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What is green fashion? Do fashion and sustainability even go together? These green fashion tips will show you how to bring sustainable chic to your wardrobe.
With growing awareness of how fast fashion impacts the environment, sustainable, eco-friendly or green fashion is now a buzzword in the fashion industry.
But what is green fashion or sustainable fashion? Do fashion and sustainability in fashion industry trends even go together?
Today, the fashion industry is acutely aware of the impact of plastics, industrial dyes and other harmful materials used in clothing, as well the negative impact of fashion manufacturing on marginalized workers in developing countries.
Consumers today want to be able to purchase environmentally-friendly clothes made from eco-friendly materials and manufactured by ethical, sustainable clothing brands.
Fashion-conscious women know what is eco-friendly fashion or what is sustainable fashion or conscious fashion and want to purchase eco-friendly women’s clothing that makes them look stylish.
But, what most women want to know is how to choose trendy eco-wear, eco-fashion and eco-green products that bring sustainable chic to their wardrobes.
What is Sustainable Fashion or Green Fashion?
Sustainable fashion is so much more than just choosing organic clothing. It’s about understanding the circular economy in fashion – where your clothing raw materials come from, how they are grown, manufactured, sold and whether they are recycled or thrown away?
According to one sustainable fashion meaning:
Sustainable fashion concerns more than addressing fashion textiles or products. It comprises addressing the whole system of fashion. This means dealing with interdependent social, cultural, ecological and financial systems.
It also means considering fashion from the perspective of many stakeholders – users and producers, all living species, contemporary and future dwellers on earth.
There are many terms that describe green fashion or sustainability in apparel industry trends, such as conscious fashion, ethical fashion, eco-fashion, responsible fashion and sustainable fashion.
Earlier, the sustainable fashion brands list consisted of outliers and eco-friendly retailers. Today, many mainstream fashion brands are adopting sustainable fashion trends, like recycled fashion, and rebranding themselves as recycled clothing brands.
For example, Adidas has made a commitment to manufacturing more eco-friendly shoes by using 100% recycled polyester in their products by 2024, and Reebok has created sneakers made from biodegradable corn fibres.
This sustainable fashion trend towards recycled plastic and biodegradable materials is aimed at ensuring that less plastic from their shoes enters the oceans and contaminates the marine ecosystem.
This initiative could spur many fashion brands and fashion labels to rebrand as recycled clothing companies and choose more sustainable fashion materials to manufacture eco-friendly clothing and fashion accessories.
Today, millennials are leading the sustainable fashion trend by organizing eco-friendly fashion shows featuring eco-friendly dresses. Organic cotton clothing companies are creating ranges of stylish organic dresses.
Eco-friendly brands are helping us make more conscious choices by promoting eco-friendly packaging materials like eco-friendly bags over plastic bags.
What is Ethical Fashion or Fair-Trade Fashion?
Ethical fashion or fair-trade fashion is one of the sustainable fashion trends that take into account the welfare of the workers involved in the manufacture of ethical dresses by ethical clothing companies.
Fair-trade clothing brands promote sustainable development by offering access to good working conditions to marginalized producers and workers in developing countries.
From the farmers that grow eco-friendly fabric to the workers stitching pieces together, transporting the goods and selling them, ethically-made clothing brands are the ones that offer better trading conditions and fair wages to their workers.
As a consumer looking for affordable ethical clothing online, you can help by only choosing to purchase ethical wear from conscious brands, ethical brands, or environmentally-friendly brands.
Make sure you choose ethical women’s clothing from ethical and sustainable clothing manufacturers and ethical retailers that offer ethically-sourced clothing.
Eliminating Harmful Chemicals In Clothing
Thanks to the growing awareness of harmful chemicals in our clothing and other household products, more fashion brands today are rebranding as natural clothing brands by choosing to manufacture natural clothes with eco-friendly clothing materials.
They are choosing organic raw materials that are eco-friendly and sustainable materials for clothing as they’re grown without harmful pesticides. Even the dyes used on these eco-friendly garments and organic apparel are natural and not harmful to health.
There are many eco-friendly brand names and organic clothing stores selling organic fashion and organic clothing for women, so it’s not difficult to find affordable organic clothing online.
For eco-friendly moms concerned about the impact of harmful chemicals on their baby’s skin, it makes sense to buy organic cotton clothing, organic cotton eco-cloths and nappies for your little ones.
10 Eco-Friendly, Green Fashion Tips For Sustainable Chic
The general notion is that eco-friendly, sustainable, or green fashion is unattractive and a style-killer. But that doesn’t have to be the case.
Here are 10 green fashion tips to glamorize your sustainable garments and bring sustainable chic to your wardrobe.
1. Choose swaps or thrifts instead of fast fashion
Buying recycled clothing is an environmentally-conscious decision. You could even find some gems in thrift stores that look stylish and chic.
You can build an entire wardrobe by opting for a few essentials like eco-friendly t-shirts and bottoms, button-down shirts, jeans, skirts, and dresses. In fact, thrift stores can trigger your creative potential to come up with unique, stylish combinations.
Swapping any of your used clothing that you no longer wish to wear, used or recycled clothing is a good green fashion tip. Make sure that your own clothes are in good condition before you swap them.
Both thrifting and swapping are a step towards discouraging fast fashion which though cheap and affordable, is terrible for the environment.
2. Style simple handmade dresses
Several sustainable fashion designers are making handmade dresses using organic and sustainable materials to reduce the harmful impact on the environment.
These are perfect for summers and can be used in winters as well, by pairing them with leggings or cardigans. These handmade dresses should be a staple in your wardrobe.
You can pair these handmade clothing brands with vibrant-coloured handmade jewellery and eco-friendly shoes to make them more dressy and chic.
3. Accessorize with handmade green products
Choose handmade, ethical, and eco-friendly accessories, such as jewellery, hats, belts, shoes, and handbags made from sustainable materials like hemp, fruit seeds, cork, jute, and recycled glass.
They not only look amazing but are available in unique, catchy designs that will work well with casual, semi-formal, and formal looks. Sneakers made from biodegradable, corn fibres can be a green addition to your eco-friendly shoe collection.
By choosing handmade accessories, whether for yourself or as eco-friendly gifts for someone you love, you can reduce the impact of industrial processes on the environment.
4. Dress up your eco-friendly t-shirts
The basic white eco-friendly tee in your closet can be worn in several stylish ways. Buy organic cotton, eco-friendly shirts, and try wearing them with a dark-coloured raw silk ruffle skirt and hemp platform sandals.
Other than that, you can also wear your eco-friendly t-shirts under your tank top or dress for a cool summer look. Even the classic white tee with blue jeans is a look that can never go wrong.
You can add a few eco-friendly accessories like hoop earrings or sunglasses to nail that outfit. Plain linen skirts, another eco-friendly clothing item, look great with a front knotted t-shirt.
5. Layer with stylish, eco-friendly jackets
You need layering options for many kinds of outfits, for which you can consider buying at least three types of jackets.
A sustainable, eco-friendly designer blazer will help you with formal outfits, making you look like a true professional. For casual wear, you could go for an organic denim jacket.
By opting for a fair-trade leather jacket, women can make a conscious choice that is not only sustainable but one that puts them high on the style quotient. Or you can choose a vegan leather jacket to wear over dark, fitted jeans or a skirt.
6. Organic cotton jeans go with everything
By using eco-friendly production methods and natural fabrics like organic cotton, organic clothing brands are manufacturing sustainable jeans.
Jeans are so versatile that you can find thousands of outfit ideas with them. For an elegant look, you can opt for a ruffle sleeved top in a light colour with your jeans.
Or, you can wear a collared shirt with skinny jeans and accessorize the outfit with a satchel vegan leather bag and long, eco-friendly boots. Another idea is to wear a tank top in funky colour and spruce up your look by wearing matching eco-friendly pumps.
For winters, you can wear long-length sustainable wool sweaters or puffer jackets with your jeans to create a classy jeans outfit.
7. Sustainable sweaters are a great winter look
Winters should never be dreary in terms of fashion! Sustainable sweaters are not just for giving you warmth and cosiness, but also an elegant style that sets you apart from the crowd.
Sustainable sweaters look great in neutral shades and a longer length, but you can experiment with colours and length as long as it suits your body type.
They look great with a variety of bottoms like skinny jeans, leather skirts, or capri pants. If you have a fitted high-neck sweater, it will look very classy with an organic denim dungaree.
8. Mix and match patterns for a unique look
Patterned outfits are for days when you want to create a vibrant style statement. You don’t need too many clothes to make a unique style statement every day when you mix and match patterns.
Striped palazzos in sustainable materials should be a staple in your clothes collection as you can pair them with a variety of tops with patterns like polka dots, chevron, waves, and even different-sized stripes.
9. Add eco-friendly, floral dresses
Besides plain dresses mentioned earlier, stock up your green wardrobe with a few organic linen floral dresses in variable lengths to add a feminine touch.
Shop for these ethical dresses at eco-friendly stores, and they will last you many springs, with just a few eco-friendly accessories to complete the outfit. In India, you can find many beautiful floral dresses at organic khadi stores.
10. Ahimsa or peace silk scarves elevate any outfit
Traditional silk doesn’t feature on the sustainable fabrics list because it involves the death of silkworms by boiling, an act of violence that the conscious fashionista is opposed to.
Ahimsa or peace silk is on the eco-friendly fabrics list, as it is a non-violent silk breeding and harvesting alternative where silkworms are given the time to develop into moths, and their empty cocoons are then collected to create peace silk.
As an accessory, a peace silk scarf made from organic silk is one of the most versatile items and can be worn in several ways. Plain or printed, peace silk scarves can be tied around the neck with printed dresses and low neck or off-shoulder tops.
A unique way that is trending these days is to tie the peace silk scarf as a belt around your waist on plain dresses. They also look beautiful when you use them as a bandana on your head.
Other than that, you can loosely hang the scarf around your neck with full-sleeved shirts and plain dresses. Or just tie it around your bag’s handle for a high-class look.
Green Fashion For Green Living
Eco-friendly, green fashion and sustainable chic are not mutually exclusive. One of the best advantages of eco-friendly and sustainable clothing is that it is made to be resilient and last for years, which is an excellent way to save money.
Natural clothes are manufactured to retain their colour and shape for a very long time and sustainable clothing is the future of eco-friendly fashion.
With these sustainable style tips, you can pull off green fashion and sustainable clothing essentials with ease, and also flaunt the confidence that comes from being a socially-responsible consumer.
Even if you haven’t turned to eco-friendly clothing till now, just remember that one small change can snowball into a much bigger effect, if each person decides to choose sustainability and green fashion.
Choosing to buy eco-friendly, green clothes from ethical clothing brands and eco-friendly companies can reduce human exploitation, animal cruelty, pollution, and wastage of resources.
When mindful consumers make conscious clothing choices and prefer eco-friendly, ethical fashion brands over cheap, fast fashion, it forces fashionable clothing brands to look for sustainable fashion ideas.
Concepts like fair-trade clothing, environmentally-friendly clothing and sustainable fashion design are being adopted worldwide by sustainable designers and eco-friendly clothing brands who understand that sustainable apparel is the future of fashion.
Eco-clothing, earth-friendly clothing and eco-friendly apparel are green fashion trends that are important for the environment and good for you too.
About the author:
Priya Florence Shah is the Group Editor at SHEROES and author of Devi2Diva, an emotional self-care book for women.
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Echeveria is a type of succulent that is very popular and easy to grow. When it comes to beauty and uncomplicated care, Echeveria plants are not going to disappoint, and this is especially true of Lilac or Ghost Echeveria. If you want a bold-looking plant for a garden plot or a decorative container, but don’t want to hassle over its many finicky requirements, this is the plant for you.
How to Identify Ghost Echeveria
Like most other types of Echeveria succulents, Ghost Echeveria grows in a tight rosette with spoon-shaped leaves. Ghost Echeveria can be distinguished from other similar-looking plants by its color. Its leaves are a grayish purple hue that is close to lilac, which is why it is also known as a Lilac Echeveria.
Where Does Ghost Echeveria Grow
This plant is a native of northern Mexico and parts of Texas.
Uses of Ghost Echeveria
Ghost Echeveria can be used for decorative features. Just like other types of purple succulents, it is beautiful as a stand-alone plant or as part of a group.
How to Grow Ghost Echeveria from Seed
These succulents can be germinated from seedlings in a few very simple steps. These steps are:
- Purchase or gather seeds from a flowering Echeveria plant.
- Select potting soil that is designed for succulents and cacti
- Select a seed tray for growing the seedlings
- Plant the seeds in the potting soil
- Set the seed tray in a warm (70 degrees Fahrenheit) spot with indirect sunlight
- Water with a plant mister so that the seeds do not get moved around
It will take approximately three weeks to see any signs of successful germination from the planted seedlings. Evidence that the seeds are sprouting will be tiny leaves above the soil.
Once the seedlings have grown into healthy plants, the following care must be taken:
- Move the new plants to a larger container
- Feed the new plants with a diluted fertilizer during their growing season. This is usually springtime.
- Water the plants only when the soil is dry.
Ghost Echeveria Growing Conditions
For these plants to grow and thrive, they will need to be set in a place with full to partial sunlight, plenty of warm air, and well-draining soil.
When to Plant Ghost Echeveria
Spring and Summer are the best times to plant or repot Ghost Echeveria. These are the times of the year when there will be the best amount of sunlight and heat.
How to Plant Ghost Echeveria
When planting a Ghost Echeveria, it is a good idea to keep these tips in mind.
- Use a container that has drainage holes or select a ground plot that will drain water
- Use potting soil that is well-draining
- Use gravel at the bottom of the container or ground plot for extra drainage (optional)
- Before planting a Ghost Echeveria in the ground, make sure you live in an area where it can grow outside all year round. Ghost Echeveria can grow in USDA Hardiness Zones 10a to 11b, so make sure this corresponds with the area where you live.
Once you have selected where to plant your Ghost Echeveria and the proper potting soil, follow these steps to plant it:
- Place some gravel at the bottom of the container or the ground plot selected
- Place the potting soil on top of the gravel
- Make a small hole in the potting soil
- Set the plant into the hole
- Cover the roots with potting soil and make sure the plant is secure in its new home
- Water the plant until the soil is moist but not soggy
Ghost Echeveria Water Requirements
Just like most other succulents, Ghost Echeveria is susceptible to root rot, so it is best to allow them to dry out completely between watering sessions. The best way to water one of these that is in a container is to use the soak and dry method. The steps for doing this are as follows:
- Fill a tray or a sink with a few inches of water.
- Set the plant container in the tray making sure that the water is not so deep that it will run over the top of the container. The point of watering in this way is so that the roots will soak up the water and the leaves will not get wet.
- Let the plant soak in the water for fifteen minutes. This will allow the root system to soak up water from the bottom of the container.
- Take the plant container out of the water.
- Place the plant container in a spot where the excess water can drain from the hole in the bottom.
- Repeat this only when the soil around the plant is dry.
Ghost Echeveria Sun Requirements
Plants that are kept indoors will need to be placed in a window that gets at least six hours of bright sunlight each day. Plants that are kept outdoors will do well in full to partial sun. As with any plant, it is best to acclimatize it to the full sun so that it doesn’t dry out or get sunburnt.
Best Ghost Echeveria Fertilizer
These succulents are not fussy about feedings; they simply do not need much fertilization. However, a little fertilization during the growing season can help assist with their growth. If you choose to fertilize your Ghost Echeveria, follow these guidelines:
- During the growing season, use a fertilizer that is low in nitrogen and is water-soluble. Miracle-Gro Water Soluble Bloom Booster is an excellent option.
- Only fertilize a Ghost Echeveria during its growing season (Spring)
Best Ghost Echeveria Companion Plantings
While these particular succulents do look lovely as solitary plants, it can be really fun to use their purplish hue as a complementary color scheme alongside other plants. If you are looking for some other types of plants that will be uncomplicated to grow and will look fabulous with your Ghost Echeveria, try one of these options.
Sedeveria ‘Lilac Mist’
This succulent is formed into a compact rosette made from round chubby leaves. Its coloring is mostly a cool green-gray, but it dances into light shades of purple towards its center. The soft and welcoming colors and shape of this hybrid succulent make it the ultimate companion planting for Ghost Echeveria. Just imagine these two plants and their shades of lilac next to one another and how compelling their beauty will be.
- Does not require much maintenance once it is established
- Requires similar amounts of heat and sunlight as Ghost Echeveria
- Requires the same type of soil as Ghost Echeveria
- Is susceptible to overwatering and root rot
- It is not cold hardy
Senecio Mandraliscae ‘Blue Chalksticks’
This succulent from South Africa is dense and beautiful. It makes the best ground cover for lawns that have spots that are difficult for growing anything. The blue-green color of Blue Chalksticks is lovely enough, but this plant has a special surprise in the summertime when it produces tiny white flowers. Growing a Ghost Echeveria alongside some of these is truly a beautiful arrangement.
- It is drought tolerant
- It is great for using as ground cover
- It is easy to propagate from stem cuttings
- It can be grown in containers or in a ground plot
- It produces flowers
- It grows quickly and can take over a lawn or garden
Echeveria Elegans ‘Mexican Snowball’
This succulent looks a lot like Ghost Echeveria because its leaves are also spoon-shaped and they grow in the form of a rosette. It is their common features that will make them excellent companion plants.
- It propagates quickly by offsets
- It blooms bell-shaped flowers each year and survives
- Its leaves can turn shades of red with healthy stress
- It thrives in the same hardiness zones as Ghost Echeveria
- It requires the same water, soil, and sun care as Ghost Echeveria
- It is susceptible to several pests, including aphids, mealybugs, and vine weevils
- It is not cold hardy
Ghost Echeveria Diseases and Common Problems
The most common issues faced by Ghost Echeveria are:
- Fungus Gnats
- Spider mites
- Root rot
Ghost Echeveria Treatments and Maintenance
If your Ghost Echeveria gets an infestation of any of the common pests that attack it, here are the best ways to treat it:
If you notice little gnats flying around the surface of the soil where your plant is growing, it may have an infestation of gnats. While the mature gnats don’t really bother the plant directly, their larvae will.
To get rid of fungus gnats, you will need to set out a jar of Apple Cider Vinegar. Put a lid on the jar and poke tiny holes into the lid, just big enough for the gnats to get through (a spice jar lid works nicely for this). The gnats will be attracted to the vinegar but they will not be able to escape the jar and they drown in the liquid.
If you notice white fluff growing on your plant, you may have a mealybug infestation. To rid your plant of these pests, apply rubbing alcohol to any places on the plant where you see the white fluff or the actual insects. There is also the option of spraying the plant with a solution of diluted dish soap and water.
Mealybugs can also be hiding in the roots of the plant. If this is the case with your plant, it will require that you remove the plant from its container, shake off the soil, wash the roots with diluted alcohol or soapy water, allow the plant to dry, and then, replant it in new, fresh soil.
Note: Ridding your plant of mealybugs may take a few treatments over several weeks.
The sign of an infestation of spider mites is that the plant will turn a lighter color, even white or silvery. There will also be brown spots and spider webbing on the plant. If you notice any of these signs on your plant, treat the infestation just as you would an infestation of mealybugs.
These are tiny insects that will appear as small, brown bumps on your succulent. If you notice these, remove the visible insects and start cleaning the plant with diluted alcohol or soapy water. If the roots of the plant have been infested, you can clean them in the same manner that you would in the case of a mealybug infestation.
Dealing with root rot is a very difficult process that doesn’t guarantee success, so it is always best to prevent it from even occurring. To prevent root rot, take the time to learn how to properly water a succulent. But, if it has already begun, follow these steps to help the plant survive:
Dry Out the Plant
This technique can be done if the root rot has not spread to the stems. What it entails is taking the plant out of the soil and letting them layout for a few days so the excess water will evaporate. Once this has been done, they should be replanted in fresh, clean, and dry soil.
Remove Rotten Parts
Trim off any areas of the plant that are rotting, then allow the plant to callous for a few days. Without letting it callous, the chances of the succulent surviving are very slim.
This technique should be done after the plant has been trimmed of all its rotted areas and allowed to callous. It will require that you dust a little sulfur on its root system to help prevent the spread of microbes.
This should be the last resort treatment, but it could save your plant when done right.
Ghost Echeveria Repotting Instructions
To replant a Ghost Echeveria, follow these steps:
- Select a new container that is well-draining and will allow the plant to have room to grow.
- Select a potting soil mix that is well-draining.
- Carefully remove the plant from its current container.
- Fill the new container with the potting soil mix.
- Create a small hole for the plant(s) to rest in.
- Carefully set the plant into the hole.
- Spread the potting soil around to make sure the hole is filled and the plant’s roots are covered.
- Water in the soak and dry method.
- Place the container in a warm, partially sunlit spot.
Where to Buy Ghost Echeveria Seeds Online
If you plan to purchase some Moonstone Succulent seeds, try one of these online shops:
Where to Buy Ghost Echeveria Plants Online
If you plan to purchase a Moonstone Succulent plant, try one of these online shops:
Question: Is Ghost Echeveria Toxic?
Answer: No, these are not considered toxic to animals or humans.
Question: Does Ghost Echeveria Produce Blossoms?
Answer: Yes, these plants do produce lantern-shaped blooms in late winter and early spring. The blooms are usually coral-colored and grow on a long red stem.
Question: How Do You Propagate a Ghost Echeveria?
Answer: We have covered that these plants can be propagated by seeds, but they are most commonly propagated via leaf cuttings. The steps for doing this are:
– Gently twist off a leaf from the main plant in a way that will keep the base of the leaf attached
– Select a container that has holes for drainage
– Select potting soil that is designed for succulents and cacti
– Fill the pot with the potting soil
– Place the leaf on top of the potting soil
– Set the container in a warm spot that gets bright but indirect sunlight
– There is no need to water the leaf-cutting until new roots have formed
– Once roots begin growing, the leaf can be lightly watered every few weeks
– A new rosette should form on the end of the leaf-cutting after a month
– Once the leaf has shriveled and the new rosette looks healthy, they can be separated from one another
– The new rosette can be replanted in a container with succulent potting soil and cared for like a mature plant
Ghost Echeveria is another wonderfully uncomplicated and beautiful gift from the natural world. So, why not gift yourself or someone you love with this lovely purple-hued plant?
Read more guides here:
- Sedum Rubrotinctum (Jelly Bean Plant): How To Care For It Best
- Gymnocalycium Mihanovichii (Moon Cactus): Easy Care Tips
- Pachyphytum Oviferum (Moonstone Succulent): Easy Tips For Plant Care
- Lophocereus Marginatus (Mexican Fence Post Cactus) - January 10, 2022
- Best Cactus Fertilizer Guide - January 9, 2022
- Selenicereus Grandiflorus (Queen of the Night) - January 3, 2022
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Eradicating abundant invasive prey could cause unexpected and varied biodiversity outcomes: the importance of multispecies interactions.
Abundant and widely distributed invasive prey can negatively affect co-occurring native species by competing for food and/or shelter, removing vegetation cover and reducing habitat complexity (changing predation risk), and by sustaining elevated abundances of invasive mesopredators. However, information regarding the community and trophic consequences of controlling invasive prey and their temporal dynamics remain poorly understood. We used multispecies ecological network models to simulate the consequences of changing European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus abundance in an arid mammalian community. We quantified how changes in the dominant prey (rabbits) affected multiple trophic levels, examining changes in predator-prey interactions through time and how they affected native prey persistence. Our results suggest that removal of rabbits can benefit native biodiversity immediately at removal rates between 30% and 40%. However, beyond these levels, densities of small native mammals will decline in the short term. The processes underpinning these declines are: (a) increased competition for resources (vegetation) with kangaroos Macropus spp., whose numbers increase due to their release from competition with rabbits and (b) increased predation (prey switching) by feral cats Felis catus. Both effects are mediated by dingoes Canis dingo, a native apex predator. Importantly, native mammal abundance recovers after a time delay, which is prolonged when high rates of rabbit control are applied. This is likely due to a reduction in hyperpredation by invasive feral cats and red foxes Vulpes vulpes following rabbit removal. Continued eradication of rabbits in arid Australia will benefit native species due to a decrease in apparent competition for resources and by alleviating hyperpredation from invasive mesopredators. Furthermore, ecosystem-level conservation benefits of reducing invasive prey abundance are as important as direct control of invasive mesopredators. Synthesis and applications. Multispecies ecological network models provide wildlife managers with tools to better understand and predict the complex effects of species removal and control on both intact and modified ecosystems. Our results show that management of the Australian arid zone can benefit from controlling invasive prey as well as invasive predators. However, invasive species control can cause unexpected outcomes on native biodiversity. This extends to other systems where dominant prey may play fundamental roles in ecosystem structure and function.
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Are Muscovy Ducks Noisy?
In general, Muscovy ducks are not particularly noisy birds. Compared to other duck varieties, they lack the signature “quack” sound you often hear when on a lake or passing by duck nests. In short, Muscovy ducks may not be known for their quacking abilities, but that does not mean these birds cannot make any noise at all.
As a matter of, Muscovies can be more vocal than other breeds of ducks if need be. The only difference is that these sounds are not as loud and do not carry the same frequency and volume as other duck breeds. Thankfully, the noises are not a nuisance and rarely disturb people nearby.
If you’re looking for a duck that won’t keep you awake with incessant quacking, the Muscovy is a good choice. Stay put as we explore the sounds made by Muscovy ducks and why they do it.
Do Muscovy Ducks Quack?
Muscovy birds are silent birds that only produce noises during heightened stages of stress or fright. On rare occasions, the female duck may make little quacks or croaks as a shrill call in distress.
Often, Muscovy ducks produce a rapid series of short quacks – typically 2-5 times in quick succession as a danger warning to others. In some cases, the alarm call gets accompanied by the bird puffing out of feathers and raising its neck.
Keep in mind that the noise levels depend on an individual duck. Like all animals with vocal cords, some are naturally noisier than others. Also, the age and health of the duck play a role in the level of noise, with the younger, healthier birds being more vocal. Generally, duck noises can fall into four main categories: contact, courtship, aggression, and alarm.
What Noise do Muscovy Ducks Make?
The male Muscovy doesn’t make a “quack” sound, unlike other ducks. Instead, you’ll hear loud hissing noises when they attempt to attract mates or threaten rivals. All in all, all living organisms make noise as a form of communication.
Similarly, the Muscovy duck has evolved to accept its odd noises as a natural part of its day-to-day life. In fact, if you provide an environment where your ducks feel safe and secure, your boys are less likely to start hissing or making alarm calls.
Sympathetic to the duck’s needs, strive your best to provide a stress-free and quiet environment. If you live in a busy city or neighborhood, it may be best not to keep ducks as pets. Although they are not as noisy as other ducks, they will still produce some sound – which can be an issue if you live in close quarters.
Whatever the setting, try to give your Muscovy ducks a stress-free environment, and they’ll be less likely to protest with loud calls. Perhaps the best practice is to keep at least one male and one female Muscovy duck together as pets or in a small flock.
Not only do they produce less noise, but they also keep each other company and combat loneliness and boredom. This may be difficult to manage if you’re not around most of the time as Muscovies prefer to bond with one another rather than people.
If regularly separated, make sure your boys are never left alone for more than a day or two, as they may get stressed and become more vocal than usual.
Why do Muscovy Ducks Make Noise?
Muscovy ducks make noises to communicate with each other. As mentioned earlier, the sounds can vary from a rapid series of short quacks as an alarm call to hissing when attracting mates or threatening rivals.
First, it is crucial to identify the reason behind any odd sounds Muscovy ducks make. If your duck suddenly starts acting strange or quacking loudly, examine everything around to rule out the cause of stress or anxiety. Most importantly, ensure that there are no predators nearby and that you are not handling your duck roughly in any way.
The bottom line is that Muscovy ducks are naturally quiet, so any sounds call for extra attention. Therefore, concentrate on determining the root cause of the problem. If need be, take your duck to a veterinarian for an evaluation.
My Muscovy Duck is Hissing?
A hissing duck is a sign of a variety of things. Sometimes, it’s a way for the male duck to attract a mate by letting out a loud hiss. Other times, it might signify that something is going on in the environment that they don’t like.
It could also mean that your Muscovy duck feels threatened or uncomfortable with something you’re doing. In other words, ducks hiss when they need to defend themselves or release pent-up energy.
The main reasons behind ducks feeling anxious include a change in the environment, being around new people or other animals, or a predator around. To keep your ducks happy, do some research on protecting their natural habitat and ensuring they are safe from predators. If you suspect something else is happening, take your duck to the vet.
Are Muscovy Ducks the Quietest Duck Breed?
Muscovies stand tall among the quietest duck species. As pets, they tend to be a little bit more elusive and quieter than other types of ducks. This is in stark contrast to other duck breeds such as the Mallard, which has a very loud and distinct quack. Mallards are also known to be very vocal when they’re content, often quacking away while swimming in a pond.
In comparison, Muscovy ducks make soft cooing noises and rarely hiss. While they occasionally let out a loud quack, it’s usually reserved for alarm calls or attracting mates.
Overall, Muscovy ducks make much quieter noises than other duck breeds. That explains why they make such an ideal breed for those living in close quarters or with limited space. Altogether, be prepared for that occasional noise made, especially if they’re feeling stressed or anxious.
Nonetheless, by providing a stress-free environment and paying attention to their needs, you can help keep your Muscovy ducks content and quiet for a long time.
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By Dr Oliver Tearle
Macbeth is, along with the character of Iago in Othello and his earlier portrayal of Richard III, William Shakespeare’s most powerful exploration and analysis of evil. Although we can find precursors to Macbeth in the murderer-turned-conscience-stricken-men of Shakespeare’s earlier plays – notably the conspirator Brutus in Julius Caesar and Claudius in Hamlet – Macbeth provides us with a closer and more complex examination of how a brave man with everything going for him might be corrupted by ambition and goading into committing an act of murder.
It’s worth examining how Shakespeare creates such a powerful depiction of one man persuaded to do evil and then wracked by his conscience for doing so. What follows is a short analysis, but one which attempts to address some of the key – not to mention the most interesting – aspects of Macbeth. You can read our summary ofMacbethhere.
The sources for Shakespeare’s Macbeth
Macbeth was a real Scottish king, although he was somewhat different from the ambitious, murderous creation of William Shakespeare. His wife was real too, but Lady Macbeth’s real name was Gruoch and Macbeth’s real name was Mac Bethad mac Findlaích. The real Macbeth killed Duncan in battle in 1040 and Macbeth (or Mac Bethad) actually went on to rule for 17 years, until he was killed and Macbeth’s stepson, known as Lulach the Idiot, became king (though he only ruled for less than a year – then Malcolm, as Malcolm III, took the crown). Where did Shakespeare get the story from, then, and what did he change?
The plot of Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a combination of two stories: the story of Macbeth and the story of the murder of King Duffe by Donwald and his wife, which Shakespeare read about in Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles. The Three Witches appear in Holinshed, but as ‘nymphs or fairies’, suggesting beautiful young women rather than old, ugly hags. Holinshed’s King Duncan is a weak and feeble ruler, who has unfairly named his own son Prince of Cumberland (and thus heir to the throne), thwarting Macbeth’s own (just) claim to the throne, through his wife’s previous marriage and her son by her first husband.
In Holinshed, then, Macbeth has every reason to have a grievance against Duncan, rather than being motivated solely by ‘vaulting ambition’. When Duncan proclaims Malcolm his heir and Prince of Cumberland, Macbeth does not see it as a slight on him and his claim to the throne – for he appears to have no genuine claim. Instead, he sees it as the turning point: if he is to become King then he must take the crown by force.
What’s more, in Holinshed’s chronicle, Banquo actually helps Macbeth to murder Duncan. Shakespeare altered the character of Banquo because his King, James I of England (James VI of Scotland, of course) claimed descent from Banquo. This explains the scene in Macbeth with the mirrors displaying Banquo’s descendants – eventually culminating in King James himself. Banquo will certainly ‘get’ (i.e. beget) kings, all right.’
This is what led the critic William Empson to regard Shakespeare’s version of Macbeth as a ‘Just-So Story’, like ‘How the Elephant Got Its Trunk’: it explains how James came to be King, over half a millennium after the events of Macbeth.
The other story from Holinshed, detailing the murder of King Duffe, is much closer to the plot of Shakespeare’s play. In the tenth century, a century before the real Macbeth lived, Donwald, egged on by his wife, murders King Duffe (although in this version Donwald gets the servants to commit the murder rather than bearing the knife himself). Donwald and his wife get Duffe’s personal attendants drunk, and then to divert suspicion Donwalde blames them for their master’s murder, killing them in pretend rage.
Themes of Macbeth
Perhaps more than any of Shakespeare’s other plays, Macbeth is a play about the future, about the future being anticipated and irrupting into the present. As Frank Kermode understood so well, and brilliantly analysed in his discussion of Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Language, for Macbeth ‘the present is no longer present, the unacted future has occupied its place.’
Macbeth is a play that begins with the Weird Sisters discussing their future meeting, and ends with Macduff and the other survivors preparing to go and see Malcolm crowned King. Even the soliloquies in Macbeth seem unusually focused on not just the contemplation of a future course of action (for that’s a common feature of many soliloquies in many other plays) but on the displacement of time that the play is preoccupied with: ‘If it were done, when ’tis done’, begins one of Macbeth’s most famous speeches, while he greets the news of Lady Macbeth with his celebrated meditation on ‘tomorrow’:
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death.
The first words Lady Macbeth speaks to her husband in the play show how her ambitions for her and her husband are already making her mind leap from the present into the future:
Thy letters have transported me beyond
This ignorant present, and I feel now
The future in the instant.
But the glue that keeps all of these future meditations in place, and acts as the main device in Macbeth linking present to future, is the role of prophecy.
It’s worth stopping to consider and analyse the role of prophecy in Macbeth. It’s true that the Witches are clearly meant to be supernatural, and their prophecies are supposedly founded on – well, on their witchcraft. One of the reasons Shakespeare may have been drawn to the story of Macbeth is that, as well as speaking to King James I’s Scottish blood, it also played to his interest in witchcraft, black magic, and the supernatural.
Indeed, the King even wrote a book about it, Daemonologie, which had been published in 1597, six years before he came to the English throne. But the clever thing about the prophecies is that we are left to decide how much what happens in the play was foretold in the Witches’ prophecy and how much was a result of the course of action Macbeth decided on, once he had knowledge of the prophecy. We talk of ‘self-fulfilling prophecies’, and Macbeth as a piece of drama leaves us in some doubt as to the relationship between Fate and free agency. If Macbeth had never been told by the Witches that he would be Thane of Cawdor, he would still have been made Thane of Cawdor. But would he still have become King?
For Macbeth to become King, he needed to know that it was ordained that he would one day sit on the throne, so he could then murderously take it from the current incumbent. If Macbeth had not acted upon the prophecy, it may not have come true. (A similar ambiguity surrounding the role of fate and the role of individual agency governs the plot of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex; although Shakespeare’s tragic model was more Senecan than ancient Greek, Macbeth is perhaps the play in his oeuvre which comes the closest to following the model for a good tragedy set out in Aristotle’s Poetics.)
Similarly, Banquo starts to take his prophecy seriously once he sees Macbeth’s coming true. Nevertheless, the idea that no man of woman born being able to harm Macbeth isn’t ever tested to the full: Macbeth may simply be unusually lucky in combat, and Macduff, regardless of his caesarean section, may just have proved lucky; at the same time, believing that having been ‘from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped’ made him invincible against the tyrannical Macbeth may have given him the self-belief that he could bring the usurper down. The stories we tell ourselves about our own lives, and our destinies, shape what we do.
Ambition – or ‘vaulting ambition’ as Macbeth himself puts it – is another central theme of the play. Hearing the prophecy from the Witches convinces Macbeth that he could be King. Indeed, more than that, the prophecy suggests that he is meant to be King. Although Duncan has ‘honour’d [him] of late’, and Macbeth knows that to kill the king who had raised him to the title of Thane of Cawdor would be, among other things, an act of supreme ingratitude, Macbeth is driven to commit murder so he can seize the crown.
Everything that happens afterwards – his dispatching of the hired killers to murder Banquo, the attempted murder of Fleance, the killing of Macduff’s wife and children, and the final battle at Dunsinane – is a result of this one act, an act that was inspired by both Macbeth’s private ambition and his wife’s lust for power. It’s worth remembering that Macbeth was almost certainly written shortly after the thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot in November 1605. (There are a number of local allusions to this recent attempt at politically and religiously motivated terrorism: the numerous instances of the word ‘equivocation’ in the play refer to the Jesuit Father Garnet, who knew of the Plot and consorted with the conspirators.)
The ‘moral’ of Macbeth, if we can run the risk of reducing the play to an ethical message in this way, is that to usurp the ruler of a kingdom is usually a Bad Idea, at least if the ruler is generally thought to be a good one and your motivation for wanting to kill and replace them is your own grasping ambition to be monarch yourself. Which brings us to the last major theme of Macbeth worth mentioning in this short analysis (before the analysis becomes somewhat less than short)…
It would be inaccurate to say Macbeth feels remorse for the murder of Duncan. Even Claudius, the ‘smiling villain’ of Hamlet who killed a king so he could take the throne for himself, expresses something approaching a pricking of conscience for murdering his own brother, acknowledging that he cannot very well appear penitent before God if he doesn’t relinquish everything he’s gained by his murderous deed.
But Macbeth’s guilt over the murders of Banquo and Duncan is less remorse than it is fear of being discovered, and one bad deed gives birth to another, each of which has to be carried out to make Macbeth and his wife ‘safe’, to use the word that recurs throughout the play (a dozen times, including ‘safely’, ‘safety’, and other variants).
Even when Banquo’s ghost appears to Macbeth at the banquet, and appears to him alone, suggesting it is a manifestation of his own guilty conscience, he is terrified that the ghost’s presence will betray his secret, rather than wracked with remorse for killing his friend. Angus’ wonderfully vivid image of Macbeth’s guilt (‘Now does he feel / His secret murders sticking on his hands’) reminds us that ‘hands’ and ‘eyes’ and other body parts are often somewhat disembodied in this play, as numerous critics have acknowledged. From Macbeth’s bloody hand (‘Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?’) to Lady Macbeth’s feverish somnambulistic hand-washing, to Macbeth’s early words in an aside, signalling his deadly ambition (‘The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, / Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see’), eyes and hands are at odds in this play, as if the eye countenances the evil carried out by the hand, with the wielder of the dagger turning a blind eye.
But as Angus’ words and Lady Macbeth’s night-time mimed ablutions demonstrate, one cannot so easily remove one’s mind from the hand that does a terrible deed.
One final piece of Macbeth trivia…
Macbeth is supposed to be cursed. The idea of the ‘curse’ ofMacbethhas a complicated origin, though it wascertainly given a leg up in 1898 when the novelist and wit Max Beerbohm put about the idea that the play was unlucky. That said, it has had its fair share of tragedies and disasters: in a 1942 production starring John Gielgud, four people involved in the production died, including two of the Witches and the man playing Duncan. If you say ‘Macbeth’ in a theatre, you are meant to walk three times in a circle anti-clockwise, then either spit or say a rude word.
In 1849,Macbeth evencaused a riot in New York.The Astor Place Riot was caused by two rival actors arguing about whose portrayal of Macbethwas better. American actor Edwin Forrest and English thespian William Charles Macready were both playing the role of Macbeth in different productions at different theatres on the same night, and a longstanding rivalry erupted.
Another notable nineteenth-century production of the play (featuring acting rivalry) involves the so-called ‘worst poet in the English language’, who once played Macbeth on stage – and refused to die at the end. As we revealed in our selection ofinteresting facts about Scottish poet William McGonagall, when McGonagall – who has a reputation for being the worst poet in English – played the role of Macbeth in a stage production, he was so annoyed at being upstaged by his co-star, who was playing Macduff, that when Macduff went to kill Macbeth at the end of the play, he found his foe mysteriously unvanquishable.
The author of this article, Dr Oliver Tearle, is a literary critic and lecturer in English at Loughborough University. He is the author of, among others,The Secret Library: A Book-Lovers’ Journey Through Curiosities of HistoryandThe Great War, The Waste Land and the Modernist Long Poem.
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Glendale Legionnaires' Disease Lawyer
Of all the different types of pneumonia, legionnaires' disease is one of the most severe. Legionnaires' disease is caused by the legionella bacteria, which can be found in soil and water. A person can become sick after they have inhaled or consumed water droplets that contain the legionella bacteria. Usually, symptoms start to appear two to 10 days after exposure. Fortunately, most people who are exposed to the bacteria do not suffer any harm as a result. Still, one in 10 people who are exposed will lose their lives to the condition. People often contract legionnaires' disease because another person acted negligently or carelessly. In these cases, sick individuals can file a claim against the negligent party and hold them accountable for paying compensation for their medical expenses, lost income, and more. Our Glendale legionnaires' disease lawyer can help ensure you receive the maximum damages to which you are entitled.What are the Symptoms of Legionnaires' Disease?
If left untreated, legionnaires' disease can be fatal for those who contract it. For this reason, it is imperative that everyone knows the symptoms of the disease. The most common signs of legionnaires' disease to appear in the first two days include:
- Muscle pains
- Fever, often as high as 104 degrees
After the first two days, symptoms will start to become worse and additional symptoms may also start to appear. The most common symptoms to appear on and after the third day are as follows:
- Coughs that produce mucus or blood
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
It is never possible to determine when someone will become sick after being exposed to legionella bacteria. People who suffer from chronic lung disease or who have weakened immune systems are most likely to become very sick after being exposed to the bacteria. Individuals over 50 years old and people who smoke are also more at risk of becoming very ill. If you or a family member is suffering from legionnaires' disease due to someone else's negligence, an experienced legionnaires' disease attorney in Glendale can help you pursue the compensation you deserve.How is Legionnaires' Disease Diagnosed and Treated?
Legionnaires' disease is relatively easy to diagnose, so it is critical that you see a doctor as soon as you start experiencing symptoms. A doctor will conduct a physical exam and order chest x-rays and different laboratory tests. The most effective test when diagnosing legionnaires' disease is the urine antigen test.
When legionnaires' is diagnosed relatively quickly, antibiotics are effective at treating the condition. Antibiotics will quickly detect the bacteria and kill them. The majority of people who receive antibiotics for the condition will recover within ten days. In cases where antibiotics are not effective, individuals usually have to be admitted to the hospital to receive extensive treatment in the intensive care unit.Our Legionnaires' Disease Lawyer in Glendale Can Assist with Your Case
If you have become sick from legionnaires' disease due to another person's negligence, you may be entitled to financial compensation. At Brod Law Firm, our Glendale legionnaires' disease attorney can help you claim the full settlement you are entitled to so you can claim the full damages to which you are entitled. Call us today at (800) 427-7020 or fill out our online form to schedule a free case review with our experienced attorney.
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When is hazardous waste not hazardous waste? Why when it's generated by a natural gas producer, of course. But NY has the chance to make things right.
Among the most critical of the many questions New York faces when deciding whether to open up its share of the Marcellus Shale to new natural gas drilling is what to do with the huge quantities of toxic, potentially radioactive wastewater that comes from fracked wells.
Unfortunately, the answer is – well, there are no good answers right now. That’s one of the top reasons why New York Governor Cuomo and the state legislature must take every precaution possible to make sure drilling does not move forward here unless and until it’s proven drilling – and waste disposal – can be done safely.
Top environmental regulators in Pennsylvania recently asked gas producing companies to stop sending fracking waste to wastewater treatment plants, because they weren’t adequately equipped to treat the toxic ingredients. (Drillers in PA will still be allowed to send wastewater to industrial facilities that have more stringent treatment requirements.) Ohio just upped the ante, saying it will not renew permits for municipal facilities accepting drilling wastewater.
The primary reason toxic waste generated during gas development is allowed to be sent to the same facilities that take typical wastewater from our homes here in New York is that – despite its hazardousness – it’s not actually defined as hazardous waste under our laws. That’s right: Even if wastewater (and other wastes) generated in gas development test positive as toxic, they don’t have to be treated at hazardous waste facilities, unlike toxic waste generated in virtually any other industrial and commercial activity in the country. Gas drillers have this special loophole allowing them to avoid regulation thanks to a federal exemption that gives them an easy out on taking responsibility for their hazardous waste. If it looks like a duck, and it quacks like a duck, well… it’s not a duck if you happen to be a gas producer.
Because this loophole is so outrageous, NRDC has asked the EPA to write new national rules to ensure that toxic oil and gas waste has to comply with hazardous waste regulations, just like other industries. More details on the toxicity of oil and gas waste, and the problems with various disposal methods are available in our letter to EPA.
But in the meantime, our neighboring states have been trying to figure out how to deal with mounting evidence that waste sent to these overburdened facilities was dumped into nearby rivers without adequate treatment. As a result, rivers are contaminated with high salt levels violating water quality standards and potentially with other contaminating components such as heavy metals, volatile organic chemicals, and radioactive materials.
Following the state’s request, PA’s gas drillers reportedly intend to do one of two things with their wastewater: recycle it in other projects or send it to Ohio, where injecting waste deep into underground disposal wells is the more common practice (as it is in most other oil and gas producing states). But there are some real problems with both of these alternatives.
Deep well wastewater injection is regulated by the U.S. EPA and is regarded by some experts as marginally better than sending waste to treatment facilities. But a Government Accountability Office study found instances of drinking water contamination from cracked or poorly plugged injection wells. (Yes, the study is a little old, but let’s not forget that industry safeguards have barely changed over the years.)
And what about the possible link between injection and earthquakes in Arkansas? That’s not something to be taken lightly.
Recycling of fracking fluid is also iffy. While recycling is generally a good thing, because it reduces waste and conserves fresh water, ultimately there is very toxic waste left over that still needs to be disposed of somehow, but is still exempt from hazardous waste rules. In February, the New York Times reported that waste injected over and over again is typically more toxic than when it’s first used.
There are also serious questions about the energy intensity of recycling technologies (as there are with treatment technologies at industrial wastewater treatment facilities). There’s scant information available from industry about exactly what technologies they’re using to recycle wastewater. And there’s likewise scant verifiable information from industry on how much waste is actually being recycled, since they don’t have to report those numbers. (Some companies claim to be recycling 100% of their wastewater, while others say the high salt levels make that claim implausible – if not impossible – because of the likely corrosive effects on equipment.) Moreover, because of the lack of tracking requirements, in theory, a truck driver carrying waste to be recycled in another well could leave it in a field, and no one would be the wiser.
To cut to the chase, we simply have to find a better way to deal with these vast quantities of hazardous fracking waste before allowing any new drilling to occur. New York’s Department of Environmental Conservation is preparing a new draft review of fracking at this moment, and we sincerely hope this is one of the issues to which the agency devotes substantially more serious attention than it did last time around.
In the meantime, the New York legislature has the chance to close the enormous loophole exempting gas wastes from hazardous waste requirements. Notwithstanding the federal loophole, the state legally can – and practically must – go farther. Right now, there is a measure making its way through the both houses, A.7013 and S.4616, which would end special exemptions allowing the gas industry to circumvent requirements for hazardous waste. It would ensure it’s subject to the same treatment as any other hazardous waste in the state.
It’s critical that we get this law in place now, because there are reports that waste is already being shipped to New York facilities from Pennsylvania, and the pressure to take more may only increase in light of Pennsylvania and Ohio’s new prohibitions. Please tell your legislators to sponsor and support this critical legislation now.
We have a few ways you can keep up with our work online: Please visit our website at www.nrdc.org/newyork or follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
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English Short Stories: The Christmas Star and the Little Wanderer
Source: Tony Illustrated English
Every Christmas Eve, as the moon and the stars prepared to shine upon the most magical night of the year, the Celestial Moon Palace became aglow with warmth and Christmas joy.
Lights twinkled from every window. The Christmas trees were lit with flickering candles. Glass fruits, fluttering fairies, trumpets, dolls, rocking horses, and all manner of silver and golden balls adorned its branches.
But there was nothing more magical than what took place every Christmas Eve at the foot of the giant Christmas tree in the ballroom.
Mother Moon sat surrounded by all the twinkling stars on a carpet soft as snow.
“Will you tell us the story of the Christmas star?” asked the stars.
Mother Moon laughed, “Of course my dears.”
The little stars moved closer, and Mother Moon closed her eyes and began her tale.
Read more: The Christmas Story ❁ The Birth Of JESUS | Nativity of JESUS
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What You Need to Know About Omega-3 Fatty Acids & COVID-19
By Joy Stephenson-Laws, JD, Founder
If you are a regular reader of pH Labs blogs, you know that I firmly believe that nutritional balance and getting an adequate intake of essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, are absolutely key to our overall health and wellbeing. Nutrients are so vital that the difference between having enough of them or a lack of them can be a matter of life or death in some cases, and the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be exposing this truth.
For example, a recent study found evidence which suggests that COVID-19 patients with lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids have a risk of death that is four times higher compared to the patients with higher omega-3 fatty acids levels.
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
Both the essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are indeed essential to our health. Our bodies do not produce these fatty acids, so we have to get them from food and/or supplements. An ideal diet would have a healthy balance of omega-3 and omega-6, but the modern American diet tends to be richer in omega-6. A major source of omega-6 is found in vegetable oils (which are very popular in the American diet).
You may already know that fatty fish (such as salmon) are a great source of omega-3. Other sources include:
The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids include a reduced risk for heart attack and stroke, increased protection against Alzheimer’s disease, assisting in healthy neurological and eye development for fetuses and newborns, lower cholesterol and improvement in symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Research has shown that this fatty acid may even help with depression and other mood disorders.
And as I mentioned earlier, one study highlights how important omega-3s may be when it comes to fighting COVID-19. The study involved 100 patients who had been admitted to the hospital for COVID-19. At admission, blood samples were taken and the level of omega-3 fatty acids was noted. Of the 100 patients, 14 died. The results revealed that overall the people with the lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids were four times more likely to die. To put it another way, those with the highest levels were 75 percent less likely to die.
This all may have to do with the anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids.
"An excessive inflammatory response, referred to as a 'cytokine storm,' is a fundamental mediator of severe COVID-19 illness. Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) have potent anti-inflammatory activities, and this pilot study provides suggestive evidence that these fatty acids may dampen COVID-19's cytokine storm," said an omega-3 fatty acids expert, referenced in this Medical Xpress report that discusses the study.
In my opinion, regular nutrient testing is invaluable. So many of us suffer from nutritional deficiencies and imbalances and don’t even know. We may not necessarily physically feel the effects of them. This is why, oftentimes, these deficiencies and imbalances are not exposed until we face a serious health issue. This is why I highly recommend that heart surgery patients get a pre-op nutrition test.
How can I get omega-3s if I am vegan or prefer to not eat fish?
There are plant-based sources of omega-3 fatty acids (some of these are listed above). Nori is a type of algae that is a great, delicious plant-based source.
Whatever your dietary preferences or restrictions may be, it is imperative to get a nutrient test to see where you stand and speak with a competent healthcare professional about whether dietary changes and/or supplementation is necessary for you. You may also want to consider krill oil.
For recommended intakes of omega-3 fatty acids, visit the National Institute of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements. But keep in mind that it is still advised to discuss how much you personally need with a competent healthcare professional.
Continue to be proactive about COVID-19.
I know we are all getting COVID fatigue, but we still need to practice the proper precautions (wearing masks, washing our hands and social distancing). And don’t forget that one of your greatest personal weapons is your immune system.
Check out the pH Labs blogs on what you can do to be proactive in regards to making sure that your immune system is in top shape.
Enjoy your healthy life!
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice. Please consult with your doctor or another competent healthcare practitioner to get specific medical advice for your situation.
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Based on my experience working with hundreds of teachers in numerous contexts, I’d suggest that one of the strategies with the biggest impact on the overall effectiveness of lessons is the routine use of cold-call questioning. More and more I find that, rather than merely promoting it, I am strongly advocating it, basically saying: every teacher should use cold calling as their default questioning mode. I feel strongly about it.
Why? Because, from what I see, there is a gulf between these two scenarios:
A: The class is dominated by questioning where the teacher engages primarily with students who volunteer with hands up or by simply calling out. It’s the norm. It can seem lively on the surface but nearly always it’s just a few students who dominate while others are marginal; passive; silent. They might be thinking; they might not be. It’s possible to think nothing and say nothing and nobody will notice. Usually this goes along with questions of the type: Can anyone tell me…..? Can anyone remember….? Who knows…..? Does everyone understand ….? Who has an answer for… ? Some students usually have answers – so others just don’t have to. Thinking is optional. Some students’ default is just to wait for someone else to answer – because they always do.
B: The class where the teacher nearly always selects who should respond next by name. No hands up; no calling out – it could be anyone. This is the norm. Students all anticipate being asked to respond, sharing their thoughts; everyone mentally prepares an answer to every question in readiness for being selected. They are all involved. Nobody dominates. Over time, everyone contributes. Questions are addressed to the whole class followed by a pause and then…. Michael, what were you thinking? Safia, what answer did you get? Shafiq, how did you explain it? Thinking is required from everyone; everyone is included.
Scenario A is very common but why would you accept this when you could generate Scenario B?
This is the power of cold calling, when the teacher chooses who to respond and it could be anyone. It’s a strategy named and promoted strongly by Doug Lemov in Teach Like A Champion and features prominently in our WalkThrus materials were our five step process looks like this:
An example might run like this:
- Ask the question: Ok, everyone let’s see. What’s a good way to work out 12 x 17?
- Give thinking time: (No hands up, no calling out; scan the room as they think, keeping the focus)
- Select someone to respond: Right, so Kelly what were you thinking? (warm, invitational). “I think it’s 204.”
- Respond to the answers. Yes, that’s the right answer. What was your method? “I did 10 x 17 and then 2 x 17 and added them up”
- Select and another student: Great. And Abdi what about you. What method did you use? “I did 10 x 12 makes 120 7 x 12 is 84 and then add them for 204”. Well done – how does that compare to Kelly’s answer?
In the cold call scenario, Kelly and Abdi anticipate being asked; they think and engage; it’s the norm. It’s safe, friendly, supportive and inclusive. If they were wrong or unsure, the teacher finds out and can respond, offering appropriate support or instruction. The Scenario A experience could be very different. The teacher asks: Does anyone know 12 x 17? Michael knows. He puts his hand up. He’s correct. The teacher thanks him and moves on. Kelly and Abdi had barely registered the question, let alone thought of an answer. This happens all the time so they don’t even expect to give an answer when questions are asked.
What’s the key to cold-calling working so well?
The spirit is inclusive and invitational; it’s never a ‘gotcha’: The absolute key is that students do not feel caught out or exposed. It’s the opposite. Asking students to answer is a warm invitation to participate. David, what were you thinking? Yusuf, did you have an answer? Yasmin, which three did you pick?
Everyone’s contributions matter. The teacher conspicuously always reaches into the corners of the class; there are no no-go areas; no silent tables. The message is simple and explicit. I need to know what you are thinking if I’m going to help you the best I can. And you all matter to me. All of you, no exceptions.
Accountability and inclusion go hand in hand: The routine use of cold call establishes the students’ mental habit – the norm – that when a question is asked, they need to listen, engage and think. The teacher will ask people they choose; they always do. It’s not a big deal; it happens all the time. The effect is that students always feel involved; they can’t opt out. That routine level of accountability helps them to focus their attention and also communicates a sense that they belong; they are included; they matter.
Everyone is made to think: (or at least – it makes more students think, more of the time)
As we know from Willingham, ‘memory is the residue of thought’. If students don’t think, they can’t learn. Cold calling as a routine is the most effective way to maximise thinking during dynamic, responsive question and answer exchanges. I’m not asking you to think if you feel like it …. I’m creating the conditions where you are more likely to think because you know I may ask you to give an answer. (And that’s good because if you’re struggling, I’ll find that out and can then help you.)
The responses are responsive: A key element to cold calling is that you engage with the answers. You are checking for understanding. If they are right, you probe further; if they are wrong or unsure, you offer support; if they could improve the quality of response, you can give them another go to say it again, better. This deepens their thinking and improves your knowledge of them as learners.
Part of a wider questioning repertoire
Cold calling should be the default questioning mode – but it doesn’t stand alone. In fact, it works better if students understand its role in a wider matrix of questioning modes. If we talk in pairs with our talk partners, we can all air our ideas and rehearse our explanations; we do it more intensively knowing that the teacher will then cold call us, not ask for volunteers. Michael, what were you and Alicia saying in your pair?
Cold Call Adaptations for Confidence-Building
There are lots of strategies you can use to ensure students build confidence in giving verbal answers in front of others. The Uncommon Schools team model a lot of these in their remote learning webinars.
Pre-Call: This is when you tell one or more students that you will ask them to respond after you’ve given an explanation, read a passage or watched a video. Ok, John and Sabrina, after the video, I’d like you to summarise the key points for us. This gives them that extra bit of notice to prepare. Other students know they too could be cold called afterwards but John and Sabrina get some prep time.
Batched Cold-Call: This is another Uncommon Schools gem, when you tee up a number of students to answer in one go. Right, now I’ve explained my examples, I’d love to hear your versions. I’ll start with Michael, then Daisy, then Samuel. You then ask them one by one. It gives Michael and especially Daisy and Samuel a heads up. They can get ready. Any sense of ‘gotcha’ is removed entirely. It also helps the teacher plan to spread questions. It’s a technique a good committee chair will use – and works a dream in lessons.
Rehearse and Affirm: This is where, first, you have given all students an opportunity to share their answers non-verbally through a means you can see: whiteboards (Show me!); in the chat stream on a remote call; on their books as you circulate in a classroom; on a quizzing application or form where you see individual answers. You select answers that are correct or interesting and then cold call the students to ask them to expand. Robyn, what a great answer. Could you explain how you came to that conclusion? Jason, well done, B is the correct answer. How did you know that?
This technique has the effect of giving Robyn and Jason confidence in their understanding before they give their answer publicly. They already know they are right. It’s a technique that is great for the less confident students; you build them up by asking them to explain their good ideas or correct answers you’ve already seen – rather than them feeling it’s a risk offering answers at the point when they are still unsure.
1. What about students who are shy/reluctant/awkward/have speech difficulties? My main response to this is to make it clear that our objective has to be to lead students to a place where they are no longer shy and reluctant. That means we don’t simply leave them out or not cold call at all. How will they ever develop the confidence and everyday resilience needed if we don’t involve them? We need a strategy to bring them in, step by step. This can be a combination of using pair share more often and then sharing their answers for them – to show them that they’ve got good ideas. It can be more use of ‘rehearse and affirm’ – checking their answers first before they share them. Build them up; don’t catch them out.
2. Is it possible when hands up is such an ingrained habit? Yes of course. You need to make a deliberate, definite and sustained effort to change the culture, re-establishing expectations, rehearsing routines and keeping at it. No hands up; no calling out. It means addressing students who don’t follow the expectations. Normally it’s as much about the teacher changing their habits as the students changing theirs. Do it consciously – reminding yourself that unless you cold calling, lots of children learn not to think very hard.
3. What if students are wrong? This is something you can anticipate and prepare. It helps to have some scripts that help you create that culture where error and uncertainty are normalised.
- That’s a good effort James but not quite right. Let’s try again… what was your first step?
- I can see what you’re thinking Maya but that’s a different question. Let’s look at it again together…
- No, you’re not there yet but tell me what you were thinking?
The way a teacher handles error and uncertainty has a huge bearing on students’ willingness to contribute when they are uncertain. Make it normal, low key, unremarkable and focus on the reframing their thinking towards securing understanding. Consolidate, rehearse, use repetition – build confidence.
4. Doesn’t it slow lessons down? I’m often asked this but my response is this: Do you want to know if students are struggling? Do you want them all thinking? Yes! The most efficient way to do that is to embed cold calling. If you flush out error and uncertainty during the instructional phase it allows you to re-teach there and then – which is a lot more efficient than waiting for weeks to pass only to discover later. It may feel like you are taking time but this is an investment in deeper understanding for everyone. The illusion given by a few students volunteering good answers, allowing you to zip through the material, risks masking all kinds of misconceptions and uncertainties. It always pays to cold call instead of accepting volunteers.
5. What if someone has an idea to share? Of course, cold calling is for when the teacher is asking a question that everyone should think about. However, if students have spontaneous questions or ideas, or if you want to know whether anyone has had a particular experience (has anyone read Catch 22?) you need a process for that and, here, hands up is a good method. Hands up to ask. Michael, thanks for putting your hand up, what’s your question? This is different to when I’m asking everyone to consider a particular question… I need Michael’s hand down so I can cold call.
6. Is this the same as using lollipop sticks? No. It’s different in important ways. Randomising who answers does reinforce the idea that everyone should prepare to answer – so it can break the habit of hands up and calling out. However, it removes the interpersonal investment a teacher has in the students. It doesn’t have the same sense of ‘Alice, I’d love to hear your thoughts, because I value your contribution‘. It’s explicitly neutral; functional. The lollistick pot has decided! That has some value and can work alongside cold calling – but is not quite as good or as responsive.
The value of cold calling is more evident than ever in remote learning during live on-screen lessons. Remote learning magnifies many of the issues that are present in a live classroom and possibly provides an opportunity to create some new habits.
Calling out and volunteering is difficult through the technology, so it’s very powerful to use lots of names in cold calling where students are on camera. Michael, what were you thinking? Safia, what did you put for number 6? It’s so important for students to feel that their teachers notice their presence and cold calling has that effect as well as supporting the checking for understanding and thinking. Of course there is the chat stream too and that often allows for some neat combinations.
I’d like everyone to find a simile the poet uses in the first stanza… Prepare the answer but don’t send. 3,2,1, and send. Then we cold call. Safia, let’s hear you explain your choice? Michael – camera trouble? OK, just explain your answer in the chat, thank you.
The ability to choose answers from the screen or from the chat is very powerful. The expectation that you could choose anyone – in a batched call, a pre-call or a straight cold call – keeps the focus; it folds people into the lesson, feeling they matter. It’s just incredibly powerful; a world away from the opposite where students can volunteer to engage and answer or, volunteer to disengage and say nothing.
If you’re not yet cold calling as a matter of routine… maybe now is the time to get practising. Make a habit of it.
I have used a no hands classroom for about a decade. It greatly increases engagement. I read somewhere the other day that when a teacher selects a student what they are often doing is getting “validation for their teaching” because it is quite likely that you will pick the student who you know has the correct answer and mostly those who put their hand up do. When you are cold calling you are also checking for misunderstandings which lead to learning. The visible thinking routines from Project Zero out of Harvard are great. Also, we have something called Talk Moves in Australia, developed from Wa, J & Bobis (2017) The literacy of mathematics. PETAA Paper, 208. We use: wait time, turn and talk, revoicing, reasoning, adding on, repeating, and revise your thinking as strategies to increase the power of classroom talk.
[…] Another affirming blog… […]
This is really great – I am getting my head around the process as I teacher train in the current situation.
Sorry to ask you here, but could I pick your brain on my “evidence informed teaching” assignment where my question is “Gamification and engagement in an online setting?” would be really interested to here your thoughts on this and the impact, good and bad it has?
Great blog post and short video, especially for creating a learning culture, where all students are actively learning, comfortable with making errors, and included in the lesson! Rather than those few students monopolising, everyone is more likely to be attending. As well, elaborating thinking processes is so important, you are creating “windows on cognitive processes”, and more likely ensuring effective learning for all students – given that others, who you didn’t ask, may have had similar misconceptions – and these are sorted through the cold call interactions around sharing thinking? Rosenshine would be thrilled to view this, I think! Thanks so much!
Refreshing. Thank you for sharing, appreciated.
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[…] The term “cold calling” is extremely prevalent at the moment, albeit the practice has existed in many classrooms for years. Doug Lemov in Teach Like a Champion explains the premise behind this and what this looks like in practice. I’d highly recommend reading the TLAC blog and checking out Tom Sherrington’s blog. […]
I really like how you make a point of using student names to value them and help them to feel able to contribute
I agree it is so important to ensure all pupils are actively encouraged to engage. So many times you see individuals dominating classroom discussions. It is so important that we encourage, scaffold and support all pupils to achieve. Let’s face the pupils with their hands up are generally the most confident and with the correct responses. We must seek out misconceptions, wherever they are.
I am also a great advocate of using accountable talk partners, where pupils all have the opportunity to voice their responses rather than hearing from the few. Adults can tune into these conversations and then again get the less confident members to respond with their great answers.
[…] T. (7/2/2021), Cold Calling: The #1 strategy for inclusive classrooms – remote and in person, […]
[…] a previous post, Cold Calling: The #1 strategy for inclusive classrooms, I’ve outlined the essence of the Cold Calling technique and why it is so powerful. […]
[…] it was essential for me to ensure that students were present throughout, and this is where cold-calling – such a crucial part of a teacher’s arsenal at any time – was indispensable. One […]
[…] covered many of the ideas in Cold Calling and Cold Call Variations, In our Walkthrus materials, we have a walkthru for Checking for […]
[…] ongoing accountability for thinking and participating through cold calling; make it the norm; the default. Do not let the same students dominate your lessons (I see this so […]
[…] students are giving through their responses. This works particularly well in conjunction with Cold Calling, so that all students form stronger habits around focusing their attention, in readiness to share […]
I have loved to be trained on Cold Calling teaching strategies.
Teacherhead – Tom Sherringham
I have enjoyed looking at your ideas and resources. I am a volunteer with the charity englishforall.org.uk supporting and teaching English to Refugees and people seeking asylum.in the north east. Currently we have 2 Sunderland University PCET trainees on an ESOL placement As their mentor I have been developing some practical training tools for them introducing key strategies such as questioning, DARTs, and other talk related approaches ie collaborative learning, pair work, barrier games etc
I have developed a Powerpoint for them and it includes some images and ideas from your blogs etc – questioning – cold calling also brief reference to effective teacher observations.
So far I have copied your web pages addresses within the ppt. However the teacher trainees have asked about posting the presentation on the university resources web pages to support their fellow students in similar placements. .
I can remove your cold calling – 5 stages and questioning images if you prefer. Please let me know what you think and how i should reference your work if permitted.
thanks for your time and of course your engaging ideas. Lesley Dolman
Hi Lesley. Please feel free to post whatever you need as long as it links back to my website and credits @teacherhead . Sounds like great work. Tom
[…] https://teacherhead.com/2021/02/07/cold-calling-the-1-strategy-for-inclusive-classrooms-remote-and-i… […]
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The knowledge can process through four stages of knowledge life cycle: creation, mobilization, diffusion and commoditization. A nurturing that is open to new ideas and adaptable to changes is necessitated for creativity and experimentation. Experimental activities create new core competencies that move companies purposefully forward and are guards against rigidity. Technology alliances, for example, develop outwise wellsprings of knowledge identify, access, use, and manage knowledge from external sources. Distribution Distribution defines how the product is to be delivered to the end-user like fax, print, email and encloses not only the medium of delivery but also its timing, frequency, form, language, and so on.
Knowledge Creation is the advancement of new knowledge and know-how innovations that did not have a previous existence within the organization. Transfer of production development capability is illustrated with the cas Argues that the knowledge management process can be categorized into knowledge creation, knowledge validation, knowledge presentation, knowledge distribution, and knowledge application activities. In general, such a balancing act requires changes in organizational culture, technologies, and techniques. One dimension that most organizational excellence frameworks highlight is the necessity of having a comprehensive learning system, which focuses on knowledge and training. The findings shed light on the potential relationship between the knowledge processes for customers and customer retention.
This completely editable presentation will not only let you represent the basic structure of a knowledge management system, the flow and communication involved, but will also let you provide an in-depth introspection of the system professionally. The second stage is identifying the source of knowledge. A set of four core technological competencies bestows competitive advantage on firms; these are the firm's skill and knowledge bases, physical technical systems, managerial systems, and values and norms that create a firm's special advantage. In knowledge production, the primary processes are individual and group learning. The objective of this phase is to support the risk examination to produce the final relevant risks which is applicable to the organization.
The slide can help you start with the idea and how its components like people, process, technology and objectives are connected to each other. Commoditization In this state, the basic knowledge is already diffused completely and the firm must manage to maintain it efficiently. Knowledge Management Life Cycle has a life cycle. Current theories of knowledge management postulate a cycle of knowledge creation, refinement and implementation that hinges on the transformation of tacit, or practical, into explicit, or discursive, knowledge. This fast growth created many problems in capturing, sharing and utilization of knowledge. This involves maintaining a connection between the knowledge and those knowledgeable about that content.
Mobilization In this stage, continuous knowledge improvement will lead to further value extraction for the organization. Simply edit the presentation the way you want, to create that everlasting professional impression. This article examines and defines the main concepts in knowledge management. Knowledge Creation - Knowledge is created either as explicit or tacit knowledge. This research aimed to present a conceptual framework of knowledge management life cycle. The users will update usefulness, and they will signal when it becomes out of date or when this knowledge is not applicable. Knowledge has become a strategic resource and a basis of competitive advantage in the organization.
The knowledge management does not have any value if knowledge created is not utilized to its potential. Many dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors within firms inhibit these activities. With so much to offer, the template set features various high definition graphics that can be altered without any hassle. Knowledge Utilization - This is end goal of knowledge practice. Till date, four models have been selected based on their ability to meet the growing demands. The more knowledge is created as knowledge is applied and utilized. There are many different knowledge management life cycle exist in the literature that describe the organization ability to create knowledge from different resources in order to be used, integrate and apply it in their business process.
There are various chances to extract value from current knowledge that has reached commodity status. The concept of knowledge management is examined in the web sites of consultancy firms, information practitioners, and other firms that claim to have benefited immensely by implementing knowledge management solutions. These stages aim on more long-range processes of matching intellectual capital to strategic needs. It means the explicit knowledge converted into explicit knowledge. The operational processes consist of the main processes: identification of need for knowledge, knowledge sharing, knowledge creation, knowledge collection and storage, and knowledge update.
Knowledge and the management of knowledge appear to be regarded as increasingly important features for organisational survival. One of the advantages of the McElroy cycle is the clear description of how knowledge is examined and a conscious decision is made as to whether or not it will be included into the organizational memory. This document sets requirements and provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, reviewing and improving an effective management system for knowledge management in organizations. These activities are oriented to present, internal, future, and external domains, and involve managers at all company levels and all functions. Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995 Reflection: Collected explicit knowledge and Information from outside the organization are combined systematically and applied to their organization. The knowledge management cycle is then rechecked as users understand and decide to make use of content.
The presentation can also let you explain the difference between information management and knowledge management. The study is focussed on the various knowledge activities of faculty members to understand the extent of impact of information systems on those activities and how those activities contribute to value creation and knowledge management. Abstract—Purpose — Achieving organizational excellence requires high-levels of commitment and coordination of multiple dimensions throughout an organization. The cycle, which is the backbone of any knowledge base management system, can also be explained. Managers must design an environment that encourages enactments of these four activities to create an organization that learns. To be able to clearly understand the requirements for effectively implement in the workplace, we may discuss the knowledge life cycle and strategies in each stages of the cycle. A firm's expertise is acquired by employees and embodied in machines, software, and institutional procedures.
This knowledge needs to be transformed into explicit knowledge so that it can recorded and shared with others in the organization. Based on the study, a framework has been proposed to assist in the successful implementation of strategic knowledge management for the achievement of organizational excellence. The observation made is that the firms are either managing information under the knowledge management nomenclature or managing work practices by instituting an information sharing culture. Such assets include tacit and codified know-how, both technical and organisational, whether or not protected by the instruments of intellectual property such as trade secrets, copyrights and patents. The results of this study suggest the presence of certain type of knowledge behaviours which facilitate knowledge management. But the objective of this phase to enable organization to be able to contribute, organize and share knowledge with.
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Rust’s impact on the industry
Once it offered a serious competitive threat to Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. Today, Mozilla’s Firefox squeaks into third place with just 12% market share of desktop browsers, according to NetMarketShare, and is worse than a rounding error among mobile browsers. Other projects, like Mozilla Thunderbird, are even less relevant.
Which is why the group’s Rust programming language is so surprising—and potentially industry changing. Hatched by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare back in 2009, Rust was built from the ground up using “elements from modern programming language design.” Think of it as a fusion of a high-level language’s flexibility and a low level’s firm control.
Essentially, Mozilla offers a tool that boosts performance and allows developers to create everything from operating systems to databases, all while avoiding the backward compatibility challenges that saddle other languages. In short, Rust has the potential to completely up-end the industry, and make Mozilla more relevant than ever.
Rust Never Sleeps
Mozilla may have lost its way, but it has been doing its best recently to claw its way back to relevancy. Projects like Electrolysis could give Firefox some multiprocess powers, while its new WebAssembly standard (to supercharge the Web) and WebVR virtual-reality streaming offer intriguing new possibilities to support emerging technologies.
But if you look past those glossy initiatives, you might see that with Rust, Mozilla already has one fundamental way to potentially resurrect itself. And it has had the tool in its back pocket for years.
Rust started as Hoare’s side project six years ago, but it didn’t get officially blessed as a Mozilla project until 2010. Despite the organization’s affiliation, it considers Rust a community affair, with many committers coming in from the outside.
Here’s how Mozilla describes Rust:
Rust is a new programming language which focuses on performance, parallelization, and memory safety. By building a language from scratch and incorporating elements from modern programming language design, the creators of Rust avoid a lot of “baggage” (backward-compatibility requirements) that traditional languages have to deal with. Instead, Rust is able to fuse the expressive syntax and flexibility of high-level languages with the unprecedented control and performance of a low-level language.
It’s that last sentence that’s so beguiling about Rust. It enables developers to write kernels, operating systems, browsers, databases, and more, things that you simply can’t realistically write in a higher-level language like Google’s Go.
On one hand Rust is a very modern language. It has generics, traits, it is expression orientated, has pattern matching, closures and a lot of other exciting features.On the other hand it is very low level, too. It doesn’t use garbage collection by default. It just defines a couple of new rules that the compiler enforces on you *at compile time* which eliminates the need for a garbage collection….
Even more exciting for Burgdorf is that Rust offers deep control over things like memory allocation. “[Rust] also lets you take deep control about heap vs stack allocations that for instance wouldn’t be possible in Go because Go’s compiler uses escape analysis to figure out if something should go on the heap,” he writes.
Although new programming languages seem to roll out at an ever-increasing rate, Rust may stand out for one simple reason: It allows for low-level language control and performance, without forcing developers to become hardcore low-level programming gurus.
New languages have an advantage whenever they can make developers’ jobs easier, but boosting their control while doing so makes it even more appealing.
Rust In Peace
Redmonk’s Stephen O’Grady points to “anecdotal evidence [that] has been accumulating for some time that the language is piquing the interest of developers from a variety of spaces.”
Those spaces could span works both new and old. As developer Jeff Waugh told me, “I reckon we’ll see lots of new things, both totally new projects and modules for existing projects, embracing Rust.”
While we may see operating systems, databases, and other projects built from the ground-up using Rust, part of its power is in extending existing projects. Mozilla’s Servo browser engine is a good example.
So some of the Servo code is Rust. Much isn’t. But the ability to improve Servo (or most any project) over time by building in Rust modules is powerful. This may be particularly true for C-based programs, writes Australian author and programmer Dave Cheney: “Rust code is expected to be embedded in other large programs which follow the C calling convention.”
Is The Future Rust?
When it comes to Rust, there’s still one nagging question: If it’s so great, why isn’t everyone using it?
Right now, it’s still (very) hard to find a job that requires Rust, as Hacker News’ hiring trends suggest. Even general interest among programmers remains low, according to Google search data.
But let’s not confuse current momentum for long-term industry impact. For instance, it would be easy to look at Go’s popularity against Rust, and conclude that Go wins and Rust loses.
That’s a false comparison, however, as Cheney explains: “Rust competes for mindshare with C++ and D for programmers who are prepared to accept more complex syntax and semantics (and presumably higher readability costs) in return for the maximum possible performance.” Meanwhile, he adds, “Go competes for mindshare in the post 2006 Internet 2.0 generation of companies who have outgrown languages like Ruby, Python, and Node.js (v8) and have lost patience with the high deployment costs of JVM based languages.” These are very different use cases, and very different audiences.
I expect Go to continue to grow, but I suspect Rust could have a deep and abiding impact on our industry’s most important programs.
As Peter Bright declares, “Rust is an attempt to offer the performance and control of a language like C or C++, while making it much harder to write the kind of security-compromising bugs that are abundant in those languages.”
By offering a huge example of Rust in action (Servo/Firefox), Mozilla can help to showcase Rust’s power for C developers (and others) longing for something better. It can also restore itself as a central force in modern application development.
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The ETC Group is speaking out to turn back the proposal to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Centigrade in conjunction with geo-engineering, please read and send an email as advised below to sign on and add your name to this letter if you can see the dangers inherent in carbon capture and storage approaches as outlined as well as geo-engineering technologies, whose use is already underway.
Seemingly out of the blue (or rather, out of the black smog of the UNFCCC process), some of the largest historical culprits for climate change, countries including the United States, Canada and the European Union, have decided to back an “ambitious goal” of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C. To achieve this, radical emissions cuts would be needed from now, but in the case of these countries, that’s not their real intention.
Instead, behind the smokescreen of a more ambitious goal, there is a set of Trojan Horse technologies being proposed, collectively called “geoengineering”.
The new proponents of the 1.5°C goal include also the largest oil companies. (*) They tell us that they can continue to burn fossil carbon and protect their assets because they are inventing something called Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) that will eventually capture CO2 emissions and store them “safely” in deep geological formations.
And, further still, they say that they can develop bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), a so-called “negative emissions” technology that will burn carbon that is locked up in the soils and forests, and bury this underground too. These are false “solutions” proposed by the oil industry, that will allow it to keep polluting in the false hope that future technological innovation can bring down emissions at a later date.
Thanks to Third World Network, for pointing to this information, and to the Guardian, for this report covering the excising of human rights language from the Paris Climate Summit conclusions, which impacts all nations but in particular affects the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in the world.
ETC Group, which, as noted on their website, “works to address the socioeconomic and ecological issues surrounding new technologies that could have an impact on the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people” and the Heinrich Boll Foundation have been sounding the alarm recently about how the synthetic biology industry–a new and growing multi-billion dollar biotech industry where new synthetic organisms can be manufactured by gene tampering and gene replacement to function as little factories–whether to output certain chemicals, or petroleum, or perfumes, or vanilla, or saffron, or anything else–is poised, not to save the world as they project, via “climate-smart agriculture” but to destroy existing eco-systems and economies, particularly in developing countries.
The animation video they have recently released is very clear-cut and informative and traces how this new biotech industry could easily become a runaway train that spells catastrophe for the planet. 10:43 minutes, well-worth watching. Written and narrated by Jim Thomas. Produced by Jocelyne Clark.
From their website:
“ETC Group and Heinrich Böll Foundation are releasing new language versions of a ten minute animated introduction to Synthetic Biology. Titled “What is Synthetic Biology ? : Engineering life and livelihoods” this short explainer cartoon, drawn by award-winning Canadian animator Marie-Josée Saint-Pierre and produced by documentary filmmaker Jocelyne Clarke was previously only available in English but is now available in French, Spanish, Portuguese and German. Additonally, a Haitian Creole version is available thanks to support from the 11th Hour Project. “
Here’s the English version, please visit their website for all other languages mentioned above:
ETC Group has also released two significant reports on Synthetic Biology in relation to the fossil-fuel industry and bio-engineering crops in agriculture, these pdfs can be found at their website, links below:
Excerpt from press release: The extreme genetic engineering industry of Synthetic biology (Syn Bio) is shrugging off earlier pretensions that it would usher in a clean, green ‘post-petroleum’ economy. Now they are partnering with big oil, coal, gas and mining interests. As the extreme biotech industry and the extreme extraction industry move towards deeper collaboration, the safety risks and climate treats emanating from both will become ever more entangled. This report details this emerging fossil-biotech alliance.
From their website, where you can find immense amounts of information on subjects related to the impacts of climate policies, agriculture, biotechnology,
From the ETC Report, Outsmarting Nature?
and ecology on developing countries and economies, they note, with reference to the recently-concluded Climate Summit in Paris:
“Farmers’ movements and their allies have already made it absolutely clear that so-called climate-smart agriculture is the wrong fix for climate change. Applying synthetic biology to the challenges that agriculture faces is doubly wrongheaded,” explains Silvia Ribeiro, ETC Group’s Latin America Director, currently en route to the Paris climate negotiations. “To cool the climate what needs to be recognized and supported is agroecological and resilient small scale and peasant farming systems, not falling for false fixes from the Big Agribusiness corporations that brought us climate change in the first place.”
“In Paris civil society will be saying we need system change to fight climate change. What we certainly don’t need are risky techno-fixes,” said Lili Fuhr of Heinrich Böll Foundation. ”Agribusiness corporations would have us believe it is better to change fundamental natural processes such as photosynthesis than to move away from industrial agriculture and its damaging impacts – that is not just insane, but fundamentally unsustainable and unjust.”
The press release from which the above is excerpted can be found here.
“Climate-Smart Agriculture” or CSA is apparently a “brand” being pushed by old industrial mavens striving to camouflage themselves as green, sustainable developers in the new Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA), and appears to be a part of the global Agenda 21/Agenda 2030 brigade, covered here in other posts.
From the ETC Report, Outsmarting Nature?
These issues in particular with reference to impacts on developing countries, ecosystems, and economies will continue to be monitored here.
To learn more about Synthetic Biology, which is apparently sweeping through the biotech world and has ensconced itself in Universities, also see this brief informative video from Grist (check Youtube for other videos): 4:23 minutes
Re-posted, with thanks, from Zen Gardner. Interview with Saudi Princess Bismah Bint Saud, a global researcher able to see the inter-connectedness of issues worldwide, who shares her views on the destruction wreaked all over the world by non-stop chem-trailing of the earth’s atmosphere.
http://StopSprayingUs-SF.com – A Saudi Princess described the ongoing geoengineering program as a weapon of mass destruction, a method of slow poisoning which threatens all life on earth. HRH Princess Basmah Bint Saud, daughter of King Saud, said Saudi skies had completely changed in the past four years, and now looked like those of London – which had also vastly changed. She said geoengineering threatens the world’s water and food supply, and without water there is no life. When you tinker with Mother Earth, you court disaster.
Geoengineering was one of the key points of the new power in the world, she said. Those behind the program had huge resources, but were playing a dangerous game with the planet’s equilibrium through geoengineering, transhumanism, nanotechnology and reckless playing with DNA.
She spoke at the Istanbul Security Conference on December 5th, 2015, where she gave a keynote speech on “Global Justice and Ethics in the Changing World Order.” http://IstanbulSecurityConference.org
Re-posted (in excerpt) from Sean Adl-Tabatabai’s post at Your News Wire, please visit for full story. Original article by writer and foreign correspondent Alex Newman at The New American.
While the absence of geo-engineering from talk of global warming at the Paris Summit is a whole big story in itself–not covered by mainstream media because they’re apparently paid not to talk about geo-engineering (as also so much else)–the other big story is about fudged data, evidence for global cooling, and global warming alarmism as strategy to push through global carbon taxes, global control, and global government. Are we tired of the word “global” yet…? I’m grateful to the scientists speaking out about these dark world-domination agendas and to the writers who are reporting them. Many thanks to Alex Newman and The New American as well as to Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Your News Wire, for this article; please visit there for the full story.
Paris Stunned As Scientists Debunk Climate Change Hysteria
An international team of scientists have stunned attendees at the UN’s climate change conference in Paris recently by debunking claims that global warming is man-made.
The scientists say that while the science refutes the UN’s claim that man-made carbon emissions are to blame for global warming, they claim that the UN is pressing ahead with its sinister ‘climate regime’ agenda, which includes: destroying industrial civilization, propping up kleptocrats with Western tax funds, and seizing control of the global economy under the guise of regulating the immensely beneficial “gas of life,” also known as carbon dioxide.
Dubbed “Day of Examining the Data,” the conference featured numerous presentations, each one debunking multiple elements of theincreasingly discredited anthropogenic (man-made) global-warming theory (AGW). From explaining the myriad benefits of carbon dioxide to the environment and mankind to highlighting the ongoing 19-year pause in warming, no intellectually honest attendee could have left the summit still believing the “climate” hysteria pushed by various governments and international outfits. Indeed, practically every fear-mongering narrative pushed at the nearby UN climate summit was mercilessly debunked with facts, data, logic, and common sense. Later in the day, the film Climate Hustle brutally exposing the climate alarmism premiered at a nearby cinema in Paris, earning nothing but profuse praise from attendees.
Among the scientists speaking at the realist summit were Dr. Robert Carter, former chief of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University. “Global warming is not happening,” he explained, even noting that long-term cooling was predicted. Carter’s presentation was especially fascinating because it totally shredded the outlandish notion that CO2 — exhaled by humans and critical to life — is “carbon pollution” in need of regulation. In fact, he said, even at current atmospheric concentrations, the Earth and the plants it supports are “starving” for more CO2. And in the past, CO2 concentrations were some 10 to 15 times higher. “Attempting to stop climate change is an exercise in utter futility,” he added, noting in an interview with The New American that nobody would seriously consider trying to “stop” earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Also speaking at the summit was Dr. Willie Soon, an astrophysicist and geoscientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), he explained, “is totally anti-science, and is harming science.” Emphasizing the massive role played by the sun in the Earth’s incomprehensibly complex climate system, Soon narrowed in on one particular claim in the IPCC report on the issue that he said made a complete mockery of science. “The IPCC is pure gangster science,” he explained. Speaking to The New American after his presentation, Soon said the vicious attacks against his character and family by global-warming alarmists had only motivated him to work harder. Rather than launching personal attacks, he said, critics should instead focus on the data and his conclusions published in the peer-reviewed literature.
Another top scientist at the summit was University of Virginia Professor Emeritus Dr. Fred Singer, founder of the Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) and the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. “There has been no statistically significant warming in 18 years,” he told the summit, showing a slide comparing observed temperatures with the various bogus predictions made by “climate models” relied upon by the UN, all of which predicted warming as CO2 increased. “The models don’t work. We should not use them to make policy.” He also noted that carbon dioxide — “the original plant food,” as he called it — is very valuable. “Plants are starving. They want more CO2,” Singer added.
Essentially, the internationally respected scientist continued, the climate has always changed due to natural forces — warming, cooling, and so on — from the beginning. And so, that means the obvious hypothesis that natural forces are still driving climate change, as they always have, must be shown to be false by proponents of the man-made climate change propaganda. In other words, the burden to show that the recent minor changes are attributable to mankind is on the alarmists who want to empower the UN, control CO2, and redistribute wealth. So far, though, the alarmists have failed, and they have a tough job ahead, Singer said.
“This is about money and power,” Singer told The New American in an interview, adding that governments had purchased the cooperation of many scientists on climate alarmism. “Science plays a small role, and mostly it’s being misused.” “It’s a matter of really trying to control things,” Singer said, noting that control of CO2 means control of economies and ultimately, people. What is being plotted right now at the nearby UN COP21 summit, he added, is a “direct subsidy to kleptocracies,” which are pocketing the climate loot and hiding it in their bank accounts. “It’s a matter of the poor in rich countries supporting the rich in the poor countries,” Singer concluded.
Exclusive Reportage on Counter-Terrorism “Manufactured-Target” Targeting & Gross Human Rights Violations in Amoral Human Experimentation Crimes by Intelligence Agencies, Law (Lie) Enforcement, & US/NATO Military Divisions: Off-the-Charts Torture & Abuse of “Targeted Individuals”
GLOBAL BRAIN ENSLAVEMENT, DNA BIORESONANCE, & EXOTIC MILITARY TECH: TARUN RAVI REPORTS | REPORT 296 | At Bitchute | At Brighteon | At Odysee | At Rumble | Posted Oct 4, 2022
CARNICOM DISCLOSURE UPDATE 2022 – PANEL 2 | BIOTECH TRANSFORMATION VS RESILIENCE IN DIVINE CREATION | At all channels | Posted Sep 28, 2022 Report 295 | Michelle Ford/California Assembly on Restoring Your Status as American on Land & Soil | At Bitchute | Brighteon | Odysee | Rumble| Posted Sep 25, 2022
Free Keene’s web site/A peace-liberty-voluntarism project pursuing and promoting peaceful living in Free Keene, New Hampshire
Free State Project
Free State Project’s website/A Liberty in our Lifetime project in New Hampshire, pursuing liberty, community, and peaceful living
New Earth Project
New Earth Project website/Open platform to unite humanity and create initiatives to support the emergence of absolute freedom and sovereign creative expression for all
Public Intelligence Blog
Blog for Earth Intelligence Network, Phi Beta Iota the Public Intelligence Blog/Promotes hybrid transparent governance, collective intelligence, true cost economics, and whole systems understanding
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Boom, Bust, and Recovery in the World Economy
NEW YORK - This global economic crisis will go down in history as Greenspan's Folly. This is a crisis made mainly by the United States Federal Reserve Board during the period of easy money and financial deregulation from the mid-1990's until today.
This easy-money policy, backed by regulators who failed to regulate, created unprecedented housing and consumer credit bubbles in the US and other countries, notably those that shared America's policy orientation. The bubble has now burst, and these economies are heading into a steep recession.
At the core of the crisis was the run-up in housing and stock prices, which were way out of line with historical benchmarks. Greenspan stoked two bubbles - the Internet bubble of 1998-2001 and the subsequent housing bubble that is now bursting. In both cases, increases in asset values led US households to think that they had become vastly wealthier, tempting them into a massive increase in their borrowing and spending - for houses, automobiles, and other consumer durables.
Financial markets were eager to lend to these households, in part because the credit markets were deregulated, which served as an invitation to reckless lending. Because of the boom in housing and stock market prices, US household net wealth increased by around $18 trillion during 1996-2006. The rise in consumption based on this wealth in turn raised house prices further, convincing households and lenders to ratchet up the bubble another notch.
This has all come crashing down. Housing prices peaked in 2006, and equity prices peaked in 2007. With the collapse of these bubbles, paper wealth of perhaps $10 trillion, or even as much as $15 trillion, will be wiped out.
Several complex things are now happening simultaneously. First, households are cutting back sharply on consumption, since they feel - and are - vastly poorer than they were a year ago. Second, several highly leveraged institutions, such as Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers, have gone bankrupt, causing further losses of wealth (of these failed institutions' shareholders and creditors) and a further loss of credit that these firms once supplied.
Third, commercial banks also lost heavily in these dealings, wiping out much of their capital. As their capital declines, so, too, do their future loans. Fourth, and finally, the failure of Lehman Brothers and near failure of the insurance giant AIG, incited a financial panic, in which even healthy firms are unable to obtain short-term bank loans or sell short-term commercial paper.
The challenge for policymakers is to restore enough confidence that companies can once again obtain short-term credit to meet their payrolls and finance their inventories. The next challenge will be to push for a restoration of bank capital, so that commercial banks can once again lend for longer-term investments.
But these steps, urgent as they are, will not prevent a recession in the US and other countries hit by the crisis. The stock and housing markets are unlikely to recover any time soon. Households are poorer as a result, and will cut back sharply on their spending, making a recession inevitable in the short run.
The US will be hardest hit, but other countries with recent housing and consumption booms (and now busts) - particularly the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and Spain - will be hit as well. Iceland, which privatized and deregulated its banks a few years ago, now faces national bankruptcy, because its banks will not be able to pay off foreign creditors who lent heavily to them. It is no coincidence that, with the exception of Spain, all of these countries explicitly adhered to the US philosophy of "free-market" and under-regulated financial systems.
But, whatever the pain felt in the deregulated Anglo-Saxon-style economies, none of this must inevitably cause a global calamity. I do not see any reason for a global depression, or even a global recession. Yes, the US will experience a decline in income and a sharp rise in unemployment, lowering the rest of the world's exports to the US. But many other parts of the world that still grow. Many large economies, including China, Germany, Japan, and Saudi Arabia, have very large export surpluses, and so have been lending to the rest of the world (especially to the US) rather than borrowing.
These countries are flush with cash, and are not burdened by the collapse of a housing bubble. Although their households have suffered to some extent from the fall in equity prices, they not only can continue to grow, but they can also increase their internal demand to offset the decline in exports to the US. They should now cut taxes, ease domestic credit conditions, and increase government investments in roads, power, and public housing. They have enough foreign-exchange reserves to avoid the risk of financial instability from increasing their domestic spending, as long as they do it prudently.
As for the US, the current undeniable pain for millions of people, which will grow next year as unemployment rises, is an opportunity to rethink the economic model adopted since President Ronald Reagan came to office in 1981. Low taxes and deregulation produced a consumer binge that felt good while it lasted, but also produced vast income inequality, a large underclass, heavy foreign borrowing, neglect of the environment and infrastructure, and now a huge financial mess. The time has come for a new economic strategy - in essence a new New Deal.
Watch below Professor Jeffrey Sachs giving a testimony on the Financial Crisis to the U.S.Senate on November 20, 2008:
Below Fareed Zakaria's interview with Robert Rubin, who was Bill Clinton's Secratary of Treasury and is an adviser for Barack Obama on economic issues. The interview took place on October 3, 2008.
Video part one:
Video part two:
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Creating & Sustaining An Inclusive Campus Culture: Addressing Microaggressions, Implicit Bias & Other Exclusionary Events
Challenge - Creating An Inclusive Campus Culture
- How can we address diversity and inclusion issues without a common understanding of key concepts?
- What strategies do individuals use to address moments of discrimination, microaggressions, or other exclusionary behavior?
- How can diversity and inclusion administrators gain buy-in across campus to implement programs, initiatives, and strategies for inclusion?
Participants will gain an understanding of important diversity and inclusion concepts and learn strategies to address microaggressions. We will explore ways that they can infuse the work of diversity and inclusion into their university through examination of their campus culture, values, mission, and vision.
When it comes to microaggressions, implicit bias, and other exclusionary incidents, no campus is immune. However, most campuses hold a vision, mission, and campus community statements that include the importance of diversity, inclusion, and social justice. As campuses continue to become more diverse, the disconnect between the university community and the experiences of its students, staff, and faculty are more visible. All university staff and faculty must understand essential diversity and inclusion concepts, explore their own identities and biases, and develop strategies on how to both intervene during exclusionary situations and identify opportunities for strategic university change toward inclusion. Join the presenter as she shares critical concepts in diversity and inclusion work, provides opportunities for self-reflection, and strategies useful for all campus members when addressing and intervening in moments of exclusion, bias, and microaggressions.
- Understand the issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion at universities across campus and reflect on their campus climate and culture
- Examine key inclusion concepts including group memberships, implicit bias, intent v. impact, and microaggressions
- Investigate the effects of microaggressions and exclusionary behavior for students, staff, and faculty
- Explore strategies for addressing bias, microaggressions, and exclusion on campus through systemic change, ongoing training, and simple everyday actions like micro-affirmations
- Explore and investigate their own identities and biases to continue to advance the work of inclusion
- Student Services/Affairs
- Diversity and Multicultural Affairs Offices
- Advising, Success, and Retention Offices
- Any educator interested in learning more about diversity and inclusion
"To create inclusive campus environments all members of the community need to feel responsible and involved in its development. An inclusive campus thinks about the needs of all members, including students, staff, and faculty and must be nimble and diligent in creating positive, systemic change to further inclusion, equity, and justice when necessary."
Naomi Sigg is the Vice President for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at John Carroll University and plays a major role in the development of DEI and campus climate initiatives on campus. In her role, she oversees the Division of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion which includes the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion, Title IX, and the Student Accessibility Services. Naomi is a certified Green Dot Facilitator, Sustained Dialogue Moderator, and holds a Certificate in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Workplace.
Before joining John Carroll University, Naomi served as the Senior Associate Dean of Students and the Director of Multicultural Affairs. During her tenure at CWRU, Naomi, along with her team, developed the three-hour Diversity 360 educational module for undergraduate and graduate students which serves as a common experience, setting a foundation for key identity, diversity, equity, and inclusion concepts. The program is facilitated by over 175 trained faculty, staff, and students. To date, over 12,000 students have been through the program.
As a strong advocate for underrepresented and marginalized communities, Naomi collaborated with students in the creation of several new organizations including, the Undergraduate Diversity Collaborative, the Black Student Union, Voices: A Women of Color Collaborative and the Indigenous Alliance for Native American and Indigenous communities on campus. Naomi often presents her work at regional and national conferences, including the International Conference on Conflict Resolution and Education, the National Conference on Race and Ethnicity (NCORE), the American College Personnel Association (ACPA), the Midwest Asian American Students Union (MAASU), and the Ohio Consortium for Multicultural Centers in Higher Education (OCMCHE). Naomi was the recipient of the Mather Spotlight Award presented by the Flora Stone Mather Center for Women, the awardee of the Ohio College Personnel Association’s Equity and Inclusion Award, and along with colleagues from Case Western Reserve University she received the National Dialogue Award presented by the Sustained Dialogue International Institute. Recently, Naomi received the G. Dean Patterson, People Are Most Important Award presented to a staff member, faculty member, or alumnus of the university who has consistently made students feel valued, affirmed students' sense of belonging, and treats students with respect.
As an Ohio native, Naomi received both her undergraduate and graduate degrees from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio before spending eight years at Washington University in St. Louis working on diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts.
Bio current as of August 2022.
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Is the price for Go2K a one-time fee or an annual fee?
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Your on-demand portal includes automated certificates of completion and can be printed or downloaded after completing the training. The live events do not include automated certificates. However, we can provide you a fillable certificate PDF to share with faculty and staff.
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For your on-demand trainings, we provide you with a monthly usage report as well as an evaluation report. Upon request, we can provide annual or bi-annual registration reports for any live orders.
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How are colleges using Go2O?
Colleges are using Go2O in a variety of ways:
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- With Advisors & Counselors
- Extended Learning Institute
- FYE & Student Success Courses
- Online FYE Seminar
- Extra Credit
- Financial Aid Appeal
- College Level English Requirement
- Supplemental Instruction
- Target Online Learners
- Student Disability Office
- Writing Center
- Can be required by faculty
- Student Success Course
Which workshops are your top rated?
We take quality seriously, and so all of our workshops are top notch in terms of content and look. However, if we know how you plan to use StudentLingo (FYE, Retention, Probation, TRIO, etc.), we can make workshop recommendations.
Funding is a little tight, how many workshops can I get for $XX?
You can buy the entire StudentLingo package (50 workshops) or we offer several a la carte options. Unlike a lot of other software companies, we don’t charge per user, so we can work with any budget. We recommend talking to other departments on campus to increase your purchasing power and to share the cost. Also, we do have a pay model whereby students pay directly. If you are interested in learning more about this option, give us a call.
Is there an admin view?
This is a feature of our platform, but comes at an additional cost. With the admin view, you get access to more advanced reporting, and you have it in real time. With the standard membership, you get monthly reports.
How have other schools leveraged reporting?
- One of our partners, College of Southern Nevada, used StudentLingo to measure learning outcomes. in a study, one class had access to StudentLingo and the other cohort did not. 92% of the cohort with access to StudentLingo earned a whole letter grade higher than the cohort without StudentLingo.
- A lot of our partners use the data to justify funding for grants, operating dollars, or for new program development.
- The evaluation data is particularly useful in identifying what type of learning students prefer and the qualitative takeaways from viewing the workshop.
- Some of our partners use the data to connect with their student information system, like Banner or Peoplesoft.
- I think a great way to get started on how you want to use the data is to ask yourself some questions:
- How will I know if StudentLingo was successful?
- What do I hope students will gain from access to StudentLingo?
- What data is important for me to know in order to show that StudentLingo is a worthwhile purchase?
What is TutorLingo?
TutorLingo is a series of 9 online training modules that prepare tutors by providing the basic skills necessary to support their peers in becoming more independent and strategic learners.
Should the TutorLingo trainings be viewed in any particular order?
No, each training is a stand-alone workshop, and they can be viewed in any order.
What is the CRLA?
The CRLA is a group of student-oriented professionals active in the fields of reading, learning assistance, developmental education, tutoring, and mentoring. In 1989, the CRLA created a training program that is considered ‘best-practice’ for tutor training. A fews years ago, Innovative Educators partnered with the CRLA to create supplementary training modules. Our training supports learning centers in achieving level 1 certification through CRLA.
Do CRLA members receive a discount on TutorLingo?
Yes. CRLA members receive a 10% discount on TutorLingo.
Is there an admin view?
Yes. The admin view is an upgrade and costs $500, but gives you the ability to access completion data more efficiently and in real time. If you don’t want the admin view, we provide monthly usage reports.
What is ParentLingo?
ParentLingo is a go-to resource that institutions can easily share with parents to encourage student independence, growth & success. ParentLingo is a shared resource that recognizes and includes parents as partners in the educational process.
What is the cost?
Please contact us for pricing information. Email email@example.com or 303-955-0415.
What features are included?
- 8 Targeted Modules For Parents Branding (Logo On Every Page)
- ADA Compliant & Responsive Design
- Promotional Materials
- Registration (First Name, Last Name, Email)
- 8 Targeted Modules For Parents Branding (Logo On Every Page)
- ADA Compliant & Responsive Design
- Promotional Materials
- Completion Reports & Standard Evaluations
- Custom Branding (Logo & Institutional Photos)
- 3 Additional Registration Points
- Add & Edit Custom Content
- Customizable Evaluations & Surveys Advanced Reporting
- Designated Instructional Designer
- Flexible Pricing (College Payment Option Or Parents Pay Directly)
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Sorbfloc® is a biodegradable flocculant for cleaning wastewater. It replaces toxic chemicals and promotes a greener wastewater treatment industry.
Globally, 80 per cent of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without being treated or reused, causing harm to aquatic animals and disease in humans who use polluted water as a drinking source. The remaining 20 per cent is normally treated with synthetic polymers that are potentially harmful to the environment.
One of these is polyacrylamide (PAM), a persistent, water-soluble polymer often regarded as more eco-friendly than insoluble polymers. Recent research suggests, though, that PAMs may be nanoplastics that can bioaccumulate in organisms and pollute natural water resources.
Sorbfloc® is an eco-friendly flocculent for wastewater treatment made of biopolymers – non-toxic, biodegradable compounds that can replace harmful PAMs. The biopolymers capture organic and inorganic particles in the wastewater, forming them into larger masses that are easily removed in the treatment process.
Sorbfloc® must be combined with a very small, non-toxic amount of a cross binder. Sorbwater Technology provides aluminium and iron as a cross binder and can provide assistance with mixing and dosing
Sorbfloc® has a wide range of treatment areas – from municipal wastewater and grey water and to tank wash water and industrial wastewater. One promising area is land-based aquaculture, where Sorbfloc® can be used in existing filtration systems, and the treated water can be released into the ocean without harm to marine life.
Wastewater treatment plants currently using PAMS or other synthetic polymers can easily switch to Sorbfloc® without investing in a new system or additional hardware. This keeps the cost low for treatment plants seeking greener alternatives.
Moreover, because Sorbfloc® is non-toxic, the sludge produced during wastewater treatment can be upcycled into other products such fertiliser and animal feed, which promotes the circular economy.
The wastewater treatment chemicals market size is currently valued at USD 22 billion and is estimated to reach USD 35 billion by 2023.
Sustainable water treatment solutions are more sought-after than ever due to increasing environmental concerns, a greater focus on public health and more stringent government regulations.
Sorbfloc® is currently being used in wastewater treatment in the Netherlands, Norway, the UK and the US. The company plans to expand into other European countries as well as the Middle East and South America.
Biodegradable, non-toxic solution
Reduces use of harmful chemicals in wastewater treatment
Easy to use, promotes healthy aquatic ecosystems, enables sludge upcycling
Sorbfloc® promotes sustainable water treatment to meet the world’s growing demand for clean water.
Sorbfloc® uses biodegradable compounds, reduces the use of harmful chemicals and enables sludge upcycling, which contributes to the circular economy.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/biodegradable-flocculant-for-greener-wastewater-treatment/
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The robots that helped build the James Webb Telescope
Last week, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope began preparing for a three-month long process of aligning the 18 hexagonal mirror segments that make up the telescope’s mirror. The process begins by moving each segment upwards by just 12.5 mm.
These mirrors were made for movin’, and that’s just what they’ll do.#ICYMI, last Friday we launched our mirror motor tracker. On https://t.co/1OTI2bYnfR, you can track our individual mirror segments as they move upward by 12.5 mm to prep for a 3-month mirror alignment process. pic.twitter.com/p2MdbjeaXQ
— NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb) January 18, 2022
The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest telescope to ever be launched into space. With all of its mirror segments unfolded, it’s around the size of a tennis court.
NASA’s engineers had to place each hexagonal piece with extreme precision. To do so, they used a robotic arm that can move in six directions. The arm was controlled by a custom hexapod created by PI USA. The hexapod was placed at the end of the robotic arm to ensure that each piece was placed in the correct spot.
“In order for the combination of mirror segments to function as a single mirror they must be placed within a few millimeters of one another, to fraction-of-a-millimeter accuracy. A human operator cannot place the mirrors that accurately, so we developed a robotic system to do the assembly,” NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Program Director Eric Smith said.
Placing the pieces required two teams of engineers to work simultaneously. The first was dedicated to controlling the robotic arm and maneuvering it around the structure of the telescope.
The other team worked to take measurements with lasers as the segments were placed, bolted and glued.
“Instead of using a measuring tape, a laser is used to measure distance very precisely,” Garry Matthews, Harris Corporation’s James Webb Space Telescope’s assembly integration and test director, said. “Based off of those measurements a coordinate system is used to place each of the primary mirror segments. The engineers can move the mirror into its precise location on the telescope structure to within the thickness of a piece of paper.”
The James Webb Space Telescope was launched in December, 2021. It is designed to last in space for at least five and a half years. Ideally, however, NASA is hoping the telescope will continue operating for 10 years.
The telescope will build and expand on the work of the Hubble Space Telescope. It will orbit around one million miles from Earth to see some of the first galaxies formed in the universe.
The post The robots that helped build the James Webb Telescope appeared first on The Robot Report.
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Lift height measurement in heavy-duty lifters
The supports on bridges must be renewed from time to time. The supports bear the weight of the bridge superstructure and absorb vibrations and expansions of the bridge. As the properties of the rubber bearings change over time, they must be replaced regularly. For such maintenance work, the bridge piers are lifted by 10 to 15 mm with heavy-duty lifters. After the maintenance work has been completed, the superstructure is lowered onto the new supports. When lifting bridges, it is important that the lifting process is absolutely synchronous so that no torsion forces can act on the bridge. Therefore, a draw-wire sensor is integrated in each heavy-duty lifter, which reports the current stroke to the control system.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.micro-epsilon.in/applications/branch/building_automation/Hubhoehenmessung-Schwerlastheber/
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Strong storage infrastructure can bring down energy costs by increasing grid efficiency and improving reliability and flexibility.
Why is storage significant?
The sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't move 24 hours a day. But, the sun is always shining and the wind is always moving – somewhere. Low-cost renewable energy production ebbs and flows, but a diverse electric grid coupled with investments in energy storage ensures reliability and resilience for generations to come.
CGA supports competitive and reliable energy storage systems across the Midwest. Our advocacy is based on the vast range of benefits energy storage provides. It can integrate resources, reduce negative environmental impacts, save customers money, and increase the reliability and resilience of the grid. Battery storage is economic today and ready to address many of the challenges our grid faces – now and into the future.
- Increase deployment of storage, especially near or colocated with renewables, to reduce congestion on transmission lines.
- Allow both utilities and renewable energy developers to own Storage as a Transmission Only Assets (SATOAs).
- Develop policies to accommodate long-term storage (>2-4-hour storage), which can significantly advance renewable energy deployment toward a 100% renewable grid.
- Advocate for developing and implementing market rules for wind-storage and solar-storage hybrid resources.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://cleangridalliance.org/focus-areas/storage
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Any licensed driver should know that every vehicle comes with a series of symbols on the dash that help to communicate to the driver various problems or changes in the function of the vehicle. However, if your last driving test was more than a decade ago, you may be a little rusty on the dash light meanings. Learning or relearning car light meanings is necessary to ensure that you can respond to an emergency situation as soon as a dash symbol appears.
Some safety lights in the dash inform the driver of potential problems with the car, like a battery warning or oil pressure warning, but other dashboard lights express changes in how the car is operating so that you as the driver can adjust to the change in function. An example of this active change is traction control, which helps the tires grip slippery pavement while you drive. Refresh your memory of these car light symbols and more important car warning lights below.
1. Battery Warning
The battery warning light is relatively easy to decipher. It’s usually red and it looks like a standard car battery with a plus and minus symbol on either side. This is an indicator meaning that something is wrong with the vehicle’s charging system. Though the symbol is of a battery, it should be noted that the issue could also be with the alternator, a corroded battery cable, or any other fault in the electrical system.
It’s important to pull over and stop the car as soon as it’s safe to do so if you see this light. Call a tow truck and have your vehicle checked out by an automotive professional. If you don’t pull over, then it’s likely that the engine will stall when the battery drains, leaving you to coast to the side of the road, if it’s safe, or be stuck in the middle of the road.
RELATED: The Best Places to Buy a Car Battery
2. Engine Temperature Warning
A car’s engine and transmission heat up when running, so vehicles are equipped with several systems to help regulate engine and transmission temperature to prevent overheating. However, if a problem occurs, like a broken water pump, a leak in the radiator, worn internal components, or low transmission fluid levels, then the engine temperature warning or transmission temperature warning lights would illuminate in the dashboard.
The engine temperature warning symbol is depicted as a red thermometer that indicates the engine is overheating when it lights up. Pull over immediately and have the vehicle towed to the nearest mechanic for assessment and repairs.
The transmission temperature warning symbol is typically a yellow or red thermometer that is surrounded by a gear. Similarly, when this light turns on, you need to pull over to prevent serious damage to the transmission of the vehicle.
3. Oil Pressure Warning
The oil pressure warning light can come on if there are low oil levels, a worn oil pump, a leak in the oil pan, or if there are any other worn internal components. When you see an illuminated red oil can, that indicates there is a problem with oil circulation throughout the engine. Therefore, it’s important to check the oil levels and inspect the vehicle for any leaks or obvious problems.
The car symbols in the dash are essential for preventing further damage to the vehicle once a problem has been detected, so if you can find the issue, it’s best to take the vehicle to a professional mechanic to assess and make repairs. Keep in mind that driving a vehicle with poor oil circulation will lead to premature engine wear and could cause the engine to overheat or even seize up entirely.
4. Check Engine Light
If you aren’t familiar with the check engine light, then you’re likely one of very few drivers who can make that claim. This dash light is so well known because it comes on for any engine-related issue, including serious problems, like a loss of compression. It also can illuminate if the gas cap isn’t tight enough or let the driver know of other issues that have simple fixes.
The symbol is typically the outline of an engine that is either red or yellow. If you see this symbol, don’t ignore it. Check the car for any simple problems that could be causing the warning light to turn on and if you don’t spot anything immediately, book an appointment to have a mechanic diagnose the issue.
5. Brake Warning
A red circle with an exclamation mark or a capital “P” in the center is the brake warning symbol. This dash light can be illuminated because the parking brake is still engaged, or it may be indicating a problem with the braking system. Engage and release the parking brake to see if this turns the light off. If it doesn’t, then have the vehicle towed for repairs because it might not be safe to drive.
The anti-lock braking system has its own dash light depicted as the letters “ABS” in the center of a red or yellow circle. Issues with the ABS system can cause reduced braking performance, so it’s a good idea to have the vehicle checked out as soon as you can. Possible causes for the brake warning or ABS warning light to come on include a faulty wheel speed sensor, worn brake pads, a problem with the ABS controller, or even low brake fluid levels.
6. Tire Pressure Warning
Easy to recognize as a red or yellow exclamation point in the center of a vehicle tire, the tire pressure warning dash light usually means that the tires are under- or overinflated. Modern vehicles can be equipped with individual tire pressure monitoring systems so the driver can check the pressure of each tire to ensure that it is balanced. If you don’t have this system in your vehicle, you will need to check the tire pressure manually.
If this light comes on while you are driving, pull over and check for any flat or severely underinflated tires. Use a tire pressure gauge to ensure the tire pressure meets the recommendations for your vehicle. The owner’s manual will usually provide this information, and many gas stations have air pumps to inflate your tire. If the tire is flat, either call for a tow or jack the car up in a safe location and replace the flat with a spare tire.
RELATED: 14 Things You Never Thought to Keep in Your Car
7. Traction Control
The traction control symbol has a dash light meaning that is not an immediate cause for concern. Depicted by a car and two S-shaped lines, the traction control dash light comes on when the vehicle activates the traction control function. This function automatically applies the brakes to help prevent slipping during acceleration and typically engages when the vehicle is driving on icy, snowy, or wet surfaces, including pavement, sand, and gravel.
8. Low Fuel Warning
If the gas cap is loose or if the vehicle is almost out of fuel, then the low fuel warning will come on to indicate to the driver that it’s time to pull over and fill up the tank. The symbol for this warning light is a yellow or red gas pump. Some vehicles may also have a navigation system that responds to the low fuel warning by automatically locating the nearest gas station and providing this information on the navigation display.
9. Washer Fluid Indicator
A yellow windshield icon with a small wiper blade depicted at mid-wipe is the symbol used to indicate that the washer fluid levels are low. This isn’t an urgent matter in most circumstances, though it can be hazardous to drive in the winter without washer fluid due to the amount of dirt and grime that gets sprayed up on the windshield in the snow. When you get the chance, stop at a gas station or any other store that sells washer fluid and fill up the washer fluid reservoir.
10. Seat Belt Reminder
Seat belts are designed to keep the driver and passengers safe in the case of an accident, and if you aren’t wearing a seat belt you can be pulled over and ticketed. To help keep you safe and avoid tickets, the seat belt reminder light stays illuminated until the driver and any passengers put on their seat belts. The symbol for this dash light is the outline of a person wearing a seat belt.
11. Airbag Indicator
The airbag or supplemental restraint system (SRS) is responsible for tightening the seatbelts and deploying the vehicle’s airbags in the event of an emergency. If the airbag indicator light comes on, then this means there is a problem with the SRS system that could prevent the airbags from deploying or even the seatbelts from tightening properly, putting the driver and any passengers at risk.
The airbag indicator symbol is usually a red airbag icon, but it can also be seen as the letters “SRS.” Get the vehicle inspected by a professional mechanic to determine the problem before resuming normal use.
12. High Beam Light Indicator
There are several car lights that are simply used to inform the driver about the current function of the vehicle. The high beam light indicator is a blue headlight symbol that means the high beams are currently active. If you are driving in the city or toward another vehicle on a highway, it’s a good idea to turn the high beams off so you don’t blind others.
A green headlight symbol with slightly angled green lines will be illuminated if the vehicle’s low beam or dipped beam setting is active. The same green headlight symbol with a vertical squiggly line passing through the three angled lines indicates that the fog lights are turned on, making it easier to see in foggy conditions.
13. Security Alert
The security alert dash light symbol is a car with a key or a padlock. If a vehicle has a security system, then it may have a security light on the dash that will illuminate when the security system disables the ignition system to deter thieves. It also can blink occasionally just to show that the system is active. However, if the security light comes on while driving, then you may have a problem with the ignition system, so it’s important to have the vehicle diagnosed and repaired if necessary.
14. Power Steering Warning
The symbol for power steering is a red or yellow steering wheel. It may also have an exclamation point on one side of the steering wheel, depending on the make and model of the car. Typically, the power steering warning light comes on when the vehicle detects an issue with the steering system.
With this warning, you will need to take the vehicle to a mechanic to have the problem assessed if the vehicle has electric power steering (EPS). Vehicles with hydraulic power steering may only need the power steering fluid topped off, but it’s still a good idea to schedule a maintenance appointment.
RELATED: Old-School Car Maintenance Tricks All Drivers Should Know
15. Press Brake Indicator
An automatic transmission system will not allow the driver to shift out of park unless the brake pedal is pressed down. The press brake indicator light is intended to signal to the driver that this system is active, and it’s usually depicted as a green foot inside a circle. Similarly, a manual transmission system may be equipped with a press clutch indicator that is depicted as an orange shoe inside an orange circle. Make sure to press the clutch when changing gears and shifting out of “park.”
16. Powertrain Fault Warning
Similar to the check engine light, the powertrain fault warning is a symbol that can turn on for various problems with the system, such as low voltage, a faulty oil cooler, or problems with the powertrain or all-wheel drive (AWD) system. It is depicted as a yellow wrench that’s easy to spot on the dash. Speak to a licensed mechanic to diagnose the issue and make any necessary repairs.
What are all the lights on the dashboard mean? ›
Green or blue lights simply let you know that a system is on or operating. Orange/yellow warning lights generally signify that your vehicle needs to be serviced or repaired soon. These warnings are less urgent than if you have a red and/or flashing light. A red light means that you should take action immediately!What are 5 lights that might light up on your dashboard to tell you something needs attention or repair in your car? ›
- Engine Temperature Warning Light. ...
- Oil Pressure Warning Light. ...
- Battery Charging Warning Light. ...
- Brake Warning Light. ...
- Check Engine Light.
- Oil Pressure Warning Light.
- Temperature Warning Light.
- Battery Low Warning Light.
The check engine light is usually the most serious and feared warning because of the kind of damage it can signal. This warning often indicates the potential for serious engine damage. When ignored, your vehicle could suffer from a blown head gasket or a seized engine.How many dashboard lights are there? ›
There are well over 100 different dashboard warning lights in use by car manufacturers. While there are lights for every conceivable system and situation, the lights can be broken down into five broad categories: engine, brakes, safety, lights and stability & traction control.Which dashboard lights let you know when the engine needs service? ›
Red, Yellow/Orange, Green, and Blue Lights
A red warning light demands immediate attention (don't drive any further), while yellow/orange warning lights indicate a problem that needs to be serviced soon. If you see a green or blue light, this normally indicates that a certain car function is on or currently in use.
Some cars may warn of a transmission fault by flashing the overdrive light or displaying a string of text in the driver's information center. Others will display a symbol depicting a gear with an exclamation mark or a thermometer (for transmission over temperature) inside.What color is the dash light that tells you your high beams are on? ›
Various Light Indicators
The blue light indicates the High Beam headlights are on (be sure to dim these for oncoming traffic.) A similar light, but green, indicates the Low Beam headlights are on. A light symbol with the dashes pointed downward, usually with a slash through the dashes, means the fog lights are on.
The Master Warning light is used to notify you of a potential problem with one or more of your vehicle's advanced systems. It will be accompanied by a message in your car's vehicle information display with a more detailed system message.What are emergency warning lights? ›
Emergency vehicle lighting is generally used to clear the right of way for emergency vehicles, or to warn approaching motorists of potential hazards, such as a vehicle that is stopped or moving slower than the rate of traffic, or a car that has been pulled over.
What does (!) Mean in a car? ›
In the event that you see an exclamation mark with a circle around it in your dash, that means something is wrong with your brakes. There may be a problem with brake components or the hydraulic fluid may need a top-off. Stop the car and call a tow truck as soon as you safely can.What dash light looks like a fish? ›
The tire pressure light looks like a fish bowl with an exclamation point in the center. This light commonly comes on during the winter months when the temperature drops and the air pressure decreases.When should I worry about dashboard lights? ›
Green: the system is working correctly or is currently in use. Yellow: something is not working correctly - take extra care and check it out as soon as possible. Red: there is a serious, and potentially dangerous problem - stop driving as soon as it is safe to do so.What warning light looks like a teapot? ›
Engine Oil Pressure Warning Light
The engine oil pressure light looks like a teapot with a droplet coming out of it. A common misconception is that this light comes on when the oil level is low. However, it may be a more serious issue than that.
There are three types of dashboards: operational, strategic, and analytical.What are the dashboard displays? ›
Contemporary dashboards may include the speedometer, tachometer, odometer, engine coolant temperature gauge, and fuel gauge, turn indicators, gearshift position indicator, seat belt warning light, parking-brake warning light, and engine-malfunction lights.
- Symbol #1 - The Engine Light (or the check engine light) ...
- Symbol #2 - Battery Alert Light. ...
- Symbol #3 - Low fuel light. ...
- Symbol #4 - Engine overheating icon. ...
- Symbol #5 - Transmission Temperature Warning. ...
- Symbol #6 - Oil Pressure Warning. ...
- Symbol #7 - Low Tire Pressure.
The two types of headlights are low beam and high beam, which allow drivers to see the road in the dark and make themselves visible to other motorists. Other car lights include DRLs, sidelights, and fog lights.How many lights should a car have? ›
On the exterior, the car has at least nine types of lights spread from the front to the back. But on some types of cars, there are also lights on the side of the body.What is the most common check engine light? ›
Oxygen Sensor Malfunction
One of the most common reasons your check engine light may come on is that your oxygen sensor is failing. Your local auto repair shop in Western Washington can replace it for you quickly, which will restore your vehicle's ability to measure unburned oxygen in its exhaust system.
What symbol means you need an oil change? ›
Engine Oil Level Indicator– This dashboard warning light looks like a lamp with a drop of oil dripping from it. Unlike the first indicator we discussed, this warning light only comes on for two main reasons. One, you have an oil leak and are low on oil because of it. Two, your vehicle is long overdue for an oil change.What does oil warning light look like? ›
This light looks like a genie lamp with a drop coming out of the end, but in some models it is a red light that says OIL. Any red warning light that your vehicle displays is an indication that your vehicle needs maintenance as soon as possible to avoid serious damage.What is the symbol for low tire pressure? ›
If you're learning about tire pressure sensors for the first time, finding the TPMS indicator on your dashboard is simple. It's a horseshoe-shaped light with an exclamation point in the center.What is the light for low transmission fluid? ›
If your transmission fluid gets low enough, the check engine light could pop on. It's important to have this checked out to make sure it doesn't result in any serious damage.Is there a warning light for transmission fluid? ›
When the level of transmission fluid goes down, you will get a warning light on the dashboard. The warning light indicates hotter temperatures than normal of the fluid, and there is a need to get the fluid checked.Which symbol represents oil pressure warning? ›
Oil Pressure Warning Light
The oil can symbol means the oil pressure is low. If the symbol has a wavy line below it, that means the oil level is low.
As per the Highway Code, you must use dipped headlights “when visibility is seriously reduced”, i.e., when you are able to see less than 100m in front of you. So basically, any time you're driving at night or during bad weather.Which light is your low beam? ›
To find the low beam on your own car, you can locate it simply using the unmistakeable symbol: the headlamp pictogram, which has several lines going diagonally downwards from the left side.What does engine management light look like? ›
It's usually an amber light that's located in or around the instruments behind the steering wheel and appears when the car's sensors detect a problem with your engine or another part of the running gear.What color are cop lights? ›
Red: The most common color used in the United States to denote an emergency vehicle. With the exception of law enforcement vehicles in certain states, police, fire and EMS vehicles commonly all use red lights.
What does it mean when a cop flashes white lights? ›
If you see a white flashing light, the police may be using it as a warning but are more likely to be trying to identify a particular vehicle or to illuminate your vehicle or one in your vicinity, and you do not need to stop or pull over unless they use their tactical blue and red lights.What color lights do you have to pull over for? ›
Red lights are instinctively associated with emergency situations, and are most often used in police vehicles, fire trucks, and ambulances. Depending on state laws, emergency vehicles can also use forward-facing red lights in combination with blue or white lights.What is 2 in a car? ›
R – Reverse. N – Neutral. D – Drive. 3 – Third gear 2 – Second gear 1 – First gear. O – Overdrive (if equipped)What is C and H in car? ›
The car's temperature gauge tells you whether the coolant in your car is working or not. The dial on this gauge must ideally stay halfway between cold and hot (C or H).What do car thieves look for? ›
Thieves will steal anything valuable, but the most common items stolen from cars tend to be electronics, personal information, and accessories.What car symbol has two lines? ›
Traction Control Warning Light
The yellow traction control light – a car with two squiggly lines underneath – illuminates momentarily when the system is intervening. If the light stays on however, that means there is a problem with the system and it may not operate properly.
Fog Lamp Indicator Light
It looks like a sideways jellyfish, and it means your fog lights are on.
This warning is shaped like a vehicle with swerving marks underneath it. Possibly the only warning light you won't need to pull over for, it merely means your vehicle's traction control system has been activated.Is orange engine light serious? ›
An orange or amber light is the least serious. If this light comes on and persists, it means that you should be able to keep driving as normal, but take your car to be looked at by a garage as soon as you can.Is check engine light serious? ›
Most of the time, however, the check engine light is an indicator that there is a serious problem with your car that needs to be addressed. Regardless of the issue, the first step is to take your car in to get diagnosed by a professional car care expert.
What are the three main warning lights? ›
- Red warning lights mean you should stop the car as soon as it's safe.
- Yellow warning lights mean that action is required.
- Green warning lights are for information only.
The lightning bolt warning light alerts you to a fault in the electronic throttle control system in your vehicle. This may be a faulty throttle body, the throttle body sensor or possibly the throttle body control motor which is what controls the opening and closing of the throttle body as the motor requires more fuel.What is the transmission light symbol? ›
Transmission Warning Light
When this red or yellow transmission warning symbol is illuminated, your car is alerting you that your transmission is overheating. If this warning light turns on, you should immediately stop your vehicle and turn it off when it's safe to do so.
The emissions/exhaust system is the most likely culprit for many check engine lights being illuminated. There could be an exhaust leak or a problem with the catalytic converter. The mass airflow sensor (MAF) is another sensor that is easily tripped or can fail.Is it OK to drive with engine light on? ›
Can you drive a car with the engine light on? It's okay to drive for a few miles, but be sure to schedule an inspection of the engine as soon as possible. If the check engine light comes on while you're driving, don't panic! Pay attention and see if the car is driving any differently than normal.Will engine light come on if something is wrong with transmission? ›
Yes, transmission problems can cause your check engine light to come on. Your automobile's main computer, the engine control module (ECM), talks with system sensors to make sure everything is okay. If the transmission sensors report a problem, the ECM will turn on the check engine light.What are the car headlight symbols? ›
Most headlight controls will be marked by a standard headlamp indicator symbol. Look for this symbol on the side of the control dial. The standard headlamp indicator symbol looks like a sun or upside-down light bulb.What is the orange symbol on my dash? ›
You might notice the orange exclamation mark on your dashboard. It's a common symbol often surrounded by a tire icon. If you see this symbol, pay attention. It's an alert that one of your tires has dropped below 75% of its recommended pressure.What is a gearbox light? ›
The automatic transmission warning light, also known as the gearbox warning light, denotes a transmission issue that could be brought on by a fluid level, temperature, or pressure issue.What does the oil light look like? ›
This light looks like a genie lamp with a drop coming out of the end, but in some models it is a red light that says OIL. Any red warning light that your vehicle displays is an indication that your vehicle needs maintenance as soon as possible to avoid serious damage.
What does the oil can light mean? ›
What does it mean when the oil light comes on? When the oil light on your dashboard comes on, it might mean your vehicle has low oil pressure. This drop in oil pressure could be a sign of a few things: you are low on oil, your oil is dirty, or you have an oil leak.
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Gardening for Older Adults
More than 78 million Americans enjoy the benefits of gardening, including millions of older adults. Gardening provides an open-air sanctuary from the stresses of everyday life, restoring physical, mental and spiritual strength to all who play in the dirt. Unfortunately, many older adults think they have to give up gardening as they age. These tips make gardening easier, extending the lifespan of all those experienced green thumbs out there.
- Use tools that are the right length and shape. Long-handled tools make reaching easier, while curved-handled tools provide more leverage and better grip.
- Paint your garden tools with bright colors to make them easier to find. Garden tool manufacturers tend to dye all spades green, for example, providing perfect camouflage for tools lost in the grass.
- Wear lightweight clothing, a long sleeved shirt, sunscreen, eye protection, a wide-brimmed hat and gardening gloves.
- Do your gardening early in the morning or late in the evening. Avoid the hot sun, especially between the hours of 10 AM and 2 PM. You will be more comfortable, and your produce and flowers will be fresher. Drink plenty of water and take frequent breaks in the shade.
- Use a vertical garden, trellis, or raised boxes so you do not have to bend over. Raised beds provide a place to sit while gardening. Otherwise, sit on a stool, chair or bench. Ask your home care aide to help you move the chair or stool.
- Purchase seed already attached to seed tape for easy sowing.
Older Americans can enjoy gardening comfortably and safely for many years. Gardening provides physical activity, fresh air, and a sense of accomplishment. Start gardening today.
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Having good posture is important because good posture demonstrates a high level of confidence. Body language counts greatly – we make an almost immediate judgement about people from our very first visual impression of them. Having good posture makes us feel good, too!
Good posture should include:
Having our head in a straight position – this makes us seem in control, while tilting our head just a little bit to one side, shows that we want to be friendly.
Holding our arms to the side of our body, rather than in front, also suggests confidence.
Keeping our legs as still as possible is important – we tend to move them around when we are nervous or stressed.
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Picture: Geoff White
A Robin has been tracked on its winter migration from Germany to Britain.
It made the 140-mile North Sea crossing in just four hours.
The bird was fitted with a “nanotag” – a tiny transmitter literally “as light as a feather”.
Until recently, only large birds were tagged because they could take the strain of the equipment.
But innovative technology has produced satellite transmitters that smaller birds can wear.
The Robin – a well known doughty fighter in the bird world – flew at night to avoid predators.
It was a tactic used by bomber pilots in World War II.
The Robin was fitted with the transmitter this summer on the archipelago of Heligoland, 29 miles off the northern coast of Germany.
The bird took off on October 21st at 20.00 and arrived in Felixstowe, Suffolk around midnight.
His journey ended at the Landguard Bird Observatory in Suffolk where it will winter.
The tag harness will fall off after three months.
Wildlife expert Geoff White said:
“People are surprised that Robins come to winter in the UK.
“The migratory birds have a lighter orange breast and are more skulking.
“They are certainly not Christmas card tame like our Robins.”
Geoff, from Newark, Nottinghamshire, said Robins ringed in the UK have ended up in Finland.
Another was found in Stockholm, Sweden.
And, a Robin ringed on Shetland in October 1992, was recaptured in Jan Mayen, Arctic Circle, more than 700 miles away.
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British troops burn down Beijing’s summer palace
18 October 1860
On 18 October 1860, British troops, who had fought their way into the outskirts of Beijing ten days earlier, set fire to one of the world’s greatest collections of art work and treasure, the legendary Summer Palace, also known as the Garden of Perfect Brightness (Yuanmingyuan). Lord Elgin, who’s father had stripped the marbles sculptures from the Parthenon at Athens, gave the order for its destruction, although he allowed some time first for his men to finish the work of plundering its priceless contents. He later explained that ‘it was the Emperor’s favourite residence, and its destruction could not fail to be a blow to his pride as well as his feelings.’1 Major Charles Gordon, who was among those selected for the task, wrote that ‘we accordingly went out and, after pillaging it, burnt the whole place, destroying in a Vandal-like manner the most valuable property which could not be replaced for four millions.’2
The soldiers were ordered to burn all the palace’s buildings, pavilions and temples, which stretched across thirty seven acres of land in the north west part of the city. An enormous task which occupied 5,000 men for three days. One of them recalled how, on entering the palace gardens, they ‘reminded one of those magic grounds described in fairy tales,’ but by the next day they were a ‘dreary waste of ruined nothings.’3 Robert Swinhoe, a British naturalist, who was working temporarily as a translator, described how the ‘crackling and rushing noise’ appalled him, adding that ‘the sun shining through the masses of smoke gave a sickly hue to every plant and tree, and the red flame gleaming on the faces of the troops engaged made them appear like demons glorying in the destruction of what they could not replace.’4 For days, billowing clouds of smoke dropped the embers of priceless works of art across the city.
- James Earl of Elgin, Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, Outlook Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2018, p. 342.
- Charles Gordon cited in John Newsinger, The Blood Never Dried: A People’s History of the British Empire, Bookmarks Publications, London, 2013, p. 69.
- Julia Lovell, The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China, Picador, London, 2011, p. 265.
Please feel welcome to post comments below. If you have any questions please email email@example.com
© 2020 Alisdare Hickson All rights reserved
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Connecting two “Time crystals” in a helium-3 superfluid at one tenth of a degree above absolute zero might be a big step toward a new type of quantum computer. Time crystals are strange atom formations whose existence was first predicted in 2012, with experimental verification coming a few years later. In a typical crystal, such as a diamond or salt, the atoms are organized in a lattice or comparable framework with a regularly repeating spatial pattern. When the atoms are at their ground state – their lowest potential energy level — they cease jiggling, just like most materials.
In contrast, Time crystals are made up of atoms that repeat in time rather than space, oscillating back and forth or spinning in their ground state. They can keep this motion going indefinitely without requiring any energy input or losing any energy in the process. Entropy is a notion that Time crystals can resist.
Other planets’ or passing stars’ gravity can tug and pull on the planets, causing minor adjustments in their orbits. As a result, planet orbits are intrinsically unpredictable. A slight alteration to one of them might have far-reaching consequences for all of them. The entropy of the system grows as the system gets more chaotic over time.
Be First to Comment
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Darwin’s finches reverse evolution according to the Royal Society’s website Science in the News – Thursday 4 May “Biologists have found that one of Darwin’s Galapagos finches has begun to revert to an earlier form because of interference caused by a growing human population. The ‘evolution in reverse’ study is published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
They report “Humans are causing evolution to slip into reverse for one of the finch species that lives on the islands. Scientists have found that the finch is losing the distinguishing trait that was causing it to split into two different species.” In the wild, medium ground finches have two distinct forms – large beaked and small beaked – and scientists believe the species was evolving into two different species. However, a team of scientists lead by Andrew Hendry of McGill University have studied finches around human settlements and found many ground finches have intermediate sized beaks. Hendry describes the finding as “evolution in reverse” and goes on to say, “It is an evolutionary split within a species that is being reversed as we think human activity is responsible.” What he means is that human activity such as importing plants with intermediate sized seeds, or feeding the birds with rice grains, is giving the intermediate forms a selective advantage. In the wild where there are small and large seeds the small and large beaked birds have a selective advantage over the intermediate beaked birds.
Editorial Comment: There is nothing new in observing Galapagos Finches with intermediate beak sizes. Grange reported in New Scientist 3 July 1999, that fertile hybrids between Darwin’s Finch species were common and had “beaks – intermediate in shape.” So any change in relative numbers of different ground finch forms due to human pressure may be selection (natural or artificial), but it is not evolution in any direction. The claim that birds with intermediate sized beaks are an “earlier form” is a belief, not an observed fact. From Charles Darwin to the present, Galapagos finches have been observed to have had small, intermediate and large beaks. The variation in numbers of each beak size within the population is not evolution, simply because the finches have not changed. Even if the large and small beaked birds did split into two populations that did not breed with one another, it still would not be evolution – it would simply be the splitting of a larger, more varied population into two smaller, less varied populations. The birds themselves would still be finches. In fact, 150 years of observations of Galapagos Island finches show they are an excellent example of the built in variation within a created kind, enabling living creatures to cope with changes in their environment. If the change in the environment exceeds their ability to copy – they don’t evolve – they become extinct!
Evidence News 10th May 2006
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The Doppler velocity and drift angle measuring device measures the parameters of aircraft vector of velocity: ground speed, i.e. speed relative to the earth's surface and drift angle - the angle between the direction of the longitudinal axis of aircraft and the actual direction of motion.
In Doppler measuring device the oblique irradiation from earth's surface is applied; it defines the parameters of the velocity vector for the frequency spectrum of the signal reflected by the ground. Due to Doppler frequency shift occurs between the emitted and reflected signals. To improve the accuracy Doppler measurement device emits not one, but three or four beams in different directions. Measurement error is typically less than 0.5% of the velocity and 0,2 ° drift angle. The frequency of the emitted signal is 13325 ± 75 MHz.
The system includes an antenna, receiver and computer that measures and calculates the frequency shift followed by ground speed and drift angle.
Since using GNSS make possible to measure ground speed, so Doppler measurement device does not use in avionics equipment of modern aircraft.
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Quebec program aims to ensure all residents have access to dental care and treatment as needed
Since September, nurse clinician Lyne Déry has been training nursing staff in our six long-term care centres on how to maintain dental health in residents and detect potential problems that may require a referral to a dental professional.
The training is part of a new Quebec health ministry program that addresses a reality: Residents in long-term care are at higher risk of tooth decay due to their loss of autonomy.
The team is made up of three dentists, a denturologist and dental hygienist. “They have all received the government training and work closely with an interdisciplinary approach alongside the nursing teams in each of our long-term care residences,” says Ms. Déry, who has been working within our CIUSSS’s long-term care facilities for many years.
Under the program, every new resident admitted to a long-term care centre is seen by a dentist. Registered nurses are also trained to do regular evaluations of each resident’s oral health and will call for a consult with a member of the dental team as needed.
In her training, Ms. Déry says it’s important for orderlies – who help residents with their daily tasks – to recognize what’s normal in an aging mouth, versus what may be cause for concern. “Yellowing teeth, varicose veins in the lips and mouth and cracks on the tongue are all normal signs of aging,” Ms. Déry explains. “Symptoms that could signal a problem and may require a referral to a dental professional include signs of tooth decay, redness and swelling of gums, or a fungal infection.”
Ms. Déry’s training involves the use of images, as well as special tooth brushing techniques for residents with more challenging behavior. Orderlies are given access to plasticized cards which outline the dental care for each resident in their care plan.
The new dental health program also provides new oral care supplies adapted for the needs of residents in long-term care, including toothpaste that doesn’t foam so it’s safe to use for people with dysphasia or on feeding tubes.
Dentist Dr. Rachel Lin says she is noticing an improvement in the oral health of residents as the dental program is being implemented. “There’s been a dramatic difference since this program began,” she says. “I don’t need to give the residents a cleaning before I examine their mouths anymore!”
Dental hygienist Tinoosh Dibamehr says she’s particularly sensitive to the needs of residents. “We want them to be comfortable and able to eat and speak to others with confidence,” she explains. “Many of these residents haven’t been to a dentist in a long time and have trust issues. I come here when I’m not doing cleanings to talk with them and establish trust. If there are any problems, I will get a member of the nursing team to help the resident feel more comfortable.”
Banu Patel, a registered nurse at Henri Bradet Residential Centre, says working in tandem with the dental team has been a positive experience. She says the training she received to assess residents’ oral health was a good opportunity and even led to some surprises: “We didn’t even know certain residents had dentures,” she says. “One of our residents wasn’t eating but when we discovered their dentures weren’t fitting properly, we were able to solve the problem. The dental program is good for our team and good for our residents. It’s never too late to look after dental health!”
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The age to start piano lessons depends on the child. Some teachers will say no earlier than 6 years old. And other teachers start as early as 3 years old. Who is right?
Preschool & Kindergarten Lessons
The answer to “How young is too young?” has many factors. But the most important factor is whether the child can meet the teacher’s expectations for lesson behaviour.
For those of us that teach preschool & kindergarten lessons, we can tell you that lessons for these precious little ones look & sound quite different than lessons for older students.
Great programming at this age has:
- Frequent changes in activities
- A variety of activities that can include:
- Exploring the piano: both sitting & standing, also known as “keyboard geography”
- Moving our bodies: feeling how our muscles work to play piano, also known as “whole-body movement activities”
- Imaginary play: using what is known to learn something new
- Games: reinforcing new ideas
- Singing & making up words to songs
- Improvising: What happens when we play notes in different ways?
- Playing pieces: Sometimes without music & sometimes with music
The right age to start piano lessons depends on what a teacher offers & expects in their studio. In my studio, parents have learnt we may:
- Play a song all the way up & down the piano.
- Lift our arms way up high or reaching our toes as we explore volume or pitch.
- Pretend to be elephants, kangaroos, or other animals as we explore articulation.
- Sing new lyrics as we learn a tricky spot of the music.
- Play “wrong” notes to hear how the song changes.
- Record videos for practice during the week or to celebrate how well the student played.
While your child will learn music, it probably will look & sound very different than what you may expect. If that is the case, talk to your child’s teacher about your concerns.
What research has shown is that very young children learn best by experiencing & exploring. Your child’s mind is making many connection throughout the day. Piano lessons should be a place to make even more connections!
What IS the Best Age to Start Piano Lessons?
The younger your child begins piano lessons, the more likely it will be a music appreciation class. This type of class will have only a little playing at the piano with lots of exploration using their whole bodies & singing. And, this is NOT a bad thing.
There are child prodigies that wow us on YouTube, but expecting this from every child is not reasonable … and an almost sure-fire way of driving a student away from playing an instrument in the future.
What the majority of teachers will tell you is that a child needs to be able to:
- Follow age-appropriate instructions: For very young children this may be 1 instruction at a time.
- Pay attention: This attention span doesn’t have to be as long as you think when lessons are a series of activities both at the piano and away.
- Treat other’s things with respect. Ripping or destroying a teacher’s games, music, etc. is not okay.
Keep in mind, the goal for preschool & kindergarten lessons is:
- Music appreciation: What sounds ‘good’ & what sounds do we not like?
- Basic foundations for technique: How do we play the piano safely in many different ways?
- Keyboard geography: What does the piano look like & how do we find notes or patterns?
- Improvising & exploration: Links directly to how young children learn best.
Are YOU Ready for Lessons?
When my children were younger I taught them piano. But the deal was that while I would teach, my husband would take care of practice during the week. It was quite the learning curve for him during the week.
Young children need a lot of reminders. Even when it comes to routine tasks such as:
- Brush their teeth
- Clean up toys at the end of the day
- Put on a hoodie before heading outside
- Eating over the plate
Just like setting any other routine in your day, piano practice takes time to set up as a routine.
Your child’s piano teacher will do everything possible to set them up for success during the week.
But they aren’t in your home the 6 days in between lessons.
If your child is young enough to need your help with homework, you need to be involved during the week.Ms. Rosemarie
Is My Child Ready?
Because teachers have different expectations, it is best to interview with a teacher before signing on for lessons. This allows you to find out what the teacher expects & whether he or she is comfortable teaching your child.
At Must Love Music:
- All new families & student have a “meet ‘n greet” before committing to lessons. This gives everyone a chance to see if we will be a good fit.
- Students could be as young as 3 years old & span to adulthood.
- Parents of very young children are expected to sit in on lessons & involved with every practice session during the week.
- Parents are also encouraged to ask questions, both during the lesson & week so we can all support the child as they learn.
- Often we will use a family device (phone or tablet) to record videos so students & their parents have more help during practice times.
If your child is young, remember that you are an integral part of how much progress your child makes during the week.
As a piano parent you are an important part of the team! The teacher sets up your child for success during each week’s lesson. You set them up for success during the week. And, your child sees & learns how their consistent, active practice leads to great progress!
Click below to access the “Secret Sauce Questions Every Parent Should Ask”.
Spoiler alert: You can also modify these questions when looking at other extra-curricular activities.
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How does Willa Cather portray and illustrate the American Dream in O Pioneers! ?
discuss areas such as the immigrsnt experience, the family, work, hope, and the land its self. how does the charater embody and symbolize the american dream?
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Does aspect ratio affect picture quality?
For instance, if you’re using a micro four-thirds camera, stick to 4:3 or 1:1. If you try 3:2 or even 16:9, you’ll be forced to crop a considerable portion of your photo. Consequently, you’ll end up with a photo with poor quality. If you see yourself changing aspect ratios often, then try using a full-frame camera.
What is the best resolution for a TV?
TV resolution is important if you want to increase the clarity of the image. A higher-resolution display will appear more crisp and clear overall.
When did TV Change aspect ratio?
It wasn’t until the early 2000s that 16:9 (1.78) televisions hit the market in masses, and changed the aspect ratio game forever. No longer was widescreen a format only for film, but now it was a television format too.
What is the best video aspect ratio?
A 16:9 ratio is typically seen as optimal because it is capable of the highest resolution. It is also easy to capture this aspect ratio on almost all devices. To determine which video aspect ratio is best for your content, consider its purpose and where you’ll be broadcasting the video.
What is aspect ratio Why is it needed?
Aspect ratio is generally used to determine the relative horizontal and vertical sizes of computer graphics. For example, if a computer graphic has an aspect ratio of 3:1, this means the width of the graphic is three times of the height of the image. Aspect ratio plays an important role in resizing.
What is normal aspect ratio?
Aspect ratio is the relationship of the width of a video image compared to its height. The two most common aspect ratios are 4:3, also known as 1.33:1 or fullscreen, and 16:9, also known as 1.78:1 or widescreen. (Larger aspect ratio formats are used in the motion picture industry.)
What aspect ratio are movies filmed in?
The 4:3 aspect ratio is used in film and TV to denote the width and height of images that are 4 units wide by 3 units tall. This term is usually pronounced Four-Three, Four-to-Three, or Four-by-Three, and also known as 1.33:1.
What aspect ratio is our vision?
Wikipedia indicates that the human field of view is rougly 180° horizontally and 100° vertically – approx 1.8:1, which is close to 16:9.
What aspect ratio is the best?
The Best 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptops Compared
Which is the best monitor aspect ratio?
ViewSonic VA2452SM_H2 LED Monitor.
What is aspect ratio and why use it?
Compact: AR 1.54
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The BMA is excited to welcome your students for a virtual or on-site tour.
Enjoy an interactive guided tour of the Baltimore Museum of Art that connects your students to art, creativity, and critical thinking. Each tour will highlight exciting works from across the Museum. All tours include art from around the world made by artists who are Black, Indigenous, people of color, women, or from other historically underrepresented groups.
All tours for pre-K to 12 students are free.
If your school budget allows, please consider making a suggested donation of $2 per student. All donations support the educational mission of the BMA.
Learn More about our Tours
Sign your class up for this six-visit program full of discussion and art-making. Close Encounters is available to Baltimore City Public Schools 4th graders.
Literacy through Art
Connect your ELA curriculum to art in this program for Baltimore County Public Schools pre-K and kindergarteners.
Tours are available for elementary, middle, and high school students. Elementary students play, observe, consider new perspectives, and express themselves. Middle and high school students analyze big ideas and make connections to their world.
Available for pre-K through high school students, tours of BMA collections and exhibitions combine close looking with interactive discussion. Tour themes for younger students include nature, feelings, stories in art, portraits, and play. Middle and high-school students explore identity, power, and care & community.
School Tour Resources
Browse our teacher's guides for even more classroom lessons and activities.
Review our visitor information to help prepare your students for what to expect when visiting the museum.
Art-to-Go is a monthly activity designed to provide teachers with a fun, free resource for the classroom. Published from October to May.
Tours & Group Visits
Small groups are always welcome to lead their own tours at the BMA.
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See what Mount Rainier did to spur a social media frenzy over volcano activity
The cloud is thought to be a lenticular cloud, which typically form when winds blow over and around rough terrain.
PIERCE COUNTY, Wash. - An odd-looking cloud formation over Mount Rainier drew curious eyes from social media users Wednesday as the volcano looked as if it was giving a warning before some sort of event, but experts quickly downplayed any concerns.
The low-hanging cloud appeared around the 14,400-foot summit before noon local time, causing some residents to believe the active volcano was venting.
Experts with the United States Geological Survey looked at seismic activity, sensors and relied on a group of volcanologists who were coincidentally doing work on the mountain to confirm that was no unusual activity taking place.
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"Rainier is not erupting - the sort of behavior seen in this video is not unusual," the United States Geological Survey said on Twitter.
SEATTLE TREATED TO DRAMATIC CLOUD SHOW OVER LABOR DAY WEEKEND
"This has nothing to do with the volcano itself. If there was new venting, we would see a number of signals that give us a sense of activity," said Elizabeth Westby, a USGS geologist.
Mount Rainier National Park officials said the cloud that started the debate was likely a lenticular cloud, which typically forms when winds blow over and around rough terrain.
If there was an uptick in volcanic activity, it would have been an unusual sight for the mountain, only about 70 miles outside of Seattle.
"The last eruption of Mount Rainier was about a thousand years ago. Volcanoes have a long lifespan but can become dormant if there is no activity for several thousand years," Westby said.
MT. ST. HELENS’ ERUPTION: SURVIVORS RECOUNT THE ‘DARKER THAN MIDNIGHT’ FURY IN 1980
Is the active volcano in danger of erupting soon? No, experts say.
During the eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980, there were at least eight and a half weeks of precursory signals before the explosion.
The USGS said if there was any increase in volcanic activity, seismic sensors would likely pick up on activity first.
"If we observed some anomalous behavior, we would be working with our monitoring partner, the Pacific Northwest Seismic. We would be communicating with Washington Emergency Management Division. We would be making sure that they have all the latest information and a preliminary assessment of what’s going on at Mount Rainier," Westby said.
The geologist said the latest episode of the mountain’s 15 minutes of fame was a good reminder that those living within range of the volcano should consider that September is National Preparedness Month.
Residents living nearby should learn about potential hazards, form an emergency plan and compile an emergency kit if the volcano ever threatens the State of Washington.
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You may see the term "STEAM". It's not a misspelling! Sometimes STEM education initiatives want to involve another important area of learning and development - art. By adding art into the curriculum, the design thinking encouraged in STEM finds another outlet. Science and art aren't permanently separated - you can do both!
If you want a dash of art with your STEM, go full STEAM ahead!
HomeRoom is the official blog of the US Dept. of Education, and has an entire category for STEM-related posts. Here are the most recent:
STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
These four areas intersect to form the tools we can use to shape the world of tomorrow. STEM education focuses on design thinking, that is, using understanding of these four areas to understand and solve problems in innovative ways.
STEM education spans all ages, and isn't limited to scientists and engineers. In a world that relies more and more on technology and science, being able to understand new breakthroughs and possibilities expands horizons.
"As a scientist or engineer... you will have the tools to do many wondrous things, which will, in large part, help save the world."
- US Energy Secrety Steven Chu
STEM is already a major part of the world we live in. Are you ready?
If you've ever watched a DIY show, done home repair, built a bookcase, or made a homemade flashlight, you've been a maker. The "maker movement" is simply a revival of DIY culture with a STEM emphasis. A report from The Open University in the UK puts it this way:
"Maker culture encourages informal, shared learning focused on the construction of artefacts ranging from robots and 3D-printed models to clothing and more traditional handicrafts. Maker culture emphasises experimentation, innovation, and the testing of theory through practical, self-directed tasks. It is characterised by playful learning and encourages both the acceptance of risk taking (learning by making mistakes) and rapid iterative development...It embraces a wide range of domains from the high-tech (electronics, programming, computer-aided design) to craft skills such as sewing, woodworking, and soldering. Maker culture encourages novel applications of technologies, and the exploration of interesections between traditionally separate domains and ways of working including metal-working, calligraphy, knitting, and computer programming."
Simply put, making and maker culture is a new way of looking at old practices of design and creation.
Imagine a project, take a risk, and make something.
Lots of info about makerspaces and libraries in this LiveBinder
A fun info graphic you can imbed on your own webpage, or download and print. http://www.topeducationdegrees.org/stem/
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Already approved scabies means to stop a novel Coronavirus within 48 hours
In all Parts of the earth scientists conduct research for new drugs against the spread of the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV 2; COVID-19-pathogens). Due to the messages that certain compounds could stop a COVID-19-disease roll over. Scientists at the “Monash University”, Melbourne (Australia) were able to achieve according to their own figures good progress in an already approved drug that actually, in the case of scabies (scabies) and head lice is used.
Ivermectin should stop the propagation of the Coronavirus
Currently several clinical studies are carried out in order to possible therapies against COVID-test 19zu. One of these studies has now shown that the drug Ivermectin can inhibit within 48 hours the replication of SARS-CoV-2 viruses. The medicine is actually lice in the treatment of head, the flow of disease and scabies are applied. The ingredient is considered to be the “makricyclischen Lactones”.
Reduction of viruses after 24 hours
The study’s leader, Dr. Kylie Wagstaff from Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute reported that the drug Ivermectin could stop the growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in cell cultures within 48 hours. “We found that a single dose can remove Substantially the entire viral RNA within 48 hours and even after 24 hours, a really significant reduction occurs,” says Dr. Wagstaff in a press release about the new study results.
Already approved drug
Basically, the Problem is that an approval procedure of drugs needed for a very long time in the research. Therefore, the end focus Research especially on already-approved drugs, as this would be available in a timely manner. Ivermectin is an already FDA-approved Parasiticide. In the case of the medium could be demonstrated, that “it is also resistant to a wide range of viruses such as HIV, Dengue, Influenza, and Zika effective,” says the research team in the Fachmagzin Antiviral Research.
Study not been tested yet in the organism
However, Dr. Wagstaff warned that the Tests conducted in this study in vitro was carried out, and that human studies need to be carried out. As in vitro (Latin for ‘in glass’) refers to organic processes that take place outside of a living organism, in contrast to those that occur in the living organism (in vivo). Therefore, the first results are hopeful, but not conclusive.
Next step: studies in a living organism
The next step is a large-scale studies in human subjects is now. “Ivermectin is used very often and as a safe medication is regarded. We now need to find out, whether the dosage, which can be applied in humans, is also effective,“ says Dr Wagstaff.
“In a time where we have a global pandemic and there is no approved treatment could help with a connection that is already available around the world, the people sooner,” Wagstaff continued. Because, realistically, it will take a while until a vaccine is widely available. Prof. Christian Dorsten mentioned in the daily Corona-Update-Podcast on NDR Info, that a vaccine 2021 market would be at the earliest in the year is ripe.
Although the mechanism according to the Ivermectin on the Virus works is not known, whether, in view of its effect on other viruses is likely that it is the ability of the Virus to inhibit, to outwit the defenses of the cells, said Dr Wagstaff.
Virologists involved in the study
Dr. Leon Caly from the Royal Melbourne Hospital, a senior medical scientist at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) at the Doherty Institute, where the experiments with different species of corona virus have been carried out, is the first author of the study. “As a virologist, was part of the team, the SARS-COV2 in January 2020, for the first time outside of China, isolated and shared, I am happy about the prospect of Ivermectin as a potential drug against COVID-19 to use,” said Dr. Caly.
Already in 2012, an anti-it was demonstrated viral effect
Already in the year of 2012 for Ivermectin, an anti-viral effect was detected. Dr. Wagstaff and Professor David Jans from the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute doing research for the past ten years, the viral properties of the Agent Acting. Therefore, the scientists began already at the outbreak of the SARS to explore the CoV-2 Virus, whether Ivermectin could also achieve an effect.
Further clinical studies are necessary
The use of Ivermectin for the control of COVID-19 would depend on the results of further preclinical testing and finally clinical trials, where urgent funding is required to continue the work, says Dr. Wagstaff. If and when the research work is continued, is, therefore, still unclear.(sb)
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a measure of the number and variety of different species found in a given area.
Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant). Species diversity consists of three components: species richness, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity and species evenness. Species richness is a simple count of species, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic relationship between different groups of species,whereas species evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the species are.
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What Goes on an SDS? A Helpful Guide
Your profession includes working with hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Are there procedures in place to ensure that all Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are current?
If the answer is no, you’re at risk for citations from Federal OSHA. Keep reading for an overview of each section of the SDS.
What Are SDS?
Safety Data Sheets give employers and employees vital data about the chemicals they use. The SDS has 16 standard sections to maintain continuity and ease of use. These sections give instructions for safe handling, storing, and moving the chemical.
They also provide detailed information about known chemical properties and hazards. The emergency procedures explain the actions to take in the event of leakage and/or exposure.
Employers must maintain current SDSs for all chemicals used in the workplace. They’re also responsible for providing employee training and ready access to SDSs. In 2019, the number 2 reason for Federal OSHA citations was violating Hazard Communication standards.
What Goes on an SDS?
Appendix D of the 29 CFR 1910.1200(g) The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) defines the SDS format. Sections 1 to 11 and 16 are mandatory on all SDS. Sections 12 to 15 are optional.
Section 1: Identification
This part must provide identification of the chemical. Includes the product identifier from the label as well as synonyms or common names.
List the name, phone number, and address of manufacturers, importers, or other parties. Provide an emergency phone number for employees to call. Describe the recommended use for this chemical and any restrictions.
Section 2: Hazard Identification
Identify potential hazards for all identified chemicals. Include the hazard classification such as flammable liquid. Also give hazard, precautionary, and hazard descriptions.
Some substances contain a mixture of ingredients and the toxicity isn’t known. In this case, describe the percentage of ingredients with unknown acute toxicity.
Put the signal words CAUTION, WARNING, or DANGER in this section. This word describes the risk if eaten, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin as follows:
- CAUTION: slight toxicity and some skin and eye irritation
- WARNING: moderate toxicity and moderate skin or eye irritation
- DANGER: high toxicity via at least one route and causes corrosive and/or permanent skin or eye damage
Highly toxic chemicals are poisons. The front product label must include the word, POISON, in red letters.
Pictograms can be black and white graphics that symbolize the hazard. Examples include a flame or skull and crossbones. It can also be a description of the symbol’s name.
Section 3: Composition and Information About Ingredients
Describe the product’s ingredients and any impurities or stabilizing additives. The following gives more detail about mandatory data.
Include the chemical name, synonyms, common names, and the Chemical Abstracts Service number. Describe all classified impurities and stabilizing additives in the chemical’s classification.
Document the substance data and the exact percentage of health hazard ingredients. Concentration ranges aren’t required if there’s a trade secret claim. This exemption applies if mixtures change batch-to-batch. SDSs for groups of very similar products are also exempt.
If information was withheld due to trade secrets, include an explanatory statement.
Section 4: First-Aid Instructions
This section describes the specific actions to take for chemical exposures. Include instructions for ingestion, inhalation, and/or skin and eye contact. Detail possible immediate or delayed symptoms and when to get medical care.
Section 5: Fire-Fighting Instructions
Explain the proper procedure and equipment to use when fighting this type of fire. Define other hazards related to burning this chemical. These instructions tell firefighters about the precautions and personal protective equipment (PPE) needed.
Section 6: Instructions for an Accidental Release
Describe the steps to take if the chemical gets spilled or released. Includes the PPE to use and emergency procedures such as evacuation. Explain how to contain the release and safely clean it up.
Section 7: Storage and Handling
Provide guidance on how to safely store and handle the chemical. Includes mandatory hygiene practices, ventilation, and substance incompatibility.
Section 8: Exposure Control and PPE
List OSHA’s permissible exposure limits and threshold limit values here. Also include required PPE and engineering controls.
Section 9: Chemical and Physical Properties
Give a detailed description of the chemical. Describes its appearance and upper and lower flammability and explosive limits. Some examples of other features include:
- Vapor pressure and density
- Odor and odor threshold
- Initial boiling point and range
- Decomposition and auto-ignition temperature
- Evaporation rate
- Melting and freezing point
- Flammability in solid or gas form
Only relevant data needs to appear on the SDS.
Section 10: Reactivity and Stability
Include reactivity data that describes the expected hazard of the chemical. Chemical stability indicates how stable or unstable a substance is in normal ambient conditions. This applies during storage or when handled.
Include other hazardous chemical-release reaction concerns such as dangerous pressure or heat. Document environmental situation risks such as shock, static discharge, or vibration. Also, describe the dangers involved with the decomposition of the product.
Section 11: Toxicology Information
Describe all known potential health and toxicological effects. List the most common exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation, skin, and eyes. Explain the immediate, delayed, and chronic effects of both short- and long-term exposure.
Section 12: Ecological Description
Give information about the chemical’s impact on the environment. Includes how long the effects may last.
Section 13: What to Consider During Disposal
Explain how to safely handle and dispose of chemical waste. Includes the proper management of all contaminated packaging.
Section 14: How to Transport the Substance
Provide instruction on how to pack, mark, and label hazardous chemicals for transportation. Includes the four-digit identification number for the substance (UN number).
Labels must list the proper UN shipping name, transportation hazard class, and special precautions. Any environmental hazards should be listed as well.
Section 15: Regulatory Statements
All safety, environmental, and health regulations must be described. This includes OSHA, EPA, Department of Transportation, and Consumer Product Safety Commission rules.
Section 16: Other Information
Document the date the SDS was created and all revision dates. You can also describe where to find revisions.
Are You Looking for an SDS Solution?
Ensuring that every chemical used in your business has a current SDS can be a full-time job. This is where KHA can become a vital partner. Our SDS management software handles this process for you.
We tailor and integrate our platform to work with your current systems. Our quality services cover SDS authoring, delivery, vendor management, and archiving.
Contact us today to learn about our services and get a quote.
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Head injury and concussion
Most head injuries are not serious, but you should get medical help if you or your child have any symptoms after a head injury. You might have concussion (temporary brain injury) that can last a few weeks.
Go to A&E if:
You or your child have had a head injury and have:
- been knocked out but have now woken up
- vomited (been sick) since the injury
- a headache that does not go away with painkillers
- a change in behaviour, like being more irritable or losing interest in things around you (especially in children under 5)
- been crying more than usual (especially in babies and young children)
- problems with memory
- been drinking alcohol or taking drugs just before the injury
- a blood clotting disorder (like haemophilia) or you take medicine to thin your blood
- had brain surgery in the past
You or your child could have concussion. Symptoms usually start within 24 hours, but sometimes may not appear for up to 3 weeks.
You should also go to A&E if you think someone has been injured intentionally.
Call 999 if:
Someone has hit their head and has:
- been knocked out and has not woken up
- difficulty staying awake or keeping their eyes open
- a fit (seizure)
- fallen from a height more than 1 metre or 5 stairs
- problems with their vision or hearing
- a black eye without direct injury to the eye
- clear fluid coming from their ears or nose
- bleeding from their ears or bruising behind their ears
- numbness or weakness in part of their body
- problems with walking, balance, understanding, speaking or writing
- hit their head at speed, such as in a car crash, being hit by a car or bike or a diving accident
- a head wound with something inside it or a dent to the head
Also call 999 if you cannot get someone to A&E safely.
Help from NHS 111
If you're not sure what to do, call 111 or get help from 111 online.
NHS 111 can tell you the right place to get help.
How to care for a minor head injury
If you have been sent home from hospital with a minor head injury, or you do not need to go to hospital, you can usually look after yourself or your child at home.
You might have symptoms of concussion, such as a slight headache or feeling sick or dazed, for up to 2 weeks.
hold an ice pack (or a bag of frozen peas in a tea towel) to the area regularly for short periods in the first few days to bring down any swelling
rest and avoid stress – you or your child do not need to stay awake if you're tired
take painkillers such as paracetamol for headaches
make sure an adult stays with you or your child for at least the first 24 hours
do not go back to work or school until you're feeling better
do not drive until you feel you have fully recovered
do not play contact sports for at least 3 weeks – children should avoid rough play for a few days
do not take drugs or drink alcohol until you're feeling better
do not take sleeping pills while you're recovering unless a doctor advises you to
See a GP if:
- your or your child's symptoms last more than 2 weeks
- you're not sure if it's safe for you to drive or return to work, school or sports
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If you are a parent or teacher, no doubt you’ve become overwhelmed at times by the increasing number of entertainment choices that claim to deliver bone fide educational benefits — ranging from character-based television series to YouTube how-to videos, to interactive video learning games. No wonder: sales in the “game-based learning products” slice of the entertainment-education market is simply exploding right now. One industry analyst, Ambient Insight, estimates sales will jump from $2.6 billion in 2016 to $7.3 billion by 2021. Join us as we take a look at the world of “edutainment” and the effect it’s having on our traditional education curriculum.
Today’s Revolution in Edutainment Changes Everything, Or Does it?
With the advent of high-quality educational games for the iPad (thank you Sesame Street, Disney, and Scholastic) immersive VR gaming helmets (thank you Oculus Rift), and video tutorials on practically any subject (thank you YouTube, Khan Academy, and Microsoft’s Lynda.com), you might think we’ve been thrust into a brave new world of entertainment-education that’s unlike anything the world’s seen before.
Well maybe not.
Before today’s online games, we had educational television and radio programs. (The youngest Baby Boomers will remember TV programs, like Mr. Roger’s Neighborhood and School House Rock, while members of the earlier Silent Generation will remember story time radio broadcasts.) Nor is location-based entertainment a new concept: The Children’s Museum of Boston opened its doors in 1913, almost 70 years before Disney’s Epcot theme park opened in Florida.
In 1964, under the leadership of Michael Spock (son of best-selling baby book author Dr. Benjamin Spock), the Boston Children’s Museum debuted its first interactive museum display, called “What’s Inside.” This pioneering interactive exhibit has become the model for museums around the country, including; the Children’s Museum of Houston; the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis; COSI (Center of Science and Industry) in Columbus, Ohio; Peoria PlayHouse Children’s Museum in Illinois; and San Francisco’s Exploratorium.
As one of the country’s oldest museums dedicated to children (second only the Brooklyn Children’s Museum, founded in 1899), the Children’s Museum of Boston pioneered the development of fully interactive learning experiences for kids in a museum setting.
Choosing Hands-on-Learning Opportunities: From Montessori to Makerspaces
Students of educational learning theory (e.g. pedagogy) should be waving their hands right about now to remind everyone that Dr. Maria Montessori was one the original pioneers of interactive, hands-on learning methods. Montessori developed a constructivist theory in which students learn more effectively through “discovery,” e.g. by working and experimenting with materials directly (rather than retaining information from rote instruction drills). Interestingly, her theories first flourished in the US during the time that the Boston Children’s Museum was founded in 1913, and once again in the 1960s, when Montessori’s Method of education first gained a major foothold in the American pre-school and kindergarten education system.
Hands-on learning-by-doing is one of the hottest segments of the Edutainment marketplace right now. Take a look at this clip of middle schoolers taking part in a program at the makerspace within the Arizona Science Center in Phoenix.
Middle-school students learn how to create things using shop tools, 3D printers, and more at the “Create University” event sponsored by TechForce held at the Arizona Science Center in Phoenix. (Check out the heavy-duty wood topped Formaspace tables at 1:00 minute in.)
The Right Edutainment Projects Can Help Develop Key Career Skills
Parents and teachers take note! As the Arizona Science Center video points out, this kind of hands-on learning in a makerspace reinforces what students are supposed to be learning in their STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) curriculum at school.
It’s important to make judicious choices when investing your time and money in edutainment offerings as they can make a significant difference.
Interest levels are high when kids have an opportunity to apply their newly acquired knowledge in a playful, experimental environment, e.g. one where they can make their own fun — their own toys if you will. In other words, in order to help young people become better learners, it’s important to give them unstructured opportunities to apply the skills they have learned in school — by offering projects that interest them.
Experimentation and play can also help students discover and develop important job skills. Experience gained by taking part in summer “coding camps,” building interactive robot devices, or learning how to make videos and 3D animations, can help young minds discover a lifelong passion for software development, mechanical engineering, game development, and communication.
One of the standout role-models for young minds interested in bringing their own creative inventions to life is Limor Fried, a.k.a. Lady Ada. She’s the founder of Adafruit Industries, a New York City-based open source hardware business that’s at the heart of the maker movement.
Don’t let Limor Fried’s colorful hair and playful product names fool you, she is a serious, savvy businesswoman who has created a worldwide legion of young fans (especially young girls) who aspire to make things.
What does Edutainment success look like?
In our view, edutainment success means being inspired to learn and create something new.
Here is a fantastic example: YouTuber Ev3Dude had the idea to create an automated machine that folds t-shirts, using the Lego Mindstorms line of programmable logic motors and sensors:
Types of Edutainment Products and Services on the Market
- Video Instruction Tutorials
- Interactive Educational Games
- Role Playing Games
- VR (Virtual Reality) Simulations
- Online Classes, including MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)
- Location-based Entertainment, such as Children’s Museums
- Summer Camps, such as Coding Camps
- AI (Artificial Intelligence)-based Teaching Tools, incl. Virtual Tutors
- IoT (Internet of Things) Kits, incl. Robots, RC vehicles, Wearable Tech
- Interactive Programming Languages
- Construction Kits
- Studios, including Art and Music
Educators are Using Edutainment Products to Assess Student Learning
The widespread availability of online information is posing new challenges for teachers: with the Internet, the unscrupulous can simply cut and paste the necessary information into term papers and tests without really understanding the underlying principles.
How can you grade students accurately if you can’t be certain they’ve actually learned the material?
The solution? Some progressive school systems are experimenting with creative software programs that allow students to create their own edutainment presentations.
This turns the tables around completely. Rather than being passive consumers of edutainment software, students are now challenged to be the creators of original edutainment content.
Instructors at the Douglas County School District around Denver challenge young students to create animated, interactive presentations that illustrate a concept learned in class.
The results are encouraging. The process of creating storyboards and interactive content helps provide teachers a way to assess whether students truly understand the material or not, and students learn additional communication and computer skills to boot!
We Can Learn Difficult Information More Easily When We are Interested and Motivated
Given the plethora of edutainment products on the market, which ones should you choose?
You can safely mark off those products that don’t offer much educational value.
But what about the rest of them? What are the keys to successful learning when choosing edutainment products?
Researchers investigating the value of edutainment products are finding that common sense prevails. If the subject matter is interesting to us, we’ll learn more — even if the subject material is difficult.
The bottom line? Let kids choose what interests them, and the learning will follow.
Our Edutainment Predictions for the Future
“It’s tough to make predictions, especially about the future.”
― Yogi Berra
As we look ahead to the future, it seems like a given that advances in visual reality simulations will make edutainment products even more realistic, immersive, and interactive than they are today. As game developers adapt research from neural networks and artificial intelligence, it will become more commonplace to interact with artificial characters in a natural, realistic manner, using spoken language. Characters will begin to learn about us and respond accordingly, just as we do with them.
Another trend we expect to see is a growing, widening backlash against raising “overscheduled” kids, who are chauffeured back and forth from one planned activity to the next — from soccer practice and school plays to music lessons. As parents resolve to make room for more freeform time for their kids to learn and play, high-quality, well-designed edutainment products can fill the gap by providing a more valuable, unstructured educational play experience that’s less tightly managed.
Edutainment products will also continue to evolve to provide more satisfying experiences for adults, not just kids. They will continue to support the emerging trend of seeking memories and “experiences” (viz “bucket lists”) over acquiring material possessions, as well as supporting the emerging trend toward life-long learning.
Are You Considering Creating Your Own Edutainment Facility?
If you have plans to build or expand an edutainment facility, we want you to know that Formaspace can help.
Whether you are building a location-based entertainment facility, museum, or makerspace, you need to speak with a Formaspace Design Consultant.
We have the expertise you need to help plan and specify the right types of furniture, storage, and workspaces you’ll need to make your project a success. And when you’re ready, we’ll custom manufacture everything — just for you — at our factory headquarters here in Austin, Texas.
American-made with a 12-year guarantee: just one of the reasons museums, educational institutions, and government agencies choose Formaspace.
Just fill out the quick contact form below, and we’ll get the conversation started today.
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(Bihaagarraa) This is an Indian musical raga (composition) that appears in the Sikh tradition from northern India and is part of the Sikh holy scripture called Sri Guru Granth Sahib or SGGS or short. Every raga has a strict set of rules which govern the number of notes that can be used, the notes that can be used, and their interplay that has to be adhered to for the composition of a tune. The SGGS consists of 60 ragas and this is the twenty second raga to appear in the series. The composition in this raga appears on 20 pages from page 537 to 557.
Bihagara is very similar to the modern and very popular raga Bihag. The resemblance is so close that many performers have trouble maintaining the significance of each. Bihagara is not given in the Ragmala. Today it is classified under the Bilaval thata. Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadar set a total of 17 Shabads (hymns), chhants, and a var to this raga. The texts composed to this raga describes how complete peace and satisfaction comes to the person who surrenders everything to the Lord.
Raag Bihagara (ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ) – The mood of Bihagara is that of extreme sadness and pain, which gives rise to the need to find peace and understanding. The heightened emotional state of sadness is only harnessed by the craving for truth and meaning.
The following represents the order of notes that can be used on the ascending and descending phase of the composition and the primary and secondary notes:
|Aroh:||ਨ ਸ ਗ ਮ ਪ ਨ ਸ||Ni Sa Ga Ma Pa Ni Sa|
|Avroh:||ਸ ਨ ਧ ਪ ਨ ਧ ਪ ਗ ਮ ਗ ਰ ਸ||Sa Ni Dha Pa Ni Dha Pa Ga Ma Ga Re Sa|
Gurbani Keertan in Raag Bihagra
- Gurmat Gian Group
- Gurmat Sangeet Project
- Gurmat Sangeet
- Gurmat Sangeet Darbar
- Raj Academy of Asian Music
- Sikhnet: Shabad for Printing
|Kirtan:||Raga · Taal · Ragmala · Classical Music · Sangeet · Dhuni · Divan · Asa di Var · Jatha · Simran · Shabad · Tuk · Rababi · Dhadhi|
|Ragas:||Asa · Bairari · Basant · Bhairon · Bihagara · Bilaval · Devagandhari · Dhanasari · Gauri · Gond · Gujari · Jaijavanti · Jaitsri · Kalian · Kanara · Kedara · Maajh · Malaar · Mali Gaura · Maru · Nat Narain · Prabhati · Ramkali · Sarang · Sri · Sorath · Suhi · Tilang · Todi · Tukhari · Vadahans|
|Ragis:||Harjinder Singh · Maninder Singh · Amolak Singh · Darshan Singh · Balwinder Singh · Harbans Singh · Anoop Singh · Niranjan Singh · Amrik Singh · Avtar Singh · Snatam Kaur ·Kamaljit Kaur · Dileep Kaur · Joginder Singh · SS Maskeen|
|Saaj:||Harmonium · Tabla · · Tanpura · Taus · Rabab · Sarangi · Dilruba · · Saranda · Sarode · Sitar · Santoor · Pakhawaj · Dhadh · Dholak · Dool|
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EPA or eicosapentaenoic acid is one of the three main omega-3 fatty acids. The body can only convert a limited amount of EPA from the omega-3 fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), so it is important to get enough EPA from food or from dietary supplements.
Omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, have numerous benefits for our bodies, brains and hearts. Omega-3s are said to reduce inflammation in the body, thus keeping the body from developing many chronic and autoimmune diseases. Getting more EPA and DHA from the diet can help lower triglyceride levels, therefore decreasing the risk of heart disease. EPA promotes healthy blood flow and is essential for normal brain and heart functions. Through its participation in the production of anti-inflammatory molecules, it has anti-inflammatory properties. EPA also participates in supporting intestinal barrier integrity and can modulate the adaptive immune response, especially antiviral. EPA serves as a precursor for compounds needed for example to support healthy respiratory function.
It can help reduce many symptoms of chronic low inflammation, which is known to drive several common illnesses. EPA may also affect many aspects of cardiovascular function. Moreover, it can help alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual pain, menopause and lupus syndrome.
A diet rich in EPA is said to lower our risk of developing chronic illnesses such as heart disease. The omega-3s DHA and EPA are mostly found in fish and other seafood whereas ALA mainly comes from nuts (e.g. walnuts), seeds (e.g. flaxseeds, chia seeds) and plant oils (e.g. canola oil, flaxseed oil, etc.). Foods rich in EPA include fatty fish (e.g. salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovy, trout), shellfish (e.g. crab, mussels, oysters) and fish roe. However, as the famous saying goes: all in moderation. Taking exceeding doses of EPA through dietary supplements can lead to side effects such as digestive discomfort, bad breath, heartburn and nausea.
Athletes also benefit from sufficient EPA intake. High-intensity exercise generates free radical compounds which in excess, lead to an inflammatory state. Healthy levels in omega-3 EPA support proper anti-inflammatory processes to reduce inflammation. Various studies suggest that DHA and EPA may be beneficial for athletes’ performance by improving endurance capacity and delaying onset of muscle soreness.
In conclusion, our EPA levels impact many aspects of our mental and physical health. In order to make sure that your EPA levels are balanced and steady, make sure to test your levels and to evaluate how you can make the right changes to rebalance your body and mind.
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In an article for The Huffington Post, author David Kirby says the popular tourist destination has become polluted by effluent and run-off from the factory farms on its shores.
As well as 15 or so factory farms, Grand Lake St Mary’s is surrounded by fields of corn and soybean being grown for animal feed. Manure from the farms is being sprayed on to the crops as fertiliser and finding its way into streams, rivers and the 13,500-acre lake itself.
As a result of the tonnes of animal waste, nitrogen, phosphorous and other harmful nutrients, Grand Lake St Mary’s has become unsafe for swimmers, waterskiers and boaters.
“For years, nutrient levels in Grand Lake St Mary’s have been rising,” writes Kirby, author of Animal Factory: the looming threat of industrial pork, dairy and poultry operations to humans and the environment.
“But only in the last three years have they gotten dangerously high, fuelling algae blooms that strangulate fish, smother the water in a putrid green-and-turquoise foam, clog boat engines, foul the air with rancid odors and emit toxins that can cause permanent health problems in people.”
While the Ohio Farm Bureau defends the “family farms” in the area, state governor Ted Strickland, acknowledging the dependence of the local economy on the lake, has called it “a crisis situation”.
“We have reached a tipping point where the degraded nature of the lake is causing significant loss to local businesses and the total livelihood of the region,” he said. Tourism accounts for 2,600 jobs in the region and visitors spend $216 million there annually.
Tests at the lake have already found E.coli and other harmful bacterias linked to liver and nerve damage, while the state warned last year that people should “minimise contact” with its waters after high levels of the toxin microcystin were detected.
The federal government has been asked for immediate aid, and Kirby says the state is likely to receive it “given the Environmental Protection Agency’s aggressive stance against farm runoff since Obama took office”.
To read the article in full, click here
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The weed is sprayed with hot water (99.5°C). This destroys the cell structure of the plant and the upper part dies. When treated multiple times, the plant grows so weak that it soon dies. The hot water can be sprayed using a spray lance, a cart or with an installed flexible shielded sprayer.
We offer various models of the BioMant for diffrent areas of applications.
Hot water, the best alternative method
Scientific studies have come to the conclusion that weed control using hot water is one of the most efficient ways to control weeds, see graphic (source: “Kristoff ersen P., Rask A.M. & Larsen S.U. (2008)..
Based on research from P. Kristoffersen, A. M. Rask & S.U. Larsen (University of Copenhagen)
- Hot water achieves the best results with a lower treatment frequency.
- Only four treatments per year (in comparison to 8 treatments with hot air / flames).
- Significantly lower percentage of weeds throughout the entire year (in comparison to other thermal and mechanical methods).
Effektive, cost-efficient, saves time
In contrast to other non-chemical methods such as burning, hot air or mechanical methods, weed control using hot water is verifiably far more effective, cost-efficient and saves more time. In comparison to other hot water sprayers, BioMant has a significant edge here too.
Where the use of herbicides is not allowed or desired
With BioMant hot water sprayers, efficient weed control is possible even when cultivating organic products on vegetable farms, in tree schools and in the cultivation of ornamental plants. There is now a niche for organic products that have to be produced without the use of herbicides, etc. in tree schools and in the cultivation of ornamental plants.
In the municipal sector and on other non-agricultural land, several countries are regulating the use of herbicides more and more and in some cases, herbicide bans have been issued
Effective on moss and algae
Moss and algae are also targeted with precision with hot water. Since BioMant units also have a high-pressure cleaner function, moss and algae residues can not only be killed, but also completely removed.
No risk of fire, no damage to the infrastructure
In contrast to other alternative weed control methods, hot water units cannot cause fires or mechanical damage to the treated areas.
Optimally adapted water flow rate
BioMant units guarantee a high working speed with low water consumption thanks to the high water flow rate which is adapted to the respective model.
2-in-1: Weed removal and high-pressure cleaning
BioMant can be used for weed removal and as a high-pressure cleaner and thus optimized the maintenance of the area.
Quiet and environmentally-friendly
Several BioMant models are equipped with an environmentally-friendly LPG heater and battery-operated pump.
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Java Program to Convert a Decimal Number to Binary Number using Arrays as Stacks
Given an Integer number convert into Binary Number using arrays as a stack.
Input : 10 Output: 1010 Input : 16 Output: 10000
- Divide the number by 2 and store the remainder of the number in the array.
- Divide the number by 2.
- Repeat the process until the number becomes zero.
- Print the array in reverse order.
Binary equivalent: 101110
Time complexity: O(logn) for given input number n
My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-program-to-convert-a-decimal-number-to-binary-number-using-arrays-as-stacks/
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Staunton, July 19 – One of the most widely held misconceptions about the USSR was that borders among the various republics were both natural and fixed, neither of which was the case, and that as a result borders among the post-Soviet states are not only legitimated by international law and agreement but by the widespread acceptance that they are eternal.
In fact, republic borders were changed frequently, more than 200 times affecting areas large enough to be minuted in the central Soviet legal journals and far more than that involving small adjustments among the republics. (See the current author’s “Can Republic Borders be Changed?” RFE/RL Report on the USSR, September 28, 1990.)
Now, Russian regionalist Yaroslav Butakov has made an important contribution to an understanding of this issue in an article detailing which territories Stalin joined to the RSFSR and which ones he gave up to other republics between the 1917 revolution and his death in 1953 (russian7.ru/post/kakie-territorii-stalin-prisoedinil/).
The RSFSR was officially proclaimed with the adoption of its first constitution in July 1918, with its borders being those under the control of the Soviet government. In the course of the Russian Civil War as a result of changing military fortunes, those borders changed frequently, Butakov says.
Among the borders that changed the most between 1918 and 1925 were those between the RSFSR and Ukraine initially as a result of military developments but then by the decision of Moscow which split the Don region between the two republics and then included the eastern part of the Donbass in what is now Rostov Oblast.
“Initially,” the regional specialist writes, “all of Central Asia with the exception of the former Khivan khanate and the Bukhran emirate … were included in the RSFSR; and there were created two soviet socialist republics (ASSRs), the Turkestan and the Kyrgyz.” As the latter eventually became the Kazakh SSR, the RSFSR’s borders with it were set in the 1920s.
Orenburg became the first capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous republic which also included all of Orenburg gubernia. “In June 1925, the Kyrgyz ASSR was renamed the Kazakh ASSR and its capital moved to Ak-Mechet, which since that time has been called Kzyl-Orda,” Butakov says.
Many mistakenly believe, he continues, that “the present northern oblasts of Kazakhstan were transferred out of the RSFSR to the Kazakh SSR by Nikita Khrushchev during the virgin lands campaign of 1954. This is not so.” Instead, the borders between the two were set after some movement back and forth between 1921 and 1924. After that, they remained stable.
Other areas which Stalin moved to include within the RSFSR or at least the USSR were the Far Eastern Republic which was absorbed into the RSFSR in November 1922, northern Sakhalin which was annexed in May 1925 after Japanese forces were driven out and Wrangel Island which was included within the RSFSR borders in August 1924.
During World War II, Stalin annexed Tannu-Tuva and transformed it into the Tuvin Autonomous Oblast within Krasnodar kray in October 1944. Later in 1961, it became an ASSR. And at the end of the war, Stalin annexed the southern half of Sakhalin and the Kurile islands, what the Japanese still refer to as the Northern Territories.
At the end of the Winter War with Finland, Stalin oversaw the annexation of the southern part of the Karelian isthmus. In 1944, it was transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In 1944, after the absorption of the three Baltic countries, Moscow took regions of Estonia and Latvia and included them in the RSFSR.
In 1945, on the basis of decisions of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the RSFSR was expanded to include the former German East Prussia as the non-contiguous Kaliningrad Oblast. And in 1947, the Finnish city of Pecheneg was included in the RSFSR’s Murmansk Oblast on the basis of the Moscow-Helsinki peace treaty.
Stalin also gave up RSFSR territory to others, primarily in the course of forming union republics in Central Asia, but also part of the North Caucasus which was transferred to the Georgian SSR after Stalin deported many of the nations from this and adjoining territories.
But “the most significant land gift from the RSFSR under Stalin” was the one he gave to Belarus. In 1924-1926, Belarus received almost all of Vitebsk, Mogilev and Gomel oblasts, thereby increasing the territory of the Belarusian SSR “by a factor of three.”
Post a Comment
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The use of pesticides has increased during the past decades, also increasing the risk of exposure to toxic pesticides that can cause detrimental health effects in the future. This is of special concern among farmers in low-to-middle-income countries that may lack proper training in the safe use of these chemicals. To assess the situation in Bolivia a cross-sectional study in three agricultural communities was performed (n = 297). Handling, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and pesticide exposure were assessed by a questionnaire and measurements of urinary pesticide metabolites (UPMs). Results showed that methamidophos (65%) and paraquat (52%) were the most commonly used pesticides and that 75% of the farmers combined several pesticides while spraying. Notably, only 17% of the farmers used recommended PPEs while 84% reported to have experienced symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning after spraying. UPM measurements indicated high levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids and 2,4D and that men generally were more highly exposed compared to women. Our study demonstrates that farmers who are better at following recommendations for pesticide handling and use of PPE had a significantly lower risk of having high UPM levels of most measured pesticides. Our results thus confirm the need of proper training of farmers in low-to-middle-income countries in proper protection and pesticide handling in order to reduce exposure levels and health problems.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, pests, including insects, rodents, fungi or unwanted plants are controlled or killed by pesticides. Pesticides have been used to promote public health by killing vectors of disease, and in agriculture to protect the crops avoiding low productivity. Pesticides can be classified based on their function as insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, fungicides, etc., and based on type of chemical e.g., organophosphates, organochlorines, S-triazines and pyrethroids. In addition, pesticides are classified based on their toxic and carcinogenic potency by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [1, 2].
The use of pesticides can affect human health . Exposure to these chemicals occurs especially among farmers and during application procedures by different routes of exposure such as dermal contact or inhalation. In order to reduce the exposure, there are international guidelines concerning personal protective equipment (PPE) which recommend that farmers who spray pesticides should protect themselves by covering most of their bodies . This can however be a challenge in tropical countries where wearing PPE in a warm and humid climate may cause discomfort, resulting in reduced usage of this first line of defense against exposure to pesticides. Low use of PPE together with inadequate knowledge and awareness about handling and storage of pesticides constitute important issues that might increase the risk of exposure to pesticides among farmers [5, 6]. Residents of rural areas also may be affected due to the proximity to farms or ingestion of water or food that contains pesticide residues.
Exposure to pesticides can produce acute toxic effects with low (e.g., headache), moderate (e.g., diarrhea) or high (e.g. pulmonary edema) severity or even fatal intoxication . In addition, long-term exposure could result in chronic health effects such as neurological, particularly neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children, and endocrine disruption resulting in precocious puberty [8, 9]. Farmers usually use different formulations of pesticides and in complex mixtures, some of which have genotoxic effects which could cause different types of cancers, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, malignant lymphomas, brain and prostate cancer [10,11,12].
This study was performed in Bolivia, and like other low-to-middle-income countries, Bolivian farmers have increasingly been using pesticides since the end of the last century in order to get into a competitive international agricultural market . As a result, farmers have been applying pesticides to their crops without proper training or supervision, most likely increasing their exposure to these hazardous chemicals . According to information extracted from the Bolivian Agricultural Census of 2013, 46% of the agricultural production units used pesticides to control pest and diseases of crops especially in the tropical area . However, because of smuggling and under-reporting, the usage of these chemicals is not completely controlled and/or registered by the Bolivian authorities and thus probably underestimated. As a consequence, very little is known about which the most used pesticides are and the associated prevalence of health effects in farmers and in the general population in Bolivia. The aim of this study was to characterize exposure to pesticides among Bolivian farmers, and to assess the impact of behavior, including pesticide usage, handling and use of PPE, on exposure.
This study was conducted in three different communities located in two different climate areas and altitudes in Bolivia; Sapahaqui (Com1) located in the Province of José Ramón Loayza, Department of La Paz; Villa Bolivar (Com2) and Villa 14 de Septiembre (Com3) located in Chapare-Cochabamba (Fig. 1). Farmers in these communities own small lands for cultivation, 1 600–15 000 m2 per family .
Com1 is situated at 3134 above sea level in a mountainous area. The climate is relatively warm throughout the whole year with a temperature around 13–20 °C, which makes this area ideal for the production of temperate crops such as tomatoes and celery. In Com1, ~79% of the population works as farmers and according to the census it had 12 484 inhabitants in 2012, of which almost all are of Aymara origin, natives of the Andes in Bolivia .
Com2 and Com3 belong to the tropical area of Bolivia, with a temperature between 25–30 °C, and at an altitude of ~200 meters above sea level. These conditions provide for more fertile fields and more harvests per year. Farms in this area produce high quantities of citrus, coca, and banana. In Com2 and Com3, around 65% of the populations are farmers. Com2 had 1 710 inhabitants and Com3 had 2 123 inhabitants according to the 2012 census . These two communities have mainly a Quechua population, native people from the central parts of Bolivia.
Recruitment and data collection
The study participants were selected with the following criteria: men and women who had lived in the communities for at least 5 years and age 17–70, because this age-group is actively involved in farming . At the beginning of the study, we contacted local authorities and health promoters in each community in order to inform to the population about our project and the dates that our researchers would stay in the community. These promoters shared the information to the population orally and by radio advertisements. Since we do not know how many people this information reached, the response rate could not be estimated. At the day of sample collection, people were informed again by the team about the project and its aims, oral and written description of the project was given to the participants, and written informed consent was obtained prior to the interview. We estimate that up to 10% of the participants who showed up at the different locations left due to long waiting times. In total, 297 people participated in the study. Based on the gender and age distribution, and that we had participants from the two major climate zones of Bolivia, we consider that the study population is representative. The data were collected between June and October of 2015.
To characterize the exposure situation including lifestyle factors and handling of pesticides, trained members of our staff employed a short survey based on a questionnaire used in previous studies in Bolivia [14, 17]. The questionnaire (in Spanish and English) is provided as supplementary information. The interview form consisted of closed and open-ended questions including population characteristics (e.g., age, community, gender, and education) , crops information (e.g. type of work, hours spent in the farm, and types of crops) , use of pesticides (e.g. type of pesticides or mixtures of pesticides, frequency of application, and handling) , information on personal protection equipment (PPE) (e.g. type of clothes for spraying, handling, storage and disposal of pesticide containers), and health symptoms known to be related with acute pesticide poisoning (APP) consisting of the following five sections (a) nervous system, (b) respiratory system, (c) muscle system, (d) digestive system, and (e) epithelial and mucosal tissues.
All research procedures included in the study were conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, and were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee for Research at Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz, Bolivia and the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden. All the personal data were pseudonymized and only the corresponding authors have access to the key to the identifiers.
Urine sample collection and analysis
The day before the sample collection, our contacts in each community gave the volunteers an empty sterile polypropylene urine sample container in order to have the first morning urine collected the next day. Before starting the interview, each urine sample was collected and immediately aliquoted into a 10 mL polypropylene tube that was labeled and stored at –18 °C in a portable freezer (ARB, Alice Springs, Australia). The 297 samples were transported to the Genetic Institute in La Paz, Bolivia, and stored at –20 °C until further shipment on dry ice to Lund University (Sweden) for analysis. Urinary concentrations of ten pesticide metabolites (urinary pesticide metabolites, UPM) were analyzed; hydroxy-tebuconazole, a metabolite of tebuconazole (TEB-OH), 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol, metabolite of chlorpyrifos (TCP), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA) and sum of cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)−2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DCCA) metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid (MCPA), metabolites of phenoxy herbicides, chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propen-1-yl]−2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CFCA) metabolite of bifenthrin, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA) metabolite of pyrethroid cyfluthrin, 5-hydroxy-tiabendazole (5-OH-TBZ) metabolite of thiabendazole and 3-hydroxy-pyrimetanil (OH-PYR) metabolite of pyrimethanil.
Shortly, the urine samples were de-conjugated using β-glucuronidase/arylsulphatase and the samples were prepared using solid phase extraction. Quantitative analysis was conducted using a liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer, (LC-MS/MS; QTRAP 5500; AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA) according to a modified method . Limits of detection (LOD) for measuring TEB-OH, TCP, 3PBA, DCCA, 2,4D, MCPA, CFCA, 4F3PBA and OH-PYR were 0.10 ng/mL and for 5-OH-TBZ 0.05 ng/mL. The laboratory is part of an inter-laboratory control program for TCP and 3-PBA. Urinary density (g/mL) was also measured and used for normalization of concentrations. For samples with metabolite concentrations < LOD we used LOD/2.
A data base in Excel 2010 was created where an individual code was assigned for each participant. All the questions were classified, codified and transferred to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS Statistics 22). Pair wise statistical analysis of data from questionnaires and UPM measurements was performed by chi-square (categorical data, frequencies) or Student’s T test (continuous data). Multiple comparisons were performed by one-way ANOVA with multiple testing adjusted for by Bonferroni testing. In all tests, p < 0.05 was considered as statistical significant.
In order to analyze if the type of PPE used and how pesticides were handled were associated with risk of exposure to pesticides, we classified the participants based on use of PPE and handling of pesticides. Using the recommendations from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , a “protection and handling index” (PHI) score was created for each individual. Each PPE and how pesticides were handled were assigned a numerical value (SI Table 1) and the individual PHI score was calculated by summing the values where 16 points represented maximum protection and best behavior. Individuals with PHI score above median (median = 4 for all farmers) were regarded as following instructions satisfactory. Individuals with a UPM concentration above the 75th percentile were regarded as being highly exposed. Statistical analysis was performed by logistic regression with SAS 9.2. Since gender, age, BMI, source of drinking water, and geographical region could be confounders these were adjusted for. Confounding factors were selected based on expert knowledge.
A total of 297 people participated in the present study, consisting of 130 women (44%) and 167 men (56%) (Table 1). The average age was 42.2 years, with no major difference between genders. The educational level of the study population was low, 12% never went to the school and 62% went only to primary school. After weighing and measuring height of the participants and following the global database on body mass index (BMI) , we found that a larger proportion of women were obese (BMI ≥ 30) compared to the men (p < 0.001). Alcohol and tobacco consumption was more common among men (p < 0.001 both), but there were no heavy smokers or drinkers (Table 1). The majority of the study population had access to municipal water (37%) or a local well (34%). Other sources for drinking water were river, spring or rain water.
A large majority of the participants were farmers (94%) and had been active for more than eight years. Among the non-farmers, women were more represented (p < 0.001, Table 1). No major differences in characteristics were observed between the three communities. The communities did however show a wide variation in the type of crops that were cultivated including different kinds of vegetables, fruits and cereals (SI Table 2). Coca leaves was the most cultivated crop in Com2 and Com3 (92 and 89%, respectively). In Com1, vegetables were more common with tomato (71%), celery (66%) and corn (62%) as the most common crops.
Usage and handling of pesticides
All farmers (n = 275) reported use of pesticides with organophosphates, bipyridyl and pyrethroids being the most common. Some differences in which type of pesticides were most frequently used in the different communities were observed. Farmers in the more tropical Com2 and Com3 used organophosphates to a higher degree (97 and 92%, respectively) compared to farmers in Com1 (63%). In contrast, pyrethroids were more commonly used among farmers in Com1 (33%) compared to the other two communities (24 and 16%, respectively). Moreover, 30% of the farmers in Com1 reported to use sulfur as a fungicide, which farmers in Com2 and Com3 did not use at all.
The most commonly used pesticides were methamidophos (65%) followed by paraquat (52%) and glyphosate (43%) (Table 2). The first two are classified by WHO as belonging to class Ib and II, considered as highly and moderately hazardous, respectively . Comparisons of the three communities showed some differences in their pesticide use. Farmers in Com1 did not use paraquat or glyphosate at all, but applied chlorpyrifos and profenofos, two organophophates that belong to class II, more frequently than the other two communities (p < 0.001). It was more common to use the carbamate methomyl (class Ib) among farmers in Com3 compared to the other communities (p < 0.01). Use of class Ib pesticides was however most common among farmers in Com2 (p < 0.01) with methamidophos being the most commonly used pesticide compared to the other communities (p < 0.001). The vast majority (96%) of the farmers reported the use of more than one pesticide and up to 13 pesticides were used by the same farmer (data not showed). It was also clear that pesticides were used as mixtures, 75% of the farmers mixed at least two pesticides for spraying their crops (Table 2).
The spraying frequency was in general higher in the two tropical communities with > 20 days of spraying per month compared to Com1 where most farmers sprayed 2–10 days per month (p < 0.01). Similarly, men spent significantly more days per month spraying than women (p < 0.01) although the same amount of hours per day working on the farm were reported for men and women. The most common source of information about how much pesticide to apply was information obtained from the retailer (57%, Table 2). In Com1, a larger proportion of the farmers also relied on information found on the label of the pesticide container (37% p < 0.001). Notably, 26% of the farmers stated that they did not measure the amount of pesticide they used. In agreement with the strong cultural habit of chewing coca leaves in Bolivia, 72% of all farmers stated that they chewed coca while spraying pesticides, something that was more common among farmers in Com2 (p < 0.05, Table 2).
Use of personal protection equipment (PPE)
Only 41% stated that they used at least one piece of clothing as personal protection equipment (PPE). This number was lower in Com1 than in the other two communities (Table 3). Notably, only 17% of all the farmers were well protected according to recommendations from FAO. In all communities, fewer women were well protected compared to men (p < 0.01, Table 3).
The by far most common PPE in all communities was hat (76%). A higher proportion of farmers in Com1 used an overall or apron (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) while boots where most common in Com3 (p < 0.01). Most of the farmers stated that they changed clothes after spraying, with no significant differences between the habits of women and men or between communities. When it came to storage of PPE, pesticides and related equipment, farmers in Com1 to a much higher degree stored them outside the house (Table 3). Regarding pesticide disposal, most farmers in Com2 and Com3 used to burn their empty pesticide containers while it was more common to store or trash them in Com1. Notably, 27% of all farmers stated that they throw empty containers in the local river. This is especially worrying since 61% of all farmers also stated the river as their main source of water for watering the crops or their own consumption.
Health effects related with exposure to pesticides
The crops in these areas grow close to the farmer’s houses, and as a result, 75% of the farmers reported to have felt pesticide odor around their living area. When asked whether the farmers had experienced signs or symptoms of acute health effects during or after spraying with pesticides, 80% of the farmers reported to have experienced symptoms at least once, and women more frequently than men (p < 0.05, Table 4). 52% of the farmers reported to have had more than three different symptoms at the same time which can be catalogued as acute pesticide poisoning (APP) [7, 20, 21]. Headache was the most common symptom and especially among women in Com1 and Com2 (p < 0.05 in both). Burning eyes, dizziness and red skin were also among the most common symptoms. More men than women had experienced dizziness (p < 0.05) but more women reported to have experienced shaking chills (p < 0.01). Among the farmers in Com2, headaches, burning eyes, red skin and shaking chills were all significantly more common among women (p < 0.05–0.001, Table 4) compared to men and in agreement with the large differences in use of PPE among men and women in Com2.
About a third of all female farmers reported having sprayed pesticides meanwhile they were pregnant or breast feeding, something that was most common in Com2 with 56 and 44%, respectively (SI Table 3). Almost half of all the women reported to have had miscarriages and 17% having delivered a child with a malformation/still birth, with no significant differences between communities or between women being farmers or not.
Urinary concentrations of pesticide metabolites
The two pyrethroid metabolites 3PBA and DCCA and the organophosphate metabolite TCP was detected in all urine samples. For the other metabolites, the frequency of detection ranged between 2 and 93%. The UPM concentrations among the study population are shown in Table 5. Highest mean concentrations were detected for TCP (17.6 ng/ml) and 2,4D (15.8 ng/ml). Maximum concentrations were for some biomarkers more than 100-fold higher than their mean concentrations.
Comparing concentrations found in urine from men and women, the metabolites 3PBA, 2,4D and OH-PYR were found at significantly higher concentrations among men (p < 0.05–0.001) and 4F3PBA and 5-OH-TBZ, were found at significantly higher concentrations among women (p < 0.01). Comparing across communities (Fig. 2), it was found that participants in Com2 had significantly higher concentration of the two pyrethroid metabolites 3PBA and DCCA in urine than the other two communities (p < 0.01 for both). Participants in Com1 showed significantly higher urine concentrations of the pyrethroid metabolite 4F3PBA than the other communities (p < 0.001). Similarly, highest concentrations of 2,4D were found in Com3 (p < 0.001), which is in agreement with 2,4D reported to almost exclusively being used in this community (SI Table 4).
Relationships between lifestyle, PPE, pesticide handling and urine pesticide concentrations
Highest concentrations of CFCA were found in people who used spring water as source of drinking water in comparison with those who consumed water from other sources (p < 0.05, Fig. 3a). 4F3PBA showed higher concentrations in the participants not actively working as farmers (p < 0.01, Fig. 3b), suggesting a different source of exposure than farming. The same metabolite was found at significantly higher concentrations in participants without education (not attending school at all) (p < 0.05, Fig. 3c). The period of time working as a farmer could be an important factor of exposure. No clear correlations between number of days spent spraying per month and UPM concentrations were observed. However, significantly higher concentrations of TCP among farmers working 1–3 years compared to those working more than 8 years (p < 0.05, Fig. 3d) was the only observed effect. Moreover, 3PBA concentrations showed high concentrations in people who disposed of empty pesticide containers in the river compared to other means of disposal (p < 0.05). The habit of chewing coca leaves while spraying with pesticides was not correlated with increased levels of any of the measured UPMs.
To investigate the impact of type of PPE used and handling of pesticides on the risk of having increased UPM concentrations a PHI score was calculated as described in materials and methods. Comparing the PHI scores between the three communities showed that Com1 had the highest median score (PHI = 5) followed by Com2 and Com3 (PHI = 4 and 3, respectively) which is in agreement with results shown in Tables 2 and 3. Regression analysis between PHI score and UPM concentrations indicated a reduced risk (OR < 1) for all metabolites except TCP, which instead showed an increased risk (Table 6). A significant protective effect was however only observed for the pyrethroid metabolites 3PBA and DCCA with ORs of 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24–0.81) and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.28–0.97), respectively. The same reduced risk for these two metabolites was observed when adjusting for gender and age. When also adjusting for geographical area (La Paz (Com1) and Cochabamba (Com2 and Com3)), water source and BMI, only the protective effect against 3PBA remained with OR = 0.50 (0.26–0.95).
Although previous studies have indicated that farmers in Bolivia probably are exposed to high levels of pesticides, this is the first study measuring UPM concentrations representing a large number of different pesticides in a Bolivian population. Highest mean concentrations were obtained for TCP, a biomarker for exposure to chlorpyrifos, which was used in all communities, and for the herbicide 2,4D, which was used almost exclusively in Com3. Both of these metabolites have been measured in several studies, and the mean levels of TCP and 2,4D in our population are up to 50-fold higher than background levels in the general population of USA but quite similar to levels found among farmers in Iowa, USA . Women active as farmers in low-to-middle-income countries seem to be a vulnerable group [24, 25]. The Bolivian women in our study had up 40-fold higher levels of urinary TCP compared to women in Puerto Rico, Norway and Netherlands [26, 27]. Similarly, levels of 2,4D were about four times higher in our women compared to women from Puerto Rico . Although our results show that women clearly are less protected while spraying, both mean and maximum UPM concentrations were higher among men for most pesticides. This can probably be explained by that fact that the men were much more active in spraying compared to women and thus more highly exposed. A limitation of the study is that the pesticides reported to be used by most farmers, the organophosphate methamidaphos and the herbicide paraquat, were not measured in the collected urine samples. Human biological monitoring studies have however shown that methamidaphos has a very short half-life making it challenging to be studied in occupational or environmental exposure settings . The methodology for measuring a biomarker for paraquat was not available.
The importance of using recommended PPE and following recommendations for handling pesticides in limiting the exposure to pesticides was confirmed in this study. The results showed a correlation between following recommendation and decreased risk of high urinary concentrations for all UPMs except TCP. This was especially clear for the pyrethroid biomarkers and when adjusted for gender, age and geographical area. Notably, when adjusting for geographical area, the ORs for the other UPMs became closer to 1, indicating that there is some confounding factor related to area which we in this study were unable to further determine due to lack of power if we were to stratify the analysis based on area. The inverse relationship between good protection/behavior and urinary concentrations of TCP is difficult to interpret but might suggest another important source of exposure to chlorpyrifos such as contaminated food.
The consequences of the mishandling of pesticides and low use of PPE were also reflected in the large number of farmers that reported to have experienced APP after spraying pesticides. In agreement with previous occupational field studies, the poisonings were not severe but rather minor . The wide variety of symptoms reported in our study population is probably a result of the combined effects of the many used pesticides. Notably, only 4% of the women wore the recommended PPE, which probably explains the high incidence of headaches, red skin and burning eyes. A possible explanation for the high number of symptoms could also be dehydration, long working days and, sun burn etc. As in many previous studies, a large proportion of the women reported to have sprayed pesticides while being pregnant or breastfeeding [30, 31]. A number of studies have found an association between pesticide exposure during pregnancy and increased risk of spontaneous miscarriages [24, 32]. In this study, a large proportion of the women (48%) reported having had a spontaneous miscarriage, a number that was similar among farmers and non-farmers. This is much higher than the data published by the Ministry of Health in Bolivia, which reported a frequency of respectively 14 and 22% in La Paz and Cochabamba in 2015 . Similarly, a higher frequency of malformation and stillbirths (17%) was found in our study compared to previous reported levels (2.2%) . These high frequencies might be due to a lack of statistical and/or non-objective information about these health effects from rural communities.
Since the three communities under study were mainly agricultural, the absolute majority of the participants were farmers and had been active as such for more than 8 years. In accordance with previous studies looking at handling and exposure to pesticides among agricultural communities in low-to-middle-income countries, the education level was low; 74 % never went to school or only to primary school [6, 35, 36]. In contrast to the Bolivian agricultural census of 2013 , which stated that 46% of the production units used pesticides, the results presented here indicate that the use of pesticides is much higher. All of the farmers used at least one pesticide, methamidophos being the most common and in agreement with a previous study from Com1 in Bolivia . In agreement with a recent study from India , a majority of the 49 pesticides reported to be used are highly or moderately hazardous to human health according to the WHO classification . It was moreover clear that the majority of the farmers used a mixture of pesticides when spraying their crops. This is most likely in order to control a variety of pests for the different crops that are being grown and in agreement with other studies assessing the use of pesticides among farmers in low-to-middle-income countries [37, 38].
Some farmers in Com1 have previously been part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) project run by the non-governmental organization PLAGBOL (Plaguicidas Bolivia) between 2001 and 2010 where they were trained in alternative ways to control pest and in the safe handling of pesticides [39,40,41]. Information about which farmers had previously been trained through this project was not available to us. Farmers of the other two communities have had no previous training on these issues by this or any other organization. Although previous training on the use of pesticides and their health effects on humans has taken place within the community, farmers in Com1 participating in this study appears to continue using highly or moderately toxic pesticides, although to a lesser extent than the two other communities. This might be explained by the fact that replacing pesticides with less hazardous compounds and IPM are both processes which take time. In addition, and although this is in contrast to what has been reported from the PLAGBOL project , the know-how might not have spread outside the families/farmers that were included in the project. The lower spraying frequency in Com1 compared to the two other communities is probably a result of differences in climate and type of crops being cultured, but could also be due to increased awareness about IPM. A difference was however observed between Com1 and the two other communities regarding handling of pesticides and the use of PPE. Farmers in Com1 read and followed product labels on how to use pesticides, were well protected (PPE), and stored and disposed of equipment and pesticides according to recommendations to a significantly higher degree compared to the other two communities. This suggests that the Com1 farmers in our study, directly or indirectly, have received information or training about proper pesticide usage and handling.
Previous studies performed in Bolivia related with the training in handling of pesticides and impact on health effects were performed in small groups of farmers where most of them were men [14, 41]. Our study took a representative higher number of participants where almost half were women actively involved in farming and thus better representing the agricultural communities in Bolivia. In agreement with previous studies performed in Bolivia, we show that farmers are using a large variety of pesticides and that most farmers are not following recommendations for proper handling and protection. By biomarker measurements of urinary pesticide metabolites, we can for the first time show that the agricultural population in Bolivia is exposed to high levels of pesticides. Moreover, results from this study confirms the need and importance of education and training of farmers in low-to-middle-income countries in proper protection and handling of pesticides in order to reduce exposure levels and detrimental health effects.
Limitations of the study
In general, cross-sectional studies are very useful for investigating prevalence of exposure-related diseases. However, the limitations of this kind of studies include information biases, and the fact that the risk factors and outcomes are measured at the same time, which is why causation has to be confirmed rigorously. A weakness of the study was also the lack of information about times sprayed last month, and time from last spray to urine sampling. The information given about spraying frequency per month should be considered to be more general. These limitations could possibly explain why no correlation was observed between spraying frequency and levels of UPM. Recall bias was a likely limitation when the participants were asked to list which pesticides that they were using. This could have resulted in an underestimation of which pesticides were used among the farmers. Similarly, a relatively high number of participants stated that they did not remember if they used mixtures of pesticides or not. In both cases women answered that they did not remember to a higher degree. Moreover, our UPM analyses did not include the two most used pesticides, metamidophos and paraquat, which limits the quantitative assessment of pesticide exposure among Bolivian farmers as well as the analysis of the protective effect of using PPE or correlation with health effects.
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We warmly thank all the farmers who participated in this study. We also thank Ruben Araujo and Angela del Callejo for contacting the populations for the study. We are grateful to Rolando Paz, Marina Cuti, Marion Gonzales and all the workers at the local health centers for their contribution during the field activities and assistance during the recruitment. This work was supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Swedish Research Council VR Research Links (2016–05799) and the Genetics Institute at Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.
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Barrón Cuenca, J., Tirado, N., Vikström, M. et al. Pesticide exposure among Bolivian farmers: associations between worker protection and exposure biomarkers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 30, 730–742 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0128-3
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022)
Cumulative exposure characteristics of vegetable farmers exposed to Chlorpyrifos in Central Java – Indonesia; a cross-sectional study
BMC Public Health (2021)
Evaluation of work place pesticide concentration and health complaints among women workers in tea plantation, Southern India
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2021)
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Diagnosing strengths and weaknesses in reading in a foreign language
The ability to read in a second or foreign language (SFL) is increasingly important in the modern world and therefore diagnostic language testing is potentially an important area of language test development and research. However, relatively little attention has been paid in language testing to the need to diagnose strengths and weaknesses in these important skills. Proficiency tests dominate the testing world, and although attempts have been made to derive useful diagnostic information from proficiency tests, tests like TOEFL or IELTS are not designed to provide detailed, usable information for teaching.
This presentation is in two parts: first I explore how diagnosis is carried out in other fields in order to learn lessons from other professions and to derive principles and implications for diagnosis in second and foreign language learning. The second part reports on the design and results of a four-year (2010-2013) research project into the diagnosis of SFL…
View original post 330 more words
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The first days of school are chock-full of new things, which can cause some jitters for many children. It can be tough to transition from lazy summer days to days spent in the company of new classmates and a new teacher, but parents can be powerful forces in keeping school-related anxiety to a minimum.
To help stave off back-to-school anxiety, education professors at Kansas State University recommend helping students prepare for the upcoming school year while there’s still some sand left in the hourglass of summer. Here are a few things parents can do.
Being given a say in matters pertaining to school helps students feel a sense of ownership in the process of preparing for school, said Lori Levin, an assistant professor of curriculum and instruction at KSU’s College of Education.
Let your child choose what to wear and whether to bring a lunch or buy a lunch in the cafeteria. "Anytime kids have a choice, it's freeing," Levin said. "Choice is a huge motivator for children and teens alike."
Prepare little ones for long days
Full days of kindergarten can be exhausting for kids. As a result, they may come home tired, fussy, and hungry those first few weeks.
To help prepare children for six-hour long school days, Levin recommends gradually shifting their bedtime earlier by 15 minutes each night until they reach their ideal bedtime. You find out when your child should go to bed by using this handy bedtime calculator.
It’s also important to send kids off to school with a full tummy, say the professors. Either offer healthy breakfast foods at home or grab a high-protein granola bar for your child to eat on the way to school.
Attend back to school night
To further ease those pre-school nerves, attend “back to school night.” The opportunity to meet teachers, see classrooms, and get acquainted with peers before the first day can be helpful to students of any age, the professors say.
If your child’s school does not offer a back to school night, consider bringing your child to school at some point before the first day to meet teachers and get the lay of the land.
"There are a lot of unknowns for students when they enter a new school, so anything to inform them about the unknowns will help to alleviate stress," said Spencer Clark, Levin’s colleague at the university.
Finally, be sure to listen to your child in a judgement-free fashion. Levin advises parents to acknowledge their child’s feelings about school and share their own school experiences -- include the fun times, the challenging times, and how you overcame difficulties.
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On a cold, nondescript Jan. 15 in Atlanta, Georgia, Michael was born. Named after his father, he was the second child of a pastor and a school teacher. He was welcomed into this world in the usual way by family and friends. Later, in October of that same year, the Great Market Crash of 1929 would be the catalyst for the Great Depression.
When Michael was five-years-old, his father attended Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin and was fascinated with the life of the great German reformer Martin Luther. Returning to Atlanta, he changed both his and Michael’s name to Martin Luther.
A few months after his 10th birthday, World War II began. For the next six years of his life, he would witness the deadliest conflict in human history that would eventually consume the lives of over 70 million people around the world.
While the war raged, young Martin excelled at his studies and graduated early from high school, skipping both ninth and twelfth grades. He then entered Morehouse College at the age of 15, where he earned his bachelor’s degree in sociology. He then entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania for theological training, where he received a Bachelor of Divinity degree and was elected president of his predominantly white senior class. From there, King went on to earn a doctorate in systematic theology from Boston University.
Inspired by his mentor, Dr. Benjamin Mays, a theologian and outspoken advocate for racial equality, King, at the age of 25, became a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He began diligently working for the equal rights of African-Americans. He often encouraged those around him to join the budding movement, sharing, “The time is always right to do what is right.”
His family had only recently moved to Montgomery, Alabama when the highly segregated city became the catalyst that ignited the national civil rights struggle in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. saw how the power of unity and a commitment to a just cause could change the world.
He organized a total boycott of public buses by the black community. That boycott ended up desegregating Montgomery’s public transportation system. He was identified as an emerging leader.
Inspired by the nonviolent tactics of Gandhi and building on his previous success in Montgomery — King was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King’s goal was to consolidate the black churches, which would provide a national platform for organizing nonviolent protests to bring about civil rights reform. His words are as inspiring today as they were 66 years ago. He challenged people of all races in America to take a stand, “The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.”
He would not – he could not back down from the racial inequities he saw around him. Bringing a spotlight on racial inequality, King had become a target for white supremacists. His home was firebombed one January night. And then, on September 20, 1958, Izola Ware Curry walked into a book signing event at a Harlem department store and asked, “Are you, Martin Luther King?” He replied, “yes.” She then stabbed him in the chest with a knife. King survived. The assassination attempt strengthened his resolve to nonviolence. Commenting on the ordeal, he said, “The experience of these last few days has deepened my faith in the relevance of the spirit of nonviolence. If necessary, social change is peacefully to take place.”
As the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, he continued to work his strategy of nonviolent protest until he was assassinated in 1968 at the age of 39.
While he only lived a few short years, his life made a difference. Every year, on the third Monday of January, our nation celebrates the significant changes Martin Luther King, Jr. made in our nation. Our country is a better place because of the sacrifices he personally made to right the wrongs he saw in the world. His words still ignite righteous passion in our hearts when we recall him saying, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” His cause was good and noble. His passion propelled him to become one of the distinguished leaders in our nation’s history.
We should all be invigorated by the passion of great men and women throughout history. Their lives challenge us to be better people. We have a lot to learn from their struggles and the sacrifices they made to make the world around them a better place for the next generation.
One of the greatest lessons I have learned from Dr. King is that I cannot remain silent when I know I can make a difference. I agree when he once said, “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.”
Many things matter in our culture today, where, as Christians, we should not be silent. We die a little each day that we do not stand up for what is right. On the other hand, we are emboldened when we seize the opportunities before us to make the lives of others better.
I encourage you on January 20, 2020, the day we honor the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to take a few minutes to let his life inspire you to make a positive difference in the world around you. People often believe they cannot make a difference. Dr. King would tell you,” Be a bush if you can’t be a tree. If you can’t be a highway, just be a trail. If you can’t be a sun, be a star. For it isn’t by size that you win or fail. Be the best of whatever you are.”
I am personally grateful for inspirational leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who inspire me to use my life to make positive changes.
Mark Harris is the Founder and CEO of 4Tucson, a catalyst to mobilize Christians in Tucson to help solve the city’s toughest problems. Previously he spent 10 years as a financial consultant with Merrill Lynch in Houston, Texas.
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5 Absurdly Hard to Kill Historical Figures
1. Andrew Jackson:
The 7th president of USA got acquainted with life-threatening situations early. As a teenager, he joined the revolutionary war, and survived mistreatment by British captors.
As an adult, he got into the dangerous habit of duelling, and continued even during his presidency. Jackson reportedly survived over a hundred duels, resulting in a body riddled with bullet wounds.
In 1835, while walking in Washington, he was attacked by a man. The would-be-assassin aimed a pistol at him, which misfired. He took out a second pistol which also misfired. Jackson, 67 at the time, then took his cane and beat the man into submission. The pistols fired properly in all later tests.
2. Gabriel García Moreno:
The tough Ecuadorian was elected as president three different times. In 1875, while leaving the cathedral in Quito, he was attacked by a group of assassins. The leader of the gang, Faustino Rayo, attacked him with a machete while his comrades fired at the president. Moreno was slashed on his head and neck, and lost his left arm and right hand.
But he had to be shot six more times and slashed fourteen more times to be brought to the ground. Before dying, he wrote on the ground in his own blood, "God does not die."
3. King Zog I:
The king of Albania reportedly survived over 55 assassination attempts. The constant attacks ended up giving him a rather nonchalant attitude about the whole thing.
In one instance, while shot and bleeding, he sat down on his desk and continued to do office work.
In another one, an assassin jumped into his car suddenly. Before the killer could do anything, the king pulled out his own gun and simply shot him.
Surviving all attempts on his life, King Zog died of natural causes at the age of 65.
4. Grigori Rasputin:
Rasputin was Tsar Nicholas II's most trusted man, and hated by the masses.
In 1914, he was stabbed by a woman so forcefully that his stomach opened up wide. But he healed completely.
In 1916, some nobles conspired to kill him at a party. He was served a cake laced with enough poison to kill 5 men, but he ate it without any visible effect. Becoming impatient, a noble shot him in the back and Rasputin fell over. After everyone left, one man came back to get his coat and saw Rasputin slowly getting up. The conspirators chased him down and shot him twice more, and clubbed him. He was then tied in a blanket and thrown into the freezing Neva river.
Rasputin's body was later found under the river, showing signs that he had struggled to get out of his bindings before dying from drowning.
5. Fidel Castro:
The Cuban communist leader has proven to be a very hard man to kill. Fabian Escalante, the man in charge of protecting Castro, estimates he has faced around 638 assassination attempts from enemy parties. In Castro's own words, "If surviving assassination attempts were an Olympic event, I would win the gold medal."
The attempts have been diverse in style, including poison pills, explosive cigars, fungal infected suits, poison syringe within a pen, and plain old shootings.
Despite all attempts, the old statesman has survived to the current ripe age of 89.
Novo Manzoor is an athlete. He surfs the web all day. You can reach him at: [email protected]
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Amnesty International today urged governments in the Americas to stop prioritizing development projects at the expense of Indigenous Peoples' rights. The call came ahead of the International Day of the World's Indigenous People on 9 August.
"The ongoing human rights violations against tens of millions of indigenous people across the Americas are alarming", said Susan Lee, Americas Director at Amnesty International.
"After centuries of abuse and discrimination, their cultural and physical survival is at stake because there is insufficient political will to acknowledge, respect and protect Indigenous Peoples' rights when these rights are seen as obstacles to economic growth."
The expansion of agricultural and extractive industries and major development projects such as dams and roads into traditional indigenous lands are a significant and growing threat to Indigenous Peoples.
Across the Americas, Indigenous Peoples are seen as standing in the way of commercial interests, and are threatened, harassed, forcibly evicted, displaced and killed in the drive to exploit natural resources in the areas where they live.
In Brazil, for example, the construction of the Belo Monte dam on the Xingu river in the Amazon basin is going ahead despite an order from the Inter-American Human Rights Commission to halt the project to fully assess its impact on the local indigenous communities.
Countries across the region - including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama and Peru - have failed to consult Indigenous Peoples before passing laws that would threaten their livelihoods. They also carried out development projects in Indigenous Peoples' ancestral lands without respecting their right to give free, prior and informed consent.
In countries such as Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Mexico, indigenous leaders and community members regularly face criminal prosecution under charges that seem to be disproportionate and politically motivated.
"Economic development doesn't have to be a zero-sum game in which Indigenous Peoples' rights are sacrificed," said Susan Lee.
"All of the countries in the Americas have endorsed the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - but states must abide by it in order to move beyond the centuries of marginalization and discrimination."
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Author: Simon Duffy
Dr Simon Duffy explores the facts behind poverty and inequality in the UK. He argues that the current political system is not concerned with eradicating poverty and that current rhetoric about poverty and inequality largely serves to disguise the injustice of the current system.
Poverty in the UK is a serious problem, and it is a problem that is often ignored or wilfully misrepresented in political debate. Social injustice is wrong, but misrepresenting the nature of social justice is doubly wrong, because it encourages further injustice.
Of course there are natural and selfish reasons why we may all want to misunderstand the nature of justice, and usually such misunderstandings start by distorting a half-truth rather than deploying a lie. In the UK a common distortion starts with a twin pair of assumptions that are not exactly false, but are highly misleading:
The first assumption is utilitarian. It is claimed the free market exists to serve the overall good; and there are good reasons to believe that markets can sometimes perform a useful social function. The second assumption is deontological. We are free to make our own decisions and promises, but we must accept the results of those decisions, even if other people seem to be doing better than us. In the UK people who believe strongly in these two assumptions, like the philosopher John Stuart Mill, are called liberals (although confusingly the term liberal means something very different in the USA).
Liberalism is a great philosophy, if you are wealthy, because it offers you a double comfort: Not only are you entitled to whatever you've got, but you can also persuade yourself that you are part of a system that is good for everyone (in the long-run).
However it does not take much imagination to realise that this cannot be the whole story. For injustice is a logical consequence of unrestrained economic freedom, and in every decent society there have always been systems, rules or institutions that are designed to reduce the injustices created by economic freedom.
Just think about what happens if we simply allowed people absolute economic freedom. First, those people who are more successful may, over time, use their economic power to guarantee their own future success and so make it harder for others to compete with them. This is why democratic governments tend to restrict monopolies or replace monopolies with nationalised industries, like the NHS, which work for everyone's benefit. It is also why public education and free university education matter, because it reduces the advantage the better-off can buy for their children.
Second, people who lose out will become more desperate, unable to sell their labour for income or only able to sell it at a very low price. This is why democratic government's have been forced to both set minimum wages and to create income security systems to redistribute money towards the poorer half of the population.
There is nothing in a free economic market that ensures that you will get a fair, reasonable or even adequate price for your labour. That’s not how markets work. If you are very poor then you must be prepared to sell your time for next to nothing. Economic freedom has never naturally protected the interests of the poorest, the weakest or those without power. Instead it often releases the very worst in our nature: greed, avarice, pride and the sadistic pleasure of exploitation.
These statements should not seem controversial or challenging. They represent some of the hard-won lessons of the twentieth-century, a century which proved that the price we can pay for ignoring social injustice is revolution, war, terror and Holocaust. So, it may seem surprising that, in the early years of the twenty-first century, we seem to be in danger of forgetting all these important lessons. Not only do the half-truths of liberalism seem to be back in fashion, but many are even tempted to go a little further and embrace some utterly false beliefs:
I think it is obvious that these beliefs are false; and I think it is also obvious why they are tempting. This kind of thinking is no longer liberal, it is much closer to fascism or eugenics. It pictures some humans as more valuable, more productive, more equal than other humans. Dog-eat-dog economic freedom is twisted into an engine for human improvement. I think it is this kind of extreme liberalism that is sometimes called neoliberalism.
It is also fascinating (in a rather horrible way) to see how the rather different idea of meritocracy has increasingly been promoted as if it offers a positive vision for society. This is peculiar in the extreme. Meritocracy means that 'the best' people should have the most power (and, it is typically assumed, the most money). In fact the term meritocracy is simply a modernised form of aristocracy - 'aristos' being the Greek word for the 'the best'. The difference is that the best is now presumed to be some cocktail of ‘the clever,’ ‘the powerful’ and ‘the rich’ - rather than landed nobles.
Old-fashioned liberalism was often combined with a commitment to charitable action: We have other obligations beyond keeping our promises, and any financial success should bring extra social responsibilities, much in the same was that old-fashioned aristocrats used to believe that they had extra responsibilities to the commoners - "noblesse oblige". It was for this reason that many of the early pioneers of capitalism (Rockefeller, Carnegie, Harkness etc.) actually did spend much of their money on works of public philanthropy.
However, today’s neoliberals and their meritocratic cousins seem much less interested in social or moral responsibility. Success is not an invitation to exercise social responsibility, it is merely the proclamation of the right of the powerful and rich to seek even higher rewards for themselves, and to look down their noses on those with less money or with different gifts. Liberalism and meritocracy merely justify growing injustice: encouraging the powerful to believe they are entitled to more money; encouraging the wealthy to believe they are entitled to more power. As shallow philosophies go we are scraping the bottom of a very deep barrel.
How have we got here? How have we forgotten the lessons of the past? Why do we even begin to treat these crazy and wicked views as somehow reasonable points of view. Although I am a Christian I do not believe that declining faith or moral standards is the best explanation. In fact countries like the USA, which have a very high rate of Church attendance, also seem to be just as morally confused as the agnostic UK. We will find better explanations I think if we look at the economic, social and political characteristics of our society.
I also think that, despite the fact that things are currently getting worse, there are several reasons to be hopeful. Social and economic changes are themselves driving us towards a crisis point that might ultimately be very helpful, although how quickly this change will take place is unclear. Although the rise of liberal and meritocratic thinking is a growing threat, I think there remains a stubborn awareness of older truths that hard to dislodge from the human soul:
Justice lives in poverty.
What is necessary.
She honours what ought to be honoured.
She seeks out clean hearts, clean hands.
She knows what wealth and power
Grind to dust between them.
Goodness and the laws of heaven.
In fact, even when our leaders try to exploit liberal and meritocratic prejudices they can only go so far, and often they try to manipulate language and statistics in order to cover their tracks. This tells us that not all hope is lost; there is no need for deception if all truth is gone.
What we find in practice is that modern politics is a little like street magic. The performer wants us to look in one place, while what is really important is happening somewhere else. In fact I think we can spot at least 10 myths that are commonly exploited to put our moral conscience to sleep:
I want to use this essay to not only challenge these myths, but more importantly to try and show how the use of these myths performs a useful social function for the political system. Ultimately I believe that, for all the worthy discussion about poverty reduction in the UK (from across the political spectrum) there has been no meaningful commitment to reduce poverty for over 40 years. This means that those of us who care about equality and social justice may need to think differently about our goals and our strategies.
Liberals will often argue that inequality is a natural part of the economic order and that if we want the benefits of a developing free-market economy then we must accept that inequality will naturally arise. Moreover they also argue that interfering with the labour market will have negative consequences. However, as Figure 1 show, if we look at the growth rate in the UK it has not increased as the UK has become a more unequal country, if anything it has declined.
In fact inequality has not benefited the economy and there are many ways of combining economic freedoms with social justice, primarily through redistribution and other social and economic policies.
Another common proposition is that we should not care about equality, just about growth. If an economic policy raises the standard of living of everyone then the fact that some people benefit more is irrelevant. But, as we have seen, the opposite is true - inequality seem to reduce growth. So what we should really pay attention to is who does benefit from economic growth.
The following data is all taken from the Office for National Statistics, who publish detailed information on the family (household) incomes for every year from 1977 onwards. This allows us to compare how the incomes of different groups changed between 1977 and 2014. We can compare and contrast these incomes more effectively by bring them into line with the values for 2014. Figure 2 shows how incomes had changed - before any redistribution by tax or benefits - between 1977 and 2014. I have adjusted the data from 1977 to bring it in line with the data from 2014 by showing how income distribution for households would look if 1977 had the same average household income as households did in 2014.
We can see that relatively only the top 20% of families have really benefited from economic change during this period (although there is also a tiny uplift for those in the second decile). So, broadly, we can see:
So, during the post-1977 period growth has declined (as per Figure 1) and economy has skewed the benefits of that reduced growth to the better off. This means the poorest are losing twice: lower growth and higher inequality.
It is often assumed that the welfare state almost automatically benefits the poorest most. However, as we shall see, the reality of the welfare system is not quite what people believe. The welfare state’s primary direct impact comes in three forms:
Now if we compare the incomes after taxes and benefits between 1977 and 2014 as we do in Figure 3 we can see that, rather than increasing the incomes of the poorest, the system's function has been to increase the incomes of middle-earners.
This means that we should be very careful to examine two very different kinds of impact on family income. Some of these changes seem to be economic. We can see a significant drop in the incomes of almost all groups, except the wealthiest 20%. However we can also see that tax-benefit policy during this period has been engineered to bring about changes that are just as significant as the economic changes. In fact it looks very much like, as the economy has depressed middle-incomes so the tax-benefit system has been used to reflate them.
Because the poor were already so poor and the rich were already so rich the changes are best understood using percentages and ratios. So here are some key facts:
It is these facts that explain the focus by politicians on the ‘squeezed middle.’ However it is not that the middle has been squeezed by the poor or by economic policies that support the welfare state. Instead most of the tax-benefit system is focused on increasing the incomes of those in the middle. In fact as we can see in Figure 4 and Figure 5, between 1977 and 2014 income has been taken off the poorest and redistributed towards the middle.
What is really going on is a fundamental change in the structure of the economy. Growth continues, but the beneficiaries of growth are getting fewer - basically only the top 20%. The welfare system is not primarily being used to benefit the poorest, it is primarily organised to support the middle.
One of the biggest deceptions of everyday political rhetoric is the use of the term ‘taxpayer.’ The term is often used to imply that there is some group, the better-off, who are somehow contributing the most, and that the poorest are in someway not taxpayers. This deception relies on pretending that the only significant tax is income tax - but this not true. Income tax is the biggest tax the richest pay, but for others indirect taxes, like VAT, are much more important.
For the following figures I have primarily used the latest ONS data (ONS, 2017). So, if we take all the taxes people pay, and then compare it to their total income then the group that pays the highest rate of tax is the poorest 10% of families - who pay more than 10% more in tax than any other group.
The reason for this is that the UK tax system is regressive - which means it hurts the poorest most - because it relies to such a high degree on indirect taxes, taxes on spending, not on income. Figure 7 compares the detailed breakdown of taxes paid between the poorest 10% and the richest 10%.
A similar deception is that only the poor are ‘on benefits.’ Nothing could be further from the truth. Every group benefits from benefits and the poorest do not even benefit the most. In fact it would truer to say that we’re all on benefits and that the primary beneficiary of benefits is the middle-income earner. However this deception is maintained by treating some benefits, like tax credits and pensions, as if they are not really ‘benefits.’ This serves to aid the natural desire of the better-off to see themselves as somehow distinct from those relying on Job Seekers Allowance or Employment and Support Allowance.
Another common lie is that benefit fraud is a significant problem. In fact, benefit fraud is very low indeed. It is dwarfed by tax fraud and even more by tax avoidance (the legal but immoral effort to avoid your social responsibilities). The fact that the public seem to believe benefit fraud is so much greater must have something to do with the way in which politicians and the media have exploited an image of some people in society as being somehow particularly unworthy. This problem certainly began before Austerity as it was the new Labour Government who launched the ‘Benefit Thieves’ campaign which pandered to this non-existent social problem.
One very striking statistic is that the poorest not only pay lots of tax, mostly indirect taxes like VAT, but they also pay a significant level of income tax. This is surprising because their incomes are so low they should not be paying any income tax. However, the poor have no accountants, and I suspect that the application of emergency tax rates for short-term work means that the government is actually defrauding the poorest by over-taxing them. In addition the £17 billion of unclaimed benefits could also be treated as a form of government fraud - creating a system so complex - no one knows what they’re entitled to.
What we must ask is who benefits from this kind of rhetoric. It certainly provides a useful distraction from the real issues, including growing inequality. Perhaps there is a sense in which this is a further price of a declining middle-class. As incomes drop, status is threatened. Perhaps, as well as propping their income through tax and benefit changes politicians are pandering to the need of middle-income earners to feel morally superior to those who are poorer. I suspect the negative skiver, scrounger, fraudster rhetoric is really the mirror image of the as 'hard-working families' 'the squeezed middle' or 'alarm-clock Britain'. The rhetorical purpose is to divide us and delude us. Money is transferred from the poor to the middle, but stigma is added to the poor to make the middle feel less bad about this act of theft.
Another common fallacy is that the benefit system is primarily about supporting people who are out of work and that benefits need to be low in order to discourage people from becoming dependent upon them. But even a cursory glance at benefit spending destroys that myth.
Job Seekers Allowance (the UK's unemployment benefit) represents 0.7% of total spending. Whereas the four main benefits (nearly 80% of the benefit bill) are not even really directed to address poverty at all:
The poor are in no danger of becoming over-dependent on benefits. Instead the whole of economy is dependent on a significant level of income redistribution and social security simply to function. The shame is that the poorest are treated so poorly by that system - stigmatised and impoverished.
The UK's spending on the welfare state is higher than some countries and lower than others. It has remained at a fairly constant level over a long period. There is no reason to think that welfare spending is unsustainable; it is only unsustainable if we refuse to pay for what we think is necessary, and this just requires us to adjust taxation levels. Politicians like to pretend that there is some crisis in order to justify policies they believe will bring them electoral advantage. We should ignore them.
Often it is spending on benefits that is represented as the greatest and most unsustainable cost for the welfare state. What is more it is claimed that the poorest may have become dependent on these benefits and that cuts in services or income are necessary to get people 'off benefits' and into work. In fact the truth is much more interesting.
First of all, as we have already seen in Figure 6, the cost of benefits is hugely exaggerated by ignoring the fact that most benefits are paid straight back in taxes. If we calculate the net or real cost of benefits - after taxes we find that the cost of benefits is very low indeed: £27.8 billion or 1.4% of GDP.
Benefits are not even strictly government spending, they are a transfer payment, reducing one person's income through taxes and increasing another with a benefit. The fact that benefits are presented as government spending is really just a trick of accountancy. If instead we accepted that redistribution was an essential feature of a modern economy we would distinguish it much more clearly from public spending, such as the NHS and education. Currently we’ve got things the wrong way round; we treat redistribution as a somewhat dubious feature of the welfare state, rather than as its primary function.
A further rhetorical trope, that turns out to be a lie, is the idea that government will naturally and quite properly protect those in most need. This line has been particularly important during the Austerity period, although it is not an uncommon lie at the best of times. For instance, I have explored elsewhere, and at some length, how austerity policies targeted those on low incomes, and in particular disabled people with the greatest need. The UK Government’s policies have been so shameful in this regard that the United Nations has openly criticised the UK for failing to meet its human rights obligations:
“The Committee is seriously concerned about the disproportionate adverse impact that austerity measures, introduced since 2010, are having on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights by disadvantaged and marginalised individuals and groups. The Committee is concerned that the State party has not undertaken a comprehensive assessment of the cumulative impact of such measures on the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights, in a way that is recognised by civil society and national independent monitoring mechanisms (art. 2, para. 1).”
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 24 June 2016
I won’t repeat all of my earlier analysis of the cumulative impact of the cuts here. However I will note, as shown in Figure 13, that one of the features of the welfare state that enables such deception is its complexity.
Complexity allows for various changes to go unnoticed or to be misunderstood:
The general rule of thumb in understanding political changes to the welfare state is not to look for fairness or rationality, but to try and identify where short-term political advantage lies. If the primary strategy is to provide tax-cuts to groups who will provide political support then making cuts at any point and by any means can be expected.
Poverty is not just political, it is also economic. The real situation is something as follows:
Over time inequality has increased as:
On a technical level I think this is also why the Gini Coefficient is a rather inadequate measure of inequality, because it gives too much weight to middle incomes. It makes much more sense to examine the discrepancy between the richest and the poorest, as Figure 14 does.
It is also important to ensure that in presenting data about poverty we do not fall into the trap of ignoring taxes. It is the post-tax and post-benefit data that is most important. So today, as Figure 14 shows, the UK has a very high level of inequality and a very high level of poverty. 6.5 million people must live on £51 per week after tax, to pay for all costs. This amount is totally inadequate and it is clear that even a modest tax increase for those on higher incomes could be used to radically increase the lowest incomes.
This is why there are now 2,000 food banks in the UK. It is why mortality rates are falling for the first time since the creation of the UK. Poverty in the UK is severe, harmful and unjust - and completely unnecessary.
So far I have restricted myself to three main factors in shaping poverty and inequality: income, tax and benefits. But there are other important factors, which are also subject to political influence, that also impact on poverty in the UK.
Positively the existence of free public services, like health and education, is a great leveller, although in practice there often great distortions in the distribution and quality of those services. Nevertheless universality that takes public services out of the money economy is generally very positive. The fact that social care remains highly means-tested is significantly regressive. The rich look after themselves and make no commitment to the public system, the poor often have to impoverish themselves further to ensure they are entitled to vital services.
It should also be noted that public services also create jobs, often very well paid jobs, for those with middle-incomes. This is worth considering when we examine the overall redistribution created by the welfare state. The poorest certainly benefit from public services, but society becomes more unequal when pubic services also increase wage differentials. In other words many middle-income earners have their income lifted twice, both through the tax-benefit system and by taking up work in public services. It is the poorest who lose out on both accounts.
This is not a criticism of public sector workers - far from it - it is just drawing attention to the strange way we think about income and public spending. If the Government increases the salary of a doctor this will be good for the doctor, but it makes no obvious difference to the service I receive and, from the perspective of equality, it is has made a bad problem worse.
The data that I have focused on here - incomes, tax and benefits - doesn’t tell us about some other very important facts:
There is no excuse, as some in the Government plan, for reducing our focus on the economics of poverty. However we should take a holistic approach and ensure that we also look at the costs people have to pay. Moreover we should also examine the social conditions which make it even harder to bear the costs of poverty. real poverty might best be pictured as having several dimension, as set out in Figure 15.
Personally I think we should move towards a more objective understanding of poverty, one which would enable us to eradicate poverty. I would define poverty as follows:
Poverty is the lack of all the resources necessary to participate as an equality in the life of the community
There is absolutely no reason why, by this definition, we cannot eradicate poverty from the UK.
If we assume that politicians are not naturally unjust, but are primarily motivated by the desire to get re-elected, then there are a number of factors that may help explain recent developments.
In a two-party system, focused primarily on economic well-being, lifting the income of median-income voters is going to be critical. In addition you must disguise fact that you are doing so is also important (a) because you are failing to address the needs of people in the greatest need (b) benefits are stigmatised and those groups don't want to be confused with stigmatised groups. Hence systems like tax credits are used to provide a benefit with lower levels of stigma for middle earners.
Furthermore this explains the increasing use of stigma, sanction, conditionality and control for those in the lowest income groups. Increasing the negative stigma associated with those on the lowest income also increases both a sense of superiority and a sense of insecurity - I don't want to become like 'them'. Abusing the poor becomes part of the street magic as it distracts people from noticing that most government policy is about subsidising the middle.
It is also important to acknowledge the changing structure of our society. If the interests of those who are poorest are unlikely to be represented, if people themselves are unlikely to organise to protect their interests, then exploitation is inevitable. Some of the more obvious social changes include:
Poverty has been privatised. Without the necessary level of social solidarity and connectedness this situation is unlikely to change.
Although the current trend looks very negative I think there are some opportunities for positive change. The decline for middle-income earners which has helped erode our focus on poverty and inequality will increase. Technology and other economic changes is going to see more people, younger people, people in white collar jobs feel that the current system is unsustainable. You can only rob the poor for so long - they’re too poor for the trick to last for ever.
I think many more people are going to be attracted to the concept of basic income as a solution which universalises income security. In a sense the interests of the middle and the poorest will - if this happens - start to coincide. This should be a good thing.
I also think that a growing number of us will realise that an economic model which assumes that the only valuable activities are measured by money will collapse. The attractions of family, love, citizenship and community do remain, even in a world impoverished by injustice and shallow thinking. As people begin to reconsider what is of real importance then we can also start to consider how best to build a world where everyone’s gifts matter.
Meritocracy and neoliberalism will remain a threat to moral sanity. Things will not get better on their own. But we can unite around different values and use the emerging economic crisis as the basis for building something better.
The publisher is the Centre for Welfare Reform.
The Politics of Poverty © Simon Duffy 2017.
NB. Most data is drawn from analyses of published ONS data, primarily ONS (2017) The Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Household Income, 2015/16. London: Office for National Statistics.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews.
nature & economics, social justice, tax and benefits, Article
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Turkish Journal of Physics
The unusually low amplitude anisotropic wave train events (LAEs) in cosmic ray intensity using the ground-based Deep River neutron monitor data has been studied during the period 1991--94. It has been observed that the phase of the diurnal anisotropy for majority of the LAE events remains in the corotational direction. However, for some of the LAE events the phase of the diurnal anisotropy shifts towards earlier hours. On the other hand, the amplitude of the semi-diurnal anisotropy remains statistically the same whereas, phase shift towards later hours; similar trend has also been found in case of tri-diurnal anisotropy. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma (SWP) parameters during these LAEs are also investigated.
Cosmic ray, diurnal, semi-diurnal and anisotropy
MISHRA, RAJESH K. and MISHRA, REKHA AGARWAL (2004) "Exceptionaly Low Amplitude Anisotropic Wave Train Events in Cosmic Ray Intensity," Turkish Journal of Physics: Vol. 28: No. 3, Article 5. Available at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/physics/vol28/iss3/5
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Today as we embark on our first full day of lent, the Holy Mother Church celebrates Charles of Flanders or Charles the Good as he was widely called because he ruled his people with equity, loyalty and love. As we vow to turn our own hearts and wills to the Lord, it seems fitting to learn about a man who loved God with such an open heart that he felt compelled to treat everyone…rich and poor alike with kindness and justice.
Charles was born in Denmark in the year 1083. His father was Saint Canute, King of Denmark. His father was an ambitious ruler who was devoted to the Catholic Church and built many churches and monasteries. But when Charles was only five years old, rebels forced his family out of Denmark and killed his father. His mother took Charles to the court of her father, the Count of Flanders in Bruges,which is in the northwest part of Belgium, to be reared.
Charles grew up in the court, learning the life of royalty, but he also devoting daily time to prayer and religious observances. As he grew and reached the age of service, he became a Knight and accompanied his uncle on the Second Crusade. When he returned, he was assigned as Count of the country of Flanders.
Count Charles had a profound love for justice. Every day after dinner, he would meet with several theologians who would explain two or three chapters of Scriptures. He relished these lessons and took great pleasure in learning all he could about the Gospels. He abhorred blasphemy and would sentence anyone taking the name of God in vain to forty days of bread and water. If they did not repent and convert their ways, he would have a foot or a hand removed, to serve as a constant reminder to the people that this person was a blasphemer against God. But remember, he always gave the person a chance to repent of their ways before taking such drastic measures.
He was a very just ruler and took care of the poor, the oppressed, the widows and the persecuted orphans. If he caught someone taking advantage of any of these groups, he punished them severely but justly. He was a man who led by example, and did not expect anything greater from his subjects than what he himself would do. He was a man who chose to lead more out of good example than out of power. When his critics said he was over doing the charity, he replied, “It is because I know so well the needs of the poor and the pride of the rich.”
In the years 1124-1125, the winters were very brutal, and a terrible famine followed. Charles set up feeding stations at each of his castles, feeding hundreds of people each day. At one point it was recorded that he gave out 7800 loaves of bread in one day.
As a sign of his daily penance, Charles went barefoot and wore the clothing of peasants. He attended Mass each day, relying on the priests and clergy he encountered to correct his laws if they violated the teachings of the Scriptures. He was so convinced of the power of forgiveness, that he established that all convicted criminals sentenced to death were to confess and receive communion on the day preceding the execution of their sentence.
During this time of famine there were several families who hoarded grains so that they could sell them at exorbitant prices to the people. When Charles found out about this, he enacted new laws to prevent this sort of price gauging. Of course this did not go over too well with these families. So they joined forces with others who had been punished by Charles and plotted to kill him.
One day in 1127, as he was walking to the church for morning Mass, a friend stopped him to warn him that there was a conspiracy planned against him. He replied “We are always in the midst of dangers, but we belong to God. If it is His Will, can we die in a better cause than for justice and truth?” And continued on his way to Mass. Arriving at the Church of Saint Donation, he knelt before the Our Blessed Mother’s alter and prayed the psalm of mercy; the Miserere. It was at this point that the conspirators charged in, swords drawn. Before Charles could even react, Borchard, a nephew of one of the families, beheaded Charles as he knelt before the alter. Another of the attackers cut off his arm.The reign of the good and just King was over.
The life of Blessed Charles the Good reminds each one of us, that we are all called to be ambassadors of the truth. We are called to do this by aligning ourselves with the Holy Mother Church and making sure we share the Truth of the Gospel with everyone. We are all called to help our neighbor…the poor and downtrodden of our society. Charles the Good often left the comforts and luxuries that were afforded him as royalty in order that he better serve his fellow man, whom he considered his equal.
Charles, felt that the authority to govern came from the Lord, and that all men will have to answer to God for their actions. We need to pray that our own elected officials will be men of prayer and Faith. We need to ask the Lord to protect our leaders who rely on Him for guidance. We need to pray for any of our leaders who show a devotion to the Lord, that they be protected from the current tide of hostility. Remember, Charles was loved by many, and yet it took only a few outraged men to end his life.
As we journey on our own paths, let us always remember that the journey may not be easy.It is very likely that, if you are following the Lord, it will be difficult…not only the obstacles that hinder you…but more often than not, people will be offended by the Truth that you are revealing to them…so be kind…let charity guide your words…your actions...and remember…as Blessed Charles stated, “We are always in the midst of dangers, but we belong to God.”
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Etanercept is effective in treating psoriasis in the pediatric population, a study has found. The research also found that patients in the study had increased levels of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker that may be elevated as a result of abdominal obesity.
Montreal, Canada - Increasingly, researchers are looking at the relationship between psoriasis and co-morbidities such as obesity, with implications for counselling and treatment, a leading Canadian dermatologist says.
"There is an increasing interest in co-morbidities in psoriasis, particularly abdominal obesity," says Richard Langley, M.D., a dermatologist and director of research in the division of dermatology, department of medicine, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
"It is thought that abdominal obesity may lead to the release of certain pro-inflammatory mediators, which have been postulated to result in atherosclerosis," Dr. Langley says. "Psoriasis itself has been questioned as having an independent effect (on abdominal obesity) according to recent studies."
"It is important that we look at this young population and we think about these risk factors on two fronts," Dr. Langley tells Dermatology Times.
"If we know the patient is at risk for becoming obese and developing co-morbidities, it would help if we counsel those patients. Secondly, we can raise a hypothesis of whether we impact these patients early with anti-inflammatory therapies. Etanercept and methotrexate have been shown to be effective in reducing C-reactive protein in rheumatoid patients. It may be a reason to treat these patients early," he says.
Dr. Langley and investigators conducted a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine that examined the effect of etanercept on children with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. It found that pediatric patients with plaque psoriasis had elevated levels of C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation and cardiovascular morbidities.
Given that psoriasis is a chronic disease, it's critical that clinicians find a treatment in the pediatric population that is sustainable, safe and effective, according to Dr. Langley. "In some cases, we have to decide how we will manage severe cases if they don't respond to topical treatments," he says.
"Choosing phototherapy can be onerous for the patients because they have to fit it into their schedules and miss school. If the phototherapy is not an option, then we may need to move onto systemic agents," he adds.
But the issue with systemic agents in pediatric patients, Dr. Langley says, involves concern over side effects with long-term management.
"These are chronic diseases that require long-term treatment if they have severe disease," he explains.
Children and teens that were included in the study had a score on the Psoriasis Severity Index Scale (PASI) of at least 12, with scores ranging from zero to 72. They were aged four to 17. Higher scores indicate greater disease severity. Participants were also judged using a static physician's global assessment of at least three, with zero indicating clear and five indicating severe psoriasis. They also had psoriasis that involved at least 10 percent of the body surface area and had a history of the disease for at least six months.
The 48-week study looked at the impact of administering the TNF receptor compared to placebo in 211 patients with psoriasis age 4 to 17. A total of 106 patients were initially randomized to receive etanercept; 105 were randomized to receive placebo.
After 12 weeks of the study, etanercept was delivered in an open-label fashion to study subjects for 24 weeks. At 36 weeks, just over two thirds (68 percent) of patients who received etanercept from the outset achieved PASI 75, and 65 percent of patients who received placebo reached PASI 75.
At the 36-week period, 12 weeks of withdrawal-re-treatment followed in weeks 37 to 48, evaluating the impact of withdrawal of the medication and further re-treatment.
During that period, investigators observed a loss of response in 29 of 69 patients (42 percent) who were receiving placebo at the second randomization.
Side effects were not dissimilar from those seen in other biologic studies, Dr. Langley says, describing etanercept as effective and well-tolerated in the pediatric population.
Disclosure: Dr. Langely reports no relevant financial disclosures.
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Benjamin A Wolf Pack from the North.
THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN: A “WOLFPACK” FROM THE NORTH
By Steven M. Collins
Benjamin was the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel, and the only full brother of Joseph. This tribe was almost exterminated in an ancient Israelite civil war in which the Benjaminites were sufficiently fearless and foolhardy to fight all the other tribes at once. This senseless civil war is discussed in Judges 19-21. The Benjaminites were fierce warriors. Although the Benjaminites were outnumbered 400,000 to 26,700, they won the first two battles as they routed the combined forces of the other tribes. Judges 20:21-25 records that the Benjaminites decimated the armies of the other tribes, killing 40,000 of them. The Israelite tribes had to fast and obtain God’s divine help to defeat the Benjaminites. At the end of this needless war, the entire tribe of Benjamin was reduced to only 600 men.
From that time on Benjamin’s population lagged far behind the other tribes, and they were the smallest tribe in Israel at the time one of their members, Saul, was made the first king of Israel (I Samuel 9:21). When the tribes of Israel divided into the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Benjamin remained with the tribe of Judah (I Kings 12:21). After Judah went into captivity, a contingent of Benjaminites returned with the Jews to rebuild the Temple and Jerusalem (Ezra 1:5, Nehemiah 11:3-4). However, even as most of the tribe of Judah remained in Asia, most of the Benjaminites also remained in Asian locations.
Herbert Hannay’s book, European and Other Race Origins, included ancient records that “representatives of Benjaminites spread over the whole length and breadth of Asia Minor.”(1) The Bible indicates that Israelites were living in Asia Minor during the Apostolic era. The book of I Peter begins by addressing “God’s People [marginal reading in the KJV] scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia.” The term “Galatia” indicated the same people as the “Gauls” of Europe. The New Testament records that one famous Benjaminite, Saul of Tarsus, was born in Asia Minor, so there is biblical evidence that Benjaminites lived in Asia Minor in ancient times. Saul of Tarsus was the Benjaminite who became the Apostle Paul (Acts 9:11, 13:9 and Romans 11:1).
Herbert Hannay links the Benjaminites to the modern nation of Norway (2), a conclusion with which I concur. The biblical clue for Benjamin’s location in the modern world is limited, but indicative. Genesis 49:27 states:
“Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.” (KJV)
Wolves are indigenous to northern climates, indicating that Benjamin’s latter day territory will be in a northern latitude. Since this author has identified Finland as Issachar, and Sweden as Naphtali, the only Scandinavian nation in a northern latitude not yet identified as one of the tribes of Israel is Norway. By the process of elimination, Norway would seem to constitute modern Benjamin. Norway is a lightly populated nation, consistent with Benjamin’s historical role as the least populous of the tribes of Israel. Yair Davidy and I have traditionally linked the tribe of Issachar with modern Finland, leaving Norway and Sweden as candidates for the modern Benjaminites. While it is true that contingents of one tribe can live within the territory of a modern nation dominated by another tribe of Israel, it is my opinion that Norway is most linked to the ravenous, raiding style of the Vikings. Sweden also has twice the population of Norway. Given Benjamin’s biblical role as the Israelite tribe with the smallest population base, Norway’s lesser population also makes it a good candidate for being Benjamin. Yair Davidy and I agree that there is a strong Benjaminite component to the Normans (i.e. “North-men” or Nor-mans) who invaded England in the 11th century A.D.
The tribes of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) would be closer genetically to the Benjaminites than any other tribe of Israel because Joseph and Benjamin were the only sons of Jacob and Rachel. Norway has traditionally had excellent relations with the British and Americans, which one would expect of the descendants of Benjamin. Sweden has been more distant from the British and Americans, both geographically and politically. In World War II, Norway fought the Nazis as allies of the British and Americans. Although conquered by Nazi armies, Norway had a vigorous “underground” which fought the Nazi occupiers. By sinking a ship with a crucial supply of “heavy water” destined for the Nazi atomic bomb project, the Norwegian underground made a meaningful contribution to the war effort against Hitler. Sweden, on the other hand, stayed neutral in World War II, and chose not to fight the Nazis. In World War II, Norway displayed a much closer affinity to the tribes of Joseph than did Sweden, which one would expect of the tribe of Benjamin.
The phrases about “devouring the prey” and “dividing the spoil” do not describe today’s Norwegians, but they very aptly describe Norway’s well-known Viking heritage. The Vikings were known for preying (in raiding parties akin to wolfpacks) on all the other nations of Europe from bases in their northern coastlands. This parallels ancient times. Even as Benjamin warred against all the other tribes of Israel in a bloody civil war in biblical times, the Vikings also raided and preyed upon all the other tribes of Israel who had migrated to various locations in Europe. The Vikings raided the British Isles and Western Europe, and the Mediterranean coastlands of Europe as well. The Vikings also raided into and settled in the modern Ukraine and western Russia. National Geographic Magazine made this comment about their eastern forays:
“By the early ninth century they [the Vikings] were navigating the Volga and the Dnieper to reach the merchants of the Abbasid caliphate. By 860 they had attacked Constantinople…”(3)
The Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that the term “Russia” is linked to the term “Russ,” a name given to Viking Norsemen of the 10th century A.D. who migrated from Scandinavia to the regions of Novgorod and Kiev (4). The name, “Russia,” has a Scandinavian/Viking origin, not a Slavic one, even though modern Russia is now overwhelmingly Slavic. The Viking name, Russ, may well reveal a Benjaminite origin as one of the sons (and clans) of Benjamin was named “Rosh” (Genesis 46:21). Since the vowels were not written in ancient times, the names of “Rosh” and “Russ” both have the same consonants [R-S] in their root word.
The National Geographic also notes the prominence of wolves (the symbol of Genesis 49:27 for Benjamin) in Viking mythology and art (5). Historically, other Scandinavian people besides the ancient Norwegians also comprised the Vikings; however, the Viking heritage seems most closely identified with Norway.
There is another possible connection between ancient Benjamin and modern Norway. It was noted above that when the ancient Israelite tribes divided into a northern kingdom of Israel and a southern kingdom of Judah, Benjamin stayed with Judah. The Benjaminites had strong genetic ties to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, but also retained a cultural affinity for the tribe of Judah. The modern Norwegians brokered the Oslo accords of 1993, a famous peace agreement between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Even though the Oslo Accords now seem to have failed to bring any peace to Mideast, the willingness of Norway to involve itself in the Israeli peace process is consistent with one would expect of modern Benjamin, which was once part of the Jewish kingdom of Judah.
Based on the biblical clues about Benjamin’s location in the latter days, I believe Norway best fulfills the prophecy of Genesis 49 about the tribe of Benjamin. Curiously, while Joseph’s tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were destined to become the most populous tribes of Israel, Benjamin (Joseph’s brother) became the Israelite tribe with the smallest population.
(1) Herbert Hannay, European and Other Race Origins, 1794, p. 467
(2) Ibid, p. 469
(3) Priit Vesilind, “In Search of Vikings,” National Geographic, May, 2000
(4) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1943 Ed., Vol. 19, See “Russia,” Subheading; “Origin of the Russ,” p. 712
(5) Ibid, pp. 12-13
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A previously unknown prehistoric town, which archaeologists have dubbed 'Duropolis' after the local Iron Age tribe (the Durotriges), has been uncovered by Bournemouth University students as a part of an archaeological dig near Winterborne Kingston in Dorset.
Remains of 16 Iron Age roundhouses have been examined and geophysical survey has revealed that at least 150 roundhouses and associated features lying along a hill-slope in East Dorset.
The find could shed light on what happened to the prehistoric inhabitants of Maiden Castle when they moved on from the hill-fort in the 1st Century BC.
The township is one of the largest ever discovered in Britain and also shed light on what life was like for our ancestors before the Roman invasion in the middle of the 1st Century AD.
Dr Miles Russell, an archaeologist at Bournemouth University and co-director of the Durotriges Big Dig said, “We’ve exposed remains of 16 roundhouses in the two trenches we’ve dug. They are pre-Roman house structures, the last that inhabitants would have been living in before the Romans arrived. We know that there are around 200 of these across this area, so we’ve got ourselves a prehistoric town or proto-urban settlement.
“What we’ve discovered is extremely significant for the whole of Southern Britain because in the past archaeologists have tended to look at really obvious sites, like the big hill-fort of Maiden Castle, near Dorchester. What we have here is an extensive open settlement, not a hill fort, so it wasn’t visible as a settlement from the earthwork on the landscape. What we’ve discovered is one of the earliest and largest open settlements in Britain.”
Paul Cheetham, another co-director on the dig and also an archaeologist at BU continued, “What this suggests is that there are other big centres of occupation before the Roman arrival, this is a big open settlement, probably one of the first that the Romans encountered when they arrived. It exposes the myth that everyone lived in protected hill forts – these inhabitants lived in this fertile farmland, away from the traditional hill forts we are all used to hearing about.”
As well as the roundhouses, students have also uncovered animal bone remains (which were the subject of this Independent article), quern-stones (used for grinding), spindle whorls (used in weaving) and metalworking debris, all activities of life in what would have been a vibrant township.
The Durotriges Big Dig, hosted yearly by Bournemouth University, gives archaeology and anthropology students a hands-on experience with a live archaeological site. In previous years, students have uncovered Roman villas and skeletal remains, as well as a host of archaeological artefacts.
Members of the public were also able to see the discoveries with their own eyes during the Big Dig Open Day on the final day of digging. The Open Day took place as a part of Bournemouth University's Festival of Learning, and was attended by over 1,400 people.
One such person was Rob Clitheroe, of West Moors, who said, "I picked up a Twitter message and started following the dig then. I’ve always been interested in archaeology but the first time I’ve ever done it. I’ve enjoyed my time immensely, seeing this, it’s been fascinating. Absolutely brilliant. The size of the very large roundhouse and the precision with which they cut the trenches, its remarkable. The idea of some of those pits too – the scale and the logistics of it all. I’d absolutely recommend it to others too."
For more information about the Durotriges Big Dig, and its discoveries, watch our YouTube video:
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Difference is a part of life; a very wonderful part.
This is my second article in a series of four, talking about difference through the lenses of disability, neurodivergence and social and emotional wellbeing. Difference is always immediately relevant to children, because all children are different. When we learn to recognise and understand difference in others, we are better equipped to recognise and understand our own differences. Teach children to embrace difference, and you teach them to embrace themselves.
My first article talked about children with Down’s syndrome. It is very likely that the children in your setting have, or will, encounter someone with Down’s syndrome. In this article, I am going to be talking about children who have profound and multiple learning disabilities. It is much less likely that the children in your setting have encountered someone with a profound physical disability, but it is no less important to talk about them.
The reason the children in your setting are unlikely to have met someone with a profound and multiple learning disability is because they lead hidden lives. A long time ago these people would have been locked away from society in institutions on the outskirts of town. Today, the institutions have closed but we do little better than before. Take toilets for example: Imagine if I suggested to you that you take the children in your setting out to a place that had no toilets? You would be unlikely to go. Very unlikely!
Children with profound and multiple learning disabilities cannot use disabled toilets, they need a Changing Places toilet – this has a large changing bed and a hoist to lift the person onto the bed. Over a quarter of a million people in the UK need a Changing Places toilet, but they remain few and far between, even hospitals do not have them! Consequently, the families of people with profound disabilities are less able to get out and about. We may think of these lives as being very far removed from our own, but a twist of fate, and they could become ours. We are not so far away from their reality.
Imagine being the parent of a child with profound and multiple learning disabilities and taking them to the supermarket. Imagine all the logistics this would entail, how much harder it would be than your regular trip to the supermarket. Now imagine that when you get there, people stare at you, parents pull their children away from your child, children make faces of disgust at your child.
This rejection of your child is by no means the biggest burden that you have faced, but you are braced for the big attacks and are ill prepared for the small ones. It is the straw that breaks the camel’s back, not the load it was already carrying.
Preventing that hurt is simple, because it comes about through a lack of understanding. People stare because they want to learn more. Parents pull their children away because they understand staring is rude (but in that pull is the message that the other child is something bad). Children make faces because they do not know what they are looking at. Once people understand (adults and children) they will respond to people with profound disabilities in much the same way as they respond to anyone else.
As we did with children with Down’s Syndrome show the children in your setting some pictures of children with profound disabilities and ask them to describe what they see. Accept answers about clothes and hair colour, etc. in the same way that you accept answers about twisted limbs and mobility equipment. Help them to shape their answers so that they are factual not judgemental, e.g. if a child says “Her legs are wrong,” shape this to “Her legs look small, or twisted, or have a support on the outside.” They are not wrong, they are different.
My own son is five. He has been helping me with my work with children with profound disabilities since he was 18 months old. He talks about them as “my friends whose bodies do not work properly.” He is fascinated by their differences, not afraid of them. I am always clear with him about what his friend’s bodies can and cannot do, and what they are interested in. Together we find ways they can play together and everyone has a lot of fun.
Engaging children’s curiosity and wonder is a great way to approach differences that are too complex for them to fully understand yet. I write sensory stories for children with profound and multiple learning disabilities: these are concise narratives in which each sentence is partnered by a rich and relevant sensory experience. Sharing a sensory story can be a fun way to explore how someone with a complex disability might learn and have fun.
Explain to the children that the children with profound disabilities they have seen pictures of, often have sensory impairments as well as mobility impairments. Ask them, “If you couldn’t see a picture, how could I show you what was happening in a story?” See if someone says “make a noise” or “touch something”. Share a sensory story to gain an insight into how much fun it can be to learn in a different way.
End by asking the children if they would be interested in getting to know someone who had a profound disability. What might they do if they met someone with a complex disability when they were out and about? Teach them to smile and say hello. When you do this, you turn the straws that break the camel’s back into lifelines of hope for a more inclusive, friendly world.
For more information about Changing Places see www.changing-places.org
For more information about Sensory Stories see www.thesensoryprojects.co.uk
For more information about people with profound and multiple learning disabilities go to www.PMLDlink.org.uk
"Sharing a sensory story can be a fun way to explore how someone with a complex disability might learn and have fun."
About the author
Joanna Grace is an international Sensory Engagement and Inclusion Specialist, trainer, author, TEDx speaker and founder of The Sensory Projects.
Consistently rated as “outstanding” by Ofsted, Joanna has taught in mainstream and special-school settings, connecting with pupils of all ages and abilities. To inform her work, Joanna draws on her own experience from her private and professional life as well as taking in all the information she can from the research archives. Joanna’s private life includes family members with disabilities and neurodivergent conditions and time spent as a registered foster carer for children with profound disabilities.
Joanna has published four practitioner books: “Multiple Multisensory Rooms: Myth Busting the Magic”, “Sensory Stories for Children and Teens”, “Sensory-Being for Sensory Beings” and “Sharing Sensory Stories and Conversations with People with Dementia”. and two inclusive sensory story children’s books: “Voyage to Arghan” and “Ernest and I”.
Joanna is a big fan of social media and is always happy to connect with people via Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.
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The vestibular system is a sensory system that relays information to our brain regarding the orientation and position of our head in space, how fast we are moving & what direction we are moving in, as well as information regarding movement of our eyes. It is a crucial part of balance, postural stability, equilibrium, and clear vision.
When there is a deficit in the vestibular system, symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and balance impairments may arise. By means of a thorough vestibular examination, we administer a number of tests to determine if the vestibular system may be indeed at fault. The use of specialized infrared goggles called Frenzel Goggles are used to further determine if the issues stem from a peripheral or a central vestibular cause.
Peripheral Disorders could include conditions such as:
- Acoustic Neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)
- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
- Labyrinthine Infarction
- Meniere’s Disease
- Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis
Central Disorders could include conditions such as:
- Motion Sensitivity
- Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS)
- Post-Stroke and Central Disorders
- Vestibular Migraine
- Visual Vertigo
Once we know the extent and type of vestibular disruption, vestibular rehabilitation aims to assist symptoms. With a well-built rehabilitation plan of care, we are able to help retrain your brain into interpreting the information it receives in a structured, accurate manner – as it should.
That said, this process is not always a quick one and does require patient specific exercises at home. Repetition of these exercises produces a reduction of symptoms over time.
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Lawns need more than regular watering; they need food as well. While synthetic fertilizers can fuel green growth, they simultaneously attract pests, which is worse in the long run. Instead, provide essential nutrients the natural way by laying down a layer of compost. This all-natural solution adds much needed organic matter back into the soil for healthier grass.
Related: 10 Compost Bins for Backyard Gardeners
A simple soil test will help you determine the health of your soil. What you're looking for is a neutral pH of 7, but if the results come back acidic, you'll need to amend the soil for maximum nutrient availability. Here's where a natural cure like epsom salt (available on Amazon) comes in handy. Despite its name, it is not actually salt, but rather a sulfate and magnesium compound—and it’s also a natural deterrent for pests. Apply with a lawn spreader or dilute in water to apply in a garden sprayer for a healthier lawn.
Related: How to Test Soil pH
Serious weed infestations are a sign of poor soil, but even the healthiest lawns could benefit from some weed control. Hand pulling with a hand weeder tool (like this one, available on Amazon) works for young seedlings, but once a tap root is well established, you need to bring out the big guns. For a non-chemical approach, pour boiling water onto weeds. That will immediately, and irreparably, damage the leaves and they will begin to die off.
Related: 9 Natural Ways to Kill Weeds
Rather than raking each autumn, mulch the leaves into your lawn instead. Run right over them with the lawn mower several times, until the pieces are the size of a dime or less. They’ll decompose, and enhance the soil beneath your grass with vital nutrients. This might just be the best news ever. You’re welcome.
Rake Your Grass
Thatch build-up can inhibit the growth of grass by suffocating the root system, depriving them of much needed air, water, and nutrients. It also provides a habitat for pests like webworms, which no one wants. Help reduce thatch in your yard, by giving it a once over with a leaf rake after mowing, or use a specialized thatch rake (available on Amazon).
Related: 5 Rakes Every Homeowner Should Know
Trim, Don't Cut
Resist the temptation to give your lawn a crew cut so you can get a few more days between mowings. This is just about the worst thing to do for a lush and green lawn. Not only does a short cut leave grass blades susceptible to the sun's rays, leaving them fried and lifeless, but cutting too much off the top can actually shock the plant. Instead, set your mower blade at the highest height, and never cut more than 1/3 of the length of the grass blades.
Related: 9 Mowing Mistakes Everyone Makes
Keep It Thirsty
This advice goes against our instincts. We assume that to be green, a lawn needs a lot of water. The opposite is actually true. Watering your grass lightly, but often, will actually weaken it by promoting a shallow root system, making it totally dependent on you. Water infrequently, but deeply (an inch per week) for a lawn with deep roots and happy, green, blades of grass.
Related: 7 Smart Ways to Save Water in the Yard
Soil compaction is often the product of heavy foot traffic on your lawn. As a result, air, nutrients, and moisture have difficulty reaching grass roots, causing your lawn to struggle to thrive. To alleviate soil compaction, rent or buy a mechanical aerating machine. It pulls plugs of soil to the surface, enabling water, air, and nutrients to make their way easily to the roots of your lawn. And don’t worry about raking up the plugs. Leave them, and in a couple weeks, rain and foot traffic will break them down, allowing them to be re-absorbed back into the lawn.
Related: 7 Things Your Lawn May Be Trying to Tell You
Get Rid of Grubs
Grubs—the larvae of various beetles—are a fact of lawn care. Most lawns can tolerate a small population but when brown patches appear throughout your yard, you may have a grub infestation that's causing damage to your lawn’s roots. You can battle grubs in the long term with milky spore, (available on Amazon). It creates a bacterial condition known as “milky disease,” which is harmless to your lawn, but deadly to grubs. You won’t see instant results, but if you apply it year after year, your grub population will dwindle to a manageable level.
Related: 10 Ways to Buy Better Curb Appeal for Under $50
Critters can cause catastrophe in your yard if left unchecked. If you see the tell-tale signs of moles in the form of puffed up mounds and hills in your lawn, you have a problem. Moles feed on grubs and earthworms, and in the process, will wreak havoc on the roots of your grass unless you take action. The only effective way to get rid of moles is to trap them. Then, discourage their return by controlling grubs and cutting back on your watering routine to attract fewer earthworms to your yard.
Related: 10 Plants to Grow for a Pest-Proof Yard
There is hope after all for reviving a brown lawn.
If you have the money to hire a handyman for every household woe, go ahead. But if you want to hang on to your cash and exercise some self-sufficiency, check out these clever products that solve a million and one little problems around the house. Go now!
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- City Services
- Public Works
- Water Division
- Manganese in Drinking Water
Manganese in Drinking Water
Manganese naturally occurs in drinking water and can be found in rocks and soil. The Minnesota Department of Health has developed guidance levels for manganese in drinking water. Safe drinking levels for manganese in drinking water for infants one year old and younger who drink tap water or drink formula made from tap water is 100 micrograms per liter (ug/L) or less. Infants one year old and younger who never drink tap water or formula made from tap water and everyone in your household over one year old a safe level of manganese in the drinking water is 300 micrograms per liter (ug/L) or less. The guidance levels set by the Minnesota Department of Health were set in 2018 and are not required to be met by the public water systems. Public water systems are not required to treat for manganese within drinking water as it is not a primary drinking water standard.
Health effects of elevated manganese
Children and adults who drink water with levels of manganese above the guidance level for a long duration may have problems with memory, attention, and motor skills. Infants one year old and younger may develop learning and behavior problems if they drink water levels of manganese above the guidance level.
The City of Northfield in conjunction with the Minnesota Department of Health, took samples for the Fourth Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4). These samples are required for all public water systems serving over 10,000 people by the United States Environment Protection Agency. As part of the analysis, manganese is being analyzed within the drinking water. Samples were taken for the UCMR 4 in 2019 and additional manganese samples were taken in 2020. The results are listed in the table.
Manganese Level (ug/L)
Average Manganese Level ug/L
23.70, 40.2, 28.1
136.00, 119, 344
97.20, 83.6, 81.0
With most of the wells having manganese levels over 100 ug/L, the City will be conducting a drinking water system study in 2021 to review options for lowering the manganese level.
If residents have children under the age of one year old that drink tap water, they should consider different options for drinking water for these children. Listed below are different options that homeowners can remove manganese at their home.
Ways homeowners can remove manganese at their home
- Use of a carbon filter.
- Use of distilled water or a distillation system.
- A water filtration system.
- A reverse osmosis water system.
- Use of a water softener.
Related information on manganese
Information from the Minnesota Department of Health:
MDH general manganese information
Information about home water treatment systems
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Taos Pueblo is the only living Native American community that has been designated as both a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a National Historic Landmark of United States of America.
Taos Pueblo New Mexico, includes:
Taos Pueblo New Mexico
Taos is a town in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. It is located near Wheeler Peak on a branch of the Rio Grande in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. It is located 55 miles (89 kilometres) north-northeast of Santa Fe and is New Mexico’s highest point.
The name Taos is derived from the Spanish translation of Tiwa, the indigenous Pueblo people’s name. Taos was the site of the so-called Pueblo Rebellion (1680) against Spain, which took place in an early Spanish colony.
The Taos Trail was a branch of the Santa Fe Trail, and the town grew to become a major commerce hub. The town is actually made up of three villages: Don Fernando (often Fernandez) de Taos (commonly known as Taos); the Pueblo of San Geronimo (Taos Pueblo), and the Ranchos de Taos. Taos Pueblo’s adobe hamlet was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992.
Mabel Dodge Luhan, a wealthy patron of the arts whose home became a center for visiting artists such as Ansel Adams, Marsden Hartley, Alfred Stieglitz, and Georgia O’Keeffe, gave Taos impetus as a holiday colony for novelists and painters with its beautiful adobe architecture.
D.H. Lawrence lived outside Taos from 1922 to 1925, where he wrote The Plumed Serpent (1926). The University of New Mexico looks after his ranch. A monument state park honors the frontiersman-scout Kit Carson, and the house he lived in from 1853 to 1868 is still standing.
Taos is the Carson National Forest’s headquarters, while Taos Ski Valley is 19 miles (31 kilometres) north-northwest. The neighborhood is noted for its Indian fiestas and traditional dances, as well as being a hub for artists and craftspeople.
Pueblo native american
Pueblo native americans, are North American Indians who live in pueblos, which are small, permanent villages. The majority inhabit in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico, representing the Southwest Indian culture area. Estimates from the early twenty-first century put the Pueblo population at around 75,000 people.
The Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) civilization is regarded to be the ancestor of the Pueblo peoples. In the same way that the Ancestral Puebloans had a lot of regional diversity, the current Pueblo peoples have a lot of cultural and linguistic variation.
Puebloans nowadays are usually classified as belonging to either the eastern or western division. The eastern Pueblo settlements, which are located along the Rio Grande in New Mexico, are made up of people who speak Tanoan and Keresan languages.
Taos pueblo history
Uto-Aztecan is distantly connected to Tanoan languages like Tewa, while Keresan has no documented relationships. The Hopi villages in northern Arizona, as well as the Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna villages in western New Mexico, make up the western Pueblo villages.
Acoma and Laguna are western Pueblo peoples who speak Keresan; the Zuni speak Zuni, a Penutian language; and the Hopi, with one exception, speak Hopi, a Uto-Aztecan language. The community of Hano, which is made up of Tewa refugees from the Rio Grande, is an exception.
Before Spanish invasion, each of the 70 or so Pueblo settlements that existed were politically autonomous, administered by a council made up of religious leaders. The kivas, subterranean ceremonial chambers that also served as private clubs and lounging spaces for men, were at the heart of such societies.
Pueblo peoples were traditionally farmers, with different methods of farming and associated property ownership customs depending on the community. Corn (maize) and cotton were grown in irrigated areas in river bottoms along the Rio Grande and its tributaries.
Because there were few stable water sources, cultivation was less reliable among the western Puebloans, particularly among the Hopi. Historically, women conducted the majority of the farming, but as hunting became less important, males began to take on more agricultural responsibilities.
Many Rio Grande Puebloans had specific hunting societies that hunted deer and antelope in the mountains, and easterly Puebloans like the Taos and Picuris would occasionally send bison hunters to the Plains. Communal rabbit hunts were held among all Pueblo peoples, and women picked wild plants to consume.
Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan monk, claimed the Pueblo region for Spain in 1539. In 1540, the explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado arrived, rapidly and brutally putting down any indigenous opposition. Popé, a Tewa, led the Pueblo Rebellion against the Spanish in 1680.
The colonisers withdrew from the area for several years before retaking it in 1691. Most communities adapted to colonial authority through syncretism, absorbing, and assimilating those features of the dominant culture that were necessary for survival under its regime while preserving the underlying fabric of indigenous culture. The inclusion of sheep and shepherding to the agricultural economy, as well as the adoption of various Christian religious rituals, are historical examples of Pueblo syncretism.
Pueblo of taos
Pueblo peoples today continue to apply syncretic techniques, adopting a range of modern convenience products while retaining their traditional kinship relationships, religions, and crafts to a large extent. The village, which is also the basic governmental unit, is the focal point of social activity.
In 21st-century Pueblo communities, kinship plays a critical role in social and religious life; it can limit an individual’s prospective marriage partners and often determines eligibility for religious societies and a range of social and economic obligations.
The lineage, a group of people who have a common ancestor, is usually used to determine kinship; multiple lineages combined form a clan. Some pueblos may have had more than 30 clans at one time, according to early 20th-century kinship studies, which were usually combined into two larger divisions, or moieties.
The eastern Pueblo clans are divided into two complementary moieties, known as the Summer people and the Winter people (Tanoans) or the Turquoise people and the Squash people, respectively. Their secret organizations engage mostly with curing rituals, and these groups alternate responsibilities for Pueblo operations.
Western Puebloans, on the other hand, are divided into multiple matrilineal lineages and clans, with secret societies, each commanded by a certain clan, performing a calendar cycle of ceremonies to assure rain and tribal welfare. The kachina (katsina) religion, a complicated belief system in which hundreds of divine entities function as intermediaries between mankind and God, is still practiced by many Pueblo peoples.
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According to archeological studies, sea vegetables have been consumed by the Japanese for more than 10,000 years. In the ancient Chinese cultures, they were considered a delicacy that was served on very special occasions and to honored guests. Sea vegetables are thought to have been included in the diet of prehistoric people who lived near water in regions such as Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and coastal South American countries. Today, Japan is the largest producer and exporter of sea vegetables.
Throughout the world, there are thousands of types of sea vegetables, which may also be referred to as seaweed and algae. Not all of these are suitable for human consumption; in fact, most are probably not. They tend to be classified into categories by color—brown, red, or green. The following are some of the best known sea vegetables:
Nori: Although nori are dark purple-black, they turn green when toasted. Nori are frequently used to make sushi rolls.
Kombu: Kombu is dark and tends to be sold in strips or sheets. It is often used to flavor soups.
Kelp: Generally available as flakes, kelp may be light brown to dark green.
Hijiki: This type of sea vegetable, which has a strong flavor, looks like ‘‘black wiry pasta.’’
Arame: Sweeter and milder than most types of sea vegetables, arame is ‘‘wiry.’’
Dulse: Reddish brown, dulse has a soft and chewy texture.
Wakame: Wakame is like Kombu and is used to make miso soup.
Sea vegetables are an excellent source of iodine and vitamin K. They are a very good source of folate and magnesium, and they are a good source of calcium, iron, and tryptophan. But what have the researchers learned?
1. Breast Cancer
In a study published in 2005 in The Journal of Nutrition, California researchers divided 24 rats into two groups. One group was fed a regular diet, and a second group was fed a diet enhanced with kelp. After four weeks, the rats that ate the diet with kelp showed a 25 to 38 percent reduction in estrogen levels in the blood. (Higher amounts of serum estrogen are associated with increased risk for breast cancer.) In addition, the kelp lengthened the rats’ menstrual cycles by up to 37 percent. It is known that women who have longer menstrual cycles have fewer cycles during their lifetime. So, less of their life is spent with high amounts of estrogen in their blood.
The researchers also tested the kelp on human ovarian cells. They found that it reduced the estrogen production by 18 to 35 percent. These findings at least partially explain why people who consume Asian diets, which contain relatively high amounts of sea vegetables, ‘‘have a lower incidence of hormone-dependent cancers than populations consuming Western diets.’’ The research indicates that, ‘‘anti-estrogenic effects of dietary kelp . . . may contribute to these reduced cancer rates.’’[4a, 4b]
2. Skin Cancer
In a study published in 2006 in the International Journal of Cancer, researchers investigated nine groups of mice, each containing 20 hairless mice specially bred to be strongly susceptible to UVB-induced skin cancer. 248 HEALTHY FOODS: FACT VERSUS FICTION The researchers applied varying amounts of brown algae polyphenols (BAPs) to the skin (3 milligrams or 6 milligrams in a mild solvent) of some of the mice and fed other mice different amounts of BAPs. Many of the mice were exposed to UVB rays. There was also a group of mice that served as controls.
The researchers determined that the mice exposed only to UVB (without treatment) developed an average of 8.5 skin tumors; the mice fed the lower and higher amounts of BAPs, respectively, had 4.7 and 3.7 tumors. But, the best results were seen in the topical application of BAPs. The lower dose mice had 3.4 tumors and the higher dose had 4.6. Furthermore, the mice that were treated with BAPs had tumor volumes that were markedly lower than in the mice that were exposed to UVB without any type of treatment.
3. Cardiovascular health
In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial that was published in 2007 in The Journal of Nutrition, British researchers gave 38 healthy men and women, between the ages of 40 and 65, either daily 0.7 g of docosahexaenoic (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid found in algae and fish oil, or a placebo. After four months, the treatments were switched. The researchers found that when the subjects took the DHA, their diastolic blood pressure dropped by 3.3 mm Hg, and their heart rate decreased by 2.1 beats per minute. So, taking a relatively modest amount of DHA has the potential to enhance cardiovascular health.
In a study published in 2008 in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, researchers compared the heart-protective effects of two weeks of daily 600-ml capsules of algae-derived supplementation in 32 healthy men and women, between the ages of 20 and 65, to the consumption of salmon. The results were similar. ‘‘Algal-oil DHA capsules and cooked salmon appear to be bioequivalent in providing DHA to plasma and red blood cells, and, accordingly, . . . algal-oil DHA capsules represent a safe and convenient source of non-fish-derived DHA.’’
In a study published in 2008 in Nutrition Journal, researchers randomly placed 70 subjects with mild to severe osteoarthritis in one of four parallel investigation groups. The subjects, who were between 25 and 70 years old, were then assigned to take one of the following for 12 weeks: Aquamin (a multi-mineral supplement from seaweed, 2400 mg/day), glucosamine sulfate (1500 mg/day), a combination of Aquamin (2400 mg/day) and glucosamine sulfate (1500 mg/day), or a placebo.
Only 50 subjects completed the study. Still, the subjects on either Aquamin or glucosamine sulfate had significant improvement in their osteoarthritis symptoms. The subjects who received the combined supplement or the placebo did not experience any significant changes. The researchers wrote that SEA VEGETABLES 249 their study ‘‘suggested that a multi mineral supplement (Aquamin) may reduce the pain and stiffness of osteoarthritis over 12 weeks of treatment and warrants further study.’’
5. Weight control
A study published in 2008 in the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition may be of particular importance to the millions of people who are either overweight, obese, or simply trying to maintain a healthful weight.
Japanese researchers compared the weight of rats and mice fed regular diets or diets enhanced with fucoxanthin, brown pigment found in some types of sea vegetables. The researchers found that fucoxanthin, which stimulated a protein that increased the metabolism of abdominal fat, caused the animals to lose weight and abdominal fat. Would fucoxanthin do the same for humans? That is uncertain. Nevertheless, companies are now selling concentrated forms of fucoxanthin, and there is anecdotal evidence that these may be effective. The researchers concluded that fucoxanthin ‘‘is an important bioactive carotenoid that . . . should be beneficial for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.’’
In a randomized, controlled, two-way crossover trial published in 2008 in Appetite, British researchers compared the effects of seven-day consumption of a seaweed-based drink (‘‘strong-gelling sodium alginate formulation’’) against a control in 68 men and women with an average body mass index (BMI) of 23.5. The researchers found that the subjects who drank the seaweed product reduced their energy intake by about seven percent. They concluded that products like the one they used may be able to play a role ‘‘in the future management of overweight and obesity.’’
How to purchase
Sea vegetables are known for their ability to absorb minerals from the water. Often, these are healthy minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, and iodine. However, when sea vegetables are located in polluted waters, they may also absorb heavy metals such as arsenic and lead. As a result, whenever possible, it is best to purchase organic sea vegetables. Are sea vegetables a valuable part of the diet? They certainly seem to be.
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Eating for Health
Frozen fruits and vegetables pack a nutritional punch.
July 1st, 2017 by: Misty Milioto
According to research recently published in Elsevier's Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,the nutritional value of certain frozen fruits and vegetables is generally equal to fresh produce. In fact, the amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C and folates in some frozen fruits and vegetables were greater than fresh-stored produce.
Conducted by the University of Georgia in partnership with the Frozen Food Foundation, the research compares the nutrient content of eight commonly purchased frozen and fresh fruits and vegetables: blueberries; strawberries; corn; broccoli; cauliflower; green beans; green peas; and spinach. Each fruit and vegetable was analyzed under three conditions: frozen; fresh (on the day of purchase); and fresh-stored (after five days of storage in a kitchen refrigerator).
“As much as I love fresh fruits and veggies, it is sometimes convenient to reach for frozen varieties,” says Maria Muro, publisher of New Orleans Living. “Like most people, I get bogged down with a busy schedule. It’s great to know that frozen foods pack in just as much nutrition.” frozenfoodfacts.org
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How to Form a Reader Response
What is reading response? Well, it is when a reader examines, explains, and defends their personal reaction to the literary piece they read. The elements that a reader needs to cover in writing their response is, ‘why you like or dislike the piece they read?' ‘a statement identifying whether the reader agrees or disagrees with the author,' ‘the purpose the reader read the book,' and ‘critical analysis of the piece.' Creating a reading response is up to the reader. There is no right or wrong way to create a reader response. So, how to write a reader response? Make sure that you always write the response with the perspective of an educated individual. Do not forget to support your critical analysis with legit examples. Always mention the title, author, and the main idea of the book in question. Connect to the text.
How to Interpret What an Author Means
Authors use descriptive writing to quite an extent. Figurative language is part of their daily writing, and it is quite unlikely that every reader gets to comprehend them. While most readers struggle with the interpretation, a slight effort in improving your reading skills will take you a long way. Whether whatever language you are reading, there exist some technicalities that you need to follow if you wish to interpret the words of a writer. Reading is one of them. While reading helps you explore new horizons, it expands perspective, and you get to grasp the meanings better underlining in an otherwise difficult-to-comprehend-sentences. On the other hand, writing helps you figure out what your understanding of the text is. So, while you are at improving your interpretation skills, ensure you are reading and writing excessively.
Students discuss drastic direction changes. How does this relate to their life? Think of a problem/conflict that a character had to face. Write the problem and how the character solved it or is attempting to solve it. If you were the character, what would you do? How would you handle the conflict differently?
How to Spot Drastic Plot Twists in a Story
Some writers have a habit of bringing in plot twists in a story. While it keeps the readers guessing, it definitely keeps the story interesting and fun to read. If you wish to explore through your favorite stories by being able to explore drastic plot twists, these tips might come handy. Read Through the Clues - Writers leave clues now and then in a story. Like, clues for the death of the main protagonist to bringing your attention to unnecessary details, these only lead you to the main plot twist. Cliffhangers are one of the most obvious. Though they appear at the end of the book, some writers might leave them in the middle of the story, right before they introduce a different storyline to their story. All in all, if you are an avid reader, your reading skills also help you spot plot twists in a story. So, ensure you are reading every day if you spotting these plot holes is your ultimate goal.
How to Analyze Characters in a Story
Before we read a story or watch a movie, there are a few important things that we must know and understand. We must be able to analyze the characters and plot of that story or movie. Analyzing the character building of a certain character is a bit difficult skill to learn; however, it gets better by the time. The only way of mastering how to analyze characters of a story is to read and watch more stories and movies. While reading a story or watching a movie, you must keep in mind every little detail, and you must not miss anything. Moreover, you need to maintain focus on that particular character that you are looking to analyze. You must take into account every tiny movement and activity of that character since the beginning. That is how you analyze characters in a story.
How to Compare Parts of a Story
For an avid reader, comparing and contrasting a similar piece of writing is a routine. You read through the pages, and while you are halfway through, you realize the familiarity between the same literature. However, to compare a part of a story, you may struggle to quite an extent. So, before you start, ensure you are skimming through the chapters and reading thoroughly so that you don't miss any details. If you are still confused, here's how you may compare parts of a story. If it happens you compare chapters of a book or the introduction with the ending, you should have answers to some of the most basic questions. For instance, the why's and the what's? Simply put, why are you comparing parts of your story? If it is for the reason of enjoying the literature only or for an academic purpose, you may read the story thoroughly. Then proceed with writing pointers so that you are not missing any details. You may also raise questions every step of the story so that you may compare it effortlessly. All in all, you may also write a critique of the story. Chances are the comparison that may only ooze perfection.
How Do You Identify Connections Between Two Pieces of Literature?
Reading is, in itself, quite an art. While you are reading, you are not only reading the words but also exploring through the horizons and absorbing different perspectives. Also, when you are an avid reader, you start to notice the similarities between every other piece of literature. However, when identifying the connection between the two pieces of literature is in question, you may consider one of the following. The theme of the book is the most important when it comes to finding a connection among any piece of literature. On several occasions, an author would write a sequel years after the first book, keeping the readers confused and guessing. So, when you come across such a setting, ensure you are aware of the themes of the two books. Chances are you may identify the connection like never before. From the plot of the story to the climax of the book, see if the writer left any cliffhanger while ending the first book. Chances are you may find the connection you have been looking for in all the new ways possible.
How to Identify Emotions in What You Read
Emotions are at the heart of every writer's work. They put their heart and soul in their craft for readers to read through. However, if identifying emotions is not your thing, these are some of the tips you may consider. Relate to their Words - If you do not relate to what you read, you might never feel the emotions stringing through the words of any book. Though some writers add excessive emotions to the story, still being insensitive to their emotions will only keep you restless while reading. Open Your Emotions - Some books might not seep in through your emotions. The storyline will only keep you bored, and you'll find yourself losing patience now and then. However, boarding on the journey as an empathetic reader might help you relate to the story in all the new ways.
How to Use Your Imagination When Reading
Using your imagination is one of the best ways to enjoy reading. While some already have an imaginative instinct within them, some struggle with it. In case you do not have a creative streak within you, here's how you can develop them. Don't Force Read - Reading should not be a task you do forcefully if you want to rejoice the fun. Instead, it should help you explore new horizons. The storyline should keep you guessing, and sentences should only make you devour over them. In case, this is not what happens to you every time you read; you may consider the next tip. Read the books of Your Interest - It is a done deal; not everyone can like every book. While some bores you, the others will only keep your heart beating. The trick to making your imaginations seep in through your reading is to ensure you are reading only the books that interest you.
How to Take a Story You Read in a Different Direction
Do you ever get inspired while you are reading? On several occasions, we might find the ending of a book difficult to grasp. If you are in the same boat, you may take the story forward in your creative ways. In case you don't have any know-how, you may find these ways work for you. Though changing the setting may keep you drained as you are starting the story afresh. Still, it is one of the best ways to take a story you read in a different direction. You may also change the genre of the story if you might. Write a fan-fiction of a fiction-based novel and take it to fantasy. Chances are you'll find the experience quite creative. Keep Creativity as your Strongest Suit - If the characters of the story don't make any sense, you may keep creativity as your strongest suit and change the characters of the story as you like. With their traits to personalities, you have all the reasons to explore different dimensions of your least or most favorite characters.
How to Express Your Opinion About a Story That You Read
Gone are the days when all of us would stay quiet and not share our thoughts and opinions. This digital age is all about expressing yourself. Now, everywhere you see, you come across people who want to comment. The pressure building upon is by the cyberspace and social media platforms is getting real. It requires us to stay connected with the world. The problem, however, is that, with so many opinionated people around us, we are unsure of how to express ourselves. Definitely, you want to make an impact by voicing out your opinion. And to do so, you must develop your case in a way that is heard. Let us say you read a story, and now you have formed an opinion about it. How are you going to express it? Follow the below-mentioned steps. 1. Figure out what you believed in the story, and why have you believed it? 2. Write it down on a piece of paper roughly. Write at least 5 rough paragraphs. 3. Now match your opinions and thoughts you have drafted with the story you've read. 4. Always support your opinion with logic.
How to Compose a Reading Summary
A reading summary may come across as the-run-on-the-mill sort of writing you come across every day. However, it is not your everyday writing. It demands your creativity in all the new ways, and you may play with words creatively but precisely in the best way possible. In case you struggle with composing a reading summary, here is how you may master it with some of these tips. Skim Through the Text - Once you are done reading thoroughly and have gathered enough knowledge, you may as well skim through the text. So, if you miss out on any crucial details, skimming will only add to your summary. Keep Your Sentences and Paragraphs Concise - Let us face it; your summary should have every detail of the book but as precise as can be. Ensure, while you are writing your reading summary, you keep it concise. From selecting the right words to curating shorter sentences and a smartly written paragraph with only the most crucial details, your summary may have all the right elements. Follow the Usual Structure of Writing a Summary - A summary mostly includes introductions, a body, and a conclusion. So, while you are at writing your first draft, ensure you are jumping on the bandwagon as well. You may take on a subtle approach and use the aged-old structure of a summary. However, ensure you are keeping your sentences and paragraphs short but including details impeccably.
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In 1993, Human Rights Watch reported on several types of human rights abuse in the United States. Together with the American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch published a major report detailing U.S. compliance and noncompliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, whose ratification by the U.S. in 1992 significantly expanded the protection of human rights in this country. Americas Watch released "Frontier Injustice," a follow-up to its 1992 report on human rights abuses by U.S. Border Patrol agents. Human Rights Watch collaborated with three other non-governmental organizations to produce a study of physician participation in the death penalty, and the Prison Project continued to monitor U.S. prison conditions. Finally, Human Rights Watch participated in the U.S.-based litigation against Bosnian Serb military commander Radovan Karadzic, who stands accused of a multitude of crimes, including genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity.
U.S. Compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
· Immigration and Refugee Law. The U.S. policy of interdicting and summarily repatriating Haitian boat people violated Article 12 of the ICCPR, which states that "[e]veryone shall be free to leave any country, including his own." The indefinite detention of HIV-positive Haitian asylum-seekers at Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, a practice discontinued in the summer of 1993 by court order, violated Article 9, which requires a statutory basis for detention. It also violated Article 10, which forbids inhumane conditions of confinement, and Article 26, which forbids discrimination on the basis of national origin (only Haitians were subject to medical screening and detention based on HIV status; intercepted Cubans, for example, were not medically screened and were transported directly to the United States). Misconduct by agents of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), detailed below with regard to border violence, violated Article 7 (the right to be free from torture or cruel, inhumanor degrading treatment), Article 9(1) (the right to liberty and security of the person), and Article 16 (the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law).
· Prison Conditions. United States treatment of prisoners and conditions of confinement violated each of the three paragraphs of Article 10 of the ICCPR. Article 10(1) requires that all persons deprived of their liberty "be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person." Conditions of confinement in the U.S. increasingly violated this mandate, with extreme overcrowding stripping prisoners of dignity and privacy and endangering their health and safety. The brutal treatment of the new "maxi-maxi" high-security prisons also contravened this provision. Confinement of pretrial detainees in facilities that were often older, more crowded and more dangerous than prisons violated Article 10(2), which requires that pre-trial detainees be separated from convicted persons and accorded treatment "appropriate to their status as unconvicted persons." Finally, Article 10(3) states that prisoners must be given treatment that aims for "reformation and social rehabilitation." This stands in marked contrast to current U.S. law and practice, which had rejected an affirmative right to rehabilitation.
· Language Rights. Article 2 of the ICCPR requires that the rights of the covenant be recognized "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status." Similarly, Article 26 forbids discrimination on the basis of any of these grounds. In contrast, domestic U.S. law provides no explicit protection against language discrimination. Those small pockets of protection that do exist reflect piecemeal legislation rather than a comprehensive policy, and have done little to stanch the ongoing attacks against minority language use in the schools, workplace and electoral arena. Federal courts have refused to equate language discrimination with national origin discrimination, which, like race and religion, warrants the highest level of judicial scrutiny; instead, language-based claims have been slotted into the lowest level of the three-tier system of evaluating discrimination claims, which requires only that the government show a "rational basis" for discriminatory government action. By attaching to its ratification an understanding that distinctions based on race, color, sex, language, religion, etc. are permissible when they are, "at minimum, rationally related to a legitimate governmental objective," the U.S. diluted the protection of the ICCPR to match that of the U.S. courts. Nonetheless, the ICCPR's specific prohibition on language discrimination adds a greater scope of protection than was previously available. The Human Rights Watch/ACLU report also examined U.S. compliance with the ICCPR in regard to free expression, race discrimination, women's rights, language rights, and religiousfreedom.
· Border Patrol agent Luis Santiago Esteves was reported to have sexually harassed or assaulted three different women whom he first encountered while on duty. The first incident was reported to his supervisor on October 9, 1989; no disciplinary action was taken against him. The second incident led to his arrest in December 1989 for rape. Although Esteves was temporarily suspended, the border patrol reinstated him when the victim failed to appear in court, forcing the prosecutor to drop charges. He was arrested a third time in 1991, again for rape. That arrest led to a conviction and, in July 1992, he was sentenced to twenty-four years in prison.
· On December 23, 1992, a border patrol agent allegedly beat an unarmed man who had been apprehended near the border. The agent then warned the man not to report the beating. Agents took him and his female companion, who was detained by a second agent and witnessed the beating, to the San Ysidro, California detention center, where they were held for several hours. Despite the man's obviously severe pain and his repeated requests for medical attention, no assistance was provided for several hours. He was eventually taken to a hospital, where he remained under observation for ten days, at which time his condition worsened and he underwent surgery to repair damage that had been done to his pancreas. Two weeks later the border patrol issued a statement claiming the man had injured himself by falling into a drainage ditch. Although both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Office of the Inspector General of the Justice Department subsequently began investigations, the agent was reportedly still on active duty as of November 1993. In keeping with INS policy, the agent's name was withheld from the victim and his attorney.
· In February 1992, a customs agent injured a U.S. citizen whose car was being inspected at an El Paso/Juarez checkpoint. According to the victim and witnesses, the agent twisted the woman's arm behind her back and held it there for a long period of time, despite her protests that he was hurting her. She was taken by ambulance to a nearby hospital, where a cast was placed on her severely sprained arm. An investigator with the Office of Internal Affairs of the Customs Service took statements from customs agents at the scene, yet never contacted the victim, even though her name and phone number were available from police officers who had been called to the scene. When the victim returned to the checkpoint days later to ask whether the agent had been disciplined, she was told that he had been suspended; Customs Service officials later admitted that she had been misinformed and that the agentremained on duty.
· In December 1992, a federal court ruled that border patrol agents committed a number of abuses over a period of years against students and faculty at Bowie High School in El Paso, Texas, including the use of excessive force (beatings, rough physical treatment, and the unnecessary brandishing of a weapon), verbal abuse, and harassment. Murillo v. Musegades, EP-CA-319-B, (W.D. Tex. Dec 1, 1992). "Frontier Injustice" also reported numerous instances of border patrol agents' harassment on high school campuses in Phoenix, Arizona.
Americas Watch concluded that these and similar incidents of misconduct were fostered by a protective climate of impunity sustained by a variety of factors. First, incidents of abuse often went unreported, due both to victims' fears of deportation or further harassment and to the absence of information regarding complaint procedures. Second, attempts to lodge complaints were often obstructed by immigration officials. "Frontier Injustice" reported that complainants were ridiculed, given incomplete or wrong information, directly discouraged from filing complaints, and threatened with counter-charges. Reports by fellow agents were also rare, in adherence with the strict code of silence.
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South Korean Cheetaroid Wants to Join the Cat Robot Race
Four-legged robots are multiplying in labs around the world, and a number of projects are drawing inspiration from one particular family of animals: big cats. This new breed includes Boston Dynamics’s Cheetah, MIT’s Cheetah Robot, Osaka University’s Pneupard, and EPFL’s CheetahCub. The latest specimen comes from South Korea and is called Cheetaroid.
Now, you may be asking why we need quadruped robots and, in particular, cat-inspired ones. The creators of the Cheetaroid, a team from Sogang University’s Robotic Systems Control Laboratory, led by Professor Kyoungchul Kong, are envisioning different applications. They illustrate those in the image below, which shows how Cheetaroid could be used to assist firefighters, soldiers, disabled individuals, and—well, we’re not exactly sure what’s going on in the lower right image but we wouldn’t want to be the guy in the bite suit. [Read More]
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Non cooperation movement in india. Non Co 2022-10-16
Non cooperation movement in india Rating:
In the dystopian society depicted in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, knowledge and ignorance play a crucial role in the manipulation and control of the population. The government, led by the tyrannical figure of Captain Beatty, actively suppresses knowledge and promotes ignorance in order to maintain its power and keep the population docile and conformist.
At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist, Guy Montag, is a fireman whose job is to burn books, which are illegal and seen as a threat to the status quo. Montag is content with his life and believes that books are dangerous and that they cause more harm than good. However, as the novel progresses, he begins to question this belief and starts to see the value of knowledge.
One of the main ways in which the government promotes ignorance is by controlling what information the population has access to. Television, which is used as a propaganda tool, only shows shallow, superficial content that does not encourage critical thinking or independent thought. The Mechanical Hound, a robotic police dog, is also used to keep people in line and suppress dissent.
Another way in which the government promotes ignorance is by limiting education and intellectual pursuits. Schools are not allowed to teach subjects that might encourage independent thinking, such as history or literature. Instead, they are focused on practical subjects that will help students get jobs in the government's industries.
In contrast, the characters who embrace knowledge and seek to understand the world around them are depicted as rebels and outcasts. Clarisse, a young woman who Montag meets at the beginning of the novel, is a curious and independent thinker who encourages Montag to question the world around him. Faber, an English professor who is forced to retire, is another example of a character who values knowledge and tries to preserve it.
Ultimately, the novel suggests that knowledge is a powerful force that can challenge the status quo and inspire change. By encouraging independent thought and critical thinking, knowledge can help individuals resist manipulation and control by oppressive regimes. In contrast, ignorance is a tool used by those in power to maintain their hold over the population.
5 Reasons Why Non
After the use of repressive measures by the police the mob poured kerosine and set fire to the temple. The non-cooperation movement was no doubt suspended but it has served a unique purpose in the process of the reorganisation of the Congress from top of bottom. Therefore, once the non-cooperation movement began next year, congress made efforts to include the rebellion in the countryside within its ambit. As a first gesture of the movement he returned the medal he had been awarded for his work in South Africa. Taking the evidences submitted by the general public before the Civil Disobediences Movement enquire Committee set up by the All India Congress Committee with stalwart members like Motilal Nehru, C. To the negative side of the boycott of foreign goods was added a constructive side that included the promotion of Swadeshi goods especially hand-spun and hand-woven Khadi cloth, the removal of untouchability, the promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity and abstention of alcoholic beverage. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
Unable to face the large crowd the policemen entered into the thana or the police station. The most outstanding feature of the Non-Co-operation Movement was the willingness and ability of the people in general to endure, to a remarkable degree, hardship and punishment imposed by the imperial Government. Why Non-Cooperation Movement failed? Troubles cropped in to a point when the tenants refused to pay some illegal and oppressive cesses imposed by the Landlords and often realized with the help of the police and Magistrates. The significance of this movement was that the participation of both Muslims and Hindus can be seen. Indian establishments were too slow in fixing up replacements for the British institutions that had been boycotted. Many resigned from Government services.
Unhappy with the reforms introduced in Montagu — Chelmsford The government of India act 1919 was enacted based on the recommendations of the Montagu-Chelmsford proposals made in 1918. As a result of the repressive measures the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre came as a crowning act of the British Government. Conclusion The non-cooperation movement had various branches. We also provide extensive NCERT solutions, sample papers, NEET, JEE Mains, BITSAT previous year papers, which makes us a one-stop solution for all resources. The leader of this movement was Mahatma Gandhi and in the Calcutta session, the idea was drawn. They decided to stand against the injustices done by the Britishers, and that was the beginning of the noncooperation movement.
The explanations for this movement were that in these hills, like in other mountain areas, the colonial government had closed massive forest spaces. The study shows that it was a signified chapter of the history of Indian freedom struggle. Let us now look into what were the points that were mentioned under the Non-Cooperation Movement. There marked a commotion in varying degrees in most of the towns of India. Begar, which was unpaid labour, was a typical practice that peasants were put through and they had no security of tenure. However, Indians refused to give in and decided to protest against the government of India act and its recommendations.
This crowd of unarmed innocent women, children, and men were open fire with machine guns and rifles on the orders of General Dyer. However, over time he became a hero among his villagers. The boycott movement earlier mentioned appealed the officers and students to let go of the titles and institutions resulted in hampering the students as well as the officials. From providing Chemistry, Maths, Physics formula to giving e-books of eminent authors like RD Sharma, RS Aggarwal and Lakhmir Singh, PW focuses on every single student's need for preparation. The peasants seem to have been in general prompted everyone to jump into the main stream of the movement.
A complete hartal was observed in Madras on the day of his arrival. Das decided to begin the movement by sending five volunteers who would thus defy the official ban and take all the consequential repressions. The Non-Cooperation began with fasting and prayer. Gandhiji sent a written ultimatum to the Viceroy threatening mass civil disobedience until the repressive measures are withdrawn. Visit to know more about UPSC Exam Pattern Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement Various causes like the Home Rule Movement set the stage for the non-cooperation movement.
Indian Schools and colleges were established, and the sale of Indian goods also began. The reason behind this movement was to accept the Swadeshi materials. However due to the fall of the Caliph in the Turkish region of the Muslim Community also led to the decline of the impulse of the involvement of the Muslim leaders. A large group of people refused to adhere to the rules and regulations introduced by the British government and led a non-cooperation movement at a large scale. Many factors forced Gandhi for this bold step. The rebels of the Gudem hills attacked several police stations, attempted murder of British officers and carried on this type of guerilla warfare in the name of swaraj.
Their leader was Alluri Sitaram Raju who interestingly claimed that he had a spread of special powers. ADVERTISEMENTS: This movement fundamentally altered the course of the struggle for freedom. His day of arrival on 17th November 1921 was observed as the day of hartal. This saw an immediate response by the people of India. They stoned the police inflicting severe injuries and damaging the jail building. The non-cooperation movement brought people from different parts of the country together to fight against the British Empire and gain independence. Gandhi inaugurated the non-co-operation campaign on 1st August.
The country had been united by a specific anti feelings, grievances against the British projecting Gandhi as the only un-challenged leader of the century. Gandhi and the Congress demanded justice but justice was denied. In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. Mahatma Gandhi led this movement. This is the reason why though the Non-Co-operation Movement collapsed; the memory of its greatness survived and was destined to inspire the nation to launch it again within a very short interval. In the course of the next week many more students came out and processions and Mammoth meetings became the order of the day.
ADVERTISEMENTS: At the outset he wanted to set an ideal example by sending his only son Chira-ranjan and his wife Basanti Devi as volunteers to start with this civil disobedience proposal. This was one part of the movement. Even the Non-Cooperation movement saw a steady rise in its implementation and there were few successes that were otherwise would not have been possible without the movement. Movement in the towns The Non-Cooperation Khilafat movement began in January 1921. The local goods were also turned out to be very expensive and not every Indian was capable enough to discard or boycott the foreign goods entirely. THE MOVEMENT IN THE TOWNS: The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
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If you’ve been involved in a car accident, one of the key factors in determining who is at fault is negligence. In this article, we’ll provide an overview of negligence in car accident cases from a lawyer’s perspective.
What is Negligence?
Negligence is the failure to take reasonable care to prevent harm to others. In a car accident case, negligence occurs when one driver fails to take reasonable care to avoid causing an accident, resulting in harm to another driver, passenger, or pedestrian.
Elements of Negligence
To prove negligence in a car accident case, four elements must be present:
- Duty of care: The driver had a legal duty to exercise reasonable care while operating their vehicle.
- Breach of duty: The driver breached their duty of care by failing to act in a reasonable manner.
- Causation: The driver’s breach of duty caused the accident and resulting harm.
- Damages: The accident caused actual damages, such as property damage or bodily injury.
Types of Negligence
There are several types of negligence that may come into play in a car accident case:
- Driver negligence: This occurs when a driver fails to follow traffic laws, engages in distracted driving, or operates their vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
- Manufacturer negligence: This occurs when a car manufacturer produces a defective vehicle that causes an accident.
- Government negligence: This occurs when the government fails to maintain safe roads or traffic signals.
In some cases, both drivers may be found to be partially at fault for an accident. This is known as comparative negligence, and it can affect the amount of compensation a plaintiff is entitled to receive. In comparative negligence states, the plaintiff’s damages are reduced by their percentage of fault. For example, if the plaintiff is found to be 20% at fault for the accident, their damages will be reduced by 20%.
How Negligence is Established
Negligence is established through a variety of sources of evidence, including:
- Eyewitness testimony: Witnesses to the accident can provide testimony about what they saw and heard.
- Police reports: Police reports provide an objective account of the accident, including any traffic violations or citations issued.
- Physical evidence: Physical evidence, such as skid marks or vehicle damage, can provide clues about how the accident occurred.
- Expert testimony: Experts, such as accident reconstruction specialists, can provide testimony about how the accident occurred and who was at fault.
Negligence is a critical factor in determining fault in a car accident case. To prove negligence, four elements must be present: duty of care, breach of duty, causation, and damages. It’s essential to gather evidence to establish negligence, including eyewitness testimony, police reports, physical evidence, and expert testimony. With the right approach, you can build a strong case and get the compensation you deserve after a car accident.
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Cheaper clean-energy technologies could be made possible thanks to a new discovery. Led by Raymond Schaak, a professor of chemistry at Penn State University, research team members have found that an important chemical reaction that generates hydrogen from water is effectively triggered — or catalyzed — by a nanoparticle composed of nickel and phosphorus, two inexpensive elements that are abundant on Earth. The results of the research will be published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Schaak explained that the purpose of the nickel phosphide nanoparticle is to help produce hydrogen from water, which is a process that is important for many energy-production technologies, including fuel cells and solar cells. “Water is an ideal fuel, because it is cheap and abundant, but we need to be able to extract hydrogen from it,” Schaak said.
Hydrogen has a high energy density and is a great energy carrier, Schaak explained, but it requires energy to produce. To make its production practical, scientists have been hunting for a way to trigger the required chemical reactions with an inexpensive catalyst. Schaak noted that this feat is accomplished very well by platinum but, because platinum is expensive and relatively rare, he and his team have been searching for alternative materials.
“There were some predictions that nickel phosphide might be a good candidate, and we had already been working with nickel phosphide nanoparticles for several years,” Schaak said. “It turns out that nanoparticles of nickel phosphide are indeed active for producing hydrogen and are comparable to the best known alternatives to platinum.”
To create the nickel phosphide nanoparticles, team members began with metal salts that are commercially available. They then dissolved these salts in solvents, added other chemical ingredients, and heated the solution to allow the nanoparticles to form. The researchers were able create a nanoparticle that was quasi-spherical — not a perfect sphere, but spherical with many flat, exposed edges. “The small size of the nanoparticles creates a high surface area, and the exposed edges means that a large number of sites are available to catalyze the chemical reaction that produces hydrogen,” Schaak explained.
The next step was for team members at the California Institute of Technology to test the nanoparticles’ performance in catalyzing the necessary chemical reactions. Led by Nathan S. Lewis, the George L. Argyros Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, the researchers performed these tests by placing the nanoparticles onto a sheet of titanium foil and immersing that sheet in a solution of sulfuric acid. Next, the researchers applied a voltage and measured the current produced. They found that, not only were the chemical reactions happening as they had hoped, they also were happening with a high degree of efficacy.
“Nanoparticle technology has already started to open the door to cheaper and cleaner energy that is also efficient and useful,” Schaak said. “The goal now is to further improve the performance of these nanoparticles and to understand what makes them function the way they do. Also, our team members believe that our success with nickel phosphide can pave the way toward the discovery of other new catalysts that also are comprised of Earth-abundant materials. Insights from this discovery may lead to even better catalysts in the future.”
In addition to Schaak and Lewis, other researchers who contributed to this study include Eric J. Popczun, Carlos G. Read, Adam J. Biacchi, and Alex M. Wiltrout from Penn State; and James R. McKone from the California Institute of Technology.
The research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. The team has filed a patent application.
For more information visit www.psu.edu.
Filed Under: Industrial automation
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Phytotoxicity in plants can rise from a number of factors. What is phytotoxicity? It is anything chemical which causes an adverse reaction. As such, it can stem from pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and other chemical formulations. The plant’s response varies from discolored leaves all the way to death. The sensitivity can go both ways, however, since some plants are phototoxic to humans and can cause injury.
What is Phytotoxicity?
Phytotoxicity in plants usually occurs in those that are overly sensitive to chemicals. It can also occur when tank mixed chemicals are applied in hot weather or when an adjuvant or solvent is added to the tank mixture. Stressed plants are also more prone to sensitivity than those that are well watered and healthy.
Phytotoxicity can exist as a response to an external condition or as a defense to an external condition.
- As a response, it is manifested when chemicals contact the plant and cause it to become ill or damaged.
- As a defense, the plant releases its own chemicals, which can make the intruder or predator ill, known as phototoxicity.
This dual effect is not found in all plants but some are more sensitive to chemicals than others. For instance, ferns, palms, English ivy, and poinsettias are all extremely sensitive to chemicals. Still other plants are sensitive to only certain chemicals.
Phytotoxicity Symptoms in Plants
Plants that are phytotoxic in the sense that they are sensitive to chemicals often have specific formulas to which they are vulnerable.
Stone fruits have a problem with copper, which is a component of Bordeaux mix, often applied to combat fungal diseases. It causes russeting in apples and can stunt the leaves. Copper also causes issues in cucurbit crops.
Zinc sulfate has the potential to defoliate fruit trees. Sulfur causes burns on roses, some ornamental plants and cucurbit crops.
Insecticides and herbicides that are mixed improperly, applied at the incorrect rate or have been mixed in a contaminated container can do a range of damage to many different plants.
Plants That are Phototoxic to Humans
Plants may release chemicals of their own as defense. These chemicals can harm humans. Usually, the phototoxicity symptoms will be topical.
Wild parsnip looks very much like its cultivated cousin but has phototoxicity which can cause burns. Contact with the plant and then subsequent exposure to the sun will cause a fiery sting in the contact area.
Mayapples have a similar defense mechanism and should not be touched. All parts of this plant are poisonous.
Even common garden plants can have mild phototoxicity and should be handled carefully. Wash your hands after handling or harvesting any of the following (wearing gloves is helpful too):
Treatment for Phototoxicity
If you come in contact with a phototoxic plant, wash the area and apply a topical cream such as cortisone or a paste of baking soda and water.
Plants that experience phytotoxic symptoms should be rinsed off but usually the damage has already been done. To minimize the risk, always follow directions and apply chemicals on a cool, cloudy day. Use less toxic options like baking soda, phosphate salts, horticultural oils and soaps, and beneficial bacteria or insects.
Treatment for phytotoxicity in a small area of a plant may involve simply lopping off the stem to prevent the damage from interfering with the rest of the plant. Providing adequate water and good general care will usually rally the plant over time and reduce the chance of permanent injury.
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The central organization technique used in /tap is Folders. A folder is simply a word or series of characters, preceded by a slash, at the beginning of a note. See below:
The folder is the portion of the note highlighted yellow. As you can see, folders can also be nested. The folder "/biz" will appear as a sub-folder inside the "/good-ideas" folder.
See the section on finding notes in the /tap system guide.
Just as you might sort the files on your computer, you can organize your notes via project, interest, priority or anything else. Once you have placed a note in a folder you can navigate to that folder from within the /tap UI.
Tags add another organization layer to further enhance your notes. When to use a Folder and when to use a Tag really comes down to personal preference. Notes live in one folder (or sub-folder) but can contain as many tags as you like.
To create a tag, simply include a "#" before any word. A tag can include "_" and "-" but not spaces. See below:
Tags are good for quickly describing a note. For example, you may want to save a web article to read later. You know the topic of the article, but maybe not what folder you’d like to use. Use the topic of the article to assign a few appropriate tags.
Pro Tip: You can use Spells to send yourself a collection of notes based on Tag or Folders. For example: by tagging notes with link "#to-read", you can create a weekly list of articles to read sent to you on the weekend, when you're most likely to do the reading.
Intrigued? Read on! Next: Magic Spells
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An empirical study on the relationship between financial literacy and emotional biases
* Автор, отвечающий за переписку
Purpose of the study: This paper aims to establish a relationship between investors’ financial literacy and emotional biases in India. Financial literacy holds tremendous importance for making systematic financial choices and decisions. Today, with ever-rising economic unpredictability, uncertainties, governments and companies pulling out of welfare schemes such as the pension system in India and worldwide bring out the undisputed significance of financial literacy and systematic financial planning. Methodology: A total of 412 responses were obtained for the research study. The research study was carried on using Pearson’s Chi-square test, Cronbach’s alpha, and factor analysis. Findings: It was found through the research that there exists a significant relationship between financial literacy and risk aversion, overconfidence bias. Both genders were equally risk averted. Men are more overconfident than women; there is a relationship between age group and overconfidence bias. Implications: This study holds its significance in finding out the degree of biases and financial literacy of investors in India, and thus with greater accessibility of information and expanding awareness shall ameliorate financial skills, knowledge, and decisions concerning investments. Novelty/Originality of this study: The prevailing studies have studied the relationship between financial literacy and cognitive biases, portfolio selection, retirement plans; the same has not studied the relationship between financial literacy and emotional biases encompassing Affinity bias, Snakebite Effect, and Myopic Loss Aversion of Indian Investors specifically.
Smriti Dureha, Vaishali Jain. An empirical study on the relationship between financial literacy and emotional biases. Cardiometry; Issue 23; August 2022; p.413-422; DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.413422; Available from: https://www.cardiometry.net/issues/no23-august-2022/empirical-study-relationship
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Carl Jung and Figurative Language Analytical Essay by Top Papers
Carl Jung and Figurative Language
This literary study analyzes figurative language and Carl Jung's archetypes in fables and folklore.
# 130436 | 1,000 words | 4 sources | MLA | 2006 |
Published on Dec 01, 2006 in Literature (World) , Literature (Mythology) , Psychology (Behaviorism) , Sociology (General)
$19.95 Buy and instantly download this paper now
In this paper, various elements of allegory, personification, and Jung's archetype are analyzed. By analyzing Aesop's Fables and the folk tale "Rumpelstiltskin", one can realize how life's lessons are symbolically taught through allegory. Furthermore, the writer discusses that the personification of animals also helps to identify characteristics of Jung's archetypes through the size and behaviors of the characters represented in this stories. The writer maintains that this is how Jung's psychological theories interact with the figurative language analysis in folk tales and fables.
Cite this Analytical Essay:
Carl Jung and Figurative Language (2006, December 01) Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.academon.com/analytical-essay/carl-jung-and-figurative-language-130436/
"Carl Jung and Figurative Language" 01 December 2006. Web. 25 March. 2023. <https://www.academon.com/analytical-essay/carl-jung-and-figurative-language-130436/>
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Today we continued talking about Kwanzaa. We learned the colors that represent Kwanzaa, red, black and green. For our project we made Kwanzaa bracelets using red, black and green pony beads, the children were encouraged to string the beads on a pipe cleaner in a pattern. We read, “The Seven Nights of Kwanzaa” during circle time and also colored pictures of kinaras. For lunch they had meatballs, pasta, cucumbers, pineapple, apples and garlic bread. Have a great night!
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I can’t see anymore from hunger! A well-known phrase that underlines an inarginable need for food. Yes, nutrition has a positive or negative effect on sight.
Eating well and in a healthy way, first of all involves maintaining a good homeostatic balance of the whole body, i.e. a right level of psycho-physical well-being. This balance allows the eyes to keep the tear film, cornea, lens and retina healthy. The tear film is a complex mixture of molecules such as lipids, mucins and water, whose function is to protect the eye from external factors such as environmental stimuli, trauma and infections. Substances taken with food can directly or indirectly affect the composition of the tear film thus inducing changes in the ocular surface.
The substances derived from the diet can be of help and among them, the essential fatty acids, of the Omega-6 series that we find in buckwheat, seeds and nuts and Omega-3 of fish, may play a role in controlling inflammation and promoting the recovery of ocular surface structures. There are some elements that are directly related to eye function, others that are linked to a healthy lifestyle. Failure to comply with the latter leads to the intake of drugs that alter the homeostatic equilibrium of the eye and therefore affect the lacrimal surface and the entire visual apparatus. Vitamin A, B, C, D and E, along with antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10, lutein, zeaxanthin, melatonin, Omega-3 and beta-carotenes keep tears healthy. Any hormonal alteration or drug intake or incorrect diet can modify the tear film and therefore lead to annoying dry eye up to alteration to the cornea.
Berries, vegetables and fish: the Nordic diet against heart disease and diabetes
by Jeanne Perego
There are studies that show how antioxidants prevent the anatomical structures of the eye from depositing waste materials that would be the basis of macular degeneration. Finally, they keep the lens and retina healthy, avoiding alterations to them. Especially important are foods that contain vitamin B such as dried fruit, cereals such as pasta or rice and legumes, vitamin E such as whole foods, seeds and nuts, vitamin C in citrus, parsley and very colorful vegetables such as tomatoes and peppers. This is why it is important to have a correct diet complete in its nutrients, which allows the body to be structurally valid including the eyes.
A healthy diet involves a balance and harmonization of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, preferably slow-absorbed. An important and painful point of close connection between food and eyes is the excessive consumption of simple sugars (sweets) which cause an alteration of the tear surface, of the lens and of the retinal function, with a surge in blood sugar and a spike in blood sugar. insulin, which then leads to the development of an addiction in the intake of carbohydrates. The known eye diseases strictly linked to diet and altered blood sugar, such as diabetic retinopathy and more… A correct and varied diet keeps the tear surface perfect, the eyes healthy and bright.
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Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with anxiety/panic attacks. Chest pain due to anxiety could be cardiac or non-cardiac in origin. However, various therapies and medications have proved beneficial in minimizing anxiety-induced chest pain.
Image Credit:NamtipStudio / Shutterstock
Panic disorder is a common mental condition affecting 1 – 4 per 100 people. Repeated episodes of anxiety coupled with continuous worry or behavioral changes may lead to symptoms like chest pain.
Chest pain is present in between about 20% to 70% of panic attacks.
About 18% - 25% of patients in emergency hospital units who have chest pain have panic disorder. The chest pain due to anxiety means that such patients unnecessarily undergo cardiac tests; however, the true cause still remains undiagnosed in many instances.
What are the various reasons for chest pain due to anxiety?
Various factors contribute to chest pain caused by panic attacks, classified into cardiac or non-cardiac causes. Chest pain is due to cardiac origin, which means the blood supply to the heart is reduced, which is referred to as coronary spasm or ischemia. However, chest pain that is non-cardiac in origin may originate from musculoskeletal systems, the esophagus or other organs that are unrelated to the heart.
Some reasons for chest pain due to anxiety include:
Non-cardiac reasons – the pain may originate in the musculoskeletal system or esophagus. It may also be due to hyperventilation (episodes of rapid or fast breathing), which may cause the muscles of the intercostal chest wall to tense or go into spasm. Anxiety may also lead to esophageal dysmotility which can cause esophageal spasms, which is one of the reasons for chest pain.
Cardiac reasons – Cardiac pain due to anxiety can also be due to the direct action of anxiety-linked mechanisms on the heart. The pain may be due to autonomic stimulation along with the impact of episodes of hyperventilation. The combination of these factors may result in the contraction of the muscular wall of the coronary arteries that supply heart muscle (coronary artery spasm).
Coronary artery spasm can lead to reduced blood supply to the heart, thereby causing an oxygen deficit to the cardiac muscle. This results in cardiac chest pain. In addition to these factors, anxiety can aggravate chest pain in individuals with a past history of heart disease, primarily due to the increased need for myocardial oxygen because of a faster heartbeat and increased blood pressure.
Small-vessel ischemia - Anxiety may also result in contraction of the small vessels of the heart, due to sympathetic overactivity. Panic attacks and the associated stress or hyperventilation episodes may lead to a spike in microvascular tone and chest pain.
It is also important to note that panic disorder may occur in association with actual ischemia of the heart muscle because of the way the heart and respiratory system change their functioning during these attacks. This is mediated by increased sympathetic stimulation. The ischemia in turn causes pain and further anxiety. This sets in motion a vicious cycle.
How is anxiety-induced chest pain differentiated from that of a heart attack?
It is difficult to differentiate between the two forms of chest pain. However, some of the following symptoms may help to distinguish these forms:
- Chest pain due to a heart attack is caused by exertion, whereas anxiety chest pain is associated with anxiety and can occur even at rest
- Chest pain due to a heart attack increases to a maximum within a few minutes, or remains constant; that due only to anxiety can be brought on or aggravated by pressing over the painful area
- Chest pain due to anxiety is sharp and stabbing in nature and felt over a small area; ischemic pain is experienced as pressure, fullness, an ache or a pain
- Chest pain due to a heart attack may radiate to the arms, back, shoulders, neck, throat or the jaw
What can be done to reduce chest pain caused by anxiety?
Chest pain due to anxiety is a treatable condition. However, it is imperative to seek professional help if one has chest pain. A correct diagnosis is essential to identify the exact cause of chest pain. The physician will identify the cause of chest pain based on history and various physical examinations.
Pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic therapies may be used to treat chest pain due to anxiety.
Selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are two classes of drugs used to treat panic attacks. These drugs are highly effective and are used for frequently occurring panic attacks. However, benzodiazepines are usually avoided in patients who are alcohol or drug abusers.
Various psychotherapy techniques like talking therapies, and especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), have proved beneficial in treating chest pain due to anxiety. Once a correct diagnosis is made, the following lifestyle modifications and home remedies may be used to treat chest pain:
Deep breathing can have a calming effect on body and mind. This technique can normalize the heart rate. First inhale the air for 10 seconds, hold it back for one second and then again exhale for 10 seconds, to bring down chest pain.
Mind-calming techniques - Some simple steps like diverting the attention towards pleasant things or places can relieve the anxiety. It may lead to a slow feeling of relief from the symptoms of panic disorder like chest pain. The patient should realize that chest pain due to anxiety is not life-threatening; being optimistic and relaxed can help in relieving chest pain.
Maintaining general health - Performing regular exercise, managing stress with proper techniques and coping strategies, getting enough sleep and eating a well-balanced diet may also prevent the recurrence of panic attack symptoms like chest pain. Cutting out caffeine, smoking and alcohol are also important as these may aggravate anxiety.
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In java, the main() method is the entry method of a java application. That is, the main() method is the first method executed when the program is running. This method is quite different from other methods, such as the method name must be main, the method must be of type public static void, the method must be an argument that takes an array of strings, and so on.
Because the main() method is called by the Java virtual machine, it must be public. When the virtual machine calls the main() method, it does not need to produce any objects, so the main() method is declared static and does not need to return a value, so it must be declared void!
It is not necessary that the main class of a java application be public. It is possible to run
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Implant dentistry is a treatment option that can provide a permanent solution for tooth loss. By inserting a titanium post into the jawbone, an artificial dental root is created and a new prosthetic tooth can be attached to it. This type of treatment offers several benefits, such as improved function and aesthetics, and also helps to prevent bone loss in the jaw. Let’s take a closer look at how implant dentistry works and how it can benefit patients.
What are Dental Implants?
Dental implants are small titanium posts that are surgically inserted into the jawbone to replace missing teeth. Once the post is inserted, it fuses with the surrounding bone tissue over time, creating a secure foundation for a crown or bridge to be attached to.
There are two main types of dental implants: endosteal implants and subperiosteal implants. Endosteal implants are placed directly into the jawbone while subperiosteal implants sit on top of the jawbone but beneath the gum tissue. Each type has its own advantages, so your dentist can help you decide which one is right for you.
How Long Does Implant Dentistry Take?
The length of time required for implant dentistry will vary depending on factors such as the number of teeth being replaced and your overall oral health. Generally speaking, implant placement takes between 45 minutes and two hours per tooth; however, this may be longer if multiple teeth need to be replaced or if there are complications during surgery. Once your implant has been placed, it will need time to heal before the prosthetic tooth can be attached—this process usually takes several weeks or months, depending on your healing rate.
7 Benefits of Implant Dentistry
1] Helps Prevent Bone Loss
As previously mentioned, one of the major advantages of dental implants is that they help prevent bone loss in the jaw by providing stimulation to keep it healthy and strong. Without stimulation from regular chewing action or biting force, bones in your jaw can become weakened over time due to lost density in areas where teeth used to be located.
2] Restores Bite Strength
Missing teeth can cause problems with bite strength because there isn’t enough support in certain areas; this means food won’t break down properly when you chew it and could lead to digestive issues or other health problems down the line. With dental implants, bite strength is restored because they provide extra support in areas where teeth have been lost or extracted.
3] Maintains The Shape Of Your Face
Tooth loss affects more than just your oral health; it also affects your facial structure by causing sagging skin around your mouth and cheeks due to lack of support from missing teeth roots. Dental implants act as anchors for prosthetic teeth which provide extra stability and therefore help maintain facial structure.
4] Won’t Develop Cavities
Unlike natural teeth which can develop cavities due to poor hygiene practices, dental implants cannot get cavities because they don’t contain any living tissue. Therefore, you don’t have to worry about decay affecting them like you would with natural teeth.
5] Provides Support For Adjacent Teeth
When one or more adjacent natural teeth are missing, they don’t provide enough support for remaining healthy natural teeth. This can lead to further tooth loss over time as those adjacent healthy natural teeth begin shifting out of place without proper support. Dental implants fill gaps caused by missing adjacent natural teeth which prevent further shifting from occurring.
6] Permanent Tooth Loss Solution
One major advantage of dental implants over other tooth replacement options such as bridges or dentures is that they offer a permanent solution for missing teeth. Unlike bridges which must eventually be replaced due to wear and tear, dental implants remain firmly rooted in place until removed by a professional dentist.
7] Easy To Maintain
Dental implants require minimal maintenance; all that needs doing is brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once per day, just like normal healthy natural teeth! It’s also important that regular checkups take place every six months (or more often if advised ) so any issues with your implant(s) can be addressed quickly before becoming serious problems.
Implant dentistry provides an innovative solution for replacing missing teeth – one that offers both aesthetic improvements as well as improved function while helping prevent bone loss in your jaw too! If you’re considering getting an implant, make sure you discuss all options available with your dentist first so that together you can determine what’s best for your individual situation! In most cases though, implant dentistry offers numerous life-changing benefits worth exploring further!
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While the dark web offers a haven for criminals and serves as inspiration for Hollywood blockbusters, it’s much more mundane in real life. Still, many businesses feed into the fallacies surrounding the dark side of the Internet, ultimately delaying their ability to protect employees and consumers.
Our industry really needs to shed some light on the largest misconceptions associated with the dark web. Equipped with these new insights, we can empower security pros to explore the dark web and gain knowledge that will strengthen their security posture. But before we can debunk any misconceptions, companies must first understand the basics.
The dark web resides on a portion of the Internet where communications and transactions are carried out anonymously. Separate networks like TOR, Blockchain DNS, I2P, and ZeroNet make up the dark web and have different access requirements and resources. Cybercriminals and threat actors typically use these networks to securely and secretly coordinate crime functions, and openly discuss terrorist tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs). The dark web also serves as a marketplace to buy or sell goods or services, such as credit card numbers, social security numbers, all manners of drugs, and stolen subscription credentials. It’s a long list.
There’s also practical value for legitimate security organizations to access the dark web. Cybersecurity teams can track for evidence of attacks in various stages of execution. Today, companies are applying intelligence requirements processes to determine what they should do with the information they discover, like monitoring for vulnerabilities that are weaponized in malware families. To monitor the dark web successfully, organizations should carefully weigh options between people and technology. They must invest in both: people deliver context and expertise, while technology helps teams scale.
Now that we understand a bit more about the dark web, let’s dive into the four biggest misconceptions:
Misconception: The dark web doesn’t have a good side.
Reality: Dissidents and civil rights advocates use the dark web to communicate in repressive governments around the world.
Understandably, the dark web gets a lot of bad press, which leads many to believe that it’s inhabited exclusively by nefarious types. However, it has many benign practices that organizations can partake in. For example, the Tor network was initially developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory to protect U.S. intelligence communications from surveillance. Anonymity and protection from surveillance have made the Tor network and other parts of the dark web an invaluable tool for dissidents and civil rights advocates under repressive regimes, journalists, and whistle-blowers. The New York Times makes its website available as a Tor Onion Service for readers in countries that block access to the newspaper’s regular website, or who worry about their web activities being monitored.
Misconception: The dark web houses the majority of digital threats facing businesses.
Reality: Security pros find important communications tools on the dark web.
Contrary to popular belief, the dark web does not serve as a home to a majority of digital threats facing businesses. Although it includes a few thousand sites, it only makes up a relatively small portion of the deep web. People are often surprised to learn that more digital threats appear on the surface web than on the dark web. Communication, collaboration and transactional tools are all available on the dark web. These include forums and chat rooms, email and messaging applications, blogs and wikis, and peer-to-peer file-sharing networks.
Misconception: Organizations can’t mediate or anticipate dark web threats.
Reality: Security teams comb the dark web to prevent future attacks and takedown bad sites.
Although organizations can’t influence sites or marketplaces found on the dark web, the material found there can help discover sites and social media accounts on the surface web used for launching attacks, carrying out phishing campaigns, and selling counterfeit and stolen goods. By leveraging insights from the dark web, security pros can regularly “takedown” those websites and accounts from the surface web.
Misconception: Monitoring the dark web takes money – and it’s slow.
Reality: Doesn’t have to be that way with the right mix of people and technology.
Monitoring the dark web requires some skill, but it isn’t necessarily a slow and expensive process. Typically, organizations gravitate towards data loss protection (DLP) services, which ensure sensitive data doesn’t get lost, misused, or accessed by unauthorized users. Having the right technologies and people, and sometimes with outside DLP services, companies can prevent attacks and at a relatively modest cost.
Habitually categorized as an asylum for criminals of all stripes, the dark web holds an opportunity for organizations hoping to detect data breaches and anticipate and thwart attacks. While other companies are already profiting from monitoring and tracking certain areas of the dark web, others struggle to even understand and dispel its misconceptions. With some minimal investment, companies can establish comprehensive visibility across multiple digital networks. This will let them discover threats sooner and take action wherever attackers are vulnerable along their kill chain. With this level of visibility and understanding, companies can shed their fear of the dark web and have confidence in their digital risk protection program.
Zack Allen, director, Threat Intelligence, ZeroFOX
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Green Cincinnati Plan
The Green Cincinnati Plan is a roadmap to build “a more sustainable, equitable, resilient future” for the City of Cincinnati, Ohio. The plan outlines 80 climate mitigation strategies to reduce carbon emissions in Cincinnati 80% by 2050. It also establishes broader goals and recommendations focused on climate change resilience, growing the city’s green economy, and improving conditions for frontline communities.
Strategies are outlined in the categories of Built Environment, Education and Outreach, Energy, Food, Natural Systems, Resilience, Transportation Systems, and Waste. All of the strategies in the report include a description of why the approach is important to Cincinnati, examples or case studies in peer cities, feasibility, cost estimates, target audience, timeline for implementation, greenhouse gas impact, and “Keys to Equity.”
Related resources (by topic)
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Help us expand the Resource Hub
Share resources that you think would be a good addition to this tool and our team will review them for inclusion in future updates.
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Making allergy testing routineEnhance patient care with a simple blood test for specific allergens
Allergies are common and affect people of all ages, genders, and ethnicities. Reported allergies are more prevalent than ever and are sending increasing numbers of people to hospitals on a global scale. The WHO estimates that 20% of the global population suffers from IgE-mediated allergic diseases, placing heavy financial strains on clinician and hospital resources, particularly in emergent situations.¹
Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe and manifest themselves as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic eczema/atopic dermatitis, or anaphylaxis. These manifestations may vary between adults and children. Hospitalization for allergy-related anaphylaxis is on the rise in the U.S., Australia, Europe, and other regions.²
The guideline supported by both European- and U.S.-based allergy organizations for allergy diagnosis includes a medical history, physical exam, and testing by either an in vitro method (such as 3gAllergy™) or an in vivo method (skin prick testing) to aid in diagnosis.³
Allergies are diagnosed by beginning with a clinical history and physical examination, followed by in vivo testing and in vitro testing.
Allergy testing can be performed by in vivo or in vitro methods. In vivo testing involves a skin prick test (SPT), which is often the first-line approach to determine the release of allergen-specific IgE antibodies. However, in vitro testing with highly purified allergens or recombinants can be used as an alternative or complementary diagnostic tool.⁴
Using a small serum sample, the laboratory measures specific IgE antibodies to many different allergens.
In vitro specific IgE testing may be indicated over SPT:⁴,⁵
- When the SPT test is negative but there is a high clinical suspicion
- In patients with eczema
- In patients taking tricyclic antidepressants
- In very young or older patients who may have a reduced histamine response
- In patients with an increased risk of anaphylaxis
- In pregnant women
In vitro allergy blood testing supports improved patient outcomes:
- Convenient method for monitoring decreases in sensitization resulting from a medical intervention such as allergen avoidance
- Valuable diagnostic tool for following development and prognosis of sensitization in childhood
- Convenient for patients suffering from eczema, atopic dermatitis, and other skin conditions
- Practical for geriatric and pediatric patients affected by dermatographism
- Convenient method for pediatric and geriatric patients
- Easy to perform, with one simple blood draw to obtain multiple determinants
- Reduced risk of anaphylaxis
- No skin reactions
- No need to stop patient’s medications, as there is no interference with medications such as antihistamine H1 blockers, H2 antagonists, or tricyclic antidepressants⁶
- Good correlation with patient clinical history and skin tests⁷
- Readily available to primary care physicians
The IMMULITE® 2000/XPi 3gAllergy™ – Allergen-specific IgE assay helps to enhance patient care with reliable results from a simple blood test that uses quality extracts thoroughly evaluated for potency and allergenic composition. The assay provides reliable results as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergic disorders.
The 3gAllergy menu includes over 350 allergens, panels, and components across animals, drugs, dust, foods, grasses, insects, mites, molds, occupational, parasites, trees, and weeds.
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Apr;8(4):1216-18.
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Allergy diagnosis in clinical practice. 2006 Nov.
Klimek L, Schendzielorz P. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;7:Doc04. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22073091/
Olert M, et al. Allergen-specific IgE measured by a continuous random-access immunoanalyzer: interassay comparison and agreement with skin testing. Clin Chem. 2005;51(7):1241. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15905313/
The products/features mentioned here are not commercially available in all countries. Due to regulatory reasons, their future availability cannot be guaranteed. Please contact your local Siemens Healthineers organization for more details.
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LiDAR is a surveying technology that measures distances by emitting beams of light in all directions from a laser source. It collects the reflected light with a sensor. By measuring the required time for a round trip of the laser light the precise coordinates of each light point can be determined. Using powerful computers Bureau Stephan is able to create a three-dimensional map composed of hundreds of millions (or billions) of points on which measurements can be performed.
BENEFITS OF LIDAR-BASED SOLUTIONS OVER TRADITIONAL SURVEYING DATA COLLECTION
- Massive data collection within project limits
- Much more complete data collection within project limits
- Greater potential for faster turnaround of useable project data
- Increased safety from lower exposure to field hazards, such as traffic
- Decreased disruption of project environment due to fieldwork
- Potential reduction of costs for comparable data collection
Over the last few years LiDAR surveys have become popular for large-scale renewable projects. LiDAR surveys have traditionally been carried out by manned aircraft flying at 1,500m (5,000 feet) or above. But at this height they are more susceptible to atmospheric conditions and also have poorer image resolution in comparison to UAVs – which typically operate at less than 125m (400 feet).
A Bureau Stephan LIDAR UAV survey offers significant advantages over a traditional LiDAR survey:
- UAV's are more responsive and have a quicker turnaround time between projects
- UAV's are able to fly lower, so atmospheric issues are reduced
- UAV LIDAR scans and digital imagery have higher resolution
- UAV's can get very close to the area of interest
- UAV's are more cost effective.
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« ForrigeFortsett »
the dispersal of the settlers at once unfitted that body for the work of legislation. The remedy first applied to this difficulty was, not to substitute a representative assembly for a primary one, but to limit the functions of the court. \It is clear that there was an oligarchical temper at work lamong the leading men in Massachusetts. The action of this was plainly shown by the transfer of all legislative rights from the court of freemen to the governor, deputygovernor and assistants. At the same time the election of the governor was handed over from the freemen to the assistants.
“True to English precedent, Massachusetts found the salvation of her constitutional liberties in a question of taxation. When the governor had intended to change his abode to Newtown, the assembly resolved to fortify that settlement at public charge.
To meet the cost a rate was levied on each town by order of the governor and assistants. Against this the men of Watertown protested.
Though the men of Watertown gave way on the main issue, their protest seems to have borne fruit. In the next year the powers of the governor were formally defined by an act. It was also enacted by the General Court, in the following May, that the whole body of freemen should choose the governor, deputy-governor, and assistants. A farther step towards self-government was taken in the resolution that every town should appoint two representatives to advise the governor and assistants on the question of taxation. We can hardly err in supposing that this was the direct result of the protest made by the men of Watertown.
Other colonies passed through similar experiences. A common form of representation was developed in them all. It was exactly suited to the needs of an independent, but busy and scattered farming and land-owning constituency, in their efforts to combine and resist the royal and oligarchical tendencies of the times.
6. THE PEOPLE VS. THE REPRESENTATIVE.
In a representative democracy the question often arises, Should the representative follow his own knowledge and judgment as to what the people of his constituency need or want, or should be, as each legislative question arises, endeavor to learn the wishes of the people and act accordingly? Mr. W. J. Bryan has expressed himself on this point to the following effect: (1907].1
In the presence of a legislative body the question that seems paramount to me is the duty of the legislator, the duty of the representative. There are two theories and these theories will be found wherever representative government exists. One is that the representative is selected by the people to think for the people. The other theory is that the representative is selected by the people to give legislative expression to their thoughts and their will. Now, these are the two theories and much depends upon which theory the legislator accepts.
The legislator who thinks he is chosen to think for his people may flatter his vanity, but he is apt to be indifferent to the wishes of those for whom he speaks. The one who believes that the people think for themselves and select him to give expression to their thoughts is apt to have a more modest opinion of himself but a greater respect for those for whom he acts. And I hope you will pardon me if I give adhesion to the latter theory, and express it as my firm conviction that the duty of the representative is to represent. I believe that this theory is not only Democratic in a partisan sense, but Democratic in a broader sense. It is not only the theory Jefferson entertained, but it is the theory which is entertained in this country to-day by a large majority of the people, irrespective of party affiliation.
Governor Hughes of New York, in one of his public utterances, speaking of the abuses against which democracy has to struggle, has taken a somewhat different view of the question:
1 Numbers in brackets following an introduction indicate the date on which the accompanying selection was written.
To guard against these abuses and put an end to them where they exist, the people must be constantly alert. Faithful representation of the people is of the essence of the matter. Democracy on a large scale would immediately fail were not the people to act through their chosen representatives. It is only upon simple and broad propositions of policy that the people can act directly. It is difficult to procure a a complete understanding, even by those charged with its consideration, of any complicated measure.
These two theories as to the function of the representative, and the difficulties that lie in the way of the representative who attempts to determine the judgment of his constituents on particular legislative measures, are discussed by Mr. M. K. Hart of the New York State Assembly:
What is "faithful representation"? Mr. Bryan's wholly
” theoretical declarations are based upon the supposition that the constituents of any man elected to a legislature are constantly and carefully studying all questions that come up, and are ready, nay, anxious, at all times to direct the representative how he shall vote. He tries to make us believe that a reliable if not an exact opinion on each question may be obtained by the representative when he appears, hat in hand, as it were for his instructions.
He contributes nothing substantial to the solution of our problem. In the first place, the people are indifferent, tremendously indifferent, on all except the largest and most important questions of policy. And the difficulty of overcoming this is complicated by a very common belief among these people that they have no time to be other than indifferent. Besides there is still seen an aloofness from participation in public questions excepting to the extent of idle and unintelligent criticism—an attitude harmful to the self-satisfied holder of the opinion, and to the masses of the people. A citizen of one of the larger up-state cities of New York was asked one day last spring to write his representative in the State Legislature to support a certain bill. He
was obliged first to ask the name of the representative. A newspaper editor in another city challenged his companion at luncheon recently to name twenty men in Congress. He got up to fourteen, stopped, and then in revenge bet the editor he couldn't name ten more.
And the editor couldn't. It is probably a fact that in a large majority of the assembly districts in the State of New York at the present day not five per cent. of the voters know, or ever noticed, how their representative voted on any bill at the last legislative session, unless the bill were a purely local measure.
An illustration of this came to my notice last July—just after the New York State Legislature had adjourned without passing a direct primary bill. Many of the newspapers favored this bill so strongly as to give the impression to the too trusting reader that if enacted the law would be an inevitable panacea. One newspaper in a county which has three members published a leading editorial on the attitude of those members towards the bill. One member had voted for it, the second had voted against it, and the third had “ducked.' This particular Journal denounced the man who had opposed it, and, after dwelling upon his unfitness for office as shown by his action, closed by declaring that ninetenths of his constituents favored this bill.
I happened a few days later to meet this member. One of the most prominent men of the district joined us as we talked, and the conversation turned to the editorial. The third person, probably among the twenty most intelligent men of the district-said, after listening, that he not only had not noticed how his representative had voted, but had not heard the matter once mentioned by his neighbors.
Not only is this indifference widespread, but, even in a community when there is considerable interest in any bill or resolution, it is almost impossible, excepting on the occasional issue, to find out what the people really want. Newspaper agitation may mean a great deal, or it may mean merely the influence of a business interest. The old custom
of circulating a petition long ago became so overdone that a petition of thousands of names may mean very
little. The practical working out of the relation between representative and people is like that in the case of a manager of a business and the owner. If the manager is worthy of the place he holds, he will have free hand in the conduct of all ordinary matters, and very likely will be the strongest influence in shaping the policy of the business. The owner will refrain from satisfying any passing desire he may have to show his authority (which, undoubtedly, he may make paramount) in the knowledge that all is being well done. And that this is a wise course is plain, for the owner may then give his entire time to other affairs. The owner of such a business may be one person, for the purpose of our illustration, or there may be several persons, or perhaps a good many. The more there are, the less desirable is it that there should be needless interference from any of them, so long as the business is wisely conducted; though, of course, once a year, or at some other stated period, the stockholders will demand opportunity to pass upon the work done, and, by reappointing or dismissing the manager register their approval or dissatisfaction. In this simple exercise of their absolute power the stockholders of the modern business corporation secure best results. And so can it be and should be in regard to public office. The analogy is closer than at first might seem. We have every reason to suppose that if the people at the polls have selected as their representative the best man they can find to take the place, they may well trust his judgment on whatever questions come up for him to decide. Practical considerations forbid their constantly proffering advice and insisting upon its being followed. They will have opportunity at the next election to tell him whether he has done well or not.
Governor Hughes in his Jamestown speech showed an appreciation of the real trouble. Mr. Bryan would have the legislator give heed to advice from without, and care
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Scientific technology in a highly-advanced information-oriented society is characterized by the evolution and systemization of cutting-edge individual technologies such as new materials, VLSI, computers, etc. In particular, electronic device engineering for the development of new materials and devices based on new concepts, electrical power engineering for new electrical energy sources and the systematic utilization of electrical energy, and communication systems engineering for the systemization of communication, information, and computer technology, are all basic technologies that are utilized everywhere in the modern world and form the foundation of an information-based society.
In response to the modern organization of electrical and electronics engineering, our depa Molecular Biologyto three courses for education and research purposes: Electronic Device Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, and Communication Systems Engineering. Our goal is to develop human resources who are qualified to take central and leading roles in the state-of-the-art electrics and electronics fields along with related interdisciplinary areas. Our post-graduate education fosters highly-specialized experts and researchers with a deep understanding of their respective fields, who can see the entire body of scientific technology from a broad point of view, and possess the ability to think outside the box.
Educational Goals (Philosophy) and Prospective Students
Our educational goal is to foster basic skill, and ability to apply that skill in electrical and electronics engineering, in technical experts and researchers who possess a high sense of engineering ethics, an abundance of creativity, and can contribute to an advanced information oriented society. We welcome those with basic academic ability, who understand our educational goals, and are eager to obtain highly specialized capabilities through education and research.
We aim to develop creative and specialized professionals who can pursue world-leading technology, possess specialized knowledge, have the ability to make sound ethical judgments, and will take leadership roles in an industry that leads an advanced information-oriented society.
- Those with broad outlooks who can freely utilize their high-level of expertise to respond swiftly and flexibly to the appeal of a diverse and dynamically changing society.
- Those who have the creative capacity to invent new technologies and solve problems related to electrical and electronic engineering.
- Those who are highly-motivated to lead an advanced information-oriented society and those who are committed to contributing to local and global communities.
◎Electronic Device Engineering
An advanced information-oriented society is grounded in a large variety of electronic devices. While conducting research into the operating principles of electronic devices, this course also researches the design of essential materials needed for high-performance electronic devices, manufacturing processes, etc. Research and education focuses mainly on the manufacturing process of devices using high-temperature superconducting oxide thin films, transparent conductive films for displays, photo-rechargeable batteries, physical properties evaluation using photo-electron spectroscopy, the plasma process, laser evaporation, and vapor-phase growth.
◎Electronic Power Engineering
We offer research and education regarding the theory of system structures in systematic control theory, the design of a robust optimal control system, noise dampening in DC-DC converters as an electric energy conversion system, as well as research on making the systems perform higher, with higher reliability, more intelligent, and smaller in size from both an analytical and experimental aspects. In addition, research is being conducted to improve performance using the applications of superconductor technology in response to the demand for a high-quality, highly-reliable electrical systems. Education and research regarding degradation diagnosis technology of power supply systems in order to upgrade reliability is also being developed.
◎Communication Systems Engineering
Research and education is conducted on electric circuits, computers, communication instruments, LSI, audio information processing, GPS systems, and power systems to support a networked and information-oriented society. Particular emphasis is placed on optical fiber communication technology, ultra-high frequency circuit technology, system LSI technology, the development of a multi-agent system through soft information processing, construction of a next generation multi-media platform, analysis of electric power system design, and power system development.
“Advanced Electrical and Electronic Engineering”is the core of the course work. It is a high-level lecture class on the fundamentals of the three fields. Students study electronic device basics, digital control theory, and optical communication systems theory through which they gain an understanding of the interrelationship of each field with others in the course.
“Advanced Electrical and Electronic Engineering,”special research, and seminars are required subjects. A total of 12 credits or more should be acquired from both required and elective classes, classified into three groups (A, B, and C) corresponding to each course. 6 or more credits should be obtained from each group.
List of faculty members
The following specialists provide research and education support to students and help find solutions to student academic issues.
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Power and Free is a wide range of conveyors designed to handle complex material handling needs. Their primary distinction over basic conveyor is that products (carriers) stop and start independently, accumulate and divert from one path to another. Overhead and floor mounted conveyor are the two common methods of conveying with Power and Free, however, this reference is typically used when referring to overhead conveyor.
Product carriers independently stop while the conveyor chain keeps running. Carriers accumulate one behind the other at stop locations.
The carriers divert from one track to another allowing multiple pathways for carriers to travel with the option of having different chain speeds for different lengths of conveyor. As an extension of this feature, carriers bank diagonally, or at a 90° angle, using multiple tracks for high density storage.
There is a wide offering of Power and Free products, with capacities ranging from 25 lbs. to 3,000 lbs. Track paths include horizontal and vertical curves.
Power and Free product carriers stop independently from one another and from the moving conveyor chain, allowing for interaction with the product while it is stationary. This is a significant advantage for an assembly process.
Carriers divert from one conveyor track to another facilitating parallel processing, inspection, testing and storage. Individual runs of conveyor running at different chain speeds allow for quicker return lines and slower processing lines. Carriers on different conveyor sections may also be spaced at different centers for higher or lower density transport.
Power and Free conveyors are used in every industry and the layouts and design options are virtually unlimited.
Square Enclosed Track – Daifuku Webb Unibilt
Unibilt is a medium to heavy duty square enclosed track overhead conveyor, formed of high-strength Webballoy II steel. Features Unibilt is a welded or bolt-together modular overhead conveyor with [...]
Round Enclosed Track – Bridgeveyor
Bridgeveyor is a medium duty round enclosed track overhead conveyor. Flexibility and cost effectiveness make Bridgeveyor one of the most widely used in the industry. Features Bridgeveyor is a [...]
A slat conveyor is a unique chain conveyor where chain links are outfitted with slats across the width of the bed. These slats can be adapted to handle loose material or discrete items on [...]
Roller, Belt, Chain
Roller, belt and chain conveyors are the most common conveyor systems used today. They are largely utilized as bulk material handling and delivery systems. Features Roller conveyor [...]
Towline conveyors are most commonly in-floor systems designed to pull carts along a factory floor. Simple in design and rugged in construction, they allow for years of reliable service. They reduce material handling, increase [...]
Power & Free
Power and Free is a wide range of conveyors designed to handle complex material handling needs. Their primary distinction over basic conveyor is that products (carriers) stop and start independently, accumulate and divert from [...]
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Datura is extremely dangerous and can directly cause severe injury or death.
Datura is highly unpredictable and its use is strongly linked to psychosis, severe injury, and death. Please see this section for more details.
|Summary sheet: Datura|
|Common names||Datura, Jimson Weed|
|Substitutive name||Angel's Trumpets, Devil's Apple, Thorn Apple, Stinkweed, Devil's Weed, Moonflower|
|Chemical class||Tropane alkaloid|
|Routes of Administration|
Datura (also known as devil's trumpet, moonflower, jimsonweed, devil's weed, hell's bells, thorn-apple, and many others) is a genus of nine species of poisonous flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Daturas are known as powerful and dangerous deliriants, used for shamanic and medical purposes, as well as poisons. They contain the potent anticholinergic substances scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine primarily in their seeds and flowers.
Datura's precise and natural distribution seem to be throughout most of the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization. The two most well-known species are Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium. Both have been used in a shamanic context for religious purposes on most continents since before recorded history throughout the ancient Americas, Europe, and India.
The toxicity of datura can be highly variable. There can easily be a 5:1 variation in toxins from plant to plant, and a given plant’s toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and local weather conditions.[dubious ] These wide variations make datura exceptionally hazardous to use as a substance. An overdose of datura can occur from ingestion of as little as one half teaspoon of seeds.
The principal psychoactive constituents of all datura plants are the tropane alkaloids scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. These constituents are structurally analogous compounds.
These tropane alkaloids contain a substituted tropane ring, a seven-membered ring with an N-methylated nitrogen bridge between R1 and R5. Scopolamine additionally has an oxygen bonded to R6 and R7 of this bicyclic structure to form a three membered oxirane ring. They also contain a propionic acid chain, CH3CH2COOH, which is substituted at R2 with an aromatic phenyl ring and at R3 with a hydroxyl group OH-. The propionic acid chain is linked at R1 through an oxygen atom to R3 of the substituted tropane ring to form an ether.
These compounds are secondary metabolites synthesized naturally by various plants. The ratio of these compounds in datura plants varies greatly depending on location, growing conditions, etc. The datura genus contains other chemical constituents, but limited research has been done on their properties. Scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine have a stereocenter at R2 of their propionic chain. Hyoscyamine is the levorotorary enantiomer of atropine.
The alkaloids within datura exert their effects by acting as competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, primarily muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M1 and M2. Although the precise mechanism is not understood, it’s this inhibition of acetylcholine which leads to delirium, sedation and intensely realistic hallucinations alongside of extremely uncomfortable and dysphoric physical side effects.
All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects. Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported.
Datura stramonium prefers rich, calcareous soil. Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil increases the concentration of alkaloids present in the plant. D. stramonium can be grown from seed, which is sown with several feet between plants. It is sensitive to frost, so should be sheltered during cold weather. The plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe, but still green. To harvest, the entire plant is cut down, the leaves are stripped from the plant, and everything is left to dry. When the fruits begin to burst open, the seeds are harvested.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
The physical effects of datura can be described as extremely unpleasant and distressing to the extent that they make enjoying the experience impossible especially at common to heavy dosages.
- Sedation or Stimulation
- Perception of bodily heaviness - The first noticeable sensation is having an extremely heavy body as if the gravity one is subject to has increased exponentially. This makes it extremely difficult and uncomfortable to move.
- Spontaneous bodily sensations - Users commonly report all-encompassing, sharp and extremely painful jolts of electricity that spontaneously manifest themselves in a similar rhythm to hiccups.
- Abnormal heartbeat
- Respiratory depression
- Gustatory hallucination
- High blood pressure
- Increased bodily temperature
- Increased heart rate
- Increased perspiration
- Motor control loss
- Muscle cramps
- Muscle spasms
- Nausea or Nausea suppression - Datura can be used to treat nausea at low doses. At high, delirium-inducing doses, it can cause significant amounts of nausea, although it rarely leads to vomiting. In some rare cases bile reflux is possible.
- Olfactory hallucination
- Physical fatigue
- Restless leg syndrome
- Seizures
- Tactile enhancement
- Tactile hallucination
- Tactile suppression
- Temporary erectile dysfunction
- Difficulty urinating and Frequent urination- This can be described as a feeling of concrete blocking the urethra, painfully conflicting with a frequent need to urinate.
- Pupil dilation - Datura blocks receptors in the muscles of the eye that constrict pupil size. This can result in an extreme sensitivity to light which can last for weeks after the experience in certain cases, also it blocks the accommodation reflex causing vision to be unfocused. Prolonged usage is reputed to cause blindness.
Datura does not enhance the processing of visual stimuli in the same way psychedelics do. Instead, it tends to degrade and decrease visual aptitude while increasing hallucinations and perceptual delusions.
- Visual acuity suppression - This effect can result in blurry vision to the point of blindness. It sometimes can last for days after the trip itself.
- Double vision
- Pattern recognition suppression
- Vibrating vision
- Drifting (melting, breathing, morphing and flowing) - In comparison to other hallucinogens, this effect can be described as intricate in complexity; jittery, slow and rigid in motion; static in permanence; realistic in believability and interactive in plasticity
- After images
- Visual haze
- Object alteration
Datura is extremely efficient at inducing delirious hallucinations which can be broken into the categories described below:
- External hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other classes of hallucinogen, this effect occurs more frequently than that of any other at moderate to heavy doses and is the defining feature of the experience. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of everyday occurrences such as smoking phantom cigarettes, talking to people who are not there, insects and sinister, nightmarish experiences.
- Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other classes of hallucinogen, this effect occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate doses but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style.
- Peripheral information misinterpretation
- Shadow people
- Unspeakable horrors
- Object activation
The cognitive effects of datura are described by many as generally negative and dysphoric, often consisting of extreme paranoia and feelings of impending doom. Like other deliriants, datura is confusing and disorienting, often leading to a complete inability to communicate or understand normal language.
- Sleepiness - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, datura is commonly considered to be extremely tiring.
- Wakefulness - Even though datura is a depressant overall and causes sleepiness, it has stimulant effects on the body, which can also keep the user awake. This effect predominates sleepiness at higher dosages.
- Motivation suppression - Datura can cause complete loss of motivation to do anything. This is often accompanied by depression and can make the user extremely bored.
- Increased libido - Datura stramonium seeds have been known to increase libido and sex drive for a number of its users. Throughout history and still today dried datura seeds have even been boiled or made into ointments with various other ingredients added and occasionally other psychoactive substances which were often applied to the genitals for treating sexual impotency. This however is not recommended due to the plant's unpredictable levels of toxicity.
- Amnesia - In some cases this has been known to lead to anterograde amnesia which is a persisting negative effect on the user's memory capacity that occurs even after the experience has ended. This effect causes one to have difficulty forming new memories directly after and as a result of an amnesic episode.
- Cognitive dysphoria - The levels of dysphoria experienced, however, vary between people with a very small percentage of users reporting that they do not seem to experience them at all.
- Cognitive fatigue
- Dream potentiation
- Emotion suppression
- Feelings of impending doom
- Focus suppression
- Information processing suppression
- Language suppression
- Memory suppression
- Suggestibility enhancement
- Time distortion
- Thought deceleration
- Thought disorganization
Due to its stimulant and deliriant effects, datura can cause mild to significant after effects when "coming down". These effects commonly include:
- Brightness alteration - This can often manifest itself in the form of photophobia.
- Cognitive fatigue
- Delirium - This possible after effect is not as consistent or as long lasting usually but can be more likely to present itself if taken consecutively or in high dosages. In rare circumstances or when taken too frequently, this can display itself in the form of temporary or even long-term psychosis and a general disconnection from reality.
- Language suppression
- Motivation suppression
- Peripheral information misinterpretation
- Pupil dilation - This often tends towards the individual experiencing diffraction even long after the initial intoxication has worn off.
- Thought deceleration
- Visual acuity suppression - This often consists of a feeling of being temporarily farsighted and often renders one unable to read due to heavily blurred vision.
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
- Experience: 450 Datura seeds - Talking to Ghosts
- Experience:Datura & DPH - Results of Experiment by Isopropanol
- Experience:Datura Alcoholic Tincture
- Experience:Datura and nicotine smoked - 4 and ~15 hits; was actually quite pleasant
Additional experience reports can be found here:
Natural plant sources
Due to its extensive cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions, datura is found in most areas of the world. There are nine identified species:
Toxicity and harm potential
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it.
Datura is known to be extremely unpredictable and has the potential to result in severe consequences, hospitalization or death. The toxicity and long-term health effects of regular datura usage do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because long-term datura usage is very rare and the vast majority of people who try it do not desire to repeat the experience.
In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of datura was critical to minimize harm. Many fatal incidents result from modern users ingesting datura. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting datura. There are also several reports in the medical literature of deaths from D. stramonium and D. ferox intoxication. Children are especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning and their prognosis is likely to be fatal.
In some parts of Europe and India, datura has been a popular poison for suicide and murder. From 1950 to 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India investigated 2,778 deaths caused by ingesting datura.
Datura has been reported to cause psychosis and delirium at a significantly higher rate than other hallucinogens like LSD, ketamine, or DMT. There are a large number of experience reports online which describe states of psychotic delirium, amnesia, and other serious consequences after abusing the drug. In many cases, it has resulted in hospitalization and death.
There can be a 5:1 potency variation between plants and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. This variation makes datura exceptionally hazardous as a drug and there is no way for the common man to accurately measure the dosage of any given plant. Datura has been used for centuries in some cultures as a poison because of the presence of these substances.
The safest way to prevent overdose is to grind the dried plant matter into an extremely fine and even powder so that the active chemicals within them are distributed evenly across itself. From here, one can slowly work their way up in extremely small increments until the correct dose for that particular plant is found.
It is strongly advised that one avoid using datura altogether. Otherwise, extreme caution and harm reduction practices should be used, such as having a sober and prepared trip sitter present throughout the experience.
Tolerance and addiction potential
The use of datura can be considered mildly addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis. Datura is reported to be significantly less addictive than than other substances because the vast majority of people who try it do not wish to repeat the experience.
Tolerance to many of the effects of datura develops with repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Datura presents cross-tolerance with deliriants, meaning that after the consumption of datura, all deliriants will have a reduced effect.
This legality section is a stub.
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Datura grows naturally and is legal to grow, sell and consume in most parts of the world. It is, however, restricted within the following countries:
- Australia: Datura is a Schedule I poison in Australia, but scopolamine is Schedule 4 (Prescription only) and a scopolamine analogue (hyoscine butylbromide) is available in over the counter drugs (e.g. Buscopan & others) to treat symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain and cramps. Datura and Brugsmansia are legal to process, but are illegal to cultivate without a license.
- Brazil: Datura is illegal to possess and sell in Brazil.
- United Kingdom: Datura is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Freye, E. (2010). "Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication". In Freye, E. Toxicity of Datura Stramonium. Springer Netherlands. pp. 217–218. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34. ISBN 9789048124480.
- ↑ Wood, G. B. (1856). A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology: Or Materia Medica. Lippincott.
- ↑ Datura - Erowid Exp - “Out of Body Delusional Poison”
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Preissel, U., Preissel, H.-G. (2005). Brugmansia and Datura: angel’s trumpets and thorn apples. Firefly ; Chris Lloyd [distributor. ISBN 9781552095980.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Adams, J. D., Garcia, C. (December 2005). "Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing". Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2 (4): 459–463. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh130. ISSN 1741-427X.
- ↑ Suspected Moonflower Intoxication --- Ohio, 2002
- ↑ Jimson weed users chase high all the way to hospital - USATODAY.com
- ↑ Michalodimitrakis, M., Koutselinis, A. (October 1984). "Discussion of "Datura stramonium: a fatal poisoning"". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 29 (4): 961–962. ISSN 0022-1198.
- ↑ Boumba, V. A., Mitselou, A., Vougiouklakis, T. (April 2004). "Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds". Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 46 (2): 81–82. ISSN 0145-6296.
- ↑ Steenkamp, P. A., Harding, N. M., Heerden, F. R. van, Wyk, B.-E. van (October 2004). "Fatal Datura poisoning: identification of atropine and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.011. ISSN 0379-0738.
- ↑ Taha, S. A., Mahdi, A. H. (1984). "Datura intoxication in Riyadh". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 78 (1): 134–135. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90196-2. ISSN 0035-9203.
- ↑ Djibo, A., Bouzou, S. B. (November 2000). "[Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger]". Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique (1990). 93 (4): 294–297. ISSN 0037-9085.
- ↑ Andrews, D., Daturas
- ↑ Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
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The SuperLab software can be used to change the placement of visual stimuli on the screen, change the screen’s background color, choose from a variety of input and timing options, and provide feedback to subjects based on either response or reaction time. Different trigger channels can be paired to different visual or auditory stimuli to perform sophisticated evoked response averaging tests (e.g. P300).
IT’S A COMPUTER
Inside the m-pod you’re getting a computer with a speedy 32-bit engine, humming with useful, well-polished software.
With a traditional I/O card like the ones from Measurement Computing or National Instruments, a software program that wants to send a pulse needs to wait for the duration of the pulse before it can resume its own work. Imagine sending a postcard to a friend and then not being able to do anything else until that postcard is delivered. It’s a lot of wasted time. This is synchronous delivery.
m–pod can deliver signals asynchronously: an application sends it a command that includes the pulse duration and then resume its own work, e.g., to present a stimulus or look for participant response. m–pod takes care of completing the pulse delivery.
m–pod takes the idea of async output a step further. Instead of delivering a pulse now, why not deliver it later? Better yet, why not deliver multiple pulses later?
This turns out to be a useful feature that answers the following question: when presenting a movie or sound, how can I mark certain points precisely while it is playing?
With the scheduling feature, you can preload m–pod with a list of times when a pulse should be delivered, the length of the pulse, and the output line(s) that it should be delivered on. A subsequent command can be sent at the onset of the movie or sound to start executing the schedule.
m–pod can function as a pattern generator as well, sending periodic pulses out on an output line that you choose, or even pulses of different periods on multiple output lines. This is handy for applications that require strobing, or where the intensity of light or a motor is controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM).
And more: the features described above are not mutually exclusive. While a schedule is being executed on, say, output lines 1, 2, and 3, you can still send an async pulse command at any time on the remaining lines 4 through 8.
Similarly, while a pattern is being generated on some lines, you can send an async pulse command on the remaining lines. m–pod will not skip a beat.
- Second PC required
The synchronization signal(s) coming from the STP35W can be directed to a BIOPAC System running on a PC or a Mac, but it’s not possible to run the STP35W on the same computer as the BSL MP36/35 System or MP36R Research System. The STP35W requires that the SuperLab software and m-pod be placed on a computer running Windows 7 or later or macOS 10.12 or later.
- STP35W is the SuperLab System for the BSL System MP36/35 or Research System MP36
- See BSL PRO Lesson H30 Stroop Effect for details of the classic psychology experiment and a sample of how SuperLab works with the BSL System.
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The principle of laser microdissection
To perform microdissection, an upright or inverted microscope is coupled to a laser. Selected areas or even individual cells are then excised by moving the focused laser beam along their contours. This procedure guarantees gentle specimen handling – in particular, it does not transfer any heat to the specimen – and provides exactly the material that is needed for analysis.
The dissectate is then transported to a collection device in a number of different ways. Depending on the system used, dissected tissue either falls by the force of gravity into a reaction vessel (Leica Microsystems LMD system), is catapulted against the force of gravity into a reaction vessel (PALM system) or removed indirectly together with a membrane covering the samples (Arcturus and MMI system). The Leica Microsystems LMD and the PALM system can also be used for laser micromanipulation, e.g. to cut through spindle fibers during cell division.
Laser microdissection is an established method for a large number of applications, mainly in molecular biology, particularly nucleic acid research, neurosciences, developmental biology, cancer research, forensics, proteomics, plant research, for cutting cell cultures and for single cell isolation. Laser microdissection is even used in climate research, especially for examining the annual rings of trees.
Methods and technology of non-contact laser microdissection
Laser microdissection offers a precise and contamination-free solution for the isolation and selection of single cells or tissue. The tissue samples can be embedded, sectioned and stained according to conventional methods of preparation. Paraffin sections, frozen sections, smear preparations, chromosome specimens and cell cultures are all suitable for laser microdissection. The area selected for dissection is drawn on the PC screen and automatically separated from the surrounding tissue with a laser beam. Fluorescence-labeled specimens can also be dissected using special filter cubes which transmit the full spectrum of the laser light. The dissectate is then immediately transported to a collection device (in different ways, depending on the manufacturer of the system) for further examination.
There are different techniques of laser microdissection. In the PALM system, for example, the specimen is moved in a fixed laser beam. Here, the chosen region is cut away from the surrounding tissue, after which non-contact transport is activated by a single laser pulse. The selected tissue is lifted from the specimen slide and catapulted against the force of gravity into a collection device.
The force of gravity is the method of choice of the Leica system. Here the sample is fixed and the laser beam is moved over it. This allows easy viewing of the sample, and the dissectate falls into a collection device by the force of gravity alone. The precision of the cutting process is optically coupled to the chosen magnification. A higher magnification automatically results in a finer step width, as the laser beam and its movement are reduced by the same degree. No other work steps are required in this case. Not only single cells, but also larger areas can be excised in a single pass. Despite the different methods for transferring the dissectate to a collection device, there is no risk of contact or contamination.
However, some other non-contact-free methods for laser microdissection are also available (Arcturus, MMI).
RNA Quality after Different Tissue Sample Preparation
The influence of sample preparation and ultraviolet (UV) laser microdissection (UV LMD) on the…Sep 23, 2022Read article
Dissecting Proteomic Heterogeneity of the Tumor Microenvironment
This lecture will highlight cutting edge applications in applying laser microdissection and…Jun 15, 2021Read article
20 Years of Leica Laser Microdissection
Phenotype-genotype correlations are key for insight. From Eye to Insight is therefore fitting…May 10, 2021Read article
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Categories: Brevard County
Brevard County Residents Should Prepare For Tornadoes, Flooding
According to the National Weather Service in Melbourne, the majority of the significant weather will occur to the east of the center of the storm’s track, affecting Central Florida. Residents should not overly focus on the exact track because the storm will affect a widespread area.
Heavy rainfall of 3 to 5 inches will be the primary threat, with the most widespread coverage and greatest accumulations beginning early Monday and continuing well into the evening. Some locations may receive twice as much rain. A Flood Watch is in effect for all of Brevard County from early Monday through Monday night.
Brevard County will begin experiencing the effects of the tropical storm by Monday morning, with the greatest threat for tornadoes between 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. There will be an increased risk for tornadoes across all of east central Florida, with the threat spreading rapidly north through the area Monday morning into the evening. Multiple, brief tornadoes may occur. Storm motion will be fast, and these situations often provide minimal lead time for tornado warnings.
Sustained winds will not pose a concern. However, winds will become gusty Monday through the overnight hours. Gusts in heavier squalls could briefly reach 40 to 50 mph in some areas.
Hurricane Season 2016 began June 1 and runs to Nov. 30. Brevard County Emergency Management Director Kimberly Prosser said the season is already active, which emphasizes the need for residents to be prepared and to have a plan in place to protect themselves and their families.
“Know your risks, have a plan, make a kit and stay informed,” Prosser said. “Pay close attention to the weather over the next couple of days especially, but it’s always important to know what to do if an emergency occurs.”
Photo credit: Brevard Times file.
- Brevard County Public Schools
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They’re majestic, they’re imperiled, and they’re the most Californian of all trees. Follow our guide to see them in their spring glory. |Bill Marken
California’s major oak species are distinguishable by canopy shape and, up close, leaf structure.
I was an Acorn. Our school was named after the oaks that carpeted my Northern California valley before the ranchers cut them down to plant fruit trees, and our yearbook was called La Encina, Spanish for live oak. It didn’t occur to me, as a teenager, that having your high school football team nicknamed after a tree’s nut might be considered odd or even a sign of weakness.
Oak memories popped into my head as I walked Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. If you want to see California oaks, this is the place: 50,000 acres with oak meadows and oak forests, oaks as far as the eye can see. And here you also begin to understand what a bad deal these majestic trees have until recently gotten.
Glance at any map of California and you see how oaks have marked the state, dotting it with oak-inspired town and city names: Encino and Encinitas (the live oak again), and Paso Robles (Oaks Pass, but this time roble, Spanish for the valley oak). Then, in English, Oakland, Oak Glen, Oakhurst, Oakdale, Sherman Oaks, Thousand Oaks. Not to mention countless schools, like my alma mater, Live Oak High in Morgan Hill.
Natural landscapes dominated by oaks once covered more than a third of California. (Oaks grow in other Western states too, but not so abundantly.) There is the blue oak of the Sierra Foothills, and Southern California’s Engelmann oak. There’s the coast live oak, which grows from Mendocino County south to Baja. Most impressive of all is the massive valley oak—sometimes more than 100 feet tall, with twisted branches that look like aerial sculpture. The best book on the trees, Oaks of California, likens the valley oak woodland to “a Gothic cathedral on rich floodplain.”
For California’s Native Americans, such as the Ohlone who were the original residents of my part of the state, oaks were an invaluable source of food, which is why my fourth-grade teacher taught us how to make irredeemably bitter cookies from acorns ground into meal. Oaks also inspired Wild West legends: Not far from town, we gaped at a “hanging tree,” an oak where childhood tales had it that bandito Tiburcio Vásquez met one of his many deaths in 1875.
All this makes it more peculiar that California’s oaks have not received the respect they deserve. There are national parks devoted to redwoods, to Joshua trees, even to a petrified forest. There is no national park devoted to the oak. Perhaps oaks grew in such abundance we took them for granted. Perhaps they grew in the wrong place at the wrong time, this most Californian of trees particularly vulnerable when California changed out from under them.
The day I visit Cosumnes River, I am shown around by Sara Sweet, a restoration ecologist with The Nature Conservancy, the organization that helped establish the preserve. Even after a dry winter, the green, moist signs of spring are everywhere. Valley oaks leaf out with bright, light green foliage. Wildflowers pop from oak-sheltered glades.
“At Cosumnes, you see not only oak restoration but the whole rich ecosystem that oaks help create,” Sweet says. For Cosumnes is an even more complex story than it first appears. This green refuge is in part manmade—an attempt to atone for all the bad things we’ve done to oaks over the past 150 years.
Almost as soon as American settlers arrived in California, they began chopping oaks down. In the 19th century, farmers cleared oak woodlands to make way for crops and grazing; by 1900, an estimated 90 percent of the oak forests that edged the Central Valley’s rivers had been destroyed. In the second half of the 20th century, suburban development from the San Fernando Valley to the Sacramento Valley reduced the oak population even more. Biologists estimate that more than a third of California’s original millions of acres of oak woodlands has been lost. And the California Oaks organization estimates that another 750,000 acres of oaks are at risk in the next 30 years.
The bulldozer isn’t the only threat. Sudden oak death, a pathogen first detected in 1995, has now spread through oak forests of Northern and central California, killing more than a million oaks of several species and infecting at least another million.
At Cosumnes, Sweet explains, biologists essentially created new oak woodland from former farmland. They pulled out levees and roads and planted thousands of new oak trees. They allowed the Cosumnes, the last unregulated river to flow freely from the Sierra Nevada to the Central Valley, to meander in its historic path across the land, its floodwaters depositing silt to build the deep rich soil that encourages extra-large oaks.
As we stroll near the Cosumnes River, Sweet says we’ve entered valley oak riparian habitat, once widespread through California, now reduced to scattered patches. Biologists consider this habitat California’s most diverse in terms of the animal life it supports. Wrentits dart from tree to tree so quickly they’re almost invisible—only their trilling gives them away. Newly emerged tiger swallowtail butterflies flutter at eye level. Sweet notices an oak titmouse with, she says, “an adorable feather crest on top of its head.” A beaver in a slough noses out of the water, trailing a gentle wake.
It’s an amazing sight, but not the most amazing of all. That comes near the end of the trail’s loop, where we emerge into open space, 70 acres of green grassland, a savanna of widely spaced, mature trees, many reaching 60 feet tall, gnarled and weathered, separated as if each had staked out its own territory: an arboreal Gothic cathedral indeed.
There’s no oak national park, but we have this. Sweet spots two white-tailed kites perching on a branch, then hovering as they hunt for rodents below. The birds were once nearly extinct in California, but here they seem perfectly at home, reunited with their ancient oak companions. Looking at the scene, I decide that being an acorn is no bad fate after all.
Where the wild oaks are:
Northern & central California
Bidwell Park, Chico: Oak woodlands (of 7 species) spread across one of the country’s largest city parks. At One-Mile Recreation Area, along Big Chico Creek, valley oaks reach more than 100 feet tall. bidwellpark.org.
Cosumnes River Preserve, Galt: South of Sacramento, valley oaks in dense forest and meadows; 4.5 miles of trails. cosumnes.org.
Kaweah Oaks Preserve, Visalia: Just off State 198 (and a good stop on the way to Sequoia N.P.), near-pristine forests of valley oaks. sequoiariverlands.org.
Peter J. Shields Oak Grove, UC Davis Arboretum and Public Garden, Davis: A grand collection of 100 types of oaks, including 8 California species plus many others from around the world. A cool stop on I-80. arboretum.ucdavis.edu/oak-collection.aspx.
Malibu Creek State Park, Calabasas: Trails in this Santa Monica Mountains park lead to savannas studded with coast live and valley oaks. $12/vehicle; malibucreekstatepark.org.
Oak Glen Preserve, Oak Glen: Known for its apples, The Wildlands Conservancy’s preserve at the base of the San Bernardinos also showcases oaks. wildlandsconservancy.org/preserve_oakglen.html.
The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara:The Woodland Trail shows coast live oaks nurturing a rich community of plant life (lemonade berry, toyon). $10; sbbg.org.
Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve, Murrieta: A nearly 10,000-acre reserve noted for its Engelmann oaks, found mostly in parts of San Diego and Riverside Counties. $3; rivcoparks.org.
Saving The California Oaks
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Will Hehemann/UAPB School of Agriculture, Fisheries and Human Sciences
PINE BLUFF, Ark. – During winter months, farm pond owners in Arkansas may wonder about the risks posed to their fish populations in the event of icy weather, Larry W. Dorman, Extension aquaculture specialist at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, said.
“Ice coverings on lakes and ponds can lead to problems,” he said. “But farm ponds in southern regions are usually spared any major fish losses thanks to mild winters.”
Dorman said the health of a pond during icy weather depends on the ability of sunlight to travel through the pond’s frozen surface. Phytoplankton, the microscopic plants that live in a body of water, depend on sunlight to survive. If sunlight does not penetrate the surface of a pond for an extended amount of time, the plankton die.
Dead plankton cause a chemical reaction that removes oxygen from the water and can eventually cause oxygen depletion. This process may result in a pond full of dead fish, a phenomenon referred to as a “winterkill.”
Clear ice does not restrict sunlight from entering a pond, Dorman said. Even a layer of clear ice with a thickness of two feet has virtually no effect on the utilization of light by phytoplankton. On the other hand, surface ice that is opaque, contains a large number of air bubbles or covered in snow vastly reduces the amount of light penetration in a pond.
Winterkill is seen annually in ponds in northern states, most frequently in shallow, fertile ponds. Therefore, biologists commonly recommend that ponds in these areas should be constructed at a depth of 10 or more feet and should not be fertilized.
“Overall, Arkansan pond owners should not be concerned about the possibility of fish kills due to freezing,” Dorman said. “However, unusually long cold spells occur from time to time. There is a simple step landowners can take to help ensure their pond’s ecosystem remains healthy through a long freeze.”
If a pond has been frozen over for a period of three weeks or more, part of the icy surface should be broken in order to re-oxygenate the pond, he said. Landowners can pierce the ice cover by melting a portion with hot water or using an axe, pick or chainsaw to create a hole that vents out excess carbon dioxide and allows oxygen in.
“For the most part, Arkansas farm pond owners should not be concerned about freezing temperatures affecting their fish populations,” Dorman said. “In the event of lingering low temperatures, however, it is always best to be prepared to take the simple measures necessary to help ensure a pond’s health during an extended freeze.”
The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff offers all its Extension and Research programs and services without regard to race, color, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, religion, age, disability, marital or veteran status, genetic information, or any other legally protected status, and is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.
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Heavy metals in baby food! The headline alone is enough to terrify parents. Take a breath. Here is the science behind the statements and why we aren’t running for the countryside to start our own organic farm.
In the recent American Academy of Pediatrics statement, they discuss the most common heavy metals found in food. According to the FDA, the most common heavy metals found in food are arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead.
Where are these metals originating? Heavy metals are a natural part of our environment. They are found in the Earth’s crust as well as the air, soil and water. Some of these metals are introduced into our foods by pollution as well. Manufacturing processes can also add exposure. Continued exposure to heavy metals can lead to developmental issues. This is only ONE factor that may contribute. Genetics, social and environmental factors all play a role in the developing brain.
How can you minimize your baby’s risk?
- Serve a variety of foods. Sticking with only a few foods may increase your baby’s exposure to heavy metals, especially if the foods served contain higher concentrations of a metal. For example, fortified rice cereal generally contains more arsenic than other grains because rice absorbs more from the Earth. Switch the rice for oat, barley, farro, quinoa or bulgur. The switch is likely better for the bowels as well.
- Read the labels. Make sure that the blended foods do not all contain the same first two ingredients. Allowing for more variety helps mitigate exposure. Baby food manufacturers are required to test the ingredients that go into a blend but not the resulting blend. Why is this important? If you add multiple ingredients containing an acceptable amount (based on FDA standards) of a metal, the result is additive. Therefore, individually the ingredients may be safe but cumulatively, they may prove to be above the accepted level.
- You can always make your own. Making your own can limit exposure related to manufacturing. It is still critical to offer a variety.
- Avoid fruit juices. Offer the whole fruit or purees instead. Fruit juice can contain more heavy metals and a ton of non-nutritional sugar. The exception to avoiding this is if we’ve directed you to give fruit juice to assist with stooling.
- Make healthy fish choices. Many fish contain a high level of mercury. Know your fish before you shop. The safest fish are: light tuna, cod, salmon, pollock and whitefish.
- Breastfeed if possible. The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) recommends breastfeeding when possible for the first 6 months of life.
- Check for hazards in your home (including your habits). Are you vaping? Do you live in an older home? Is the paint chipping or peeling revealing the color choices from the early to mid 20th century? Vaping can also expose children to cadmium as well as lead. Check AAP website https://www.aap.org/ with helpful suggestions on lead exposure in the home.
Is organic better? While organic food decreases exposure to pesticides and chemical fertilizers, they still absorb the metals from the soil and water. So, when it comes to heavy metal exposure, organic is similar to conventional.
Source from docpampediatrics.com
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According to the NASA
on August 24, in the late afternoon, the skies darkened and remain for four days.
NASA Announces Earth Will Experience Four Days of Complete DARKNESS in This August!
After knowing the announcement that was no lack of fatal predictions, the fact is that this is a natural phenomenon.
It’s strange, but there is no reason to worry about it. It is a natural phenomenon that has very expectant scientists, which occurs every 26,000 years and is called the ‘galactic eclipse’ or ‘eternal 96 hours of darkness’.
And although many people believed that it would be the end of the world, and even associated with other episodes of death as Ebola, among others, the truth is that there is a coherent scientific explanation that even already been endorsed by the NASA and several experts have tried to explain in the simplest and didactic way, in order that everyone understand and especially not to create any fright.
Scientists explain this as follows: “Passing our solar system from the dark rift of the galaxy, this gap will probably absorb all photons and being in the sun between the earth and the dark gap obviously no sunlight would to earth.”
The scientific explanation would indicate that only reach the Earth light, as heat would feel itself, which means no climate change that could affect life on Earth.
These days experts National Aeronautics and Space Administration, better known as NASA, delivered to thousands of visitors arrive daily to their facilities, details of the three days of darkness that would affect the earth in the month August this year.
MY COMMENTI SEE AN ALIGNMENT STARING ON THE 24TH, 08 TIL AUDUST 30TH, AS PICS SUGGESTS, AND I AM NOT SUREIT WOULD CAUSE SUCH AN AFFECT IN AUGUST, CAN ANYONE CONFIRMS THIS ?
Pingback: NASA Confirms Earth Will Experience 15 Days Of Complete Darkness in November 2015 | The lost prophecy
Did anyone else miss this???
how to see
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Location of Purnululu National Park
If you visit Australia once, you would never want to return. The natural beauty of Australia will surely mesmerize your senses and you would want to stay amidst the beauty and tranquility forever.
There are many sites in Australia, which are loaded with splendid views and have kept alive the rich history of Australia. The place that we are mentioning here is a World Heritage Site. It is one of the most striking destinations of Australia. It is loaded with natural beauty and is counted among the most popular tourist destinations in Australia. Yes!! We are talking about the spectacular Purnululu National Park.
The Purnululu National Park is situated in the East Kimberley region of the Western Australia. The park is about 190 mi (300 kilometres) towards the south of Kununurra and the Halls Creek is located to the south of it, about 100 kms away from the Purnululu National Park.
History of Purnululu National Park
The park was a home to the Aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. The name Purnululu, was given by the traditional Kija peoples who were the custodians.
The Purnululu National Park is spread across the area of 592,370-acre, i.e., 239,723-hectare. In the year 2003, it was declared as the World Heritage Site.
The most striking feature of this park is the Bungle Bungle range, the beautiful sandstone domes, rising as much as 1,896 ft (578 metres) above the sea level. The orange and grey colored bands, formed due to the difference in the porosity and clay content, give this range a very gorgeous appearance. The bee- hive shaped, conical towers look breathtakingly beautiful.
Things To Do
Soak in the beautiful arial view of the Bungle Bungle Range with a helicopter ride. You would never ever forget this experience.
A 4WD into the park is full of thrill and adventure. If you are an adventure freak, do not miss this ride.
Hike in the Cathedral Gorge. This gorge is known for its incredible acoustics. So, shout out aloud and give vocal chords some exercise.
There are many trails in the Purnululu National Park. Walk through the trails and enjoy the scenic views of the park. Take a trail to Piccaninny Creek or walk to the Echidna Chasm or Mini Palms Gorge; the options are numerous.
Camping here is also a great idea. There are two campgrounds here, namely, Walardi and Kurrajong. Camping here with your family and friends will be an unforgettable experience.
As the area was inhabited by the Aboriginals, there is beautiful rock art and a few burial sites in the park.
The word Purnululu means sandstone.
Have you ever been to the Purnululu National Park? Have you witnessed the mesmerizing beauty of the Bungle Bungle Range from the helicopter? Have you camped amidst the natural beauty of the Purnululu National Park? If yes, then please tell us more about your experience. We would love to hear your story and see your photographs. Please share them here.
Also See : Walking in Park Sound Effect｜Free Download
More info: Breath-taking Adventure to Australia’s Kakadu National Park
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The Importance of Character
Here at CloudKid HQ, we believe that great characters are the foundation for awesome children’s projects. That’s why we’re so excited about the recent coverage on the research of our very own educational advisor, Alexis Lauricella. As Alexis’ study, “Toddlers Learning from Socially Meaningful Video Characters,” concludes, social relationships that children develop with a character impact their ability to learn from media. In the case of her study, toddlers who saw a sequencing task performed by the beloved Elmo were significantly more able to perform the task themselves than two control groups.
In addition, we recently read a study out of the University of California, Riverside on the importance of social relationships with media characters. The study, “Media as Social Partners: The Social Nature of Young Children’s Learning From Screen Media,” had equally telling results. Similar to Alexis’ work, this paper cites the social nature of learning from screen media, concluding that there is a direct correlation between a child’s relationship with on-screen characters and their comprehension of information presented.
Studies such as these help reinvigorate our passion for the fact that kids media begins and ends with character. Hope they do the same for you…
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Medical Director Dr. Molly Perlman, MD, MPH, CEDS is a board certified psychiatrist and practices psychotherapy and medication management for a range of psychiatric conditions including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, trauma, ADHD, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, panic attacks, substance abuse and eating disorders. In part two of the series, Dr. Perlman continues to share more important information on the biological basis of eating disorders.
Brain research has revealed that neurochemistry is disrupted in individuals with eating disorders. Serotonin and dopamine are neurotransmitters that are involved in complex signaling pathways. These pathways are dysregulated in eating disorders, mood and anxiety disorders. Dopamine is involved in functions related to reward, pleasure, movement, compulsion and perseveration. Serotonin is involved in functions related to mood, memory processing, cognition and sleep. Considerable evidence suggests that altered serotonin and dopamine functions contribute to dysregulation of appetite, mood, impulse control and temperament in individuals with eating disorders. Restriction causes reduced plasma levels of tryptophan, the precursor to serotonin, which modulates serotonin activity and therefore symptoms of anxiety and depression. In individuals without eating disorders, dopamine is associated with a positive reinforcement effect in feeding. In other words, eating feels good. In anorexia nervosa, dopamine dysregulation diminishes the reward effects of food, so that eating does not necessarily feel good. Data suggests low levels of dopamine receptors and weakened responsivity of dopamine is associated with increased eating and weight. We also know that appetite-regulating hormones, like leptin and ghrelin, may affect dopamine functioning. Leptin is an appetite suppressing chemical, and ghrelin stimulates the appetite. In patients with anorexia nervosa, ghrelin is abnormally low. In patients with binge eating, leptin is abnormally low. These findings help confirm that eating disorders are not due to “lack of will power”. There are chemical alterations in the brain that affect the development and persistence of eating disorder symptoms.
The more we as providers understand the biological basis of eating disorders, the better equipped we are to provide effective treatments. Based on new research in the field, novel medications are being studied that may help us better treat eating disorders. Psychiatric medications that target serotonin and dopamine pathways, such as SSRIs, can be very helpful in the treatment of eating disorders and co-morbid anxiety and mood disorders. Usually, the best treatment for eating disorders is a multidisciplinary approach involving a therapist specializing in eating disorders, a psychiatrist, nutritionist and primary care physician.
To read part one of the series, click here.
For more information about Oliver-Pyatt Centers, please call 855.254.5642, visit our website, subscribe to our blog, and connect with us on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
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Sometimes the cells of Barrett’s Oesophagus can become more abnormal. Cells that begin to show abnormal changes may gradually be developing a condition called dysplasia. This is why many people with Barrett’s oesophagus have regular monitoring. Dysplasia is often divided into 2 grades based on how abnormal the cells appear under the microscope: low-grade and high-grade. Your doctors will carry out tests to determine the grade of the dysplasia.
low grade dysplasia – this means the cells are slightly abnormal
high grade dysplasia – this means the cells are more abnormal.
People who have Barrett’s Oesophagus with dysplasia have a small increase in their risk of Oesophageal cancer, but most do not go on to get Oesophageal Cancer.
In some cases the dysplasia can develop further a small number of people (less than 1%) with Barrett’s Oesophagus go on to develop Oesophageal Cancer.
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A Schedule for Our Times
What would it look like to build a school schedule that really works for kids? Our innovative new schedule puts the needs of 21st century students at the center of their academic experience.
Stress, Sleep, and Student Health
The expectations on our young people have changed. Many schools strive to offer richer course loads and more elective experiences, and in trying to meet our expectations and feeling the pressure from colleges, students take on heavier loads. All the while, the demands outside of school have grown, too.
With many competing pressures on kids, sleep is the first thing to go. Research shows that on average, high schoolers get about six hours of sleep per night, often less at least one night per week. This should be a wake-up call.
21st Century Learning
Today’s learners are much more likely to be collaborating across networks and long distances, working in diverse teams in a global economy. There is an emerging consensus about what skills kids most need from school: collaboration, creativity, interdisciplinary thinking, synthesis, ethical thinking, empathy, analyzing data, critical thinking, effective communication, and cultural competency. The problem is that our schedules are not designed for that kind of learning.
To build the habit of collaboration, students need the time and space in school to work together on authentic projects.
We need a new model.
A Way Forward
We have crafted more than a new schedule — rather, a new structure of our academic program for the 2018–19 school year, which places the energy and bandwidth of students’ minds at the forefront. We believe this is a major step forward in addressing concerns about student well-being, while at the same time facilitating 21st century learning.
- 65-minute periods three times per week
- Flexible, open, multi-hour blocks
- More open times during the day
- A late start on Thursday mornings
- Moving away from dedicated review/exam periods
65-minute periods three times per week
Flexible, open, multi-hour blocks
More open times during the day
A late start on Thursday mornings
Moving away from dedicated review/exam periods
We are building in “mini-term” intensive courses, lasting between one and two weeks. During mini-terms, other classes pause, and students explore one topic in depth with a teacher. It is a chance for students and teachers to dive deep into a subject, do some hands-on work, get off campus, engage in place-based learning, and learn in a new way.
We are excited about the opportunity to put all of this into practice as part of one reform effort and harness the synergy. Most importantly, we are putting the needs of the students first.
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DAR to honor Revolutionary War soldier with restored grave site markers
The French Lick Chapter of the Tennessee Society of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution hosts a rededication of restored markers at American Revolutionary War soldier Henry Bradford's grave.
The Bradford-Willis Cemetery has been a landmark of Hendersonville for over 200 years. Revolutionary War soldier and patriot Henry Bradford and approximately 16 family members are buried here.
Bradford enlisted shortly after the war broke out in 1775, and was assigned to the Third Virginia Regiment. Bradford was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine, on September 11, 1777. The battle was fought between the American army under the command of General George Washington and the British army led by Commander Sir William Howe. In December of that same year, Bradford was discharged from the army. Following the end of the war, he was granted a land bounty by Virginia in payment for his service.
In 1784, Bradford came to this area, still a part of North Carolina. He settled in a part of Davidson County that is now Sumner County, where he and his wife reared seven children. A community leader, Bradford was a state trustee and a trustee for Gallatin's first charter school. In 1791, he was appointed to be an excise tax collector, a position he held under Presidents Adams and Jefferson. Additionally, he was a deputy surveyor. In 1796, Bradford traveled to Watauga in present day North Eastern Tennessee, to help negotiate a treaty with the Indians.
Vandals stole Bradford's original grave marker "under the cover of darkness on a snowy winter night." That marker was never recovered. The gravestones of his descendants are no longer visible. In 1973, the French Lick Chapter of DAR dedicated a new marker at his grave site. Since that time, its limestone base has deteriorated and the barely visible marker has sunken into the ground. The leaning, darkly weathered family obelisk, which is not a grave marker, but a monument listing names of some of Bradford's descendants, is near Bradford's grave site in the cemetery.
Today, after restoration and replacement of the two monuments, patrons of the project, French Lick members, descendants of the Bradford family, local dignitaries, and citizens of Hendersonville gather to celebrate the life of Henry Bradford and to rededicate the marker at his resting place.
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https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/sumner/hendersonville/2017/10/02/dar-honor-revolutionary-war-soldier-restored-grave-site-markers/723456001/
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