review
Why the Labor Movement Has Failed—And How to Fix It
by Sarita Gupta, Stephen Lerner, and Joseph A. McCartin
The arc of the economic universe has bent badly toward injustice.
SOURCE: New Yorker
Is a history degree only accessible to students at elite universities?
by Eric Alterman
For the past decade, on American campuses, history has been declining more rapidly than any other major, even as more and more students attend college. But at Ivy League schools, the major is thriving.
SOURCE: The Washington Post
Why 2018 is awash in conspiracies and scandals
by Sarah Horowitz
Our era of scandal is not driven by the occupant in the White House, but by a deeper problem: economic inequality.
SOURCE: History channel
Are We Living in the Gilded Age 2.0 ?
by Edward T. O’Donnell
The original Gilded Age was followed by the Progressive Era. Will ours?
SOURCE: New Republic
Lessons From the Gilded Age
by Sarah Jones
America today has a lot in common with that bygone era of monopolies and gross inequality. But will the country respond similarly?
Who Benefits from the “Booming Economy”?
by Lawrence Wittner
Soaring wealth and incomes for the few do not automatically translate into better lives for the many.
The Scandal of Vast Inequality in Retirement Pay
by Lawrence Wittner
It wasn’t always this way.
SOURCE: Washington Spectator
Slow Burn: Bernie Sanders Ignites a Populist Movement
by Rick Perlstein
Conservatives drawn to a socialist senator -- in Texas!
We Need a New Conversation about Inequality
by Thomas Frank
Democrats are scared of class. But issues like inequality are why liberals exist, and talk can't be left to elites.
How the Young Elite Rise in Washington, D.C.
by Michael Lind
The White House engages in blatant class discrimination by allowing One Percenters to subsidize it.
After Fifty Years, Remember the March on Washington was for JOBS as Well as Freedom
by Jeff Roquen
Martin Luther King: "Why aren't we free? Because we are poor."
George Packer: Celebrating Inequality
George Packer, a staff writer at The New Yorker, is the author, most recently, of “The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America.”THE Roaring ’20s was the decade when modern celebrity was invented in America. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “Great Gatsby” is full of magazine spreads of tennis players and socialites, popular song lyrics, movie stars, paparazzi, gangsters and sports scandals — machine-made by technology, advertising and public relations. Gatsby, a mysterious bootlegger who makes a meteoric ascent from Midwestern obscurity to the palatial splendor of West Egg, exemplifies one part of the celebrity code: it’s inherently illicit. Fitzgerald intuited that, with the old restraining deities of the 19th century dead and his generation’s faith in man shaken by World War I, celebrities were the new household gods.
At Universities, Too, the Rich Grow Richer
by Lawrence S. Wittner
Ohio State University president E. Gordon Gee at the annual meeting of the American Council on Education in March 2013.Although many Americans believe their universities are places where administrators and faculty members coexist on a fairly equal basis, the reality is that this is far from the case.According to recent surveys by the Chronicle of Higher Education, thirty-five private university presidents and four public university presidents topped $1 million in total earnings during the 2011-2012 fiscal year.
Monica Prasad: Land of Plenty (of Government)
Monica Prasad, an associate professor of sociology and faculty fellow in the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University, is the author of “The Land of Too Much: American Abundance and the Paradox of Poverty.”Why do European countries have lower levels of poverty and inequality than the United States? We used to think this was a result of American anti-government sentiment, which produced a government too small to redistribute income or to attend to the needs of the poor. But over the past three decades scholars have discovered that our government wasn’t as small as we thought. Historians, sociologists and political scientists have all uncovered evidence that points to a surprisingly large governmental presence in the United States throughout the 20th century and even earlier, in some cases surpassing what we find in Western Europe.
- Chair of Florida Charter School Board on Firing of Principal: About Policy, Not David Statue
- Graduate Student Strikes Fight Back Against Decades of Austerity, Seek to Revive Opportunity
- When Right Wingers Struggle with Defining "Woke" it Shows they Oppose Pursuing Equality
- Strangelove on the Square: Secret USAF Films Showed Airmen What to Expect if Nuclear War Broke Out
- The Women of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
- New Books Force Consideration of Reconstruction's End from Black Perspective
- Excerpt: How Apartheid South Africa Tried to Create a Libertarian Utopia
- Historian's Book on 1970s NBA Shows Racial Politics around Basketball Have Always Been Ugly
- Kendi: "Anti-woke" Part of Backlash Against Antiracist Protest Movements
- Monica Muñoz Martinez Honored for Truth-Telling in Texas History
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The use of experience-sampling methods to monitor musical imagery in everyday life
Bailes, F. A. (2006). The use of experience-sampling methods to monitor musical imagery in everyday life. Musicae Scientiae, 10(2), 173-190.
Little is known about the prevalence or nature of the everyday experience of imagining music in the "mind's ear". An obstacle has been the reliance on indirect, retrospective reporting. Musical imagery research to date has been limited to the experimenter-centred environment of laboratory studies. This paper considers the use of Experience-Sampling Methods (ESM) to explore musical imagery as it occurs in everyday life. A pilot study applied ESM to determine when musical imagery might occur and how it is experienced. Eleven music students were cued to fill out an experience-sampling form (ESF) at random times throughout a seven-day period. Likert scale items probed the strength of imagery for different musical dimensions, while more general questions explored respondents' current activities, interaction with others and mood. Participants reported hearing externally sounded music for 47% of these episodes and imagining music for 35%. A high rate of return and the depth of information provided by respondents suggest that ESM techniques are an effective way of exploring musical imagery in ecologically valid conditions. It is argued that this method could be used to explore mental imagery for music in a wider population. Refined sampling techniques may offer a way to test specific hypotheses concerning characteristics of everyday imagery for music. Exploring auditory imagery in naturalistic as well as laboratory settings may lead to a clearer understanding of the influence of context on our mental imagery of music. ...
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Monitoring peatland water table depth with optical and radar satellite imagery Räsänen, Aleksi; Tolvanen, Anne; Kareksela, Santtu (Elsevier, 2022)Peatland water table depth (WTD) and wetness have widely been monitored with optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing but there is a lack of studies that have used multi-sensor data, i.e., combination of ...
The Role of Music in Everyday Life During the First Wave of the Coronavirus Pandemic : A Mixed-Methods Exploratory Study Carlson, Emily; Wilson, Johanna; Baltazar, Margarida; Duman, Deniz; Peltola, Henna-Riikka; Toiviainen, Petri; Saarikallio, Suvi (Frontiers Media SA, 2021)Although music is known to be a part of everyday life and a resource for mood and emotion management, everyday life has changed significantly for many due to the global coronavirus pandemic, making the role of music in ...
Exploring Engagement with Music in Everyday Life using Experience Sampling Methodology Greasley, Alinka; Lamont, Alexandra (2009)The types, functions, sources and effects of musicians’ bodily movements have been studied in soloists’ live and recorded performances, to a lesser extent in their practice sessions and rehearsals, and in ensemble musicians’ ...
Ambivalent Emotional Experiences of Everyday Visual and Musical Objects Maksimainen, Johanna P.; Eerola, Tuomas; Saarikallio, Suvi H. (Sage Publications, 2019)Art brings rich, pleasurable experiences to our daily lives. However, many theories of art and aesthetics focus on specific strong experiences—in the contexts of museums, galleries, and concert halls and the aesthetic ...
Experiences of combining doctoral studies and everyday family life Maunula, Minna (IATED Academy, 2015)How to combine work and family life and find individually best solutions in everyday life, is a topical and globally significant subject. In this article I immerse to how the under 40-year-old female doctoral students ...
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Smartphones with 32-bit and 64-bit processors aren’t a new thing, they have been around for a few years now.
While opting for a new smartphone, one looks for a phone with more RAM, better camera, a large internal memory or a high capacity battery. Advertisements flaunt these features to lure the customers. But seldom any attention is paid to the processor, the primary component on your phone which will determine its performance.
Apple has had a 64-bit OS since the iOS 7. Android has been taking advantage of 64-bit architecture since the advent of ARMv8 and Android Lollipop. So, the question arises, is there any difference between 32-bit and 64-bit smartphones? Which one should I buy? We will try to answer these questions as simply as possible so you can decide for yourself.
What is a ‘bit’?
Unlike our analog world, computers can only understand and operate in digital format, i.e., using ‘0’s and ‘1’s. A bit is the smallest piece of data, and it can have a binary value of either 0 or 1. Eight such bits make up a byte. Terms such as kilobyte, megabyte or gigabyte that we use in our day to day life are a larger collection of bytes.
The first microprocessor, Intel 4004, had a 4-bit architecture.
32-bit vs. 64-bit processors :
Arithmetic and logic operations inside a processor are carried out using registers. If the size of registers in a CPU is 32-bits, then it a 32-bit CPU and if the size is 64-bits, it is a 64-bit CPU. A 32-bit processor can handle integer operations of 32-bits long, and likewise, a 64-bit processor can handle 64-bit integer operations. So, if only positive numbers are used, a 64-bit register can store numbers in the range 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (264 − 1). That’s a lot more than a 32-bit register can store.
32-bit registers can store 2^32 values. Using these values memory locations are mapped to physical memory. That means that a program can address only 4GB(2^32) with a 32-bit chip, even if the processor can address more. A 64-bit processor uses 64 bits to point to memory locations. Hence programs can address 18.4 exabytes of memory. Such a large amount of memory is not yet required for practical purposes.
64-bit processors can process more data per second than 32-bit processors. This is because a 32-bit CPU can only handle 4 bytes of data in one CPU cycle (8×4=32). 64-bit processors do not need to go back to memory as often as 32-bit processors do. Hence, 64-bit processors work faster than their 32-bit counterparts.
32-bit or 64 bit?
As described earlier in this post, a 32-bit phone can only support up to 4GB of RAM. With apps demanding more and more resources these days, 4GB RAM will soon not be enough. This is why phones equipped with 6GB or more of RAM are being marketed as flagships and will soon be the norm. A little extra RAM also ensures that you will not face those occasional lags during multitasking.
The most notable change in 64-bit OS over 32-bit will be the device performance. In Android, this is due to the change of processor architecture from ARMv7 to ARMv8. The newer design is more energy efficient and is much faster because it can fetch data quicker than the 32-bit ARMv7. Furthermore, the registers in ARMv8 have almost doubled. That’s a game changer because now the processor will spend less time fetching data from memory. Therefore, apps will load faster, and the interface will be more responsive.
Many apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store are still made to run on 32-bit OS. This is because apps written for the 32-bit platform can also run on the 64-bit platform. But apps written for the 64-bit processor can only run on the 64-bit processor. Many apps also provide two versions of the same app to run on both platforms efficiently.
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Book Review: The Fremantle Diary: A Journal of the Confederacy by James Fremantle
“Nowhere is the ignorance of what is passing in the South more profound than it is in the Northern States.” Fremantle 1864
A fascinating primary document from the height of the Civil War: An English officer traverses the Confederacy, interviewing the leaders and soldiers. His assessment: even after Gettysburg the South could have won. Granted, by that time he had Stockholm Syndrome symptoms. His northern contacts didn’t enlighten him otherwise.
“All these [sectional] interests disappeared when the war ended. People wanted only to forget, and the diary was buried with the past. Today, the national mood has changed. Sectional bitterness has given way to a common pride in the glory and courage of both sides.” Walter Lord, 1954
On the other hand, as the preceding quote indicates the 1954 editor missed the mark entirely.
“A people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation.” Fremantle
Fremantle’s journey and journal were equally amazing. Landing in Mexico, he traveled across the south, sharing public transportation and accommodations with common travelers, connecting with Confederate leaders whenever possible, who usually welcomed him into their confidences and occasionally their staff, all the time understanding he had no official standing (but perhaps still hoped England might save them). to return home, he traversed the North as far as New York City and shared passage to England with Northern partisans.
“But the mass of respectable Northerners, although they may be willing to pay, do not very naturally feel themselves called upon to give their blood in a war of aggression, ambition, and conquest.” Fremantle
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Ganze subcounty, one of the poorest communities in Kenya, survives primarily on subsistence farming. The women in the community are relied on to plant crops, fetch water, collect firewood and raise children. In this region, polygamy is still widely practiced, and young girls are often married to older men with multiple wives to relieve the economic burden.
The little resources families have are invested in education for boys, who they believe have more earning potential. This means girls are often overlooked, which is another reason why marrying at a young age becomes the reality for girls in this area.
This school provides girls in this region a chance to escape the cycle of poverty and hope for their future and their community.
We began our partnership with Ganze school in 2010. At the time there were only 160 girls at the school, but the more we built, the more girls came. Today, the school's population is almost 800, and counting.
• 130 scholarships
• 8 classrooms
• 1 library
• 2 science labs
• 1 kitchen
• 4 dormitories
• 3 washroom facilities
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Truck manufacturers and software developers are claiming that self-driving trucks are some of the safest vehicles on the road and that autonomous technology is taking care of driver shortages in New York and other states. Even so, critics say that not enough information is available to guarantee that the risks are not too great.
Continued concerns over safety
There are thousands of yearly fatal crashes that involve commercial trucks weighing several tons or more. Despite the risks, manufacturers have shown that self-driving trucks are safe. Several tests have shown that autonomous commercial trucks can travel for nearly 100 miles on public roads without a human driver.
Potential threats to safety
Safety advocates say that self-driving trucks may contribute to increased rates of motor vehicle accidents. Even if truck drivers were present, they would allow the vehicle itself to do most of the work for them. They would not notice the smallest problems on the road or act fast enough to prevent collisions.
Self-driving software can malfunction as every other computer does occasionally. While driving on the road, software that glitches or shuts down completely may lead to a fatal crash, especially if no human driver is present. It’s also expensive for small companies to maintain the computer tools.
More tests are needed
The idea of self-driving cars has been generally accepted by the public, but the idea of self-driving commercial trucks, which weigh several tons and carry piles of heavy cargo, is less accepted. Many fatal accidents involve truck drivers who have years of experience. Traffic safety experts are asking for more tests and time to decide if automated trucks are really safe to put on roads and highways.
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Edge effects on between-fire interval in landscape fragments such as fire-prone terrestrial conservation reserves
Gill, A Malcom; Sharples, J.J.; Johnstone, Glenn
When a parcel of land, a reserve, is isolated from its fire-prone landscape context, its fire interval can potentially be altered simply due to diminished access to external fire. A model is developed to depict this situation. Cutting off the external access of randomly-oriented fires along an infinite edge reduces the proportion burnt per year at the edge to one half; the average interval doubles there. Well away from the edge, the fire interval remains the same as it was before fragmentation....[Show more]
|Collections||ANU Research Publications|
|01_Gill_Edge_effects_on_between-fire_2014.pdf||332.27 kB||Adobe PDF||Request a copy|
Items in Open Research are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
Updated: 17 November 2022/ Responsible Officer: University Librarian/ Page Contact: Library Systems & Web Coordinator
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The swirling currents of the once mighty Mekong shrunk by drought and increasingly crippled by dams point towards an unprecedented crisis of water governance along the more than 4,900 kilometers of southeast Asia’s longest river.
“This is the worst ecological disaster in history of the Mekong,” declared Chainarong Setthachua, natural resources expert at Thailand’s Maha Sarakham University. “It should be a massive wakeup call for policymakers and leaders of the region.” After the July drought and the lowest water levels in more than a hundred years, water levels have still not recovered. “The water in the Mekong River has fallen to a critical level. Sand islands are now exposed along many sections of the waterway,” the Bangkok Post reported in October.
The Mekong has long enchanted explorers, travelers and researchers. In more recent times, it has become the focus of commercial interests dominated by the exploitation of hydropower and sand mining. China embarked on a massive dam program with 11 dams already operating on the Upper Mekong. A recent study, published in Nature, documented “unprecedented changes due to the recent acceleration in large-scale dam construction.” While Chinese hydropower expansion attracts most attention, Thailand has also played a role in building dams and the Lao government is currently celebrating completion of the huge 1285-megawatt Xayaburi.
At risk is the world’s largest inland fisheries, providing food security and livelihoods for 60 million people living downstream among the four member states of the Mekong River Commission – Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, reports have long maintained.
Proliferating dams trap the sediment essential to the delta’s healthy survival. Inadequate water flow and loss of layers of nutrient-rich sediment that historically traveled downstream, combined with increasingly extreme weather and seawater steadily pushing inland, cause the delta to sink. The sinking is worsened by increasing extraction of groundwater to meet irrigation needs of Vietnam’s rice basket. Wetlands expert Nguyen Thu Thien predicts dire consequences, suggesting hydro electric energy could instigate regional instability: “Vietnam could lose the delta as its rice-bowl by 2050. Impoverished millions will be forced to flee, if all the dams go ahead.” Of course, forced migration will cause destabilization.
As if this was not enough of a worry, latest analysis of satellite data predict disappearance of the Mekong Delta under rising seas. Bruce Shoemaker, author of Dead in the Water, which examines the Nam Theun 2 dam in Laos, explains the scientific consensus is that costs outweigh benefits and the project represents “complete failure of water governance in Mekong region.”
Obstacles: Hydroelectric dams are weakening the mighty Mekong River (Source: Mekong River Commission Strategic Environment Assessment and International Rivers Organization)
More than 40 dams have been installed in the Laos area of the Mekong, with eight more planned after Xayaburi, including one 30 kilometers from the world heritage site of Luang Prabang. The country, the poorest of the four member states of the Mekong River Commission with GDP per capita of about $2,500 per year, insists that hydropower is necessary to reduce poverty. Economists warn that such huge infrastructure projects relying on foreign investment could drown such developing economies in debt, not to mention mass displacement of untold thousands of villagers and loss of livelihoods. Related: Oil Bounces Back On New Round Of OPEC Rumors
State-controlled media in the communist state of Laos hailed dam construction as a success story until the July 2018 Attapeu dam disaster. The collapse of Korean-Thai construction in southern Laos unleashed a wall of water that killed about 70 people and displaced 7,000 villagers. The prime minister promised to suspend dam construction pending a review of the Attapeu collapse, but improved safety regulations, construction standards and environment impact studies did not materialize. The Xayaburi dam proceeded as planned.
The Mekong River Commission was set up in 1995 to promote a “river of peace, friendship and international cooperation” among Laos, Cambodia Thailand and Vietnam. China and Myanmar are dialogue partners. Chinese hydropower accounts for about half of dam projects in Laos, but there is little hope of persuading China to halt the construction. The consultative body has no regulatory powers and fragile unity fell apart at the first test – the Xayaburi dam.
The Xayaburi dam was not driven by China but Thailand’s commitment to buy 95 percent of the electricity. Analysts regard Thailand's energy demand from Laos as the key driver of dam-building, according to DBS Asia Insights 2017 forecasts. Cambodia and Vietnam opposed the massive Thai-Laos project, and the commission deadlocked. The consultation process allowed communities and NGOs to express opposition, but the dam proceeded as planned.
The Mekong delta is under siege from multiple threats, both natural and man-made disasters, and the country is ranked among the top 10 most vulnerable to climate change. Wetlands specialist Nguyen Thu Thien warns that while climate change and sea-level rise have gradual impacts, dam construction brings abrupt and irreversible change.
International aid focuses on the impacts of climate change, but hydropower is the awkward elephant in the room that the international community declines to address. Mekong researchers suggest that the four countries need international support to not only adapt to climate change, but also address the consequences of dam construction. The United States, Japan, Australia and the European Union are increasing aid for the region, providing hundreds of millions of dollars in technical assistance rather than supporting direct curbs on hydropower.
Brian Eyler, director of the Southeast Asia program at the Stimson Foundation, suggests that dams being built now could be obsolete before completion. The path to averting the slow death of the mighty Mekong cannot be based on technical assistance alone, but requires a holistic mixture of diplomatic pressure and aid. The first step would be to push Laos to phase out hydropower and adopt solar and other forms of renewable energy, already highly competitive and faster to install. Related: Putin Calls U.S. Shale “Barbaric”
Academics, NGOs and scientists urge the international community and the Mekong River Commission to change course away from the tired mantra of sustainable hydropower that has failed to protect the ecosystem – and instead embrace a major policy shift towards dam suspension and a moratorium. The first recommendation for a complete moratorium on dams for the Mekong was made in October 2010.
The stakes are high as the Mekong and Thien contends if the eight dams in the Lao pipeline proceed, millions will be displaced with “a serious regional non-traditional security issue in the making. Many Southeast Asians fear the river may never recover from its current plight, though Thai academic Settachua insists, “It is not too late to protect this river and stop all the scheduled dam projects in the pipeline.”
The unforeseen impacts show that hydropower has a higher environmental cost that believed. This requires the United Nations and the international community tackling unregulated hydropower and to provide more sustainable development models for the Mekong, and endorse the rights of local communities, in order to protect the river’s heritage and exploring prospects for revitalization in the years to come.
By Yale Global
More Top Reads From Oilprice.com:
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- What Can We Learn From Peak Whale Oil?
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|This page is part of the Copyright section for CPDL. |
See individual pages for details and conditions.
The term Public Domain when used on CPDL, generally indicates that the individual who contributed the work believes the work is free of restrictions under Copyright law. For example, a work may be in the public domain if the copyright of the work has expired, or if the copyright holder (e.g. composer, editor, transcriber or contributor) has released the work into the public domain.
If a work of music is in the public domain, the music and any score file(s) in the public domain may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, used, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and in any way, including by methods that have not yet been invented or conceived. However, the theory of moral rights nonetheless protects the original creator of a work against having another misappropriate credit for the creator's intellectual work. Additionally, it is worth noting that creative changes an editor may add to their own score edition of a work in the public domain may in some cases still be protected under copyright even if the copyright of the original work the score is based on has lapsed. For example, though Bach's B Minor Mass is itself in the public domain, the Bärenreiter edition of that particular public domain piece of music would not be in the public domain.
See Help:When does music enter the public domain? for more information.
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More Indonesians are eating fish as part of their regular diet but microplastics do make it risky. There are ways to mitigate that risk.
Susi Pudjiastuti, Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia (2014-2019) once made a popular joke about Indonesians who didn't eat fish: "I will go after you who don't eat fish, you will be sunk like those vessels." The vessels she referred to were foreign fishing trawlers. The word "sink" became a popular meme on social media and underscored how important fish is to Indonesians.
Fish is a crucial source of protein for Indonesians. Indonesia is the second largest fisheries producer after China and the industry plays a huge role in the country's economy. The sector is only expected to grow, especially in aquaculture, with traditional catches decreasing due to overfishing. Coupled with a global consumption trend that is starting to switch from red meat to fish, fishery products are becoming easier to obtain and more affordable.
But there is a risk. Eating fish while they are also eating plastic can be dangerous.
Because water quality continues to be degraded, the quality and quantity of fish caught and cultivated also decreases, mainly due to inorganic waste that is difficult to decompose such as microplastics. It is estimated that by 2050 there will be more plastic waste than fish in the sea.
Indonesia is the second largest producer of plastic waste in the world after China. Plastic use in Indonesia continues to increase, spurred by the development of the packaged food industry. Although the public is not generally concerned about the adverse effects of plastic waste on the environment and health, plastic pollution is becoming a big problem, with cases of illegal entry of plastic waste from some developed countries worsening the problem.
The handling of plastic waste in Indonesia has not been well integrated, especially in densely populated rural areas where there are no garbage disposal facilities. This means plastic waste is either burned or thrown into waterways.
Burning plastic produces toxic air pollution and has been banned except under exceptional circumstances. Pollution from burnt plastics also ends up in the soil and water due to the leaching of the remaining material. The easier option is for people to throw unwanted plastics into waterways. The sight of people throwing plastic waste over bridges has become a common in Indonesia.
One of the risks of all this plastic floating around waterways is that it can contribute to flooding. It also breaks down into microform (less than 5 mm). It is these microplastics that put aquatic life - and the humans who rely on it - at risk.
Fish are opportunistic feeders and tend to eat objects in the water that resemble their food. In general, fish cannot distinguish between natural food and microplastics because they can be the same shape and colour. Microplastics then settle in the digestive tract of fish. This can lead to unhealthier and reduced fish populations due to malnutrition. For humans, the microplastics in fish can still be avoided by cleaning the fish's digestive tract before consuming them. This is considered the easiest way to prevent microplastics from being ingested.
There is still the problem of smaller fish, such as anchovies, which are consumed whole. Microplastics are destined to enter humans and end up in our digestive tract. An accumulation of these foreign materials can have dire consequences for human health, such as digestive disorders and even poisoning.
It's not only fish which carry risks. Drinking water can contain nanoplastics (less than 100 nm) which are barely visible to the naked eye. Most Indonesians rely on drinking water from the nation's rivers which have been polluted by plastic waste for years. Microplastics are found in almost all rivers in Indonesia and have ended up in processed foods, packaged beverages, and even breast milk.
One environmental NGO found microplastics contamination in 68 rivers from 24 provinces in Indonesia. There are between 6.36 to 4.17 particles per litre. From thousands of respondents to one survey, 90 percent agreed that Indonesian rivers are polluted but they are ready to voluntarily help clean it up.
The solution to the microplastic problem lies with three sections of society.
There needs to be community participation in dividing waste according to criteria such as organic and inorganic waste, especially plastic. This division will make it easier to recycle waste. Organic waste can be processed into compost, while plastic waste is converted into plastic pellets which are ready for reuse.
The industry has so far paid little attention to the plastic waste generated from their products, because they think that products that have been released and consumed by the public are the responsibility of the community. The plastics industry needs to be encouraged to provide waste processing facilities and systems according to the product criteria produced.
The government is responsible for providing sustainable and integrated waste management facilities and systems from urban to rural areas. It also should agree with industry on building facilities and systems to process plastic waste.
Veryl Hasan is a lecturer in the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Department of Aquaculture of Airlangga University, Surabaya. Indonesia. His research is focused on Ichthyology and Fish Ecology. Dr. Hasan declares he has no conflict of interest and is not receiving specific funding.
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Originally published under Creative Commons by 360info.
The post The plastics and fish dilemma: to eat or not to eat appeared first on 360.
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Consider a few examples. Noah was a good man. If it weren't for him, mankind wouldn't be here today. However, we have a record of him getting drunk! Abraham was a good man. He was the father of the Hebrew people and the one to whom God promised many great things. However, we have a record of him lying! Moses was a good man. He led God's people out of Egyptian bondage and to the Promised Land. However, we have a record of him arrogantly disobeying God!
If the Bible were a work of fiction, these narratives regarding the sins of good people would probably have not been included since fictional works generally try to make the heroes look as good as possible.
In this feature lesson, as well as next week's, we're going to be studying one Bible hero in particular. King David was a man after God's own heart (Acts 13:22). He was a good man; in fact, he was one of the greatest men recorded in the Old Testament. However, he was also a man who sinned terribly. The Bible depicts him as a hero, but it also shows his sinfulness.
At this time, let us read II Samuel 11.
"It happened in the spring of the year, at the time when kings go out to battle, that David sent Joab and his servants with him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the people of Ammon and besieged Rabbah. But David remained at Jerusalem. Then it happened one evening that David arose from his bed and walked on the roof of the king's house. And from the roof he saw a woman bathing, and the woman was very beautiful to behold. So David sent and inquired about the woman. And someone said, 'Is this not Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?' Then David sent messengers, and took her; and she came to him, and he lay with her, for she was cleansed from her impurity; and she returned to her house. And the woman conceived; so she sent and told David, and said, 'I am with child.' Then David sent to Joab, saying, 'Send me Uriah the Hittite.' And Joab sent Uriah to David. When Uriah had come to him, David asked him how Joab was doing, and how the people were doing, and how the war prospered. And David said to Uriah, 'Go down to your house and wash your feet.' So Uriah departed from the king's house, and a gift of food from the king followed him. But Uriah slept at the door of the king's house with all the servants of his lord, and did not go down to his house. So when they told David, saying, 'Uriah did not go down to his house,' David said to Uriah, 'Did you not come from a journey? Why did you not go down to your house?' And Uriah said to David, 'The ark and Israel and Judah are dwelling in tents, and my lord Joab and the servants of my lord are encamped in the open fields. Shall I then go to my house to eat and drink, and to lie with my wife? As you live, and as your soul lives, I will not do this thing.' Then David said to Uriah, 'Wait here today also, and tomorrow I will let you depart.' So Uriah remained in Jerusalem that day and the next. Now when David called him, he ate and drank before him; and he made him drunk. And at evening he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his lord, but he did not go down to his house. In the morning it happened that David wrote a letter to Joab and sent it by the hand of Uriah. And he wrote in the letter, saying, 'Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retreat from him, that he may be struck down and die.' So it was, while Joab besieged the city, that he assigned Uriah to a place where he knew there would be valiant men. Then the men of the city came out and fought with Joab. And some of the people of the servants of David fell; and Uriah the Hittite died also. Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war, and charged the messenger, saying, 'When you have finished telling the matters of the war to the king, if it happens that the king's wrath rises, and he says to you: "Why did you approach so near to the city when you fought? Did you not know that they would shoot from the wall? Who struck Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? Was it not a woman who cast a piece of a millstone on him from the wall, so that he died in Thebez? Why did you go near the wall?"--then you shall say, "Your servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also."' So the messenger went, and came and told David all that Joab had sent by him. And the messenger said to David, 'Surely the men prevailed against us and came out to us in the field; then we drove them back as far as the entrance of the gate. The archers shot from the wall at your servants; and some of the king's servants are dead, and your servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also.' Then David said to the messenger, 'Thus you shall say to Joab: "Do not let this thing displease you, for the sword devours one as well as another. Strengthen your attack against the city, and overthrow it." So encourage him.' When the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she mourned for her husband. And when her mourning was over, David sent and brought her to his house, and she became his wife and bore him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased the LORD."
II Samuel 11 is the blackest chapter in the life of King David. The shocking details are similar to what may be found in soap operas or on the front page of trashy tabloids. David was guilty of lust, adultery, deceit, and murder. In his hypocrisy, he tried to cover it all up. He did terrible things--things deserving of the death penalty. Yet, when we view his life overall, he was a good man (even though he sinned grievously here). This chapter reminds me of the warning of I Corinthians 10:12 - "Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall."
My purpose in this lesson is not to make comments verse by verse. It is my hope to highlight certain verses as we try to answer the question: What happens when a "good" man sins? I've put the word "good" in quotation marks in the lesson title as it refers to man, because in an absolute sense no man is good (cf. Matt. 19:17). Of course, some are better than others, and although it doesn't seem like it in this context, David was a good man.
1. WHEN A "GOOD" MAN SINS, IT IS BECAUSE HE HAS ALLOWED HIS SENSE OF RIGHT AND WRONG TO BE OVERCOME BY LUST.
"...And from the roof he saw a woman bathing, and the woman was very beautiful to behold...Then David sent messengers, and took her...and he lay with her..." (excerpts from II Sam. 11:2,4).
Many excuses are made for sin. People often claim that their sin is justified by extenuating circumstances. "The devil made me do it!" Have you ever heard that one? People try to defend fornication and adultery by saying: "We fell in love!" Sometimes the excuse is: "I just didn't think!" Some even go so far as to blame God for allowing the opportunity or for creating the desire. The fact of the matter is, however, that sin starts with lust!
James 1:13-15 teaches - "Let no one say when he is tempted, 'I am tempted by God'; for God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He Himself tempt anyone. But each one is tempted when he is drawn away by his own desires and enticed. Then, when desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, brings forth death."
Sin is always with our consent. No one, not even Satan can make us sin; we always have the option of refusing to give in to temptation. If I sin it is because I gave in, not because I couldn't help it. Not only that, but Christians have the assurance that they will not be tempted beyond that which they are able to bear (cf. I Cor. 10:13).
In David's situation, there can be no doubt that David knew better. This was another man's wife! This was specifically prohibited in the Ten Commandments - "You shall not commit adultery." David knew that what he did was wrong. Adultery and fornication are two works of the flesh and "those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God" (Gal. 5:19-21).
How could a man like David, a man after God's own heart, let himself sink so deeply into such depravity? It wasn't because he was thinking about God and His will, that's for sure! On a different occasion, the Psalmist (probably David) wrote that he had put God's word in his heart so that he wouldn't sin against the Lord (Psa. 119:11). But, David wasn't meditating on the word of God the evening he saw Bathsheba! Perhaps if he had been this sorry chapter in his life would not have been written!
The Bible says - "Flee sexual immorality" (I Cor. 6:18) and "flee also youthful lusts" (II Tim. 2:22). Do you remember when Joseph was enticed by Potiphar's wife? What did he do? He ran away! It might have seemed that he, as a slave, had little to lose by sleeping with his master's wife, but his resistance was strong! He said - "How can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?" (Gen. 39:9). He ran out of that house! David, on the other hand, sent for another man's wife and brought her into his house. His opportunity for sin was no greater than that which was put in front of Joseph, but Joseph fled from lusts while David surrendered his mind, body, and soul to them! Joseph did not allow his lust to overcome his sense of right and wrong, but David did.
2. WHEN A "GOOD" MAN SINS, HIS SIN IS COMPOUNDED WHEN HE TRIES TO HIDE IT.
"And the woman conceived; so she sent and told David, and said, 'I am with child'...And David said to Uriah, 'Go down to your house...' David...made him drunk...but he did not go down to his house...And [David] wrote in the letter, saying, 'Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retreat from him, that he may be struck down and die'" (excerpts from II Sam. 11:5,8,13,15).
When David was done with sin, his sin was not done with him; there were complications! There are always complications to sin! Her husband was away from home, and her pregnancy would soon become known. The father would soon be revealed! David devised a solution. Bring Uriah home from the war and let him visit his wife. It was a simple solution, and he hoped it would solve his problem, but it didn't work! Uriah was a more noble man than his king. He would not enjoy his home and wife while his fellow soldiers were yet in the field. David tried again and even resorted to getting Uriah drunk, but Uriah still did not go home to his wife.
More drastic action was needed. Orders were sent to Joab to put Uriah in a place where he would certainly be killed. This was conspiracy to commit murder! David's other cover-up attempts had failed. Time was running out! Something had to be done. David was not thinking of the enormity of this additional crime he was committing against Uriah. He had already committed adultery with the man's wife. Now he ordered him killed! King David was a good man, but thoughts of righteousness and goodness were not on his mind! His urgency was to hide his sin--no matter what it cost! Proverbs 28:1 declares - 'The wicked flee when no one pursues..." David was fleeing; fleeing from his sin that had almost caught up with him. And, in the process, he committed even more sin. This is often the way sin works.
Those who never profess to please God can be bold about their sin. Some will even brag about their adulteries. Such people are not the least bit embarrassed by sin. As the prophet Jeremiah once said - "Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? No! They were not at all ashamed; nor did they know how to blush..." (6:15). But, when a good man enters into willful sin, it makes him a hypocrite when he tries to hide it. David's efforts to cover his sin became more and more complicated and eventually led to murder. Of course, hypocrisy does not always result in murder. There are many different ways to conceal sin. However, regardless of how one goes about it, hiding sin only compounds it. Probably the most typical complication is lying; with lies to cover the lies, and more lies to cover those lies. Sin usually only grows larger once we try to hide it. It would be so much better if we would just repent after the initial sin and take our punishment rather than commit more sin to hide the first one and then bring more guilt upon our heads. This is a principle we all should learn and practice!
3. WHEN A "GOOD" MAN SINS, AND DOESN'T REPENT, HE WILL FIND IT EASY TO RATIONALIZE HIS ACTIONS.
"Then David said to the messenger, 'Thus you shall say to Joab: "Do not let this thing displease you, for the sword devours one as well as another..."'" (II Sam. 11:25).
David brought Joab into his scheme. Although he was a willing accomplice, Joab knew that David had ordered a man's murder! David rationalized Uriah's death to the messenger stating it was just Uriah's misfortune to have been at the wrong place at the wrong time. David wanted to shift the blame from his own wicked order to it being just a matter of Uriah's bad luck. Of course, this was only an excuse, but there is never a legitimate excuse for sin. Sin cannot be adequately rationalized!
Nevertheless, this doesn't stop people from trying to rationalize sin--even today. The adulterer says: "We fell in love" or "My husband doesn't understand me." The homosexual says: "This is the way God made me." The crooked merchant says: "It's just business." The shoplifter says: "The stores overcharge." The gossip says: "That's the way it was told to me." The person who forsakes the Lord's church says: "Someone offended me." Friends, let's wake up to the truth! When the devil leads a person into sin, he will also suggest an excuse for it!
The very last statement of II Samuel 11 gives God's perspective on David's rationalization of what had happened - "But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord." God knew what David had done. It was sin and couldn't be explained away; it couldn't be hidden. God saw the lust. He saw the adultery. He saw the cover-ups. He saw the murder. He was not pleased! Our lives are completely exposed before God! Do you realize that? He knows our thoughts, actions, and intents. Covering up sin or trying to justify it is futile when the only true and living God is watching.
Dear listeners, when you do fall into sin (and we all do) remember that it is always better to confess it to the Lord and repent of it rather than attempting to rationalize it or cover it up, which will only lead to even more sin!
To sum up, we've considered three points today--three things that happen when a "good" man sins: (1) His sense of right and wrong is overcome by his lust, (2) His sin is compounded when he tries to hide it, and (3) When he doesn't repent, he will find it easy to rationalize his sin to himself.
We will conclude this study of what happens when a "good" man sins in our next feature lesson by contemplating II Samuel 12. Thank you for listening, and may the Lord bless you as you strive to do His will.
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You might have heard of London’s Ultra Low Emissions Zone. But depending on where you live in the country, you’re more likely to have a Clean Air Zone (CAZ) coming to a city near you this year. We investigate what these are, what they mean to car drivers and reveal which cities are getting them in 2022.
The Catalytic converter or ‘cat’ is a standard part of every modern car’s exhaust system. It helps to reduce harmful pollutants in the engine’s fumes. But thefts of catalytic converters are increasing dramatically.
In 2019, reported thefts of cats rose to 13,000 throughout England and Wales – up six times on the previous year. It’s not cheap to put right either. Replacement catalytic converters cost anywhere between £500 and £2500, depending on the car. Read on to find out if you could be at risk.
Thursday 20 June was the UK’s Clean Air Day 2019. Organised by charity Global Action Plan, Clean Air Day is the UK’s largest air pollution campaign. It’s been conceived to urge people in Britain to think about how they might reduce their emissions and help improve air quality.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), road transport accounts for up to 30 per cent of particulate emissions in Europe. Much of that comes from the exhaust pipes of internal combustion engine vehicles. Here we reveal how car drivers can reduce their emissions and make every day a Clean Air Day.
Within your car’s exhaust system there are two areas that are hot spots for trouble and often need cleaning – the catalytic converter and the diesel particulate filter. Both of these cause problems for the efficient running of your car and can lead to it failing its MOT. In fact, Britain has a monthly peak of 43,000 cars failing the annual roadworthy test because of unacceptably dirty emissions from the exhaust.
Given the high cost of replacement parts, it’s no surprise that many drivers are embracing DIY cleaning products. These claim to return to good health congested catalytic converters or diesel particulate filters. We look at the options for drivers and ask whether they are worth using.
Smoke-like steam when you start up is normal. If it continues, your car could have a problem
The moment you turn your car’s engine on, exhaust emissions start coming out of its tail pipes. They could cause your car to fail its annual MOT test if examiners judge that too many harmful gases are being emitted. They could even land you with a fine.
There’s nothing drivers of internal combustion engine cars can do about small levels of exhaust emissions. They are, after all, the result of the chemical reaction taking place when fuel is burnt by the engine. But with tougher checks for cars’ exhaust emissions, find out how to stay the right side of legal. Continue reading →
New research says nearly every car pumps out illegal levels of toxic gases
It’s not just Volkswagens that allegedly pump dangerous toxins into the atmosphere, according to the latest emissions shock. New research claims nine out of 10 diesel cars on Britain’s roads exceed official limits for illegal gases. The study also found that 10 per cent of petrol cars surpassed nitrogen oxide (NOx) limits, set in 2011. And the majority of petrol cars go beyond EU carbon monoxide (CO) output levels.
According to Which?, part of the Consumer Association: “It’s not just Volkswagen. In fact, it’s not just diesel engines, either. It’s almost everyone. Whether diesel, petrol or hybrid, the majority of cars exceed EU emission limits when faced with our more realistic tests.” So what is the truth behind the latest revelations? And more importantly where, as drivers and car owners, do we stand? Continue reading →
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Statistics is an important branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. It plays a crucial role in many fields, including economics, psychology, sociology, engineering, medicine, and natural sciences.
The Interquartile Range (IQR) is a measure of the variability of a dataset that is robust to outliers. It is calculated as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles, also known as the first and third quartiles. The IQR provides a good indication of the spread of the middle 50% of the data. In other words, it gives us an idea of how far apart the middle values in a dataset are from each other. A low IQR indicates that the middle values are tightly clustered, while a high IQR calculator that the values are more spread out. The IQR is commonly used in descriptive statistics and is a useful tool for identifying outliers in a dataset.
Here are some reasons why statistics is important in mathematics:
Data analysis: Statistics provides tools and techniques for the analysis and interpretation of data. It helps to draw meaningful conclusions from data and make decisions based on evidence.
Probability: Statistics is closely related to the study of probability, which is the foundation for many statistical methods. Probability theory provides a way to model and analyze uncertain events, which is essential for many areas of research and decision-making.
Inference: Statistics allows us to make inferences about a population based on a sample of data. This is important for many applications, such as market research, medical trials, and political polls.
Modeling: Statistics provides methods for building statistical models that can be used to make predictions and understand relationships between variables.
Quality control: Statistics plays a critical role in quality control and process improvement, allowing organizations to monitor and improve their processes based on data.
In conclusion, statistics is a powerful and versatile field that is essential for many areas of mathematics, science, and engineering, and has many practical applications in the real world.
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No matter how much you love what you do and the people you work with, you need regular days off and vacation time. Other elements of your life can benefit from the same type of break. A digital detox is a period of time when you limit or avoid social media and other mediated communication as much as possible. Of course, there is nothing wrong with staying connected to friends and family online. However, if your phone is next to you at all times or you feel nervous when you are away from it, taking some time off from your life online can have many benefits.
Contrary to popular belief, there is such a thing as too much communication. From the time you wake up until the time you go to bed, you may be bombarded by messages, and not all of them are useful or helpful. Limiting your intake of mediated communication can minimize the risk of being distracted from other messages that may be more important at the moment.
A digital detox doesn't have to be an all-or-nothing endeavor. If you can pinpoint the specific ways that your phone or computer are distracting you, you can improve your focus by simply taking a break from those things. There is more than one way to implement a digital detox:
- Complete fast from all devices for a short amount of time (i.e., a day or two)
- Regularly scheduled day off from mediated communication every week or month
- Restriction of one particular app or type of communication
Improves Mental Health
Like all social situations, online connections can have many benefits. If you rely too heavily on them, though, they can also have disadvantages. Social comparison with others who seem to be living lives that are better than yours can leave you feeling dissatisfied with your own, even if you are meeting all your goals and doing your best. When you see pictures of friends hanging out or going together to a place you would have liked to have been invited, it can dredge up old wounds and lead to a fear of missing out.
A digital detox can help you reorder your perspective. Taking time off to enjoy your own life tends to make you less jealous of others are enjoying theirs. It can also serve as a reminder that posts on social media are heavily curated and don't show the duller parts of everyone's lives. Limiting or eliminating your use of social media can improve your self-esteem, lower stress levels and boost your overall mental health.
Boosts Physical Well-Being
Spending many hours a day in front of a screen can take not only an emotional toll but a physical one as well. If you don't take frequent breaks, the blue light from the screen can cause eye strain, dry eyes and headaches, similar to the effects of being out in the sun for too long without protection. A daily detox, particularly if you have a job where you are staring at a screen for long periods of time, may be helpful to reduce any negative effects you experience.
Another drawback of excessive attachment to your smartphone is sleep disruption. Your brain needs the opportunity to slow down before you can get good sleep. If you are glued to your phone right up until bedtime, it may take longer for you to fall asleep, and the quality of your sleep may be poorer than if you put the screen away a few hours before you go to bed.
Being digitally connected has both advantages and disadvantages. As with all good things, using your devices in moderation and taking a digital detox break when needed are the keys to ensuring you reap more benefits than drawbacks.
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Whether you grow apples or pears, you’ll love the abundance of your own fruits. Even smaller trees can produce as much as 100 pounds of fruit per year. In addition to being delicious, they are also a great way to preserve fruit juice and other produce. You’ll also enjoy the countless benefits of fresh fruit grown in your own back garden. It’s also a great way to support a healthy ecosystem. In addition to providing fresh fruit, your fruit trees will also provide clean air and promote wildlife.
Besides providing a healthy and tasty snack, a fruit tree can be a source of food for your family. If you live in a climate with mild winters, you can grow a tree with early blooming fruits and later harvesting varieties. This way, you can enjoy a full year’s supply of fresh fruits. In addition to reducing your family’s food bill, a fruit tree can also create an ecosystem. For care of your fruit trees, contact a Dorset Tree Surgeon from Dorset Tree Surgeon Kieran Boyland
Another reason for growing fruit trees is that they can help protect the environment. They reduce soil erosion and prevent soil from washing away. By planting fruit trees, you’ll reduce the greenhouse effect, which will slow down global warming. The plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which means that the negative effects of climate change are reduced. This will help the earth’s climate and keep temperatures from rising too quickly. Moreover, planting fruit trees will help you reduce your carbon footprint and save money on grocery bills.
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During the time when black people were treated as slaves in Europe and America, studies, which claimed to be scientific, were published. They were undertaken by scientists who tried to show that black people belonged to a sub-human race and that they were closer to animals than to humans. This was an attempt under what is called “Pseudoscience”. Are you aware that nowadays a similar type of pseudoscience is widespread?
In 1993, Dean Hamer published a study that claimed to identify a relationship between gene Xq28 and homosexuality. Since then millions of dollars were spent in attempt to prove the claim, and after 25 years of trials, results are zero.
On the contrary, genetics came to deny any existence of any genes related to behavioural traits.
Why did the pseudoscience of scientific racism collapsed while Homosexuality pseudoscience prevails?
The answer is just two words: “Gay Lobby” and “Ideologized media”.
Robert Spitzer is one of the most important figures in the field of psychiatry. He played a leading role in removing homosexuality from the list of psychological disorders. Spitzer subsequently published a study showing that it is possible to alter the sexual orientation of homosexuals. He described his treatment method which uses no medical drugs, showing that it was successful in the treatment of 200 cases of homosexuality among men and women. He called it ‘reparative therapy’. No one objected to his conclusions on scientific grounds. Yet the world’s two leading health organizations severely criticized him. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) attacked him and he was forced to apologize. And his apology was published on Newspapers and magazines “psychiatry giant sorry for backing gay cure”.
The question here is: Did they refute his claim? The answer is: No.
The two organizations just published a statement alleging that Dr Spitzer’s reparative therapy involves health risks. How was that?! They argued that it makes a gay person feel ashamed and may even lead such a person to commit suicide.
The two organizations also published recommendations that may be described as ‘autocratic’, trying to frighten anyone who dissents.
They urged the enactment of legislation that would punish anyone who tries to promote ‘reparative’ therapy for homosexuals. They want such therapy to be outlawed. They even encourage that any such activity be exposed because ‘it represents a violation of human dignity’. They further require that individuals who promote such reparative therapy to be reported to the relevant authorities.
I think that such practices are best described as a sort of Spanish Inquisition. And, it is certainly naïve to assume that an objective study can be undertaken in such an environment.
Yet, some media outlets continue to describe Dean Hamer’s falsehood as ‘scientific’.
There is always a simple strategy: silence scientists and establish a lobby to promote your falsehood. And this is how people believe in “Pseudoscience”.
Everyone who is following the media can see the efforts done to familiarize the process of adopting children by gay parents. And at the same time they do acknowledge its impact on children values and behaviour towards sexual relationships.
You can imagine a child raised by gay parents mingled with a community of gays. He grew up with these practices which are contrary to human nature. By the time when he wanted to change himself, live a normal life and seek help, not only he was prevented by law, but also any attempts to help him was criminalized!
Is that freedom?!
The Holy Quran tells us about Allah’s Prophet who was sent to warn his people not to commit this disgraceful act. He is the Prophet Lot peace be upon him, he asked his people frowningly:
And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, "Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people."
(Al A’raf 80-81).
While Prophet Lot fully accomplished his duty his people didn’t follow him. But they accused him and his family of this weird charge:
But the answer of his people was only that they said,
"Evict them from your city! Indeed, they are men who keep themselves pure."
(Al A’raf 82).
So what were the consequences?
God punished them with the proper punishment for their abnormal practices.
“So the shout took hold of them at sunrise (73) And We made the upside there of downwards, and We rained on them stones of baked clay (74).
(Al Hijr 73-74)
Would anyone be thoughtful?
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(2-27-23) Arcanum Police are reporting that a small small meteorite hit this weekend near the high school football stadium. The spot of the impact was located by police officers and witnesses that saw it hit. No remains of the object remained after the impact.
According to NASA – What’s the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite?
Meteoroids are objects in space that range in size from dust grains to small asteroids. Think of them as “space rocks.”
When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere (or that of another planet, like Mars) at high speed and burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors.
When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it’s called a meteorite.
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Are electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and fuel-efficient vehicles “green?” The answer, for many people, is “Yes,” but the French see things a little differently.
Look up on YouTube or watch the television for green car ads, and you’ll be sure to find advertisements for electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and even this year’s SUV, just a couple miles-per-gallon better than last year, all touted as green, better for the environment. Now, while many of these modern vehicles are “greener” than my old 1973 Dodge Dart or 1993 Jeep Wrangler, 16 mpg and 12 mpg respectively, they still have an environmental impact and carbon footprint.
Now, this isn’t the say that you shouldn’t buy an electric vehicle, especially when you consider that there are emissions and pollutants associated with the manufacture of every automobile. Electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries, which have been linked with pollution and emissions. Additionally, at the end of the service life, the car would need recycling, and lithium-ion battery pack disposal or recycling is also emissions-intensive. Of course, you could hybrid battery conditioning, but that’s another post.
All in all, however, electric vehicles are not an environmental abomination, as their lifecycle emissions are actually far lower than even the best hybrid and conventional vehicles. Calling them “green” is something that the French aren’t willing to concede. According to the French Jury of Advertising Ethics (JDP), a recent Renault ZOE ad saying, “To fight pollution, drive a car,” is going too far. You’ll recall that Paris is restricting traffic, and may even ban cars altogether, to fight the growing air pollution problem there, so electric vehicles make sense.
Considering that France’s average power grid emissions is a scant 35 g CO2/kWh (grams carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour), running an electric vehicle there is far better than, say, pretty much all of the United States, where the average emissions top 565 g CO2/kWh. Still there are emissions, and electric vehicles are “greenER” than conventional vehicles, though I think the French JPD missed the point with their ruling that Renault’s ad was unethical. What about walking or biking? These would certainly be “greenER”, but would it green enough for the JDP? It’s really just the lesser of two evils, if you think about it.
Photo credit: Cédric JANODET
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OsO4 (Osmium Tetroxide) for Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
Last updated: February 22nd, 2023 |
Osmium tetroxide, OsO4
- Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a useful reagent for the dihydroxylation of alkenes
- The products of these reactions are 1,2-diols (“vicinal” diols), where the two C-O bonds are formed on the same face of the alkene via a concerted mechanism.
- Dihydroxylation of alkenes with OsO4 is functionally equivalent to dihydroxylation with cold, basic KMnO4.
- OsO4 does not dihydroxylate alkynes!
- The vicinal diols can subsequently be cleaved with NaIO4 providing products that are eqivalent to those obtained through ozonolysis.
Table of Contents
- Osmium Tetroxide, OsO4 And The Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
- The Mechanism for Dihydroxylation of Alkenes With OsO4
- Predicting the Stereochemistry of Dihydroxylation Products
- OsO4 vs KMnO4 As A Reagent for Dihydroxylation
- Catalytic OsO4 Using Stoichiometric Oxidant
- Reactions of 1,2-Diols – Oxidative Cleavage With NaIO4
- Quiz Yourself!
- (Advanced) References and Further Reading
1. Osmium Tetroxide, OsO4 And The Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a very useful reagent for the dihydroxylation of alkenes [Note 1] . In this reaction,
- A C-C (pi) bond is broken
- Two C-O bonds form on adjacent carbons
- The two new C-O bonds are delivered syn , which is to say, on the same face of the alkene.
For example, the reaction of cyclohexene with OsO4 gives exclusively cis-cyclohexan-1,2-diol, with none of the trans diol formed.
Since we are breaking a C-C bond and forming two C-O bonds, this is an example of an oxidation reaction (See article: Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry)
Two alkenes that differ only in their configuration (e.g. the stereoisomers cis– and trans– pent-2-ene) will result in products that are themselves stereoisomers.
This fits the definition of a stereospecific reaction, as per IUPAC.
Chiral molecules with exactly opposite (R,S) designations are enantiomers. Chiral molecules that share the configuration at at least one chiral center and differ at the configuration of another chiral center will be diastereomers. For more, see article: Types of Isomers)
Note that in each case the two new C-OH bonds form on the same face of the alkene.
2. The Mechanism for Dihydroxylation of Alkenes With OsO4
The mechanism of alkene dihydroxylation is a concerted cycloaddition reaction where the C-C pi bond combines with two Os=O bonds to give a five-membered ring structure known as an osmate ester. (Note that in the osmate ester the Os is in the +6 oxidation state as opposed to the +8 oxidation state found in OsO4)
This concerted mechanism nicely accounts for the cis stereochemistry observed in the dihydroxlyation of cyclohexene.
Osmate esters are fairly stable products and can be isolated. [Note 2] However, since we are generally much more interested in the diol, a reagent such as potassium bisulfite (KHSO3) or sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) is commonly used to break the Os-O bonds and liberate the diol.
Just a heads-up – in introductory courses, this second reagent may or may not be included. It purpose is just to get rid of the osmium.
(It is much more common nowadays to use catalytic OsO4 and a stoichiometric amount of an oxidant such as N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) or H2O2 to regenerate OsO4 from the Os(VI) species. In these cases, KHSO3 is not needed. See section below.)
As a fairly electron-poor reagent, reactions with OsO4 increase in rate as the alkene becomes more electron-rich.
For practical purposes, this means that
- reaction rates generally increase with increasing substitution on the alkene ( tetrasubstituted (fastest) > trisubstituted > disubstituted > monosubstituted (slowest)
- reaction rates generally decrease if the alkene is attached to electron-withdrawing groups such as carbonyls
It’s possible to selectively dihydroxylate an electron-rich alkene in the presence of other alkenes. For a few examples, see Note 3 below.
3. Predicting The Stereochemistry Of Dihydroxylation Products
cis– and trans- alkenes can be each be prepared from alkynes, depending on the reagent(s) used for reduction.
- Alkynes treated with sodium (Na) in ammonia (NH3) gives trans-alkenes. (See article – Partial Reduction of Alkynes Using Na/NH3)
- Alkynes treated with Lindlar’s catalyst (palladium made less active through the addition of lead and quinoline) in the presence of hydrogen gives cis-alkenes (See article – Lindlar’s Catalyst)
Why is this important right now?
Well, since cis– and trans– alkenes give dihydroxylation products that are stereoisomers of each other, dihydroxylation reactions provide great fodder for exam questions that challenge your understanding of stereochemistry.
See if you can answer this classic quiz question:
For a refresher on solving these kinds of stereochemistry problems, see article – Enantiomers, Diastereomers or the Same?
Just as important as determining the stereochemistry of products is being able to work backwards from the products of dihydroxylation to the starting alkenes.
This is more challenging with linear (as opposed to cyclic) products, since it will require that you successfully perform a bond rotation.
See if you can work backwards from this diol to the starting alkene:
Here is a similar example:
4. OsO4 versus KMnO4 As A Reagent for Dihydroxylation
A reagent similar to OsO4 that is also capable of performing dihydroxylation is potassium permanganate, KMnO4.
Treatment of alkenes with cold, alkaline KMnO4 will also result in vicinal diols.
Like the reaction with OsO4, this also proceeds through a cyclic, concerted transition state that results in a cyclic metal species (this time called a “manganate ester”).
The key difference here is that unless the manganate ester will react further to give the products of oxidative cleavage unless hydroxide ion HO(-) is present to hydrolyze the Mn-O bonds and liberate the vicinal diol. This is not generally a problem with OsO4.
This is also why the temperature is kept low for KMnO4 oxidations.
Yields with KMnO4 tend to be lower and KMnO4 is also much less tolerant of sensitive functional groups like alcohols and aldehydes.
Dihydroxylations with KMnO4 are often used with a phase transfer catalyst.
5. Catalytic OsO4 Using Stoichiometric Oxidant
It’s one thing to write a reaction down on a sheet of paper that uses a stoichiometric amount of osmium tetroxide.
It’s another thing entirely to carry it out in the lab.
For one thing, OsO4 is expensive – $332/g last time I checked, slightly cheaper if you buy in bulk. The other thing is that it is a highly toxic liquid with a low vapor pressure that should be treated with extreme care.
Particularly noteworthy is its potential to cause blindness – all that retinol in your cornea is full of juicy double bonds that OsO4 would love to hydroxylate.
The report on the first synthesis of cortisol from 1952 (see Note 3 below) has a reaction that used 68.48 g of OsO4 . That clocks in at, let’s see… $22,768 worth of OsO4 at today’s prices.
Surely there must be a better way? Thankfully, yes.
The Upjohn process uses a catalytic amount of OsO4 (usually about 1-2 mol% ) in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of oxidant that converts the Os(VI) product back to OsO4. The oxidant of choice is generally N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) although various other oxidants can be used.
[The original paper is here – Org Synth. 1978, 58, 43 – and has helpful tables that compare oxidants and also its performance to KMnO4]
Yields are generally high and the reaction is mild. Furthermore there’s no need to add KHSO3 since the osmate ester is cleaved under these conditions.
It’s even possible to perform a hydroxylation on an alkene without affecting an alkyne, as OsO4 does not react with alkynes.
An enantioselective version of dihydroxylation known as the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation has been developed. It also uses catalytic osmium (potassium osmate) in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of oxidant. For more details see [Note 4].
6. Reactions of Vicinal Diols – Cleavage with NaIO4
vicinal diols can undergo oxidative cleavage with various reagents to break a C-C bond and form two new C-O (pi) bonds.
The most commonly used reagents for these purposes are sodium periodate (NaIO4) and lead tetraacetate Pb(OAc)4, although earlier we also touched on the fact that this is a prominent side reaction when performing dihydroxylations with KMnO4.
Sequentially treating a double bond with OsO4 to give a diol followed by oxidative cleavage with NaIO4 or Pb(OAc)4 gives the functional equivalent of ozonolysis (reductive workup).
(Later in Org 2, you will learn that diols will react with aldehydes and ketones to form acetals – See article: Hydrates, Hemiacetals, and Acetals)
Let’s summarize the key points we’ve covered about OsO4.
- OsO4 will convert alkenes into vicinal diols (1,2-diols) via a concerted syn addition
- A reducing agent such as KHSO3 is often added to liberate the diol from the osmate ester.
- The diols can undergo oxidative cleavage using a reagent such as NaIO4 or Pb(OAc)4 to give aldehydes/ketones.
- Using the oxidant N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) allows for the catalytic use of osmium.
- In the presence of multiple alkenes, OsO4 will react with the most electron-rich alkene.
- A related reagent is cold, basic KMnO4 that will also make vicinal syn diols. With KMnO4, however, there is an increased risk of the resulting diol undergoing oxidative cleavage.
Note 1. OsO4 is prepared through burning metallic osmium in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. From Brauer’s Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Academic Press, 1963, New York). (page 1603)
“Pure OsO4 is best prepared by a dry method. Osmium powder is heated in a boat placed in a glass or quartz tube through which a stream of dry oxygen is passed. The metal burns to OsO4, which deposits beyond the heated zone of the tube or, better, in a bulb fused to the tube and cooled in ice. The deposit consists of white shiny crystals, though at first it may be a liquid (occasionally pale yellow in color), which forms a crystalline solid on cooling.”
Note 2. Many crystal structures of osmate esters are known. Here is an example of an osmium ester with adenosine. [Ref – J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 7152]
Note 3. What if a molecule contains multiple alkenes? Which alkene will OsO4 react with?
OsO4 will react with the most electron-rich alkene (i.e. generally the one attached to the most carbon substituents).
For example in this classic synthesis of cortisone from 1952, note that OsO4 preferentially attacks the isolated alkene and doesn’t touch the electron-poor diene that is conjugated to the C=O.
Woodward and his team employed 68.5 g of OsO4 on 61.5 g of substrate. At current market prices this one reaction would cost [checks Aldrich] $23,105 in today’s dollars. Thankfully, using so much OsO4 has been made completely unnecessary by using the co-oxidant N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO).
OsO4 can be made to be even more reactive and even react with very electron-poor alkenes through adding pyridine, which coordinates to osmium and renders it more electron-rich. [Ref]
Note 4. The dihydroxylation reaction has been made even more useful through the work of Prof. K. Barry Sharpless’ research group at Scripps. Using chiral amines to coordinate to osmium and a stoichiometric oxidant, Prof. K. Barry Sharpless’ group at Scripps successfully developed a useful catalytic enantioselective dihydroxylation reaction.
The Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (Sharpless AD) is effective for a wide range of alkenes. For convenience, the oxidant, osmium salt, and chiral ligand are all sold as kits known as “AD-mix α” and “AD-mix β”. Using the mnemonic below, one can choose which of the two reagent kits to use in order to get the desired chiral diol.
For far more detail see this handout from Prof. Andrew Myers’ Chem 115 course at Harvard or consult Sharpless’ Nobel lecture.
(Advanced) References and Further Reading
For examples of reactions employing OsO4, see:
- Osmium Tetroxide, OsO4. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Syntheses, vol. 6 (N-Sin). Leo Paquette, ed. Wiley.
- Carey & Sundberg. Advanced Organic Chemistry. B: Reactions & Synthesis. Chapter 12, Oxidations. 4th Ed. Kluwer.
- For examples of the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and leading references, see the handouts by Prof. Andrew G. Myers for Chemistry 115, Harvard University. Link.
- On Two Metals, Found In The Black Powder Remaining After The Solution of Patina
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1804, 411
The first description of what was to become known as OsO4 was made in 1804, where Smithson Tennant observed that the oxide of osmium “stains the skin of a dark color, which cannot be effaced”. In this remarkable paper he also gives names to what came to be called iridium and osmium.
Zur Kenntnis des Osmiums
Chem. Ber. 1908, 41, 943
Believed to be the first application of OsO4 for dihydroxylation of alkenes, from 1908.
- Osmium and Its Compounds
W. P. Griffith
Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1965,19, 254-273
Overview of osmium and some of its reactions. A similar review (from the Johnson-Mathey site) is found here.
- V. VanRheenen, D. Y. Cha, and W. M. Hartley
Org. Synth. 1978, 58, 43
The “Upjohn method” for dihydroxylation of alkenes using catalytic OsO4 and stoichiometric NMO (N-methyl morpholine N-oxide) in Organic Syntheses.
- The Total Synthesis of SteroidsR. B. Woodward, Franz Sondheimer, David Taub, Karl Heusler, and W. M. McLamoreJournal of the American Chemical Society 1952 74 (17), 4223-4251
One step of this paper involves hydroxylation of 61.5 g of substrate with 68.5 g of OsO4.
- Nobel Lecture
K. Barry Sharpless
Prof. Barry Sharpless won the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the development of asymmetric catalysis. His 2001 Nobel Lecture describes the path toward making asymmetric dihydoxylation a useful process (starts on page 11).
- Osmium tetraoxide cis hydroxylation of unsaturated substrates
Chemical Reviews 1980 80 (2), 187-213
Comprehensive review on the dihydroxylation of alkenes with OsO4 up to 1980.
Experimental and Theoretical Kinetic Isotope Effects for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation. Evidence Supporting a Rate-Limiting “(3 + 2)” Cycloaddition
Albert J. DelMonte, Jan Haller, K. N. Houk, K. Barry Sharpless, Daniel A. Singleton, Thomas Strassner, and Allen A. Thomas
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1997 119 (41), 9907-9908
Study on the mechanism of the dihydroxylation of alkenes that supports a [3+2] versus a [2+2] mechanism.
38 thoughts on “OsO4 (Osmium Tetroxide) for Dihydroxylation of Alkenes”
You can make the use of OsO4 catalytic if you throw in a sacrificial oxidant, N-morpholine oxide (NMO). I’ve had several lab mates use catalytic NMO without incident.
Oh yeah. My point (perhaps not so well made) was that undergraduate teaching laboratories are unlikely places to learn how to use OsO4. But maybe there are places out there who do?
Your point brings up another question – I”m wondering how many instructors include NMO when they teach the dihydroxylation reaction.
I do :)
I’ve worked with students from dozens of schools, and I can’t find another of an example of an instructor who does (although Jim Tour teaches cat. OsO4 and H2O2). You, my good man, are one of the very few! Good on you.
They do where I go to college (Uni. of Minnesota). My prof mentioned using NMO because OsO4 is ridiculously expensive, and NMO turns it into a catalyst so you don’t need as much. She failed to mention the burning out the eyes part, though.
Good to know!
A friend of mine once had to do a reaction with 10 mL of OsO4. Insane.
NMO is in McMurray, 8th Edition (used by 1 of 3 sections at SUNY Geneseo).
Very helpful. Thank you!!
Ohio State Organic chem teaches using it and Miami University of Ohio
example problem from class..
an alkene —–OSO4 (cat.), NMO——> enantiomers
(side note: if possible adding an image attachment option to the comments)
Wow, I had no idea it’d ever been used on that scale in a synthesis! Unfortunately for those guys the Upjohn catalytic procedure wasn’t reported until 20 years later. I seem to remember that Kumamoto’s synthesis of methyl-kinamycin C and Corey’s neotripterifordin also use it stoichiometrically, although not on anywhere near that scale. I once saw the selective dihydroxylation of one bond in a 1,4-cyclohexadiene reported in a very old Tet. Lett. using stoichiometric OsO4. When I tried it with NMO as the terminal oxidant aromatisation was a major problem so I changed my route. I never had the courage to try with the 1.1 equiv. reported so I’ll always wonder if it would have worked. If nothing else, OsO4 is also damned expensive (~300$/g from Aldrich).
At the university where I currently am (I can tell you it’s in the UK, if you couldn’t guess from my spelling) 3rd year undergrads get to do Sharpless AD, although obviously that’s with potassium osmate, which is far less volatile/nasty. Still, they do generate OsO4 during the reaction, and they only have to quench it wrong (which is not impossible) for potentially bad things to happen. I get very nervous when this experiment runs.
Wow! Sharpless AD in 3rd year? That’s fantastic. The AD-mix makes it pretty easy I guess. Kudos to your school. In the “advanced organic chemistry” labs I’ve been in or TA’d, there’s always seemed to be a fine, 30-year or more patina of dust on the procedure we were using. Nothing wrong with that per se, but it didn’t give you the exciting feeling of doing something cutting edge.
What happens when diol reacts with OsO4?
Why isn’t the stereoisomer for the cyclo hexene drawn (side question)? I feel like the answer’s at the tip of my tongue but I can’t quite get it.
What’s the definition of an “enantiomer” ? : – )
Since one of those reactions gives a mix of products (enantiomers) while the other gives only one product, the reaction in general is stereoselective?
Whether you get one product or a mixture of enantiomers/diastereomers will depend on the alkene you start with.
Dihydroxylation of ethene would only give one product, for example.
The reaction itself is stereoselective. Starting with cyclohexene you get one product – cis 1,2-cyclohexane diol, and none of the trans. If you obtained a random *mixture* of cis- and trans- 1,2-diols from cyclohexene, then it would not be stereoselective.
This is going beyond what you asked, but not only is this reaction stereoselective, it is stereospecific.
Take two alkenes that are diastereomers. cis but-2-ene and trans but-2-ene.
Now treat each with OsO4.
The cis but-2-ene will give a single product (S,R)-2,3-butanediol (meso).
The trams but-2-ene will give a racemic mixture of diols. (S,S)-2,3-butanediol and (R,R)-2,3-butanediol. These are each diastereomers of (S,R)-butanediol.
So two diastereomeric alkenes give two diastereomeric products. That’s the IUPAC definition of stereospecific.
I’m still not understanding…
It’s a meso compound. It has a plane of symmetry and is thus an achiral molecule.
Well done with Master Organic Chemistry. It is clean, simple, and useful.
Hi, just wondering in what cases does OsO4 fail? Certain alkenes? What about enones (I’ve seen that it does some enones but wondering if some cases would fail)? And how are the reactivities between OsO4 and K2OsO4 differ, besides the latter having hydrates and not useful for moisture sensitive reactions? Thanks!
What is the effect of H2O2 on the action of OSO4?
When the reaction is done, “H2O2” re-oxidizes the OsO2(OH)2 back to OsO4. It’s a reoxidant, which allows OsO4 to be used catalytically. A more common reagent for this purpose is N-methyl morpholine N- oxide (NMO)
Hey thanks for all your help and dedication to furthering education. Really appreciate your help with making these pages. Between this and the people at Clutchprep I’m acing organic chem and can’t wait for orgo II, bio chem, and pharmacy school next august.
How exactly does the H2O2 hydrolyze the intermediate 5-member ring? Does it donate a proton onto the Oxygen involved in the C-O bond? If so, why would the oxygen want to form that O-H bond instead of remaining with the rest of the ring?
Why can HIO4 not react with alkenes
Great question. It just doesn’t. Although it will react nicely with diols.
Reaction of alkenes with cold KMnO4 and OsO4 results in d production of cis -Diol .is there any reaction for production of trans-diol????
Yes, the Woodward-Prevost dihydroxylation. Start by making an iodonium ion, and then there is double displacement by carboxylate to give a 5 membered ring, followed by hydrolysis. https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/woodward-reaction.shtm
James I am looking to recover osmium in a mixture of strong acids at high temperature from a HNO3, H2SO4, HCl digestion. Had no luck complexing it with thiourea since acids + heat = destroyed complexing agent. I’m basically looking to prevent OsO4 formation and recover low level Os spikes. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Regards
I’m sorry but I really don’t know. There has been a lot of work on heavy metal remediation in soils and in solution but I don’t know about how well they stand up to strong acids. E.g. http://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/C%26EN-NEWS/PDF/J.%20Am.%20Chem.%20Soc.%202005,%20127,%2010045-10050.pdf
I do not believe that products in Example 1 are meso compounds that result from the syn addition. They certainly look like the products of anti-addition. Both -OH groups should be either wedged or dashed, if added on the same side. Here they are the same but on different sides. If you rotate, they definitely look like the products from anti-addition (the example on hydroxylation of a linear alkene).
Hi, it doesn’t say that they are meso compounds in this specific example, it says they are a mixture of enantiomers.
However, what about example 2?
If we have a molecule which contain both alkene and aldehide’and we want to prepare diol. will osmium tetraoxide oxidize the aldehide? If yes can you suggest me how to get the diol without oxidizing the akdehide?
Hi Ptachia – I would not do a dihydroxylation with an unprotected aldehyde. Too many things can go wrong. Either keep it at the protected alcohol stage and then oxidize up afterwards, or protect the aldehyde as an acetal and then perform the dihydroxylation.
I think I found a way how to this, without protecting the aldehyde. I would appreciate to get your opinion
Stage 1: reaction with peroxide to get epoxide
Stage 2: acidificaion
Without knowing the structure, it’s hard to say. Is it an alpha, beta unsaturated aldehyde? Epoxidation may work, but then again peroxide may end up oxidizing your aldehyde.
Aldehydes are some of the most sensitive functional groups to oxidation and other side reactions. I would generally suggest they are protected unless you have some strong reason for believing it would not be affected by the OsO4 or its co-oxidant.
I appreciate you sharing this blog post. Thanks Again. Cool.
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By Carol Grinage, volunteer contributor, American Red Cross
I have a sewing machine in the back of my storage closet underneath boxes of Christmas decorations, old toys and other items that I no longer use regularly. I never gave much thought to the sewing machine until I toured a local hat company and the tour guide pointed out that some hats were sewn completely by hand and some parts of all hats were done by hand.
She then pointed out that the Singer sewing machine standing in front of me was from 1880 and that none of the machines were younger than 1920. Of everything I saw that day, what stood out the most and what I talked about was the sewing machine. I was amazed and am still amazed at the importance and endurance of one small household item. It is for these same reasons that we celebrate National Sewing Machine Day.
The sewing machine was born in 1790 when Thomas Saint took out the first patent for the design of the sewing machine, but it wasn’t until many years later that a working model was built. With this, life changed for many people.
Before the sewing machine existed, clothes were sewn by hand by wives and daughters or seamstresses. Once sewing machines became widespread for industrial use, the production of clothing and other textiles was done in large factories, and the price of clothing dropped because the production time decreased.
Although the sewing machine was used in factories, it was also used in many homes for repairing and making clothing. Now, it is primarily used by hobbyists for crafts, such as quilting, or by those who want to make their own clothes.
Not only were sewing machines used for industrial and home use, they were also used by charitable organizations such as the Red Cross, which created production rooms in World War I.
These production rooms were full of sewing machines used to produce garments, surgical dressings and other items needed in the war effort both in the United States and abroad. Thus, with these production rooms, the Red Cross demonstrated that patriots don’t always enter battle or wear camouflage.
Despite the changes that have occurred since World War I, the Dallas chapter of the American Red Cross still has one of these production rooms in use. Here, volunteers sew blankets and beanies for babies in the NICU and quilts that are sent to VA hospitals or stocked on our emergency response trucks.
National Sewing Machine Day reminds us what sewing machines added to our lives and our history. Without the sewing machine, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to make many of the clothes, shoes, bags and upholstery that we use every day.
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Military Macaw (Ara militaris)
The Military Macaws (Ara militaris) received their name when they were first imported into Europe by military personnel; also some suggest that this species was named for the overall “army or olive green” color of its plumage. At first glance, these parrots may not be as striking as some of their cousins, but these parrots are beautiful nonetheless. They are fun-loving and sociable, and many of those kept as pets have distinguished themselves as excellent talkers.
Military Macaws occupy a massive but fragmented range from Mexico down to Argentina in South America.
They live in pairs, in families, or in large flocks, usually roosting in the highest outer branches of trees or foraging for fruits and nuts. They are usually easily identified even out of sight by their loud screeching and croaking.
They were once very common in Mexico, but are now listed as an endangered species due to the clearing of their habitat for agriculture and capture for pets. While the remaining two populations are not endangered, the entire species has been listed on Appendix I of CITES to assure protection of the northernmost race.
BirdLife International classifies this species as “Vulnerable”. The main threats are habitat loss and domestic trade. The current population is estimated at 10,000 to 20,000, and is decreasing.
In the wild, their breeding season stretches from about January to March. The female can lay as many as four eggs which are incubated for about a month, 28 days before they hatch. The female is the only one who tends the eggs and the young. Captive birds readily hybridize with related species.
Info from http://beautyofbirds.com/
Pic from http://ibc.lynxeds.com/
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Cyberattacks exploiting APIs are becoming more common. Within the last few months, there have been high-profile breaches caused by API vulnerabilities at Twitter and T-Mobile which have highlighted the damage they can cause. Q and A wiht By Stefan van der Wal Consulting Solutions Engineer, Application Security at Barracuda
An API (Application Programming Interface) is an intermediary function that makes it possible for two applications to talk to each other. API-based applications allow for faster and easier software deployments, making them a valuable tool for businesses accelerating their digital transformation programmes. However, APIs present different security challenges to traditional web applications, their development is more dynamic, and their ability to access data from backend servers makes them a prime target for cybercriminals.
We asked Stefan van der Wal, Consulting Solutions Engineer, Application Security at Barracuda, why API attacks are increasing and what organisations should be doing to mitigate the risk.
Why do cybercriminals view APIs as such an advantageous gateway to attack?
APIs can be likened to a high-speed motorway. The road system gets commuters and goods from A to B quickly and conveniently but it could just as easily serve as a getaway route for criminals. APIs are designed for speed and accessibility, making it easy to connect different systems and transfer large volumes of data quickly.
These same features make APIs ideal tools for threat actors intent on maximum gain for minimum effort. Exploiting an API that facilitates data exchange with a mobile banking app could grant attackers an easy route to financial information, for example.
Additionally, APIs tend to lag behind traditional web applications regarding security. This is partly due to the speed at which new APIs can be deployed and the sheer volume most businesses have in use. Over-provisioned and under-secured APIs give threat actors a painless ingress point into the network.
Why has the use of APIs, as a gateway to attack, has grown substantially?
The simplest answer is that there are more APIs out there to exploit. Standardised APIs are valuable tools for critical activities, which means they are being deployed in greater numbers by enterprises pursuing digitalisation.
Public-facing APIs are the greatest issue; any developer can use these to connect their application to other systems. This means they’re widely available for threat actors to investigate and probe for weaknesses.
The more systems an organisation tries to connect through APIs, the greater the danger. Industries like healthcare and retail are particularly vulnerable as they usually incorporate many different technologies into their operations. But since greater efficiency and automation is an imperative across business sectors, no industry is free from risk.
Added to this, the cybercriminal community has grown more organised in recent years. Word of new vulnerabilities circulates quickly in dark web forums, and specialist criminals use underground marketplaces to sell exploit opportunities.
What are the biggest factors at play that causes these API-related breaches?
Mostly the speed at which they are deployed and changed. The most straightforward of APIs can be deployed in a matter of minutes. This means it’s easy for development teams to roll them out without necessarily going through all the right checks and processes with the security team.
Visibility is also a challenge. With more APIs in use, it becomes more likely that a business will lose track of where they are located. In research conducted by Barracuda, 44% of respondents stated they did not know where all APIs are deployed in their organisation. APIs that are no longer being updated or monitored are a particularly useful entry point for criminals.
Another factor at play is that useful features of APIs can be exploited in unexpected ways. For example, in the most recent data breach reported by Twitter, attackers appear to have exploited two vulnerable APIs to access the private details of an estimated 200 million accounts. The first step appears to have been a vulnerability in an API that allows users to confirm if email addresses and phone numbers are connected to existing Twitter IDs. Following which, the threat actors seem to have used this, in conjunction with another API, to scrape public data, enabling them to access email addresses and phone numbers that should have been kept private.
T-Mobile was recently involved in an API breach. Could you talk more about how cybercriminals are able to cause damage on such a large scale?
The T-Mobile case is notable for the volume of data that was stolen. It’s estimated that criminals accessed the personal details of roughly 37 million customer accounts. However, an incident like this could happen to any organisation. Since public-facing APIs are so prevalent, it’s only a matter of time before someone with a hacker mindset finds one and discovers a way to use it for malicious purposes.
My advice for companies is to make sure they have a full inventory of their APIs. Firms must have a clear picture of what tools are in place, so they can fully evaluate any risks. This needs to be a continuous process, so that organisations can identify any vulnerabilities or where data is being shared, possibly without the correct controls.
Are organisations aware of the scale of this problem? If not, what is the best way to ensure this awareness throughout the business?
Although awareness is starting to grow, it is a slow process as many stakeholders still aren’t informed of the risks. I believe the security industry has an obligation to work as trusted advisors, and to point out potential risks.In fact, the security challenges around APIs are no different than the challenges facing other software features.
Business leaders need to encourage developer and security teams to talk to each other about APIs. The two departments can be heavily siloed, with the security team having little idea what the developers are working on. Ideally, they need to be working together closely, with the developers focused on building new things, and the security team looking at potential risks and issues.
This would enable security to be baked into the API process to ensure issues are identified and managed before an API goes live or updates are pushed. With proper security processes in place, organisations can enjoy all the benefits of quickly deploying APIs without unnecessarily increasing their risk exposure.
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Duties of a Law Teacher. Challenges and Benefits
January 28, 2023 · 3 min read
Among all duties a law teacher typically performs, the following responsibilities can be distinguished:
- Developing and delivering lectures, seminars, and other instructional materials on various legal topics, such as constitutional law, contracts, criminal law, and property law.
- Assigning readings, leading class discussions, and providing feedback on student work, such as essays and research papers.
- Grading assignments and exams, and providing evaluations and feedback to students on their performance.
- Advising and mentoring law students, both inside and outside of the classroom.
- Conducting and publishing legal research, writing articles and books, and contributing to legal scholarship.
- Participating in committees and other activities within the law school or university, such as curriculum development, accreditation, and admissions.
- Engaging in professional services, such as serving on committees or boards within the legal community, serving as an expert witness or consultant, and participating in pro bono work to give back to the community.
- Participating in continuing education and professional development opportunities to stay current with developments in the field of law.
In addition, law teachers may face a variety of challenges in their duties, but some of the most common ones include:
- Keeping up-to-date with the latest legal developments and changes in laws and regulations. The law is constantly evolving, and law teachers need to stay informed in order to effectively teach their students.
- Developing and delivering engaging and effective classroom lectures, discussions, and other teaching materials. Teaching can be difficult, especially when trying to convey complex legal concepts to students with varying levels of understanding.
- Providing guidance and mentorship to law students, both inside and outside of the classroom. Law teachers are often called upon to provide advice and counsel to students on a wide range of issues, including career planning, study habits, and other personal matters.
- Managing large class sizes and a high workload. Law teachers often have to grade a large number of papers and exams, which can be time-consuming and demanding.
- Balancing teaching responsibilities with research and scholarship. Law teachers are expected to engage in legal research, writing, and other scholarly activities, which can be challenging to balance with their teaching responsibilities.
- Maintaining objectivity and impartiality when dealing with students. Law teachers need to provide fair and impartial evaluations of students' work, even when dealing with difficult or controversial issues.
- Adapting to new teaching methods and technologies. With the evolution of technology and changes in the way students learn, law teachers may have to adapt to new teaching methods and technologies, which can be challenging.
Notwithstanding the fact, that some of the challenges really seem to be hard, it is still worth getting the profession of a law teacher, which actually has a lot of benefits, which include:
- Sharing knowledge and passion for the law with students.
- Having the opportunity to shape the next generation of legal professionals.
- Participating in the academic community and engaging in scholarly research.
- Building professional connections and networking opportunities.
- Potential for career advancement and job security within the academic field.
- The ability to make a positive impact on society by educating future lawyers, judges, and policymakers.
- Potential salary and benefits package.
- The opportunity to stay current with legal developments and advancements in the field.
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Digital Rare Book:
TELUGU - ENGLISH DICTIONARY with Telugu words printed in the Roman, as well as in the Telugu character intended for the use of European Officers, Soldiers and others employed in the several Executive Departments under the Government of Madras.
By Rev.Peter Percival
Published by Public Instruction Press. Madras - 1862
Read Book Online:
Download pdf Book:
This is indeed the FIRST Telugu - English dictionary to have been published.
Peter Percival published the first English-Tamil and English-Telugu dictionaries, as well as several books on Indian culture and religion, which included translations of the literary works of Tamil poet Avvaiyar.
Peter Percival (24 July 1803 – 11 July 1882) was a British born missionary, linguist and a pioneering educator in Sri Lanka and South India during the British colonial era. His work influenced prominent people such as Robert Bruce Foote a pioneering geologist and archaeologist and Arumuka Navalar, a Hindu revivalist. He began his career in British held Sri Lanka and Bengal as a Wesleyan Methodist missionary. His early work was in the minority Sri Lankan Tamil dominant Jaffna peninsula. He was instrumental in starting and upgrading a number of schools within the Jaffna peninsula. His preference of education over evangelism influenced educational programs off all others who sought to improve the literacy rate in the district. During his stay in Jaffna, he led the effort to translate the Bible into Tamil, based on the Authorised Version. After returning to England, he converted to Anglicanism. Subsequent to his posting in South India, he severed his association with the Anglican Missionary Society that had sent him to India and worked as an educator in Presidency College in Madras Presidency. He published English-Tamil and English-Telugu dictionaries as well as a number of books on Indian culture and religion. He died in 1882 in Yercaud in present-day Tamil Nadu.
Robert Bruce Foote as his son–in–law.
Madhan Kondle Mykee Suman Aitha
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In your writing and speaking, you might have found yourself wondering which word you should use 'segue' vs 'segway.' If so, you've come to the right place. This article will explore the meaning of each word and inform you on when to use which.
In short, a 'segue' is a transition from one thing to another. A 'Segway' is a motorized vehicle on two wheels.
The words' segue' and 'segway' are often confused. There are several reasons for that.
The first is that 'segue' is an Italian word, so it's a little-known word in the English language, despite the fact it is common for English to borrow words from other languages.
The second reason is that these two words are actually homophones. That means they sound the same but are spelled differently and have contrasting meanings. Some other homophones we've written about include:
But since they're both to be used in entirely different contexts, I want to make sure you understand the meaning of each word so that you no longer confuse them.
A 'segue' portrays the progression from one thing to another. Originally, it was used in music-making, but it's come to be used in many other contexts, too.
It can signify a transition in conversation topics, activities, parts of a story, or situation.
'Segue' can be either a noun or a verb. It comes from the Italian seguire, meaning "to follow."
On the other hand, a Segway is an individual motorized vehicle on two wheels. It's a little like a scooter, except you place both feet on the base.
Segway riding is not only a means of transport but also a popular activity to do as a group, in a setting built for purpose, with a track and sometimes obstacles to swerve around.
Top tip! The word 'Segway' should always be capitalized since it's a brand name, making it a proper noun.
Since these words are homophones, they are pronounced the same. As per the International Phonetics Alphabet, you should pronounce them as such:
And phonetically, they sound like this:
Now that we're clear on each word's meaning let's look at the words used in sentences. That way, we can better understand how to use them in real-life situations.
We'll start with 'segue.'
Nice segue there, Nick, but it was a little obvious you were trying to avoid the conversation.
And that provides a great segue into today's topic.
The album starts with a jazzy tone and then segues into more of a hip-hop vibe.
Creating more bike lanes could be an excellent segue for lowering pollution in our city.
Great work, guys; we're going to practice the second song and then segue straight into the third.
Now for some examples of 'Segway' in a sentence:
My son's new hobby is Segways; you can spot him zipping around along the seafront.
Some countries have implemented a ban on using Segways in public due to their dangers.
My new Segway can pick up to quite a high speed.
It's unclear whether bicycle lanes allow Segways.
During rush hour, I like to use my Segway to get around; it helps me avoid heavy traffic.
So you see, the words' segue' and 'segway' have entirely different meanings, and I hope this article has helped you understand when each word should be used. The main thing is to spell them correctly since they sound the same.
If you'd like to learn about more homonyms and other confusing words, head to our blog, where we cover many commonly confused words in the English language.
Add new comment
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Smartphones might make people feel more connected, but they likely don’t belong at the dinner table, according to new research from the University of British Columbia.
In a study released this week, researchers looking at the effect of smartphones on face-to-face social interactions found that people who used their devices while out for dinner with friends and family enjoyed themselves less than those who did not.
The study’s lead author and psychology PhD student Ryan Dwyer said the results confirm what many already suspected.
“When we use our phones while we are spending time with people we care about— apart from offending them— we enjoy the experience less than we would if we put our devices away,” he said in a news release.
The team watched 300 people go to dinner with friends and family, with some being directed to keep their phones on the table and others to put them away.
The researchers did not tell those being observed they were being monitored for their smartphone use.
The study found that people whose phones were present felt more distracted and didn’t enjoy spending time with their fellow diners. They also said they felt more boredom during meals.
“We had predicted that people would be less bored when they had access to their smartphones, because they could entertain themselves if there was a lull in the conversation,” Dwyer said.
The findings were not only limited to restaurant settings.
In a second study involving more than 100 people, participants were sent a survey to their smartphones five times a day for a week that asked how they had been feeling and what they had been doing for the past 15 minutes.
The researchers saw the same pattern, with people reporting they enjoyed their in-person social interactions less if they had been using their phones.
Elizabeth Dunn, the study’s senior author and professor at UBC’s department of psychology, said the findings add a layer to the ongoing debate over the effects of smartphones on public health.
“An important finding of happiness research is that face-to-face interactions are incredibly important for our day-to-day wellbeing,” said Dunn.
“This study tells us that, if you really need your phone, it’s not going to kill you to use it. But there is a real and detectable benefit from putting your phone away when you’re spending time with friends and family.”
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Choose the backing music, the voice and the music. Come on and dance along! The ant is dancing the night away in this fun browser game. Have Fun!
Use your mouse to play this free online game.
Belive it or not, according to antologist ants can actually dance. Buy studying wild flowers, you can sometimes see ants be moving over deformed leaves and their accompanying stems rather randomly, and without purpose. Carpenter ants can communicate through substrate vibrations. One thing they do is spread an alarm signal by drumming their heads against the ground. They also do a simple vibration-type dance, similar to the waggle dance performed by bees to recruit nestmates to food.
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The word convention refers to a practice, method or style that is generally accepted norm or standard for completing a particular activity. For instance, a worker wouldn’t respond with a 50-page pricing and vendor analysis to a manager who simply asks if a certain product is available from a particular vendor. The proper convention would be to respond in-person or by e-mail with a simple “yes” or “no” on whether the product is available.
Conventions of Professional Communication
Professional communication also has conventions. Conventions assist workers in identifying, generating and understanding business communications. However, in international business, conventions can differ between companies, across borders and cultures sometimes complicating what practices are expected and by whom. When working in a global setting, it’s important to understand the conventions embraced by foreign co-workers and stakeholders. A good language translation company can offer insights and assistance into local conventions. Further, international workers should understand that conventions differ based on the type of communication. For instance, different conventions may exist with respect to resumes, persuasive messages, informative messages, good news and bad news messages, oral presentations and multimedia content.
International Business Conventions
In international business, conventions aren’t always obvious. Consider how professional writing conventions in the United States tend to be direct, blunt and objective. Depending on the culture and the way a message is communicated, this convention might not be appropriate for audiences in Japan, Egypt or Botswana. Another factor that complicates convention is that they are constantly evolving. For example, interoffice memos have become obsolete with the invention of e-mail and text messaging.
Using Conventions Correctly
Using conventions correctly can be tricky due to cultural differences and their evolving characteristic. To minimize mistakes, it’s critical that meet the rhetorical situation. Conventions should be customized for the audience, situation and objective. In business, some cultures (and businesses) will use a more formal tone, some state undesirable information directly, while others take great care to be gentle.
Perhaps, the easiest way to identify the appropriate convention is to ask someone with firsthand knowledge or observe the behaviors of colleagues. In particular, observe how your colleagues communicate among one another, with customers, suppliers, superiors and others. Pay close attention to when they make use of e-mail, texting, letters and memos.
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Empowerment and knowledge focus of Black History Month program
Brittany Mbray helps students understand similarities and celebrate differences
- Brittany Mbray is a local children's book author who this past week gave Black History Month presentations at Coshocton Elementary and Sacred Heart.
- They included learning about the origin and importance of Black History Month and contributions made to society by African Americans. Freedom quilts were made as a craft.
- Mbray said she wanted to empower children and give them knowledge outside what is usually taught in schools, which often centers around slavery and the Civil Rights Movement.
- Mbray has published three children's books on different topics, but all with black main characters as she sees representation important.
COSHOCTON − Brittany Mbray of Warsaw hoped her presentations were fun for students, but also that they came away with knowing more than they did about African Americans for Black History Month.
This past week, Mbray worked with all students at Sacred Heart Catholic School and six classes of different grade levels at Coshocton Elementary School. She talked about how Black History Month started, its importance and contributions made by African Americans to society − from potato chips to the traffic light. Freedom quilts were made as a craft.
Because Mbray had more time at Sacred Heart, students there did more projects and also watched a movie about Ruby Bridges, the first Black child to integrate an all-white elementary school at the age of 6 in 1960.
Mbray has spoken at public events in the past, such as two Juneteenth celebrations held on the Coshocton Court Square, but this is the first time she's worked in schools.
"I want to empower everybody with the fact that there are so many Black contributions that should be celebrated everyday, but especially during the month of February. So many people made sacrifices so February could be Black History Month," Mbray said. "There are so many fun things kids can learn and be excited about and go home and tell their parents. 'Do you know this happened?' That's all I want for them, to recognize and understand how similar we are, but celebrate how amazing our differences are."
Mbray has four children ages 16, 10, 7 and 4. Three go to Sacred Heart and the other attends the Coshocton County Career Center. They were home schooled while living in Canada. The family moved to the area in 2020. Mbray is originally from Cleveland, but her family has owned land in Warsaw for years, she said.
"They are really empowered and very comfortable in their skin and very knowledgeable because I teach them at home," Mbray said of her children. "But a lot of the community doesn't really teach Black children how amazing their history is. It doesn't start at slavery and it didn't end at slavery. All the children know about Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, but there are people who created the carbon filament in the lightbulb and the stop light and a bunch of other amazing Black contributions children just don't know about."
Mbray said enrolling her children in any school scared her as she didn't want them to be bullied or picked on because of their skin color. She wanted them in a small school where they could all be together, leading her to Sacred Heart. A teacher told her of another Black student there who has expressed dislike about being Black and how she has no Black role models.
Mbray said hearing that broke her heart and that encouraged her to do the Black History Month program. She knows Coshocton isn't that diverse and there aren't many African Americans in leadership positions locally.
"The people aren't ignorant, they just don't know. They just haven't had anybody teach them and show them. It's not diverse at all. The lack of understanding is because there's no diversity," Mbray said.
Tony Meiser, kindergarten to second grade principal for CES, said diversity and inclusion is important and they want to make sure all students are being treated equal no matter their race, gender or other factors.
"It was a great opportunity to have her here," he said of Mbray. "Black History Month is super important and we want to make sure we're giving that experience to our students."
Mbray is also a children's book author with three works published. They are available on Amazon and other online retailers. They are "How I See: COVID-19," "Brown Boy, Brown Boy, Tell Me What You See" and "Ozza the Okapi."
All her books have Black main characters. She was encouraged to write these books while teaching her youngest son to read, realizing there weren't many children's books with Black characters.
"Representation is so important. When you see Black greatness and you understand it and see when it's available to you as much as our counterparts, it does a great deal for children," Mbray said.
Leonard Hayhurst is a community content coordinator and general news reporter for the Coshocton Tribune with close to 15 years of local journalism experience and multiple awards from the Ohio Associated Press. He can be reached at 740-295-3417 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow him on Twitter at @llhayhurst.
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There are five types of health insurance: private health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, and Veterans health care. Each type of health insurance has its own set of benefits and coverage.
Health insurance can be broken down into 5 main types:
Group Health Insurance: This type of policy is typically arranged by an employer and covers any eligible employees, as well as their dependants. Group plans are often less expensive than individual plans, but they may offer fewer options.
Individual Health Insurance: This type of insurance is ideal for self-employed freelancers and independent contractors. These plans provide tailored coverage unique to each individual’s needs and can be subject to certain waiting periods and exclusions.
Short-term Health Insurance: Short-term policies are temporary insurance plans that offer minimal coverage for a specific period of time, like 3 or 6 months. They may be ideal for those in-between jobs, non-US citizens, or those who cannot qualify for traditional policies.
Catastrophic Health Insurance: Catastrophic policies are usually available to anyone under age 30 and offer limited coverage for major medical costs, like surgeries and hospitalization. They often have high deductibles and fewer coverage options when compared to other types of plans.
Medicare and Medicaid: Medicare offers health insurance coverage to individuals aged 65 and over, while Medicaid is a state-funded insurance program for individuals that have a limited income. Both of these policies provide basic coverage for hospital visits, medical bills, and prescription drugs.
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Domains of CEH
We will discuss the sixth domain of CEH, which is ‘wireless network hacking.’
What is a wireless network?
Basically, a group of computers connected together with various wires is called a network. Similarly, a group of computers connected together with the help of radio waves in a limited space is called a wireless network.
One of the best advantages of using a wireless network is the devices within a network can move from one location/area to another, yet they can share the data and stay connected with the services in the network. The second and best advantage of using a wireless network is that installing it is very cheap and faster than installing a wired network.
Advantages of using a wireless network:
There are various advantages of using a wireless network. A few of them are:
Accessibility: Wireless networks do not require any wired connection so that users can communicate and connect even when they are not at the same location. For example, we can access our office networks without cables and adapters just by using wireless networks.
Cost-effective: Using wireless networks is cost-effective because installing them is way cheaper than installing wired networks.
Flexible: In this pandemic, without these wireless networks, there wouldn’t have been any possibility of Work From Home. In my opinion, the flexibility of wireless networks is the only thing that is saving the corporate world.
Even though there are many advantages, there is one big disadvantage that may entirely ruin the reputation of wireless networks, and that is security. Yes, though these wireless networks are cost-effective, flexible, and accessible from anywhere, they are less secure when compared to wired networks.
Wireless networks are easy to attack, so we must be very conscious while using them. When you are using a wireless network, try to avoid public connections. For example, assume you went to a mall, and for Wi-Fi, we will register as a guest user on the public network. This can attract many attackers.
A pro-life tip: Instead of logging in as a guest user, using your mobile data is a safer way.
Now, let us see some of the tools that hackers and ethical hackers use to attack a wireless network.
Tools used for wireless hacking:
Kismet: Kismet is a packet sniffer, network detector, and intrusion detection system for 802.11 LANs. Kismet works for Bluetooth, SDRs, Wi-Fi, and other wireless protocols. The main job of Kismet is to gather the data packets traveling in its environment and use them to detect hidden Wi-Fi networks so that attackers can exploit them.
Wi-Fi phisher: Wi-Fi phisher is a tool used by attackers to install automated phishing attacks against Wi-Fi networks to obtain user credentials. Wi-Fi phisher is a social engineering attack that doesn’t require brute force, unlike any other attacking method.
inSSIDer: inSSIDer is a popular Wi-Fi scanner for Microsoft Windows, and OS X. InSSIDer can function as a Wi-Fi scanner, and it can find open wireless access points, measure the signal strength, and save a log with GPS data.
Aircrack-ng: Aircrack-ng is one of the finest password cracking tools. Aircrack-ng analyses the network packets and cracks the network password. FMS, PTW, Korek, and other WEP password attacks are supported by Aircrack-ng.
Wireless hacking techniques:
Social Engineering: Social engineering is nothing other than a cybersecurity threat, a type of intrusion that takes advantage of the weakness in your human workforce or security system to gain access to the company’s network. Hackers manipulate employees, even senior staff, with complicated emotional and trickery manipulations to get an organization’s sensitive information.
Chatty technicians: If you are using a system or network for your personal jobs at home, you may usually think you are less prone to cyberattacks. That is when you believe everyone who messages or calls you as technical support. For example, you may receive calls from unknown people posing as bank employees, and when they ask for your credentials, you will simply believe them and hand over your credentials to them. That is how attackers can get your sensitive data.
Garbage collecting/dumpster diving: Have you ever thrown away your credit card statement into a trash bin without shredding it? and left the place with full conviction that attackers would not take that information because it is a garbage area? That is where you went wrong.
Attackers who use social engineering techniques usually check the trash around companies for unshredded credit card statements from which they can get your sensitive bank information.
CEH with InfosecTrain
InfosecTrain is one of the leading training providers with a pocket-friendly budget. We invite you to join us for an unforgettable journey with industry experts to gain a better understanding of the Certified Ethical Hacker course. Courses can be taken as live instructor-led sessions or as self-paced courses, allowing you to complete your training journey at your convenience.
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||The software uses a cookie to store sensitive information, but the cookie is not marked with the HttpOnly flag.
||The software displays information or identifiers to a user, but the display mechanism does not make it easy for the user to distinguish between visually similar or identical glyphs (homoglyphs), which may cause the user to misinterpret a glyph and perform an unintended, insecure action.
||The application uses multiple validation forms with the same name, which might cause the Struts Validator to validate a form that the programmer does not expect.
||The web application does not restrict or incorrectly restricts frame objects or UI layers that belong to another application or domain, which can lead to user confusion about which interface the user is interacting with.
||The web application produces links to untrusted external sites outside of its sphere of control, but it does not properly prevent the external site from modifying security-critical properties of the window.opener object, such as the location property.
||The software performs a comparison between entities that must consider multiple factors or characteristics of each entity, but the comparison does not include one or more of these factors.
||The software performs a comparison between two entities, but the entities are of different, incompatible types that cannot be guaranteed to provide correct results when they are directly compared.
||The code performs a comparison between two entities, but the comparison examines the wrong factors or characteristics of the entities, which can lead to incorrect results and resultant weaknesses.
||The application has a validator form that either does not define a validate() method, or defines a validate() method but does not call super.validate().
||The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the processor optimizes the execution of the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified.
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Hear This: Noise Conservation in the Workplace
By Barbara Nessinger, Editor-in-Chief
Some 22 million workers are exposed to potentially damaging noise at work each year, according to OSHA’s most recent estimates. In fact, in 2018, U.S. businesses paid more than $1.5 million in penalties for not protecting workers from noise, with an additional $242 million in workers’ compensation paid out for hearing loss disabilities. And, according to a 2017 study by the National Institute on Deafness & other Communication Disorders, nearly one in four U.S. adults between the ages of 20-69 show signs of hearing loss when tested. [“U.S. adults aged 20 to 69 years show signs of noise-induced hearing loss.” NIDCD, (Feb 2017)]
Workplace noise-related injuries can include temporary or permanent hearing loss and can create physical and psychological stress; reduce productivity; and interfere with communication and concentration. It can also contribute to workplace accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals.
Aside from the fact that one cannot put a number on the prospect of a person losing their hearing, it is clear that efforts to protect employees’ hearing are hugely important. Efforts to instill proper noise-reduction PPE practices within the workplace are just as imperative.
UNDERSTANDING OSHA REGULATIONS
OSHA regulates workplace noise by requiring companies to limit the exposure of their workers to high noise levels. In order to ensure that workers are protected in environments with high noise levels (i.e., greater than OSHA-required levels), there are some critical elements to understand.
Noise and hearing conservation is addressed in specific standards for recordkeeping and general industry. To be specific, section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, often referred to as the General Duty Clause, requires employers to “furnish to each of his employees’ employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” (This section also can be used to address hazards for which there are no specific standards, such as noise in agricultural operations.)
Many individual state standards exist, as well. There are 28 OSHA-approved, so-called State Plans that operate state-wide occupational safety and health programs. State Plans are required to have standards and enforcement programs that are at least as effective as OSHA’s, and some might have different or even more stringent requirements.
Occupational noise exposure is addressed specifically by OSHA’s Subpart G–Occupational health and environmental control-1910.95, Occupational noise exposure. Its directives include Enforcement Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment in General Industry; Hearing Conservation Program; and Occupational Noise Exposure; Hearing Conservation.
WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT NOISE CONSERVATION
Deciphering OSHA noise regulations can be a daunting task. OSHA requires an employer to administer a hearing conservation program whenever employees are exposed to noise levels that are at or above an 8-hr, time-weighted average (TWA) of 85 dB (the so-called “Action Level”) or, equivalently, a dose of 50% of the maximum permissible level of 90 dB. This 8-hr TWA is also known as an “exposure action value.” Exposures longer than 15 minutes at 100 dB are not recommended.
Regular exposure of more than one minute at 110 dB risks permanent hearing loss. The minimum requirements of a hearing conservation program include a monitoring program; an audiometric testing program; hearing protection devices; employee training and education; and recordkeeping.
A sound survey is often completed to determine areas of potential high noise exposure. A noise screening is used to determine which areas are higher than 80 dB A. For these areas, an official sound survey will take place. This is normally completed using a sound level meter (SLM). Noise monitoring is generally completed using a noise dosimeter that integrates “all continuous, intermittent and impulsive sound levels” to determine a person’s noise exposure level.
Surveys must be repeated when there are significant changes in machinery and/or processes that would affect the noise level. It is believed that engineering controls and administrative controls are ranked as the most effective protection from noise. Engineering controls are measures taken to reduce the intensity of noise at the source, or between the source and a person exposed to the noise, while administrative controls are limitations around noise sources that limit length of noise exposure.
The EU’s requirements on hearing conservation are somewhat more stringent than U.S. regulations. The EU requires a hearing conservation program be implemented when worker exposure levels exceed 80 dBA TWA.
It is sometimes possible to reduce noise levels sufficiently to eliminate OSHA requirements for a hearing conservation program, thus improving productivity, ensuring employee health and resulting in significant savings.
NOISE REDUCTION RATINGS
The EPA requires that all hearing protection devices be labeled with their associated noise reduction rating (NRR). The NRR provides the estimated attenuation of the hearing protection device. However, in a landmark 1990’s study found that the “labeled manufacturers’ NRRs substantially overestimated the actual field attenuation performance.” [“A controlled investigation of in-field attenuation performance of selected insert, earmuff and canal cap hearing protectors.” Park, MY; Casali, JG (December 1991).] As a result of that study, OSHA recommends that 7 dB be subtracted from the NRR to determine the amount of noise reduction afforded by a hearing protection device.
The NRR is generally given in a C-weighted format, so to obtain the A-weighted reduction, one must subtract 7 dB. OSHA also recommends a 50% safety factor; therefore, the final OSHA recommended reduction would be (NRR-7)/2. Fit-testing companies and sound-survey companies can help employers ensure their workers’ ears are protected and help keep them in compliance with regulations.
HEARING PROTECTION SOLUTIONS
If engineering controls fail to maintain an 8-hr TWA below 85 dBA, then a hearing protection device (HPD) is mandated by OSHA. There are two general types of HPDs: earplugs and earmuffs. Each one has its own benefits and drawbacks. An industrial expert can usually help with the selection of what type of proper HPD must be worn (OSHA requires that HPDs are free of charge). Another option is to install acoustic panels, if applicable.
There are four general classes of earplugs: pre-molded, formable, custom molded and semi-insert. Pre-molded earplugs don’t require the plug to be formed before it is inserted into the ear. This prevents the plugs from becoming soiled before insertion. Formable earplugs are made of a variety of substances, but all are able to be shaped by the user prior to insertion. Advantages include the fact that the device forms to the individual user’s ear; something pre-molded earplugs can cannot do. However, they have the disadvantage of requiring the user’s hands be clean before molding/insertion.
Custom-molded ear plugs are cast from each user’s own ear canals. Therefore, they provide a personalized, individualized fit. Semi-inserts usually consist of a soft earplug on the end of band. The band helps maintain the earplug’s position. One key advantage to the band is that the plugs can be quickly inserted and removed.
The obvious difference between earmuffs and earplugs is that earmuffs are not inserted inside the ear canal. Earmuffs instead create a seal around the outside of the ear to prevent noise from reaching the inner ear. They tend to be easy to wear and often provide a more consistent fit than an earplug.
Earmuffs are available that use the principle of active noise control to help reduce noise exposures. It’s important to note, however, that the protection earmuffs offer can be mitigated by a wearer’s large sideburns or glasses; these can cause the seal of the earmuffs to be broken.
The fit of a hearing protector is very important; if the HPD is not worn properly, the NRR is meaningless. There are now fit-testing devices on the market that will verify a proper fit of an HPD. Fit-test systems provide a Personal Attenuation Rating (PAR) that is currently dependent upon the company that manufactures the fit-testing system. Most fit-testing systems provide an A-weighted PAR, which means that the attenuation can be subtracted from the A-weighted noise exposure assessment of the employee or hearing protector user.
In addition to devices for noise reduction, many companies produce acoustic panels that can be made for industrial use. Acoustic panels can be an economical and effective means to controlling noise. The panels can increase the intelligibility of speech; mitigate distracting, unpleasant and even intolerable auditory conditions; and can decrease the risk of harm from exposure to excessive noise. Some pre-engineered acoustic panels come in a range of sizes and styles and can be readily positioned within the host room to achieve optimal noise reduction. They can often be customized and finished to fit and/or complement any given architectural layout.
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
The key to preventing noise-induced hearing loss or injury is proper training and education to those exposed to noise. Employees who receive proper training on how to follow a hearing conservation program can reduce their own risks. In addition to making sure workers know the physiological realities of noise exposure, it’s also important to provide information on the importance of annual audiograms and use of appropriate hearing protection.
To support retention of information and also to update and OSHA standards, refresher training can be extremely effective. Even with a “very modest amount of instruction attenuation performance can be significantly improved.” [“Instruction and the improvement of Hearing Protector Performance” Noise and Health Oct-Dec;7(25):41 (Williams, W.,2004).]
A hearing conservation training program can use a variety of materials and media to relay information to employees, including written, video, audio and hands-on experiences. Pre- and post-assessment measurements are also helpful, as are examples of the types of hearing protection available for the employees’ various needs. IHW
- “Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure,” U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA Safety & Health Information Bulletins—2018-124 https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib030818.html
ACGIH® is a 501(c)(3) charitable scientific organization that advances occupational and environmental health. Visit the ACGIH website at acgih.org: For information on and to register for upcoming webinars, visit the ACGIH website at acgih.org. To purchase the “Hearing Conservation Program Management” webinar on USB or the “ACGIH TLV for Audible Sound–Understanding the Proposed Notice of Intended Change to the ACGIH TLV for Noise” webinar on USB, visit the ACGIH Online Publications Store (acgih.org/Store) and search for Product ID WB-021-USB and WB-032-USB, respectively.
“U.S. adults aged 20-69 Years Show Signs of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss,” NIDCD, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Feb 7, 2017 https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/news/2017/us-adults-aged-20-69-years-show-signs-noise-induced-hearing-loss
Hearing Health Foundation’s Workplace Hearing Loss statistics/recommendations: https://hearinghealthfoundation.org/hearing-loss-in-the-workplace
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William Shakespeares play The Tragedy of King Lear is a dark tale of betrayal whose popularity is seen in its many productions and adaptations. The play itself not completely original, in fact, as the main plot and characters are Shakespeares versions of the British cleric Geoffrey of Monmouths recounting of the story in History of the Kings of Britain. Shakespeare does, however, add other characters to his play that are not in Geoffreys version of the story, like Edmund and Edgar who have no direct equivalent in History, but Geoffreys influence on these characters are clear.
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In the play, there is no mention of Cordelias nephews, Margan and Cunedagius, but the roles they fulfill in History match the roles of the Edmund and Edgar. One adaptation of the play, King Lear directed by Richard Eyre, supports the significance of how Edmund and Edgars roles in the play correspond to the roles of Cordelias nephews. Through the staging of the brothers, how the film chooses to modify and deliver their lines, and how they interact with other characters exaggerates Edmund and Edgars influences in the tragedies of the play. The staging of the film King Lear places most of the audiences focus on the acting and plot of the story, rather than highlighting a specific time or place. It appears that two large rooms are used for all the indoor scenes and minimal, simple props signal a change in scene or location (King Lear).
In addition to this, the film uses the original language of the play but shortens or removes entirely many of the long speeches given by characters (King Lear). These modifications drive the plot forward, as many of the speeches explain the motives of characters actions which can sometimes dilute the impact of the actions they are speaking about. The combination of simplistic staging and altered lines leaves the portrayal of the characters the focus of the film, which offers more direct points of analysis between the play and its film adaptation. First, Shakespeares Edmund and Edgar have clear connections to Geoffreys Margan and Cunedagius. Both pairs are marked by a desire for power beyond what they have.
Cordelias nephews feel that because she is a woman, she should not rule, and so they believe they should rule instead of her (Geoffrey 33). Similarly, Edmund is offended that his legitimacy and age cause him to be unworthy of an inheritance, which he believes he is entitled to, though Edgar will receive one because he is legitimate and the firstborn (Shakespeare 1.2.1-23). To gain power, Margan and Cunedagius imprison Cordelia, where she commits suicide (33). While Cordelia does not kill herself in Shakespeares play, Edmund does imprison her and stages her murder as a suicide (5.3.303-6). There is also a parallel in the demise of Margan and Edmund. In History, Margan no longer wants to rule with his cousin, so he attacks Cunedagius claiming his right to the throne as the eldest of the two (Geoffrey 34). Cunedagius then bests Margans army and kills his cousin himself (Geoffrey 34).
This conflict between the cousins is a story of the victim to the hero for Cunedagius. It is seen in the play when Edmund also attempts to gain control over Edgar, and when Edgar discovers this, he challenges his brother and bests Edmund in a duel in which he dies (Shakespeare 5.3.358). Again, while there is no explicit connection between Shakespeares Edmund and Edgar and Cordelias nephews in History, there are many parallels. The film emphasizes this important connection. The most noticeable way the film exaggerates Edmund and Edgars roles is how they stage these characters. Both brothers are on screen or placed in a scene where they are not specifically noted as being on stage in the play. One example is of the first scene of the play, in which Gloucester, Kent, and Edmund are the first characters to enter (Shakespeare 1.1). The film, however, shows Edgar on screen first, writing in a notebook, while Edmund looks at Edgar from behind with a devious smile, as if he is thinking about his plot against Edgar (King Lear).
By introducing the brothers first, the film suggests that their story is a focus of the play, rather than a secondary story to Lears. Their introduction also foreshadows Edmunds actions against his brother and presents Edgar as an innocent victim. Additionally, the brothers were staged separately in the film in surprising ways, like Edmund noticeably eavesdropping on a conversation when he enters a scene too early at the end of Act 1 in the film. In the play, Goneril and Regan are discussing what they will do with Lear, and when they exit, Edmund enters at the start of Scene 2 (Shakespeare 1.1.329-355).
In the film, Edmund enters while the sisters are still talking, and, thus, makes his first impressions on Goneril and Regan (King Lear). While he does not talk in this part of the film, the way he looks at them is with obvious flirtation, and the film is planting the seed of competition between the sisters early on. Edgars unexpected placement is seen less throughout the film, but he is depicted holding Lear as the king dies (King Lear). The film is drawing on the relationship Edgar and Lear fostered while out in the storm together to make their connection stronger than that between Lear and Kent or Lear and Albany, who are both witnessing Lears death as well (King Lear).
This connection also suggests a familial bond, which reinforces that if Edgar was Cordelias nephew, he would be Lears grandson. Even without the connection to Histroy, Edmund and Edgar are prioritized through their placement in the film. As mentioned, the film changes the original lines of the play for primarily functional purposes. There are also modifications of lines that reveal insights about the characters motivations, especially for Edmund and Edgar. One way the film does this is by voicing over soliloquies, treating them as thoughts, rather than the actors voicing them allowed on stage as in the play. An important occurrence of this change is at the beginning of the film when Edmund is talking to Gloucester and Kent.
In the first scene of Act 2 in the play, Edmund expresses his resentment about not inheriting from his father because he is illegitimate and that he will overcome it (Shakespeare 1.21-23). The film places a part of this soliloquy into his conversation with Kent and Gloucester as thoughts (King Lear). The effect of introducing Edmunds intentions early in the film puts a focus on his character as being the villain of the brothers. Similarly, Edgars soliloquy is also voiced over as thoughts in the film when he is leaving the shelter to help take Lear to Dover (King Lear). However, his thoughts contrast Edmunds because he is recognizing that his grief does not compare to Lears [w]hen that which makes me bend makes the King / bow and so comes to a selfless conclusion (Shakespeare 3.6.118-9). Presenting the brothers as opposites in the film by paralleling their soliloquies gives the audience a further reason to think of Edmund as a villain. This prompts their fight at the end of the film and play and supports the rift between Margan and Cunedagius in History.
The way the film portrays the interactions between Edmund and Edgar and other characters also maintains the brothers importance to the plot. Further support for the concept that Edmund is evil while Edgar is innocent can be seen in their first interactions and their clothing. Though it is stated that Edgar is some year elder than [Edmund] in the play (Shakespeare 1.1.20), the film makes no such explicit distinction, though Edmund behaves as if he is older (King Lear). This show of age difference is seen in Edmunds pretend concern for his brother when he warns Edgar about their fathers anger at him as if he is playing a protective, brotherly role (Shakespeare 1.2.166-9). In this scene, Edmund is wearing dark clothes and has short, dark hair which heavily contrasts with Edgars loose, white shirt and long hair (King Lear). The audience can see visually how different the two are on the outside which corresponds to their motives and actions in the whole film.
Aside from the actions with each other, Edmund and Edgars interactions with other characters seem to be prioritized in the film. One important instance of this is toward the end of the film, what is the end of Act 4 and the beginning of Act 5 in the play. In the last scene of Act 4, Cordelia and Lear reunite for the first time after her moving to France (Shakespeare 4.7). The scene before is Edgar killing Oswald and discovering the plot to kill Albany (4.6). However, the film skips the scene with Lear after Edmunds scene and goes directly into the first scene of Act 5 in which Edmund promises his love to Regan (Shakespeare 5.1.9-20).
This second occurrence of Edmund and Edgars story being placed before Lears story is further evidence of the importance the film places on the brothers story. The audience is shown that Edmund and Edgar are not only important but just as important as the title character, King Lear. Overall, the film makes deliberate changes to situate Edmund and Edgars story as one of the main focal points of the movie.
The influence of Cordelias nephews in History on the brothers in the play is also clear. Shakespeares integration of the brothers into the story of King Lear, as opposed to placing them at the end like Geoffreys Margan and Cunedagius, adds another dimension of betrayal and tragedy to the play. In the end, the film and play both point to Edmunds final confession: What you have charged me with, that have I done, / And more, much more (Shakespeare 5.3.195-6). Thus, the audience is to believe that Edmund has done more harm than the characters know, and more than the audience knows themselves.
Did you like this example?
Cite this page
William Shakespeare’s Play The Tragedy. (2019, Jul 30).
Retrieved July 20, 2022 , from https://studydriver.com/william-shakespeares-play-the-tragedy/
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What do the public know about palliative care and advance care planning in Northern Ireland?
Palliative care, Advance care planning, Public health, Mixed methods
Public health is an organised activity of society to protect, maintain, and improve the health and wellness of the whole population and to maximise quality of life when health cannot be restored. A public health approach to palliative care has three core principles: (1) population/community based; (2) prevention/promotion focused; and (3) whole systems oriented. The World Health Organisation (WHO) advocate that palliative care should be considered as a public health issue, integrated across all levels within the continuum of care. Despite this recommendation for a public health approach towards palliative care, evidence repeatedly demonstrates that palliative care is often accessed late in the illness course.
What the public know and understand about palliative care may impact on future access to quality care in the event of a serious illness. However, international research suggests that palliative care is poorly understood among the public and misperceptions continue to exist.
Advance care planning enables adults at any stage or health status to understand, identify and share their personal goals, values, and preferences regarding future medical care, formally (for example, advance decisions or assigning a lasting power of attorney) or informally (advance statements regarding what the person considers important to their health and care). Advance care planning helps to ensure the medical care delivered is consistent to the person’s wishes/values and preferences, reduces decision-making burden, and helps families prepare for and cope with bereavement. However, advance care planning research has continually focused on older patients or in the context of a medical crisis, and evidence suggests uptake is low.
There is increasing recognition that advance care planning should engage the public outside of a medical setting. However, research would suggest there are wider societal factors which may limit patient and wider community access to advance care planning and ‘early’ palliative care. Therefore, this need to raise awareness and understanding of palliative care and advance care planning amongst the public, within a public health approach, has been recognised as a key policy priority, internationally, nationally, and regionally.
The research aimed to explore the awareness, knowledge and public views and behaviour in relation to palliative care and advance care planning within Northern Ireland and identify strategies to raise awareness within a public health framework.
What did we do?
A two phase, sequential mixed methods design was utilised, including a cross-sectional survey and qualitative interviews.
In phase one a random representative sample of adults (n=1201, 56% response rate) completed the 2018 annual, cross-sectional attitudinal survey undertaken in Northern Ireland, known as the Northern Ireland Life and Times survey (NILT). The Palliative Care Knowledge Scale (PaCKS), and the European Association of Palliative Care White Paper on advance care planning underpinned the core survey questions. Sociodemographic characteristics were also collected.
Following completion of the survey, respondents were asked if they would like to participate in a second, qualitative phase. Eligible participants (aged 18-80, able to speak and read English, who previously completed the survey, and had not experienced bereavement in the last six months) were invited to take part in a one-off focus group or interview between October 2018 and July 2019. Twenty-five agreed to participate. The data from phase one informed the development of the interview schedule utilised in phase two.
The interview schedule comprised of broad topic areas related to palliative care and advance care planning, which included knowledge; knowledge and information seeking behaviours; perceived accessibility of services, and future strategies for promoting public awareness.
The results from both phases were analysed in parallel, integrated using data matrix and weaving the thread techniques, and presented thematically throughout the results.
Findings indicate a dearth of awareness, lack of knowledge, and misperceptions among the general population regarding palliative care and advance care planning in Northern Ireland. Almost half of survey respondents had some direct experience of palliative care. However, only 1 in 5 had a completely accurate understanding of the term. Variances in understanding were associated with several demographic characteristics. However, reasons why these are influencers are unknown. Understanding is derived from limited ad hoc personal experiences focusing on the end of life and not the holistic palliative care journey. Palliative care is perceived as a “taboo” subject. Therefore, it was recommended to weave conversations into everyday platforms, such as TV soap storylines. Less than 1 in 3 respondents recognised the term “advance care planning”, while only 7% had engaged in a conversation. Friends/family, the General Practitioner or a member of the clergy were most likely approached to discuss the topic, and Google was a key source of information.
Participants understanding of advance care planning was also quite low; 1 in 3 said they understood what advance care planning is. Common myths about advance care planning included: (1) it is focused only on medical care and treatment options; (2) it should only be discussed at the end of life; and (3) it is a “last resort” when treatment fails. Advance care planning was recognised as important but not something which was considered part of a normal conversation. Participants felt they were in good health and did not want to talk about future care. Only 7% of participants engaged in a conversation about advance care planning.
Whilst the public reported a willingness to engage in such conversations, societal restrictions driven by the prevailing myths impinged on this occurring. For example, advance care planning was not seen as a normal topic of discussion prior to a medical crisis. Despite this, palliative care and advance care planning were recognised as important and a range of strategies to enhance understanding and engagement were offered including education and publicity.
By waiting until a medical emergency arises, it hinders normalisation of the early conversations advocated in public health policy. Essential conversations can start earlier and ensure appropriate care reaches everyone who would benefit if we:
(1) integrate palliative care earlier across disease types and care settings, and
(2) change public attitudes so advance care planning is seen as a “normal” conversation to have irrespective of health status.
A community action approach to enhance understanding and engagement was supported. However, a ‘one size fits all’ approach will not work; rather bespoke targeting is required with educational and media messaging aligned. There is a need for public health campaigns to recognise the disparity in what palliative care is seen to offer (end of life care), and move forward by raising awareness, removing misconceptions, and increasing openness to holistic palliative care.
A consistent message from a trustworthy source, inclusive of the voice of the patient, carer, and healthcare professional, and offering both general and tailored information to the needs of specific groups is advocated.
June 2018 – March 2021
Principal Investigator: Professor Sonja McIlfatrick, Head of School and Professor of Nursing and Palliative Care, Ulster University
Dr Felicity Hasson, Senior Lecturer, Ulster University
Dr Paul Slater, Statistician/Lecturer, Ulster University
Dr Esther Beck, Lecturer, Ulster University
Dr Lisa Hanna-Trainor Research Associate, Ulster University
Dr Deborah Muldrew Research Associate, Ulster University
“This work was supported by HSC R&D Division, Public Health Agency [COM/5459/2018] and the Department of Health, Northern Ireland.”
Peer Reviewed Papers:
BMC Palliative Care publication [open access]: McIlfatrick, S., Slater, P., Beck, E., Bamidele, O., McCloskey, S., Carr, K., Muldrew, D., Hanna-Trainor, L., & Hasson, F. (2021). Examining public knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards palliative care: A mixed methods, sequential study. BMC Palliative Care, 20 (44). Available at: https://bmcpalliatcare.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12904-021-00730-5.pdf [accessed June 2021]
Palliative Medicine publication: McIlfatrick, S., Slater, P., Beck, E., Bamidele, O., Muldrew, D., & Hasson, F. (2021). “It’s almost superstition: if I don’t think about it, it won’t happen”. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS ADVANCE CARE PLANNING: A SEQUENTIAL MIXED METHODS STUDY. Palliative Medicine. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163211015838 [accessed June 2021]
Report published (February 2021): Where Are We Now? – Examining public knowledge and attitudes towards palliative care and advance care planning in Northern Ireland
Press release (March 2021): Advance Care Planning Policy for Adults in Northern Ireland
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org | Telephone: +353 (0)1 491 2948
Twitter Handle: @SMcilfatrick
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Let’s start with the bad news – Traditional plastic-coated disposable cups are terrible for the planet. Estimates vary about how many are used each year, but the figure is going to lie somewhere between two recent estimates of 2.5 billion and 5 billion.
Another statistic that emphasises the point is the fact that in Ireland alone, we use 22,000 disposable coffee cups every hour of every day, this is according to a Government-funded study from 2018. This equates to over half a million cups each day.
This is an unsustainable use of precious resources and an absolute nightmare when it comes to safe disposal and recycling.
The major problem lies in the construction of disposable cups, most of them are plastic-lined, and when it comes to recycling, this makes it extremely difficult.
However, there is good news, for as we enter 2022, the future for retailers wanting to offer the consumer a truly compostable and sustainable option is brighter – Namely, disposable cups that have replaced all plastics with a water-based aqueous coating which makes recycling easy and means they can even be tossed in a home compost bin.
These cups are a major step forward as we move away from single-use plastics, and for the retailer switching to them is a no-brainer, as this post describes.
The Problem with Disposable Coffee Cups
As mentioned earlier, the mix of paper and plastic in most disposable cups makes them incredibly difficult to recycle. This isn’t a trivial point, indeed, they are so difficult to recycle that over 99% of them are destined to never see the inside of a recycling plant.
The paper and plastic problem means that only specialised recycling facilities can cope with the demands of this mix of materials. Currently, there are only a handful of such plants in the UK and Ireland.
This is not good news for the planet!
With our landfill sites already overflowing and the oceans already heavy with plastic pollutants, we need to take action and fast. To try and address the problem, many of the big-name retailers and smaller coffee shops are now supplying in-shop recycling bins for the cups.
But this is only scratching the surface. For one, it relies on people to dispose of their cups in-store, but that kind of negates the point of using disposable cups in the first place. Secondly, in the best-case scenario, this measure will still only tackle a fraction of a percentage point of the problem, this is simply a case of too little, too late.
Finally, the logistics of transporting the cups to suitable recycling facilities and the resources used in getting them there, not to mention the equally resource-hungry recycling process, makes the whole process close to pointless.
Not all compostable cups are what they seem
One solution is to switch to cups that use plant-based plastics in their construction. These claim to be a compostable and biodegradable solution to the problem, and while there is little doubt they are a better option, they still have many of the inherent problems associated with plastics.
The problem is that plastic is still plastic. Polylactic acid (PLA) plastics are the material normally associated with this type of compostable cup, and while they are a compostable solution, there are still major drawbacks with the material.
Firstly, unlike aqueous coating, PLA coated cups need to be composted in commercial composting facilities where they are required to be subjected to heats of 60° C and above to activate the composting process. Once again, facilities that can perform this process are limited.
By comparison, aqueous coated cups will break down in a home compost bin in roughly the same time as a sheet of newspaper will.
What this means is that many PLA cups will inevitably join their plastic brethren in landfill sites. The problem is accentuated by consumer confusion which inevitably results in this type of cup being tossed in the wrong recycling bin.
Finally, PLA is still a plastic, no matter what base material is used to manufacture it, and while it does break down slightly faster than other plastics, it will still be hanging around in landfills, oceans, and our countryside for years to come.
The Solution – Switch to Branded Disposable Cups with an Aqueous Coating
This all sounds rather bleak, but there is a perfect, cost-effective, and completely sustainable solution.
Cups that use an aqueous coating instead of plastics come with none of the drawbacks associated with plastic-coated cups of any type. Disposal is easy, simply toss them in any paper-recycling bin for easy recycling or in the home compost bin where they will break down harmlessly within a few weeks.
At Think Greener, we take it a step further. All our materials are sourced from sustainably forested trees, the inks used in our branding are all food-safe and also break down harmlessly and quickly, and even our lids contain no plastics.
For the retailer, switching to a branded compostable cup solution is not only a step forward in reducing the use of plastics but can also be great for business. A branded cup that tells consumers that your business cares about the planet builds customer trust and retention. Also, with growing consumer concern about the state of the planet, compostable paper cups can give retailers a big edge over the competition.
By the time you have read this article (3 minutes on average), another 1200 disposable cups or so will have been dispensed in Ireland alone. Scale this up to the whole world, and the figure is closer to 2,850,000.
This is entirely unnecessary wastage and a huge burden on the planet and its finite resources.
The solution is simple. At Think Greener, we believe our 100% compostable and brandable disposable cups are not just a perfect solution for protecting the planet but are also great for forwarding thinking businesses wanting to do their bit whilst benefiting their business at the same time.
Why not contact us today. Together we can make the planet a better place to live.
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Going viral: Czech researchers map local spread of Covid-19 dis/misinformation
Going viral: Czech researchers map local spread of Covid-19 dis/misinformation
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A team of researchers from the Faculty of Education at Palacký University in Olomouc have conducted an extensive study of how misinformation, disinformation and fake news about Covid-19 have spread throughout the country. Leading the research was department head Kamil Kopecký, along with fellow academic Dominik Voráč and other members of the ongoing E-Bezpečí (eSafety) project.
Most misinformation about Covid-19 circulating in the Czech Republic comes from abroad and has also spread throughout other European Union member states. For example, at the onset of the pandemic, fringe and social media were full of commentary that the novel coronavirus was no more deadly than the common flu; that the danger it posed had been overstated (for various reasons, often malicious); that it was manufactured in a lab by China or the United States and was purposely or accidentally released, or that it simply did not exist.
One of the most widespread (unfounded) beliefs among Czechs regarding Covid-19, according to the research by E-Bezpečí, is that alcohol kills the virus, and so drinking alcohol regularly is a truly effective method of prevention.
Do these unfounded beliefs among Czechs differ significantly from those of other countries in Europe?
Kamil Kopecký: “The most frequent disinformation that is spreading in the Czech environment includes fake news and disinformation connected with the European Union or the refugee crisis, as well as disinformation associated with elections and the election campaigns. In the last year, a large amount of disinformation associated with 5G technology and the Covid-19 pandemic has emerged. Much of the disinformation and hoaxes also came to us from the surrounding European countries.”
Apart from on Covid-19, what are some of the disinformation topics that have spread widely in the Czech Republic?
Dominik Voráč: “The most popular disinformation responds to current national or global issues. We had refugee crisis and disinformation about this topic are still alive and they circulate. For example, a photomontage about an overcrowded train with migrants at the Cheb railway station first appeared in 2015 and then returned in 2017.
“Three years ago, there was a presidential election in the Czech Republic, where the main opponent of the Czech president Miloš Zeman, Mr. Jiří Drahoš [now a senator] was for example accused of being a part of this strange group of people that secretly rule the world and it’s called illuminati. And I think the political topics are the most popular and shared ones – and it doesn’t matter if it’s about Russia, the United States or local politicians.”
In November 2020, the Centre for the Prevention of Risky Virtual Communication research team at the Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, looked into what Covid-19 related disinformation stories were encountered by users of social networks (and other online services) over the preceding six months.
They created a research tool for this purpose – an online questionnaire in Google Forms, containing a selection of 35 Covid-19 related disinformation claims or conspiracy theories. Respondents were given an opportunity to add their own items.
The goal was to find out which disinformation claims or conspiracy theories the respondents have encountered – not to clarify or explain why a certain story is disinformation or a conspiracy theory, or to assess the quality of the source. The questionnaire was distributed on social networks (particularly on Facebook), by e-mail and in web adverts.
So, on which social media platforms is disinformation most widely shared in the Czech Republic? Are there any noticeable differences compared to other countries in Europe?
Kamil Kopecký: “According to the Palacký University survey that focused on disinformation related to Covid-19, the main tool for dissemination is the social network Facebook. Next are various disinformation and conspiracy sites that benefit from publishing and disseminating fake news.
“Friends and colleagues are also a very important source of disinformation – a lot of false information is spread through various chain emails, which are forwarded to each other by friends [often in chain emails]. It can be said that the situation is very similar to other European countries.”
A relatively stable disinformation scene took root in the Czech Republic over the past decade, consisting of self-proclaimed “independent” or “alternative” media. There are increasingly obvious attempts to get rid of the “disinformation” label, and to legitimise the opinions through traditional and well established media.
Such activities can be interpreted as a natural part of a widespread trend, an effort to shift conspiracy theories, pro-Russian narratives and anti-Western beliefs from the margins to the centre of the media spectrum
How much of the disinformation originates in other countries (for example in Russia)?
Dominik Voráč: “We cannot quantify and find out exactly how much of the disinformation originates in other countries. For example, the [Czech] website Aeronet is known to serve Russian propaganda, but the main editor is from the Czech Republic. Or there was a lot of disinformation about the election in the United States back in 2016.
“Some would say that authors of this fake news must be from the United States, China or Russia and want to influence the election results. And the surprising thing was that the authors was a group of teenagers from North Macedonia and they earned a lot of money from ads on their sites. And we can see the politicians itself might produce a lot of disinformation – for example Donald Trump.”
In relation to the Covid-19 pandemic, the study identified “misinforming, disinforming and conspiracy stories related to testing, quarantine measures, contacts with those infected, etc., circulating on-line in the Czech Republic and other European countries”.
These stories became popular among users, being actively disseminated, shared and commented on social networks. For a vast majority of them, it was not possible to reveal the source. But they did identity who created and disseminated some, including a claim that those who wear facemasks are “welcomers of immigrants”, with originated with former president Václav Klaus.
What other trends have the researchers observed in recent years?
Kamil Kopecký: “One of the essential problems associated with disinformation is the so-called infodemic – there is a huge amount of information, a tsunami of information, in a public environment and it is difficult for a large part of the population to recognize truth and lie. With the development of social networks, disinformation is spreading very fast and can reach millions of users around the world.
“Another worldwide trend associated with disinformation is the relativization of true information. Terms such as alternative truth or inappropriate opinion have entered the public debate, and disinformators repeatedly apologize for their unverified claims by saying that while they are not true, they could be.”
In your recent study, you write that ‘in the Czech area, established projects like Manipulátoři.cz, Čeští elfové (Czech Elves, combatting internet ‘trolls’) and E-bezpečí have helped to fight disinformation during the Coronavirus pandemics’. In what way? Do these groups specialise in certain aspects? Or coordinate efforts?
Kamil Kopecký: “The project Manipulátoři focuses mainly on fact-checking, verifying various hoaxes, fake news or conspiration. The project ‘E-Bezpečí’ (eSafety in English) focuses primarily on risky behaviour in the online environment – cyberbullying, hate speech, sexting, cybergrooming, online privacy – but also on the support of critical thinking and media literacy. Both projects cooperate with each other, for example in the field of sharing verified information.”
The researchers note that there are also other Czech initiatives, not focused directly on fighting disinformation, but on securing better access to information in times when a certain part of the society, politicians and various experts saw the government-imposed regulations to stop the spread of Covid-19 as chaotic.
Who is more likely to spread and believe disinformation, according to your findings?
Dominik Voráč: “Fake news is mostly believed and spread by people looking for ‘alternative truths’ because they don’t trust the official media. These people either share things spontaneously when they see them on social networks, or they are so absorbed in disinformation that they look for resources on various websites and then they share them.
“They don’t spread disinformation intentionally; they just want to find a way how to understand this world and want to share their knowledge with other people. In addition to this distrust in the official media, however, media literacy plays a role as well. There are a lot of readers who don’t fact-check the information when reading a sensational article or don’t evaluate the source of the information at all.”
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In the past four decades, U.S. inflation has soared and then fallen back again over time. Between 1969 and 2009, annual inflation fluctuated between 2% and 13%. However, in the past year, inflation has once again surpassed 3%. The rising cost of goods continues to pose a problem. In addition to higher prices for raw materials, user fees have also increased substantially in recent years. If you are looking for ways to save money on your regular expenditures or try to pay off your debts faster, understanding why prices are going up can be helpful. Keep reading to learn more about how rising inflation impacts consumers and how you can avoid its effects in the future.
How does inflation work?
Inflation works in two stages. In the first stage, producers increase their prices to cover the costs of producing the good or service. In the second stage, retailers increase their prices to cover the costs of buying materials and other supplies and operating their stores. As a result, prices go up as demand increases.
What causes rising inflation?
The Federal Reserve, a U.S. central bank, sets monetary policy to achieve the Fed’s dual mandate of maximum employment and stable prices. The Fed has the ability to influence U.S. inflation by increasing or decreasing the supply of money in the economy. The Fed has been gradually increasing the supply of money, which has resulted in higher U.S. inflation rates.
U.S. inflation trends
-1.9% CPI from 1970 to 1979 -3.7% CPI from 1980 to 1989 -2.6% CPI from 1990 to 1999 -2.9% CPI from 2000 to 2009 -2.2% CPI from 2010 to 2018
Factors that affect inflation in the U.S.
-Purchasing Power and the Cost of Living: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the most commonly used measure of inflation in the United States. The CPI is an expenditure-based index designed to track the spending habits of urban consumers. Unfortunately, it doesn’t account for changes in the cost of living. As cities and states continue to grow and expand, costs of living also increase. -Demand: Another factor that affects inflation is demand. If there are more people buying goods and services than before, then prices increase. Rising demand also occurs when more people have better wages, which leads to higher prices. In addition, demand can also increase when more businesses expand and open. This means there are more jobs available that people can apply for.
How to avoid It
-Shop around for the best deals: In the face of rising costs, some experts recommend shopping around for cheaper prices. With more competition in the marketplace, retailers may lower their prices to attract more customers. This can be a good strategy for consumers looking for deals on certain items or brands. -Be flexible with payments: With increased costs, it is important to be flexible with your payment terms. Some businesses offer payment terms that help consumers pay off their balances in monthly installments. This can lower the amount you owe and help you avoid paying interest on your loans. -Shop for deals in bulk: Some retailers offer deals on bulk purchases. You can buy things like food, household items, and health and beauty products in bulk to save money on packaging, shipping, and other costs associated with retail items.
Inflation is a consistent rise in prices of goods and services. The rise can be caused by many factors, including demand, purchasing power, and the cost of living. Consumers can try to avoid inflation by shopping around for deals, being flexible with payments, and shopping for bulk deals where possible. You can also try to save money by purchasing items in bulk and being more flexible with your payment terms. These tips can help avoid rising costs and ensure you don’t see your income decrease in the long run.
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Today students read a short article about new treatments for Ebola and answered some multiple choice questions based on that — if you were absent, please come make that up on Friday during lunch. Students had the rest of the period to complete their reading guides, which are due tomorrow.
All posts by elizabethmchapman
Monday, March 3
On Monday students took their parts of speech and phrases exam. Homework was the first Hot Zone Reading Guide, due Wednesday — see me for a copy of the reading guides because there are two different versions depending on which book you have.
Thursday, February 27
Today we are talking about the article that you read yesterday and analyzed for the author’s use of language. We’re also answering some AP-style multiple choice questions about the other article that you read (if you’re not done with your annotations, you can turn those in to me on Monday). No homework for tonight!
Wednesday, February 25
On Wednesday, we went through the practice grammar exam and talked about questions that you still had ahead of the real test.
Students also started reading an article and answering some questions on the author’s use of language to make his argument (Bats Harbor Hundreds of Coronaviruses).
Tuesday, February 25
Today in class, we talked about the podcast, and I gave you 1) a parts of speech one-page review (Parts of Speech One Sheeter), 2) a phrases one-page review (Phrases Review v2), and 3) a practice grammar exam (Phrases Practice Exam) that is identical in form and content to the test that you will take on Monday.
We’ll be going over the answers to the practice test tomorrow, so try to answer all of the questions so that you have an accurate read on what you know and what you need to study!
Monday, February 24
Today students will be taking their Hot Zone List 1 vocabulary quiz.
Homework due tomorrow (Tuesday) is to listen to this podcast and answer these questions (Radiolab Patient Zero Podcast Questions).
Homework due on Wednesday is to read an annotate the article that you picked up in class today (see me for a paper copy).
Friday, February 21
On Friday we continued watching performances; students had a reflective sheet to fill out. If you weren’t here, please get one of those and turn it in to me ASAP.
Thursday, February 20
Today was the first day of our play performances! We’ll continue tomorrow; homework is to continue working on your individual project (due on Monday!).
Wednesday, February 19
Today we went over your first Hot Zone vocabulary list — you will have a quiz over those words (and only those words) on Monday. I also asked you to try to get a copy of The Hot Zone by Monday, March 2 — here is the Amazon link.
Tuesday, February 18
Today students had the entire period to prepare for their play performances on Thursday. Even though you don’t have a homework assignment, you should be working on your creative response to Dracula, which is due on Monday of next week.
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Learning Wonders Activity.
LI: To understand the importance of water to us and Earth.
Read the information provided.
What facts can you identify from the website? Think of how we use water on a daily basis? How often do we use water? For what purposes do we use water? Keep a log (record) of all the time you see water being used in your house - it will be more than you imagine! Once you have kept a water log, consider if water is being wasted and ways to preserve water. How would you persuade people to use water wisely - you could write a persuasive speech or create a leaflet about the importance of water. You made leaflets last term for the Ancient Kingdom of Benin.
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When your child has eyeglasses, you want to make sure to instill in them proper eye care lessons. This, of course, can be used while they’re children but be just as useful when they get older. When children know how to care for their eyeglasses, you can ensure that their glasses will last longer. By making sure their glasses don’t get scratched or broken, you can save money, as they won’t be having to replace them. You might be wondering, how do you teach your child proper eye care?
In our last blog we discussed correct cleaning and protection methods to keep your child’s glasses protected. We went over how glasses are meant to be cleaned with warm water and a cleaning cloth, while eventually stored away in a hard-shell glasses case. By using these two things you could significantly prolong the life of your child’s eyeglasses. In part two of this blog series we will delve into uses of eyeglasses, such as putting on and off and where to properly use your glasses.
Playing With Their Glasses
Children naturally have rambunctious tendencies. They often like to fidget and play around with things around them — sometimes with things they shouldn’t. Because children are naturally a little more energetic, they tend to play around with things such as clothing, their hair, and yes, their glasses. One way to keep them away from their glasses is to tell them how their fingers create smudges, which only make it harder to see. Part of the issue with kids playing with their glasses is that they take their glasses on and off their face. It is easy to play around with their glasses, however, it also is just as easy to lose them. For instance, they can play around with their glasses, take them off, and set them down somewhere and, in just one motion, you are out more than $100.
One way to prevent this likely scenario is to attach the ends of the glasses with a string. By just attaching the ends of the glasses, you automatically reduce the likelihood that your child will lose their glasses. Sure, they might still play with them, but they will be less likely to play with them and drop or lose them. Either way, no matter what you do, your child will continue to play around with their glasses, but with this technique, at least you don’t have to worry about them absentmindedly setting them down somewhere.
By having a string attaching the glasses, you also prevent the likelihood that their glasses will fall off their face. As stated, children are energetic, which means they like to play. Sometimes while playing, they can get a little carried away and their glasses can fall from their face. The good news is if they have a string attaching their glasses, if they fall off, they hang around their neck away from the ground where they can be stepped on.
Where to Have Your Glasses
Because children can be very active, it is never a good idea to bring their glasses when they are playing sports or on a playground. For one, glasses can be easily broken due to collisions or stumbles. One way to reduce the threat to their glasses is to purchase vision goggles. Vision goggles for younger children are perfect because they are durable and resistant to any rough-play. Best of all, vision goggles come complete with your child’s prescription, so they can see and play to their heart’s content. Vision goggles are a good idea if you have a lively child, however, the older the child, the more able they will be to use contacts.
Contacts are a nice substitute for glasses because they are constructed with your child’s prescription and are not at risk of breakage. However, contacts require care and attention, the younger the child, the less likely they are to care for their contacts.
If your child was born with any eye issues, you should bring them to a pediatric optometrist office. There, a medical professional will be able to see and check your child’s eyes. Not only that, an optometrist can also work to help treat your child’s vision deficiencies, such as lazy eye, astigmatism, or any other eye-related issues. Organizations, such as Vision Therapy of San Antonio, can help your child with methods such as vision therapy. By using this treatment, your child’s vision could be significantly improved, which could mean they might not even need their glasses anymore! Though eye therapy is no definite cure to eye issues, by practicing eye therapy techniques, your child’s vision can be improved and their prescription, lowered. Either way, your child could benefit from eye therapy!
If you are in the San Antonio area and are curious about lazy eye treatment or eye therapy, contact Vision Therapy of San Antonio today!
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(Asahi: January 14, 2016 – p. 36)
The Osaka Municipal Assembly is expected to adopt and pass on Jan. 15 Japan’s first ordinance aimed at preventing hate speech [against racial and ethnic minorities in the city]. Once the city’s screening committee determines that an organization or person has committed hate speech, the name of that organization or person will be disclosed. Since no progress has been made on concrete deliberations on a bill banning hate speech at the Diet, Osaka City, which has many Korean residents, will demonstrate its strong stance on eradicating hate speech.
The ordinance defines hate speech as slanderous remarks directed at a specific nationality or an individual of a specific race for the purpose of alienating them from society and fueling hate and discrimination. The screening committee composed of university professors and lawyers will examine remarks after receiving complaints from victims. Based on the results of the examination, Osaka City, after determining that the remarks are hate speech, will post on its website the content of the hate speech and the names of the organization or person that committed it. (Abridged)
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Are you a victim of your stress and anxiety? Do you find yourself becoming paralyzed by doubt and fear because of small issues or problems? This is not how it should be. These tips will help you to move forward with your life and manage your anxiety.
Have a trusted person you can call when you are suffering from an attack. You need someone to talk with you through your problem, whether it’s a friend or a family member. It can be overwhelming to deal with one on your own. Having someone to support you will make it easier to get through them.
If you want to conquer your anxiety, it is important to be able to control your thoughts. Anxiety that isn’t controlled by your thoughts can make it worse. Bad thoughts can quickly lead to panic attacks. You should immediately stop worrying about your thoughts and take control. *) Find a visual or auditory anchor that allows you to feel calm and relaxed. Choose something that is abundant and always-present, such as clouds or water. If you feel anxious, take a look up to the sky or listen to a soothing track of water flowing through a music player. These anchors can be a great way to provide a focal point when you feel anxious or panicky and help you avoid a full-blown panic attack. *Control your thoughts to manage anxiety. Many times, anxiety can be caused by the thoughts that you have in your head. Negative thoughts can cause anxiety and overwhelm. You can manage anxiety by learning how to control your thoughts and feelings. *Some people will feel more anxious when they have high levels of anxiety. This can lead to increased salt cravings. Because your body craves salt, and it will want you to eat more. Because it is simpler to digest and contains more trace minerals than your body needs, raw, unprocessed sea salt is the best form of salt.
If you feel anxious about being in public, try to find distractions. Start looking at the products in your basket or the items near you when you are in line. Keep an eye on the ceiling and count how many checkstands you have. This will help keep your mind from dwelling on anxious thoughts. *) Keeping a journal and undergoing therapy can help you face your anxiety. This will allow you to understand the root cause of your anxiety and may help you talk with your therapist. It is always a good idea to have a conversation with other people and discuss your problems. It is much easier than you think to create a positive mindset that helps alleviate anxiety. If you have the information, such as the one presented here, it is possible to manage anxiety in a way that will not overwhelm you. As you work to overcome anxiety, think about professional assessment.
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According to Salk researchers, young worms and angsty human teens share a surprising number of ambivalent behaviours. Though the common Caenorhabditis elegans worm only has 302 neurons to a teenager’s 100 billion, the Salk team says we can learn a lot about how the brain get structured and changes as we transition to adulthood.
To see what behavioural differences exist between young and adult worms, the researchers placed them one at a time at the center of a dish. One one side of the dish, there was a drop of diacetyl, a chemical which smells like ‘buttered popcorn’ and C. elegans simply adores. On the other side was a neutral odor. Over the course of several days, the paths the worms chose were carefully recorded and then analyzed. Results suggest that adolescent worms meandered and took a while before they reached the diacetyl, whereas the adult worms headed straight for it and didn’t lose any time.
See the connection? Morose human teenagers are also incapable of efficiently procuring food. “To watch their behavior, it’s as though they say, ‘Yeah, I know I’m supposed to go over there but I just don’t feel like it,’” says Laura Hale, a collaborative researcher at Salk and first author of the paper.
“Our research shows that, despite having exactly the same genes and neurons as adults, adolescent roundworms have completely different food-seeking preferences and abilities,” says Sreekanth Chalasani, associate professor in Salk’s Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory and senior author of the paper published in eNeuro in January 2017. “It is in adulthood that we finally see the worms become more efficient and competent at finding food.”
The Salk researchers picked the brains of the teenage and adult worms using a now common molecular technique which makes neurons fluoresce when activated by specific odors. The C. elegans worm, for instance, has one of its few neurons dedicated to sensing diacetyl. The worms were exposed to various smells to see which of them caused neurons to fire. For young worms, the AWA neuron pair fired only when a high concentration of diacetyl was waved under their ‘noses’. For adults, however, AWA fired in the presence of subtler concentrations of the popcorn odor.
Three other paired neurons called AWB, ASK, and AWC fired in adults, which suggests adults may be able to respond more complexly to stimuli. Indeed, this seems to be the case, as an experiment showed. When the three secondary neuron pairs were shut down, the adults behaved as erratically as adolescents in their path toward the diacetyl.
What the findings suggest is that teenage worm brains — and likely human teenage brains too — are more plastic, hence govern a more flexible behaviour that can be successful in the face of uncertainty. Adults, on the other hand, have lived long enough to understand which foods are typically available and are less choosy — they’d rather go straight for the food.
“These results support the idea that evolution works by making a juvenile plastic to learn a lot of things; then making an adult tuned to take advantage of that learning,” says Chalasani. “Instead of merely being rebellious, teens—both humans and worms—may just be staying flexible to adapt to an unpredictable world.”
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Relapse does not occur as a single event; it occurs in stages and is a continuous process when withdrawing and abstaining from substance abuse. As a common aspect of addiction, it does not indicate failure. What it indicates is how the brain’s ability to process pleasure and pain is changed and altered. Brain chemistry creates a physical dependency on the substance for those in continuous relapse, and someone who struggles with substance dependency will have difficulties processing impulse control, memory, and decision-making. Relapse prevention is about teaching those who suffer from substance abuse to recognize the symptoms and change their behavior.
What is Relapse?
Relapse occurs when an individual abstaining from a substance, such as alcohol or drugs, falls back into their dependency. Relapse can occur emotionally, mentally, and physically. Both emotional and mental relapses occur succinctly over time during the initial stages of withdrawal, and physical indicates a brute-force form of abstinence that’s damaging, leading to a higher chance of relapse.
Emotional – During an emotional relapse, your emotions and behavior can set up for a possible physical relapse. Although you aren’t thinking about using, you’re experiencing emotions related to a post-acute withdrawal, including anxiety, irritability, mood swings, isolation, and defensiveness. These symptoms make a person vulnerable but are the easiest to pull back from if recognized.
Mental – In a mental relapse, you’re thinking about using it and are debating about using the substance. Signs of this include lying, fantasizing about using, glamorizing the past, and planning using others. Once you begin thinking about using, you’re more susceptible to relapsing back towards substance dependency.
Physical – A physical relapse is a final stage, where you begin using the substance through active triggers and unnoticed habits.
Common Questions About Relapse Prevention
What are triggers? – Triggers in relapse are places, people, objects, emotions, thoughts, and situations that spark the desire to use the substance. It enacts strong memories, brings about cravings, and forms the urge to use the substance as a coping mechanism.
What do I do if I relapse? – First, if you’ve only used it once, remind yourself that it is just a lapse. Relapses are continued use of the substance without intending on returning to abstinence. Lapses are normal in the recovery process, and if you’re in a treatment program, speak with your therapist about your lapse.
If I relapsed, does this mean I failed? – Failure and disappointment are common emotions after relapse, and it’s important to remember that it’s part of the long journey towards recovery.
How We Provide Aftercare with Relapse Prevention Therapy
Aftercare plans can provide aid in preventing the onset of relapse through detox and other forms of treatment. Relapse prevention therapy works through providing coping skills, cognitive therapy, and lifestyle changes to re-frame the individual’s experience and continue modifications to their habits. In our practice, we help teach people through:
- Understand relapse as a process
- Identify and cope in high-risk situations
- Implement damage control during relapse
- Stay engaged with treatment
- Learn about creating balanced lifestyles
We also can provide treatments for relapse, such as:
- Family Therapy
- Outpatient Recovery
- Support Groups
Experiencing a relapse isn’t uncommon for those battling addiction, and it isn’t the end of the road. Our team is here to help you make it through and get you back on the path to recovery. It’s important to remember that relapse isn’t the end of the road; it’s just a setback to your future free from addiction. Call to schedule an appointment with one of our mental health experts today.
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…Or How to Decimate a County in a Decade
Fellow Clare County Historical Society member Jon Ringelberg sent me a June 1878 article from The Clare County Press concerning Winfield Scott Gerrish, the first lumberman to purchase a railroad (locomotive, car assemblies, track, spikes, etc.) and bring them into Clare County for the express purpose of hauling timber out of the woods. Others had used trains before for that purpose, but not in Clare County. An excerpt of the article appears in the post following this one.
One of the things that makes this such a wonderful article is that it is a first-person account written and only a year or so after Gerrish brought his logging railroad to Clare County. And at a time the county was getting ready to experience an explosive building boom and population growth.
Gerrish got the idea of using a train while visiting the Centennial Exposition (World’s Fair) in Philadelphia in 1876. In one of the halls he saw a locomotive that ran on a narrow-gauge track, and thought it would be a good way to get cut timber out of his holdings that were located far from any river. (Rivers were needed at the time as they were really the only good way to transport logs to market or to major railroads.)
Whether Gerrish knew others had used a train for a similar purpose is not known. What is known is that the train arrived at the opportune time for Gerrish who was on the verge of bankruptcy. He was finding that the cost of cutting and transporting his timber holdings was higher than the revenue he was receiving.
Another factor was that the Pere Marquette railroad was laying track through the county at the time, from southeast toward the northwest. This meant it was now far easier to bring men and supplies into the county and to haul timber out of it.
Other area lumbermen initially scoffed at this train idea; however, they were just as quick to follow Gerrish when they found he was getting rich. Why did he make money? The railroad allowed Gerrish to cut and transport lumber year around instead of just during the winter months. That meant a steady and continuous revenue stream all year long.
Using trains allowed Gerrish to cut and haul logs from wherever he could lay track. And he was able to get them from woods to market in under a week, a marvelous feat at the time. Of course, there was an initial expense and delay before a train could run, since the locomotive had to be brought in, a railroad bed built, ties and track laid, and rail cars built. However, this work was generally done quickly and, in the case of the tracks, without regard to quality, since they were temporary, having to last just a couple of years, at best.
So the logging trains came in and the trees came out. In his book, Michigan Ghost Towns, author Roy Dodge estimated that there were more than 300 miles of logging railroads in the county and traces of many can still be found.
So what did Gerrish and his railroad mean to Clare County? Within a decade, Clare County went from being a peaceful, quiet and beautiful tree-covered county to one filled with giant stumps, scarred landscape with farmers trying to scratch out a future in what remained. However, for one short period in history, thanks in part to W.Scott Gerrish and his railroad, Clare County WAS a bustling, exciting place to be.
Note: Some articles (including the Gerrish link above) claim Gerrish was the first in the world to build a logging railroad. He was not. They were used in other states including Michigan decades before.
I want to thank you for your interest. So many people don’t know. Or appreciate what’s right around them. . I really enjoyed your articles. I wish I could find someone that had intrest in the amazing treasures I found. They could have a marker… Everyone is looking and walking around trying to see the history. I actually walked it and now I found out I can buy it. Nobody knows it’s worth… I just don’t know how to do everything I need to do… I am trying to read how. I just happened on your interest.. And I saw someone Like me.. Thank you.
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A dashboard is a tool used for information management and business intelligence. Much like the dashboard of a car, data dashboards organize, store, and display important information from multiple data sources into one, easy-to-access place. Using data visualization, dashboards uniquely communicate metrics visually to help users understand complex relationships in their data. In a data dashboard, it’s easier to draw parallels between different but related metrics, identify trends, and head off potential challenges hidden in an organization’s data. With the help of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile technology, dashboards are also used to convey relevant information to audiences at any time and in any place. The best dashboards are customized, secured, and shared with their intended end-users.
- ↑ Definition - What is a Dashboard? iDashboards
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Print Case Study
San Diego County Dept. of Public Works
July 15, 2004
Due to increased traffic congestion, the San Diego County Department of Public Works decided to widen Valley Center Road, a two-lane highway winding up the side of a mountain. This project was faced with many challenges including a large wildlife habitat area and roadway access requirements.
Consulting engineer EarthTech chose a CON/SPAN® structure for a wildlife crossing underneath the road. Use of part-width construction allowed the flow of traffic to continue while the roadway was widened from two to four lanes. The structure was required to accommodate a 15’ x 15’ opening to allow adequate daylight for animal passage.
The internal segments of the CON/SPAN were skewed at stage breaks as well as the end units, and the structure was installed on 5’ high cast-in-place pedestal walls.
Traffic congestion has decreased since the widening of the road and the structures now allow safe passage for the Southern Mule Deer and mountain lions that are often killed crossing this road. The structure pictured is one of three wildlife crossings installed under this roadway.
800-338-1122 | www.ContechES.com
© 2023 Contech Engineered Solutions LLC, a QUIKRETE Company
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Page created on October 20, 2019. Last updated on January 24, 2022 at 16:07
The heart has a special system that allows it to be excited rhythmically and repetitively. There are two components to this system:
- Pacemaker generators that generate rhythmical electrical impulses which initiate rhythmical contraction of the heart muscle
- A conduction system which conducts these impulses rapidly through the heart
When this system functions normally the atria contract one sixth of a second before the ventricles, which allows the ventricles to fill up with blood before pumping the blood through the pulmonary or systemic circulation.
Generators of impulses in the heart
The heart has two impulse generators; the main generator and one “backup” generator in case the main generator doesn’t work. The main generator is the sinus node, and the backup generator is the atrioventricular node. The His-Purkinje system can also act as a backup generator. We call them pacemakers, and they’re comprised of specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells.
The main impulse generator is called the sinus node or the sinoatrial node, often called the SA node. It’s a small piece of specialized cardiac muscle located in the wall of the right atrium right below and lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava.
The SA node has an intrinsic rate of 60 – 100 beats/min, meaning that it generates impulses this many times per minutes on its own. This node contains contractile filaments, but these filaments are weak compared to the contractile filaments of the normal cardiac muscle. The cells of the SA node are interconnected via gap junctions, which enable them to depolarize adjacent cells.
The pacemaker cells slowly depolarize by themselves (phase 4), a property non-pacemaker cells don’t have, which is what accounts for the automaticity of the pacemaker. In addition to this the pacemaker cells have more positive resting potential than normal cardiomyocytes, -60 mV instead of -85 mV. The threshold for depolarization is -40 mV.
The depolarization of pacemaker cells consists of three phases; phases 0, 3 and 4.
Phase 4 is the phase of spontaneous diastolic depolarization (SDD). It occurs due to a continuous inward Na+ current called the funny current and due to the opening of T-type Ca2+ channels. The cell slowly depolarizes by itself during diastole, eventually reaching the threshold at -40 mV, which starts phase 0.
Phase 0 is the upstroke of the action potential. It’s caused by opening of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel, causing Ca2+ influx. This is different from normal cardiac muscle cells, where the upstroke is caused by opening of fast Na+ channels. The calcium channel is slower than the sodium channel, so the upstroke is slower in pacemaker cells than in normal cardiomyocytes.
Phase 3 is the phase of repolarization. It’s caused by opening of leaky K+ channels, which causes an outward K+ current that causes repolarization.
Action potential generated by the SA node propagates through the atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. The action potential eventually reaches the atrioventricular node.
Action potential of the SA node.
The atrioventricular node is often called the AV node. Like the name implies it lies between the atria and ventricles, more specifically right behind the tricuspid valve.
The main function of the AV node is to delay the conduction of the action potential from the atria to the ventricles. We don’t want the atria and ventricles to contract simultaneously; we want the atria to contract a little time before the ventricles. The AV node is responsible for this delay.
The atrial muscle and ventricular muscle are separated by continuous fibrous tissue at all points except at the AV node. Fibrous tissue doesn’t conduct impulses, so this forces the action potential from the atria to pass through the AV node on the way to the ventricles.
The cells of the AV node contain fewer gap junctions than the other pacemaker cells. This increases the resistance to conduction of the action potential, which is what causes the delay.
If the SA node stops generating impulses for any reason, the AV node will take over. The AV node has an intrinsic rate which is lower than the SA node at around 40 – 60 beats per minute.
The AV node has another property: it can prevent impulses from travelling the opposite way, i.e. from the ventricles to the atria. This one-way conduction is essential for normal, forward heart conduction.
Conductors of impulses in the heart
The impulses of the heart normally originate in the SA node, travel through the atria and to the AV node, where it is delayed before it reaches the ventricles.
After the AV node the impulse reaches the bundle of His, also called the AV bundle. The bundle of His branches into the left and right bundle branches. The bundle branches conduct the impulse through the septum until they reach the apex, where they branch into the Purkinje fibres, which distribute the impulse to the ventricular muscle.
The depolarization of the ventricular muscle occurs in the following sequence: Septum – apex – endocardium – epicardium. The repolarization occurs in the opposite order.
The conduction velocity varies in the different parts of the conduction system:
- In the SA node – 0,05 m/s
- Between the SA node and AV node – 1 m/s
- In the AV node – 0,05 m/s
- In the bundle of His – 1,5 m/s
- In the Purkinje fibres – 4 m/s
The cardiac conducting system (in yellow). From Guyton.
Action potentials in ventricular muscle
Action potentials propagate differently in non-pacemaker cells than in pacemaker cells. These action potentials are fast but last long, up to 300 msec. Here there are five phases instead of three.
Phase 4 is the resting phase. Ventricular muscle has a stable resting potential of -85 mV. There is no spontaneous depolarization like in pacemaker cells. During phase 4 the heart is in diastole.
Phase 0 is the upstroke of the action potential. When an action potential arrives from a neighbouring cell through gap junctions, the potential of the cell will slightly increase. If this increased potential reaches the threshold potential of -70 mV fast sodium channels will open, causing a fast Na+ influx which causes the upstroke of the action potential.
Phase 1 is a brief period of repolarization. The cell is slightly repolarized due to efflux of K+ and Na+.
Phase 2 is the plateau of the action potential. During this phase L-type Ca2+ channels open, causing an influx of calcium. K+ channels also open, causing an efflux of potassium. The inward and outward currents are approximately equal, so the membrane potential is stable, forming a plateau.
Phase 3 is the repolarization. It’s caused by the opening of more K+ channels and closure of the L-type Ca2+ channels, causing a large efflux of potassium. This returns the membrane potential to the resting membrane potential of -85 mV.
Action potential in ventricular muscle.
Phase 0 will only occur if the increased membrane potential reaches the threshold potential. If the membrane potential doesn’t reach the threshold there will be no response, but if it does reach the threshold there will be a full response. There can only be no response or full response. This is called the all-or-none law.
There will either be a response or there won’t be. A larger initial stimulus (black) doesn’t cause a larger response.
For some time after the cardiac cell was excited it cannot be re-excited. This is called the refractory period. There are two types:
- Absolute refractory period – where no action potential can be initiated at all
- Relative refractory period – where an action potential can be initiated only by a very large current
For the ventricular muscle cells the absolute refractory period is 0,25 – 0,30 seconds, which corresponds to the plateau of the action potential. The relative refractory period is 0,05 seconds.
The refractory periods of ventricular muscle. RRP = relative refractory period, ARP = absolute refractory period. Ignore the ERP.
Excitation-contraction coupling refers to the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response. More specifically it refers to how an action potential can cause a muscle to contract.
When the action potential arrives to a ventricular muscle cell L-type calcium channels will open during the plateau. This causes an influx of calcium. This increase in intracellular calcium triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This calcium will bind to a protein called troponin, which is bound to the actin filament. This causes troponin to change conformation, which causes myosin to bind to actin. Myosin will then use ATP to move actin along, which causes the muscle fibre to shorten.
Innervation of the heart
Different parts of the heart are innervated by both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nerves innervate all parts of the heart while parasympathetic nerves innervate only the SA and AV nodes. Together these two nervous systems regulate the heart rate, the conduction velocity, the excitability and the force of contraction of the heart. These modalities have specific names:
- Rate of rhythm of the SA node – the chronotropic effect
- The conduction velocity (through the AV node) – the dromotropic effect
- The excitability – the bathmotropic effect
- The force of contraction – the inotropic effect
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes the following:
- Negative chronotropic effect – reduced heart rate
- Negative dromotropic effect – reduced conduction velocity
- Negative bathmotropic effect – reduced excitability
Parasympathetic stimulation occurs during rest, etc.
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes the following:
- Positive chronotropic effect – increased heart rate
- Positive dromotropic effect – increased conduction velocity
- Positive bathmotropic effect – increased excitability
- Positive inotropic effect – increased myocardial contractility
Sympathetic stimulation occurs during exercise, etc.
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Let us talk about a key mathematical word called "factor" before we get started with factorization. Factors are integers, algebraic variables, or algebraic expressions that perfectly divide the number or expression without leaving any remainder or residual. For Example:
1. The factors of 44= 2 × 2 × 11, the numbers 2, 4, and 11 are the factors of 44 and divide it without resulting in the formation of any remainder.
2. The factors of an algebraic expression 22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y.
When we divide an integer or a polynomial into its constituent parts or factors or other equations, which when multiplied together again yields the same polynomial or number is known as factorization.
For instance – The factors of 24 are 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3; when we multiply them in any order, we again get the value as 24. A number or an algebraic statement is factorized when it is expressed or decomposed as a product of its prime factors or irreducible factors. We will learn how to factor an algebraic equation as a product of its components in this post. The components may be easily found by reading aloud previous instances of algebraic expressions 22xy. Consider complicated algebraic equations such as 2x 2 - 20xy + 10 = 34, x 2 – 2y = 0, etc. Determining their components is difficult. We'll need to use certain factorization techniques to discover factors for these phrases. They are listed as:
Example: 12xy + 4xz Dividing each term 12xy = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y 4xz = 2 × 2 × x × z The common factors in these terms are 2 × 2 × x Therefore, 12xy + 4yz = (2 × 2 × 3 × x × y) + (2 × 2 × x × z) = 4x (3y + z)
There are instances when all the terms of an expression have no common component. However, these terms may be regrouped so that each group has a common component. When we do this, a common factor emerges from all of the groups, resulting in the factorization of the expression that is necessary.
By placing algebraic expressions in the form of appropriate identities, a number of algebraic expressions can be factored. These identities are:
1. m 2 + 2mn + m 2 = (m + n) 2
2. m 2 – 2mn + n 2 = (m – n) 2
3. m 2 – n 2 = (m + n) (m – n)
Whenever we find an equation relating to these identities, we can directly apply them to find the factors of the problem given to us.
Whenever we encounter the algebraic expressions in the form of mx 2 + px + q, we should always remember that since it is a quadratic equation, it has two roots or factors ‘k’ and ‘l’, such that the addition of both the roots is equal to the coefficient of x, i.e., ‘p’ and the product of the roots is equal to the constant term ‘q’.
These two properties are used to divide any given equation to the form – mx 2 + (k + l) x + kl = 0. This can easily be solved by resolving the bracket into two terms and then taking common, which gives the values (x + k) and (x + l).
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10-year-old Asma Shabbir Dindal from Dharwad district in Karnataka stayed at home when her friends went to school. Reason: She was classified as a mentally retarded, hyperactive child and schools in the region cited the lack of trained personnel as the pretext for denying her a chance in mainstream education. They also admitted the lack of infrastructure to handle emergency situations. Asma did have a registration for home-based education, but there was no one to attend to her.
Asma is not alone. In fact, she is one of the more fortunate ones who were spotted by the Karnataka-based NGO Fourth Wave Foundation, which has been working across a number of rural districts in the state with the mission to bring more and more children with disabilities to school and integrate them into the normal course of primary education (Full Disclosure: India Together co-founder Ashwin Mahesh is a member of the Advisory Board of the Foundation.) Thanks primarily to the efforts of the Nanagu Shaale (School For Me Too) programme of the Foundation, Asma is back in school today and doing well.
|Home-Based Education (HBE) is only for children with severe disabilities, but 80 per cent of those identified are capable of being integrated in normal schools.|
However, thousands like Asma across India remain segregated, though theoretically covered under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). The SSA is the Government of India's flagship programme launched with the objective of "Universalization of Elementary Education" in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86th amendment to the Constitution of India that makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children between the ages of 6 and 14.
It is perhaps a truism to say that inclusion is a necessary prerequisite for universalization. Any programme that purports to universalize elementary education can evidently not afford to ignore the educational needs of Children with Special Needs (CWSN). The SSA, in keeping with the thrust on inclusivity in the Constitutional amendment, adopts on paper a zero rejection policy, specifying that "no child having special needs should be deprived of the right to education and (should be) taught in an environment which is best suited to his/her learning needs. These include special schools, EGS (Education Guarantee Scheme), AIE (Alternative and Innovative Education Scheme) or even home-based education."
But in trying to include these flexible options that take into account individual needs, it has opened up a lacuna that defeats the very purpose of what it sets out to achieve.
As Diana Joseph, Director of Fourth Wave Foundation points out, "The provision for home-based education, or HBE, is being used by schools to deny admission for CWSN; any number of special schools cannot be a solution to this problem." In an overview of its vision for inclusive education, the SSA itself asserts that HBE is for children with severe to profound disabilities, but the work of the Foundation in the four Karnataka districts of Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri and Semi Urban Bangalore shows that nearly 80 per cent of children who have been identified for HBE are mobile and capable of being integrated in normal schools. Yet, they remain in this programme as the schools and teachers feel they are not equipped to handle them
Take the case of 8-year-old Radha from Dharwad. Radha comes under the home based education programme and typically exemplifies the lack of proper assessment of disabilities and scope of integration. She has mild spasticity, is categorised as a Student with Mental Retardation but is completely mobile and verbal. She enjoys her sessions with the HBE volunteer and in fact waits eagerly for her. One of the primary reasons that she looks forward to these visits is that her teacher has a mobile phone and Radha spends time playing brick and other games on the phone.
Evidently, therefore, she has coordination, follows instructions and is able to comprehend. With a little attention, Radha would fit perfectly into a mainstream school environment and can do well in academics with the support of assistive technology to aid the teacher in inclusion. But under the prevailing situation, Radha, and many like her, are left to a life of isolation.
There are gaps in delivery too. States have a free hand in choosing the ways and options of delivering home-based education and Karnataka provides for volunteers who will visit the homes of CWSN to provide them basic functional skills. A how-to manual on the SSA Karnataka website (http://ssakarnataka.gov.in/pdfs/int_outofschchildren/OOSC_HBE.pdf) clearly spells out the rules of appointing such volunteers, the training to be imparted to them, issues of remuneration and the like. It also specifies that children under the HBE programme must receive education throughout the year and be provided with all the regular facilities that children in schools receive - uniforms, mid-day meals and any other support that they may require. But as Asma's case, and several others too, showed, there is often no volunteer to attend to these children regularly.
The problem is compounded by the fact that in many cases, the guardians or caretakers of these children, as well as the community do not know that they have a right to free and compulsory education in mainstream schools, points out Diana. But that integration is a possibility, and a realistic one at that, has been borne out by the Nanagu Shaale experiment which, over a period of just two years, has enabled the enrollment of 4800 children who had been left out of the schooling system in the four districts covered so far. That translates into an increase in enrollment by 12.9 per cent as compared to 1 per cent in the previous 5 years!
Working in tandem with schools, SSA authorities and other stakeholders, the programme conducted with respect to each school in a cluster, a census of children with disabilities in the school, a status check of children enrolled in schools versus those actually attending, and a needs-assessment of CWSN within the cluster to attend schools.
Nanagu Shaale workers also undertook a physical access audit of schools and assessment of transportation and caregivers. Sensitization workshops were held for parents as well as teachers. While it is true that lack of accessible environment and trained teachers do pose an impediment to bring these children to school, these workers note that the teachers are willing to go the extra mile to enable inclusion but are not supported with adequate training and facilities to do so.
One of the reasons that Nanagu Shaale has been such a success is the model of multi-stakeholder community engagement. "We work with parents and caretakers, schools and management, teaching and non-teaching staff and the larger community to ensure that CWSN gain access to schools. We work with government departments like SSA, the Department of Education, and the Child Rights Commission to help enforce accessibility and inclusivity, providing tools and creating core teams to support this at the grassroots," points out the Director.
A portrait of little Radha from Dharwad being unveiled at the India America Assistive Technology Exchange at IIM Bangalore. Picture Courtesy: Fourth Wave Foundation.
The results of such efforts are often heartwarming and can have a spiralling effect. One example is of a village that had a few children who had been confined to home because they needed to be carried to schools daily and transport facilities were absent. The school and teachers were, however, supportive and as the Nanagu Shaale team engaged with the village to find a solution, a section of the auto union there came forward and volunteered to help ferry these kids to the schools and back, free of charge. This in turn helped create a core group in each village to take care of the issue of lack of transport.
Shashikala Wadadti, a team member, shows how such intervention can change an entire taluka as it enables inclusion in the traditional sense. The taluka in which she works had the highest count of CWSN, and in the course her work to bring these children to school, she extended her services into areas of creation of ID cards, sanction of toilets and homes for CWSN and even ensured that the entire 3 per cent of all funds demarcated in every department for the welfare of these children were actually utilised. The focus on education has ensured that all schools have ramps, special toilets, and that schools enrolling CWSN have resources, computers and library rooms on the ground floor.
Now, the Foundation aims to scale up the impact of this programme with a dedicated 10-year drive to ensure that all children are brought to school and that schools themselves are inclusive both in terms of physical infrastructure and pedagogy. It seeks to enable implementation at scale to ensure that all educational programmes within the state are truly inclusive in nature.
Home-based education: The larger question
In addition to the success that the Nanagu Shaale programme has achieved so far in bringing increasing numbers of children with special needs within the pale of regular schooling, what it has also done is bring into sharp focus one of the greatest debates on education for people with disabilities: Can home-based education really be considered inclusive?
Across the world, experts working on inclusion for people with disabilities are leading a staunch movement against segregation or specific institutionalisation, and towards transition to community-based care. As early as 1994, a conference of 300 participants representing 92 governments and 25 international organizations was held in Salamanca, Spain and issued a statement on Principles, Policy and Practice in Special Needs Education and a Framework for Action. The Salamanca Statement specified in no uncertain terms that "regular schools with an inclusive ethos are the most effective way to combat discriminatory attitudes, create welcoming and inclusive communities and achieve education for all."
Another position paper titled The Right of Children with Disabilities to Education published in 2012 by the UNICEF Regional office for Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEECIS) in Geneva stresses the need to guarantee children with disabilities "the same right to access mainstream learning opportunities, with the necessary support services."
The global position on the issue therefore leaves little scope for home-based education as an effective means of inclusive education. In fact, the National Longitudinal Transition Study - the largest study of educational outcomes of 11,000 students with disabilities - conducted by the National Center for Special Education Research in US empirically established the benefits of integration.
A report from public radio broadcaster WNYC points out that the study mentioned above proved that "when students with disabilities spent more time in a general education classroom they were more likely to score higher on standardized tests of reading and math; have fewer absences from school; experience fewer referrals for disruptive behaviour; and achieve more positive post-school outcomes." These results were found to be true regardless of students' disability, severity of disability, gender or socioeconomic status.
In keeping with the same philosophy and reasoning, Nanagu Shaale too pushes for a systemic change to facilitate the smooth transition of CWSN from existing segregated/special education to truly integrated and inclusive education. "Children belong in schools - it's the only opportunity for those with special needs to cope with society through ten years of socializing with other children," says Diana emphatically as she talks of the need to ensure effective learning for such children in mainstream environments.
Moreover, it has also been observed that the realities of home-based education have deeper implications not just for the child with disability, but often for the extended family and community. Thus, for 12-year-old Kariyappa Pundalika Doddamani of Dharwad, who has multiple problems and has been denied admission by schools in his village, it is not just he who has been affected. Both his parents have to go out and work to meet basic ends and so, it is his younger sister who has to stay back and take care of the child.
Kariyappa's case was also showcased in the hugely popular TV talk show Satyameva Jayate anchored by actor Aamir Khan, and even in the very brief appearance that the children made on screen, the little girl's sadness and desire to go to school were eloquent.
Thus, there is plenty to suggest that age-old models of intervention and rehabilitation suffer from many deficiencies. While the stated objective of the SSA indicates a thrust on mainstreaming CWSN into formal schooling, its multi-option model has, perhaps unwittingly, paved the way for differentiation and dependency. Special needs centres, schools and more importantly, home-based education have created a much wider gap between society and children with disabilities.
The world has progressed; rapid technological upgrades and inventions provide assistive interventions today that can facilitate more effective inclusion of persons with disability. Can these be adopted and made to percolate deeper into the entire civil system to the benefit of CWSN? If the initial progress achieved by the Nanagu Shaale in Karnataka is anything to go by, it surely merits deeper consideration.
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How Long Do Hawthorn Trees Live?
If you are thinking of adding a new tree to your property, a hawthorn tree is an excellent option to consider. This beloved tree is one of the first to bloom in spring, with an explosion of pale pink blossoms in full flower by May. You may be wondering how long this beautiful tree will last on your lawn. We have done the research, so you can learn all about how long hawthorn trees live.
Lifespan varies with every hawthorn tree. It is realistic to expect a hawthorn tree to live for around 100 to 150 years, but these hardy trees may live for centuries with the right environment and proper care.
You probably still have questions about how long hawthorns live. Keep reading to find out more about hawthorn trees, their life expectancy, and more.
The Life Expectancy Of A Hawthorn Tree
The average life expectancy of the hawthorn tree species is 100 to 150 years. However, these rugged trees can live much longer than that. The common hawthorn tree is known to grow for 400+ years. The oldest known hawthorn lived to be 700. Keep in mind; this is not the case for most hawthorn trees. Living past 150 years is rare for a hawthorn but can happen with the right growing conditions and care.
Why Plant A Hawthorn Tree?
Hawthorn trees are small, low-maintenance trees. They can reach a height of 20 feet or more or be trimmed to a more bush-like state if desired. Many people love to add a hawthorn to their yard because of the unique seasonal stages a hawthorn tree goes through.
Every May, these trees burst with white or pale pink blooms. At the peak of spring, hawthorn flowers are so thick that barely any leaves are visible. These flowers attract beneficial insects, pollinators, and more wildlife to the hawthorn branches. In autumn, the leaves turn burnt orange or deep red. They also produce berries during this time. Once the leaves are gone, these scarlet red berries stay on the branches into the winter season. A winter snowfall makes these red berries stand out against a pristine white landscape. If you want a tree with distinguished features all year, then planting a hawthorn is a great idea.
Hawthorn trees are also commonly used in landscaping to create living fences. When clustered together, these trees make an effective natural barrier. Some varieties even produce long sharp thorns along their horizontal branches. If you want to create a fence made out of living plants, hawthorn trees are a great addition.
For more natural fence ideas, check out this blog post: 17 Best Privacy Bushes And Shrubs.
What Are Hawthorn Trees Good For?
Hawthorn trees are not only nice to look at, but they also offer many ecological benefits too. Their springtime flowers attract beneficial pollinators. The nectar serves as a food source for them to live through the season and pollinate plenty of plants.
Hawthorn branches also serve as valuable shelter for birds and mammals. Thorny hawthorn varieties help keep these critters protected from predators. In addition, their fall berries serve as another food source for animals later in the year when food is scarce.
What Is Hawthorn Wood Used For?
Hawthorn tree wood is typically used for specialty wood items like carvings, engravings, and small handmade crafts. It is very hard wood, so it is not commonly used for larger wood projects. It has a very high burning point, so it makes excellent firewood too.
Where Do Hawthorn Trees Grow?
Before you plant one of these long-lasting trees on your property, make sure it will grow in your yard. Hawthorn trees are tolerant of many conditions, but they prefer sunny spots with well-draining soil and good air circulation.
Hawthorn trees are native to the temperate regions of Asia, North Africa, Europe, and North America. They thrive if planted in any of these regions. They will also survive in hardiness zones 3-9.
How To Plant A Hawthorn Tree
Once you get your small hawthorn tree from a nursery, make sure to plant it soon. Dig a hole 2 to 3 times wider than the root ball and about as deep as the root ball. Add a layer of compost to the bottom of the hole and use a shovel to mix it with the soil. Then, put the tree in the hole with the root ball slightly higher than the groundline. Place a loose layer of soil around the top and gently pat it down. You can also add a layer of mulch to prevent weeds and help retain moisture.
Next, water the tree thoroughly. Continue to water the tree regularly throughout the first growing season. If you live in an extremely windy area, it is recommended to stake the tree up. This helps the young branches grow straight and stay healthy in strong winds.
Dalen Tree Stake Kit
Here is a tree staking kit specifically designed for young trees. It protects your sapling from strong winds and ensures straight growth.
Click here to view it on Amazon.
Make sure to plant your hawthorn tree in spring or fall to avoid extreme heat or cold. If planting in spring, wait two weeks after the last frost. If planting in fall, make sure to plant it before the first frost of the season.
Caring For A Hawthorn Tree
Hawthorn trees are generally low-maintenance trees that can survive a wide range of conditions. Let's take a look at the best environment and ways to care for a hawthorn tree.
Hawthorn trees like plenty of sun. They need full sun for optimal growth. However, they will survive in cloudy regions or places that don't receive constant sun during the day.
Average, well-draining soil is what hawthorn trees prefer. They can withstand a wide soil pH range, and almost any type of soil as long as it is doesn't retain large amounts of water.
After you plant a small hawthorn tree, make sure to water it well. You can add a thick layer of mulch around the base to prevent evaporation and retain moisture. During the first growing season, water the tree regularly and deeply.
After the first growing season, you don't need to routinely water your hawthorn tree. If its root system is established correctly, you may not need to water it at all. An established hawthorn tree doesn't need to be watered because its root system should find enough water to survive.
If you want to know about other plants that need little water, check out this blog post: 37 Outdoor Plants That Need Little Water.
Healthy hawthorn trees do not regularly require pruning for optimal growth. If you want to prune your tree, make sure to do it sparingly. Over pruning can stimulate plant sucker growth or make your tree look barren. However, if you notice a dead or disease-ridden branch, you should remove it immediately.
Common Pests & Diseases
Hawthorn trees are susceptible to many diseases and pests, so make sure to inspect your trees regularly. Some common diseases are fire blight, apple scab, powdery mildew, and leaf blight. A few pests you may find in your hawthorn tree are lace bugs, aphids, and mites. Make sure to keep an eye out for these ailments and treat them immediately if you see them.
Safer Neem Oil
Here is a natural pest spray approved for organic gardening. You may want to use it on your hawthorn tree to prevent or get rid of those pesky aphids or other bugs.
Click here to view it on Amazon.
Add A Hawthorn Tree To Your Garden!
Hawthorn trees make excellent additions to any yard. They are easy to take care of and serve as a beneficial environment for many different animals. Their unique seasonal features are sure to keep you happy all year. In addition, they live for centuries, so your tree will continue to spread happiness after you are gone. Get planting now!
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Matcha is a green tea, traditionally from Japan that is converted to a finely ground powder. The Japan Tea Central Public Interest Incorporated Association defines Matcha as follows: “Leaves are grown in the shade and dried without being rolled and ground into powder by an “Usu”, a stone mill or a ball mill”.
Thus, the uniqueness of Matcha is driven by these key production aspects:
- The tea bushes are protected from direct sunlight by shading the tea plants for a period of time prior to harvesting, which increases both chlorophyll and amino acid levels in the leaves, thus creating an intense green color and unique, smooth flavor.
- The finely plucked leaves are steamed and not rolled.
- Stems & veins from the tea leaves are removed after steaming.
- The resultant tea leaves are ground into a fine powder for liquid consumption or culinary use.
Recognizing that transfer of production techniques globally now allow for non-traditional origins to produce a wide variety of teas, we are proposing a Matcha definition that producers may use to define Matcha produced outside of Japan.
In order for a tea to be called Matcha, the following must apply:
- The tea bushes must be shaded, in some fashion, for at least one week prior to harvesting.
- The harvested leaves must be steamed as soon as possible post harvesting. Pan Firing will not be considered a viable heating step.
- Stems and veins should be removed.
- Resulting finished product must be ground into a fine powder, similar in size to traditional Japanese Matcha.
- No tea grown outside of Japan may be called Ceremonial-Grade Matcha.
- The declared origin of the tea is the country in which the leaf was grown and produced.
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Mechanical engineers research, design, build and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices like engines, electric generators and power-consuming machines like air conditioning systems. Mechanical engineers depend on a variety of handheld and digital tools to complete their daily tasks. Here are some of the crucial tools every mechanical engineer needs.
Toggle clamps are quick-action tools that operate using the toggle action principle to hold a stationary workpiece in a locked position. They are especially needed for injection molding, welding applications, production lines, and others. Among the various types of clamps are push-pull clamps. They are ideal for applications requiring repetitive movements and high clamping forces to lock components quickly.
Computer-aided design (CAD) software
CAD is software that eases the creation, modification, and optimization of design processes to allow for higher precision, more straightforward and more accurate design iterations, and part/ project management comprehensive documentation. It enables you to build parts and assemblies in 2D or 3D models to visualize their construction. Computer-aided design helps mechanical engineers make more accurate presentations and easy modifications to improve design quality.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing application that helps in prototype development, design improvement, and inventory optimization. The 3D technology involves using visualization software that allows you to have a better overview of your project, efficient adjustment, and improvement of parts and is also a corrective method that helps you rectify past design errors. It also enhances easy design modification using your ideas and those of the customer. 3D printing also helps analyze your mechanical projects and can be used in the aeronautics and automotive industries.
Finite element analysis (FEA) software
Engineers use FEA software to perform structural analysis on stresses and deflections in complex structures. It also helps predict production reactions to heat, air and fluid flow, vibration, and cold. FEA not only helps engineers make better and quick design decisions, but also helps solve structural engineering problems. This software eases simulation and allows you to import models from any CAD software directly, simulate single parts and assemblies’ geometry, and part interaction management with automatic context. In addition, they refine automatically generated meshes for user requirements and personalize menus and layouts.
Coordinate measuring machines (CMM)
Coordinate measuring machines are computerized measuring tools that are extremely precise in taking measurements. CMM is ideal for parts and components that require extreme dimension precision and can automatically measure parts to ensure they are within tolerance. A CMM comprises the machine itself, the measuring probe, and the control system and is used in manufacturing industries' metrology.
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory)
MATLAB is a programming language or environment that does more complex numerical analysis to provide a programming solution using matrices and vectors. Its plotting capability allows for easy simulation and fast display of results. With MATLAB, mechanical engineers can model, simulate, and prototype, carry out data analysis, explore, and visualize, develop algorithms and applications, including graphical user interface building.
Mechanical engineering is essential in every manufacturing setup. These tools help mechanical engineers to accomplish their daily tasks with ease and professionalism.
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The campaign to get people to use less energy at home has been going on for many years, so most people know to turn off lights and turn down the heat. However, it can be difficult to remember all these things, especially when you don’t see much difference day to day. So, here are some ways you can use less energy at home that can be done without you needing to make a day to day effort.
- Install a smart thermostat
Smart thermostats are a way of controlling the heat around your home using an app. This means that if you leave the heat running when you go out shopping, or even on vacation, you can easily switch it off remotely. Some systems will also detect when you’ve left the house and will turnoff your heating, so you aren’t wasting cash, and then switch it back on when you’re getting close to home. There are a number of smart thermostats to suit different lifestyles and budget and once they’re set up, you save money without thinking about it.
- See how you use energy
If you want to use less energy, then a smart meter can help you break bad habits. Once installed, you can see the amount of energy you’re using when you run appliances such as your dishwasher or washer dryer, so you can learn to use them more efficiently. You not only use less energy, but you also cut down your utility bill, so it’s win-win.
- Make your home eco-friendlier
There are a number of improvements you can make to your home to make it eco-friendlier, which means you use less energy without any extra effort. For example, if you have single glazed or old double glazing windows, you might want to check whether you can get a grant via Help to Buy Windows to replace them. Simply replacing insulation and old heating systems can make a big difference. An eco-friendly home stays cooler in the summer, so you use the air-con less, and warmer in the winter, so you save on those costly heating bills.
- Buy appliances that use less energy
Buying new appliances for the sake of it isn’t very eco-friendly, but once they come to the end of their natural life, you could consider upgrading to appliances that are better for the environment. Energy-efficient appliances will have an Energy Star logo, a scheme that’s backed by the government so that consumers can buy greener products. If you browse their website, you can find the most energy-efficient products from clothes washers to dehumidifiers, so simply switching makes your home greener, without you needing to do anything differently.
There are plenty of ways to use less energy in your home without having to run around switching things off. New technology is helping to make homes more energy-efficient, and by choosing greener appliances, you cut down on your bills and use less energy without even thinking about it.
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A bone scan is done by a nuclear medicine technologist and the scan pictures are explained by a radiologist or nuclear medicine specialist. This type of scan can often find problems in your body days to months earlier than an x-ray test could. For example, bone scans can be done to find cancer that spreads throughout the bones or find damage such as an infection or trauma to the bones.
Just before the scan begins, ask for a pillow or a blanket to make yourself as comfortable as possible. You’ll more than likely be asked to empty your bladder to forbid any radioactive urine from preventing the analysis of your pelvic bones during the scan. You will need to remove any jewelry that might get in the way of the scan and may need to take off all or most of your clothing. A cloth or paper covering will be given to you to use during the test. There will be a big scanning camera above you as you lay your back on a table. The camera will then move slowly around, scanning your body. At this time, you’ll need to lie very still during each scan to avoid blurring the pictures. The technologist may ask you to move your body into different positions.
During the bone scan, your arm will be cleaned. A radioactive substance called a tracer will be injected into a vein in your arm and will travel through your bloodstream and into your bones. While the tracer is injected into your vein, the special camera will take pictures of the tracer within your bones. Areas that consume little or no amount of tracer appear as dark or “cold” spots. Cold spots could mean that there is a lack of blood supply to the bone or may also be an indication of various types of cancer. Areas of repair or fast bone growth consume more tracer and show up as bright or “hot” spots in the pictures. The hot spots may point out issues like arthritis, a fracture, an infection, or a tumor.
A bone scan takes about two to five hours for the tracer to attach to your bone so that the special camera can take pictures. You might want to bring a book or something to do to keep you busy. You should avoid drinking fluids up to four hours before the bone scan but will be asked to drink tons of fluids after the tracer is injected. Let your doctor know if you’re pregnant or might be pregnant before the scanning process.
There are no known risks from doing a bone scan. Allergic reactions to the tracer are rare. The bone scan is painless. Your arm might be a little sore or swollen from where the tracer was injected.
If you have further questions about bone scans or to set up an appointment contact Millennium Medical Group West! 248-474-2220
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Although name-calling is childish and something most parents teach our kids to not do––even when provoked––it’s surprising how many families use it as a weapon and carry its poison into adulthood. The name-calling and negative labeling we have been subjected to from prominent political leaders in the past few years must have been learned at home and seems effective with others who are similarly immature. I was raised with the saying, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me” as a way to deflect hurtful, shaming words. As I came to realize when I grew up, it is the farthest thing from true. Negative labels stick like glue to our hearts and souls, and for those struggling with addiction and alcoholism, come to define them––especially to themselves.
When words are dismissive and disdainful they telegraph judgment of addiction as a moral failure, chosen and desired, for which a person deserves to be shamed. Let’s change our vocabulary with true words that describe addiction for what it is: a chronic disease of the brain. Change the inaccurate and stigmatized word “abuse” to “substance-use disorder”: a health issue that can be treated successfully with medication, group involvement and support, and therapy.
Hazelden says their “fundamental addiction stigma-smashing strategy is to shine a light on people who are in recovery and expose the reality that people actually do recover from addiction; that it’s a chronic disease that can be successfully managed for life; and that it affects individuals who are every bit as moral, productive, intelligent, talented—and humanly flawed—as the next person.” That means you and me.
Also, educating health care professionals is very important as they work on the front lines in many areas: in prescribing medications and monitoring patients more closely in order to get them the right help as early as possible. They need the basic knowledge to recognize substance use disorders, understanding the complexity of the disease and the recovery process. Statistics show that physicians are still over-prescribing opiate pain medications, especially after accidents and surgeries, and not making use of physical therapy for pain management. In Dr. Jana Burson’s blog about stigma she cites one doctor who is pro-stigma, saying is “a good thing because stigma discourages deviant behavior and has a civilizing effect on society… and people with substance use disorders are irresponsible.” This doctor said of people who relapse back to drug use repeatedly “it is a behavior almost always under one’s control…” Dr. Burson says, “Loss of control over substance use is one of the hallmark criteria for the diagnosis of substance use disorder.” See her blog for the remainder of this important discussion.
And prevention. This is the best weapon we have to fight against the epidemic that is taking the lives of over 70,000 mostly young people every year in our country. Trying to stop the immoral manufacturers of addictive drugs in illicit labs in China and Mexico––and by big Pharma in US––is a lofty goal and worth continued effort. But those drugs would have limited consumers if we focus our attention on clearly and openly teaching our children about drug and alcohol addiction from an early age and continuing the dialogue as they mature and experiment. And yes, even as some of our own children become the the 20% who find that, among all of their friends that try the same drugs at a party, they are the ones who can’t just walk away, they would know they can come to us without shame and stigma and ask for help.
The AMA and Am. Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) have a good article on stigma:
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Today I will be discussing Safety precautions to be taken in arc welding. Previous, I enlighten on electric arc welding. Check out!
Safety precautions in arc welding
- Personal Protective clothing
- Environmental safety
- Operation and equipment safety
Read more: Different types of electric arc welding
Personal protective safety
This safety is for the operators to protect their body from heat, flames and sparks produce during the operation. An arc welding operator is expected to completely wear protective clothing such as a long sleeve jacket (apron), heavy leather gloves, helmet with dark faceplate, and booth. The shielded metal arc welding type seems to produce brighter lights, causing arc eye and skin irritation. That is why all operators are expected to cover all parts of their skin before welding.
Modern welders are protected and free from ultraviolet light, as the new element production is auto-darkened. It features a liquid crystal-type faceplate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of ultraviolet light. Safety booth thick enough to avoid oxides or sparks penetrating into the welder’s leg.
Read more: Working principles of arc welding
Arc welding should be carried out in a well-ventilated area, due to the dangerous gases produced during welding. It causes the surrounding air to break down. Proper ventilation is necessary to protect the welders from these hazardous gases. There should be enough natural air entering into the workplace in order to push out these gases. The environment should be wise and big enough with spaces with located walkways, escape routes, stores, etc. The ground should be free from dirt, oil, grease, and water. All tools and equipment should be kept in the right place and jobs should be kept away from walkways.
Read more: Understanding gas welding process
Operation and equipment safety
Arc welding operation should be performed in a covered place avoiding the ultraviolet light to be exposed to people passing by. The welding power source should be kept away from sun, water, grease, and oil. The welding machine should not be a bridge, using the wrong power source for the right machine. All switches should be in order and be performing fine.
Read more: Understanding welding inspection
That is all for this article, where the safety precautions in arc welding are being discussed. I hope you get through the reading, if so, kindly share with other students. Thanks for reading, see you next time!
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These days, dust is classed as a hazardous atmosphere, on par with hazardous areas with combustible gas. For instance, in the food industry, substances such as grain, cereal, sugar, flour and milk powder are classed as hazardous when they are in the form of dust. Essentially, any combustible material can be highly volatile when reduced to dust. As dust, materials have an extremely large surface area and can burn rapidly. Under some conditions, this can cause an explosion with very high energy.
Since 2006, hazardous areas with dust come under the ATEX regulations that control installations in hazardous areas. Areas with dust are classified the same way as hazardous areas with gas and equipment is selected on the same basis. But while users in the chemical, oil and gas sectors have been dealing with hazardous atmospheres for decades, this is a fairly new field for many other industry sectors.
There are two types of potentially explosive atmospheres under ATEX, Group 1 for underground mines and Group ll for surface industries
In Group ll, ATEX defines categories of equipment, specified by their protection characteristics. It also designates the hazardous zones they can be used in. Hazardous areas are divided into three zones.
Motors for areas with hazardous dust are known as Dust Ignition Proof or DIP motors, alternatively Ex tD motors.
These are used in atmospheres where explosive dust surrounds the motor, or where dust settles under its own weight on the motor. They are designed for Zones 21 and 22; no motors can be used in Zone 20 or Zone 0.
Dust is measured either as a cloud of dust or a layer of dust. The ignition temperatures for various types of dust can be obtained from commercially available reference tables. The ignition temperature for a cloud of dust must be at least 50% above the motor’s marking temperature. The ignition temperature of a 5mm layer of dust must be 75°C above the marking temperature of the motor. It is the responsibility of the user to stage maintenance periods so that the dust layer does not build up above 5mm.
To decide whether hazardous area motors are needed, the ATEX regulations requires users to draw up an Explosion Protection Document, assessing each area of the plant for hazardous gas or dust and dividing the plant into zones. An area can be declared safe only as the result of a risk assessment. Once the plant is correctly divided into zones, the appropriate equipment for each zone can be selected.
It may be tempting to try and simplify the process by using a blanket zone to cover the entire site but this could be a mistake. More expensive, over-protected equipment will have to be bought, installed and inspected. The use of over-specified equipment can have long-term financial implications, as the maintenance and repair obligations under ATEX depend on the category of equipment. Blanket zoning also raises a suspicion that the risk analysis may not have been carried out in sufficient detail.
Manufacturers’ and users’ responsibilities
ATEX 95, the product directive, and ATEX 137, the worker protection directive, cover any electrical or mechanical product or equipment that constitutes a potential source of ignition risk and which requires a special design or installation procedure to prevent an explosion.
The Product Directive, ATEX 95, concentrates on the responsibilities of the equipment manufacturer. The directive draws up the distinction between the duties of the end-user, which include the definition of the Zones, and those of the manufacturer, who will be concerned with meeting the category requirements rather than the zones.
The Worker Protection Directive, ATEX 137, concentrates on the duties of the end-user. The directive requires a consistent assessment of all measures to prevent risks of explosions and injury to people both inside and outside the plant.
Safe operation of the product or equipment is the result of cooperation between the manufacturer, the end-user and, if involved, the contractor. However, the responsibility for explosion protection of the product or equipment can never be contracted out to a third party. While the end-user is responsible for installation of products and equipment, the motor manufacturer is responsible for safety of the motors and for delivering maintenance and installation instructions.
With responsibility divided up this way, responsibility for explosion safety rests squarely with either the equipment manufacturer or the end user. Nobody else can be held responsible. The manufacturer is responsible for the equipment being safe when it leaves the factory. The end user is responsible for ensuring that it is installed, maintained and operated in such a way that it does not pose a danger of explosion.
Employers are responsible for the actions of employees and suppliers. ATEX does allow outsourcing, but the end user is responsible for the quality and the end result of such work, for instance maintenance work. When equipment is to be repaired, the end user is responsible for selecting an appropriate repair shop.
Ex motors can be repaired or rewound, but this should only be done at an approved workshop. Repairs can be carried out either to IEC guidelines or to the manufacturer’s guidelines. If it is carried out to the manufacturers’ guidelines, all warranties and original documents continue to be valid. If not, it is the end user’s responsibility to ensure that the repair job is satisfactory. At the moment, ABB is the only manufacturer to offer certified premises for hazardous area motor repairs.
Drives and hazardous area motors
Variable speed drives can be used with hazardous area motors but certain considerations need to be kept in mind. For example, a variable speed drive may create extra losses inside the motor, because of its voltage-pulse based waveform, which is different to the sinusoidal waveform produced by the 50 Hz network. Also, the air cooling of the motor will be affected by the speed of its fan.
The drive can also be the source of other undesirable side-effects, which can include reduced motor insulation life, electromagnetic interference and bearing currents. These are effects that can be prevented and for hazardous area duty, such prevention is essential.
An ATEX compliant drive system – including motors, sensors, cabling, filters etc – should be treated as a unit. The drive affects the motor performance and the motor affects the choice of drive. Matching your own motor/drive combination can be both time-consuming and difficult. Some manufacturers can supply a ready-made solution, with combined ATEX-approved drives and motors.
Assessing the risk
The decision on whether you need to employ hazardous area motors for dust depends on the results of a risk assessment.
First of all, you will need to identify and assess fire and explosion risks of dangerous substances.
EN Standard for Group ll: Dust environments
EN 61241 -0: General requirements
EN 61241 -1 Protection by enclosures tD
EN 50281 -1-1 Dust ignition protection
Keeping working areas clean and dust free, particularly near potential ignition sources, will go a long way to reducing risks, but the best advice is to employ a professional consultant. With relevant assistance, you will be able to assess the different areas of the plant, work out the zones and draw up detailed design documentation and inspection schedules for the plant.
You will then need to eliminate or reduce the risks from the use of these substances as much as possible. This could help make the hazardous area smaller, reducing safety risks as well as the costs. 'Equipment for use in the presence of combustible dust’. One deciding factor is the type of dust, but a host of other factors also play their roles, such as particle size, moisture content and how the dust is formed.
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Data analysis is an important thing in day trading and investing. In most cases, successful traders rely on in-depth analysis of data to predict what will happen in the future.
To do this, they rely on historical data and other tools like technical indicators. In this article, we will look at what this look back at the data is and how to use it in day trading.
Companies in the financial industry like brokers and cryptocurrency exchanges deal with data all the time. They record and store data of key financial assets like stocks, currencies, and commodities.
Once collected, this information shifts to become historical data. This explains why you can easily find out how the Dow Jones index was trading in the 1930s.
There are several types of historical data in trading. First, there is intraday data, which refers to data that happens in a certain market session.
Second, we can look at daily, weekly, or monthly data. These are numbers that happen in a certain period.
Third, data can be grouped in terms of assets. The most popular assets in the financial market are stocks, commodities, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and forex.
Further, there is historical data relating to economic data. Some of these numbers include data on inflation, manufacturing, jobs, and industrial production.
Another type of data is on earnings. It refers to how a company publishes its financials every quarter. You can use these numbers to identify the trend of the company’s performance.
Traders and investors rely on historical data for several reasons. First, they can use this data to learn an asset’s trend. A good example of this is shown in the chart below. As we can see, the stock soared to about $40 in 2021 and then started moving in a bearish trend and moved to below $5.
Therefore, a trader can easily know that Bakkt is not a good investment. Without this historical data, it is almost impossible to know whether it is a good buy or not.
Second, historical data is useful in creating financial models. Most traders and investors rely on different financial models that look at different things. In most cases, these models rely on historical data.
Third, this data is used to create technical indicators like moving averages, relative strength index (RSI), MACD, and the Stochastic Oscillator. Without this information, trading would be an extremely difficult activity to do.
Data has become the most important asset in the world today. Financial data, in particular, is highly valuable, which explains why hedge funds pay thousands of dollars per month for tools like Bloomberg Terminal and Refinitiv Eikon.
Still, there are many companies that provide this data for free. For example, popular platforms like TradingView and InvestingCube are loaded with vast historical data. You can use their charts to conduct your analysis.
A platform like MT5 provides raw data that you can download and incorporate in Microsoft Excel to create models.
As mentioned above, there are many uses of historical data in the financial services industry. Let's analyze some of the top uses of these numbers for a day trader (even investors can rely on these data).
Backtesting is the process of using historical data to predict the performance of a manual or automated strategy. A good example of this happens when a developer creates an algorithmic tool that is known as a robot.
Most trading platforms like TradingView and MetaTrader usually have a strategy tester tool that automates the process of backtesting. You simply need to create a robot and use the strategy tester to test its performance using historical data.
Backtesting differs from forward testing, which is a process that uses a model of how a tool like a robot will perform in the future.
Stocks and other financial assets usually trade in different ways in certain periods. For example, historically, there is usually low volatility during the summer months.
Also, a Santa rally tends to happen toward Christmas Day. Chinese stocks also remain closed during the Lunar New Year. Therefore, using historical data can give you more information about seasonality.
Historical volatility refers to the standard deviation of asset prices and how they deviate from their average.
Since this volatility is related to prices, it relies on historical data. It includes calculations like moving averages and standard deviations.
Another way to use historical data is to identify trends in the financial market. For example, by looking at a stock performance over time, you can tell whether it is a good investment or not.
If a stock is continually rising, then, as a trend follower, you can buy it and wait for a reversal. Similarly, if a stock is falling, then you can use this information to short the shares.
A popular approach in historical data analysis is known as a multi-time frame analysis. This is a process where a trader or investor uses several periods to predict the direction of an asset in the future.
The idea is that using a one-period chart could give you the wrong information. As such, traders start their analysis from a longer chart, such as a daily chart and then move down to hourly or daily.
The other approach to use historical data is in financial modeling. A trading financial model is tool that is used to estimate the performance of a strategy.
For example, you can create a financial model that incorporates several technical indicators to predict the future performance of an asset. A model can also include other external factors like interest rates.
There are several pitfalls of using historical data in trading and investing. Some of these pitfalls are:
This article looked at the concept of historical data and how to use it well in the market. As we have seen historical data refers to all past numbers, including prices, economic number, and also financial performance. You could use this data to predict the future performance of a financial asset.
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Time to Raise the Chicks
We are at Cape Royds, Ross Island, Antarctica, a penguin breeding colony of several thousand Adelie penguins. This female is 8 years old and has been a successful breeder in the past. She was first seen at the colony on Nov 20th,2006 and laid one egg on Nov 24. Egg laying takes a lot of energy, so after laying her second egg on Nov 27th she returned to the ocean to forage for food. The male arrived much earlier than the female as he had to build the nest and defend it against other males until she arrived. He has not eaten since then and now must sit on the nest, maybe several days, waiting for her return. The eggs can not be left exposed for even a short time, they will freeze or be eaten by birds called Skuas. Note the nest is built of rocks, this is the only material in Antarctica to build a nest with.
Go to the Next Postcard
Postcards from the Field: Antarctica
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This etching was published in London in 1808 by William Holland. In telling the story of ‘Johnny Newcome’ it includes racist representations and caricatures of women of African heritage. ‘Johnny Newcome’ also featured in other cartoons, most famously Johnny Newcome in the Island of Jamaica, in which the newly arrived planter quickly gets sick and dies. In this one Johnny Newcome falls in love with a grotesque black woman and seeks the help of an ‘Oby man’ to secure her affection, before leaving her with nine mixed-race children. The ‘Oby man’ is represented standing next to a large pot labelled ‘feathers, grave dirt, egg shells, &c’, some of the items commonly attributed to Obeah practice and mentioned in Caribbean legislation against Obeah. The cartoon is notable for presenting obeah as ludicrous and funny, rather than threatening, even while it was a crime that could lead to the death penalty. Nevertheless there is a hint of recognition of the possibility of enslaved people’s rebellion: in a reference to the Haitian revolution, one of the children is said to ‘promise fair to be the Toussaint of his country’.
The text to the six panels reads: Smitten with the charms of Mimbo Wampo a sable Venus, daughter of Wampo Wampo, King of the Silver Sand Hills in Congo. Delicately declaring his Love to the aimable Mimbo Wampo, while she is picking his Cheqoes. “You lub me Massa” eh! eh!? Consulting Old Mumbo Jumbo the Oby Man, how to get possession of the charming Mimbo Wampo. “Lets me alone for dat Massa.” Mr Newcome happy,—Mimbo made Queen of the Harem. Mr Newcome taking leave of his Ladies & Pickaneenees, previous to his departure from Frying Pan Island to graze a little in his Native land. A few of the Hopeful young Newcomes.
Running beneath the six panels are these words: 1. J. Lucretia Diana Newcome, a delicate Girl very much like her Mother; only that she has a great antipathy to a pipe, and cannot bear the smell of Rum.—2 Penelope Mimbo Newcome. 3 Quaco Dash Newcome prodigiously like his father.—4 Cuffy Cato Newcome. 5. Caesar Cudjoe Newcome.—6 Helena Quashebah Newcome— 7 Aristides Juba Newcome.—8 Hector Sammy Newcome, a child of great spirit, can already Damnme Liberty and Equality and promises fair to be the Toussaint of his country.—9 Hannibal Pompey Wampo Newcome.
Appreciaate your blog post
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Ideas of Fun Social Activities
Children with autism may not be strongly interested in playing with others and would not frequently engage in social activities. Additionally, social games often involve rules that are difficult for our students to understand. Therefore, we may need to create social activities that allow our students to enjoy their interaction with others. The social activities should be able to achieve some of the following targets:
1. Pairing enjoyment with the social activities
2. Increasing awareness of other people
3. Increasing responsiveness towards other people
Here are ideas that parents/teachers may try with their children:
A child holds a spray bottle and sprays water at other people. The other party can run to escape. This game is simple and fun with elements that children usually like, i.e. water and running. For more advance version, we can have one child hold the water bottle, while the other child holding an umbrella as a shield.
The blocks are stacked up to the child’s waist level. When the teacher says 1,2,3…go, the children can run to the blocks and kick/knock down the blocks. When the children are familiar with the game, they can hold hands and say “1,2,3…go” together and then run to kick/knock the blocks down. This game can help increase awareness of peers, as they need to synchronize their actions with their partner.
A few adults hold a big parachute or towel and stand in the middle of the room. Have the children stand at one side of the room. When the adults count to three, they will raise the towel up and down and the children will run from one side of the room to the other side. They need to avoid being trapped by the parachute or towel. Some children may love to stay underneath the parachute/towel and that can be fun too.
The teacher is the leader and will hold a spray bottle. He/She then turns on the music and asks the students to dance and move their body; when the music stops, the teacher will say “Freeze,” and everyone have to freeze. The teacher will catch anyone who does not freeze and spray water at that person. When the students are familiar with the game, they can take a turn to be the leader. This game is fun and can increase the student’s awareness to other peers, as they need to check on their peers.
A group of students stand on one side of the room and are the “fish,” while one student in the middle will be the Octopus. The fish need to run from one side of the room to the other without being caught by the Octopus. This game is simple, and students usually enjoy running. They need to also be aware of where the “octopus” and “fish” are.
Information provided by:Kan Wong, M.Sc., BCBA, Program Director
|Ms. Lai-Kan Wong is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and holds a Master of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis. She joined Autism Partnership in 2001 and began working as a Program Specialist. She is experienced in working with children across different settings including individual therapy session, small group training, and ABA classrooms. Ms. Wong has also helped training staff in Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan office since 2005. She is now responsible for supervising individual cases, staff training, parent training, and overseas consultation. Kan also receives ongoing training and supervision from Dr. Ronald Leaf and Dr. John McEachin in the Los Angeles office.|
Please share to let more people know about ABA Therapy Skills. Facebook: APautism Wechat: AP-APHK
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In 1991, a year before the global climate treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro, a group of scientists and others met in Mexico and issued The Morelia Declaration, which became the philosophical underpinning of the “global warming” movement. The document, long on political rhetoric and short on science, provides a useful glimpse at the real motivations of those behind the movement to restrict the use of fossil fuels.
S. Fred Singer, president of the Science & Environmental Policy Projected, called the Declaration “a remarkable document . . . worth reading to understand the ideological basis for the global climate treaty.”
In response to The Morelia Declaration, scientists at the International Symposium on the Greenhouse Controversy, held in Leipzig, Germany on November 9-10, 1995, and again in Bonn, Germany on November 10-11, 1997, issued their own Leipzig Declaration.
The Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change
As independent scientists concerned with atmospheric and climate problems, we–along with many of our fellow citizens–are apprehensive about emission targets and timetables adopted at the Climate Conference held in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. This gathering of politicians from some 160 signatory nations aims to impose on citizens of the industrialized nations–but not on others–a system of global environmental regulations that include quotas and punitive taxes on energy fuels to force substantial cuts in energy use within 10 years, with further cuts to follow. Stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide–the announced goal of the Climate Treaty–would require that fuel use be cut by as much as 60 to 80 percent–worldwide!
Energy is essential for economic growth. In a world in which poverty is the greatest social pollutant, any restriction on energy use that inhibits economic growth should be viewed with caution. We understand the motivation to eliminate what are perceived to be the driving forces behind a potential climate change; but we believe the Kyoto Protocol–to curtail carbon dioxide emissions from only part of the world community–is dangerously simplistic, quite ineffective, and economically destructive to jobs and standards-of-living.
More to the point, we consider the scientific basis of the 1992 Global Climate Treaty to be flawed and its goal to be unrealistic. The policies to implement the Treaty are, as of now, based solely on unproven scientific theories, imperfect computer models–and the unsupported assumption that catastrophic global warming follows from an increase in greenhouse gases, requiring immediate action.
We do not agree. We believe that the dire predictions of a future warming have not been validated by the historic climate record, which appears to be dominated by natural fluctuations, showing both warming and cooling. These predictions are based on nothing more than theoretical models and cannot be relied on to construct far-reaching policies.
As the debate unfolds, it has become increasingly clear that–contrary to the conventional wisdom–there does not exist today a general scientific consensus about the importance of greenhouse warming from rising levels of carbon dioxide. In fact, most climate specialists now agree that actual observations from both weather satellites and balloon-borne radiosondes show no current warming whatsoever–in direct contradiction to computer model results.
Historically, climate has always been a factor in human affairs–with warmer periods, such as the medieval “climate optimum,” playing an important role in economic expansion and in the welfare of nations that depend primarily on agriculture. Colder periods have caused crop failures, and led to famines, disease, and other documented human misery. We must, therefore, remain sensitive to any and all human activities that could affect future climate.
However, based on all the evidence available to us, we cannot subscribe to the politically inspired world view that envisages climate catastrophes and calls for hasty actions. For this reason, we consider the drastic emission control policies deriving from the Kyoto conference–lacking credible support from the underlying science–to be ill-advised and premature.
For more information
contact the Europaeische Akademie fuer Umweltfragen (fax +49-7071-72939) or The Science and Environmental Policy Project in Fairfax, Virginia.
If you are in a climate science related field and would like to add your name to the list of signatories, a form is available on the Internet at http://www.sepp.org/LDform.html. The current list of Leipzig Declaration signers is available at http://www.sepp.org/LDsigs.html.
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https://heartland.org/opinion/the-leipzig-declaration-on-global-climate-change/
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