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Why GPU Server?
Some years ago, 3D design and gaming were the ruling functions of GPUs. Content creators use them for quality services. However, these days, GPUs are not limited to just content or gaming.
The programming on GPUs is according to your needs. They are used in many fields. As the name suggests, the graphics processing unit is an excellent tool when it comes to designing and gaming. It also supplies the highest level of services for users who are in the creative field, but now they have more applications in the fields of computing, deep learning, AI, etc. in terms of flexibility, user-friendly, and high functioning.
GPUs are better in many ways. The reason for which more users are attracted to GPUs these days is that they have a lot more potential. Developers realised the potential in GPU and utilised it. They are extremely popular now between developers and users. They also work in computing. Graphic designers and content creators still use it for its effects and because it uses advanced technology and efficiency.
Is it essential to have a GPU?
Most of the systems available on the market have CPUs in them. The question is, why would you need a GPU?
If you work in the content field then you need right tools. Good graphics softwareor work as a content creator need high-quality editing software. For this purpose, GPU is a must-have. GPU increases the graphic possibilities of your system.CPU has supplied all the high-performing services you need as well. Get a new system with So, whenever you are looking to get a new system should compare both the GPU and the CPU to make sure you are choosing what is best for you.
Graphic cards and how are they different from the GPU?
We can understand this by the example of the CPU. The CPU is just a part of your system on the motherboard. Similarly, a graphics card is like a motherboard, and the GPU is in it. The motherboard has many components, and the CPU is just a part of them. Graphics cards are related to motherboards too.
The GPU is just a part of the graphic card, which also holds many components. GPUs is divided into two categories: integrated GPUs and discrete GPUs. The integrated one is installed in the CPU instead of an individual card, while discrete GPUs come installed on an individual board of circuits. To further understand these two types of GPUs,let's analyse them.
Many systems on the market are integrated GPU. They are integrating system for several reasons. One of the reasons is cost. An integrated GPU is installed on the motherboard along with the CPU, which makes it cost-effective. since you do not have to pay for a separate board. Another reason for which it is more popular and preferred is that it makes the system consume less power and makes it less heavy. For users who are interested in graphic design and content creation, a GPU is necessary.
Discrete graphics processing unit
Systems can work well even with integrated GPUs, but some users want more functions and applications. For this purpose, you should opt for a discrete graphics processing unit. However, it would be more expensive. A separate board will also consume more energy but have high functionality.
What are the uses?
GPU dedicated hosting servers were mainly designed for creative purposes. People who want more options for superior quality graphics and to be able to edit their content in a more efficient way. However, now they are programmed to do more than just that. They are getting more used in computing and deep learning now. Developers recognised the potential and programmed it accordingly.
Gaming: In the past decade, the sales of systems that support high-quality video games have increased. The gaming industry is booming day by day now. interactive gaming, high-quality graphics, 3D, etc. Because the CPU has limitations, users enjoy GPUs for enjoying a fast, high-quality experience. The CPU may not support VR gaming, good resolution, and advanced technologies, but the demands on them are remarkably high. Companies are focusing increasingly on gaming systems and introducing more gaming platforms that support high-tech games.
Creative aspects: users who are inclined towards functions like editing or content and graphic design require special tools. Usually, systems are slow and cannot support high-quality content. GPU supplies all the services to professionals who need all these functions and tools on a day-to-day basis. GPU servers are secure, safe and powerful. You need a powerful resource that can handle your data efficiently.
AI: AI technology is at its peak right now. Almost all companies are working on it. The GPU has excellent computing benefits and can handle a lot of loads. AI needs a high-functioning system such as profile/face recognition and a lot more. So, for all the required advanced technologies, the GPU is recommended.
Why is the GPU used for deep learning?
GPUs are used for multiple and simultaneous computations with less resources. While using GPUs, you come across many varieties, even though NVIDIA is all over the market.
While we are designing a deep learning process, our decision should include GPUs and thus these factors:
It can give proper bandwidth to adjust large datasets.
It has more scaling range than CPUs, which provides datasets to run faster than ever.
Effectiveness in long-running singular tasks is better in GPUs than in CPUs, and it is yet another function of the GPU.
Our team has professionals who have training and experience in programming and who work on all the leading technologies.
They are all highly experienced professionals who have worked in this field for a long time.
We at VPSServer.Net make sure that you have the best service and information. Our professionals supply 24/7 customer service so you get all the information you need.
We provide customizable services and information about what is the best choice for you within your budget. A well-communicated service with good advice and correct knowledge can provide you with the best assistance. Even after you choose any service and face issues, our assistance will help you resolve all the errors you might face.
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Event provides new evidence that traveling stars can form binary systems
From a zoomed out, distant view, star-forming cloud L483 appears normal. But when a Northwestern University-led team of astrophysicists zoomed in closer and closer, things became weirder and weirder.
As the researchers peered closer into the cloud, they noticed that its magnetic field was curiously twisted. And then — as they examined a newborn star within the cloud — they spotted a hidden star, tucked behind it.
“It’s the star’s sibling, basically,” said Northwestern’s Erin Cox, who led the new study. “We think these stars formed far apart, and one moved closer to the other to form a binary. When the star traveled closer to its sibling, it shifted the dynamics of the cloud to twist its magnetic field.”
The new findings provide insight into binary star formation and how magnetic fields influence the earliest stages of developing stars.
Cox will present this research at the 240th meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in Pasadena, California. “The Twisted Magnetic Field of L483” will take place on Tuesday, June 14, as a part of a session on “Magnetic Fields and Galaxies.” The Astrophysical Journal also will publish the study next week.
Cox will be available to answer questions about the study during a press conference at AAS, which will be held both in-person and virtually at 2:15 p.m. PDT on Monday, June 13. Members of the press can register for the event here.
Cox is a postdoctoral associate at Northwestern’s Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA).
Continue to the full Northwestern News story.
- Learn more about Erin’s work and recently awarded National Science Foundation MPS-Ascend Fellowship
- Learn more about The American Astronomical Society
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Best Practices for Co-Located Schools and Places of Worship
Safety for staff and students is a top priority for schools, and when a school is co-located with a house of worship, there is an elevation of safety considerations. This module is in partnership with ISLA, the Islamic Schools League of America.
Threat Assessment with Dr. Nancy Zarse
This training describes threat assessment, which enables the early identification and intervention of violence and discovers the power of one simple question: is there movement from thought to action?
Opioid Awareness & Response
Awareness of the risks of prescription opioid use and being informed about the appropriate use of opioids and non-opioid alternatives, when appropriate, is important to help prevent opioid misuse and avoid a potential path to addiction.
Learning From Near Misses
Outdoor risk expert, Steve Smith, shares how to learn from near misses of incidents. Being able to distinguish between a normal occurrence, a near-miss, and a reportable incident are just a few areas this module will investigate.
Crisis Communication Planning
This module is designed to help you build a crisis communication plan for your school or organization. We’ll explain why and how communication can make or break your success in responding to an emergency, look at common elements of effective plans.
Physical Security Best Practices
In this module, you’ll gain a basic understanding of how physical security works, and what to expect from your security team.
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What does physiatrist do?Asked by: Billy Gutkowski
Score: 4.5/5 (30 votes)
Physiatrists are medical doctors who have gone through medical school and have completed training in the specialty field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Physiatrists diagnose illnesses, design treatment protocols and can prescribe medications.
What does a physiatrist treat?
A physiatrist diagnoses, manages, and treats pain from injury, illness, or medical conditions, predominantly using physical means for recovery such as physical therapy and medicine. The goal of a physiatrist is to help patients recover their functional wellbeing and to return to a healthy and functional life.
Why should I see a physiatrist?
You should seek treatment from a physiatrist if: You have experienced an injury that causes pain and/or impedes physical functioning. You have an illness, disability, or experienced treatment for an illness that has left you with limited physical functioning and pain.
What does a physiatrist do on the first day of meeting?
With their broad training, physiatrists provide general medical treatment to treat pain and prevent further disability. At your first appointment, the doctor will speak to you about your medical and family history to learn more about what may be causing a problem.
Is a physiatrist the same as a pain management doctor?
A physiatrist is very similar to a pain management physician, but differs in a few key areas. Physiatrists are MDs trained in physical medicine, rehabilitation, and pain management. You could say that physiatrists are pain management physicians, but not all pain management doctors are physiatrists.
What is a Physiatrist? And what types of treatments do they offer?
What can I expect at a physiatrist appointment?
- listen to you talk about your concerns and symptoms.
- ask questions about your general health.
- ask about your family history.
- take your blood pressure and do a basic physical check-up if it's required.
- ask you to fill out a questionnaire.
What is the difference between an orthopedist and a physiatrist?
Both physiatrists and orthopedists treat similar conditions, mainly musculoskeletal injuries, but orthopedists have the additional training to provide surgery as a treatment option, whereas physiatrists do not perform surgery. ...
What should I not tell a psychiatrist?
- “I feel like I'm talking too much.” Remember, this hour or two hours of time with your therapist is your time and your space. ...
- “I'm the worst. ...
- “I'm sorry for my emotions.” ...
- “I always just talk about myself.” ...
- “I can't believe I told you that!” ...
- “Therapy won't work for me.”
What does a physiatrist do for neck pain?
Physiatrist & Neck Pain
A doctor of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) is also called a physiatrist. Your physiatrist can help you manage neck pain through use of a multi-disciplinary approach tailored to your needs. Your physiatrist's role may include triage for patients with chronic or acute neck pain.
What questions does a psychiatrist ask?
- What brings you in today? Maybe you're having trouble sleeping, or you're struggling with addiction. ...
- When did you first notice your symptoms? ...
- What have you tried so far? ...
- Does anyone in your family have a psychiatric history?
What is the difference between a neurologist and a physiatrist?
Neurologists focused on those brain disorders with cognitive and behavioural abnormalities that also presented with somatic signs—stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and so forth—while psychiatrists focused on those disorders of mood and thought associated with no, or minor, physical signs found in the ...
How often do you see a physiatrist?
When visiting a psychiatrist, you will probably be there for less than 30 minutes. This happens less often, usually once every three months. If you are in a crisis or have certain issues with your medication, you will probably have to see the psychiatrist more often.
Where does a physiatrist work?
Physiatrists can work along the entire spectrum of patient care, from acute care hospitals, sub-acute facilities such as inpatient rehabilitation hospitals, long-term acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and outpatient clinics.
Do physiatrists give injections?
Physiatrists do not perform surgery; instead they utilize non-surgical treatment methods such as pain medications and injections (such as epidural spinal injections and facet blocks).
Can a physiatrist treat arthritis?
When to See a Physiatrist for Arthritis
Some physiatrists have broad-based practices that treat a variety of diseases and symptoms while others take particular interest in specific problems such as arthritis or fibromyalgia.
Is Physiatry a good career?
Lifestyle of a physiatrist can be somewhat variable depending on practice setup and location, but overall is considered to be well balanced relative to other specialties in medicine. We also have a high job satisfaction. PM&R is a very family friendly field, with plenty of free time and family time.
Does a physiatrist treat scoliosis?
Treating Adult Scoliosis
Normally, physiatrists are able to treat the symptoms and surgery is not warranted. Braces, designed to help the back return to its normal, are used only for young patients with scoliosis whose spines are still growing, and are therefore malleable to some degree.
What is a Physiatry rest?
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) physicians, also known as physiatrists, treat a wide variety of medical conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves, bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons.
What is a physiatrist assessment?
A physiatry evaluation involves a complete medical assessment of the patient's presenting symptoms, including pain, musculoskeletal injuries, soft tissue injuries, or neurological problems. ... Your PM&R doctor may run certain tests to assess for various injuries / disabilities.
Can you tell your psychiatrist everything?
The short answer is that you can tell your therapist anything – and they hope that you do. ... Because confidentiality can be complex and laws may vary by state, your therapist should discuss it with you at the start of your first appointment and anytime thereafter.
Do therapists get frustrated with clients?
But in reality, all counselors experience discomfort with and dislike of a client at some point in their careers, says Keith Myers, an LPC and ACA member in the Atlanta metro area. “If someone tells you that it does not [happen], they're not being honest with themselves,” he says.
Do psychiatrists listen to your problems?
They'll listen to your reasons for seeking help, assess your symptoms, evaluate your medical, psychiatric, and family history, and help you decide on a course of action moving forward. And remember, many people visit more than one mental health practitioner before they find the best fit.
Do all orthopedists do surgery?
1) Kinds of Orthopedic Doctors
However, while all orthopedic surgeons are orthopedic specialists, not all orthopedic specialists are orthopedic surgeons. ... That might include surgery, but often doesn't – even if that doctor is an orthopaedic surgeon.”
What is difference between orthopedic and orthopedist?
Nope – they're the same. Orthopaedic and orthopedic both refer to the exact same specialty, with just slightly different spelling variations. Orthopaedics is the original British form of the word and Orthopedics is the more commonly used, Americanized version.
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More “Rules” for Beating Writer’s Block
First and foremost, remember there are no rules. What works for one person may not work for you. With that caveat in mind, here are a few guidelines that may help you make more productive use of your writing time.
1. Never just sit and wait for the words to come. Jump right in and engage in the writing process. Use listing, free writing, word association, automatic writing, etc. to start and to restart. Allow yourself to write badly at times.
2. Don’t be self critical, especially in the first draft stage. Look on each writing task as an experiment and an opportunity to refine your skills as athletes do when they practice. Realize that most of what you write won’t (and shouldn’t) get published.
3. Separate composing from the act of revising and editing.
4. Keep a daily journal. Write down your thoughts and feelings, hopes and expectations. Observe the world closely. Try different genre’: stories, poems, plays, essays, letters, etc., but don’t feel obliged to complete anything. Vary viewpoints and themes. Variety helps you grow.
5. Maintain a separate notebook or a file for your story ideas.
6. Consider switching to a different genre if you’re not making progress. A story with too much dialogue might work better as a play. A poem could turn out to be a picture book.
7. Outline your longer projects and do a detailed sketch of all the characters before you start. Some writers believe that planning can stifle creativity and spontaneity, but an outline which is used as a general guide can help you make more productive use of your writing time. Knowing where you are going makes it easier to get to there. And it allows you the opportunity to naturally incorporate foreshadowing, thematic elements, character development, and the resolution of conflicts into your novel.
8. For a change of pace do something physical. A hike or a bike ride, paddling a canoe, splitting wood, or shoveling snow can do wonders for focusing your mind.
9. Read both classics and contemporary work for inspiration. But try to set trends rather than following them.
10. When things aren’t going well, use your time to do research, work on story plans, and catch up on and the business side of writing: bookkeeping, marketing, updating contacts, etc.
11. Read writers’ magazines like The Writer and Writer’s Digest for success stories.
12. Use your old material to inspire new.
13. During longer projects be careful of where you stop each day. Rather than quitting at the conclusion of a chapter or after tying a scene together, stop in the middle of the action, or start the next scene, so you’ll have a good beginning point the next day.
14. Be patient. The more you write the more you improve. The more you improve the more fun you have writing. The more fun you have writing the more you want to write.
15. Keep your body healthy and your mind clear.
And remember, there are no rules.
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The Origins of Yonge Street
Many people know that Yonge Street is one of the longest streets in the province, stretching all the way up from Toronto Waterfront to Barrie. But did you know it also dates to before Confederation occurred in Canada? In this post, we will explore the origins of Yonge Street and the way in which it contributed to the growth of Holland Landing.
The place where Yonge Street now stands today has been well travelled. Prior to colonial settlement, it was part of the way that First Nation bands would get from Lake Ontario up to Lake Simcoe, using a combination of portages and water routes. Simcoe first visited this area in 1793, when he journeyed from York to Matchedash Bay. On Friday, September 25, his wife Elizabeth Simcoe recorded in her diary that “Governor [Simcoe] went to see a very respectable Indian named “Old Sail”, on a branch of Holland’s River. He advised him to return by the eastern branch of it to avoid the swamp” (Diary of Mrs. Simcoe, 1911, 196).
Figure 1: Portrait of Sir John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant of Upper Canada, 1791 - 1796.
Given the long distances that separated military bases throughout Upper Canada by canoe and on foot, Simcoe decided that the area needed a more formal military-style road, connecting the burgeoning community of York (now called Toronto) to Lake Simcoe. The route from Lake Simcoe would also lead into Matchedash Bay, close to where the established military outpost was located at Penetanguishene. Simcoe named the new road Yonge Street, after his friend Sir George Yonge, who was an expert on ancient Roman roads. Deputy Surveyor General Augustus Jones was chosen to go out and blaze a trail for the new road, undertaking his survey of the road in the winter of 1794 and completing it up to Lot 111 in East Gwillimbury.
Simcoe then began offering land grants to settlers, stating that one of the requirements upon the land being granted to them was the need to clear 33 feet of frontage on the road passing their lot. A Dutch settler named William Berczy managed to procure enough land so that 64 families could settle in the north-east part of Toronto, and founded the town of German Mills, which is now known as Markham. However, after about a year, the settlers had only cleared the road as far as modern-day Thornhill, and road construction had stalled amid a series of setbacks.
Figure 2: An imagined scene showing the Queen's Rangers cutting down trees and clearing brush for Yonge Street. Line drawing by Charles William Jefferys.
As a result, Simcoe had to send in the Queen’s Rangers to restart work on the road in 1795. They managed to reach the townsite of St. Albans (now Holland Landing) on February 16, 1796. When settlement was opened in East Gwillimbury in 1800, one of the conditions for farmers along that route was that they needed to spend 12 days a year clearing the road of debris and fallen logs.
If you want to learn more about this fascinating topic, check out F.R. Bercham’s “The Yonge Street Story: 1793 - 1860” and “Opportunity Road: Yonge Street 1860 – 1939” at your closest local library.
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Recently, in Phys.org, they published a good overview of a couple of recently written genetic papers dealing with Native American ancestry. I particularly like this overview, because it’s written in plain English for the non-scientific reader.
In a nutshell, there has been ongoing debate that has been unresolved surrounding whether or not there was one or more migrations into the Americas. These papers use these terms a little differently. They not only talk about entry into the Americas but also dispersion within the Americans, which really is a secondary topic and happened, obviously, after the initial entry event(s).
The primary graphic in this article, show below, from the PNAS article, shows the distribution within the Americas of Native American haplogroups A2a and B2a.
Schematic phylogeny of complete mtDNA sequences belonging to haplogroups A2a and B2a. A maximum-likelihood (ML) time scale is shown. (Inset) A list of exact age values for each clade. Credit: Copyright © PNAS, doi:10.1073/pnas.0905753107
As you can see, the locations of these haplogroups are quite different and the various distribution models set forth in the papers account for this difference in geography.
One of the aspects of this paper, and the two academic papers on which it is based, that I find particularly encouraging is that the researchers are utilizing full sequence mitochondrial DNA, not just the HVR1 or HVR1+HVR2 regions which has all too often been done in the past. In all fairness, until rather recently, the expense of running the full sequence was quite high and there were few (if any) other results in the academic data bases to compare the results with. Now, the cost is quite reasonable, thanks in part to genetic genealogy and new technologies, and so the academic testing standards are changing. If you’ll note, Alessandro Achilli, one of the authors of these papers and others about Native Americans as well, also comments towards the end that full genome testing will be being utilized soon. I look forward to this new era of research, not only for Native Americans but for all of us searching for our roots.
Read the Phys.org paper at: http://phys.org/news/2013-09-mitochondrial-genome-north-american-migration.html#jCp
The original academic papers are found here and here. I encourage anyone with a serious interest in this topic to read these as well.
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Can a person who has Asian in their admixture be confused with Native American ancestry? I see a lot of Native American showing up in a lot of people I compare their kit numbers to mine. Most of these people are Romany.
Asia is a very big place. We find Asian in people who are in Europe, particularly in Poland and Germany. Romany are from India, so we would expect to find some there too. And Native people of course have some. Whether it’s from the same part of Asia, we don’t know just from the term “Asia.”
Thank you. That explains it.
Missing mutations C146T and C16189T- Question, what does this do to DNA results and would a persons DNA change a little if one has dwarfism or twin factors in the family. I needed to know why none of my Alaskan native family is showing up at all on the Familtreedna when it should be all over Alaska? Or has no Alaskan natives besides me taken the test with FamilyTreeDNA? Thank You Daren
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You’ll have to ask your family if they have tested at Family Tree DNA. If you’re not matching them, my guess is that they have not tested or have not tested there. I’m not a doctor and I stay away from medical topics. Dr. Ann Turner, who is a medical doctor, provides a medical analysis of your mitochondrial DNA full sequence data for a very reasonable fee. Last I knew, it was $50. You can contact her at email@example.com.
I did ask any medical topics, I took the Family Tree DNA test and I gave you my code to look at my results,it is a dna test not a medical test. I have missing mutations according to Family tree dna results. Im not the only native american in the alaska that has taken the dna test with familytreedna. The results of the dna are mind blowing but not all correct and the result show only one person related to me on my dads side of the family tree and linda has the same relative on my great great grandmother’s half sisters side from marriages and that in itself to find One person in the dna match that matches my family tree and is in the family tree. You have a lot of knowledge in this area and this is a new area, the DNA of people and to put this all together is one thing but they need to go further into sub clan sub clan sub clan to get real up to date family makers. I have payed over 300 dollars to do all this and have got nowhere. My first language was an Aleut-Athabascan language which is in Alaska my second was english then German and then spanish. The only language for now is the DNA language that i must understand because I dont understand it but i am learning and looking up information to better understand what my results are saying. I have no asian, Arabian, russian at the present in my real family tree but the dna test says different and no one nos were this other stuff comes from or the people the family tree results clams and this dna stuff seems to be for those who understand the readings but they are not the same as my family tree. Thank You so much for your understanding in my delema and i understand there are thousands of people out there with questions like mine.
P.S. If any one can help this would be nice, Thank You Too
Thanks for the article links. My hope is that one day more than a handful of Native Americans will test their DNA. The Achilli et al. paper listed one Apache from a 2007 study, one Pima from a 2008 study and five Navajo from the current study which appears to have come from the Sorenson database. The Kemp at al. paper had larger samples sizes, but all from the Southwest were again from studies dating back to 2007 and earlier, including, strangely enough, 25 Anasazi. That study must have been very old indeed. I love the way academics keep publishing from old data. Publish, publish, publish!
These weren’t the only articles to reference Native results, but the first articles to define that haplogroup and additional ones if they provided further definition. I do agree though, new samples would be wonderful. Our projects have more than some studies.
You make an excellent point Roberta, and I encourage everyone to join any FTDNA project that applies to that person. Project administrators, such as yourself, have been incredible in pushing the science forward. The administrators of the R1b-DF27 and Subclades Project for example have been working with the many new SNPs to figure out where they belong on the tree. I follow their discussions on the Project’s Yahoo Group page. One day I’d love to meet some of them at whatever conference FTDNA organizes and thank them for their dedication and effort.
This looks great and maybe they will find relatives from my moms side the mtdna from ALL over Alaska wear they are located. Cool because FamilyTreeDNA has not got one yet but if they start in Tatitlik, Cordova, Homer, Sitka, Yakutat they might find my family of Alaskan native people. I hope this will help them. Chief Dry Bay George is my second great Grand Father and there info online to help them in there research. Thank You Daren
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If I am looking at the separation dates for A2a4 correctly, the 320 to 370 years ago for separating from other A2a populations is entirely too short. Archaeology and even historic sources show Southern Athabascans present in the southwest much earlier than that.
I am from the haplogroup B2a, sites say my 2x great grandmother is Anasazi. I am very interested in any new research. And like to be a part if any one is doing research. Sites such as 23andme say that 1 out of 1100 people have B2a. Can this be confirmed? Also if a dma match also shares B2a haplogroup is it safe to assume we are related?
Yes, but the relationship may be very far back in time. Have you taken the mitochondrial test at Family Tree DNA? They do mitochondrial matching and you’ll get more specific results.
I have done dna testing with ancestry, my mother and sister with 23andme, My heritage, and also uploaded to gedmatch. I would like to follow my paternal line but will my don carry more of his own father and not his maternal grandfather?
I think you mean your son. Your son’s Y DNA is that of his father. If you have a paternal brother or uncle, they have the Y DNA you seek.
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When you think of healthcare professionals, Radiographers aren’t typically the first people that spring to mind. As they generally work behind the scenes, they aren’t the most recognisable professional in the sector, but that’s not to say their work isn’t important.
Radiographers are pivotal in the early detection of life-threatening illnesses and diseases. Without their technical abilities and analytical minds, many people wouldn’t have a diagnosis for the ailments they are experiencing.
This would not only hinder the ability to identify the necessary treatment but the chance to catch the problem early, which is often vital for the effective treatment of diseases like cancer.
This is why working as a Radiographer is the perfect way to have a job that is both significant and rewarding. If you’re looking for a job in healthcare that ticks these boxes and indulges an interest in technology, keep reading.
What Does a Radiographer Do?
The main aim of this profession is to use advanced medical equipment in combination with radiation to diagnose or treat both ill and injured patients.
As such, the work of a Radiographer falls into two categories:
In this role, you would use different techniques and equipment to identify what has caused the patient’s illness or injury. The technology used would depend on the ailment being addressed, but this can be a mix of X-rays, MRI machines and ultrasounds.
In this role, you harness various radiation types to treat an illness or injury. You will mainly work with patients who have different cancers and tumours and provide them with frequent treatments, perhaps on a daily basis. For this, you would often use X-rays and other ionising radiation, because of the length of treatments you will tend to build a close professional relationship with the people you care for.
The level of support Radiographers provide to patients who are often unwell, in pain and anxious about their future health makes them an incredibly valuable part of the patient’s journey. As such, they are trained to be empathetic, and delicate and to deliver a service that is entirely focused on the patient's needs.
Where do Radiographers Work?
The location you work in depends on the type of radiography position you hold. As a Diagnostic Radiographer, you would tend to be based in a hospital radiography department, providing support to most departments in the hospital.
This could be anything from taking images of injuries that come into A&E to precise images of the surgical site for the operating theatre. You could also be based in outpatient clinics.
As a Therapeutic Radiographer, you would typically work within a specialised radiotherapy or oncology centre. This would necessitate you to wear a specific uniform and perhaps additional protective clothing too.
You can expect to work approximately 37 hours a week in both roles. This can often include shifts and the need to work unsocial hours.
What is a Radiographers's Salary?
Once you graduate as a Radiographer, you can expect a starting salary of around £24,900 a year (band 5 in the NHS). This increases with the years of service you provide and the seniority of your position. On average, experienced Radiographers earn between £35,000 to £40,000 per year (band 6).
With further experience and qualifications, you can work your way up to earning band 7 or 8 salaries starting at around £38,800 and £51,600 per year respectively.
Career Progression Opportunities for Radiographers
Most radiography jobs UK are with the NHS, so the career progression route for Radiographers is relatively straightforward. The Society of Radiography suggest a four-tier progression path, which the NHS emulate as below:
The ideal position for those wanting to gain work experience as a Radiographer and find their feet. You aren’t qualified at this level, but it’s a great way to gain hands-on skills and find out if this career path is for you.
This is the role you will assume once you graduate. Both graduate Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiographers will receive ample guidance and support at this stage while they gain experience in various areas. This is usually set at band 5 in the NHS but if you progress to band 6 you can help supervise and develop junior colleagues.
With experience as a Radiographer Practitioner, you can start to discover specialisms like mammography practice, medical magnetic resonance, forensic radiography CT or MRI procedures and more.
Depending on what these are you may need either in-house training or to study further at the postgraduate level. At this level of your career, you could also go into practice education, lecturing or research roles with the relevant additional qualifications.
At this stage, you will contribute to idea generation, service development, caseload maintenance and cross-department support. You can also get into managerial and team leader roles where you will drive service delivery.
Further academic job opportunities come available to you at this point too. If you’re qualified for them you could become a research fellow or senior lecturer, more commonly, this requires a masters level of education.
In this role, you are responsible for both clinical and managerial tasks. This often requires you to be educated to doctorate or PhD level, along with having extensive clinical experience.
The Society of Radiographers stipulate these four domains are crucial to the role:
- Expert clinical practice
- Professional leadership and consultancy
- Education, training and development, practice and service development
- Research and evaluation
How Many Years Does It Take to Become a Radiographer?
You need a degree that is approved by the Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC) to become a Radiographer. This can take three or four years of full-time study depending on the degree you choose. Naturally, part-time radiography courses take longer to study.
If you want to get qualified as a Radiographer quickly, the best way to do this is by choosing carefully when it comes to studying courses that allow you onto your degree. If you go to college to get the 2-3 A Levels required, this can take two years to complete.
However, if you opt to study an Access to radiography course, this time can be cut in half. This is because Access to HE radiography courses can be studied online, which makes it possible for you to move through the learning materials much faster.
Students who study Access to radiography courses with learndirect on average are finished within 9-12 months. So, if you are able to commit the time to your course, you can have it finished and be on the way to university within a year!
Get Started Today!
You can start a career that utilises technology to diagnose, treat and prolong the lives of patients by studying radiography courses online.
Our Access to radiography course will give you the grounding in radiography knowledge you need for your degree, as well as the brush up on study skills you may need if you have been out of education for some time.
Find out more information about studying radiography online by speaking to one of our Course Executives on 01202 006 464 or by contacting them online. Alternatively, you can view our Access to radiography course in more detail by clicking below.
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Through this program, my students have engaged important, higher order thinking skills. They have been guided on how to turn their thoughts and emotions into a thought provoking and inspired song. As a result of this program, the students participated in meaningful conversations on discrimination and how one can effectively deal with it. They identified a way in which they were inspired by their person of courage to do something in their school to address the issue that caused her pain – discrimination. At the conclusion of the project, they had the opportunity to sing their song before the entire grade and introduce their Fight Discrimination Campaign.
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C/ del Castillo, s/n 46500 Sagunto – València
Ownership: Ministry of Culture
Authorisations: 21 days
Recording: 24 hours
Telephone number: +34 962 655 859
With a capacity for 4,000 spectators, this colossal monument is one of the most important remnants of Roman civilisation in Spain.
It was built in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Emperor Tiberius. The slope of the mountain offered the perfect terrain for the arrangement of the seats, with this part of the structure being referred to as the cavea. The upper tier stands at 105 metres above sea level, while the lowest tier stands 75 metres above sea level. The stage, and the wall behind it, would round off the venue, generating incredible acoustics. There were two main entrances (“Aditus Maximi”): one at the end of Carrer Antigons and another at the end of Carrer del Cardo, which is now the Carrer Vell del Castell.
There are two distinct parts. First, the cavea, or stands, consisting of three sets of terraced seats arranged in a semi-circle. Second, the stage, which stands at the height of the upper portico of the stands. The consolidation of the monument began in the mid 20th century, ending with the execution of the restoration and rehabilitation project drawn up by architects Giorgio Grassi and Manuel Portaceli and carried out by the Valencian Regional Government. The project sought to comprehensively restore the structure, giving the image of unity between the stands and stage while enabling the performance of large-scale theatrical productions. It is the main headquarters of the “Sagunt a Escena” festival.
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Concentrating on Aquatic Physical Therapy
A lot of physical therapists are focusing on aquatic physical therapy today because it is known to give several benefits for big population segments. Weakened muscles, age-related ailments, and athletic injuries are some sicknesses that aquatic physical therapy has proven to cure. Physical therapists can now use little impact and aquatic therapy to strengthen the body, reduce muscle and joint strains as well as reduce pain. If you want to join the physical therapy field, this aquatic therapy is a specialization field that you want to consider during your training.
As one may suspect going by the name, this is a therapy that incorporates the exercises and movements done in water. Movements done in water does not strain muscles, joints or bones as compared to when they are on dry land meaning that aquatic physical therapy is good for people with weak muscles and injuries. Exercise is vital aspect in remaining healthy and recovering from any sickness, however in case of injuries or general poor physical wellbeing either from age or other aspects, it can be hard to exercise. Water offer exercises on a low impact and it also assists in resistance building which help in building strength and endurance. These benefits are provided by exercising in water without straining while lifting weights or use of resistance machines.
For better results of aquatic therapy, and for the client to enjoy full motion, the pool has to be large, and the water should be warm. Relaxed exercises are carried out with water surrounding the patient. There is circulation of blood from the heart to the legs without any swellings on the joints or the feet. During these exercises, the patient’s balance, flexibility, and strength are increased by the water resistance and water buoyancy offers support and resistance.
General good health, endurance strength, and agility can be built if a weak, overweight, injured or aged person starts aquatic physical therapy and adopts it as their lifestyle. If training athletes include aquatic therapy in their training the benefits can be worthwhile. If you are suffering from arthritis or bone related ailments, aquatic physical therapy can improve their cardiovascular health and increase their strength. Aquatic physical therapy is beneficial to any physical therapy patient because they can relax from the sensations and there can be an increase in their self-esteem, balance, flexibility, endurance, and coordination.
To conclude, aquatic exercise is the use of water and its components as the basic exercise method. You can do aquatic therapy on its own, or you can incorporate other exercises that are health related. A patient can achieve an intensive workout and enjoy increased resistance in water if buoyancy belts, dumbbells, aqua mitts, and noodles are included while doing aquatic physical therapy.
Looking On The Bright Side of Services
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As per Government guidelines, we are striving to reduce the amount of paper we send home.
If your child has a bump to the head, we will give them a sticker so you can easily see this has happened. All accidents/bumps, etc. continue to be logged in school, and if necessary a member of staff will contact you by phone.
Following a head bump you should monitor your child for a minimum of 48 hours (or longer if advised by a medical specialist). If any of the following symptoms are present, particularly loss of consciousness (even for a short period of time), you should call an emergency ambulance:
- Lasting headache that gets worse or is still present over six hours after the injury;
- Extreme difficulty in staying awake, or still being sleepy several hours after the injury. It is fine to let children go to sleep after a slight bump to the head, but you should check on them regularly and make sure you are able to wake them.
- Nausea and vomiting several hours after the injury;
- Unconsciousness or coma;
- Unequal pupil size;
- Confusion, feeling lost or dizzy, or difficulty making sense when talking;
- Pale yellow fluid or watery blood, coming from the ears or nose (this suggests a skull fracture);
- Bleeding from the scalp that cannot be quickly stopped;
- Not being able to use part of the body, such as weakness in an arm or leg;
- Difficulty seeing or double vision;
- Slurred speech;
- Having a seizure or fit.
Please note: If your child has suffered another type of injury as well e.g. cut or graze you should consult your GP if they display any adverse symptoms or if they have not had appropriate injections to reduce the risk of infection e.g. Tetanus
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PLT4M’s Nutrition offering now includes two parts: (1) Intro to Nutrition, and (2) Applied Nutrition.
In Part 1, we focused on the chemistry of nutrition: calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and how this applies to meals. We also explored micronutrients and hydration. In Part 2, we begin to address the topic of weight and help reorient students so that they can understand the multitude of factors that contribute to overall health and wellness.
We sat down with Rebecca Toutant, PLT4M’s Nutrition Expert, to learn more about PLT4M’s approach to Nutrition Education:
We recommend students start with the Intro to Nutrition program, so that they are equipped with the knowledge they need to understand part 2: Getting Real about Weight.
A Closer Look at Part 2: Applied Nutrition
At this point, we have developed and worked through a variety of nutrition topics. Now it is time we tackle weight and all the intricacies of the subject. Let’s navigate this together and with a willingness to learn. We sat down with Rebecca as she helps us contextualize our approach to part 2 of the Nutrition Series - Applied Nutrition:
Sample Lesson from Applied Nutrition:
Getting Real About Weight
We live in a world where body weight and size take center stage in many discussions, including health and performance. But these conversations often gloss over the actual research behind weight change. Body size cannot be controlled as easily as the world makes it seem. Furthermore, sometimes trying to be a certain weight or body size gets you farther from health instead of closer to it.
Weight, in particular body fat, is often the focus when it comes to health. There’s an idea that if a person weighs more than they “should,” they will have an increased risk of a wide variety of chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. That’s because it’s assumed that someone who weighs more will have more body fat. It gives the impression that if size is “controlled,” body fat is controlled. And in turn, a person is protected from health problems.
This association of ideas creates the perception that those who develop a disease have “done it to themselves” for “failing to control their size.” But it’s not the complete picture. People in bodies of all shapes and sizes develop chronic health conditions. And there’s interesting evidence that other factors are more powerful than size alone.
To begin to understand the challenge, we have to explore how our world categorizes body size. From there, we can start to understand how there might be room for more flexibility in how we look at bodies and health. This is where we will set out on the topic of weight and overall wellness.
What Is Our Weight Made Of?
When we talk about weight, we often refer to the number we see when we step on a scale. This simple measure accounts for every cell in your body. This total number includes bones, muscles, organs, fluid, and body fat, to name a few.
Our weight is never the same. It changes hour to hour and day to day. In fact, most people fluctuate within a 5-8 pound range depending on when they step on the scale. Most people are lighter in the morning and heavier in the evening. These changes have nothing to do with our body fat. Instead, when you eat and drink, you add “weight” from the food and liquid. Your body uses some of that as energy, the waste will be removed as urine and fecal matter when you go to the bathroom, and sweating results in loss of fluid – all of which result in weight changes.
What Is The Quick Change?
Weight can change quickly, but body fat and muscle mass cannot. When you see quick changes on the scale, it’s almost always due to changes in the amount of water our body holds that come from sweating, urination, or changes in nutrients. As we learned in the hydration lesson, our bodies are upwards of 65% water. When we sweat and/or urinate, we lose fluid from the body, so the number we see on the scale will decrease.
But that change has nothing to do with body fat. When we drink fluids, the number will go back up. That’s because water has mass to it which creates a gravitational pull known as weight. Don’t believe it? Put a bottle of water on the scale. See how much it weighs.
Our weight may also change based on the types of nutrients that we eat. When our body is given more sodium (found in salt), our cells will hold more water to maintain fluid balance. If our bodies didn’t do that, we’d be in a lot of trouble. The retention of water actually increases our hydration. Many endurance and hot weather athletes will intentionally have more salt the day before and during big events or training to improve their performance. But exercise (or rather sweating) can also change weight quickly. Too often, people will do a tough workout and then step on the scale seeing their weight is down. It’s important to note this is NOT a measure of energy or body fat lost – this is purely the amount of fluid lost by sweating. Some folks may notice that their weight is higher after a workout. Sometimes this is due to drinking more water than needed, and other times it’s related to hormonal changes that come along with muscle repair.
But sodium isn’t the only nutrient that changes body weight. Another example is how our body stores glucose as glycogen. Remember from our carbohydrate lessons, our muscles and brain use glucose to function. So the body has a back up of glucose in the form of glycogen. The body contains about 500 grams of stored glucose (aka glycogen). Every gram of glycogen contains 3 grams of water. When people stop eating carbohydrates and/or use up all their available glucose, they start using glycogen. But with every gram of glycogen used, the body also removes 3 grams of water. Long story short, that’s why diets that restrict carbohydrates such as starches and sugar (like keto, Atkins, and paleo) lead to rapid weight changes. Most of the weight changes come from losing water – not body fat. That’s also why when you eat carbohydrates again (because your body needs them to optimally function), you may see the scale increase quickly. It has nothing to do with fat – just water.
Growth & Development
It’s also important to consider that weight increases are natural and normal, especially with growth and development. When we look at a body, it’s made of two categories of tissues that we often refer to as body composition:
69-82% of the body is lean mass, including muscle, skin, bones, and organs. And within these systems are fluid in the form of blood and fluid within cells.
18-30+% of the body is fat mass (also called body fat or adipose).
Before puberty, boys and girls have similar amounts of body fat. But right before puberty happens, both boys and girls will gain weight quickly (usually in the form of body fat) as the body prepares to increase in height and development. The extra energy stored as body fat ultimately supports muscles, bones, organs, and the reproductive system. If energy is restricted during growth and development, it’s been shown to reduce someone’s physical and cognitive growth potential.
It’s during and after puberty that body composition differs between boys and girls. Females tend to have (and need) a higher body fat percentage because the energy and nutrients stored in the body fat are essential to support the incredible ability to create, protect, and feed a baby. In contrast, males are more likely to develop muscle mass related to testosterone production.
While many people have a big height increase in puberty, most humans continue to grow and develop until their early 20s. As the body develops, body mass increases. As bones lengthen and muscles strengthen, they have more mass or weight attached to them. With growth comes more skin, which adds to our weight. As organs mature, they will have more weight as well. It may seem frightening, but it’s unrealistic and arguably unhealthy to try to maintain your junior high or high school weight – it’s not your adult weight. It can compromise your muscle and bone development to try to stick to a number from your youth.
It’s important to realize that the scale alone does not tell us what we are made of. Two people of the same height and weight can have completely different ratios of lean tissue and fat tissue because there is variation in how much muscle a person has and their bone and organ tissues. So if the scale doesn’t tell us much about our health… can body composition?
Exploring body composition
Often when people are attempting to change weight, what they’re really hoping to control is the amount of body fat they have. While body fat may seem “optional” or a nuisance, it is actually essential for health:
It provides insulation and temperature control.
It provides structure in every cell. It even provides structure and fullness to the skin.
It helps protect vital organs against injury by acting as a cushion. It also keeps organs stable and secure in the body.
It is where vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body.
It provides a stored form of energy that we use during low-intensity activities. It’s also a source of energy when the body cannot eat, such as during famine or illness.
Body fat supports many hormones in the body, such as hormones that support hunger/fullness, the immune system, reproduction, and other regulating processing. For women during menopause, it also helps compensate for some of the negative impacts of estrogen depletion.
Fat tissue plays important roles in immune function. It communicates the body’s metabolic state to the immune system via hormones called adipokines, which control immune cell activity.
This is usually when people ask, “Well, what is the right amount of body fat for me?”
Evidence to date has identified most adult men need at least 3% of fat, and most adult women need at least 12% body fat for basic survival (children and adolescents need more but are not defined). And more commonly, “healthy” body fat percentages are 15-20% for males and 24-30% for females.
Please keep in mind that “minimums” are not goals; they are the least amount required to survive, not thrive. This means being at the low end of body fat percentage is not necessarily healthy, especially if it’s achieved by undereating. And that the higher end of the spectrum is also not the “most” someone “should” have. There is a great deal of individual variance in body fat percentages based on genetics and previous experiences with undereating and starvation.
You might argue that there are athletes, celebrities, and social media influencers with lower body fat percentages. And yes, some people naturally have lower body fat percentages. And others are able to dip below these thresholds for short periods. But evidence shows that trying to maintain ultra-low body fat percentages can have serious health consequences, especially if it is not within the person’s genetic design.
Body composition assessments and interpretations
It’s natural to be curious about what you’re made of. But unfortunately, it’s not an easy measure to actually get.
The most accurate body composition testing includes DEXA scans, Bod Pod, and underwater weighing. But these are expensive and typically only available through universities and research centers.
You may also be aware of some scales and handheld devices that promise to tell you your body fat percentage. But these are not very accurate by design and are known to be off by 3-11% (which is a very big window of error). Skin calipers are another option and may give a decent picture of body fat percentage depending on the person’s skill level taking the assessment.
More importantly, it’s crucial to ask yourself what is the value in having the assessment done. Truly, the most important reason to have a test done is with the guidance and supervision of a professional who has a deep understanding of health.
For example, having an accurate understanding of someone’s body composition can provide more accurate nutrition counseling and planning. But beyond that, measures like these often only cause people to feel bad about their bodies because they have unrealistic expectations of what their bodies should be made of.
And as we’ll learn in future lessons, trying to achieve a body fat percentage that is too low has many health consequences.
The most common “measure” people will turn to is BMI or “Body Mass Index.” It’s a simple equation that compares your weight in kilograms divided by meters squared (or BMI = kg/m2). It is essentially your body’s “density.” It does NOT tell you your body fat percentage. It does not tell you anything about your lean vs. fat mass.
It’s merely the relationship between your weight and your height. The number that you get can be used to compare yourself to a chart that determines what is and is not “normal.” And that chart and definition of “normal” was developed over 200 years ago by an astronomer, mathematician, statistician, and sociologist trying to “characterize the average man.”
Basically, he measured a bunch of mostly European men to describe the average weight to height distribution. Most of them fell between 18.5 to 25. Some were higher and some were lower. It was not originally designed to predict or determine the relationship between their size and health status. It was to describe the average size density at the time. It wasn’t until the early 19th century that there was a need for insurance companies to define risk, that it was applied to predictions about health.
Many studies and experts over the years expressed frustration over the limitations of the BMI, including…
It doesn’t tell you what you are made of. Your weight could be higher than average for your height because of more bone, muscle, and/or tissue.
It doesn’t account for biological differences in body composition. Women and many other racial groups were not included in the statistics.
It doesn’t speak to age differences.
It doesn’t tell you anything about how the person lives.
It creates weight bias and stigma.
Despite its many known limitations, many systems continue to use BMI as a way to define and assign disease risk to certain body types because it remains an easy and inexpensive way to make assumptions about bodies. But it’s really worth considering whether or not that number should “define” someone vs simply be a reference point.
It’s important to also know that the simple BMI calculation is not actually used for people under the age of 20. Because as we’ve discussed earlier, body composition is very different in someone who is not fully developed. Instead, after BMI is calculated for children and teens, it is expressed as a percentile. There is a different chart for boys and girls. These percentiles express a child’s BMI relative to US children who participated in national surveys from 1963-65 to 1988-94 (so again, limitations to its usefulness). Long story short, BMI is not interpreted the same way in children as adults. The BMI percentiles for children are relative to other children of the same sex and age from about 30-60 years ago.
What’s the relationship between BMI and health?
While the theory is that increased BMI may lead to increased disease risk, the research behind that is not consistent. Because people with “normal” BMIs can still have increased risk depending on their lifestyle and circumstance. And people with higher BMIs are not guaranteed to have poor health. What the research shows is that having a healthy lifestyle (eg, managing stress, sleeping well, eating well, staying active) can be more important than weight status. And this has shown to be true for those with an “elevated” BMI between 25-35. There may be a greater risk of health conditions as BMI goes over 35 as movement can become more difficult. But even then, very modest reductions of 5-10% of starting weight have been shown to reduce risk. It really debunks the idea that there’s a “right” and “wrong” weight to be.
Additionally, it’s worth knowing that the presence of body fat alone does not necessarily increase the risk of someone developing health problems. Where and how someone stores body fat can have an impact. For example, those who carry their body fat around their organs (known as visceral body fat) can change how those organs function. Those that carry their fat subcutaneously or just under the skin (usually around their hips, thighs, and arms) tend to have less of a cause for concern. But you can’t choose where and how your body stores body fat. This is largely determined by genetics but can be slightly changed with physical activity and managing stress.
Interested in implementing this program into your curriculum? The PLT4M Nutrition programs can be assigned digitally, or students can access the chapters via E-Book!
Download the latest E-Book here: Getting Real About Weight
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45 items • 422.671 visits
What is Game Theory? Description
Game Theory is a special branch of mathematics which has been developed for studying decision-making in complex circumstances. Game theory tries to predict outcomes based on interactive models in which the decisions of each party affect the decisions of the other parties. The meaning of "Game" here is: a move by one player will result in moves by others. The idea historically dates back to the Talmud and Sun Tzu's writings. However, the contemporary codification is attributed to John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. They published the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in 1944. In the early 1950s, John Nash generalized their results and provided the basis of the modern field of Game Theory. A rapid rise in theoretical developments led to the founding of the first academic magazine devoted to the field by Oskar Morgenstern in 1972. Few corporations nowadays think about their strategy without adding some game theory models or game elements into their strategy process.
Game theory can be defined as the study of how people interact and make decisions. This broad definition applies to most of the social sciences, but game theory applies mathematical models to this interaction under the assumption that each person's behavior impacts the well-being of all other participants in the game. These models are often quite simplified abstractions of real-world interactions. While many game theorists certainly enjoy playing games, a "game" is an abstract representation of many serious situations and has a serious purpose.
Usage of Game Theory. Applications
Assumptions in Game Theory
A major issue with game theory is: it is necessary to make assumptions. Any model of the real world must make assumptions that simplify the reality, because the real world is too complex to analyze with any precision. There is a constant tradeoff between realism and the technical capability to solve problems. Even if one could write down a model that accurately describes how people make decisions in general, no amount of computers would be able to calculate it.
What assumptions are made normally? The usual assumptions are:
These assumptions take many mathematical forms, from very strong (and likely unrealistic) towards much weaker forms in the study of behavioral game theory.
Experimental economics examines the validity of these assumptions by seeing how real people act in controlled environments.
Example of Game Theory
The most widely known example of game theory is probably the Prisoner's Dilemma: A zero-sum game cooperation game that got its name from the following hypothetical situation: imagine two criminals arrested under the suspicion of having committed a crime together. However, the police does not have sufficient proof to have them convicted. The two prisoners are being isolated from each other, and the police offers each of them a deal: the person that offers evidence against the other one will be freed. If none of them accepts the offer, they are in fact cooperating against the police, and both of them will get only a small punishment because of lack of proof. They will both win. However, if one person betrays the other, by confessing to the police, he will gain more, since he is freed. The one who remained silent, on the other hand, will receive the full punishment, since he did not help the police, and there is sufficient proof. If both betray, both will be punished, but less severely than if they had refused to talk. The dilemma resides in the fact that each prisoner has a choice between only two options. But they can not make a good decision, without knowing what the other person will do.
Compare with: Business Simulation | System Dynamics | Chaos Theory | Benchmarking | Strategic Risk Management | Brainstorming | Six Thinking Hats | Force Field Analysis | Exponential Smoothing | Scenario Planning | Delphi Method | Analogical Strategic Reasoning | Dialectical Inquiry | Theory of Constraints | Operations Research | The Value Net, Co-opetition
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© 2023 12manage - The Executive Fast Track. V16.1 - Last updated: 25-3-2023. All names ™ of their owners.
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Striking celestial chart, with map of the northern hemisphere at the center, with the signs of the zodiac in a surrounding band, winged cherubim in the ether beyond; the map and zodiac band, from Cellarius' Harmonia Macrocosmica seu Atlas Universalis et Novus.
The chart illustrates the relative importance of astrology, even in the latter part of the 17th century, showing the primary astrological signs in border of the circle, with a network of lines delineating various relationships between the signs and the four humors-- melancholia, cholicus, etc.
Attractive celestial chart with the northern hemisphere, featuring California as an island, at the center. "Shows circular ring of zodiac symbols with lines connecting each to others. At center is map of the northern hemisphere, including California as an island with rounded northern coastline." Burden goes into more detail: "This celestial chart is from Cellarius' famous atlas, like the previous item, and depicts the planetary aspects of the zodiac. Beautifully engraved by Joannes van Loon, it similarly bears a North Polar projection map, although this one is slightly larger at 120 mm. in diameter. Its greater size enables it to depict more detail. Two rivers in the west of North America flow south-westwards. The Rio del Norte of the period is unnamed, and to its north is the R. del nova. California is an Island, and farther north we find a large land mass enditled N.o Albion, separated from the mainland by Anian [though on this later state of the map Anian has been removed]. The map appears to be pro-English, identifying New England and Bermuda, but omitting any reference to New France or even New Netherlands. Florida is also identified..."
Andreas Cellarius was born in 1596 in Neuhausen and educated in Heidelberg. He emigrated to Holland in the early 17th century, and in 1637 moved to Hoorn, where he became the rector of the Latin School. Cellarius' best-known work is his Harmonia Macrocosmica, first issued in 1660 by Jan Jansson, as a supplement to Jansson's Atlas Novus. The work consists of a series of Celestial Charts begun by Cellarius in 1647 and intended as part of a two-volume treatise on cosmography, which was never issued.
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Can you tell the difference between a male and female blue crab?
Louisiana, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina all share the title of largest blue crab fisheries in the world; Louisiana accounts for over half of all commercial harvest landings in the Gulf of Mexico. While the commercial harvest of the blue crab continues to rise, recreational crabbing popularity is also on a steady climb. Why? Blue crabs spend the majority of their late juvenile and adulthood in estuaries which are often closely located to an accessible shoreline, making blue crabs a delicious challenge to catch. Whether the blue crab is caught commercially or by recreation, there are two distinct methods to sex a blue crab.
Located on the underside of the crab’s carapace is the abdomen which forms a different shape depending upon the gender of the crab. Females have a broad and rounded abdomen while the male abdomen resembles a narrow t-shape. Another distinguishable characteristic are the red tips of the female’s claws. The blue crab is one of the many aquatic species that rely heavily upon the safety and health of wetlands for survival.
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The different types of PPE include face shields, gloves, goggles and glasses, gowns, head covers, masks, respirators, and shoe covers. Face shields, gloves, goggles and glasses, gowns, head covers, and shoe covers protect against the transmission of germs through contact and droplet routes.
Although not as secure as N95 masks, surgical masks do offer a significant degree of protection against droplets with SARS-CoV-2.
Assists in preventing droplets and airborne SARS-CoV-2 from entering eyes, a known source of transmission.
These microporous suits are worn over clothing to keep airborne and droplet transmission via clothing.
Booties are worn over shoes to eliminate floor contact and can be useful in situations where there might be sputum or other fluids on the floor that could get carried around the hospital or to the healthcare worker’s home on their shoes.
Gowns cover the clothing, and thought not as effective as coveralls, they can provide an additional layer of protection, especially when working with COVID-19 patients directly and performing risky procedures.
Isolation gowns are normally worn only once / not for the purpose of reuse (learn more about PPE suppliers Cardinal Health / Halyard -- they are experiencing global supply chain problem), but due to the shortage, the rule is changing every day. Please note isolation gown is different from surgical gown. Isolation gown is a long sleeve protection with elastic cuff that is worn over uniform.
What are they made of?
More information about PPE materials. See required material standard. Can you use your own materials? (here "What Are The Best Materials for Making DIY Masks? Muslin and non-woven cotton")
Do you want to get fabric? Please see a list of suppliers.
For masks, Providence Hospitals in Washington provided surgical wraps / sterilization wraps to produce masks for local production.
Available on amazon. (24 x 24 or 48 x 48)
Please note that home made masks are included in the CDC in their Crisis Capacity Strategies Section, but are not a suitable substitute for N95 masks or other medical grade PPE.
What does CDC says in response to this PPE shortage?
"In settings where facemasks are not available, HCP might use homemade masks (e.g., bandana, scarf) for care of patients with COVID-19 as a last resort. However, homemade masks are not considered PPE, since their capability to protect HCP is unknown. Caution should be exercised when considering this option. Homemade masks should ideally be used in combination with a face shield that covers the entire front (that extends to the chin or below) and sides of the face."
PPE Best Practices
The CDC and the FDA both provide resources regarding PPEs online. The CDC has issued new strategies to optimize the supply of PPE.
Guidance on PPE supplied by Health Care Workers
The Joint Commission has offered guidance that supports allowing staff to bring their own standard face masks or respirators to wear at work when their healthcare organizations cannot routinely provide access to protective equipment that is commensurate with the risk to which they are exposed. In taking this position, The Joint Commission recognizes:
- Hospitals must conserve personal protective equipment (PPE) when these items are in short supply to protect staff who perform high-risk procedures.
- The degree to which privately-owned masks and respirators will increase the protection of healthcare workers is uncertain, but the balance of evidence suggests that it is positive.
- No Joint Commission standards or other requirements prohibit staff from using PPE brought from home.
- Homemade masks are an extreme measure and should be used only when standard PPE of proven protective value is unavailable.
For more information, including the evidence and policy analysis used by Joint Commission in making this statement, see the "Joint Commission Statement on Use of Face Masks Brought From Home."
*Updated* About Isolation Gowns per the CDC
Now "cloth" is allowed.
Conventional capacity: measures consist of providing patient care without any change in daily contemporary practices. This set of measures, consisting of engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment (PPE) controls should already be implemented in general infection prevention and control plans in healthcare settings.
Contingency capacity: measures may change daily standard practices but may not have any significant impact on the care delivered to the patient or the safety of healthcare personnel (HCP). These practices may be used temporarily during periods of expected isolation gown shortages.
Crisis capacity: strategies that are not commensurate with standard U.S. standards of care. These measures, or a combination of these measures, may need to be considered during periods of known isolation gown shortages.
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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Andrew W. Cohen
Environmental History, Gender History, Labor History, Lumber, Northern Forest, World Ecology
Arts and Humanities
This dissertation describes the historical processes that made farmers and rural laborers into a coherent class of wage working lumberjacks and it tracks how this class became an iconic symbol of masculinity in twentieth-century America. "Forging Titans" argues that, as rural America industrialized, the built environment and bodies of workers became parts of nature and these natural forces were mobilized to increase the scale and efficiency of production to reach industrial levels. Because lumberjacks were seen as part of nature, they became masculine icons for self-diagnosed, overcivilized, urban, corporate elites who were looking outside the city for examples of natural masculinity. This argument provides insight into a famous question in American historiography, succinctly posed by German economist and sociologist Werner Sombart in 1906: "Why is there no socialism in the United States?" Industrial capitalism left forest workers destitute and dependent, but American culture’s celebration of both their manly strength, and position in the industrial economy satisfied workers and stemmed their resistance.
This dissertation is split into two sections. The first is on Work and is a social and economic history of the process of class formation in the Northern Forest. The second is on Culture and is about the ramifications of lumberjack class formation in American culture. The first chapter of the first section argues that methods of organizing labor and capital for natural resource extraction in the forests of the Northeast preceded the rise of the corporate business form. Consequently, small producers and farmers maintained control of production even as most of the nation’s other industries became concentrated and corporate. This gave loggers an independent, masculine allure but also led to technological stagnation in the depleted resource base of the pineries of the Northeast.
The second, third, and fourth chapters moves the analysis into the logging camps and discusses the different factors that led to the development of the lumberjack class. High capital technological innovation was not cost-effective in this remote, rugged, over-exploited environment, so loggers used simple machines, winter weather, and muscle power to produce and transport saw logs. The work required so much muscle power that workers insisted that large amounts of high quality food be provided by operators for free. The vast quantity of food that workers ate allowed them to build bodies which could keep pace with industrial production quotas. The bodies of workers and animals became cheap, natural sources of power which could be appropriated to make profit from this overexploited resource base. During annual summer work breaks, workers spent built-up wages in hedonistic spending sprees which left them destitute by the fall season and in need of more work which they found in the woods. Those workers who repeated this cycle of work and leisure many times in their lives became a class of specialized wage working lumberjacks, distinguished from the non-specialist farming-logging class who had done much of the work in the woods before 1870. By concentrating on how workers' bodies adapted to the organizational structures, labor processes, and seasonal cycles of forest product production, the first section shows that nature was not an obstacle to be overcome during the transition to industrialization but instead industrialization made humans and their built environments into natural sources of power that could be appropriated to increase production.
The second section of "Forging Titans" demonstrates the cultural results of the development of industrial capitalism in the Northern Forest. The lumberjack class, which was a product of rural industrial capitalism, became a masculine icon for middle-class American men who were critical of the degrading effects of urban, corporate capitalism. The first chapter in this section, chapter five, shows that French-Canadian immigrant loggers were one of the many immigrant groups in America who were arranged into categories based on the type of work they were deemed racially fit to perform. Exploring these racial and industrial hierarchies show how the lumberjack became a symbol of white men's affinity for valorous, civilizing work on wild land. It also shows how the processes and institutions of American industrial capitalism constructed racial categories that labeled some groups of workers closer to nature, and thus justifiably exploitable.
Chapter six and seven show how, through staged outdoor adventures and physical culture routines, middle-class "antimodernists" attempted to make their bodies more like the supposedly naturally masculine bodies of lumberjacks and other rural workers. Urban elites' mimicry of rural workers represents a type of cultural power that flowed from the "bottom" ranks of society up to the "top" ranks, a process I call working-class hegemony. The epilogue covers the forest products industry from 1950 to the present from the perspective of one Adirondack village. It argues that locals valued the memory of the heroic, manly lumberjack and a healthy forest above a prosperous forest products industry. This dissertation shows that the result of the development of industrial capitalism in America was not the creation of a revolutionary proletarian, as Sombart and others expected, but new types of worker identities and new hegemonic gender performances which had even broader social and cultural reverberations through time.
Newton, Jason Lee, "Forging Titans: The Rise of Industrial Capitalism in the Northern Forest, 1850-1950" (2017). Dissertations - ALL. 794.
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Quadratics and polynomials | Algebra basics | Math | Khan Academy
Web link resource by Chara Eckery
Measure skillsfrom any curriculum
from any curriculum
Tag the questions with any skills you have. Your dashboard will track each student's mastery of each skill.
With a free account, teachers can
- edit the questions
- save a copy for later
- start a class game
- view complete results in the Gradebook and Mastery Dashboards
- automatically assign follow-up activities based on students’ scores
- assign as homework
- share a link with colleagues
- print as a bubble sheet
We’ll now progress beyond the world of purely linear expressions and equations and enter the world of quadratics (and more generally polynomials). Learn to factor expressions that have powers of 2 in them and solve quadratic equations. We’ll also learn to manipulate more general polynomial expressions.
Teachers give this web link resource to your class
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Large spiral galaxies, such as our neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy, leave virtually no gas or dust particles unused during the formation of stars. Dutch astronomers calculated this based on the rotational speeds of more than one hundred nearby galaxies. The large galaxies achieve an efficiency of 80 to 100% and are therefore far more efficient than the maximum of 20% attributed to the previous record holders: medium-sized galaxies such as our Milky Way.
Published by the editorial team, 3 June 2019
The new calculations also have implications for what is called the missing normal matter. For a long time, researchers have assumed that the universe consists of about 5% normal matter, such as atoms and molecules, and of 95% dark, unknown matter and dark, unknown energy. In addition, the majority of that 5% normal matter was missing. According to the new calculations, however, scarcely any normal matter is missing in the large spiral galaxies.
Scientists are now adjusting the theory to reflect the new findings. Finding some of the missing normal matter was a relief. However, the fact that large galaxies form stars far more efficiently than previously thought will give rise to other problems.
NGC 5371 is an example of a very efficient spiral galaxy. It is located about 100 million light years from Earth in the constellation Canes Venatici, which lies near the constellation Ursa Major. It is one of the heaviest of the more than 100 galaxies investigated. The galaxy contains almost no missing normal matter and has used virtually all of the dust and gas to produce stars. The Andromeda Galaxy, our nearest neighbour at just 2.5 million light years from Earth, also proved to be highly efficient.
The research was carried out by Lorenzo Posti (University of Groningen and University of Strasbourg, France), Filippo Fraternali (University of Groningen) and Antonino Marasco (University of Groningen and ASTRON) and will soon be published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Peak star formation efficiency and no missing baryons in massive spirals. By Lorenzo Posti (University of Groningen and University od Strasbourg France), Filippo Fraternali (University of Groningen) & Antonino Marasco (University of Groningen and ASTRON). Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. (free preprint)
The spiral galaxy NGC 5371 is highly efficient and contains almost no missing normal matter. (c) SDSS/Fraternali
Original press release here (in Dutch only).
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Setting Goals in Piano Lessons
Like many other piano teachers, I use the beginning of the school year to set goals for my students. I do a mid-year checkup in January and then set a separate goal for the summer.
I call my student's goals their "Mission Statement" and they are responsible for helping create it each year.
The Goal Setting Process
I highly recommend that you get your students involved in setting their goals for the year. The importance of having students choose their own goals cannot be over stated. When children are able to have a say their own learning, they feel empowered and take more responsibility in their studies.
But choosing goals can be really hard for a kid, because you don't know what you don't know.
I've come up with some questions to help my students set their Mission Statement for the year.
Questions for Young Beginner Piano Students
For young piano students (5 & under) I ask them these three questions:
Most of them don't give me a completely coherent answer - okay, let's be honest, the little ones ramble - so I listen and then rephrase their response to fit into a two to three sentence Mission Statement.
Questions for Elementary to Advanced Piano Students
For older students, we get a little more involved. They choose one "what" question and one "how" question from the following list.
Students choose one "what" question and one "how" question from each list to answer and together we create their Mission Statement.
I have them start their Mission Statement with "I (name)" then answer their two questions.
After they've written it down, we take it over to the Mission Statement board in the waiting room. Putting it on the board makes official and keeps them accountable. I've found it really helps my students stay on task throughout the year.
I've created this printable to help you and your students set their goals for the year.
Do your students set their own goals?
When do you set your student goals? Do you use a different method of setting those goals? I've love to hear your thoughts!
We may still be in quarantine, but I'm thinking ahead to summer when, hopefully, we'll be able to see our friends and family and students face-to-face. It's at that time when I'll be kicking the practice incentives into high gear.
When I started teaching, I didn't have any trouble getting my students to practice over the summer. I'd give them an assignment, write a little practice log in their books, and they'd come back the next week with their work complete.
Then about 7 years ago, something changed and I started hearing excuses..."I didn't have time", "I was at camp all day", "We went away for the weekend"...instead of music.
So, over the past few summers, I've given my students fun and new ways to practice.
One of those activities is Summer of Music Bingo. I haven't done this particular program in a few years and I'm excited to be bringing it back!
How to Play:
To complete the challenge, students must get bingo - 5 in a row (vertical, horizontal, or diagonal). And of course I will add an optional challenge to finish the whole board by the end of summer!
Students color in the square when they've completed the activity and we go over the board together at every lesson to track their progress and answer questions. Once they achieve BINGO they are to take a picture of themselves with their BINGO board and send it to me!
It's up to you whether or not you want to give out prizes. Sometimes just letting the fun of finishing be the reward is just what kids need.
In years past, the student(s) with the most activities completed at the end of August would receive a surprise at their summer piano party (more on that later). Since I'm not sure whether or not we'll be able to have our summer performance parties, I'm doing rewards a little differently. This year, I'm doing a 3 part reward system.
Most of the activities can be completed within a day or two, but some of the activities will take them a few days or weeks to complete. My goal for this, as it is with all of my practice incentives, is to encourage consistency in my students practice habits.
Want your own copy of Summer of Music Bingo? Download the pdf here
I love working with beginner students, especially little ones. Their creativity, imagination, and willingness to explore inspires & invigorates me. I particularly love the moments when they discover or master something new. The light in their eyes is beyond compare.
We as music educators know that those 30-minutes each we week spend with our students is crucial, but not enough to sustain growth in our students. Effective at home practice is essential to the development of every musician.
Practicing can be a little mysterious, especially for young beginners. And if mom and dad don't have much musical experience they might be unable to help, which can make it feel confusing or overwhelming.
Over the years I've come up with a variety of tools I use to help my students become independent learners, but practice steps have by far been the most helpful. Breaking down the practice process into easy, bite-sized pieces makes practice more manageable and helps beginner students develop successful practice habits from the start.
The cool thing about these practice steps is that your beginner students will experience success with their new pieces before playing a single note.
Two quick notes about counting and repetition of steps.
Counting is essential through all of these steps!
To count during every step, I have students say the finger number/letter name of the note then count the beats the note is held. For example, a whole note played on C would be said "C-2-3-4".
I encourage my students to repeat each practice step at home only moving on to the next when they know they've mastered the previous enough to (almost) guarantee success. If they struggle too much with a step, I have them go back to the previous one and review it before trying again.
Okay, now onto the Practice Steps!
1. Point & Read
I've found this step to be the most crucial step for student success. This is the most basic form of music reading broken down to letter names (or finger number depending on their level) and hands. I have my students point to the notes with the matching hand and read the letter name out loud.
There are a few things that I think lead to student success with this step.
First, they're isolating the notes that they'll be playing without having to think about finger shape, fingering, rhythm, steady beat, dynamics, or any of the other technical necessities of playing the piano.
Second, they are able to analyze their mistakes more quickly. Since their finger is right on the note on the page we both can see what they're looking at, I know whether or not they're looking in the right spot, and we can easily compare the current note to the ones around it making correction a breeze.
Third, they're learning how to track the music on the page. How many times have you said, "Look at your music" or "Keep your eyes on the page" or "Stop looking at your fingers"? By bringing both the hands and the eyes onto the music itself, you're starting the connection between all working parts before they even play a note.
And lastly, they're making associations between the notes and the hand (fingers will come later). I insist that my students point to right hand notes with their right hand and left hand notes with their left hand. This physical reminder translates seamlessly to their playing.
2. Tap & Read
Tap and read is everything from Point & Read with one change, they're tapping the rhythm instead of pointing to the note.
This step brings the rhythm to life without overwhelming your student with keys, fingers, technique, dynamics, etc. They're still saying the letter names and counting the rhythms AND they get to feel what those rhythms by tapping.
This is where I start getting creative in my teaching. I've had students tap on drums, on tambourines, with rhythm sticks, on their shoes, their head, their bellies. Heck, I've even had students stomp the rhythm in her bare feet. All I ask is that they say the letter name, count the rhythm, and tap with the correct hand. Beyond that, anything goes with this step!
I usually have my students do this and the first step a few times during their lesson and I'll sing the note names to help their ear hear what they'll be playing!
3. Play & Say (HS/HT as needed)
Now they're ready to start playing!
By this point, my student has read the note names, identified, tapped and counted the rhythms, and heard the piece through my voice. Even the most timid or perfectionistic learner will have enough experience to be able to play the new piece.
When students play & say, they are saying the note names the same way they did in steps 1 and 2 and playing. It's completely okay if this step doesn't happen during the lesson. Setting up the student's base knowledge of what they're playing will enable them to achieve this step in their at home practice.
This final practice step is one that my students look forward to because I tell them they aren't allowed to do this step until they have masters steps 1-3!
Once the first 3 steps are mastered, playing their piece will be so easy, they won't have to worry. They'll know when they're right and when they've made a mistake. They'll also know how to fix their mistake and learn from it!
Here are two free resources to help get you started using practice steps with your students.
Practice Step Post-Its are easily moved from piece to piece
Practice Step Stickers are smaller
Try using these practice steps with some of your beginning students and let me know how it goes!
Looking for more resources? I'm adding more to my Teachers Pay Teachers Store all the time!
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We nourish our bodies everyday by providing it with adequate food and water. But is our use really adequate, or is it over-adequate? A first world issue may not be a lack of food or water, but a lack of “good” food or lack of something other than water. Statements like “I have nothing to eat, or drink” in this country may not have the same definition in a 3rd world country.
Here “nothing to eat, or drink” is likely to be driven by personal preference of food and a certain drink, rather than an actual lack of these resources. Our notions of having “nothing” are what lead to more consumption. The desire of food industries to meet people “needs” is what induces more technological developments in agriculture and meat processing that threaten the well being of ecosystems in monoculture, and animal rights in meat processing plants.
In fashion, notions of having “nothing to wear” have fueled mass consumption. Clothing is valued less as it becomes cheaper, ubiquitous, and efficient to produce. Technological innovations paired with exploitation of labor speed up the production process and lead to unsustainable cycles of production and consumption.
Clothing is a basic need that must be valued to a greater extent. It provides physical well-being by protecting us from natural elements, and psychological health by providing us the opportunity to create unique identities. Like food, clothing has equitable value whether is it basic like water, or “good” like coffee. We just need to recognize that all clothing is valuable like food. Value is not defined by price, but by personal biases shaped by preferences.
Clothing can nourish our bodies as food does. Reflection about the symbolism and history that our clothes carry can convey the equitable value of basic and “good” clothes. Clothes can have a psychological durability that surpasses their material composition. Emotional bonds to clothes can dictate strong relationships and endured use.
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Art Deco is a style of visual arts, architecture, and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. Art Deco also influenced the design of furniture, jewelry, fashion, cars, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners. Most popular from the 1920s to the 1930s, in the Philippines, its popularity extended to the early 1960s, and used simple, stylized forms, linear motifs, zig-zags, lightning bolts, and geometrical patterns, and often set in vibrant colours —it was meant to represent the era’s machine age, and an increasingly liberal outlook in life. Filipino interpretations of the Art Deco movement is really central to VINTA's visual influence, including our logo.
F i l i p i n o D e c o I I
The design for Filipino Deco II is an iconographic representation of the Abaca (Musa textilis) for its cultural value and the economics behind the textile, fibre industry, and its important and various uses in the Philippines, and the world over. The design shows the different parts and stages of the abaca plant, including its fruit, leaves, blossoms, and a cross section of its heart (which is the part where all the blossoms come from). It is a recognition and reverence to one of our likas na yaman (natural resource) that represents our national identity; and a reexamination on why it should also be acknowledged as our national plant.
Part of the Filipino Deco II design also includes the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis philippensis) that is found in all major Philippine islands. It is a subspecies of the crab-eating macaque, known in various Philippine languages as matsing or the more general term unggoy. They are often regarded as an agricultural pest as they tend to raid crops when farms are established near their home range. As a result, they are either hunted and killed. It is endemic to the Philippine forests and woodlands, but especially in the mangrove forests of western central Philippines in Palawan. During the day, they spend their time foraging for food on the ground and in trees. However, if there is a predator that becomes a major threat, the matsing can jump into nearby water and swim to safety. Turns out humans aren’t the only good swimmers in the primate world. The Philippine Long-tail macaque was abundant until the 1960s. Since that time, forest conversion processes and trapping have resulted in population declines. Though its current status is of near threatened, let’s work hard to raise awareness about this amazing primate and de-elevate its endangerment status back to least concern.
Abaca: What you may have not known about this miracle plant
Did you know that Philippines is the largest producer of abaca fibres supplying about 87% of the world’s requirement for the production of making rope and cloth, for hats, slippers, brooms, fish nets, rugs, braided doilies, rice sacks, mosquito nets, cosmetics and skin care products, grocery bags, composites for automotive and construction and other industrial applications?
When Magellan arrived on the shores of our archipelago in 1521, the weaving industry was already well established. In fact, the Spanish government made cloth made from abaca legal tender for the payment of taxes. The monopoly farming of this plant started when the encomienda system was established by the Spaniards together with other cash crops. The blood and sweat of our farmers and ancestors literally watered this plant to multiply its population that has enriched our country and culture.
Abaca weaving is usually done in the homes on hand looms operated by the women. The products derived from abaca furnish a source of income for many Filipinos.
Not only is the abaca a vital crop for the Philippine economy, it is in fact vital to the world’s economy and environmental care as well. Abaca plays a vital role in the growing global advocacy for environmental protection and forest conservation. The strong worldwide interest and acceptability for “green” and “organic” products made manufacturing companies, especially in the US and Europe, turn to natural and bio-degradable raw materials like abaca. Being the strongest among all natural fibers and having superior qualities over other materials, abaca fibers are preferred over man-made fibres such as plastics and other synthetic materials by various industries around the world.
Abaca is also a suitable plant to be incorporated in reforestation farming system. The plant can assist in improving biodiversity conditions if intercropped with coconut palms and other tree species within former mono-culture plantations and rainforest areas. Planting abaca can also aid in minimizing erosion and sedimentation problems in coastal areas which are breeding grounds for sea fishes. The plant can effectively improve the water holding capacity of the soil therefore it can prevent floods and landslides as well. Further, the Abaca does not deplete soil as much as other plants and requires less land for its production. Abaca waste materials are used as organic fertilizer by farmers.
F i l i p i n o D e c o I
The first of AlagadNgSining’s Filipino Deco series, this one featuring the Philippines’ most fragrant ornamental flowers, set on a back drop of a slim cut and fully open button-down modern classic short-sleeved barong.
A fragrant garden has a wonderful ability to trigger memory—so often the flower fragrances that most appeals to us are the ones that we loved as children. This romantically designed Filipino Art Deco setting features sweetly scented flowers native in the Philippines, ornamental, tender and hardy.
Below, the Sanggumay flowers, a pendulous Dendrobium orchid species that are found in a wide range of habitats in the Philippines. The word Sanggumay was derived from Tagalog root words: "Sangsang" which means overpowering smell, and "Umay" meaning tire-some, surfeit, satiety.
One of the most aromatic staple flowers, the Ylang-ylang (Canaga odorata), appears prominently in the middle of the embroidery, a tropical tree that produces yellow flowers with a heavy, sweet, slightly fruity floral scent.
On top, surrounded by flowers of Dama de Noche (Cestrum nocturnum), a widely cultivated ornamental plant in the Philippines for its sweet-scented, white flowers, which bloom at night. It is supposedly the strongest smelling flower in the world as its aroma can be smelled 500 yards away.
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Create and Learn
China Beats U.S., Europe in Combined Greenhouse Gases
This article is published in collaboration with Statista
by Willem Roper
The U.S. and Europe have steadily reduced harmful greenhouse gas emissions over the last two decades, as a boost in renewable energy and a decline in dirty fossil fuel production have contributed to a sustainable downward trend. However, another major world player, China, has trended in the opposite direction, increasing greenhouse gas emissions to a point that is now higher than both the U.S. and Europe’s greenhouse gas contributions combined.
In data collected by BP, China’s carbon dioxide emissions from burning fuel rose roughly 200 percent between 2000-2018 to roughly 9.4 billion tons. The country has now surpassed the combined emissions from the U.S. and Europe, which recorded nearly a 50-year low of 8.6 billion tons in 2018.
Bloomberg reports that China is considering a move to accelerate its emphasis on renewable energies in an effort to cut back as the current world’s largest polluter. China still leads the world in new coal plant production, but new proposals focused on clean energy would aim to slow down coal production over the next five years.
Renewable energy companies in China are taking the news well, with clean energy stocks soaring in recent days on speculation that Beijing’s National Energy Administration is serious about investing heavily in a renewable energy future.
Start leaning Science and Business Intelligence tools:
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According to the Compassionate Mind Foundation, Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) is:
"an evidence-based form of psychotherapy that draws upon our evolved capacity for compassion to facilitate the alleviation of human suffering" (CMF-USA).
Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) aims to help promote mental and emotional healing by encouraging people in treatment to be compassionate toward themselves and other people. Compassion, both toward the self and toward others, is an emotional response believed by many to be an essential aspect of well-being. Its development may often have the benefit of improved mental and emotional health.
Trained mental health professionals may offer CFT in their practice to help and support individuals in treatment who wish to explore ways to relate to themselves and others with greater compassion.
How does CFT work?
According to CFT theory, the threat, drive, and contentment systems evolved throughout human history in order to facilitate survival. Early humans were eager to avoid or overcome threats, seek resources such as food or intimacy, and enjoy the benefits of being part of a social community. Proponents of CFT suggest these systems are still active and affect human emotions, actions, and beliefs today. If a threatening stimulus is received, for example, a person may experience different feelings (such as fear, anxiety, or anger), exhibit various behaviors (submission or a fight or flight response), and develop certain cognitive biases (jumping to conclusions, stereotyping, or assuming it is always better to be safe than sorry).
The drive system endeavors to direct individuals toward important goals and resources while fostering feelings of anticipation and pleasure. People with an over-stimulated drive system may engage in risky behaviors such as unsafe sexual practices or drug and alcohol abuse.
The contentment system is linked with feelings of happiness. These feelings are not associated with pleasure seeking, nor are they merely present due to an absence of threats. Rather, this state of positive calm is typically tied to an awareness of being socially connected, cared for, and safe. This soothing system acts as a regulator for both the threat and drive systems.
Techniques and exercises in CFT
The primary therapeutic technique of CFT is compassionate mind training (CMT). CMT refers to the strategies typically used to help individuals experience compassion and foster different aspects of compassion for the self and others. CMT aims to develop compassionate motivation, sympathy, sensitivity, and distress tolerance through the use of specific training and guided exercises designed to help individuals further develop non-judging and non-condemning attributes.
People in therapy might learn:
When people experience difficulty related to feelings of self-attack, the therapist can assist them in exploring the functions and possible origins of these attacks, as well as possible reasons individuals may agree with or submit to them. This process may include visualization of the self-attacking aspect as a person. People in therapy may be asked to describe what the "person" looks like and any feelings it evokes in order to better understand the self-criticism.
Those who have difficulty experiencing and/or expressing compassion may be asked questions designed to help them explore and remedy any factors potentially contributing to blockages preventing the expression of compassion.
Issues treated with CFT
CFT can be helpful to people who find it challenging to understand, feel, or express compassion, as therapy can be a safe place in which to discover any reasons behind this difficulty and explore methods of positive change. This type of therapy can also be effective at helping people manage distressing thoughts, behaviors, and feelings of any kind but may be particularly helpful when dealing with feelings associated with self-attack.
Other concerns treated with CFT include:
CFT can be helpful to people who find it challenging to understand, feel, or express compassion, as therapy can be a safe place in which to discover any reasons behind this difficulty and explore methods of positive change.
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Learn to Speak with Ease
Learn to speak with ease with this speech primer that holds your hand and calms your nerves.
Your children may be learning to write well these days, but are they learning to speak persuasively? --like Patrick Henry, who said “Give me liberty or give me death!” Herein lies much of a child’s future power to influence others. Learn how to prepare and deliver 20 different types of speeches (each, 3 minutes or less). Directions for each speech are winsome and funny.
For 4th through 12th grades. A 32-page printed booklet; also available as an eBook and Kindle format. Read the table of contents.
Bonus: this item includes several famous speeches and Rindercella . It includes a debate on evolution vs/ special creation, which could be supplemented by the separately ordered title, Impossible Evolution.
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The Ta 154 is yet another example of a Luftwaffe could have been. In 1943, with bomber production declining there was a surplus of Jumo 211 power plants available and the RLM was receptive to the idea of building a fast attack aircraft utilizing these engines. They were also much impressed by the British Mosquito. The RLM gave Kurt Tank, director of Focke-Wulf, the assignment of designing the aircraft with three conditions: the twin engined plane was to be made of wood, use the Jumo 211 and production was to start quickly.
The RLM later decided, based on the current war situation that it would be more advantageous to build the new aircraft as a night fighter. Focke-Wulf was chosen to produce the new fighter for two reasons. First, unlike Junkers, Messerschmitt and Dornier, it had no adaptable twin engine designs and the RLM felt that the company would readily accept the challenge of a completely new development program and second and more importantly the reputation of its director Kurt Tank, who was held in such high esteem that he was alloted design numbers using the first two letters of his surname, hence the "Ta" designation. The officially suggested name for the plane was to be the Wasp (Wespe) but from the outset the plane was known as the Moskito in ironic recognition of its general similarity to the British Mosquito. The design was original with the aim of producing a night fighter that would be superior to the Mosquito and the British influence was slight. Anticipated shortages of light metals were not the only reason for the Ta 154 out of wood. Hermann Goring considered it imperative that the Luftwaffe have its own "wooden wonder". He felt that the English plane that roamed with impunity over the Continent represented a challenge that the German aircraft industry could not ignore and anticipated great psychological and propaganda benefits from beating the British at their own game.
The prototype was completed in less than 10 months from the date of the RLM requirement. The plane had good flight characteristics but was plagued with hydraulic problems. The prototype which lacked radar, armament and flame dampers is credited with having a top speed of 435 mph however the complete set of flight reports for the prototype covering 181 flights reveal the that a top speed of 389 mph at 20,500 feet was attained during speed trials in 1943. Typical of many of the aircraft design programs of the time a large number of prototypes were built, fourteen in this case, each attempting to fulfill some new RLM requirement. Beginning in March of 44 the first of 22 preproduction fighters were completed. Hydraulic problems continued to plague the program and numerous accidents and plane losses resulted. The RLM issued an order for 250 night fighters in the Fall of 43, however there existed in the German high command a strong antipathy towards all specialized night fighting aircraft. They felt that outmoded and converted day types such as the Bf 110, Ju 88 and Do 217 were adequate. Even the superior He 219, which was further along in its development was finding particular resistance from the RLM to its adoption. It was an open secret that Erhard Milch favored the Ju 388J, despite its drawbacks but even this type never entered service. The reason for this official antipathy was Hitler's refusal to think in defensive terms.
It was only the alternative role of the Ta 154 as a counter to the De Havilland Mosquito that led to its being given a production order at all. The dual missions of Mosquito chaser and night fighter would haunt the fighter throughout its career, eventually being responsible for its failure to see widespread operation service. Early in 44 an informal comparison flight was made with the He 219. The test pilots from their respective companies swapped planes. The Heinkel test pilot noted that the Ta 154 had much better acceleration and was more maneuverable than the larger He 219 but was less stable around all three axes and though it lacked the excellent visibility of the 219 it was far more responsive to control inputs and offered sufficient visibility for night operations. The Focke-Wulf pilot noted that the Heinkel fighter that was heavily armed and armored weighing half again as much as the 154 but with about the same horsepower was sluggish and just barely able to get around the pattern on one engine and lacked the acceleration of the 154. The top speed of the 154 was higher but it had a shorter endurance and range than the 219. Both men agreed the the 219 was better suited for operations infiltrating and following the bomber stream whereas the 154 would be better employed patrolling a local area and being vectored by ground based controllers
In June of 44 a Ta 154 crashed when is wing apparently disintegrated. Production was halted and it was found that the glue was at fault. For both political and technical reasons the Ta 154 program was officially canceled on August 14, 1944. The Emergency fighter program of November 44 dispelled any last hopes Kurt tank might have had that any of these developments might be built but technological advancements, particularly with jet aircraft, had left the Ta 154 behind. There can only be conjecture as to the true worth of the 154 since none of them were evaluated in post war test flights.
The Promodeler kit comes in a fairly large hinge top box. Not as handy as a two part box but certainly better than an end flap box. It has a rather nice rendition of the 154 in flight. Inside the box was one large bag with five smaller bags inside. Each bag has one sprue except one bag that had two identical sprues. The kit is molded in a light gray plastic with a matte finish and has recessed panel lines and rivet and fastener detail. Since the prototype was made from large sections of molded plywood there aren't a lot of panel lines. The panel lines are fine and consistent. Looking at the major airframe pieces I found no sink holes or other surface defects and the pieces are all virtually flash free. There are some pesky ejector pin marks that show up on the inside of gear doors, inside the cockpit area and the top of the nose wheel bay. Others show up on some of the smaller parts but weren't quite as noticeable. The fabric surfaces are very nicely rendered.
The fuselage has some interior detail molded in and for the most part the pilots area is pretty well detailed, well enough to satisfy many I suspect. The radar operators pit is a little less detailed. All of the flight surfaces except the rudder are molded in place and to position the rudder any way except straight will require removing the mounting lugs. This kit was originally designed by Dragon and it was first released by Promodeler. As a result it has some of the typical Dragon fit issues. One problem that plagued most of the first release of this kit and maybe others as well was a warp in the wings that leads to the wings having a pronounced droop. Most build reviews mention it and a couple give possible solutions so be sure to check out the other reviews listed near the end of this review. Apparently this was caused by not allowing the plastic to cool enough before removing it from the mold. There are also some other fit areas but not as serious as the wing issue.
The kit as it comes represents the A-0 series of which there were 22 built. This aircraft had a long and protracted development period and many changes were fitted on the fly or updated later so if modeling a specific aircraft it's best to have photo's or other references as a given aircraft may have changed over time. Dragon has since released an updated kit that I believe has parts to build more versions, has some photoetch parts and it's also more expensive. Altogether there are 133 gray parts, a respectable number for a rather small aircraft. The clear parts are thin and clear with the radar operators glazing molded as part of the leading edge of the wing. The wind screen is molded separately so the canopy can be displayed open or closed. Bagged separately to prevent scuffing mine none the less had what appeared to be as scratch or molding defect in the wind screen and radar operators window. All of the sprues except for one duplicate are shown below.
The decals are for one aircraft only but include a lot of stencils. The main sheet has most of the decals on it then in what looks like an after thought there is a second small sheet with the Promodeler logo that includes the tail number and two swastikas. The decals look thin and registered. See below.
After Market Goodies
kit is fairly well detailed out of the box I decided to add to it to
take it to the next level. If you check out the links listed below you
will find that there were a lot of after market products available at
one time for this kit. The ones I chose are listed and reviewed below.
CMK interior resin detail set (4065)
This set consists of resin, vacuformed and photoetch parts. The resin parts are molded in tan resin and consists of 13 parts including a cockpit tub, upper nose wheel well, pilot and radar operator seats with molded in harnesses and belts, a bulkhead that fits between the two crew members, gun sight, stick, rudder pedals, control panel, radar operators panel and radios, and a rear bulkhead. The photoetch parts include buckles for the molded on seat belts, throttle and mixture levers, straps for the rudder pedals and pilots and radar operators instrument panels. A film with instruments is provided for use behind the panels. The two vacuformed parts are the windscreen and canopy. The resin parts are all crispy molded. the cockpit tub has side wall detail molded in and it is all very well done. The side walls are very thin in some places and on mine one was bowed in some. One will need to exercise some care in sanding off the bottom of the tub in order to mount the top of the wheel well. I found only one pinhole in the sidewall of the tub and no short shots on any of the pieces. The photoetch should enhance the pit even more. The vacuformed parts are thin but the frame lines are not particularly well defined so I'm not sure they represent a big improvement over the kit parts. See below for photo's of the contents of the kit.
The instructions which are printed on a 6" x 7" sheet printed on both sides includes a parts map, pictorial drawings of how the parts go together and a color chart that calls out the colors by name or RLM number and has color numbers for Aeromaster and Humbrol. Verlinden also made a set for the 154 but I have not seen it, so I can not compare the two. This kit will certainly raise the level of detail of the cockpit well above the kit level.
Eduard photoetch detail set (48300)
As is usually the case this set includes every thing but the kitchen sink and duplicates some of what was supplied in the above kit. Since it was intended to enhance parts that have been replaced they won't all be used. However it looks like to me that combining the two allows one to use what works best for them and there are a number of external parts in the Eduard that are not suppled in the CMK kit. One note the instruction sheet states that this is for the Hasegawa kit. I have never seen any reference to a 1/48 scale kit being released by Hasegawa but if it was it is most certainly the same Dragon kit. Hasegawa did do a 1/72 scale model. See below for a photo if the Eduard set parts.
The Eduard instruction sheet is standard for Eduard kits, a single A4 sized sheet printed front and back.
Cutting Edge VS 9 Propellers (CEC48168)
At least fourteen of the A-0 series aircraft and probably others were equipped with VS 9 propellers, these very wide chord props were most distinctive and I liked the look of power that they imply so I decided to go with the cutting edge set which are very nice. Molded in gray resin with no pin holes and only a minimum of flash. They are basically a drop in replacement for the kit parts. See below.
Terry Dean nose weights (which actually fit in the engine nacelles)
The Terry Dean weights are really slick. They are cast to fit in this case in the engine nacelles and provide enough weight to keep the nose firmly on the ground. You don't need to guess or mess around stuffing shot, wheel weights, fishing sinkers or nuts and bolts into nooks and crannies and hoping you have enough. Weights for other planes fit in noses or wheel wells and are made for aircraft in 1/72 and 1/48. If you haven't checked these out for yourself, give them a try.He doesn't have a website but you can see and read about them at this link over at Modeling Madness. See photo below for the set for this kit.
For those so inclined True Details makes a wheel set (48104) with smooth tread tires I found the kit wheels to be acceptable so didn't go with these.
Within the past year or so Dragon decided to release this kit under its own brand name. the box heralds it as a 3 in 1 kit, basically meaning you can build three different versions, not three aircraft. With the parts supplied you can according to the box build the A-0 version, the V-1 version or the V-3 version. I did not bother to verify if everything you need for all three version are there, the primary differences are in the radar. The A-0 having the large "stag" antennas the V-1 have none and the V-3 having the smaller antennas from the earlier radar system. I bought the kit because it was heralded as a "new mold", note not new tool. Near as I have been able to determine the only thing new is a single small sprue that contains the antenna required for the V-3 version a different nose also for the V-3 version and a set of shrouds for the engine exhausts. All of the other sprues appear to be identical to the ProModeler release. It's difficult to tell if the issue with the wings is any better without actually assembling it but one can always hope. The kit also included a small fret of PR with alternative antenna. instrument panels and a couple other interior parts. The panels have the dials and pointers etched in, there is no film so I'm not sure its an improvement over the original. One also gets a new decal sheet with the makings for the additional aircraft. All in all I'm not impressed. Unless you are determined to build one of the "V" versions you are just as well off to buy the ProModeler kit as it can usually be found on ebay for less than the inflated price of the Dragon kit. Below are photos of the box and the new parts and decals.
In spite of its relatively lackluster career the Ta 154 certainly is a striking aircraft and the ProModeler kit seems to do it justice. Unfortunately the warped wing issue and other fit issues typical of Dragon designed kits detract some from the joy of building it. There certainly is a wealth of aftermarket goodies to dress it up and all in all it certainly won't be any tougher to build than many limited run kits. While I wouldn't recommend the kit to beginners anyone with a moderate amount of experience should not have that much trouble with it. I do recommend you read the reviews and builds in the links below to get a more complete picture of the fit issues with the kit.
Links to kit build or reviews
Reviews / builds can be found here, here, here and here.
"Monogram Close - Up 22 Moskito" by Jay P. Spenser
I decided I wanted to do something a little different on this kit and do a version not included as an option with either kit. I liked this artist impression of Wk # 320008 which depicts a late A-4 version which used FuG218 radar which used vertical mast antennas located above and below the wings and was fitted with upturned wing tips in an attempt to improve lateral stability caused by the total lack of dihedral of the wing.
The first step was to remove the molded in detail on the cockpit walls. It looks crude but it all gets covered.
Before I installed the side panels I wanted to do something with the guns, I don't much like the molded on one and the opening needs a blast tube and the end of a gun barrel hiding in there.
I wasn't sure how to go about removing the molded in gun barrel and retaining the radius behind the gun, I finally hit on the idea of using a piece of brass tubing the right diameter. I first sharpened the end of the tubing by using needle files to thin it down on the inside, then used it like a scraper to remove the gun down to the gun trough. While brass isn't all that hard, it's harder than the plastic and did the trick. I brushed some liquid cement over the area where the gun was to smooth it up. This will mostly be hidden by the new gun barrel.
I decided to Master gun barrels to replace the removed 20mm guns. I had planned to just use hypo tubing but then AMS kicked in. While it doesn't show well, the Master barrels do have a slight taper to them and I always have an issue trying to get the end of hypo tubing to look right, the master barrels have a nice radius and bore on the end that looks like a gun barrel and not like a piece of cut off hypo tubing. In any event I think it looks better than it was represented on the kit part. Now I just need to bore out a blast tube for it.
Cockpit completed as far as I could without inserting in the fuselage.
Very difficult to tell what is visible in the 30mm trough but the gun barrel doesn't look to protrude very far if at all so all I want there is the end of a gun barrel. The 20 mm appears to be coming out of a blast tube and the way the panel is molded it doesn't look that way and just drilling a hole to plug the barrel in didn't look right to me. I drilled a hole for the 20mm with the panel in place on the fuselage to see where it came out, then blocks of styrene were glued on the fuselage were the gun would penetrate and also on the gun panel behind the opening for the 30mm. It probably would have looked better to fill the hole and re drill it due to the odd shape there but I think once the internal area is painted flat black it won't matter.
I then made a 30mm barrel from a correct ID piece of hypodermic tubing, drilled a hole in the block I had glued inside and pushed it in place.
I may leave it out a bit farther, it's just test fitted for now, I'll leave it out till after painting. Here is how it will look with the 20mm in place.
The panels and pit were installed and fuselage glued up. The last couple of fuselage bits were then installed, the rear bulkhead with the radar operators head rest which does a nice job of hiding most of the fuselage seam and a couple of pieces of PE that add some structural detail and hide part of the wing root. Not sure how visible these will be, I guess I will find out when the canopy goes on.
As mentioned in the review the kit has an issue with the wings. If you just glue them together right out of the box they sag, a negative dihedral where there is supposed to be none. It has been speculated that this was caused by popping the parts out of the mold too soon however I'm not so inclined to go along with that as the much later release by Dragon exhibits the same problem. My theory is that it has to do with stresses in the part due to the wings being rather thin outboard of the nacelle area which is much thicker. Anyway here is what you get out of the box.
A rather poor photo but you get the idea. Before doing anything else I tried the hot water treatment and careful bending. This helped some but did not solve the issue and it left some stress marks in the thick area around the nacelle, fortunately on the inside.
I decided to use the method Tom Cleaver did using a coat hanger as a stiffener. I first determined how far out in the wing it would go without interfering with the wing halves. I then cut a length of coat hanger they required length to extend from one wing to the other making certain it was straight. Once I determined where it would lay I drilled a hole through the wing roots and fuselage. I test fitted everything before the next step to make certain there were no fit issues. I next glued the coat hanger to one wing using 5 minute epoxy and clamped it to a flat surface until it cured.
Once it cured the next step was to slide the coat hanger through the fuselage and glue the wing root and the lower wing root to the fuselage making certain every thing fit properly. while this was still soft the other upper wing half was slid onto the coat hanger and its wing root glued to the fuselage along with the lower wing root. Another batch of epoxy was mixed and the coat hanger glued to the inside of the other wing and the whole assembly was clamped in place to a brass bar to keep the upper surface of the wing flat until it cured over night.
Once everything was set up the rest of the lower wing parts were installed as well as most of the rest of the airframe parts.
I spite of the optical effect the wing is straight! Note that the dymo tape on the wings is the prelude for the next step. Now that the wings are straight, I'm going to bend them but only the tips this time. The bird I'm modeling was one of several fitted with up turned wing tips in an effort to improve directional stability. Wings with no dihedral almost always lead to directional instability but I assume in this case it was done for strength and easy of manufacture. The tape was use to scribe a new panel line where the new tips attached. The original wings had the ailerons going all the way to the tip but now they need to end before that. The new line was marked and scribed using measurements from a scaled up drawing.
Once that was done a saw cut was made on the top using the existing panel line.
This was cut all the way through the top wing and into the leading and trailing edge on the bottom wing. I just wanted to leave the center of the bottom wing to act as a hinge.
Next the dymo tape came back out to mark another location topside. This was first scribed then a saw cut started.
Once started I tilted the saw at 45 degrees and cut towards the first cut until I had removed a wedge on material.
then scribed the lower panel line to make it deeper and
the part thinner then applied several coats of Tenax to soften it up. I
then saturated the upper portion and using brute force, bent the wing
tip up and held it in place until it hardened up. The process was
repeated on the other wing.
While it looks ugly at this point once it's all filled and sanded all should be good.
From here it was on to the body and paint shop, I didn't take a lot of photos here. Not much to see watching paint dry. I spent a lot of time cutting out a mask for the mottles on the upper surface but in the end decided to go with free hand and I'm glad I did as I was quite happy with the end results.
And a few shots in natural light.
Except for the wing issue the kit actually goes together quite well. I did modify the stance by shortening the mounting block on the main gear by .062" and added a .062 spacer to the bottom of the nose gear. The vertical antenna turned out to be a PITA but I like the look better than the traditional stag horn antennas. The Terry Dean weights along with the resin pit and props provided more than enough weight to keep it on its nose and it will even return there if you push the tail to ground and let it go. All in all it was a fun experience and I'm happy with the end result.
Back to the Night Fighter page
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NASA is awarding 14 US companies a combined $370 million to develop new technologies that benefit future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The funding is part of the space agency’s Tipping Point initiative which seeks public-private partnerships to foster space commerce and technology at a reduced cost to the government.
SpaceX is among the highest paid recipients selected by NASA’s Tipping Point solicitation for a future demonstration of transferring rocket fuel in space using Starship.
NASA & Starship
NASA is investing $53.2 million in SpaceX to complete a propellant transfer demonstration in space. If milestones that are to be determined are met on schedule, NASA describes the upcoming task as this:
Large-scale flight demonstration to transfer 10 metric tons of cryogenic propellant, specifically liquid oxygen, between tanks on a Starship vehicle.
SpaceX is currently developing the next-generation space system with ambitions for future Mars missions.
SpaceX cites Starship’s design for “rapid reusability” as critical in making the launch system fit for the job of helping astronauts and supplies reach the Moon and Mars in future missions.
NASA is similarly investing in SpaceX Starship on a proposal to develop a modern human landing system for Artemis missions to the Moon.
Lockheed & ULA
Lockheed Martin and United Launch Alliance will score the bulk of the Tipping Point funding with $89.7 million and $86.2 million to be awarded, respectively.
Lockheed Martin is tasked with handling “liquid hydrogen – the most challenging of the cryogenic propellants – to test more than a dozen cryogenic fluid management technologies” that can be used with future space hardware.
United Launch Alliance will use its upcoming Vulcan Centaur upper stage hardware:
Demonstration of a smart propulsion cryogenic system, using liquid oxygen and hydrogen, on a Vulcan Centaur upper stage. The system will test precise tank pressure control, tank-to-tank transfer, and multi-week propellant storage.
Eta Space, a small business based in Merritt Island, Florida, will work with Rocket Lab and its Photo satellite to “collect critical cryogenic fluid management data in orbit for nine months” for a $27 million award.
In addition to developing space rocket fuel gas stations, NASA is investing in technology from companies that “advance in-situ resource utilization, surface power generation and energy storage, communications” and “precision landing and hazard avoidance” systems.
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- Parent Category: Orthodox Terminology
- Category: Glossary P
- Hits: 6202
PROKIMENON - (Gradual) (Prokimenon) (pl. Prokeimena) A verse and refrain which is read and sung before the reading of the Epistle.- On most Sundays, the prokeimenon of the resurrection, for the tone of the week (from the Octoechos), is chanted.
A form of responsorial singing consisting of a psalm-verse refrain and, by extension -- the entire psalm and refrain; so called because in ancient Constantinopolitan usage the psalm-verse refrain was given before (pro) the text (keimenon) of the psalm. In the liturgy the Prokimenon can stand alone, as at Vespers, or be used in conjunction with readings from Scripture, where its original function was that of a prayerful and didactic respite from the rigors of attentive listening to Scripture. Prokeimena are sung on special melodies according to the Tones: after the reader intones the verse, the Prokimenon is repeated in sung fashion; then one or several other verses are chanted, and the Prokimenon is repeated after each one. Finally, half of the Prokimenon verse is read, while the singers conclude the second half, and the Scripture reading begins.
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Impulse control is a necessary skill that should be taught to children at an early age. At around the age of 12, a child can show an Impulse Control Disorder that is a psychological disorder which is a result of a neurological problem where controlling impulses becomes a problem for the child.
Here are some ideas on how impulse control can be taught to your child.
1. Teach your child acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Teaching your child the difference between what is acceptable and can be expressed and what may occur as a feeling but cannot be expressed as it is socially unacceptable, goes a long way in helping your child control impulses.
2. Give explicit directions to your kid and teach him how to listen. Make it a habit that your child listens to you before carrying out your directions. Children who listen can control behaviour.
3. Teach your child that anger is another emotion or feeling that can be felt. Learning how to calm himself will help your child to understand the root cause of his own anger and work towards trying to find a solution to it by talking it out in a calm way rather than resorting to throwing things around or showing temper tantrums.
4. Establish house rules around your home. Laying down clear cut rules about what is expected and is to be followed by each member is a great way to let the child be sure of what is expected and bring structure to his or her own behaviour. Clear cut instructions given to children and patterns to be followed in relation to sleep and waking times as well as meal times, and study hours or play time will give a sense of security to your child, making him sure of what is expected from him or her. Also tell them how he or she should behave when out in the park or shopping mall or when you are at someone’s place.
5. Teach your child patience. Letting your child learn how to wait is an important lesson and helps in control of impulses. We often do not tell our children future plans of going out on fun trips etcetera in the fear that they might keep pestering till the time we actually take the trip. However, this is a wrong approach because teaching a child the value of waiting patiently is necessary.
6. Engage your child in physical activities. Let your child learn some sport of his choice. Encourage him to learn some musical instrument. That will help your child the value of discipline.
7. Above all, be a role model to your child.
Photo Credit By: i.huffpost.com
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TRAFFIC’s reaction to The IPBES Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has released a summary for policymakers that unearths the state of the sustainable use of wild species and explains how global stakeholders can measure, strengthen and implement practices. TRAFFIC's response reiterates the need to incorporate rigorous monitoring of frameworks, increase traceability and upscale existing trade-related measures to ensure wildlife trade is legal and sustainable to ensure species survival for the benefit of people and the planet.
According to the IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species summary, the interconnectedness of global trade in wild species, which has expanded substantially in the last 40 years, is a significant driver of the increased and often unsustainable use of wild species. About 50,000 wild species of animals, plants and fungi are used for food, energy, medicine, material and other purposes and emphasises that the use of wild species is an intrinsic yet hidden part of everyday life that directly supports the well-being of billions of people in all regions of the world daily.
From multibillion-dollar industries to small-scale subsistence use, the health of ecosystems that supports life on earth as we know it depends on policymakers and other stakeholders taking impactful actions to secure the legal and sustainable use of wild species now.”
Richard Scobey, TRAFFIC’s Executive DirectorThe summary states that the sustainable use of wild species has “unacknowledged potential” to contribute to the achievement of many targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), such as Goals 14 (life below water) and 15 (life on land), but among others, also Goals 1 (no poverty), Goal 5 (gender equality) and 2 (zero hunger).
Currently, food security through wild plants supports one in five people globally, one-third of the global population relies on wood for cooking, and 45% of the human population relies on the use of wild species of animals, plants and fungi. If not carefully managed, this consumption can create negative feedback that exacerbates poverty, depletes resources and degrades the environment.
Understanding the drivers of use
The summary found that at current levels, scenarios point to a future where the pressures of climate change, technological advances, and increasing consumption could put untenable pressure on species.
As reflected in the recent FAO, TRAFFIC and IUCN WildCheck wild plant species report, the use of wild species is influenced by social and environmental drivers such as lack of income, food security, tradition and ever-growing demand from industry, which can drive unsustainable consumption, often unbeknownst to the companies.
Often illegal trade takes advantage of these social drivers, and as these illicit transactions are not governed by ‘institutional safeguards’ can further perpetuate the overharvesting, unsustainable trade and impacts on essential species and ecosystems. Innovative tools like SharkTrace can effectively monitor transit from source to final sale, ensuring the full traceability and sustainability of use. Such approaches to full traceability and the assurance of sustainability and legality in wild species value chains also have the potential to reduce the risks of zoonotic diseases.
“Focusing on sustainable uses and tackling social drivers at the core through targeted policies, we have the opportunity to enable growth for these vulnerable communities, turn the tide on biodiversity and ecosystem depletion, and combat illicit wildlife trade,” said Anastasiya Timoshyna, TRAFFIC’s Director of Strategy, Programme, and Impact. “But this will take a multifaceted approach from all corners of the globe; from source countries to industry and managing the demand of consumers.”
Effective monitoring is the route to success
The summary introduced seven key principles to alleviate the current and projected pressures facing the sustainable use of wild species. One of the essential elements, alongside coordinating policies and regulations, is monitoring these social and ecological drivers and practices.
In a year where experts and parties from around the globe will meet to set the path to halt biodiversity loss by 2030 through the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, it is fundamental that governments and supporting scientific bodies can robustly measure the progress on the draft Targets 5 and 9, to ensure the legal, safe and sustainable harvest, use and trade of wild species, and recognise how this will benefit local communities,” said Anastasiya Timoshyna
As a founding member of the Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management (CPW), TRAFFIC and its partners continue to share their holistic knowledge of how to implement these benefits to communities, ecosystems and wild species with governments and other global stakeholders. To make this achievable, however, a robust monitoring framework, including the headline indicators for Target 5, like the one proposed by TRAFFIC, will need to be in place to effectively monitor that policies are tackling the issues and contribute to sustainable management of wildlife trade.
Once the IPBES report is completed, it will be reviewed by Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), among other Global Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), to bring the evidence into the work of Conventions. With a collaborative approach, TRAFFIC believes we can forge the summary’s recommendation for a ‘common vision of sustainable use and transformative change in the human-nature relationship.
- The IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species summary
- [The full text for Target 5 of the Global Biodiversity Framework is still being negotiated]
- Read about a TRAFFIC collaboration project proving the unacknowledged potential of sustainable use:
The Himalayan plants supporting local livelihoods, health, and biodiversity
- Representatives of almost 140 governments met in Bonn, Germany, for the ninth Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES9). The plenary approved two major new scientific reports: 'Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species' on 8 July and ‘Values of Biodiversity Assessment Report’ on 11 July.
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In the Guarani culture, yerba mate had a social role beyond its nutritional benefits. It was an object of worship and ritual, used as a kind of currency for trading with other pre-Hispanic peoples. It is also believed that after the creation of different gods, the Guarani people gathered together to drink yerba mate.
At the end of the sixteenth century the first Jesuits arrived to evangelize the Guarani. At first, the Jesuits considered it dangerous to drink mate. Later on, however, yerba mate was accepted and its use was encouraged as a solution to the problem of alcohol abuse in the reservations.
Yerba mate evolved to become the main source of income of the Jesuits. In 1645 permission was granted to market the product, and by the end of the XVII century they began to cultivate yerba in the vicinity of the reservations. The Jesuits created “yerbales orchards,” and thus paid tribute to the king of Spain.
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\pɹɪlˈasi], \pɹɪlˈasi], \p_ɹ_ɪ_l_ˈa_s_i]\
Definitions of PRELACY
- 2010 - New Age Dictionary Database
- 1919 - The Winston Simplified Dictionary
- 1899 - The american dictionary of the english language.
- 1919 - The Concise Standard Dictionary of the English Language
- 1894 - The Clarendon dictionary
- 1874 - Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language
- 1871 - The Cabinet Dictionary of the English Language
Sort: Oldest first
The office or dignity of a prelate; church government by prelates.
The order of prelates, taken collectively; the body of ecclesiastical dignitaries.
By Oddity Software
By William Dodge Lewis, Edgar Arthur Singer
The office of a prelate: the order of bishops or the bishops collectively: episcopacy.
By Daniel Lyons
By James Champlin Fernald
By William Hand Browne, Samuel Stehman Haldeman
Episcopacy; the order of bishops.
By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H.
n. Office or dignity of a prelate;-government by prelates ; Episcopacy;-bishops collectively.
Word of the day
- Relating to ribs and transverse processes of the vertebrae articulating with them. Lying between ribs and transverse process of the vertebrae.
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Introduction to Technology
Design and Technology
A practical introductory course that highlights the fascinating and intriguing interdependency between the design of products, the characteristics of materials, manufacturing processes and methods of production.
'How do we make it?' 'Which method should we choose?'
Together we will strive to answer some of these questions, learn about the effects of our technological choices on the design outcome, and various ways of adapting design to industrial production processes.
The course is built on a series of exercises, each relating to a specific technology. In each of these exercises the student will employ a stage-by-stage process of planning, development and production. Lectures and on-site tours will accompany issues such as history of technology, material & structure, mechanisms, moulds and casting, and more.
The course welcomes students with rich technological background as well as no technological background at all.
Full attendance, team collaboration, personal and group investigation of materials and production methods, including a significant investment in hands-on work, is crucial to achieving success in this course.
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Chances are that when downloading software or poking around in your computer’s settings menu, you’ve seen the terms 32-bit and 64-bit. But what do these terms mean, and how do they affect your computer?
Let’s look at this important computer distinction and see what it means.
32-Bit and 64-Bit Defined
If you’ve read our explanation on computer file sizes, you’ll know that computers use the binary system to count. Unlike the standard decimal system with 10 possible digits for each place, binary numbers are made up of only ones and zeros.
A bit refers to one binary digit, which is the smallest amount of information a computer can record. A 32-bit number, then, consists of four groups of eight bits each (this group of eight bits is called a byte). 64-bit numbers have twice as many bits, containing eight sets of bytes.
This might lead you to think that a 64-bit number can store twice as much information as a 32-bit number. However, adding more places for binary numbers actually increases the possible values exponentially.
A 32-bit number can store 2^32 values, or 4,294,967,296. Meanwhile, a 64-bit number has 2^64 possible values, or a staggering 18,446,744,073,709,551,616. That’s over 18.4 quintillion, which is so large that it’s difficult to comprehend.
Now that we know what these values mean, how do they affect computers?
32-Bit and 64-Bit Processor Architecture
The processor (also called CPU) inside a computer uses a certain architecture (measured in bits) to process information. The exact details of this are far too complex for this explanation, but suffice it to say that the higher the bit architecture of a CPU, the more instructions it can process per second.
Today, most computers have 64-bit processors. Even phones have largely moved to 64-bit; Apple’s iPhone 5s, released in 2013, was the first smartphone to have a 64-bit chip.
It’s pretty rare to find a standalone 32-bit processor or a computer with a 32-bit processor inside these days. If you have a computer that’s quite old, it might be 32-bit. However, any computer you buy off the shelf today will very likely have a 64-bit CPU.
Going even further back, computers from decades ago had 16-bit processors that were even weaker than 32-bit systems. As you’d expect, these are essentially extinct today.
32-Bit and 64-Bit Operating Systems
The CPU’s architecture is just one part of the equation. As you may know, operating systems can also be 32-bit or 64-bit. The version you have installed depends on the processor in your system.
A 64-bit version of Windows (or another operating system) only works on 64-bit systems. If you have a 32-bit processor, you must install the 32-bit flavor of your chosen OS. You can install a 32-bit OS on a 64-bit system, but you won’t enjoy any of the performance benefits that 64-bit CPUs offer.
In Windows 10, you can check what processor type and OS version you have by opening Settings > System > About. Under Device specifications, you’ll see a System type entry that says something like 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor.
While x64 obviously means you have a 64-bit processor, x86 is commonly used for 32-bit architecture. This is a bit confusing; it stems from a popular line of Intel processors that had model numbers ending in 86 at the time 32-bit systems were becoming available.
If this page says 32-bit operating system, x64-based processor, then you should consider reinstalling a 64-bit version of Windows so you get all the benefits of your CPU.
And if you use a Mac, you’re almost certainly on a 64-bit system. Since Mac OS X Lion in 2011, Apple’s desktop OS has run only on 64-bit processors.
Differences Between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Windows
As we mentioned, the minute differences between system types is primarily something for computer scientists to wrestle with. Normal users will notice two major differences between 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows, though.
First is that 32-bit Windows can only utilize up to 4GB of RAM. Even if you have more RAM in your system, a 32-bit OS can’t take advantage of it. On the same About page where you checked your system type, under Installed RAM, you might see something like 8.0 GB (4.0 GB usable).
As you’d imagine, this is a waste of resources and will limit how many tasks you can run on your computer at once. Meanwhile, to highlight the difference in power between them, a 64-bit copy of Windows 10 Pro supports up to a staggering 2TB of RAM.
The second major difference on 64-bit versions of Windows is the presence of a second Program Files folder. 32-bit versions of Windows only have one Program Files directory, but on 64-bit Windows, you’ll see this in addition to Program Files (x86).
The reason for this is because 32-bit and 64-bit programs require different resources. A 32-bit program wouldn’t know what to do with a 64-bit resource file, so Windows keeps them separated.
32-Bit and 64-Bit Software
The final part of the equation is the software you use. Like processors and operating systems, applications can be 32-bit or 64-bit. Unsurprisingly, 64-bit programs cannot run on a 32-bit OS.
Though 32-bit processors are fading out, 32-bit software is still fairly common on Windows. Like an operating system, 64-bit software can take advantage of the enhanced capabilities 64-bit architecture offers.
While this is important for resource-heavy apps like video editors, 32-bit software is still suitable for lighter apps. This differs based on the app–some install the right version for your system automatically, while others ask which you want to use.
Mac users might know that macOS Catalina, released in 2019, is the first version of the Mac operating system to drop support for 32-bit apps. If you need to use 32-bit Mac software, you’ll need to stay on macOS Mojave or earlier.
Get the Most From Your Bits
We’ve taken a look at the architecture that processors, operating systems, and software use to perform tasks on your computer. In summary, 64-bit provides major advantages over older 32-bit setups. Most processors and computers from today and the last few years are 64-bit, but 32-bit software is still around in some places.
For more computer explanations, read through our explanation of IP addresses.
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This section is a general guide to starting family history research.
The National Library of Scotland has a wide range of genealogical resources that may interest you. These pages provide a brief overview of some of the types of material we have available.
Our page of frequently asked questions might help if you are not sure where to begin. If you still can't find what you are looking for in this section, please contact us. For English, Irish or Welsh family history material, please see our useful links page.
In this section
- Starting your family history research
- Births, deaths and marriages
- Census records
- Historical clubs and societies
- Emigration and passenger lists
- Gravestone inscriptions
- India Papers collection
- Local history
- Military lists
- State Papers
- Surnames, histories and biographies
- Scottish traditional culture
- Valuation and voters' rolls
- Frequently asked questions
- Useful links
- Contact us
Using our resources
Visitors to the National Library must have a library card to use our resources. Details of cards and opening hours are in the using the library section. If you cannot visit, we can provide brief information from sources within our collections. We may also be able to point you in the right direction to continue your research. Contact us for details.
Other useful organisations
Please note: The National Library of Scotland is not the main location for original records in Scotland. This means that we cannot carry out extensive family history research on your behalf.
For original documents such as birth, death and marriage and census records you should contact the National Records of Scotland. You will also find sources such as wills, trial papers and some estate and church records there.
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The gold openwork “helmet”, which was found in the tumulus at the Cape of Ak-Burun in 1875, is one of the well-known works of the Bosporan toreutics. The barrow can be dated back to the late 4th — early 3rd century BC. The “helmet” is usually interpreted as the object of Graeco-Scythian art. Its decorative systemconsists of double volutes and floral designs. Details of the design demonstrate the Macedonian influence, and, in all probability, the “helmet” was made by a Macedonian craftsman who worked at Cimmerian Bosporus.This outstanding object has never been the subject of special study to appreciate its significance in archaeological context. The double volutes on the “helmet” can be understood like big horns (Horns of Amon) —one of Alexander the Great’s power symbols. But it was also the image of farn that was typical for Iranian peoples. The big flower of calla, growing between horns, is the most important element of cult symbolism in the decorative composition. From theoretical point of view this “helmet” is the key item for our interpretation of the Ak-Burun tumulus.It is highly possible that the piece once belonged to a barbarian chief, who was at the same time a priest. Other finds from the same context (a golden wreath, spherical pendant-amulets, a golden finger-ring with an ironinsert, etc.) support such point of view.
- Alekseev A. Iu. Khronografiia Evropeiskoi Skifii VII–IV vv. do n. e. (Chronography of the European Scythia in 7th–4th Centuries BC). Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum Publ. 416 p. (in Russian).
- Andronicos M. Vergina. The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City. Athens, Ekdotike Athenon Publ., 1984. 244 p.
- Andronikos M. Royal Tomb in Vergina. From the History of Investigations. Vestnik drevnei istorii (The Journal of the Ancient History), 1990, no. 1, pp. 107–128 (in Russian).
- Andronicos M. Thessaloniki Museum. Athens, Ekdotike Athenon Publ., 1994. 79 p.
- Artamonov M. I. Sokrovishcha skifskikh kurganov (Treasures of Scythian Barrows). Prague, Artia Publ.; Leningrad, Iskusstvo Publ., 1966. 120 p. (in Russian).
- Bulava L. A. To the Attribution of the Gold Cap from Kurdzhips Barrow. Sovetskaia arkheologia (Soviet Archaeology), 1987, no. 1, pp. 254–257 (in Russian).
- Butiagin A. M.; Vinogradov Iu. A. Barrows of the Ak-Burun Cape. Iuz-Oba. Tumuli Necropolis of the Bosporus Aristocracy, vol. 2. Simferopol; Kerch, Maister Knig Publ., 2014. 184 p. (in Russian).
- Dahmen K. The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins. Oxford, Routledge Publ., 2007. 179 p.
- Dmitriev V. A. Horns of Amon, Cult of a Bull and Farr of Kaianids (To the Problem of Sassanian Royal Crowns). Problemy istorii, filologii i kul’tury (Problems of History, Philology and Culture), 2013, no. 3 (41), pp. 64–79 (in Russian).
- Gajdukevič V. F. Das Bosporanische Reich. Berlin, Academia Publ., 1971. 604 p. (in German).
- Galanina L. K. Kurdzhipskii kurgan (The Kurdzhips Barrow). Leningrad, Iskusstvo Publ., 1980. 128 p. (in Russian).
- Kantorovich A. R. Maeoto-Scythian Art of the Kuban’ Region. Antichnoe nasledie Kubani (Classical Heritage of the Kuban), vol. 1. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2010, pp. 286–314 (in Russian).
- Korol’kova E. F. To the Question of Interpretation of the Stavropol (Kazin) Hoard. Arkheologicheskii sbornik Ermitazha (Archaeological Papers of The State Hermitage Museum), 1995, no. 32, pp. 77–89 (in Russian).
- Mantsevich A. P. To the Problem of Toreutics of the Scythian Epoch. Sovetskaia arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology), 1949, no. 2, pp. 196–220 (in Russian).
- Mantsevich A. P. Discovery of the Royal Tomb near Vergina Village in Northern Greece. Vestnik drevnei istorii (The Journal of Ancient History), 1980, no. 3, pp. 153–167 (in Russian).
- Moruzhenko A. O. Scythian Barrow Perederieva Mogila. Arkheologiia (Archaeology), 1992, no. 4, pp. 67–75 (in Ukrainian).
- Pfrommer M. Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt. Los Angeles, Getty Publications Publ., 2001. 90 p.
- Piotrovsky B.; Galanina L.; Grach N. Scythian Art. The Legacy of the Scythian World: Mid-7th to 3rd Century BC. Leningrad, Aurora Art Publ., 1986. 184 p.
- Pridik E. M. New Caucasian Hoards. Materialy po archeologii Rossii (Materials for Archaeology of Russia). 1914, vol. 34, pp. 94–110 (in Russian).
- Roberts H. S. Macedonian Craftsmanship in Crimean Tombs from Late 4th Century BC to Early 3rd Century BC. Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2009, no. 6, pp. 189–200.
- Romano I. B. Religion in the Age of Philip II, Alexander the Great, and Their Successors. The World of Philip and Alexander. A Symposium on Greek Life and Times. Pennsylvania, The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Publ., 1990, pp. 83–97.
- Rostovtsev M. I. Antichnaia dekorativnaia zhivopis’ na Iuge Rossii (Antique Decorative Painting in South Russia). Saint Petersburg, Imperial Archaeological Commission Publ., 1914. 537 p. (in Russian).
- Toporov V. N. Farn. Mify narodov mira (Myths of the Peoples of the World), vol. 2. Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopedia Publ., 1988, pp. 557–558 (in Russian).
- Vinogradov Iu. A. Once Again about the Date of the Fedulovskii Hoard. In situ. K 85-letiiu professora A. D. Stoliara (In situ. Festschrift to the 85th Anniversary of Professor A. D. Stoliar). Saint Petersburg, The Saint Petersburg State University Publ., 2006, pp. 207–227 (in Russian).
- Vlasova E. V. The Barrow of Vasiurinskaia Gora at the Taman’ Peninsular. Ellinisticheskie shtudii v Ermitazhe (Hellenistic Studies at the Hermitage). Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum Publ., 2004, pp. 158–174 (in Russian).
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https://actual-art.spbu.ru/en/publications/archive/vol-7/art-and-artistic-culture-of-the-ancient-world/10560.html
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Financial Statement Analysis
Basics of Financial Statements
Navigate this page:
Financial statements provide information about the financial activities and position of a firm.
Important financial statements are:
Cash flow statement
Balance sheet indicates the financial condition of a firm at a specific point of time. It contains information about the firm’s: assets, liabilities and equity.
Assets are always equal to equity and liabilities:
Assets = Equity +
Assets are economic resources or properties owned by the firm.
There are two types of assets:
Current assets (liquid assets) are those which can be converted into cash within a year in the normal course of business. Current assets include:
Cash and bank balance
Accounts receivable (debtors)
Non-Current assets are long-term assets.
Tangible fixed assets are physical assets like plant.
Intangible fixed assets are the firm’s
rights and claims
, such as patents,
, goodwill etc.
Gross block represent all tangible assets at acquisition costs.
Net block is gross block net of depreciation.
Share with your friends:
The database is protected by copyright ©ininet.org 2023
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For many children, studying is perhaps one of the most dreaded aspects of school. Not to be confused with the act of completing assignments, studying requires extra time spent reading, understanding and memorizing important topics and concepts. Whether your child is in kindergarten or college, these tips can make studying easier to tolerate— and more effective.
1. Eliminate distractions. Turn off the TV, radio, cell phone and other electronics. For those who focus better while listening to music, however, allow limited iPod use.
2. Allow breaks. Older children maintain focus better than younger ones. If frequent breaks are necessary, let your child eat a snack (a full stomach leads to effective studying), take a ten-minute walk or engage in another nonacademic activity.
3. Help your child. Many children learn best through recall and repetition. Have your child make flash cards of key terms, vocabulary words, math equations or other pertinent information. Then, use these cards to informally quiz your child.
4. Use a planner. Give your child a calendar or school planner and help them write down all his or her assignments, due dates and other important information. This instills good organization habits that can be applied to other areas of life.
5. Know your child’s learning style. There are different types of learners: visual, audio, verbal and tactile. Once you know your child’s learning style, try to study using that style’s cues. For example, a visual learner trying to acquire vocabulary could benefit from seeing new words accompanied by pictures, while an audio or verbal learner may want to repeat new words and definitions out loud.
6. Study in a group. Working as a group not only lets kids learn from one another, but also builds social skills and interpersonal ties.
7. Entice procrastinators. Procrastinators would rather study and complete assignments later. Try combating procrastination by setting rewards; for example, let your child watch 30 minutes of TV for every hour he or she studies. Make the reward something to look forward to— but not so much that kids rush through work.
8. Make learning fun. For a young child, games, rhymes and activities are usually far more engaging than simple reading or the rote of memorization. Turn studying into an amusing activity to help them remember the material better, hold interest longer and associate studying with a positive experience.
9. Annotate. Teach your children the importance of annotating text. Highlight or underline crucial segments, and write brief summaries, explanations and other memory-triggering notes in the margins. This is a skill that, if learned young, will quickly be perfected and utilized well into higher education.
10. Know when enough is enough. It is possible for students to over study. Similarly, no student can learn if he or she is frustrated and losing focus. Know when your child has reached his or her limit— forced studying in these circumstances can actually have an adverse effect, causing unnecessary anxiety and resentment without comprehension of material.
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https://parentguidenews.com/articles/making-the-grade/
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The Concept of Autonomous Power Supply System Fed with Renewable Energy Sources
Sustainable economic development requires the use of renewable energy sources in a rational and thoughtful way. In Polish conditions the use of several types of renewable energy sources on a single setup is a new issue. In particular, hybrid devices in conjunction with intelligent energy systems, such as lighting systems are generally not used. Therefore, the Polish energy production still relies on the burning of coal. Despite their advantages, renewable energy sources are characterized by seasonality and considerable instability. Access to renewable energy varies daily and seasonally, hence activities promoting the use of autonomous, hybrid power systems must be intensified. The presented research aims at the development of the Autonomous Power Supply (APS) system based on the so-called energy mix. Such a system works in an isolated arrangement and serves to reliably supply electricity from renewable sources for small residential or public utility devices in an urban area. Systems with up to 3 kW power consist of modules, whose modular design allows the combination of various power configurations and types of renewable energy used. The basic system consists of a primary power source, additional power source, emergency power source, energy storage device, weather station and controller. The energy mix depends on the geographical location of the system. The emergency source can be implemented as an on-grid connector or fuel power generator with the participation of 100% until the primary or accessory power source failure is removed. The energy storage system consists of batteries or supercapacitors. The proposed system can be combined to create a local network that automatically responds to energy shortages in various network nodes by adjusting the supply of electricity within the network depending on its needs. For Poland realistic solutions in this article are the new and modern answer to these requirements.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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what is an HRIS?
A human resources information system (HRIS) is a technology solution that helps organisations manage employee data. HRIS software can track employee roles and responsibilities, performance, training, and development.
Additionally, HRIS systems can enable organisations to automate and streamline payroll and benefits administration. The system also maintains policies and procedures related to human resources, including recruitment.
Since an HRIS removes paper-based processes and automates many HR functions, the system saves businesses time and money. It also allows organisations to make data-driven decisions, giving HR employees more time to focus on high-value and strategic work.
how does an HRIS differ from an HRMS?
A human resource management system (HRMS) is a software tool that helps businesses automate and manage employee data. HRIS systems are similar to HRMS systems but are usually more comprehensive and provide more features.
how does an HRIS differ from an HCM?
HRIS is often confused with human capital management (HCM) systems. HCM systems offer an umbrella solution to cover virtually every HR function. These systems also comprise talent management tasks, including succession planning, strategic workforce planning, and performance management.
types of HRIS.
There are a few types of HRIS, which differ based on their functions. Here are the common types:
Operational HRIS systems collect human resources data, such as:
- Performance appraisal information
- Position details
- Employee records
- Workforce data
Such an HRIS supports operational processes, such as payroll and benefits administration. It also streamlines repetitive tasks.
Strategic HRIS systems use data to make decisions about the future. They help you answer questions like:
- What is our ideal workforce mix?
- What are our future talent needs?
- What is the ROI of our training programs?
- How do we allocate our resources?
- How do we meet government requirements?
When organisations have to make macro-level decisions, it's best to use a strategic HRIS. It provides an insight into the bigger picture covering everything from job analyses and resource allocation to competitor data.
A comprehensive HRIS summates everything in the types mentioned above. It involves tactical, strategic, and operational matters to ensure that an organisation achieves its long-term goals. A comprehensive HRIS would contain:
- Recruitment details
- Skills inventory
- Training and development
- Performance management
- Employee safety guidelines
- HR files
- Employee information
- Compensation and benefits
As the name suggests, a limited-function HRIS supports an individual purpose. For example, if an organisation needs a system to only store employee data, that would be considered a limited function.
Organisations can also create limited-function HRIS for payroll, workforce management, employee onboarding, and benefits administration. A limited-function HRIS is ideal for small companies that need an economical and easy-to-operate system.
benefits of an HRIS system.
An HRIS system can bring a lot of benefits to your organisation. Here are a few:
frees up time
Since an HRIS system can automate many HR processes, it can free up a lot of time for HR professionals. They can use this time to focus on more strategic HR functions, such as employee retention or organisational development.
An HRIS system can help eliminate manual data entry, reducing the chances of errors. In doing so, it can improve the accuracy of HR data.
An HRIS system can generate insights by analyzing HR data. For example, it can help you identify trends in employee attrition or performance. You can then use these insights to make better decisions about your workforce.
An HRIS system can help you comply with government regulations by keeping track of employee data. It's especially beneficial for organisations with employees in multiple states or countries.
how to choose an HRIS for your organisation.
When choosing an HRIS, you should keep a few things in mind:
identify your needs
Why do you need an HRIS? What specific problems are you hoping it will solve? Keep your needs in mind when considering different systems.
For example, if you're looking to streamline your hiring process, you'll want a system that includes applicant tracking features. If you want to improve communication between managers and employees, look for a system with robust communication tools.
build a checklist
After deciding on the type of HRIS system, make a list of must-haves and nice-to-have features. It will come in handy when you start looking at different systems and comparing them.
Some features to consider include the following:
- Ease of use
- Process automation
- Reporting and analytics capabilities
- Customer support
set a budget
How much can you spend on an HRIS system? When setting your budget, consider the cost of the software, implementation, and training. You also need to factor in the cost of any upgrades or add-ons down the road.
get input from employees
Your employees will be using the HRIS system daily. So, it's important to get their input when choosing a system. Ask them what features they would find most helpful.
combine your ATS and HRIS for a smooth recruitment process.
Before you can manage employees, you need to hire them. An applicant tracking system (ATS) helps businesses find the best talent and track their progress through their recruitment process. But what happens when it's time to onboard your new employees? Moving data across systems can be chaotic.
With hireful's ATS, you don't have to worry about this since it integrates with many of the most popular HRIS solutions in the UK. This means hired applicants in the ATS can easily be converted into new employee records in your HRIS, saving you time and ensuring accuracy. Book a demo to learn more.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.hireful.com/glossary/hris
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One of the claims of feminism is that there are no significant differences between behavior between men and women when it comes to most roles in society, particularly those that involve social positions such as work, power, or recreation. Any association of people that are not evenly represented by men and women is evidence that there is some residual discrimination that lacks any justification. We have spent the greater part of a century on a project to give a chance to the concept that men and women are interchangeable in roles involving associations between people. We continue to be frustrated by the continued existence of associations that are not evenly represented between the sexes, or that have uneven distribution of responsibilities. We penalize those associations so that they become impractical to continue, as has happened to many men’s-only associations or spaces.
Despite our efforts, the disparity remains. There are associations or roles that women desire to occupy and yet their populations are dominated by men. Over a generation ago, there was some relief in the expectation that over time this balance will change through attrition, replacing established members with new members chosen equally between the sexes. This has not happened, or it has not happened nearly as fast as was originally expected.
Part of the explanation for this there are too many men who still discriminate unfairly against women. This must mean that young men are still continuing the discriminatory behaviors of their predecessors. This younger generation have grown up their entire lives in an environment that emphasized the society’s priority on sexual equality. The fact that they don’t seem to have learned their lessons suggest that someone is still teaching them the wrong lessons or that their teachers have failed to civilize them.
The recent discussions have turned to criticizing individual men for their unfair behavior toward women, and to criticizing other individual men for their failure to correct the uncivil behavior of the misbehaving men. The phrase “the best the men can be” refers both to behaving well oneself and to enforcing good behavior in other men. This is a new goal for society in order to get the next generation to meet the equal representation goals of our ancestors.
The phrase toxic masculinity is part of the persuasion to behave better and to enforce better behavior in others. A major impediment to full equality between the sexes is a set of primitive masculine traits. Eradicating these traits will finally permit the existence of equality of outcome between the sexes. These traits are toxic to the natural equality of men and women, an artificial distinction between individuals of the same species.
I see the term toxic masculinity as an admission that there are fundamental differences between men and women when it comes to self association. There are many circumstances where men prefer to associate with other men. This inevitably leads to disparities in outcomes when the associations select leadership from their ranks and rewards that leadership with their profits. The toxicity is merely descriptive of the fact that is obstructs the goals of equality. However the term used prescriptively in the sense that it needs to be removed from society.
As I mentioned in recent posts, I prefer to separate men from women when trying to understand behaviors and psychology. In other words, when it comes to psychology, I reject the utility of a notion of a human psychology that is shared between men and women.
I would have preferred that the science had always separate men and women when it comes to understanding behaviors. Had we done so, we might have come up with different categories of behaviors with different names and descriptions that best describe the conditions of each sex. We could end up with two different sets of behaviors that do not match one-to-one across the sexes.
My impression is that the predecessors to modern psychology and sociology did primarily study male behavior especially in context of larger social associations. This would be a natural course of study in societies that men predominately led. In that context, the motivation to understand how best to run society demanded attention to men’s behavior. When modern behavioral sciences expanded the scope to include women, they immediately projected the earlier lessons onto women under the presumption that men and women are created equal. There were specializations to study female behavior as distinct from male behavior, but these are variations on the more encompassing behaviors that we presume all humans to share although the original findings came from studying men alone.
For example, our ancestors observed that aggression is an important part of understanding men’s behavior and the later science just extended the same concept to women. Aggression as classically defined is something that all humans experience, and cultural factors primarily explain any differences in the expression of aggression. Aggression is general to all humans.
Clearly women do exhibit behaviors that we recognize as aggression. However, if we have started with a clean slate when studying women’s behaviors, we would likely have defined female specific behaviors that serve some female prerogative and these behaviors happen to have elements that mirror what we describe as aggression within men.
Aggression as a men’s behavior has a direct relationship to men’s roles in society (without making any claims of causality). The reason why we came up with concept of aggression in the first place is because acknowledging and controlling male aggression has direct implications on our ability to managing society or other associations. Our modern approach to describe aggression as something that women experience is a consequence of our wish for equality between the sexes, but it has the consequence of deducing that women somehow have a better way of dealing with the same aggression that men experience. Men have a more toxic approach to the same aggression shared by both sexes. The conclusion is that men must be taught to handle aggression more like women do.
My objection to above is we are using the same word (in this case “aggression”) for two different behaviors entirely. Men can not train their aggression to be more female like because women innately do not have this trait in the first place. Conversely, our experience has shown that had we been successful in training women to be more male-like in the same innate aggression, we would have had a more equitable representation by now in the most competitive positions. There is male aggression, and there is female something else but it is not aggression.
Defining certain behaviors as being toxic because the individual is male, presumes that there is some underlying condition that both men and women share but that women happen to have a superior means of handling it.
It is interesting that we generally are not forbidding the underlying condition itself. In the example of aggression, there is a sense that some level of aggression is necessary in life. We need to be aggressive in pursuing our goals, and we need to be aggressive in training or disciplining others to continue our goals. Aggression itself is not bad. Instead, certain ways of expressing and dealing with aggression are bad and these ways are predominantly expressed by men.
I would say that what we describe as aggression is an entirely male phenomenon. The concept (as a social behavior) arose out of study of men within primarily men-only roles. Women may behave outwardly in ways that mimic some of the ways men behave when they are aggressive, but that external behavior is an expression something other than aggression we have defined for men. Within this way of thinking, the only way men can exhibit less toxic aggression is to eliminate aggression entirely. This amounts to something like lobotomy — the removal of the entire function from men. Even if this can be done, I seriously doubt there is some suppressed female behavior that would take its place. Removing aggression from men would solve the problem of toxic aggression, but it would leave those men incapable of offering any form of assertive help in progressing society. Removing aggression in men would not result in more effeminate men, instead it would result in a subclass that would have to find utility in roles that do not involve anything resembling aggression.
I believe there is an inescapable reason why men prefer to associate with other men outside of family contexts. I don’t buy into evolutionary explanations, but such explanations can back me up in that such associations offer advantages. Within such associations there is considerable male aggression involved in establishing leadership roles and there is an aggregate aggression directed to other male associations (whether competitors or collaborators). Men recognize the aggressive behavior that other men exhibit and they reward the ones that have the right combination of aggression and goals.
I think that anyone who arrives in the group with competitive aspects of aggression, that person has the chance to out-compete the others for the leadership roles. So few (if any) women win that competition because they don’t have male aggression in the first place. In the rare case she does achieve that role by pretension, she would quickly lose that role when that pretension gets exposed when male aggression is required.
As I discussed above, if we were to approach the study of behavior differently for male and female subjects, we would likely come up with different defining characteristics for both, magnifying what makes them difference instead of minimizing the differences at minor variations on both being human. In the classical approach that focused on men, we came up with the term aggression. We later defined this as a human trait where any differences in expressions are individual differences unrelated to the sex.
Aggression is a useful measure of men in that their varying approaches will have a major influence on their outcome in life. Restricting the definition of the term to just men, we still recognize a range of good to bad aggressive behaviors. In terms of associations, we follow aggressive behavior we agree with and we separate ourselves from aggressive behavior we disagree with. Such decisions are made at individual levels and frequently will separate groups into factions that will fight it out in one way or another. This indicates to me that there is something more fundamental driving male aggression: how do men decide what aggressive is acceptable?
To the extent there is irrational aggression and rational aggression, I will focus on the latter. I think most male aggression is rational. In other words, the aggression is a consequence of something that that man believes in. In general, men do not reveal their rationalization for the aggression. When he does explain it, he often will tell us something superficial (such “he insulted me”). Other times he will tell us his real reason but the reason is so deeply thought through that we don’t recognize it for what it is: the driver for the aggressive behavior.
Men come up with plans for what they want to get out of life. Such plans often are more than a goal such as becoming rich or respected, but we usually reduce the motivation to such basic goals. This is often a mistake. We think a person is acting aggressively because he wants wealth or respect he doesn’t yet have, and then we’re disappointed when he continues to act aggressively when he gets it. There is usually a larger plan where immediate victories are small steps toward something else. That something else may be ultimately unrealistic, inherently impossible to achieve, but it is deeply motivating to the individual. That deep motivation drives the aggression. The aggression is not for the sake of being mean, nor is it for the sake of some immediate dominance, instead it is a consequence of the frustration of the incompatibility between the current circumstances and that deeper plan or vision.
We often see this expressed in literature or in history where the antagonist is someone who has some recognizably diabolical plan such as usurping the rule of another or conquer some other group. In the case of historical acts, I think this is often a mis-characterization of the real motivation. Most of the time, the person has some particular plan in mind when he achieves the goals of his aggression. The goal of aggression is to achieve some form of power over others, but the motivation for that aggression is to allow his plan to proceed.
In mundane day-to-day experiences, we discourage behavior such as bullying, fighting, or persistently approaching (and re-approaching) women despite their rejection. We describe these as individual aggressions that can be excised from their lives, as if they can continue their lives without the bullying, without the fighting, without the approaching of women who don’t welcome it. It may be instead that such instances are not isolated activities done out of boredom from not having anything else to do. In most cases, the perpetrator rationally decides to act based on some deeper motivation where the current action is a mere small step. In that context, the aggression is not optional, even when everyone else disagrees.
The real toxicity of men is that they often come up with unrealistic plans for themselves or where they want to see the world go. This has played out many times in history where occasionally one of these men become the hero who ushers in a new era, often more advanced that one before even though no one then asked for it. The major changes in history came about through some form of aggression that almost certainly discouraged by the majority of the people living at the time. Sometimes this person would be the general of armies winning decisive battles. Other times, it is someone who refuses to give up on an idea rejected by the consensus of his peers. Even in that non-violent example, the individual may employ aggressive persuasion tactics (such as ad hominen attacks) that eventually win with favorable consequences when the idea was a good one.
Often the aggression that results in some positive change was motivated by some ideal compatible with that change: the aggressor desired something like the change that actually occurred. Even after the change, the people at the time may forever resent the aggression and never appreciate the change. In the end, his goal was that the future generations would appreciate the change.
What makes aggression toxic is a plan that few if any people understand or want. If sufficiently motivated by whatever vision he has, he will escalate the aggression until he is stopped or until he wins. For people living at the time, this requires making an uncomfortable decision of stopping him or of suffering the consequences. In either case, the real measure of the aggression is the satisfaction of the generations that follow.
Men can have visions or plans for that future population. He considers the welfare of that future population to be more important than the welfare of the current population. The toxicity of his aggression is precisely this disregard for the welfare of his contemporaries.
The fantasy of the modern world is that we can make progress that benefits future generations without disrupting the peace and welfare of the current population. Such thinking may be able to make some incremental progress (such as having smart phones) but it may never be able to make the major leaps such as redefining governments or colonizing outer space.
I think this type of behavior is innately male in nature. Men have a tendency of building alternative realities in their minds and they have a tendency of rationalizing a plan to achieve that reality. That often hidden plan (not necessarily workable or beneficial) motivates his acting to see that plan enacted. Aggression is a natural escalation of any resistance to his plans. At that point, another male quality kicks in: widespread rejection of his plans does not discourage him from continuing — he doesn’t give up until he is stopped.
When faced with such an aggressor, other men have to make the choice to stop him. That choice is not entirely a choice between fighting or not fighting, it is also a deeper analysis of whether the aggressor’s ideas have sufficient merit to not fight back. The hesitation is also a male trait, often ridiculed as cowardice especially since it delays action from the point when the consequences would have been less dire. Inherent to male nature is the evaluation of plans that might benefit the distant future: either that is their own plan, or that is evaluation the plan that convinced someone else to fight for it.
Most of the history of rise and fall of human advancement comes from the combination of a man having a plan he is willing to fight for and that fight being delayed by other men taking the time to evaluate whether it is a plan that needs to be fought against.
Underlying the proposal to ban toxic aggression is the untested proposition that major improvements for our descendant’s future can result from such a ban.
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E. Coli in Drinking Water
E. coli bacteria can be killed in drinking water using a Sterilight UV System or a UVMax UV System.
E. coli is a dangerous bacteria that can cause serious and life threatening illness in humans. E. coli is part of a larger group of bacteria called coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria are found in the guts of ruminant animals such as sheep and cattle. In the guts of these animals they play a beneficial role in the nutrition of the animal. However, the waste of these animals also contains a high concentration of these bacteria. This isn't a problem as natural decomposition processes will break down the waste and the bacteria it contains. However, when animal waster is allowed to enter natural waterways or to pollute groundwater sources before it has a chance to be decomposed, the result can be drinking water with dangerous levels of e. coli bacteria. This can have devastating results.
Biology of E. coli
The full name of E. coli is Escherichia coli. It is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that lives in the lower guts of warm blooded ruminant animals. Sheep and cattle are examples. E. coii is also found in the gut of humans. The normal strains of E.coli that inhabit the guts of these animals are beneficial. They help the animal to produce vitamin K2 and they also help to prevent disease-causing microbes from establishing. But some strains of E. coli such as the infamous 0157:H7 strain are very dangerous. If water or food containing this strain of E. coli is ingested, serious illness and death can occur. E. coli is unique in that it can survive outside the body of it's host for an extended period, making it an excellent choice as an indicator organism for the presence of animal waste in the environment
E. coli as an Indicator Organism
Because E. coli is found only in the guts of animals and in their waste, it's presence in the environment is a sign of pollution. Anytime that E. coli is found in water it is a clear indication that the water supply has been contaminated with animal waste. E. coli can be used as an indicator organism because it can live outside of it's host for an extended period. In most areas of North America a bacterial water sample analysis consists of a test for coliform bacteria and a test for E. coli. If any E. coli is found in a water sample the water source is deemed unfit to consume.
How Water Becomes Contaminated with E. coli?
As mentioned above, E. coli has only one source - animal waste. A water source becomes contaminated with E. coli when animal waste makes its way into the water. This can happen in many different ways. Let's first look at how a well water source might become contaminated with e. coli bacteria. There are two common ways that this occurs. The most common source of e. coli in a well is from septic system discharge. Sometimes a well is situation too close to a septic weeping bed. If the well casing is cracked some septic discharge, which is rich in e. coli will end up in the well water. Even if the well casing is not cracked, if the well is in very porous material, septic discharge may percolate through the ground and enter the well through the water table. Well water may also become contaminated from surface water. This most commonly occurs when the well head is below the level of the ground. When it rains surface water picks up traces of animal waste and this runs into the well cap from the surface. Even if the well cap is above grade, if the fill material around the well casing is not of the correct material, or if it has been disturbed, surface water this is contaminated with e. coli can run down the outside of the casing and make its way into the water table and ultimately the well water.
How Can I Protect My Water Supply from E. coli?
Thankfully, E. coli and most other bacteria are not all that difficult to kill. In a residential application where bacterial contamination is proven or suspected there are two common technologies used to handle the problem. Chlorine is one approach that can be taken. Typically a dosing pump is used to inject chlorine into the drinking water lines. The chlorine is a disinfectant that kills the bacteria. The most popular approach to killing bacteria in residential drinking water applications is the use of a UV system. A UV system is plumbed in line with the home water main. Water passing through the UV system is blasted with bacteria-killing UV rays. UV systems are popular because there are no chemicals to handle and no chemicals are added to the water. UV systems are easy to maintain and highly effective at killing not only E. coli and other bacteria but a range of other viruses and waterborne parasites.
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Why can neutrons cause nuclear reactions at any energies, and protons and alpha particles – only at their high kinetic energy?
October 29, 2020 | Education|
For a nuclear reaction to occur under the action of a positively charged particle, it is necessary that the particle has a kinetic energy sufficient to overcome the action of the forces of Coulomb repulsion. Uncharged particles, for example, neutrons, can penetrate into atomic nuclei, having arbitrarily low kinetic energy.
Remember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position.
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Understand your body clock
25% of the population are early risers and 25% of the population are night owls, the rest lie somewhere in-between.
We are all different and we all have our unique body clocks. Some of us function better in the morning, others peak late at night. That in itself is no problem. It only becomes one if we are out of sync with what society tells us to do or if our partners have different sleep patterns which means waking each other up.
What happens during a normal day?
How does the body clock work?
The centre of our body clock lies deep inside our brains, in the hypothalamus to be precise. This is a small region located near the base of the brain and crucial for releasing hormones and regulating our body’s temperature. It is here that a release of hormones make us wake up and go to sleep.
In controlled experiments, where contestants were kept in a darkened room with no fluctuation in temperature, the body would make up its own rhythmic clock which follows a roughly 24 hour day. But as we live in an environment that is regulated by day and night, our body clock resets each day to stay in sync with the path of the sun and the moon.
Our eyes filter the intensity of the surrounding sunlight and tell the brain if it is day or night. Bright blue light mimics daylight and orange/yellow candlelight sends us to sleep.
What happens on a daily basis?
A gene called ‘period’ is responsible for our waking and sleeping process. Inside the nucleus copies of this gene’s protein are made and transported to the outer cell. There they swivel around and we are awake. Later in the day a second protein is produced which has the sole function to bring the first protein back into the cell again. Once the concentration of the 2nd protein has reached a certain level it shuts down the copying process of the first protein. As a consequence, we start to feel tired and both proteins break fully down.
Then we go sleep and the next morning it happens all over again. As mentioned before this copying and breaking down process keeps roughly to a 24-hour rhythm.
But nobody is the same. It all depends on the individual’s efficiency of this copying and breaking down process. This means some people need more sleep than others. Also, the timing of these ‘protein clocks’ are not the same but vary from person to person.
When it comes to optimum concentration, reaction and physical peak times, we all act as individuals. It actually does not matter when your peak performance is, as long as you keep to a steady rhythm. The problem arises when you keep on shifting your circadian rhythm (as your inner body clock is better known).
Latest scientific tests have shown that shift workers who permanently change their sleep pattern have an increased risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and even cancer.
Sometimes you can’t help these changes, for example when the clocks go forward or backward or you travel to another time-zone.
However, there are tips that you can employ to improve your health should you be forced to change your rhythm on an occasional basis.
Social jet lag:
This usually affects night owls. They go later to bed than the rest of the population, but due to work commitments, they have to rise much earlier than their body clock is ready for.
It gets worse when their partner is a normal sleeper or even an early-riser, as both spouses will naturally disrupt each other’s sleep pattern.
If this happens to you, here are some solutions:
1) Separate bedrooms
2) Ear plugs and eye masks for each person, so that sleep is not interrupted by the other person’s sleep pattern. Additionally, each person should change to a job that suits their own personal rhythm. Like free-lance work or even evening work for night owls, early shifts for early-risers.
3) Change your sleep pattern. If you are a night owl, expose yourself to a lot of daylight during the morning and stay off tablets and phones (blue light) during the evening. If you still need to work on the computer or use your tablet/phone make sure you have a ‘night mode’ option switched on.
If you are an early riser, seek more daylight during the afternoon and working on the computer in the evening won’t be a problem for you, in fact, it would keep you awake longer.
Here are some tips to combat jetlag.
If you travel east expose yourself to more sunlight in the morning that will shift your body clock to the earlier timezone.
Go west and do the opposite. If you only go on a short business trip try to stay as much as you can within your ‘own time zone’.
If you need to work shifts then try to opt for work that keeps to a similar pattern. If you work continually nights, then try to keep to that pattern and crucially do not change the habit when you are off work. If you come home and it is already daylight, wear special glasses that mimic evening light to block out the blue daylight and when you go to sleep wearing an eye mask that blocks out the blue daylight.
I hope that in the not too distant future employers will be made aware of how damaging varying shift patterns are for their workforce and once fully understood will change work arrangements to suit individuals rhythm. This would make for a more productive and happy workforce.
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Sprite ditches its iconic green bottle — but environmentalists say it's not enough
Updated July 28, 2022 at 3:24 PM ET
For more than 60 years, the soft drink Sprite has come packaged in iconic green bottles. Now, that era has come to an end.
Starting Aug. 1, the Coca-Cola Co., which produces Sprite, will package the lemon-lime drink in clear plastic bottles in North America, the company announced Wednesday.
By bottling Sprite in clear plastic, Coca-Cola says, the bottles will be able to be recycled more times. One goal, the company says, is to increase the supply of recycled plastic that the company can then use to make future bottles.
"Taking colors out of bottles improves the quality of the recycled material," Julian Ochoa, the CEO of R3CYCLE, a plastic recycling company working with Coca-Cola, said in a statement.
Sprite's green plastic bottles were already recyclable. But colored plastic bottles are typically separated from clear plastic bottles during the recycling process in order to keep the recycled plastic from becoming discolored, Coca-Cola said. The green Sprite bottles were more often recycled into things like clothes and carpeting, which are more difficult to recycle again.
Environmental groups say single-use plastic is the problem
Environmental organizations say the problem with Sprite bottles is not the color, but the material: single-use plastic.
"Coca-Cola's recent announcement is yet another blatant greenwashing attempt from one of the world's worst plastic polluters," said Kate Melges, who leads the Plastics Project at Greenpeace. "We are in the midst of a massive plastic pollution crisis and we cannot recycle our way out of it."
Coca-Cola produces more than 100 billion plastic bottles every year, according to data it provided in 2019 to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, making it one of the world's largest producers of single-use plastic waste.
Soft drink bottles are usually made of a type of plastic called polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. PET is lightweight, food-safe and recyclable — but like other plastics, PET can take hundreds of years to decompose.
In the U.S., only about 29% of PET plastic is recycled, according to the EPA.
"Bottles with recycled content will still be thrown away, sent to landfills, or littered," said Matt Littlejohn of Oceana, an ocean conservation organization.
Concerns about single-use plastic have led to calls for food and beverage companies to increase sustainability by avoiding the creation of new plastic where possible.
Coca-Cola has previously pledged to boost sustainability
Coca-Cola has previously made a variety of sustainability pledges, including promises to increase the portion of its packaging that can be recycled — currently 90%, with a goal of 100% by 2025 — and to increase the percentage of recycled material used to make its packaging — currently 23%, with a goal of 50% by 2030.
In recent years, Coca-Cola has experimented with bottles made entirely of recyclable PET — also called rPET — along with the use of plant-based material.
"Demand for rPET currently exceeds supply, so the first step to scaling up use of 100% rPET across our portfolio is building a sustainable pipeline of high-quality material," said Chris Vallette, Coca-Cola's senior vice president of technical innovation and stewardship.
The clear Sprite bottles were first introduced last year in a smaller, 13.2-oz bottle, in a handful of regions across the U.S.
Other Coca-Cola drinks that come in green plastic bottles — including Fresca, Seagram's and Mello Yello — will also transition to clear plastic bottles.
In the statement, the company also announced that its brand of bottled water, Dasani, will be packaged in bottles made entirely from recycled plastic. Coca-Cola estimates that will save more than 20 million pounds of newly created plastic compared to 2019 — a savings that represents a tiny fraction of the company's overall plastic production.
Environmental organizations like Greenpeace and Oceana have called on the company to move from single-use plastic bottles to refillable bottles.
Coca-Cola says its goal is for at least 25% of its beverages globally to be sold in reusable or returnable containers by 2030. That includes drinks sold at soda fountains and in glass bottles. Refillable and returnable packaging made up 16% of sales in 2020, the company says.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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To get a successful team there should be cooperation from all members who should work in harmony towards the achievement of the objectives of the group. The members have a duty to be enthusiastic, committed, honest, confidential, responsible, cooperative with each other, open to others, and respectful. Not all members will have official roles hence some will be informal; however, all the members are helpful towards the welfare of the group.
Team member roles
Different members have different roles; the initiator is responsible for bringing up ideas that are discussed by the group. He gives direction on the topics being discussed and introduces new ideas every time to keep the group lively. The expert is the one who guides the group on difficult issues and will always clarify issues of technicality that the groups face. The clarifier or summarizer is responsible for bringing things to a conclusion as he sums up issues and puts matters of the group to rest. He eases tension and confusion in the group by having the final word or conclusion in the matters of the group (Duffy & Griffin, 2000, p.22).
The information seeker is responsible for to source of information required by the group. He enquires for required facts and figures, gathers explanations and clarification of issues, and bridges the gap of information in the group. The information giver is the supplier of information to the group; the information must be accurate, researched, organized, and presented properly.
Opinion seeker may also be said to be the interrogator. He is interested in other group members’ opinions and consensus and finds out about the feelings and beliefs of others on certain issues that have been discussed. Conversely, the evaluator or the critic is responsible for the assessments of group activities; he listens to arguments and suggestions and analyses them. He should be a critical thinker and identifies the tasking and procedural problems (Duffy & Griffin, 2000 p.27).
Group Maintenance Roles
Maintenance roles are important since they work with the group’s management team to ensure the smooth running of the group. The people involved playing a serious and important role that ensures psychological and emotional cohesion of the group thus bringing order and oneness to the group. One of the parties in this group is the encourager or supporter who ensures the group does not lose hope as well as issuing encouragement messages and praises on the group members and listening to their problems and predicaments with an intention to lift their spirits. He gives the group reason to meet again and to be together at all times.
The harmonizer can not lack in a group. If he is not present then confusion sets in; thus he is responsible for resolving conflicts within the group. He joins the group members together by mediating the conflicting and contentious issues among the members. He encourages members to work as a team and the good relations between them. In addition, he helps them to put aside their differences and stay in peace. Another member is the compromiser who may be seen as the mediator for difficult issues and gives solutions that do not increase conflicts in the group. He brings consensus through searching for the best compromising stand that best suits the group and is acceptable to all. He comes up with other systems when the ones being used fail or are controversial.
The tension releaser is the one who brings back the friendly attitude in the group. He uses a humorous tone to reduce the tension and cool down the tempers. He reads the member’s intents and acts before the members fight or engage in physical or words of abuse. He gives the group a reason to discuss even the most burning issues without hurting each other. Lastly, the gatekeeper may be mistaken for one to control gatecrashers but he encourages participation of all the members in the group meetings and discussions. He also controls information flow within the group.
The leader is the most important person in the group. Once he is focused, the group will have direction, but if he quits and is weak then the group may collapse. He is responsible for running and coordinating all the groups’ activities and having an overall say on all issues through consultations. The qualities that he should possess should be outstanding so that the group remains unique and special (LaFasto & Larson, 2001 p.25).
A good leader should be principled and courageous. In addition, he should be of an exemplary character which means he should be trustworthy and display integrity. He should be enthusiastic about his work and be confident at all times as well as being orderly at all times in addition to being purpose-driven even during uncertainty. He should be steadfast and is always ahead of the rest. Moreover, he should be a critical thinker and above all, committed to the welfare of the group.
A group will always have difficulties but the way they deal with any emerging challenges makes all the difference. To manage a difficult group, one must first identify the cause of the problem. In addition, when dealing with difficult members, it is best to remain calm and composed to avoid potential arguments or reprimands. The leader should have understood the members whether they are highly argumentative, know-it-all, ramblers, personality clashes, or always negative. It is best to bring their ego down without being harsh (LaFasto & Larson, 2001, p.66).
When the group becomes difficult, one can consider ways to boost morale or change the systems of the group. It is best to involve all the members so that they feel a sense of ownership and belonging in the group (LaFasto & Larson, 2001, p.82). Effective leaders should also be very observant on issues regarding the group. Any change should be analyzed so that it should not lead to the said difficulties. All matters should be solved amicably and no pending matters should be kept too long to avoid raising eyebrows. With these tips, then the group should be enjoyable and productive.
Duffy, M. & Griffin, E. (2000). Facilitating groups in primary care: a manual for team members. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing. Web.
LaFasto, J. M. F. & Larson, C.E. (2001). When teams work best: 6,000 team members and leaders tell what it takes to succeed. CA: SAGE. Web.
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FTP Server and Client
In this exercise you are asked to design and develop a custom concurrent FTP Server named TigerS and its associated FTP client named TigerC. Once TigerS starts on a host, it will listen for incoming requests from multiple TigerC clients. You are requested to implement three basic commands for TigerS and TigerC:
1. tconnect <TigerS IP Address> <User> <Password>: This command takes the IP address of the TigerS, and the client user name and a password as parameters. If the provided user name and password are correct, then the client is allowed to connect TigerS, otherwise an error message is returned.
2. tget <File Name>: The command expects the name of the file to download from TigerS as parameter. If the file exists, it is downloaded from the server, otherwise an error message is displayed.
3. tput <File Name>: The tput command takes the name of the file to upload and uploads it to the TigerS host.
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Spring language arts lesson plans: what I teach in April.
Spring break is over, and the countdowns are on for the end of the school year. This can only mean one thing: spring language arts lesson plans. We still have standards, we still have students, and we still want to engage our kiddos.
May brings its own unique set of circumstances. Seniors leave early, finals begin, and classrooms close down. April is sometimes the wrap-up of material before you review for finals. (I know this all depends on when your break starts.)
Still, students desire structure, and we still have standards. When I’m planning in April, I add a few of these to my classes. My spring activities for language arts are below.
Celebrate National Poetry Month.
Engage students with a variety of poems. I included a list in this free download, and you can connect many of them to your current study. The graphic organizer also allows you or students to choose any poem!
Take students outside.
If possible, take students outside for poetry, writing activities, or a change of scenery. Students can brainstorm with sidewalk chalk, write about nature, or read under a tree. Sometimes, an easy switch can inspire students.
Write about Earth Day.
I LOVE Earth Day and have since I was in middle school. To start students with the importance of taking care of the Earth, they complete a web search and learn facts about pollution, trash, acid rain, and more.
Then! Students write about the experience of pollution from that waste’s point of view. The Earth Day writing activity builds empathy as students explore facts and the personal connection to our planet.
Move with task cards.
Grammar task cards are a solid start to the class period and review important writing and grammar skills. At the end of the semester, students probably can find and correct most of the errors in those task cards.
Semicolons, commas, dashes: typically, students know these punctuation marks by the end of the year. To emphasize and practice, we use grammar manipulations to practice. The sentences are memorable and silly and meaningful. Plus, by the end of the semester, we have built a classroom community where we can build sentences about inside jokes.
Read. All. The. Books.
Back in August, we ELA teachers had all the ideas, all the inspiration. We were going to teach our students to be life-long learners and readers.
Don’t stop now! Encourage your students to read, either independently or with a small group.
Write short pieces.
Typically, I create larger writing assignments early in the semester. High school students (especially) get distracted the closer we get to summer, and I don’t get good results with huge assignments in April and May. Plus, many of my students begin their summer jobs at the end of the school year, and I want to be cognizant of that.
To reinforce standards, I give students a variety of writing prompts that cover expository, narrative, and argumentative writing. I don’t grade all of these prompts! Instead, at the end of the week (or every few days), I ask students to choose their best writing, revise and edit it, and submit that for a grade. This method allows for student choice and gives me a manageable pile to grade.
Actually, I think any season is appropriate for coloring. Activities for middle school language arts. . . can stink. When I taught middle school ELA, I found two conflicting issues: 1) Many of the assignments look babyish. 2) The standards are tough. That combination is problematic. Tweens are sensitive to how others perceive them, and they don’t want their teachers to “talk down to them” with babyish materials. Plus, the material is difficult, and middle schoolers know that. The message doesn’t fit with the delivery.
Color by grammar helped me meet standards while engaging older students. They reviewed grammar and relaxed.
If you still need to meet research and speech standards, a quick narrative speech can work. Students know each other by the end of the year, and they are comfortable presenting to each other.
Celebrate World Book Day.
USA’s World Book Day is at the end of April. (I did include reading on this list twice. Yes.) If you work toward implementing choice reading, don’t forget to celebrate reading along the way. Provide students with a chance to read and celebrate books.
If you can, include information about local reading programs for the summer
And that is my list of spring language arts lessons! Teachers and students still need structure (I really do!), but we all desire creativity and acknowledgement of a busy school year. Hopefully, these lessons spark interest in your classroom.
Planning ahead? Read about my May language arts activities.
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Are 2 4 and 4/8 are equivalent?
The fraction 1/2 and 2/4 and 4/8 show the same amount of shaded or colored parts. 1/2 and 2/4 and 4/8 are equivalent fractions. Equivalent fractions are fractions that have different forms but the same value.
How do you find equivalent fractions?
To find equivalent fractions, we multiply the numerator and the denominator by the same number, so we need to multiply the denominator of 7 by a number that will give us 21. Since 3 multiplied by 7 gives us 21, we can find an equivalent fraction by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 3.
What is equivalent to 2/4 on a number line?
1:152:42Equivalent Fractions on a Number Line – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipLine they are equivalent fractions two fourths and 4 8 measure the same point equivalent fractionMoreLine they are equivalent fractions two fourths and 4 8 measure the same point equivalent fraction look different but measure the same thing and the same with 3 4 and 6 8..
What fraction is 2/3 equivalent to?
An equivalent fraction of two-thirds (2/3) is sixteen twenty-fourths (16/24).
What fraction is 2 4 equivalent to?
Equivalent fractions are the fractions that have different numerators and denominators but are equal to the same value. For example, 2/4 and 3/6 are equivalent fractions, because they both are equal to the ½.
What is 3/4 equivalent to as a fraction?
Equivalent fractions of 3/4 : 6/8 , 9/12 , 12/16 , 15/ Equivalent fractions of 1/5 : 2/10 , 3/15 , 4/20 , 5/
Why are 1/2 and 2/4 called equivalent fractions?
When fractions have different numbers in them, but have the same value, they are called equivalent fractions. Let’s take a look at a simple example of equivalent fractions: the fractions ½ and 2/4. These fractions have the same value, but use different numbers.
What is 1/4 equal to as a fraction?
2/8Answer: The fractions equivalent to 1/4 are 2/8, 3/12, 4/16, etc. Equivalent fractions have the same value in their reduced form.
How do you find equivalent fractions using number lines?
0:173:58Equivalent Fractions: Number Lines – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSame place as two-eighths that means one-fourth and two-eighths are equivalent. If you shaded one-MoreSame place as two-eighths that means one-fourth and two-eighths are equivalent. If you shaded one-fourth. And if you shaded two-eighths you can see it’s the same amount.
What is 2/8 equivalent to as a fraction?
1/4Fractions equivalent to 1/4: 2/8, 3/12, 4/16, 5/20 and so on … Fractions equivalent to 2/4: 4/8, 6/12, 8/16, 10/20 and so on … Fractions equivalent to 3/4: 6/8, 9/12, 12/16, 15/20 and so on … Fractions equivalent to 1/5: 2/10, 3/15, 4/20, 5/25 and so on …
What is equivalent calculator?
Equivalent Expression Calculator is a free online tool that displays the equivalent expressions for the given algebraic expression. BYJU’S online equivalent expression calculator tool makes the calculations and simplification faster and it displays the equivalent expression in a fraction of seconds.
What is 2/3 of a whole?
2/3, when converted to decimals, will be equal to 0.66 which is when rounded off to the nearest whole number will be equal to 1 because the value after the decimal is greater than 5, so it will be rounded up to the nearest whole number. Hence, 2/3 as a whole number will be 1.
How do you find equivalent equations?
Adding or subtracting the same number or expression to both sides of an equation produces an equivalent equation. Multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number produces an equivalent equation….For example, these three equations are equivalent to each other:3 + 2 = 5.4 + 1 = 5.5 + 0 = 5.
How do you find equivalent fractions for kids?
0:245:15Equivalent Fractions | Math for 3rd Grade | Kids Academy – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIn so for example an equivalent fraction to 1 4 could be 2 8. to show this in a picture instead ofMoreIn so for example an equivalent fraction to 1 4 could be 2 8. to show this in a picture instead of cutting our fraction into four pieces we’ll cut our fraction into eight pieces.
How do you find equivalent fractions 5th grade?
14:2615:58Equivalent Fractions – 5th Grade Math – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIf I multiply by the top by 4 in the bottom by 4 on the top I’ll get 8 and on the bottom I will getMoreIf I multiply by the top by 4 in the bottom by 4 on the top I’ll get 8 and on the bottom I will get 12. So I look for 8. 12.
What do you mean by equivalent fraction?
So equivalent fractions are, essentially what they sound like. They’re two fractions that although they use different numbers, they actually represent the same thing.
What are Equivalent Fractions?
Equivalent fractions are fractions with different numbers representing the same part of a whole. They have different numerators and denominators, but their fractional values are the same.
How to make a fraction equivalent?
Multiply both the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same whole number. As long as you multiply both top and bottom of the fraction by the same number, you won’t change the value of the fraction , and you’ll create an equivalent fraction.
What is half of a fraction?
For example, think about the fraction 1/2. It means half of something. You can also say that 6/12 is half, and that 50/100 is half. They represent the same part of the whole. These equivalent fractions contain different numbers but they mean the same thing: 1/2 = 6/12 = 50/100
What are Equivalent Fractions?
Equivalent fractions state that two or more than two fractions are said to be equal if both results are the same fraction after simplification. Let us say, a/b and c/d are two fractions, after the simplification of these fractions, both result in equivalent fractions, say e/f, then they are equal to each other.
What happens when two fractions are given?
If two fractions are given, we can simply find their decimals to check if they are equivalent fractions.
Why are fractions the same?
These fractions are actually the same because when we multiply or divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same number, the value of the fraction actually doesn’t change. Therefore, equivalent fractions, when reduced to their simplified value, will all be the same. For example, consider the fraction 1/5.
How to make the denominator equal to 9?
Multiply 2/3 by 3/3 to make the denominator equal to 9.
Is a fraction equivalent to a decimal?
Since, both the fractions results in the same decimal, thus they are equivalent.
Do denominators have a common multiple?
The answer to this question is that, as the numerator and denominator are not co-prime numbers, therefore they have a common multiple, which on division gives exactly the same value.
Is 10/12 a fraction?
But, ⅚ and 10/12 are equivalent fractions because of 10/12 = ⅚.
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Education for all refugee children is within reach – finds World Bank-UNHCR report
GENEVA/WASHINGTON – The average annual cost of educating refugees is less than 5 percent of public education expenditure in developing nations hosting 85 percent of the world’s refugees, according to a joint World Bank – UNHCR report released today.
The principle of inclusive education, in this case, opening education up to all refugee children and their inclusion into national education systems can also lead to better services for local communities in host countries. This can be achieved at an estimated annual cost of US$4.85 billion globally. This is a pre-COVID estimated cost of educating all refugees and is likely to increase as the impacts of the pandemic continue to unfold.
The Global Cost of Inclusive Refugee Education report provides a standardized methodology to estimate refugee education costs across all host countries. It hopes to catalyze the development of country-level costed refugee-inclusive education plans.
“Wherever they are, children must go to school. Education can help refugee children and youth to succeed despite the severe challenges they face,” said Mamta Murthi, Vice President for Human Development, World Bank. “Providing quality education for all school-aged children in countries affected by fragility, conflict, or violence will require the international community and host governments to come together in the spirit of cost and responsibility sharing, but, as the report finds, it is within our reach.”
At mid-2020 the number of forcibly displaced people globally surpassed the 80 million mark, accounting for one percent of the global population. Among them were 26 million refugees, half of whom are below the age of 18. Many of these children live in protracted crises. They often spend long periods, if not the entirety of their schooling years, in displacement. Educating them is of paramount importance to their future and self-sufficiency.
“Refugee children and youth belong in schools, like all children. For boys and girls forced to flee violence and persecution, inclusion in national education systems means hope and a critical opportunity to define their future, realize their potential,” said Raouf Mazou, UNHCR Assistant High Commissioner for Operations. “Our study clearly shows that this is possible with a genuine commitment and with what is a manageable price tag in the global context.”
The report provides a “what it would take” figure rather than international commitments and obligations or current domestic expenditure on refugee education. Challenges remain in funding refugee education adequately, sustainably, and in a coordinated manner. There is an urgent need to improve the coordination of education financing in fragile and conflict-affected situations.
Funding is not the only condition for universal access and completion of education. While the report is focused on estimating the cost of access to education for refugee children, the importance of improving the quality of education cannot be ignored. The eradication of learning poverty, that is, being unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10, applies to host country populations and refugee children alike.
The World Bank Group (WBG) is one of the largest sources of funding for refugee education. Our priorities focus on building inclusive and adaptable education systems in fragile and adverse environments; strengthening skills and resilience of individuals whose lives and education are affected by adversity; and improving education services for displaced populations and host communities.
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, protects people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution. We work in over 130 countries, protecting millions of people by responding with life-saving support, safeguarding fundamental human rights and helping them build a better future.
For more information about the World Bank, please visit : www.worldbank.org/education
- Follow the World Bank on Twitter: @WBG_Education
For more information about UNHCR, please visit : www.unhcr.org/education
- Follow the UNHCR on Twitter: @refugees
World Bank Media Contacts:
- Kristyn Schrader-King, [email protected]
- Karolina Ordon, [email protected]
UNHCR Media Contacts:
- Rebecca Telford, UNHCR Chief of Education, [email protected]
- Andrej Mahecic, [email protected]
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Emperor Vespasian & the Colosseum
Museo Nazionale Romano
The emperor Vespasian, who reigned from 69 to 79, founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire for 27 years.
Amongst his many achievements, the emperor Vespasian commissioned the building of the Amphiteatrum Flavian, the largest amphitheatre in the world, which, centuries later, came to be known as the Colosseum.
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My name is David Lown and I am an art historian from Cambridge, England. Since 2001 I have lived in Italy, where I run private and
small-group walking tours
Search Walks in Rome:
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A leech field and a septic tank are two different parts of a complete septic system. The bacterial action that breaks down waste materials takes place in the septic tank. Sewage products that are reduced to a liquid effluent are transferred to the leech field and carried out to be absorbed into the soil. The septic tank and the leech field provide a method for disposing of sewage in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Purpose of a Septic System
A complete septic system provides a means to dispose of human waste in areas that do not have a sewage system provided by a local government or private homeowners association. The septic tank stores solid waste products that are not reduced to liquid effluent until you have them pumped out and disposed of properly. The leech field is a series of perforated pipes that provide an effective means for disposing of contaminants without endangering animals or contaminating the groundwater.
Video of the Day
Septic System Construction
Septic tanks are large concrete or stainless steel boxes placed in the ground at least 10 feet from the house. The top of the tank is usually no more than 1 foot below the surface of the ground. The septic tank is connected to the leech field by a distribution box, which allows the effluent to flow out through leech pipes called laterals. The leech pipes are laid in trenches lined with gravel and a layer of untreated building paper that functions as a soil filter, allowing the effluent to gradually be absorbed by the soil.
Septic Safety Considerations
Prior to installing a septic system a soil technician will conduct a percolation test to determine if the soil on a building site will be suitable for a leech field. The percolation test evaluates the ability of the soil to absorb the sewage effluent. The leech field should be located 100 feet from a well or a pond. If property constraints limit the available distance from water sources, the leech field should not be constructed uphill from the well. Leech distances also apply to your neighbor's well and ponds.
Septic System Maintenance Requirements
Undigested solid waste that settles to the bottom of the septic tank forms a sludge that builds up over time and will eventually clog up the system. Depending on the size of the septic tank and the usage, the system should be pumped out every two to four years.
Homeowners should not dump hazardous chemicals down the drain. Hazardous chemicals destroy the bacterial process that breaks down solid waste. Also, heavy vehicles should not be driven over the leech field or the septic tank since this can seriously damage the system.
Septic System Usage
Septic tanks are commonly used in rural areas and unincorporated residential subdivisions all across the country. A major consideration when building a new home in a rural area is the suitability of the land for a septic system. There must be sufficient land to support the size of leech field that will handle your family's waste disposal needs.
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Red Bluff Celebrates Chinatown’s Heritage
24 Jan 2023
This year marks the 125th anniversary of Red Bluff’s Chinese American history. Chinese immigrants called Red Bluff home as early as 1852 during the Gold Rush era. By 1875, there were 2K Chinese living in what is now known as Red Bluff’s Historic District. Back then, due to segregation, it was simply called Chinatown.
Chinatown’s Rise and Fall
Until 1875, Red Bluff was the last steamboat stop on the Sacramento River. Many Chinese immigrants continued their travels throughout California and beyond, while others called Red Bluff home.
While segregation was a problem, it didn’t stop Chinatown from thriving. Because they were so close to the river and railroad, Chinese immigrants were able to ship and receive goods fairly easily. Chinatown blossomed through the 1970s until the construction of the I-5 freeway changed the dynamic causing many to relocate.
The Chew Family History
Of the 2K migrant settlers, the Chew family claimed the longest residence and business owners dating back to 1888. Yet it was 1899 when roots were planted, giving them 125 years of heritage.
It was in 1888 when Chinese merchant, Bo Do Hong (Dr. Chew) made Red Bluff his home. Being a doctor and merchant, Dr. Chew had visited Red Bluff many times dating back to 1865. Though segregation and racism were prevalent, Red bluff was the most liberal allowing the Chinese to own and sell land. Dr. Chew leased a building and opened the Bo Do Hong store at 838 Rio Street, Red Bluff, where he lived upstairs and sold Chinese herbs and medicine.
Bo Do Hong later expanded his medicinal store to include groceries, banking, general merchandise, and a restaurant. In 1899, he sent for his foster son and nephew, Chew Yuen, to help run his business. Ten years later, Bo Do Hong passed away. Chew Yuen kept the business running, expanded, and later moved locations to 202-204 Walnut Street, Red Bluff. This location was also his residence. In 1915, Chew Yuen renamed the business to Chew Yuen and Company.
Chew Yuen went on to help other Chew family members and descendants open the California Cafe at 619 Walnut Street and Ming Terrace restaurant at 860 Main Street, which is now Guadalajara Mexican Restaurant.
Bo Do Hong is the great-uncle of Joe Chew, a World War II veteran and the last member of the Chew family to be born, raised, and forever rest in Red Bluff. At 99 years of age, Joe Chew passed away on June 1, 2021. You can learn more about the Chew’s landmark history by visiting the Helen & Joe Chew Foundation’s website.
Saturday, January 28, 2023
Saturday, January 28, 2023, signage will go up marking Red Bluff’s Historic Chinatown Alley. Chinatown’s district once spanned between the four points of Main Street, Rio Street, Hickory Street, and Pine Street.
Join the celebration from 8 a.m. - 10 a.m. where you will enjoy a Chinese Lion Dance, and meet and hear from descendants of four of the first five Chinese families that settled in Red Bluff in the 1800s: Chew, Foey, Chin, and Lim.
Admission is free and all are invited to attend.
Commemorating Red Bluff’s Chinese Heritage
January 28, 2023, is only the beginning. The Helen and Joe Chew Foundation has a list of events throughout this year to commemorate and celebrate Red Bluff’s Chinese heritage and culture. Visit RedBluffChew.org/creatingaHistoricChinatownAlley and mark the dates so you don’t miss the festivities planned.
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Prerana Chanda, Grade 8
Shree Janata Basic School
Ward No. 9, Janaki Rural Municipality
Prerana had just finished her seventh-grade final exam in March 2020. Soon after, COVID-19 lockdown took effect. She did not have much to do as she remained at home most of the time. Like every other underprivileged student, she had no access to guided learning. Her school neither had facilities to provide virtual classes nor her parents could buy expensive gadgets. Worse still, she did not have learning resources at home and there was no other way to continue her classes.
To help such children, GNI Nepal started airing a radio schooling program which Malika FM, a local radio station also broadcast. Classes for grade six to eight students on three core subjects: English, Science and Social Studies were offered six days a week in the mornings and evenings. It was a one-and-half hour program.
Prerana was fascinated by the newfound source of learning. She could learn just by listening to the teachers speak on the radio. She listened to the classes regularly from the comfort and safety of her home, and enjoyed them as well. Even her parents supported and freed her of household chores so that she could take part in the classes. Every day she readied herself with a notebook and pen to take down important notes. She paid attention to the tutors’ instructions. She experienced a classroom-like learning environment as she and all the student-listeners like her were given interesting homework which helped all of them to maintain their learning curves.
Sundai Sikdai radio classes were born as a respose to an unprecedened necessity and were able to help underprivileged students like Prerana. These sessions did not cost Prerana’s family anything and also kept her safe from the virus. Prerana shares, “For me, radio was the only option available for learning. Thanks to all the teachers who made us feel as if we were in our classroom.”
Keshav Tamata, Principal of Shree Amarawati Basic School claims, “The radio program was a big hit among local students and they all benefited from it.”
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Distances in space are hard.
Unless you know precisely how intrinsically bright something is, working out how far away it is is extremely difficult. And there's a lot of stuff out there in the cosmos for which intrinsic brightness is not well defined.
This means that we can get distances very wrong sometimes. Case in point: new simulations show that a gigantic structure encircling the Milky Way may be a lot closer than we thought.
That structure is the Magellanic Stream, a huge, high-velocity stream of gas wrapped most of the way around our galaxy.
This long tendril of material originates in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, satellite dwarf galaxies that orbit each other, and which will probably eventually be cannibalized by the Milky Way.
The Clouds' gravitational interactions have ripped out a large amount of gas that now arcs across Earth's sky.
There are a lot of things in the sky that are more visible than the Magellanic Stream, so figuring out how it formed has been an ongoing problem. It wasn't until last year that a team of scientists found that the gas was likely stripped from the galactic haloes of the Magellanic clouds, giant clouds of gas and plasma that envelop most galaxies.
Now, the same team has used astronomical models to model the formation and evolution of the Magellanic Stream over 3.5 billion years – and found that it could be five times closer to us than we realized.
"The Magellanic Stream origin has been a big mystery for the last 50 years," said physicist Scott Lucchini of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
"We proposed a new solution with our models. The surprising part was that the models brought the stream much closer to the Milky Way."
In their earlier work, the team predicted that the Stream ought to be surrounded by a corona of warm gas. So, they performed new modelling incorporating that corona, as well as a new model for the clouds suggesting that they have only been orbiting each other for 3 billion years.
According to the team's new simulations, when the two dwarf galaxies started orbiting each other, they did so in the opposite direction from what astronomers previously thought. So, when they started stripping gas from each other, instead of arcing away from the Milky Way, the Magellanic Stream moved towards our galaxy.
This means that, at its closest, it's just 65,000 light-years away from Earth. Previous estimates put its distance at roughly 325,000 to 650,000 light-years away. This is a big deal. If the Stream is closer than we thought, we need to rethink its key properties.
"The revised distance changes our understanding of the stream," said astronomer Andrew Fox of the Space Telescope Science Institute. "It means our estimates of many of the stream's properties, such as mass and density, will need to be revised."
The results mean that the gas in the Magellanic Stream is likely to start colliding with the Milky Way sooner than we thought, injecting it with new material and generating shocks that will cause gas to clump together to form new stars. According to the team's calculations, this will start occurring in a short period of cosmic time – just 50 million years.
The findings also mean that astronomers have a new place to start looking for the stars that should be in the Magellanic Stream. These stars ought to have been removed from the Magellanic Clouds along with the gas, but so far only a few have been identified, and not conclusively. The team's model suggests that we've just been looking in the wrong place.
"It's shifting the paradigm of the stream," Lucchini said. "Some have thought the stars are too faint to see because they're too far away. But we now see that the stream is basically at the outer part of the disk of the Milky Way."
Future observations of that region could identify the stars from the Magellanic Stream, which in turn would confirm the team's findings.
The research has been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
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Autism is a developmental disability caused by brain differences. ASD patients frequently struggle with social communication and interaction, as well as restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. People with ASD may also learn, move, or pay attention differently. There are basic things to do with your child’s behavior and once you understand it, you can relate better to your child. Remember that your child may not know what you say, so use your discretion and observe their behavior.
Create A Private Space
Creating a private space for a child with autism is essential to making school more productive for both teacher and student. Autism children have difficulty with personal freedom and can stand too close to people without being aware that they’re making them uncomfortable. Experts in ABA autism Edison NJ are studying this simple, proven effective solution.
When dealing with your child’s autism, providing consistency in the environment is crucial. Children with autism thrive on routine and predictability. Providing a surface in your child’s environment is essential to helping your child cope with challenging behaviors. For example, you may use “nice hands” when reinforcing a behavior.
One of the best ways to provide consistency in your child’s environment when dealing applies to all children, not just children with autism. Children with autism require consistent routines in all of their environments. They might engage in inappropriate behavior if they’re not given consistent expectations. When this happens, creating a consistent environment and schedule is crucial.
Avoiding Sarcasm And Metaphors
Understanding sarcasm and metaphors are essential when dealing with people with autism. It is important to remember that autism does not equate to low cognitive abilities. People with autism can understand sarcasm as early as five years old. If you notice your child or mentee using these words, clarify your intentions.
You may also want to discuss the issue in a parent-teacher conference or IEP with the school. Learning to deal with sarcasm and metaphors can go a long way in improving your relationship with people with autism.
For example, autistic children find it amusing to say wrong things and continue to be wrong when corrected. They may also pretend to hold an uncharacteristic viewpoint. Even adults sometimes use ridiculous explanations to make their point. This can be confusing and even upsetting for a person with autism. Rather than using sarcasm and metaphors when dealing with an autistic child or adult, it is best to stick to the literal meaning of a word or phrase.
The first step in recognizing and addressing your child’s behaviors is to observe them. Next, identify what triggers certain behaviors and how you can make them less frequent. For instance, if you notice your child pacing, wailing, or clinging to objects, it may indicate that your child is agitated. Likewise, if your child repeatedly engages in compulsive behavior, you may notice that he lines up things or plays with strings. These are all examples of behaviors that different factors may trigger.
Children with autism don’t usually communicate their pain, so it’s difficult for them to convey what they feel physically. Observation of localized behavior, for example, may signal a seizure. If these behaviors persist, it’s best to seek medical attention. In addition, children with autism often struggle with coordination and may become frustrated and upset. Therefore, observing your child’s behavior is critical in determining whether or not your child is experiencing pain or simply being frustrated.
Provide Meaningful Feedback
Providing meaningful feedback to a child with autism can be challenging. Because a child with autism has difficulty communicating and understanding meaning, feedback must be precise and brief. In addition, it must be accompanied by a visual representation, such as a mind map. Often, students with ASD experience difficulty with communication.
Teachers must be clear and direct when providing feedback to address these communication challenges. They should avoid using metaphors and abstract language. In addition, teachers must monitor progress regularly. To increase reading levels in students with autism, teachers must cultivate an early love of reading.
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In the far north-west of Cambodia, beyond the waters of the Great Lake, a line of blue mountains rises from the rich plains of ripe paddy fields that stretch up from the Mekong delta. At first, these hills climb sharply from the lush flatland; then, quite suddenly, they crest into a long, straight sandstone plateau that seems to float mysteriously above the low clouds.
These are the heights of Phnom Kulen, the “Mountain of Lychees”. For Cambodians, this is a sacred space: the birthplace not just of the great Angkorian Empire but also of the holy rivers that watered its plains and lapped around its most precious temples.
Here, in 802, the Khmer prince Jayavarman II performed a ceremony initiating what would soon become the richest and most powerful state of its time. He had spent his teens as a hostage of the Buddhist rulers of Java, where he may have seen the building of the great pyramid-temple of Borobudur, still the largest Buddhist monument in the world. But Prince Jayavarman was a passionate Hindu who looked to Lord Shiva as his God. He escaped from Java aged around 20, and in the 790s returned to Cambodia, declaring himself independent from foreign overlords.
In full: https://www.ft.com/content/7611e804-6bc6-41d0-bb74-3bf13ecc83c0
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THE IMPACT OF SWISS ART
Despite its inherent minimalist approach, often delicate nature, and irresistibly understated manner, Swiss art has wielded an influence that has led to an almost constant presence in the world today. From bold and iconoclastic conceptual art to peerless graphic design, and from forging new horizons in performance art to the perfection and precision of Minimalism, many of the most creative currents of twentieth and twenty-first century art can be traced back to Switzerland, and to the norms and culture that define the Alpine nation.
The reasons for this are many. Switzerland holds tightly to traditions of freedom, fearless authenticity, and proud neutrality in the face of turmoil and adversity. Such national values consistently established the country as a welcoming port for artists from an array of backgrounds and artistic schools, formulating a hub which would give rise to movements as diverse as Nabis, Expressionism, Dada, and Fluxus. Switzerland’s central location allowed artists to reach out across Europe and the wider world, exporting pioneering new ideas and stylistic flourishes which would take on a life of their own. In this way, they outlined and informed the way contemporary art would be understood, explored, and created to this day.
The Swiss Alps, with their majestic vistas, verdant valleys, and timeless glaciers, have always provided a wealth of inspiration for those in the pursuit of beauty. It should come as no surprise, therefore, to discover that no shortage of artists have found their muse in the snow-capped mountains and vibrant meadows of Switzerland’s natural landscapes. Nabis painter and printmaker, Félix Vallotton, spent a lifetime reproducing the colours of Swiss nature in his paintings, with works such as 1895’s Clair de Lune encapsulating the tranquil stillness of the lakes, in a style which hinted at the minimal modernism to come. The darkness of the valleys’ winter plumage, and the introspection encouraged by the bleaker aspect of Swiss nature and its copious ice and snow, also made its presence felt via the visions of Switzerland’s early 20th century artists. Albero Giacometti, whose distressed figurative sculptures were typically emaciated and imbued with a sense of loneliness and solitude, claimed to find inspiration in the long winters of his Alpine home. Conversely, the almost unreal and dreamlike hues of green, blue, purple and pink present in the works of contemporary photographer, Pipilotti Rist, present an opposing yet similarly unique notion of Swiss pastoral life. Neither approach, quite simply, could have arisen from anywhere else.
While the natural world invariably played a vital role in the creation of Switzerland’s artistic landscape, perhaps the country’s most enduring contribution to the realm of fine art arose as the result of altogether more human circumstances. The year 1916 fell in the midst of a period of unprecedented unrest in Europe and across the globe, and the Swiss principle of neutrality led to the country becoming home to a new population of artists and free-thinkers. The newly-arrived denizens of the local art scenes, bolstered by a jubilant new-found freedom, quickly integrated with Swiss-born creatives, such as Meret Oppenheim, Sophie Taeuber and Alice Baill. The result of such meetings led to the creation of the Cabaret Voltaire, the first incarnation of what would become the Dada movement. The Dadaists expressed pointed social criticism through the medium of absurdism, utilising stream-of-consciousness poetry and live performance pieces, readymades, and often challenging and disquieting artworks. Their approach, their ferocious independence, and their willingness to explore the human psyche, the surreal nature of conflict, and the boundaries of what is and isn’t art not only withstood the test of time, but laid the foundations for a new generation of native and adoptive Swiss artists keen to expand upon their ideas.
From the Alpine regions to the rest of the world, the originality and exploratory spirit of Swiss creation permeated each layer of almost every imaginable twentieth century art scene, going on to shape myriad movements and artworks to this very day. This remarkable international ascendency began, of course, in Weimar Germany, where the likes of Paul Klee, Le Corbusier and his cousin and mentee Pierre Jeanneret, taught at Bauhaus, recreating Modernism in bold lines, primary colours, and thrilling new forms. Known for his distinctively individual style and his explorations of colour theory, Klee equally influenced the Surrealists, most notably Max Ernst and André Breton, cubist painter Joan Miró, and the Russian expressionist and Bauhaus stalwart, Wassily Kandinsky. As for the Jeanneret cousins, they radically transformed cities from Brasilia to London, Chandigarh and Marseille through their thoroughly original ideas on urban planning, architecture and furniture design.
Switzerland’s influence can also be felt in photography, thanks to Swiss photographer Robert Frank, whose work includes many of the most iconic Americana images of all time. Frank’s book, "The Americans", helped define an enduring national sense of aesthetics in the United States, resulting in no small part to his essentially Swiss attention to detail, and his eye for a sharp and iconic composition. It is arguable, however, that nothing more neatly and concisely exemplifies the global impact of Swiss art than graphic design, and in particular, the ubiquitous Helvetica typeface. Imbued with the “form follows function” philosophy that provides the cornerstone of Swiss architecture, and possessing the signature minimalism and rationalism of other Swiss design masterpieces, Helvetica grew to become one of the most widespread and instantly-recognisable fonts on the planet. In its glorious understatement, it possesses a remarkable semiotic power and potency. In its simple lines and sans-serif starkness, it encapsulates the same Swiss artistic values that have shaped visual culture as we know it.
As a quintessentially Swiss brand deeply rooted into the artistic heritage of its country of origin, La Prairie pursues its commitment to respect, preserve and give back to its inexhaustible source of inspiration – the singular beauty of Switzerland. To that end, La Prairie commissioned Swiss artist Douglas Mandry to produce a series of images of Swiss landscapes that highlights the beauty of Swiss nature and its inherent fragility. The visuals created by Mandry invite the viewer on a non-linear narrative through Swiss nature, journeying somewhere between dream and reality. The striking artworks have been made available for auction thorough Artnet, benefiting the ETH Zurich Foundation. ETH’s Department of Glaciology is internationally recognised in the field of glacier studies and a nominee of numerous scientific awards and honours for outstanding contributions to the field of glaciology. Their pioneering work in the field of climate studies, glaciology and environmental conservation is shared with La Prairie’s overarching commitment to protecting and preserving its land of origin.
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Your soon-to-be fetus is still a cluster of cells that are growing and multiplying. It’s about the size of a pinhead. It takes about four days for your fertilized egg — now dubbed a blastocyst — to reach your uterus and another two to three days to implant.
Can you see a fetus at 3 weeks?
You may be excited to start noticing something different about your appearance, but at 3 weeks pregnant, a belly isn’t really a thing. Though you may feel a bit bloated, most pregnant women don’t start to show until around week 12 or later, so you’ve got quite a way to go before you actually look pregnant.
What does 3 weeks pregnant feel like?
Most women don’t feel anything until they’ve missed a period, but you may notice bloating, cramping, or spotting this week. Your breasts may also be more tender than usual and you may have a heightened sense of smell, one of the earliest pregnancy symptoms.
What does a fetus look like at 4 weeks?
At 4 weeks pregnant, baby is smaller than a poppy seed—practically microscopic. Baby is now known as a blastocyst, a teeny ball of cells, and is busy settling into their new home (your uterus), prepping for all the crucial development that will happen over the next six weeks.
Can you test positive at 3 weeks?
It’s too early to take a home pregnancy test in week 3. But, by the middle or later part of next week, you might be able to detect the pregnancy hormone hCG in your urine with a sensitive early test.
Can you get a positive pregnancy test at 3 weeks 4 days?
Yes, it’s possible with some modern home pregnancy tests. Few urine or blood tests can detect an extremely early pregnancy, even between the 3rd and 4th week.
Can a miscarriage happen at 3 weeks?
A miscarriage can happen any time after fertilization. If you didn’t know you were pregnant, it would be easy to mistake it for a period. Both a period and a miscarriage can cause spotting to heavy bleeding. After the first eight weeks or so, it’s less likely that you’ll mistake a miscarriage for a period.
Can you feel morning sickness at 3 weeks?
Morning sickness usually starts at about six weeks, but it can start as early as four weeks, or around the time that your period would be due. A few women experience nausea even earlier than this. It’s called morning sickness, but it can affect you at any time of the day.
Can an ultrasound detect pregnancy at 3 weeks?
At about three weeks, an early pregnancy ultrasound can detect your baby’s head and body.
What are the symptoms of 2 3 weeks pregnant?
Although you might not notice anything very early on, there are some common signs of pregnancy that may occur in your first month. They include a missed period, implantation bleeding (light spotting), bloating, gas, fatigue, breast tenderness, moodiness, and frequent urination.
Is there a heartbeat at 4 weeks?
A baby’s heartbeat can be detected by transvaginal ultrasound as early as 3 to 4 weeks after conception, or 5 to 6 weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period. This early embryonic heartbeat is fast, often about 160-180 beats per minutes, twice as fast as us adults’!
How can I avoid miscarriage?
However, there are ways to lower your risk of miscarriage, including:
- not smoking during pregnancy.
- not drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs during pregnancy.
- eating a healthy, balanced diet with at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
Should I be cramping at 3 weeks pregnant?
During the first trimester, your body is preparing for the growing baby. These changes can cause cramping that would be considered normal. It is typically mild and temporary.
Is sperm good for the baby during pregnancy?
Is sperm safe for a pregnant woman? Sperm is typically considered safe for pregnant women and babies.
Can you see twins at 3 weeks?
How soon can you tell you’re pregnant with twins? Your doctor won’t be able to tell for sure until your first trimester ultrasound, which is usually done between 6 and 9 weeks of pregnancy but can be done any time between week 14.
What week does morning sickness start?
At least 7 in 10 pregnant women have morning sickness in the first trimester (first 3 months) of pregnancy. It usually starts at about 6 weeks of pregnancy and is at its worst at about 9 weeks. Most women feel better in their second trimester, but some have morning sickness throughout pregnancy.
Does early positive mean twins?
If you get a positive test, especially a really dark positive, days before your period is even due, that may be one of the early signs of twins! The more babies you’re carrying, the higher and faster your human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) rises.
What is the most common week to miscarry?
Most miscarriages happen in the first trimester before the 12th week of pregnancy. Miscarriage in the second trimester (between 13 and 19 weeks) happens in 1 to 5 in 100 (1 to 5 percent) pregnancies. As many as half of all pregnancies may end in miscarriage.
Which sleeping position can cause miscarriage?
A 2019 review of medical studies suggests that sleeping on your back carries risks, but it doesn’t seem to matter whether you sleep on your right or left side. These studies do have some flaws, though. Third trimester pregnancy loss is very uncommon. Therefore, there aren’t many cases from which to draw conclusions.
What causes miscarriage?
Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn’t developing as expected. About 50 percent of miscarriages are associated with extra or missing chromosomes. Most often, chromosome problems result from errors that occur by chance as the embryo divides and grows — not problems inherited from the parents.
When is a fetus considered a baby?
Generally, it’s called an embryo from conception until the eighth week of development. After the eighth week, it’s called a fetus until it’s born.
Can morning sickness start at 4 weeks?
Morning sickness most commonly begins around week 6 of pregnancy, although a few moms report feeling nausea as early as 4 weeks pregnant (which is only 2 weeks after conception!). Week 4 of pregnancy is around the time your period is due to start.
What vitamins help prevent miscarriage?
Therefore, intake of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E may be an important factor to reduce the risk of miscarriage.
Can folic acid prevent miscarriage?
Authors’ conclusions: Taking any vitamin supplements prior to pregnancy or in early pregnancy does not prevent women experiencing miscarriage. However, evidence showed that women receiving multivitamins plus iron and folic acid had reduced risk for stillbirth.
What happens when you sleep with another man while pregnant?
Sex itself won’t hurt your baby, but catching a sexually transmitted infection (STI) could harm you and your baby. So even though you’re already pregnant, make sure your new sexual partner uses a condom.
What symptoms do guys get when a girl is pregnant?
When pregnancy symptoms such as nausea, weight gain, mood swings and bloating occur in men, the condition is called couvade, or sympathetic pregnancy. Depending on the human culture, couvade can also encompass ritualized behavior by the father during the labor and delivery of his child.
What are the signs of having twins?
What Are the Earliest Signs of Being Pregnant with Twins?
- Are there signs that you’re carrying twins? As soon as pregnancy begins, your body begins to produce hormones and undergo physical changes.
- Morning sickness.
- High hCG.
- Second heartbeat.
- Measuring ahead.
- Early movement.
- Increased weight gain.
How do I know if Im having twins?
But the only way to confirm a twin pregnancy is with an ultrasound done at your doctor’s office, typically during the first trimester. Your doctor may also be able to confirm if you’re having fraternal or identical twins, but a DNA test can tell you for sure.
What causes an egg to split into twins?
The two types of twins are classified as monozygotic and dizygotic. Monozygotic (MZ) twins, also called identical twins, occur when a single egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell. The resulting zygote splits into two very early in development, leading to the formation of two separate embryos.
How do I know if my Foetus is alive?
Signs that a baby has died during pregnancy
- No foetal movements.
- A mother’s sense that something “isn’t right” or not “feeling” pregnant anymore.
- Vaginal bleeding or uterine cramping.
- Absent heartbeat when listening with a Doppler.
How many weeks pregnant am I on my period?
First day of your last period
The most common way to calculate your pregnancy due date is by counting 40 weeks from the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP). And that’s how most healthcare providers do it.
Who is more likely to have twins?
Age. According to the Office on Women’s Health , women who are aged 30 years or older are more likely to conceive twins. The reason for this is that women of this age are more likely than younger women to release more than one egg during their reproductive cycle.
When does the egg split for twins?
In a typical identical twin pregnancy, an egg splits during its first week after fertilization. But in a mirror twin pregnancy, the egg splits 7 to 12 days after it’s been fertilized — long enough for the egg to have developed a right and a left side.
What increases the chance of having twins?
Factors that increase the chance of twins include: consuming high amounts of dairy foods, being over the age of 30, and conceiving while breastfeeding. Many fertility drugs including Clomid, Gonal-F, and Follistim also increase the odds of a twin pregnancy.
Does Orgasim cause miscarriage?
If your pregnancy is normal and you have no complications, having sex and orgasms won’t increase your risk of going into labour early or cause a miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, an orgasm or even sex itself can set off mild contractions. If this happens, you’ll feel the muscles of your womb go hard.
What does a miscarriage at 2 3 weeks look like?
Bleeding during miscarriage can appear brown and resemble coffee grounds. Or it can be pink to bright red. It can alternate between light and heavy or even stop temporarily before starting up again. If you miscarry before you’re eight weeks pregnant, it might look the same as a heavy period.
Can stress cause a miscarriage?
The short and reassuring answer is: no. There is no direct link between stress and having a miscarriage. While some studies suggest that stress can increase the risk of miscarriage, they do not show a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
Can weak sperm cause a miscarriage?
Sperm DNA can be damaged during sperm production and transport. This damage is known as DNA fragmentation. High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation have been shown to double the likelihood of a miscarriage occurring (Source – Men and Miscarriage Research).
Can hot water miscarriage?
High Body Temperature May Increase Miscarriage Risk
Hot tub use during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage according to a 2003 study. 16 In that study, the risk of miscarriage was doubled on average with early first-trimester hot tub use and increased further with greater frequency of use.
What should you avoid in early pregnancy?
What Should I Avoid During My First Trimester?
- Avoid smoking and e-cigarettes.
- Avoid alcohol.
- Avoid raw or undercooked meat and eggs.
- Avoid raw sprouts.
- Avoid certain seafood.
- Avoid unpasteurized dairy products and unpasteurized juices.
- Avoid processed meats such as hot dogs and deli meats.
- Avoid too much caffeine.
How does your lower stomach feel in early pregnancy?
Lower abdominal pain is normal during pregnancy and is most common between 18 and 24 weeks. Your growing uterus is pulling and straining the muscles that support it. You may feel sharp pains or just a mild pulling sensation. It often occurs when you cough, sneeze, stand up, sit down, roll over, or during sex.
Can I squish my baby if I sleep on my stomach?
It is generally safe for people to sleep on their stomach during pregnancy, although it may be uncomfortable and cause back or neck pain. Research suggests that it is safe for people to sleep in whichever position they prefer until around 30 weeks of gestation.
What is the difference between a baby and a fetus?
When egg and sperm meet, a zygote is formed and quickly begins dividing to become an embryo. As pregnancy progresses the embryo becomes a fetus. The fetus becomes a neonate or newborn at birth.
Does a fetus have a heartbeat?
A fetal heartbeat may first be detected by a vaginal ultrasound as early as 5 1/2 to 6 weeks after gestation. That’s when a fetal pole, the first visible sign of a developing embryo, can sometimes be seen. But between 6 1/2 to 7 weeks after gestation, a heartbeat can be better assessed.
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OTHER WORDS FOR pray
Origin of pray
OTHER WORDS FROM praypray·ing·ly, adverbout·pray, verb (used with object)un·pray·ing, adjective
How to use pray in a sentence
We have, for example, successfully used Zoom to show a group of kids across Florida live large Eastern Hercules beetles, praying mantises and giant katydids.Insects can be the ultimate teaching tool for kids|By Kawahara, Ennes & Markee/The Conversation|November 20, 2020|Popular-Science
Balvin performed “Rojo” — with a bleeding heart“My heart breaks, and I pray for the world,” Balvin said in Spanish before performing “Rojo,” from his album “Colores.”Latin Grammys 2020: 5 things you missed, from Bad Bunny’s performance to Pitbull honoring front-line workers|Bethonie Butler|November 20, 2020|Washington Post
Still, my husband and I made our concerns known and prayed for the best.Distance learning was a disaster. So I decided to teach my daughter myself.|Tracey Lewis-Giggetts|November 19, 2020|Washington Post
A lot of people pray to be in this position, and I’m not going to take it for granted.On quiet night for NBA draft lottery selections, Anthony Edwards goes No. 1 to Timberwolves|Ben Golliver, Des Bieler|November 19, 2020|Washington Post
I prayed if I ever got married, I wanted my kids to go to school.Lucille Bridges, who stood by daughter Ruby through school desegregation, dies at 86|Emily Langer|November 12, 2020|Washington Post
He prays for a miracle and gets it in the form of a snow day, giving him an extra 24 hours to study.Growing Up with Bart Simpson|Alex Suskind|August 31, 2014|DAILY BEAST
A shot of her lying in bed next to Amber face-to-face as she prays to God to guide them to improve themselves is heartbreaking.Mississippi Is Hell for These Lesbians|Emily Shire|August 8, 2014|DAILY BEAST
In the face of his enemies, he prays that God might forgive them.A Bishop’s Decision to Divorce|Gene Robinson|May 4, 2014|DAILY BEAST
“I sincerely hope this woman is flattened by a lorry,” prays another.When Fame Is the Reason for Abortion, Does That Make It Wrong?|Tauriq Moosa|April 30, 2014|DAILY BEAST
In New York, Bill de Blasio demands higher taxes and more spending, but prays for safe streets.Obama Misfires in the War on Poverty|Lloyd Green|January 13, 2014|DAILY BEAST
While he waits for the paper he kneels down and prays to God, for the sake of wife and children, to allow him to escape.
First, the act of prayer is emotional, and so calms the man who prays, for much of his excitement is worked off.
Secondly, the act of prayer gives courage or confidence, in proportion to the faith of him that prays.
Again the mother prays; this time not in sorrow, but from a heart filled with thanksgiving.The value of a praying mother|Isabel C. Byrum
The longer it stays lost, the more diamonds it had in it, until she prays God every night that it won't be found.Fifty Contemporary One-Act Plays|Various
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As supercell thunderstorms boiled up in a bubbling atmospheric cauldron over Texas and Oklahoma on Wednesday, April 28, 2021, they began dumping damaging hailstones as large as softballs across a vast area.
The chumks of ice damaged cars, homes and other structures, and caused at least one injury when a stone smashed into a person's head in Oklahoma.
The map above show the footprint of hail that fell from a few of the supercell thunderstorms. It stretchs from Mexico just west of the Rio Grande, all the way over to San Antonio and just shy of Austin, Texas. By my rough calculations, an area larger than 10,000 square miles got pelted — a significant portion with stones larger than an inch.
The video above, consisting of images acquired by the GOES-16 weather satellite at intervals just one minute apart, shows the thunderstorms moving to the east, starting on April 28, 2021 and continuing on the 29th. The imagery combines visual and infrared views. And the video is framed so that it stays roughly centered on the storms.
As supercell thunderstorms like these grow, vigorous updrafts propel air and moisture higher and higher, resulting in dramatic cooling. In the video, super-cold temperatures from this process are indicated in tones of yellow, orange and red.
When the rising cloud tops reach the boundary between the the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere, and the stratosphere above, they tend to spread out. That explains the distinctive anvil shape of big thunderstorms. This happens because the boundary, called the tropopause, acts like a ceiling.
But with supercell thunderstorms, the updrafts can become so vigorous — the air can actually rise at 100 miles per hour! — that they punch through the wall, creating bubbling, bulbous protrusions called overshooting tops.
If you look carefully at the video you can see dark-colored protusions developing at the cloud tops. These are overshooting tops. Here, the parcels of air have shot so high that they've cooled to -80 degrees C and less, according to Scott Bachmeier of the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, writing in a blog post.
The image above shows what they look like from relatively closeup.
And here's another way of looking at the Texas supercells — two windows, with a view in visible light at top, and an infrared view at bottom:
The overshooting tops are visible here too. I've labelled them with arrows.
For another animation showing the development of the storm, check out Scott Bachmeier's post here.
In both that video, as well as the one I embedded above, wave-like patterns can be seen developing in the cloud tops as the storms grow. These are gravity waves, and they're analagous to the waves that ripple outward when you toss a stone into a pond. Except in the case of a storm, the disturbances that produce the waves are those updrafts punching upward through the atmosphere.
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As of 2018, international shipping accounts for approximately 2.1% of global CO2 emissions. Since the global economy is growing, demand for shipping is expected to continue increasing and, if no action is taken, CO2 emissions from the shipping sector will also continue to increase.
To achieve carbon neutrality in the shipping sector, it is essential to move away from existing heavy oil-based fuels to gas fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, and clean methane from recycled carbon dioxide. It is also necessary to develop shipping products that utilize hydrogen and ammonia as fuels and reduce “methane slip” on vessels fueled by LNG that contains clean methane from recycled carbon dioxide.
With the goal of realizing zero-emission ships by 2050, under this project, engines, fuel tanks, and fuel supply systems will be developed for ships using hydrogen and ammonia fuels and carry out demonstration operations using actual ships. Technology will also be developed to prevent methane slip, an important challenge for using LNG-fueled ships. The project ultimately aims to strengthen the international competitiveness of Japan's shipping-related industries, and promote social implementation in conjunction with the shipping industry.
Development of hydrogen-fueled ships
To achieve zero carbon emissions in the shipping industry, core technologies related to engines, fuel tanks, and fuel supply systems will be developed with the aim of realizing hydrogen-only combustion, and operational demonstrations of hydrogen fuel ships will be completed by 2030.
Development of ammonia-fueled ships
Core technologies related to engines, fuel tanks, and fuel supply systems will be developed that utilize a high ratio of ammonia fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions aiming to achieve commercial operation ahead of the previous target of 2028.
Preventing methane slip on LNG-fueled ships
To reduce methane emissions, which has high levels of greenhouse effect, technologies will be developed by 2026 to reduce “methane slip” levels on LNG-fueled ships by at least 60% using enhanced catalysts and engines.
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A birds-eye view of main ML algorithms
In statistics, we have descriptive and inferential statistics. ML deals with the same problems and claims any problem where the solution isn’t programmed directly, but is learned by the program. ML generally works by numerically minimising something: a cost function or error.
Supervised learning – You have labeled data: a sample of ground truth with features and labels. You estimate a model that predicts the labels using the features. Alternative terminology: predictor variables and target variables. You predict the values of the target using the predictors.
- Regression. The target variable is numeric. Example: you want to predict the crop yield based on remote sensing data. Recurrent neural networks result in a “regression” since they usually output a number (a sequence or a vector) instead of a class (e.g. sentence generation, curve plotting). Algorithms: linear regression, polynomial regression, generalised linear models.
- Classification. The target variable is categorical. Example: you want to detect the crop type that was planted using remote sensing data. Or Silicon Valley’s “Not Hot Dog” application. Algorithms: Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, discriminant analysis, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, neural networks (NN) of many variations: feed-forward NNs, convolutional NNs, recurrent NNs.
Unsupervised learning – You have a sample with unlabeled information. No single variable is the specific target of prediction. You want to learn interesting features of the data:
- Clustering. Which of these things are similar? Example: group consumers into relevant psychographics. Algorithms – k-means, hierarchical clustering.
- Anomaly detection. Which of these things are different? Example: credit card fraud detection. Algorithms: k-nearest-neighbor.
- Dimensionality reduction. How can you summarise the data in a high-dimensional data set using a lower-dimensional dataset which captures as much of the useful information as possible (possibly for further modelling with supervised or unsupervised algorithms)? Example: image compression. Algorithms: principal component analysis (PCA), neural network auto-encoders.
Reinforcement Learning (Policy Gradients, DQN, A3C,..) – You are presented with a game/environment that responds sequentially or continuously to your inputs, and you learn to maximise an objective through trial and error.
Evolutionary Strategy – This approach consists of maintaining a distribution over network weight values, and having a large number of agents act in parallel using parameters sampled from this distribution. With this score, the parameter distribution can be moved toward that of the more successful agents, and away from that of the unsuccessful ones. By repeating this approach millions of times, with hundreds of agents, the weight distribution moves to a space that provides the agents with a good policy for solving the task at hand.
All the complex tasks in ML, from self-driving cars to machine translation, are solved by combining these building blocks into complex stacks.
Pro/cons of RL and ES
One step towards building safe AI systems is to remove the need for humans to write goal functions, since using a simple proxy for a complex goal, or getting the complex goal a bit wrong, can lead to undesirable and even dangerous behaviour.
RL is known to be unstable or even to diverge when a nonlinear function approximator such as a NN is used to represent the action-value (also known as Q) function. This instability has several causes: the correlations present in the sequence of observations, the fact that small updates to Q may significantly change the policy and therefore change the data distribution, and the correlations between the action-values and the target values.
RL’s other challenge is generalisation. In typical deep RL methods, this is achieved by approximating the optimal value function with a low-dimensional representation using a deep network. While this approach works well in many domains, in domains where the optimal value function cannot easily be reduced to a low-dimensional representation, learning can be very slow and unstable.
Whereas RL methods such as A3C need to communicate gradients back and forth between workers and a parameter server, ES only requires fitness scores and high-level parameter distribution information to be communicated. It is this simplicity that allows the technique to scale up in ways current RL methods cannot. However, in situations with richer feedback signals however, things don’t go so well for ES.
Contextualising and combining the RL and ES
Appealing to nature for inspiration in AI can sometimes be seen as a problematic approach. Nature, after all, is working under constraints that computer scientists simply don’t have. If we look at intelligent behaviour in mammals, we find that it comes from a complex interplay of two ultimately intertwined processes, inter-life learning, and intra-life learning. Roughly speaking these two approaches in nature can be compared to the two in neural network optimisation. ES for which no gradient information is used to update the organism, is related to inter-life learning. Likewise, the gradient based methods (RL), for which specific experiences change the agent in specific ways, can be compared to intra-life learning.
The techniques employed in RL are in many ways inspired directly by the psychological literature on operant conditioning to come out of animal psychology. (In fact, Richard Sutton, one of the two founders of RL actually received his Bachelor’s degree in Psychology). In operant conditioning animals learn to associate rewarding or punishing outcomes with specific behaviour patterns. Animal trainers and researchers can manipulate this reward association in order to get animals to demonstrate their intelligence or behave in certain ways.
The central role of prediction in intra-life learning changes the dynamics quite a bit. What was before a somewhat sparse signal (occasional reward), becomes an extremely dense signal. At each moment mammalian brains are predicting the results of the complex flux of sensory stimuli and actions which the animal is immersed in. The outcome of the animals behaviour then provides a dense signal to guide the change in predictions and behaviour going forward. All of these signals are put to use in the brain in order to improve predictions (and consequently the quality of actions) going forward. If we apply this way of thinking to learning in artificial agents, we find that RL isn’t somehow fundamentally flawed, rather it is that the signal being used isn’t nearly as rich as it could (or should) be. In cases where the signal can’t be made more rich, (perhaps because it is inherently sparse, or to do with low-level reactivity) it is likely the case that learning through a highly parallelizable method such as ES is instead better.
It is clear that for many reactive policies, or situations with extremely sparse rewards, ES is a strong candidate, especially if you have access to the computational resources that allow for massively parallel training. On the other hand, gradient-based methods using RL or supervision are going to be useful when a rich feedback signal is available, and we need to learn quickly with less data.
An extreme example is combining more than just ES and RL and Microsoft’s Maluuba is a an illustrative example, which used many algorithms to beat the game Ms. Pac-Man. When the agent (Ms. Pac-Man) starts to learn, it moves randomly; it knows nothing about the game board. As it discovers new rewards (the little pellets and fruit Ms. Pac-Man eats) it begins placing little algorithms in those spots, which continuously learn how best to avoid ghosts and get more points based on Ms. Pac-Man’s interactions, according to the Maluuba research paper.
As the 163 potential algorithms are mapped, they continually send which movement they think would generate the highest reward to the agent, which averages the inputs and moves Ms. Pac-Man. Each time the agent dies, all the algorithms process what generated rewards. These helper algorithms were carefully crafted by humans to understand how to learn, however.
Instead of having one algorithm learn one complex problem, the AI distributes learning over many smaller algorithms, each tackling simpler problems, Maluuba says in a video. This research could be applied to other highly complex problems, like financial trading, according to the company.
But it’s worth noting that since more than 100 algorithms are being used to tell Ms. Pac-Man where to move and win the game, this technique is likely to be extremely computationally intensive.
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Islamic bank in Perak, Malaysia (Bentley Smith, CC BY-NC-ND)
Although Islamic financial instruments are significantly different from their conventional counterparts, in the case of investment funds the similarities are greater than the differences. In Europe and North America the functioning of investment funds, including Islamic funds, is governed by the laws of the State in whose territory the given entity operates. Therefore, both its structure and the activities it carries out must be in compliance with the national law.
In practice, this means that Islamic investment funds operating in countries where the Sharia law does not apply, do not differ from their traditional counterparts in terms of organization. Their activity, however, remains in compliance with the guidelines of Islamic law, which requires participation in the losses and profits of a given project, because the participation units and investment certificates are priced on the basis of the results of the assets.
How does this work?
The differences between the conventional funds and Islamic funds are found in the investment policy. They are derived directly from the specific nature of the Islamic financial sector. In order to ensure the compliance of an investment with the Sharia law funds engage in transactions only with the use of instruments which meet specific criteria.
Similarly, as in the case of conventional funds, the type of assets in which resources are invested determines the nature of the fund. When it comes to debt funds, due to the prohibition of charging interest rates (Arabic: riba), they are replaced with so-called sukuk funds.
Like their traditional counterparts, Islamic funds are engaged in leasing transactions, but in this case it’s the Muslim version, known as ijarah. In order to comply with the prohibition of speculation, the transactions utilize an instrument known as murabaha (deferred sales, where the profit results from the margin of the seller of the goods).
Islamic funds can also purchase stocks and shares of companies. For this purpose they form partnerships known as mudaraba and/or musharaka. The first one is a contract, with one party providing 100 per cent of the capital and the other party providing its specialized knowledge to invest the capital and manage the investment project. Profits generated are shared between the parties according to a pre-agreed ratio.
The Musharakah model is essentially a sharing model. Parties involved in a partnership arrangement contribute funds to and have the right to exercise executive powers in that project in accordance with an agreed formula.
Sharia law indicates the areas of economic activity, in which investors cannot engage. These are primarily the production, processing and distribution of alcohol, drugs, weapons and pork meat, as well as activities related to pornography. Apart from the pork meat these are the same areas in which most classical western investment funds will not engage.
It is also forbidden to invest in entities whose principal activity consists offering financial instruments prohibited by Islam (e.g. conventional banks). Companies carrying out infrastructure projects or involved in manufacturing activities are preferred.
When it comes to entities that finance their activities using conventional instruments, according to the applicable rules, investments are not permitted if conventional products make up more than 33 per cent of the total debt of the given entity.
The compliance of the investments carried out is ensured by the council for conformity with Sharia law, which is a part of the structure of each Islamic fund.
Islamic assets in Europe
Islamic funds in Europe and North America should be treated not as a separate group of instruments, but as a specific investment policy. This point of view was adopted by Ireland, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, which included these products in their offers.
Although according to the Islamic Financial Stability Board (IFSB), one of the three institutions responsible for the standardization of Islamic financial instruments, at the end of 2015 the total global value of the assets offered by the Islamic investment funds commonly available on the market amounted to only USD76bn, this segment, as well as the entire sector of Islamic finance, is growing dynamically. In 2010, the value of the assets amounted to less than USD60bn, which means growth of almost 30 per cent.
The three above-mentioned European countries have decided to take advantage of the expansion of these unconventional instruments. In the United Kingdom, the first Islamic fund appeared as early as 1986. A fund denominated in the GBP was established a decade later. In Luxembourg, Islamic funds began to appear in the 1990s. Ireland began its adventure with Islamic finance at the beginning of the 21st century.
As for the value of the assets managed by the unconventional funds, Luxembourg is the undisputed leader among European countries (and second in the world after the United States). According to data from EY, in 2015 the assets held by Islamic investment funds in that country were worth over EUR3.5bn. Although this only represents 0.14 per cent of the total value of the country’s investment fund sector, the growth rate of the value of Islamic funds’ assets is impressive. In 2014, they amounted to just over EUR3bn, which gives annual growth of approx. 15 percent.
Ireland is ranked second, and in 2012 assets of Islamic funds in that country amounted to approx. EUR1bn. Although in absolute terms the country lost to Luxembourg, the share of Islamic funds’ assets in the total value of the investment fund sector was more than two times higher and amounted to 0.4 per cent.
In 2015 in the United Kingdom, the value of assets held by unconventional funds amounted to EUR400m (0.01 per cent of the sector’s value). This small but steadily growing share of Islamic funds is associated with the fact that this country prioritizes the development of Islamic banking and the sukuk segment.
Poland could benefit as well
The examples of Ireland and Luxembourg show that these instruments can be used not only in Muslim countries or countries with a significant Muslim minority. The Islamic investment funds could also prove to be an interesting solution for the Polish financial sector and the economy in general.
Islamic funds, or ethical funds, as they are often called, could be attractive for Polish retail and corporate investors. Transactions using the Islamic instruments are safe because they are based on assets and offer a higher rate of return than bank deposits or Treasury bonds.
As shown by the examples of European funds, these instruments can generate higher profits than their conventional counterparts. Investing in an Islamic fund will also increase the diversification of risk in the investment portfolio.
Unconventional funds could also help Polish companies. In the case of equity funds, companies with the biggest development prospects are typically supported. The structure of Islamic instruments means that assets with the prospect of growth in value are selected. The inclusion of Islamic instruments to the offer will also enable investors to attract new foreign capital.
The most important point, however, is that the implementation of Islamic investment funds will increase the attractiveness of the Polish financial sector. This path was followed by Luxembourg and Ireland. Islamic funds are simply another instrument in their portfolio, which encourages foreign investors to carry out transactions in these countries.
Of course, these are largely investors, for whom the compliance of the given instrument with Sharia law matters. However, the ethical nature of the product and the stable rate of return which it guarantees mean that they are increasingly used by entities which have traditionally used conventional instruments.
At the moment, none of the states of the Visegrad Group offer Islamic funds. It could seem that the reason is that these instruments do not fit the reality of our region. However, the cause of this situation is different. It is the result of a lack of knowledge about unconventional instruments and the benefits which they provide.
The inclusion of these instruments to the offer of the entities operating in Poland could help it become a regional leader in the area of finance.
Tasty morsel for investors
The goal to introduce the first Muslim instruments in European countries was to have an offer that would allow the provision of services to entities from the Middle East, and especially from the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The sector of Islamic finance began to develop in the second half of the twentieth century in the Gulf countries. These countries, however, did not have a full range of instruments required to manage assets, and therefore had to rely on the services of the European countries. Since the United Kingdom and Luxembourg have the most developed financial infrastructure in Europe, the choice was simple.
Along with the development of Islamic finance, these countries wanted to become global centers offering products compliant with the Sharia law. The dynamic growth in the value of the assets of Islamic funds results from the unmet (and constantly growing) demand for such instruments. European countries decided to bring forth an offer for the entities reporting demand for such instruments. Moreover, by offering products compliant with the preferences of Islamic investors, European countries can attract abundant Arabic capital, coming mainly from the Persian Gulf.
Importantly, the offer of the European institutions is addressed not only to entities from countries where Islam is the dominant religion. It is often emphasized that Islamic instruments are not exclusively dedicated to Muslims but to all interested parties, including European entities, both individual and corporate clients.
For the latter group, Islamic financial instruments, including investment funds, are an attractive product allowing them to diversify their investment portfolio. This is not just about the distribution of risk between the various instruments, but also about the attractive rates of return.
For example, over the past six months, a sukuk fund which is offered by one of the institutions in Luxembourg brought a profit of 3.6 per cent. In the case of its conventional counterpart, it was 0.15 per cent.
When it comes to equity funds, one of the leading European banks offers a product whose benchmark is the Dow Jones Islamic Market Developed Markets Top Cap Index. Its conventional counterpart is the Dow Jones Developed Market Large-Cap Index. The rates of return of both indices (excluding dividends) for the last six months are respectively 1.39 per cent and -0.52 per cent. As we can see, ethical finance can be even more attractive than conventional finance.
The author is an analyst of the Centre for International Initiatives and a junior analyst at the BZ WBK Brokerage House.
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How to Become a Patient Educator – Overview
Patient educators are specially trained healthcare professionals. They work with patients and help them to understand their medical condition and the proposed treatment plan.
These professionals are also responsible for assisting patients to learn how to manage symptoms and live an active life, despite their disease.
Patient educators also work with members of a medical team, such as physicians, nurses and surgeons.
These professionals have a distinct role in the medical team as they are more involved in helping patients cope with their condition.
How to Become a Patient Educator? | Educational Requirements
To become a certified patient educator, you will need to acquire the following educational qualifications:
The minimum education requirement to be a patient educator includes having a high school diploma or a GED.
Still, most employers give priority to candidates with a bachelor’s degree in health care, education or a relevant field. Some employers may even require a higher degree, such as a master’s in health care or education.
Training & Experience
Patient educators get their training through educational programs and on-the-job training.
While enrolled in an education program, you should learn as much as you can about the medical field, patient care, patient rights, and medical ethics.
You should also learn the role that a patient educator plays in a patient’s life, apart from being able to effectively educate the patient and their families.
During your on-the-job training, you should learn about hospitals or the clinic’s procedures and policies.
You should also learn more about the different departments within a health care organization, along with the specific roles of other members.
Certification & License
Patient educators should acquire certifications to showcase their expertise in the patient care and education field. Some employers may give priority to candidates with a certification in the patient education field.
Job Responsibilities of a Patient Educator
As a patient educator, you should be prepared to handle a vast range of responsibilities, including:
- Being able to explain the proposed treatment plan, including the type of treatment and the frequency of appointments needed to handle the treatment
- Providing support and guidance to patients relating to the treatment plan, which includes answering questions, resolving queries and dispelling doubts about the treatment procedure
- Handling one-on-one sessions with patients to educate them about their medical condition, the treatment plan and the after-care instructions
- Coordinating and supervising educational programs for groups of patients who are going through similar treatment plans
- Helping patients with appointment scheduling and follow-up care after a surgery or other treatment procedures
- Creating and delivering educational programs on various relevant topics, such as exercise, nutrition, medication use, stress management and disease prevention among others
- Creating and collecting educational materials, such as brochures, pamphlets and flyers to help patients understand their condition and treatment plan in the best possible way
- Organizing community-level events that motivate attendees to healthy living practices and disease prevention
Patient Educator Salary and Career Scope
The specific salary for patient educators depends on several factors, such as level of education, years of experience and the kind of organization they are employed by.
On average, the annual salary for certified patient educators in the US is around US$ 52,500 per year, which is around US$ 25.2 per hour.
The career scope for patient educators is promising, as experts expect the demand for patient educators to grow significantly over the next ten years. As the large baby-boomer population ages and life-spans increases, the demand for patient educators is expected to rise proportionately.
Skills necessary for a Patient Educator
Apart from the educational requirements, certifications and license, you will also need the following skills to become a successful patient educator:
Communication skills are the most important personal aspect for any aspiring patient educator. Being able to effectively communicate with patients and medical staff is a must.
You may need to give presentations to patients regarding their medical condition, treatment options and other health information.
You may also need to answer patient queries and provide them with the information they need.
Empathy is another important skill to have as a patient educator. This is necessary to understand the patient’s feelings and see things from their perspective.
As a patient educator, you will be working with patients who are suffering from a severe medical condition for the first time.
Being able to empathize with their situation is highly essential to make the patient feel more confident and comfortable with the proposed treatment plan.
As a patient educator, you will often have to explain medical procedures and treatments to patients.
You should be able to use your knowledge of the medical field to teach patients about their specific conditions and give tips on managing them.
Patient educators work in different types of settings. You may find employment as a patient educator at a hospital, clinic, community health center, or private practice.
You can even find work in non-medical organizations, such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies.
Where Do Coma Patients Stay Nursing?
How to Educate Patients About Medications
How to Educate Diabetic Patients
Patient Education for Dementia
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Lelchitsy Raion Local History Museum
The museum was founded on 25 January 1990. At present, the museum funds include over 3,500 items (2012), which present the history of homeland (from the Middle Stone Age and to present times). For years, the museum set important collections of archeology, numismatics, faleristics, traditional clothing, labour tools and objects of peasant life of Ubortskoye Polesye, documents and photos of veterans and famous countrypeople, etc. The permanent exposition consists of the following sections and halls: "Ancient History", the Ethnography Hall "Belarusian Hut", "The Nature of Our Land", the hall dedicated to the Great Patriotic War and the internationalist soldiers and the exhibition hall. The main activities are aimed at promoting the history and culture of homeland, at educating and upbringing children and young people, at preserving and popularizing the traditions and rituals of the region.
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Use of SPECT and Perfusion fMRI to Examine the Role of DAT Genotype in Motivated Smoking Behavior
Teresa R. Franklin, Ph.D.
University of Pennsylvania
David Mahoney Neuroimaging Program
June 2010, for 3 years
Combined imaging and genetics studies may lead to genetically tailored aids to prevent smoking relapse
Researchers will use a newly developed SPECT imaging technique to explore whether a specific genetic factor helps to explain why some people have an especially hard time quitting smoking.
Annually, about 40 percent of the nation’s 36 million smokers try to quit. Only about seven percent of these succeed. Smoking cues play a major role in failure. Smoking cues –people, places, events—that have been repeatedly associated with smoking—powerfully promote relapse. Previously, the investigators found that craving elicited by smoking cues is associated with activation of areas involved in the brain’s “reward” responses. The neural networks in these regions use the chemical messenger dopamine to communicate. Nicotine cues elicit dopamine release. After neuron #1 releases dopamine into the synapse—the junction between two cells—it briefly attaches to a receptor on neighboring neuron #2. Then neuron #2 releases the dopamine back into the synaptic space, where it is transported back to neuron #1 by a molecule called a “dopamine transporter.” While MRI imaging showed increased brain activity in participants exposed to smoking cues, they found variability in the degree of response among participants. The investigators surmised that the levels of dopamine remaining in the synapse, available to excite the neurons, might account for the variation in brain activation and craving levels.
Since the tendency to smoke is highly heritable, the investigators concluded that genetic factors may explain this variability. They undertook genetic studies of participants, and found that those with higher brain activation and craving levels tended to have one form of the gene that regulates the dopamine transporter, compared to participants with the other form of the gene. They hypothesize that this one form of the gene, therefore, produces fewer dopamine transporter molecules; or, these molecules may be less effective in transporting dopamine out of the synapse. Conversely, the other gene may produce more dopamine transporters and therefore confer some protection against smoking cues. They have developed a molecule that binds to and labels the dopamine transporter. Now they will use SPECT imaging to visualize the tagged dopamine transporters and quantify dopamine transporter levels in both genetic groups. The findings are expected to help define how levels of dopamine transporter affect responses to smoking cues, and may establish that high vulnerability to smoking cues is a function of genetic susceptibility.
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https://www.dana.org/grant/use-of-spect-and-perfusion-fmri-to-examine-the-role-of-dat-genotype-in-motivated-smoking-behavior/
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Papaya, fruit or vegetable?
Is papaya a fruit or a vegetable? That’s the age-old question for Okinawans, who mostly consider it a vegetable when used before ripening, and a fruit once it’s ripe. Sounds simple enough for one of the most famous fruits, or vegetables, in Japan.
Called Papaiya in Japanese, and papaya in Okinawan dialect, it’s mostly cooked as a stir-fry, or boiled before it becomes ripe. As a specialty, it’s crispy and bitter sweet, and an Okinawan treat. Cooking papaya is unique to Okinawa, but cooks here consider it simply an ordinary way to treat it.
Papaya holds papain enzyme, an element that helps make a meat mild, and promotes assimilation of protein in the body. Papaya is also credited with promoting an analgesic action that protects individuals from high blood pressure. The fleshy fruit, or is it vegetable, is grown in the Nago, Tomigusuku and Gushikami areas. Papaya is available most of the year, but the harvest high season is summer. You’ll also find papaya growing in yards of private residences, and also in the wild.
Papaya is highly touted for mothers’ post-partum, and experts say papaya helps a mother’s milk set well. In Okinawa, the most famous method of cooking papaya is “papaya irichi” that cooks papaya and pork together with seasonings. Chefs caution newbees who cook with papaya, noting that the enzyme in papaya is enough to make some people itch after touching it. If people find themselves itching after handling a papaya, wearing cooking gloves is recommended.
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https://www.okinawanderer.com/2012/09/papaya-fruit-or-vegetable/
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One way of keeping your soil healthy and in balance is to use cover crops to protect and fertilize it. Cover crops aren’t just for gardeners: many farmers are now using cover crops to improve their yields. For instance, some farmers find their soil ‘slumps’ over winter, becoming heavy and difficult to work; using a cover crop keeps the soil open and loose, ready for the first planting in spring.
Growing a cover crop is simple. You need to find a plant that can be sown as soon as the main crop is harvested and that can be mown or will naturally die off before the next cash crop is sown. It needs to be a fast-growing annual plant and one that will create a lot of biomass. The crop covers the soil while it’s growing, preventing erosion or evaporation of moisture, and when the crop dies, it is left to decompose where it grew, increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil.
Growing a cover crop between two cash crops (or if you’re gardening for your own family’s needs, two edible crops) should boost yields, as it keeps the soil in better condition and replenishes nutrients that have been used by the previous crop. Farmers in dry climates are sometimes reluctant to use cover crops, as they’ll need to water them, but leaving soil bare causes water to evaporate out of the soil, so the net impact of a cover crop is positive even if there is a cost to cover irrigation.
Cover crops also help to address two difficulties with organic farming. Without using pesticides, weed control can become a burden; a cover crop helps to suppress weeds during the early growing season for the main crop, acting as an organic mulch. Maintaining soil fertility can also be difficult without using chemical fertilizers; a cover crop helps put nutrients back in the soil so that there is less depletion of essential elements.
Some governments now offer subsidies and other encouragements for farmers to use cover crops; for instance, in the UK, there is a payment per acre for farmers using these techniques.
Other benefits that cover crops provide include:
- Slowing down the velocity of running water when there is rainfall
- Allowing the water more time to sink into the soil
- Binding the soil together with their roots
- Providing a beneficial environment for soil microbes
- Acting as insulation, keeping the soil warmer in winter and cooler in summer than if it was bare.
- Roots growing all year round help to loosen the soil and give the next crop the ability to sink roots deeper.
- The crops attract beneficial insects—early in the year, they may be the only source of flowering plants for some pollen-hungry species—and provide cover for other wildlife. And by keeping the soil open, cover crops encourage earthworms to stay active.
Since cover crops can be broadcast (that is just throwing the seed to scatter it and then raking a little soil over) without tilling the soil, they reduce compaction of the soil. This is particularly the case when farmers use the roller crimper in front of their tractors to break the stems of cover crops and crush them into mulch while sowing the cash crop behind the tractor at the same time. This single visit to the field replaces, in some cases, up to five different operations including deep tillage.
Types of cover crop
Different types of cover crops are available both in the cool season and in the warm season. Winter cover crops include annual cereals and grasses such as rye, oats, and barley, and legumes such as clover, vetches, and brassicas. Warm-season cover crops include numerous legumes as well as millet.
Several factors influence the choice of cover crop. For instance, you’ll need to consider:
- The type of soil (as always!)
- The planting date for the cover crop
- The intended planting date for the next crop
- Your first and last frost dates
- Any particular benefits required (such as nitrogen-fixing)
- Rotation of crops
- The likely temperatures over the cover crop’s growing period
A cover crop generally needs to be in the ground as long as possible to produce as much biomass as it can before it is killed off. However, you don’t want a cover crop to set seed, so you would usually aim to get it just to the flowering point before chopping it and sowing the cash crop.
It’s often better to plant a mixed cover crop. For instance, a mixture of vetch and rye, sown in the later summer, will help to fix nitrogen, and the mixture of one shallow-rooted and one deep-rooted plant will help to keep the soil open and fertile all the way down. Farmers who are going to plant sugar beet or corn can use this cover crop mix; it’s a good mix in the garden, too, for instance, if you want to fix nitrogen for a tomato crop next year.
Whichever cover crop is planted, needs to be planted densely. With the main crop, you tend to space it out a bit more to get the benefit of higher yields; with a cover crop, weed suppression and biomass production are your big targets. You really want lots of foliage covering the soil.
It may be a good idea to experiment with different cover crops in different beds, or even to leave a ‘control’ patch where you don’t sow a cover crop. You can then test the soil at different stages to see if there is a difference and also compare your yields on the different beds.
Choosing your cover crops
Consider the kind of soil you have and its needs. If you have heavy, claggy soil, choose cover crops that are deep-rooting and will help to break up compact soil, like brassicas. Fall-sown radish or white mustard have deep tap roots and will grow fast; they will help with any drainage problems you might have.
Radish also pulls nutrients up with its root network (use oilseed radish as a clay buster, not salad radish with its tiny little red roots). Mustard is not frost-hardy, so if you plant it in late summer, it will really open up the soil but will be killed off by the first hard frost. You won’t need to kill it off yourself and it will start to decompose quite naturally as it lies on top of the soil.
On the other hand, if you have soil that’s already well conditioned, you might prefer to plant phacelia with its shallower roots and little blue flowers. Phacelia isn’t related to any major food crops, so it’s less likely to transmit diseases.
That possibility of disease transmission is a reason you might decide not to use some types of the cover crop; for instance, mustard, being a brassica, might pick up clubroot, which it could then transmit to your cabbages, cauliflower, and broccoli.
Legume species are good for nitrogen-fixing. If you’ve just grown nitrogen-hungry crops like tomatoes, bok choy, or sweetcorn, a nitrogen-fixing cover crop like vetch, berseem or red clover, or field peas is just what you need.
Some have relatively shallow roots, so won’t help soil structure and might need to be paired with a deeper-rooting cover crop. But they will help rebuild soil fertility.
Don’t use nitrogen fixers just after a pea or bean crop. Radishes are the best cover crop then, as they will help to pull in all the right nutrients; the peas and beans should already have fixed enough nitrogen in the soil.
Field peas grow quickly in spring, or in early fall, and will die naturally, in late spring or in winter. Fall-planted peas will decompose by the time you get around to springtime planting.
Red clover has a taproot and will build nitrogen; it’s also a good choice for suppressing weeds and for attracting pollinators. It needs to be mown, cut, or crimped when it’s budding as if it’s allowed to flower fully, it self-seeds too easily. In zone five and colder zones, fall-planted clover will die out over winter in any case.
Cereals such as oats and rye have vigorous fast growth and give superb winter ground cover. They tend to have shallow roots, spreading out just under the surface, which will help improve the conditioning of sandy or light soils by making the topsoil crumblier, as well as introducing more organic matter once they decompose.
Forage rye can be used for grazing, as well as being a good cover crop, and it will work in all soil types, including the sandiest. It suppresses weeds particularly well since its roots are allelopathic (that is, they inhibit other plants’ growth) and can prevent weed germination. Rye is also a good choice for late sowing, as it will germinate even at low temperatures. But you will need to ensure that you kill it before it goes to seed.
Pair rye with radishes if you want a good root network to break the soil up as well as the topsoil conditioning that rye will give you.
Ryegrass is cheaper than rye and is a good cool-season cover crop. Purely annual ryegrass will die over the winter and can just be mowed and smothered. However, many commercially sold green manures combine annual and perennial ryegrass; the perennial ryegrass needs to have the roots killed off and then the tops mowed too.
Buckwheat is frost intolerant, so as a fall-planted cover crop, it will naturally be killed off by frost. It’s particularly good for supplementing phosphate in the soil.
Oats make a good planting choice for early spring, and can also be sown in the fall. Oats grow vigorously and have fibrous roots that help to improve the soil structure. These plants are also good at finding phosphorus and capturing other nutrients. They need to be mowed after two to two and a half months while the seed heads are still green. Oats won’t survive over winter in zone six and colder.
Farmers who can leave stubble standing (so they leave the cut stalks of the crop they have harvested, instead of plowing them in) can allow annual weeds to grow between the stalks or can sow a cover crop between the stubble rows.
Annual cool weather cover crops
|Crop||N Fixer||Soil Preference||Tolerates Poor Soil||Height||Insectary||Comments|
|Austrian winter pea||★||Heavy||2ft||★||Hardy to 0°|
|Barley||Loam||2-4ft||Mild winters only|
|Bell bean||★||Loam||★||3-6ft||★||Opens heavy soil|
|Blando bromegrass||Many||★||2-4ft||Drought tolerant|
|Clover, alsike||★||Heavy||2ft||★||Can take acid soils|
|Clover, berseem||★||Many||2ft||★||Hardy to 18°|
|Clover, crimson||★||Loam||★||18in||★||Hardy to 10°|
|Clover, red Kentland||★||Loam||2ft||★||Short-lived perennial|
|Clover, sweet white||★||Heavy||3-6ft||★|
|Clover, sweet yellow||★||Loam||3-6ft||★||Drought tolerant|
|Clover, nitro Persian||★||Many||★||2ft||★||Hardy to 15°|
|Daikon radish||1-2ft||Nutrient accumulator|
|Fava bean||★||Many||4-8ft||★||Hardy to 15°|
|Fescue, zorro||Many||2ft||Mix with legumes|
|Fenugreek||★||Many||2ft||★||Opens heavy soil|
|Garbanzo bean||★||Many||3-5ft||★||Slow in cold soils|
|Mustard||Heavy||★||2-4ft||★||Opens heavy soil|
|Oats||Many||2-4ft||Mild winters only|
|Oil seed radish||Many||2-4ft||★||Hardy to 20°|
|Phacelia||Many||★||2-3ft||★||Hardy to 20°|
|Rapeseed||Loam||★||2-3ft||Opens heavy soil|
|Ryegrass, Annual||Many||2-4ft||Mix with legumes|
|Vetch, common||★||Many||3-6ft||★||Hardy to 0°|
|Vetch, hairy||Many||★||3-6ft||★||Hardy to -10°|
|Vetch, Purple||★||Many||3-6ft||★||Hardy to 10°|
Annual warm weather cover crops
|Crop||N fixer||Soil preference||Tolerates poor soil||Height||Insectary||Comments|
|Black-eyed peas||★||Many||3-4ft||★||Chokes weeds|
|Cowpeas, red||★||Loam||★||1-2ft||★||Drought resistant|
|Pinto beans||★||Loam||2-4ft||★||Drought resistant|
|Soybeans||★||Many||2-4ft||★||Mix with nonlegumes|
|Sudan grass||Many||★||6-8ft||Mix with legumes|
|Sunn hemp||★||Loam||★||3-6ft||★||Tolerates acid soil|
|Sunflower||Many||★||Up to 15ft||★||Need sun|
|Sweet potato||Many||★||1ft||Ground cover, Nutrient accumulator|
Perennial cover crops
|Crop||N fixer||Soil preference||Tolerates poor soil||Height||Insectary||Comments|
|Alfalfa||★||Loam||2-3ft||★||Well limed soil|
|Birdsfoot trefoil||★||Many||★||3-5ft||★||Drought resistant|
|Chicory||Heavy||★||2-3ft||★||Opens heavy soil|
|Clover, strawberry||★||Many||1ft||★||Needs moisture|
|Clover, white dutch||★||Many||6-10in||★||Needs moisture|
|Clover, white ladino||★||Many||1ft||★||Needs moisture|
|Clover, white New Zealand||★||Many||1ft||★||Needs moisture|
|Fescue, creeping red||Many||2-3ft|
|Timothy grass||Heavy||2-3ft||Needs moisture|
I already mentioned nitrogen-fixing legumes as cover crops. Let’s look at how they benefit the soil and help your next crop.
Nitrogen is the element that boosts leafy growth, helps flowers to bud and bloom, and helps fruit to set. It’s very easily depleted, particularly by crops like sweetcorn or tomatoes. And most plants need to access nitrogen in the soil; they can’t breathe it in from the air.
However, a few plants can access atmospheric nitrogen and they then store it in their roots. To do this, though, they rely on a symbiotic relationship with a little micro-organism, a bacterium called Rhizobium. Rhizobium, technically, I suppose, is a plant infection, but it’s a beneficial one. The plant can take in atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and convert it to ammonium (NH4+) and then the bacteria convert it to NO2 and NO3 nitrates which plants can access.
If you pull up a pea or bean plant, you’ll probably be able to see the little nitrogen nodules on its roots. When these decompose, they will add nitrogen to the soil, don’t pull up your old bean plants by the roots—leave the roots in the soil to do it well! However, remember that the rhizobium needs to be present for this to work, so if you use a nitrogen-fixing cover crop, you will see better results if it has been pre-treated with a rhizobium inoculant.
Good examples of nitrogen fixers among possible cover crops are lupins, clovers, alfalfa, sweet pea (Lathyrus latifolius), soybeans, and (perhaps you didn’t expect this one) peanuts.
Balancing carbon and nitrogen in cover crops
We already looked at the nitrogen and carbon mix when we talked about the nutrients that plants need. Whenever you’re thinking about soil, you need to remember that there isn’t one single answer to everything, like Miracle-Gro; instead, you’re always looking to get the right balance. The interventions that you make are always addressed at moving the balance a little way to one side or another, rather than at dramatic, overnight change.
So, you need to look at the CNR ratio and remember that microbes need it to be around 24:1 (the ratio looks at the mass of carbon and nitrogen). Put too much nitrogen in the soil and you risk killing off the beneficial microbiota. This can affect crop residue decomposition, as well as crop nutrient cycling.
Different cover crops give you residues with different C: N ratios. Alfalfa already has an almost perfect C: N ratio at 25:1, so it won’t alter anything in the soil and it will be decomposed very quickly. But wheat straw goes to an extreme with eighty times more carbon than nitrogen. Eating carbon, remember, consumes nitrogen, so if you’re going to be growing a crop that needs plenty of nitrogen, don’t use wheat as a cover crop!
Hairy vetch is at the other extreme, with only an 11:1 C: N ratio. It will deliver loads of nitrogen to the soil and consumes very little of it in eating up the carbon.
Now there is a bit of finesse that comes in here because there is a timing effect. Microbes need to find additional nitrogen to balance the excess carbon (for instance if they’re eating straw), so they have to take it out of the soil, causing nitrogen depletion. But when the carbon has been fully eaten and the microbes die, their nitrogen-rich bodies will return that nitrogen to the soil. That takes a bit of time, and that’s why you need to give organic materials time to rot down properly.
You should also be aware that when organic materials decompose, their original C: N ratio tends to narrow. For instance, rotting manure starts off with a ratio of 20:1 but will end up as humus with a 10:1 ratio. That means that if you choose a cover crop with a C: N ratio of between, say, 20 and 33:1, it won’t change the carbon and nitrogen balance of the soil.
Extremely nitrogen-rich residues are decomposed quickly by the microbes, but little residue is left on the surface of the soil. Carbon-rich residues tend to leave more residue on the surface, so if you want to cover the soil well, you might shoot for a cover crop with a higher C: N ratio.
C: N ratios
Cover crops with CNR below about 20:1 will add nitrogen
Cover crops with CNR above 33:1 will deplete nitrogen and add carbon
If you’re in an area of high rainfall, you will need a nitrogen boost. That’s because nitrogen tends to get washed out of the soil very easily when it rains. So, you would want to pick cover crops with a lower C: N ratio.
|Low C: N||High C: N|
|Pea – 10:1||Corn stalks – 57:1|
|Lentil – 16:1||Wheat straw – 80:1|
|Clover – 23:1||Alfalfa hay – 25:1|
|Phacelia – 18:1||Sawdust – 400:1|
|Turnip – 23:1||Rye straw – 82:1|
|Radish (root) – 22:1||Oats – 70:1|
|Rapeseed – 28:1||Flowering rye cover crop – 37:1|
|Mustard – 33:1|
|Young alfalfa – 13:1|
|Hairy vetch cover – 11:1|
|Rotted manure – 20: 1|
You also need to think about the nitrogen needs of the different crops in the rotation. You can follow a cover crop with a low C: N ratio (legumes—pea, lentil, cowpea, clovers, or brassicas—turnip, radish, canola) with a high C:N ratio of crops like corn or wheat. This can help residues decompose while enhancing nutrient availability for the next crop.
Similarly, a high C: N ratio cover crop might include sunflowers or millet that can provide soil cover after a low-residue, low C: N ratio cash crop like peas or soybeans. Still, they can decompose during the next growing season to make nutrients available to the following crop.
If you apply organic material with a high C: N ratio, either a cover crop like wheat or a mulch or amendment like sawdust or cardboard, then you might want to use an adjunct (a supplement) to boost nitrogen levels. Blood meal, bone meal, chicken manure (composted), fish meal, cottonseed, or soybean meal are all organic ways to add nitrogen. Or, of course, you can mix your high C: N cover crop with a lower C: N one to balance it out.
Sowing your cover crop
The practicalities of using a cover crop in the garden are very simple. You don’t need a roller-crimper as an organic farmer does. Once you’ve harvested your previous crop and composted any vines or stems (leaving the roots in the ground to decompose), just rake the top half inch or so of soil, scatter the seeds over the surface, and rake again to cover them. Then—and this is very important because it’s the main influence on germination—water the soil really well and make sure it stays moist till the seedlings come through.
No space is too small to use a cover crop. You can even just fill in one row in a bed rather than leave bare dirt. Ideally, if you’re harvesting at different times, you’ll be starting off cover crops as you go to fill in the gaps. But over winter, if you clear the entire vegetable bed, make sure you’ve sown a cover crop to protect and improve your soil.
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The key difference between MS and lyme disease is that lyme disease is an infectious disease whereas MS is not an inflammatory disease with no infectious origin. That is, Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune, T-cell mediated inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system. Lyme disease, on the other hand, is caused by a spirochete named Borrelia burgdoferi which enters the human body through the bites of lice or ticks.
Both multiple sclerosis and Lyme disease are illnesses that can affect our neurological system.
1. Overview and Key Difference
2. What is MS
3. What is Lyme Disease
4. Similarities Between MS and Lyme Disease
5. Side by Side Comparison – MS vs Lyme Disease in Tabular Form
What is MS?
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune, T-cell mediated inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system. This will result in multiple areas of demyelination in the brain and the spinal cord. The incidence of MS is higher among women. MS mostly occurs between patients of 20 and 40 years of age. The prevalence of the disease varies according to the geographical region and ethnic background. Furthermore, patients with MS are susceptible to other autoimmune disorders. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the pathogenesis of the disease. Three commonest presentations of MS are optic neuropathy, brain stem demyelination, and spinal cord lesions.
T cell-mediated inflammatory process occurs mainly within the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, producing plaques of demyelination. 2-10 mm sized plaques are usually found in the optic nerves, periventricular region, corpus callosum, brain stem and its cerebellar connections and cervical cord.
In MS, peripheral myelinated nerves are not directly affected. In the severe form of the disease, permanent axonal destruction occurs, resulting in progressive disability.
Types of Multiple Sclerosis
- Relapsing-remitting MS
- Secondary progressive MS
- Primary progressive MS
- Relapsing-progressive MS
Common Signs and Symptoms
- Pain on eye movements
- Clumsy hand or limb
- Unsteadiness in walking
- Mild fogging of central vision/color desaturation/dense central scotoma
- Reduced vibration sensation and proprioception in feet
- Urinary urgency and frequency
- Neuropathic pain
- Sexual dysfunction
- Temperature sensitivity
In late MS, one can notice severe debilitating symptoms with optic atrophy, nystagmus, brainstem signs, pseudobulbar palsy, spastic tetraparesis, ataxia, urinary incontinence and cognitive impairment.
A diagnosis of MS can be made if the patient has had 2 or more attacks affecting different parts of the CNS. MRI is the standard investigation for the confirmation of clinical diagnosis. CT and CSF examination will provide further supportive evidence for the diagnosis if necessary.
There is no definitive cure for MS. But there are several immunomodulatory drugs that can modify the course of the inflammatory relapsing-remitting phase of MS. These are known as Disease Modifying Drugs (DMDs). Beta-interferon and glatiramer acetate are examples of such drugs. Apart from drug therapy, general measures such as physiotherapy, supporting the patient with the help of a multidisciplinary team and occupational therapy can vastly improve the living standards of the patient.
The prognosis of multiple sclerosis varies in an unpredictable manner. A high MR lesion load at the initial presentation, high relapse rate, male gender and late presentation are usually associated with a poor prognosis. Some patients continue to live a normal life with no apparent disabilities while some may face severe disabilities.
What is Lyme Disease?
In an overwhelming majority of the cases, Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete named Borrelia burgdoferi, which enters the human body through the bites of lice or ticks. The other less frequently encountered causative agents are B.afzelli and B.garinii.
The reservoir of infection is ixodid (hard tick) which feeds on many large mammals. Birds are also responsible for the spread of these parasitic ticks in an ecosystem. As previously mentioned, spirochetes enter the bloodstream of a human following a bite of ticks whose adult, larval and nymphal stages have the ability to propagate the infection.
Most patients suffering from Lyme disease have a tendency to get Ehrlichiosis as a coinfection.
The disease progression happens in three stages and the clinical features vary depending on the stage.
Early Localized Stage
The unique feature that defines this initial phase is the appearance of a skin reaction around the site of the tick bite. This is named as Erythema migrans. A macular or papular rash can arise about 2-30 days after the tick bite. The rash usually originates in the area adjacent to the tick bite and then spreads peripherally. These skin lesions have a characteristic bull’s eye appearance with a central clearing. However, these features are not pathognomonic of the Lyme disease. It is possible to have minor general symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy, and fatigue during this stage.
Early Disseminated Disease
The spread of infection from the original site happens via blood and lymph. As the body starts to respond to this, the patient may complain of mild arthralgia and malaise. In some occasions, one can note the development of metastatic erythema migrans. Neurological involvement becomes apparent usually few months after the initial infection. This is confirmed by the occurrence of lymphocytic meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and peripheral neuropathy. The incidence of Lyme disease associated carditis and radiculopathy varies depending on certain epidemiological factors.
Arthritis affecting the large joints, polyneuritis, and encephalopathy are the clinical features in the late stage of the disease. Neuropsychiatric problems may arise as a result of the involvement of brain parenchyma. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a rare complication of advanced Lyme disease.
During the initial stage of the disease, the diagnosis can be made based on the clinical features and the history. Culturing of the organisms from the biopsy samples is not usually reliable and is time-consuming (because the process takes at least six weeks to give satisfactory results).
Antibody detection is not useful right at the onset of the disease, but gives extremely accurate results during the early disseminated and late stages.
The increased availability of advanced techniques such as PCR has expedited the process of diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease, thus minimizing the life-threatening complications.
- The most recent guidelines advise not to treat the asymptomatic patients with positive antibody test results.
- Standard therapy consists of a 14-day course of doxycycline (200 mg daily) or amoxicillin (500 mg 3 times daily). But in case of the disseminated disease with arthritis, the therapy extends to 28 days.
- Any neuronal involvement should be managed by the administration of beta-lactams parenterally for 3- 4 weeks.
- Use of protective clothing
- Insect repellents
- The risk of infection in the first few hours of the tick bite is considerably low. Therefore removal of the tick immediately decreases the chance of any advanced disease.
What are the Similarities Between MS and Lyme Disease?
- Both diseases affect the neurological system.
What is the Difference Between MS and Lyme Disease?
Definition and Clinical Features
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune, T-cell mediated inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system. In contrast, Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete named Borrelia burgdoferi, which enters the human body through the bites of lice or ticks. Multiple sclerosis is a non-infectious disease whereas Lyme disease is an infectious disease. This is the key difference between MS and lyme disease
Moreover, the clinical features of MS include pain on eye movements, mild fogging of central vision/color desaturation/dense central scotoma, reduced vibration sensation and proprioception in feet, clumsy hand or limb, unsteadiness in walking, urinary urgency and frequency, neuropathic pain, fatigue, spasticity, depression, sexual dysfunction and temperature sensitivity. However, in Lyme disease, a macular papular rash appears during the initial stage of the disease; the neurological manifestations occur later. In addition, arthritis affecting the large joints, polyneuritis, and encephalopathy are the clinical features in the terminal stage of the disease.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A diagnosis of MS can be made if the patient has had 2 or more attacks affecting different parts of the CNS. MRI is the standard investigation for the confirmation of clinical diagnosis. CT and CSF examination can provide further supportive evidence for the diagnosis if necessary. In Lyme disease, the diagnosis can be made based on the clinical features and the history during the initial stage of the disease. Although antibody detection is not useful right at the onset of the disease, it gives accurate results during the early disseminated and late stages.
Furthermore, the standard therapy for Lyme disease consists of a 14-day course of doxycycline (200 mg daily) or amoxicillin (500 mg 3 times daily). But in case of the disseminated disease with arthritis, the therapy lasts for 28 days. However, there is no definitive cure for MS. But, But there are several immunomodulatory drugs that can modify the course of the inflammatory relapsing-remitting phase of MS. Apart from drug therapy, general measures such as physiotherapy, supporting the patient with the help of a multidisciplinary team and occupational therapy can vastly improve the living standards of the patient.
Summary – MS vs Lyme Disease
To sum up, the basic difference between MS and Lyme disease is their origin and type. Multiple sclerosis is a noninfectious inflammatory condition but Lyme disease is an infectious disease whose main cause is an infectious agent.
1. Kumar, Parveen J., and Michael L. Clark. Kumar & Clark clinical medicine. Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders, 2009.
1. “05 Hegasy Multiple Sclerosis Wiki EN CCBYSA” By Guido4 – Own work (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
2. “Bullseye Lyme Disease Rash” By Hannah Garrison – en:User:Jongarrison (CC BY-SA 2.5) via Commons Wikimedia
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What is Domestic Violence?
Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can be defined as a pattern of behavior where one person controls another through violence, threats of violence, verbal or emotional abuse. In the U.S.A. a woman is battered every 9 seconds, and over 3 million children witness some form of domestic violence in their homes every year.
Controlling behavior consists of: physical abuse; name-calling; threats; and property destruction. It includes threatening children, other family members , and pets. Other examples are; marital or relationship rape, any forced sexual act , or attempts at isolation from family, loved ones, and others.
Domestic violence victims come from all walks of life. They are rich and poor, male and female, of all races, religions, education levels, and cultures. What is universal is that the person who is supposed to love them is the person who they fear. The message that children receive is that it’s okay to hurt or threaten someone to get what you want. These children are at a far greater risk of becoming abusers or victims themselves.
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The convent was built in 1560 by D. Álvaro de Castro, a place isolated and inhospitable. The natural conditions must have had a strong influence on the choice of location of the convent at its foundation.
The convent became famous for its extreme poverty, for the construction and their own living conditions. The ordinance of the convent, a simple shed with wooden beams and ceiling lined with cork, immediately clarify about poverty and ascetic rigor that guided this building rustic and primitive.
Still inhabited with certainty at the end of the 18th Century the Convent of Santa Cruz Capuchin should have been abandoned in 1834, with the extinction of the religious orders determined by the liberal regime.
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Hartalika Teej 2017: The Day Of A Divine Union!
In 2017, Hartalika Teej will be observed on August 24. You surely have attended lots of marriages, but do you want to witness the divine bond of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati? So read more to know about Hartalika Teej, when the union between Shiva-Parvati took place.
Hartalika Teej 2017: What Is Hartalika Teej?
Teej is a major Indian festival that has a special significance for a married couple. On Teej, womanhood is celebrated and her powers are given a divine touch. The nuptial bond of marriage does not work without a balanced understanding. While in India, a lady undergoes severe strictness to enhance the beauty of marriage.
Teej can be categorized into four major forms. They are:
In this article, we will discuss about Hartalika Teej. Since, the day of Hartalika Teej is approaching, let's get to know each and everything about the day. Let's begin with a short description of Hartalika Teej.
Hartalika is the amalgamation of two words 'Harat' and 'Alika', while Teej means the third day. Therefore, Hartalika Teej is celebrated on the third day of Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada. The day of Hartalika Teej is popular in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. Hartalika Teej is observed by both, married women and maidens. It is celebrated in the honor of the divine bond between Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.
Yes, we will definitely discuss the significance of the word 'Hartalika', but before knowing it in detail, let's take a look at the date of Hartalika Teej in 2017.
Hartalika Teej 2017 Date
|Hartalika Teej||Thursday||August 24||Tritya||Amavasya|
Now, as you know when to observe the day of Hartalika Teej in 2017, let's move on to know why to celebrate Hartalika Teej.
Hartalika Teej: Why To Observe Hartalika Teej In 2017?
According to Hindu mythology, Hartalika Teej is believed to be the day of union of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. It is said that Parvati admired Lord Shiva and had a strong desire to marry him. However, it was not an easy task to please Shiva, as he was unable to see her existence.
In order to win over the divine heart of Lord Shiva, Parvati underwent a strict austerity. It was no ordinary Vrat (fast), as she had to observe a fast for many years. Observing her penance, Shiva agreed to marry Goddess Parvati and both got united in Parvati's 108th birth.
Hence, Hartalika Teej is followed as the day of reunion of Goddess Parvati and Lord Shiva. Now, we will discuss the rituals and traditions associated with the day of Hartalika Teej.
Hartalika Teej: How To Celebrate Hartalika Teej In 2017?
Hartalika Teej is celebrated among Indian women, not only in a festive mood, but also with great devotion. Now, let's discuss the rituals and traditions that are to be followed:
- On the day of Hartalika Teej, women get up early in the morning and take a holy bath, meant to purify their souls.
- Concluding this, they dress up elegantly in special attires (mostly Saris) and jewelry, and visit temples on Hartalika Teej.
- Women observe a Nirjala fast (even water is not consumed during this fast) on this day. This is also popular as Hartalika Teej Vrat.
- After conducting rituals at a temple, women return home and touch their husbands' feet (In India, husbands are considered to be equivalent to god for women).
- Before sunset, bath is once again taken by women and they get dressed as newly-wed brides.
- Then, the worshiping rituals resume. Devi Parvati and Lord Shiva idols made of sand and clay are placed at Puja Sthan (worshiping place).
- Offerings of Bilwa leaves, flowers, incense sticks are made to the deities. This is followed by a meditative practice done in the honor of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.
- At the end, Hartalika Teej Vrat is recited by the devotees. We will discuss about Hartalika Teej Vrat in more details in the next section.
- Hartalika Teej Vrat is terminated the next day morning, when a devotee completes all the worshiping rituals. Mantras like Shanti Mantra and Shama Mantra are recited on the day that succeeds Hartalika Teej.
Let's know, what one means by Shanti Mantra and Shama Mantra.
Following are the lines that are collectively known as Shanti Mantra:
ॐ द्यौः शान्तिरन्तरिक्षं शान्तिः
पृथिवी शान्तिरापः शान्तिरोषधयः शान्तिः।
वनस्पतयः शान्तिर्विश्वेदेवाः शान्तिर्ब्रह्म शान्तिः
सर्वं शान्तिः शान्तिरेव शान्तिः सा मा शान्तिरेधि॥
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः॥
Om Dyauh Shaantir-Antarikssam Shaantih
Prthivii Shaantir-Aapah Shaantir-Ossadhayah Shaantih .
Vanaspatayah Shaantir-Vishve-Devaah Shaantir-Brahma Shaantih
Sarvam Shaantih Shaantireva Shaantih Saa Maa Shaantir-Edhi.
Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih.
Following are the lines that are a part of Shama Mantra:
जगन्मातर्मातस्तव चरणसेवा न रचिता
न वा दत्तं देवि द्रविणमपि भूयस्तव मया।
तथापि त्वं स्नेहं मयि निरुपमं यत्प्रकुरुषे
कुपुत्रो जायेत क्व चिदपि कुमाता न भवति॥
Jaganmata Maartastav Charanseva Na Rachita
Na Wa Dattam Devi Dravinmapi Bhuyastav Maya.
Tathapi Twayam Sneham Mayi Nirupam Yatprakurushe
Kuputro Jayet Kwa Chidapi Kumaata Na Bhavati.
Now, let's discuss in detail about what actually is Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha, but before knowing it, one should have an idea of Hartalika Teej Vrat. Let's proceed.
Hartalika Teej: Hartalika Teej Vrat 2017
Hartalika Teej Vrat is a special proceeding observed by women, married or unmarried, on the day of Hartalika Teej. Unmarried ladies observe Hartalika Teej Vrat in order to get a good husband, while married women observe Hartalika Teej Vrat for a prosperous domestic life.
Hartalika Teej Vrat includes a Nirjala Vrat. Women observe Hartalika Teej Vrat on the day of Hartalika Teej, when they don't even consume water beside abstaining themselves from eating normal food items. Hartalika Teej Vrat gets over on the day succeeding Hartalika Teej. Such severe austerities performed by women on Hartalika Teej are considered to bring great impacts for their household.
While observing Hartalika Teej Vrat, recitation of Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha takes place. Let's know in detail about Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha.
Hartalika Teej: Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha
Hartalika Teej Vrat is accompanied by Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha, which depicts the events that occurred in Devi Parvati's life. Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha is recited to the women who observe Hartalika Teej Vrat. Through Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha, devotees are made familiar to the greatness of Goddess Parvati.
Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha includes the tales narrated by Lord Shiva to his consort Parvati Devi after being accepted as his wife. It is believed that Shiva had narrated Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha to Parvati, which was done to make Parvati Devi remember about the deeds performed by her in her previous birth.
Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha is considered to be an integral part of Hartalika Teej Vrat Vidhi (ritual). Since, Parvati Devi is the prime deity on Hartalika Teej along with Lord Shiva, Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha gains more significance.
Now, finally, we will discuss the significance of the word 'Hartalika' in this article.
Hartalika Teej: What Does 'Hartalika' Signify?
As we have already discussed that Hartalika is the amalgamation of the word 'Harat' and 'Alika', now we will discuss the significance of the word, elaborately.
'Harat' means 'to kidnap', while 'Alika' means 'friend'. According to ancient texts and Hartalika Teej Vrat Katha, there was once a marriage proposal to Devi Parvati from Lord Vishnu. Narada went as the messenger to Parvatharaj, Parvati's father, with Vishnu's proposal. Since, the offer seemed very divine to Parvatharaj, he accepted the proposal; although, Parvati wasn't happy.
Seeing Parvati's discontent, one of her friends kidnapped her and took her to a dense forest, so that her father couldn't find her. Thus, the name 'Hartalika' attained significance.
The day of Hartalika Teej is approaching soon. It's our turn to celebrate womanhood in a much more festive mood.
AstroSage wishes you a blissful day on Hartalika Teej..!
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Free radicals and vitamin
Free radicals and vitamin
Free radicals can pose a serious risk to our well being as they’ve the potential to break our physique on the mobile stage. However what precisely is a free radical?
A free radical is an atom or molecule that incorporates an unpaired electron. Since electrons have a really sturdy tendency to exist in a paired state, free radicals attempt to steal electrons from different atoms and molecules. The hazard they characterize arises once they react with vital mobile parts of our physique.
Free radicals often steal the closest secure molecule, taking its electron. When the attacked molecule loses its electron, it turns into a free radical itself (as a result of it’s now lacking an electron), which units off a series response. A free radical triggers a cascade of recent free radicals in our physique, finally ensuing within the disruption of the residing cell.
Free radicals are generated naturally within the physique as a standard a part of biochemical processes like respiration and digestion. Typically the physique’s immune system creates free radicals so as to neutralize viruses and micro organism. Whereas not all free radicals are dangerous, too lots of them can result in a lot of issues.
Extra free radicals might be attributable to smoking, sunbathing, fried meals, infections, extreme train, stress, smog and different environmental pollution, dangerous chemical compounds, toxins, radiation, and so forth.
Extra free radicals are an issue as a result of their injury can result in untimely getting older, coronary heart illness, most cancers, autoimmune ailments, arthritis, diabetes, continual fatigue syndrome and a number of different circumstances. . The kind of illness that happens will depend on which free radical defenses within the physique weren’t working correctly and the place the free radical assaults happen.
To guard us towards the dangerous affect of free radicals, our physique makes use of antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecules that may safely work together with free radicals and cease the chain response earlier than injury is completed. Antioxidants donate an electron to the free radical and convert it right into a innocent molecule.
Contemporary fruits, greens, and grains are all good sources of pure antioxidants, however you may also select to take a complement. Vegatables and fruits wealthy in antioxidants are candy potatoes, carrots, pumpkin, papaya, turnip, spinach, strawberries, kiwi, cranberries, plums, broccoli, crimson and inexperienced peppers, tomatoes , and so forth. Totally different antioxidants act in several areas of the physique. , so the bottom line is to eat as extensive a spread of antioxidants as potential.
There are various sorts of antioxidants corresponding to enzymes, co-enzymes, nutritional vitamins, and sulfur-containing compounds. An important antioxidant dietary supplements are vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and selenium. All are mandatory for optimum well being and illness prevention, nevertheless, our our bodies can not manufacture them, so that they have to be offered by way of correct vitamin and supplementation.
Antioxidant compounds must be continuously replenished as they’re used within the technique of neutralizing free radicals.
#Free #radicals #vitamin
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For some parents, a house is not a home if it does not include a pet. However, others are hesitant to get pets because they do not want to add to the chaos. Ultimately, your family situation determines whether a pet is right for you. Nevertheless, research demonstrates several ways that kids can benefit from having pets, especially dogs and cats, in the home.
1. Outlet for Excess Energy
Kids and pet alike can have as much energy as a fully charged solar battery. When raised together, the two can provide an outlet for their pent-up energy and help to tire each other out. Research showed a particular benefit for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with the effect of having a dog in the home proving to be therapeutic.
2. More Exercise
Childhood obesity is on the rise, and parents, teachers, and doctors are searching for ways to try to combat it to avoid the serious health effects that can result. Part of the problem is that children may be reluctant to participate in physical activity. Children with dogs in the home get 11 more minutes of exercise per day on average compared to those who do not. Over the course of a year, that adds up to 66 more hours of exercise.
3. More Responsibility
When a family has a pet, all members should share in its care and feeding. This is a way to teach your children about responsibility. However, there is a right way and a wrong way to go about this. The care of a pet should not be the sole responsibility of a child. This is too much of a burden for young people who are just learning what responsibility means. They are likely to fall short, and the pets can suffer as a result. However, parents can introduce responsibility for a pet gradually and explain to kids how the consequences of their actions or inactions affect others as well as themselves.
4. Better Self-Esteem
Young children like to help out and feel like they are contributing to the functioning of the household. When you give a child a pet care task that is within his or her ability, such as filling a water dish, he or she feels a sense of accomplishment. Such successes contribute to a child's overall sense of self-esteem, which is vitally important as he or she approaches school age.
5. Improved Emotional Intelligence
For some children, empathy comes naturally, while others need to be taught. Children tend to identify with animals more easily than with adults or even other children. Having a pet in the home helps children to become more compassionate to the needs of others. Knowing that their pets depend on them to put aside their own desires occasionally and take care of their pet care responsibilities helps them learn to be selfless, and the love and gratitude that the pets show instinctively serves as positive reinforcement to encourage more of the behavior.
6. Better Health
When children are born, their immune systems are not yet fully developed. This makes them vulnerable to common ailments such as colds and ear infections. Research suggests that exposure to pets in early life may help an infant's immune system to mature more quickly. As a result, children who do contract bacterial infections in infancy may recover completely with a shorter course of antibiotics.
Conventional wisdom holds that if a family member has an allergy to a pet, the home should not have any animals. Yet children with dog allergies who lived in homes with canines proved less likely to develop eczema than those without, and babies with at least one parent affected by asthma or respiratory allergies were less likely to be so afflicted if exposed to a pet in the home within the first year of life.
Though pets can have a positive influence on children's lives, none of this should be construed to mean that your family must have a pet even if you do not want one. If you do decide to add a furry member of the family, you must also be prepared to impose and enforce safety measures for the protection of children and animals alike.
About the Author:
Mia Morales is a loving wife and mother of twins from Colorado. She is a self-described “DIY addict”, and loves to decorate her house and office with her creations. As a mother, Mia is really passionate about health, nutrition, and what she puts in her body. When she’s not writing, you can find her with a glass of mint lemon water and a child on each hip. Who says moms aren’t superheroes?
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We are halfway through summer, and my wife and I are bulking up our dehydrated food supply. One of our recent discussions was whether silica gel would be worth including in our dehydrated fruit packs. Sometimes we can’t get all the moisture out of our produce. (I’m looking at you, blueberries!) We wanted to know if including silica gel packets would harm our food or us.
Silica gel is food safe. Food-grade silica gel desiccants are safe to use to remove moisture from food. Silica gel will not change or permeate the food it’s packed with. It is unregulated in most countries as silica gel is inert and not toxic. In the US, the FDA recognizes that it is safe to use and does not require approval for use with food in amounts of less than 2% when added directly to food.
When I was looking into the safety of silica gel products, I found more than a few blogs claiming that silica gel is harmful. That’s not at all what the science says, and I’m happy to say that we’re confidently using it to keep our dehydrated foods mold-free.
What is silica gel?
Simply put, silica gel is a man-made form of silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide itself is naturally occurring and can be found everywhere. Many vegetables contain it. It’s the main component of sand, quartz, obsidian, opals, and even seashells. Some speculate that silicon dioxide makes up as much as 12% of the planet’s surface. It’s very stable and is not flammable. It does react with some other chemicals, but those chemicals are rarely used outside of chemical or manufacturing plants.
In commercial forms, silica has many uses. Popular toothpaste brands use hydrated silica gel as an abrasive gel that can scrub plaque and stains off your teeth.
The type of silica gel we use to keep packaged food dry is not quite the same, even though it is the same molecule. It’s a dehydrated version and loves to bond with water, which is why it works so well as a help to control moisture. In its bead form, it binds water molecules to its surface, sucking the molecules out of the surrounding air. The beads hold the water molecules indefinitely, or until the pellets are heated up enough to release the water. They can hold up to about 40% of their weight in water before they need to be dehydrated again.
Dehydrated silica gels in non-bead forms are used in food, makeup, shoe soles, paint, adhesives, and tires.
Are Silica Gel Desiccants Dangerous?
As I said above, silica gel desiccants are not harmful. Other forms of silicon dioxide, specifically ones that contain crystalized versions, can cause a variety of lung problems. Silica gel doesn’t cause the same issues because it doesn’t break down the same way. The amount of dust exposure needed to cause problems is exponentially higher than what you would experience with a lifetime of packing jars and food packs with packets. Even if a high exposure did occur, your body could purge dust from silica gel, where crystallized silica sticks in your lungs forever.
Does Silica Gel Cause Cancer?
To my dismay, I read on multiple blogs that silica gel causes lung damage is a cancer-causing carcinogenic. Maybe you have seen those sites, too.
Most of these errors were made because silica gel and silica are not the same things, though they are both made of silicon dioxide. It’s an easy mistake to make, but it’s still a mistake.
Silica usually refers to a form of silicon dioxide that occurs in nature, is crystalized and not porous. It can easily break apart and turn into dust.
Silica gel is usually man-made, is not crystallized, and is very porous. It’s the porousness that gives it the water-binding property, or its adsorptivity. It does not easily break apart into smaller pieces.
Silica in dust form does indeed cause a host of illnesses and conditions usually to do with lungs, including silicosis and lung cancer. Repeatedly breathing in crystallized silicon dioxide is very much a health concern.
Silica gel, which is what we use as a desiccant, has been studied to the point where it’s as conclusive as it can get. The conclusion is that silica gel is harmless, nontoxic, and not at all cancer-causing.
Color indicating silica gels, however, are a different story. Read the next section to learn why.
Are Color Indicating Silica Gels Toxic?
Some silica gels have chemicals added that will change color when exposed to moisture. The two that I’m aware of are blue and orange. When blue indicating silica gel is exposed to a certain amount of moisture, the bead color changes to pink. Orange indicating silica beads also change color when exposed to moisture, but instead change to green.
In 1998, the European Union outlawed Blue Indicating Silica Gel from being sold in Europe. The reason? The blue coloring comes from cobalt chloride, which is toxic in high doses. Cobalt chloride is also linked to cancer.
Orange indicating silica gel is marketed by some manufacturers as nontoxic and, therefore, food-safe, but my research did not verify that. In fact, a reputable distributor says orange indicating silica gels should not be used with products intended for consumption.
I want to be clear: I am no scientist. I don’t know how much Methyl Violet can be ingested and still considered to be safe. However, I know for sure that white silica gel marked as pharmaceutical-grade is widely available, so I will stick with that.
Is It Safe to Put Silica Gel with Food?
Using desiccant packets alongside food is perfectly safe, and even makes your dehydrated, vacuum-sealed food stay a little fresher. I would even argue that silica gel makes your home-packaged foods safer. They ward off mold development and other food spoilage by removing the moisture that your drying couldn’t. By placing a silica gel packet in with some dried and stabilized fruit, any extra moisture released will be bound to the porous surface of the beads.
If you live in a humid climate, throwing a packet into a jar of repacked dried goods isn’t a bad idea, either. Just remember that the more air the gel is exposed to, the more likely it will pick up and bind more water.
But what happens if the silica gel pellets accidentally touch your food directly for an extended period of time? There isn’t any reason to throw out your food, as the food industry uses its powdered form as a food additive.
My understanding is that powered silica gel is similar to the beads we use as a desiccant but on a much smaller scale. As I mentioned earlier, the FDA doesn’t regulate its use in food in amounts of less than 2% of the total ingredients.
Here are two of the most common ways it’s used in food:
- Anti-Caking Agent – These agents are used to keep powders flowing freely. Those that live in a hot, humid climate know that putting rice in a salt shaker does the same thing. A quick search through my own cupboard revealed that my hot chocolate mix, chili powder, chipotle chili powder, and smoked paprika all contained it. Check out the ingredient label of McCormick’s chili powder here.
- Defoaming agent – According to Craft Beer & Brewing Magazine, beer makers use silica gel to bind to proteins and peptides that make beer cloudy. But, unlike other uses in food, brewmasters filter it and the unwanted byproducts out.
There is an ongoing discussion in many of the world’s food regulatory agencies over whether nano-particles used in food manufacturing may be harmful. That question has not yet been answered, as far as I can tell. More studies followed by appropriate regulation are always welcome, but the current body of science says it’s okay. Considering how many products use it, there would be a growing body of evidence if it were a health issue.
What would happen if you ate silica gel?
You would live to see another day! Your body, especially your digestive tract, is full of moisture. Theoretically, if you at a bunch, you could trigger constipation, but eating that amount would be difficult and practically impossible to do by accident. It would be more likely to give you a bit of stomach upset. I don’t recommend trying.
The most dangerous part is the packet. There is a concern that kids or pets might choke on the packs, which is why they all are printed with ‘Do Not Eat’ warnings. The Illinois Poison Center says that it’s nontoxic. They recommend that a child or pet that swallows a packet and isn’t choking to drink some water.
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What are financial services? Financial services refer to the economic services that the finance industry provides to customers. These businesses range from banks to credit-card companies. Each one has its own specific role, but many share the same common characteristics. Here’s a quick guide to the different types of financial services. In addition to traditional banking services, financial services can also include investment partnerships and hedge funds. Listed below are some of the most common types of financial services.
Insurance underwriting and reinsurance
Reinsurance and insurance underwriting are a two-pronged approach to managing risk. Insurance underwriting helps companies determine what level of risk is acceptable for their policies. They use data, statistics and guidelines provided by actuaries to calculate the probability of certain risks and determine how much premium to charge. Underwriters can also help their customers determine the amount of risk they are taking and offer products that match that risk level. Both are critical aspects of a successful insurance business.
There are several types of transaction accounts in the financial services industry. Some of the services in this industry include deposit-taking, lending of all types, money transmission services, and securities trading. Other services are used to facilitate payments, including cheques and electronic funds transfers. Auxiliary financial services include insurance and credit reference and analysis. Lastly, the financial services industry also provides advice to corporations regarding mergers, acquisitions, and corporate restructuring.
There are many dangers associated with the use of hedge funds in the financial services industry. These funds’ behaviors can amplify market shocks and cause larger moves in asset prices, resulting in broader market damage. A major hedge fund’s failure could jeopardize the viability of major financial institutions because they have direct exposure to the hedge fund, or may be exposed to other market risks. Therefore, avoiding the use of hedge funds in the financial services industry may prove to be very risky.
Online lending marketplaces
While online lending marketplaces are not a substitute for traditional banks, they can supplement them and offer a variety of products and services. Unlike large banks, which have long-standing relationships with local businesses, marketplace lenders have fewer legacy expenses and high-cost functions. They are already ahead of the curve when it comes to lending and may benefit from bank partnerships, regulatory reforms, consolidation, and diversification. However, these lenders are also likely to face challenges, such as increased lobbying and increasing costs associated with customer acquisition.
Traditional banks offer many services and products, including credit cards, mortgages, and stock investment recommendations. While the stability of their balance sheets may give them an edge in certain financial services, non-bank financial companies have been growing in clout, rendering banks less valuable in terms of macro-credit expansion. Tech titans are using online payment platforms to compete with traditional banks. These companies may also have lower fees. Here are three of the most important services banks offer.
Financial regulation aims to protect the public from ill-informed or deceptive practices. Its role is to protect consumers, implement regulations consistently, and monitor the emergence of new risks. However, there are several challenges in financial regulation. Here’s a look at some of them. While the U.S. system is considered a model of financial regulation and often copied around the world, it is far from perfect. Moreover, numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of financial regulation.
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In 1637 Puritan churches in the Massachusetts Bay Colony put Anne Hutchinson on trial, telling her, “You have stept out of your place.” She had dared giving religious instruction to men as well as women. Such teaching was not “fitting for your sex.”
In 1967 Kathrine V. Switzer stepped out of her place to become the first woman to dare to run the Boston Marathon. The marathon’s director, outraged at her audacity, darted onto the course and literally tried to shove her out of the race. But her boyfriend threw him a body block, allowing Kathrine to avoid her attacker and become the first woman to finish the Boston Marathon.
In the case of Mary Magdalene, church officials figuratively pushed her off the resurrection scene in the Gospel of John and resituated her in the story of an unnamed, sinful women in Luke 7. The Magdalene’s place in Christianity, it seemed, was not as a disciple of the crucified and risen Jesus, sent to bear witness to the resurrection, but as a repentant prostitute.
Over the ages, many legends and myths made the Magdalene a larger than life figure, often as a voluptuous woman evoking the dangers of female sexuality. The many variations of her mistaken identity as the penitent prostitute have so shaped the imagination that she is largely unknown by her rightful title: Apostle to the Apostles. Tragically, her mistaken identity also veiled women’s leadership in the early communities of Jesus’ followers.
To restore Mary of Magdala to her rightful place, we need to probe what the gospels say of her. Two texts are particularly important. The first, Luke 8:1-3 (cf. Mark 16:9), speaks of a group of women traveling with Jesus who “had been cured of evil spirits and infirmities.” Of Mary “seven demons had gone out.”
Soon afterwards he went on through cities and villages, proclaiming and bringing the good news of the kingdom of God. The twelve were with him, 2as well as some women who had been cured of evil spirits and infirmities: Mary, called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had gone out, 3and Joanna, the wife of Herod’s steward Chuza, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them* out of their resources.
In the world of antiquity, demons or “unclean spirits,” were simply a given: language that sought to name the inexplicable, to identify conditions that ravaged people’s lives. The evangelists depict Jesus as a healer to whom people “possessed” by unclean spirits were drawn.
What was it that “possessed” Mary Magdalene? Luke’s detail about seven demons suggests a disturbance not easily dislodged, perhaps something like severe depression. We might imagine that the Magdalene’s healing happened over time, maybe over months as Jesus worked with her, drawing from her whatever had kept her from living into her full humanity. Hers was the discipleship of a wounded healer.
A second key text is from the Gospel of John (20:1-18). Here Mary encounters the Risen Christ at the tomb, initially mistaking him for the gardener, only to recognize her Teacher when Jesus called her by name. He sends her to tell the disciples the astonishing news of his resurrection.
[Early on the first day of the week, while it was still dark, Mary Magdalene came to the tomb and saw that the stone had been removed from the tomb. 2So she ran and went to Simon Peter and the other disciple, the one whom Jesus loved, and said to them, ‘They have taken the Lord out of the tomb, and we do not know where they have laid him.’ ….
But Mary stood weeping outside the tomb. As she wept, she bent over to look* into the tomb; 12and she saw two angels in white, sitting where the body of Jesus had been lying, one at the head and the other at the feet. 13They said to her, ‘Woman, why are you weeping?’ She said to them, ‘They have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid him.’ 14When she had said this, she turned round and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not know that it was Jesus. 15Jesus said to her, ‘Woman, why are you weeping? For whom are you looking?’ Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, ‘Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.’ 16Jesus said to her, ‘Mary!’ She turned and said to him in Hebrew,*‘Rabbouni!’ (which means Teacher). 17Jesus said to her, ‘Do not hold on to me, because I have not yet ascended to the Father. But go to my brothers and say to them, “I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.” ’ 18Mary Magdalene went and announced to the disciples, ‘I have seen the Lord’; and she told them that he had said these things to her.]
We need to reclaim the Mary Magdala of these two powerful texts. We need to let her step into her rightful place as the “Apostle to the Apostles,” as a leader in the early community of Jesus’ followers, as a wounded healer who bore witness to the power of the Spirit, and as the first to proclaim the resurrection.
Jesus may have chosen the apostle Mary of Magdala to play a vital role in his community, but later generations found this too radical, too counter-cultural. So, Mary of Magdala, Apostle to the Apostles, had to be put in her place, lest women be seen as equals in making known the Gospel. Refashioning Mary as a repentant prostitute kept women from stepping out of their place.
So, sorrow tinges our remembrance. The Magdalene’s mistaken identity calls us to lament all that the church has lost over the ages by its repression of women’s leadership—a repression that continues to constrict the church and betray the ministry of Jesus.
And yet, we live in hope. Just as today we can’t imagine a Boston or New York Marathon—or any marathon--without women, so, too, may the day come that we can’t imagine the church’s apostles without picturing women alongside men.
May we let the apostle Mary Magdalene step into her rightful place in our church and world! Let us celebrate her as wounded healer, evangelist, and witness to the Risen One. May the Apostle of Apostles continue to bear witness that Christ is alive!
Mary C. Boys, SNJM
Mary C. Boys, SNJM
Mary C. Boys is the Vice-President of Academic Affairs and Dean at Union Theological Seminary, New York City; she is also the Skinner and McAlpin Professor of Practical Theology, and an adjunct faculty member of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Prior to her present appointment in 1994, she served for 17 years on the faculty of Boston College. A Seattle native, she has been a vowed members of the Sisters of the Holy Names since 1968.
Boys received her master's and doctoral degrees from Columbia University in 1978 in a joint program with Union Theological Seminary. She has done advanced study at the Ecumenical Institute for Theological Research in Jerusalem, Israel, and is the recipient of honorary doctorates from Hebrew College-Jewish Institute of Religion (2004), The Catholic Theological Union (2007), The Jewish Theological Seminary of America (2011) and Gratz College (2012). She has been a Lilly Research Fellow and was a Henry Luce III Fellow in Theology for 2005. She was the was the recipient of the Ann O’Hara Graf award from the Catholic Theological Society of America.
Prof. Boys is the author of six books: Biblical Interpretation in Religious Education (1980), Educating in Faith: Maps and Visions (1989), Jewish-Christian Dialogue: One Woman’s Experience (1997), Has God Only One Blessing? Judaism as a Source of Christian Self-Understanding (2000), Christians and Jews in Dialogue: Learning in the Presence of the Other (2006), co-authored with Sara S. Lee; and Redeeming our Sacred Story: The Death of Jesus and Relations between Jews and Christians (2013). Among her edited books are Seeing Judaism Anew: A Sacred Obligation of Christians (2005) and the co-edited volume Christ Jesus and the Jewish People Today (2011).
Take an opportunity to read and reflect on the Sunday readings during the first five weeks of Lent. Participants are provided with links to reflections on the Lectionary readings (Cycle A) written by scholars -- including weekly preaching from Catholic Women Preach. Then, each week participants share their insights in an online community discussion, guided by a facilitator.MORE INFO/REGISTER
Advertise with Catholic Women Preach: email Russ at firstname.lastname@example.org
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Aristotle is a name that is widely associated with the development of Western philosophy. As one of the most influential thinkers of all time, Aristotle has left his mark on the world with his many writings and teachings. From his early life to his travels and his philosophical pursuits, Aristotle’s life and legacy have had a lasting impact on the world.
1. A Philosophical Giant: Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, polymath, and scientist born in 384 BCE in the city of Stagira. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential thinkers of all time, having made major contributions to the fields of logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, aesthetics, rhetoric, and politics. His works are still studied and discussed today.
2. Ancient Greek Contributions: Aristotle and Beyond
The Ancient Greeks were known for their contributions to philosophy, and Aristotle was an important part of this tradition. He was particularly influential in the development of logic and scientific inquiry, and his work is still studied today. He also made significant contributions to the fields of rhetoric, ethics, and politics.
3. Birth of a Philosopher: Aristotle’s Early Life
Aristotle was born in Stagira, a city located in northern Greece. He was the son of a court physician and had two elder siblings. At the age of 17, he began studying at Plato’s Academy in Athens, where he would remain for the next twenty years.
4. Education and Mentorship: Aristotle’s Teachers
At the Academy, Aristotle was mentored by Plato and was greatly influenced by his teachings. He also had the opportunity to study under several other renowned philosophers, such as Democritus and Anaxagoras. During this time, he developed his own philosophical views, which would later become the foundation of his own school of thought.
5. Philosophical Musings: Aristotle’s Writings
Aristotle wrote prolifically throughout his life. He produced works on a variety of topics, including philosophy, politics, ethics, and science. His most famous works include the Nicomachean Ethics, the Politics, and the Metaphysics. He also wrote extensively on logic, which would later become the foundation of modern logic and mathematics.
6. A Legacy of Knowledge: Aristotle’s Impact
Aristotle’s writings and teachings had a major impact on the development of Western philosophy and science. His works were highly influential in the development of logic and scientific inquiry, and his ideas were adopted by many later philosophers. He also had a major influence on the development of rhetoric and political thought.
7. The Search for Truth: Aristotle’s Philosophical Pursuits
Aristotle was a major advocate of the pursuit of truth and knowledge. He believed that knowledge was the key to understanding the world around us, and that it should be pursued with vigor and passion. He also believed that knowledge should be sought out through observation and experimentation.
8. A Life of Exploration: Aristotle’s Travels
Aristotle was an avid traveler, and he spent much of his life exploring the world. He visited many places, including Egypt, India, and Persia. He also made several trips to Sicily and Italy, where he studied and taught philosophy. He also visited many of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.
9. Legacy of Ideas: Aristotle’s Influence Today
Aristotle’s influence is still felt today. His works have been studied and discussed for centuries, and his ideas are still relevant to the modern world. His writings on logic, ethics, and politics have had a major impact on the development of Western thought.
10. A Lasting Embrace: Aristotle’s Eternal Legacy
Aristotle’s legacy is one that will live on forever. His works and teachings have had a major impact on Western philosophy and science, and his ideas are still relevant today. His search for truth and knowledge has inspired generations of thinkers, and his influence is still felt around the world.
Aristotle’s life and legacy have had a lasting impact on the world. His works have been studied and discussed for centuries, and his influence is still felt around the world. He was a major advocate of the pursuit of truth and knowledge, and his ideas are still relevant to the modern world. His life and writings have left an eternal legacy that will continue to inspire generations of thinkers.
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Chemotherapy is treatment using anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells or control their growth. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery and radiotherapy in cancer treatment.
The aim of chemotherapy in cancer treatment varies according to the type and extent of the disease. Goals of chemotherapy:
How Do Chemotherapy Drugs Work?
The development and death process of normal and healthy cells in the body proceeds in an order and control. However, the growth and death of cancer cells has come out of this control process, and these cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Almost all of the chemotherapy drugs are distributed throughout the body through the blood, reaching the cells that multiply uncontrollably, killing these cells or preventing their uncontrolled growth. While chemotherapy drugs destroy these bad cells, they also affect normal cells in the body. This is manifested by a number of side effects related to chemotherapy in the body. However, these undesirable effects of existing drugs on normal cells are temporary.
How and Where Is Chemotherapy Given?
The way chemotherapy drugs are administered in the body can be in different ways. Currently, four different ways are used in treatment:
By mouth (oral). Medicines can be taken orally in the form of pills, capsules or solutions.
Through a vein (intravenously). It is the most commonly used method of chemotherapy drugs. It is the application made by adding drugs to the serum or by giving them directly into the vein with an injector. In general, the veins on the arms and hands are used for this procedure. Sometimes different instruments such as ports, catheters and pumps can be used in intravenous treatment.
By injection. Medications can sometimes be given by direct injection into the muscle (intramuscular) or under the skin (subcutaneous). Another injection method is the administration of the drug directly into the tumor tissue (intralesional).
Externally on the skin (topical). It is the application of the drug directly on the skin from the outside.
Chemotherapy drugs can be administered at home, in a hospital setting, or in private centers. Where the treatment will be applied, the way the drug is given; The general condition of the patient is decided according to the preferences of the patient and his doctor. The application to be made in the hospital can be done in inpatient or outpatient chemotherapy units.
How Chemotherapy Affects Daily Life and How Does the Patient Feel?
Although various unpleasant side effects develop in patients while receiving chemotherapy, many patients continue their lives without serious restrictions in their daily lives. In general, the severity of these side effects varies according to the type and intensity of the drugs taken. The general condition of the patient, the prevalence of the disease and the symptoms caused by the disease can also affect this process. While receiving chemotherapy treatment, many patients can continue their working lives, but sometimes, if fatigue and similar symptoms occur after treatment, the patient may spend this period resting by restricting his activities. Although there are some complaints related to the treatment, these patients do not need to isolate themselves from the society and make serious changes in their daily lives.
Does the Patient Feel Pain While Receiving Chemotherapy?
The patient does not feel pain while the chemotherapy drug is given. However, sometimes the chemotherapy drug can leak out of the vein from the area where the needle is inserted. This can cause complaints such as pain, redness, burning and swelling in the area where the drug is attached. In such a case, the treating nurse should be informed immediately and chemotherapy should be stopped until they are sure whether the vascular access is in place, otherwise the escape of the drug out of the vein may cause serious tissue damage in that area.
What Are the Possible Side Effects of Chemotherapy?
While chemotherapy tries to destroy cancerous cells in the body, it also affects normal cells and causes side effects. Possible side effects due to chemotherapy and the severity of these side effects vary according to the drugs taken and personal sensitivities. The normal cells most affected by chemotherapy drugs are the cells that multiply the fastest in the body. Hair, blood cells that develop in the bone marrow, and cells in the digestive system come first among these cells, which have the ability to reproduce rapidly. For this reason, the most undesirable effects of drugs are seen on these systems. Despite this, these cells multiply in a short time due to their rapid proliferation and regeneration feature, thus eliminating these negative effects of chemotherapy.
The Most Common Possible Side Effects Related to Chemotherapy:
Fatigue: It is one of the most common side effects after treatment. Fatigue can be due to a wide variety of causes, such as anemia or the patient's sense of burnout. If the cause is anemia, fatigue can be eliminated with blood transfusion, and if it is due to psychological reasons, help from an expert can be sought.
Nausea and Vomiting: It is one of the most concerned issues of patients before treatment. Nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy may occur immediately after treatment or a few days after the end of treatment. Sometimes patients may experience nausea called anticipatory nausea before starting treatment. The complaint of nausea and vomiting is a condition that can be prevented or minimized thanks to newly developed drugs.
Hair Loss: Some chemotherapy drugs can cause temporary hair loss. The degree of hair loss varies according to the type and dose of the drug taken. Generally, hair loss occurs 2-3 weeks after the start of treatment. This is a temporary process, 3-4 weeks after the treatment is completed, the hair will start to grow again.
Decrease in Blood Values: While receiving chemotherapy, a decrease in both red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets can be seen in the body. This is because the drugs suppress blood production in the bone marrow. Red blood cells are oxygen-carrying cells and in their deficiency; symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, palpitations occur. White blood cells serve in the body's defense against germs and when their number decreases, a person can become infected very easily. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. Bleeding such as easy bruising, easy nose and gum bleeding can be seen in the body when the number decreases.
Mouth Sores: Chemotherapy drugs can sometimes cause inflammatory sores in the mouth. Patients should pay attention to their oral hygiene, avoid very hot or very cold drinks, and moisten their lips with creams will minimize mouth sores. In addition, an opinion can be obtained from the attending physician for additional treatments in oral wounds.
Diarrhea and Constipation: Depending on the type of chemotherapy drug used, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation. These complaints can be eliminated with diet and various simple drug treatments. However, sometimes diarrhea is much more severe than expected, and it may be necessary to take fluid support from the intravenous line. In such a case, the following doctor should be informed.
Skin and Nail Changes: Some chemotherapy drugs can cause symptoms such as darkening of the skin, peeling, redness or dryness, darkening of the nails and easy breakage. In this case, irritant substances such as cologne and alcohol should be avoided. Dressing can be done with warm water and simple moisturizers can be used. These complaints are generally not serious and improve over time, but if the current symptoms are severe, the following doctor should be informed.
What should the patient pay attention to while receiving chemotherapy?
As mentioned earlier, chemotherapy can have some undesirable side effects. For this reason, there are some important points that they should pay attention to and some rules that they should follow, although they do not affect the daily lives of patients receiving active treatment. Some of these matters are:
He must learn to use degrees. Because if the white blood cell count decreases with high fever, there is an urgent need for treatment. Every patient with a fever should apply to a health institution.
Individuals with infections should be avoided. In addition, close contact such as hugging and kissing should be avoided.
He should stay away from stuffy, dusty and cigarette smoke environments, and he should ventilate his room frequently. If he smokes, he should reduce it and try to quit.
He should wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, pasteurized milk or boil it well and drink it.
Unless fluid restriction is recommended by his doctor, he should take plenty of fluids and increase the amount of fluid he takes, especially in summer.
If he has difficulty in eating due to loss of appetite and nausea, he should try to eat little and often.
If possible, he should not eat outside, especially in places where he is not sure of its cleanliness.
They should take care of both mouth and body cleaning, should not cut their nails deeply, and should not use a razor while shaving.
During and after treatment, he should not interrupt his controls and should inform his doctor about the side effects of chemotherapy, especially.
While receiving chemotherapy, he/she should definitely get an opinion from his/her doctor regarding both tooth extraction and other recommended treatments.
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Euphemia the Great Martyr
Saint Euphemia was from Chalcedon and lived in virginity. According to some, she suffered martyrdom during the reign of Diocletian, in 303; according to others, in 307. Her sacred relics are preserved in the Patriarchate in Constantinople.
Apolytikion of Great Martyr Euphemia
O Euphemia, Christ's comely virgin, thou didst fill the Orthodox with gladness and didst cover with shame all the heretics; for at the holy Fourth Council in Chalcedon, thou didst confirm what the Fathers decreed aright. O all-glorious Great Martyr, do thou entreat Christ God that His great mercy may be granted unto us.
Kontakion of Great Martyr Euphemia
Thou strovest valiantly in thy sacred contest; and even after death, thou makest us holy with streams of healings, O all-famed Euphemia. For this cause we venerate thy most holy dormition and with faith we stand before thine all-ven'rable relics, that we be freed from illness of the soul and also draw forth the grace of thy miracles.
Blessed Feast Day
Share the feast of Euphemia the Great Martyr with an icon greeting ecard.
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Protesters toppled the statue of Confederate General Albert Pike. Earlier, people celebrated Juneteenth which marks the day when a Union general arrived in Galveston, Texas and informed slaves that they were free.
Following Juneteenth observances, protesters demonstrating against racial injustice tore down and set ablaze a monument of Confederate General Albert Pike late on Friday in the United States capital, Washington, DC.
According to local media, the group of demonstrators gathered near the DC police headquarters at around 0300GMT wrapped two ropes around the statue before pulling it down then dousing it with lighter fluid and setting it on fire.
President Donald Trump took to Twitter to voice his displeasure with the protesters' actions calling on the DC mayor to have them arrested. Trump's tweet comes on the eve of his controversial re-election rally in Tulsa on Saturday (June 20).
The D.C. Police are not doing their job as they watch a statue be ripped down & burn. These people should be immediately arrested. A disgrace to our Country! @MayorBowser— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) June 20, 2020
Americans had earlier taken to the streets of cities around the country to demand racial justice on a day heavy with symbolism – the Juneteenth holiday commemorating the end of slavery in the United States.
Marches and rallies were being held in Atlanta, Chicago, New York, Washington and other cities against a backdrop of weeks of protests fueled by the deaths of African Americans at the hands of police.
Civil rights icon Angela Davis at a #Juneteenth protest against police brutality at the Port of Oakland https://t.co/lKFMlSUeSi pic.twitter.com/XBEylBk9Lq— philip lewis (@Phil_Lewis_) June 19, 2020
In a stark illustration of the tensions roiling the nation, President Donald Trump issued a solemn White House statement commemorating Juneteenth while at the same time threatening protesters on Twitter.
Juneteenth marks the day – June 19, 1865 – when a Union general arrived in Galveston, Texas and informed slaves that they were free – two months after the Civil War had ended and two-and-a-half years after president Abraham Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
Juneteenth is generally celebrated with prayer services and family gatherings but it comes this year amid a national soul-searching over America's legacy of racial injustice.
Bigger than basketball #Juneteenth pic.twitter.com/XcuiZ1FtIA— Chicago Bulls (@chicagobulls) June 19, 2020
Protests over racial inequality
The United States has been gripped by daily "Black Lives Matter" protests since the May 25 death of George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man killed by a white police officer in Minnesota.
In Chicago, thousands of demonstrators staged a peaceful march carrying huge black banners emblazoned with a picture of Floyd and his name.
Protesters in Atlanta, where a police officer was charged with murder this week for shooting a black man in the back, marched on the Georgia State Capitol.
Demonstrators took to the streets of New York and gathered in Washington outside the Lincoln Memorial and on a street near the White House which has been renamed "Black Lives Matter Plaza."
A small demonstration was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, ahead of a "Juneteenth Rally for Justice" that is to feature a speech by civil rights activist Al Sharpton.
'Will be a much different scene!'
Trump scheduled a campaign rally on Juneteenth in Tulsa, his first since the coronavirus pandemic began, but was forced to change it to Saturday amid a public outcry over his provocative choice of date and location.
Tulsa suffered one of the country's worst racist massacres, in 1921 when as many as 300 black Americans were killed.
Trump, who is facing a tough re-election battle in November and has adopted a hardline "law and order" stance towards protestors, and First Lady Melania Trump issued a joint statement to mark Juneteenth.
"Juneteenth reminds us of both the unimaginable injustice of slavery and the incomparable joy that must have attended emancipation," it said.
"This Juneteenth, we commit, as one Nation, to live true to our highest ideals and to build always toward a freer, stronger country that values the dignity and boundless potential of all Americans."
At the same time, Trump issued a blunt warning to counter-protesters at his Tulsa rally.
"Any protesters, anarchists, agitators, looters or lowlifes who are going to Oklahoma please understand, you will not be treated like you have been in New York, Seattle, or Minneapolis," he said. "It will be a much different scene!"
Any protesters, anarchists, agitators, looters or lowlifes who are going to Oklahoma please understand, you will not be treated like you have been in New York, Seattle, or Minneapolis. It will be a much different scene!— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) June 19, 2020
Tulsa Mayor GT Bynum declared a curfew in the city amid fears of violence but Trump later announced it had been lifted for "our many supporters" attending his rally.
Alicia Andrews, the chair of the Oklahoma Democratic Party, criticised Trump's decision to hold his campaign event in Tulsa.
"His presence will divide us, his words will incite prejudice, and his ego-driven rally will pose new threats to Oklahomans' health," Andrews said in an op-ed in The Oklahoman newspaper.
Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden, who has a solid lead over Trump in the latest polls, said Juneteenth "reminds us of how vulnerable our nation is to being poisoned by systems and acts of inhumanity.
"But it's also a reminder of our ability to change," Biden said. "Together, we can lay the roots of real and lasting justice, and become the extraordinary nation that was promised to all."
'Day of reflection'
Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic speaker of the House of Representatives, said Juneteenth was being marked "during a moment of extraordinary national anguish, as we grieve for the hundreds of Black Americans killed by racial injustice and police brutality."
"This Juneteenth must be a day of reflection that moves our nation to finally confront and combat its long and shameful history of systemic racial injustice targeted at communities of color."
Pelosi recalled that she had ordered the removal this week of portraits of leaders of the pro-slavery Civil War South from the US Capitol.
Several monuments depicting Confederate figures have been toppled by demonstrators over the past few weeks who have been protesting systemic racism, police brutality and injustice in the world's flagship democracy.
Pressure has mounted in Congress for Juneteenth to be declared a national holiday and Virginia, former capital of the Confederacy, is among the US states moving to make it an official holiday.
Several major US companies have announced they were making Juneteenth a paid holiday and Elon Musk's Tesla and SpaceX did so on Friday.
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Eastern Christian School teaches technology throughout the entire curriculum. It is a tool we use to learn more about any and every subject.
As we use technology to more fully explore God’s world, we also strive to master it. We master technology by thinking critically about how we use it in our everyday lives, and we master technology by learning the skills needed to use it efficiently and effectively. We call this technological literacy.
Eastern Christian High School’s Business and Technology Department offers classes that are electives from a variety of fields. Our overarching goal is to teach the foundational concepts and skills that are used by professionals in these fields, as well as important 21st century workplace skills. Students will learn the software, as well as the “soft skills” needed to succeed in their field whether at college or in the workplace. They will work, whenever possible, on real world projects that have an effect on the community. And they will work for the glory of God.
In particular, Eastern Christian offers classes in the following (listed with course title and software/skills learned):
- Career & Technical Education: developing workplace and leadership skills for all freshmen
- Financial Literacy: practical financial literacy skills, such as budgeting and checkbook balancing, for all students
- Computer Coding: computational thinking skills with the Python computer language
- Web & App Development: both front end and back end development skills with HTML, CSS, PHP, content management systems and smart phone apps
- Graphic Design: print, web and media design skills with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Indesign as well as online applications
- Design Technology: computer-assisted drafting skills, modeling, construction and rapid prototyping with 3D printing for architecture and engineering
- Media Production: film analysis and content creation skills with a focus on cinematography, editing and emerging practices
- Robotics: learn the engineering development process while building VEX robotics to compete in a variety of challenges
- Journalism: writing and producing a student newspaper in print and digital forms
- Yearbook: writing and producing the annual student yearbook
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WHO advises against use of survivors’ plasma to treat COVID
GENEVA (AP) — Experts at the World Health Organization recommended Tuesday against using blood plasma from people who have recovered from COVID-19 as a treatment for patients with the illness, saying evidence has not shown the costly, time-consuming transfusions to be effective in preventing severe illness or death.
The guidance against the use of convalescent plasma, a component of blood that is rich in antibodies, was published in the British Medical Journal based on results from 16 trials involving more than 16,000 patients with varying degrees of coronavirus infection, WHO said.
“Despite its initial promise, current evidence shows that it does not improve survival nor reduce the need for mechanical ventilation, and it is costly and time-consuming to administer,” the U.N. health agency said in announcing the recommendation of an international group of experts on guideline development.
“As such, the WHO makes a strong recommendation against the use of convalescent plasma in patients with non-severe illness, and a recommendation against its use in patients with severe and critical illness, except in the context of a randomized controlled trial,” WHO said.
The group of experts said in an 81-page study that there was “no clear benefit for critical outcomes” such as the need for mechanical ventilation – breathing machines – or deaths of COVID-19 patients.
WHO previously weighed in on other COVID-19 treatments, such as recommending some steroids for patients with severe or critical cases, and advising against the use of the anti-parasite medication ivermectin and the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine.
Follow AP’s coverage of the pandemic at https://apnews.com/hub/coronavirus-pandemic
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Engineers make first 'active matrix' display using nanowires
Engineers have created the first "active matrix" display using a new class of transparent transistors and circuits, a step toward realizing applications such as e-paper, flexible color monitors and "heads-up" displays in car windshields.
The transistors are made of "nanowires," tiny cylindrical structures that are assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic. The researchers used nanowires as small as 20 nanometers - a thousand times thinner than a human hair - to create a display containing organic light emitting diodes, or OLEDS. The OLEDS are devices that rival the brightness of conventional pixels in flat-panel television sets, computer monitors and displays in consumer electronics.
"This is a step toward demonstrating the practical potential of nanowire transistors in displays and for other applications," said David Janes, a researcher at Purdue University's Birck Nanotechnology Center and a professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
The nanowires were used to create a proof-of-concept active-matrix display similar to those in television sets and computer monitors. An active-matrix display is able to precisely direct the flow of electricity to produce video because each picture element, or pixel, possesses its own control circuitry.
Findings will be detailed in a research paper featured on the cover of the April issue of the journal Nano Letters. The paper was written by researchers at Purdue, Northwestern University and the University of Southern California.
"We've shown how to fabricate nanowire electronics at room temperature in a simple process that might be practical for commercial manufacturing," said Tobin J. Marks, the Vladimir N. Ipatieff Research Professor in Chemistry in Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and a professor of materials science and engineering.
OLEDS are now used in cell phones and MP3 displays and prototype television sets, but their production requires a complex process, and it is difficult to manufacture OLEDs that are small enough for high-resolution displays.
"Nanowire-transistor electronics could solve this problem," said Marks, who received a 2005 National Medal of Science. "We think our fabrication method is scalable, possibly providing a low-cost way to produce high-resolution displays for many applications."
Unlike conventional computer chips - called CMOS, for complementary metal oxide semiconductor chips - the nanowire thin-film transistors could be produced less expensively under low temperatures, making them ideal to incorporate into flexible plastics that would melt under high-temperature processing.
Conventional liquid crystal displays in flat-panel televisions and monitors are backlit by a white light, and each pixel acts as a filter that turns on and off to create images. OLEDS, however, emit light directly, eliminating the need to backlight the screen and making it possible to create more vivid displays that are thin and flexible.
The technology also could be used to create antennas that aim microwave and radio signals more precisely than current antennas. Such antennas might improve cell phone reception and make it more difficult to eavesdrop on military transmissions on the battlefield.
Electronic displays like television screens contain millions of pixels located at the intersections of rows and columns that crisscross each other. In the new findings, the researchers showed that they were able to selectively illuminate a specific row of active-matrix OLEDS in a display about the size of a fingernail.
"Displays in television sets are able to illuminate a particular pixel located, say, in the 10th row, fifth column," Janes said. "We aren't able to do that yet. We've shown that we can select a whole row at a time, not a single OLED, but we're getting close."
Future research is expected to include work to design displays that can control individual OLEDs to generate images, Janes said.
"A unique aspect of these displays is that they are transparent," he said. "Until the pixels are activated, the display area looks like lightly tinted glass."
The nanowire transistors are made of a transparent semiconductor called indium oxide, a potential replacement for silicon in future transparent circuits. The OLEDS consist of the transistors, electrodes made of a material called indium tin oxide and plastic capacitors that store electricity. All of the materials are transparent until activated to emit light.
"This could enable applications such as GPS navigational displays right on the windshield of your car," Janes said. "Imagine having a local map displayed on your windshield so that you didn't have to take your eyes off the road."
The new OLEDs have a brightness nearly comparable to that of the pixels in commercial flat-panel television sets. The OLEDS have an average brightness of more than 300 candelas per square meter, compared with 400-500 candelas per square meter for commercially available liquid-crystal display televisions.
"Even in this first demonstration, we are fairly close to the brightness you'd see in an LCD television," Janes said.
The researchers also demonstrated they could create OLEDS of the proper size for commercial displays, about 176 by 54 microns, or millionths of a meter. OLEDS that size would be ideal for small displays in cell phones, personal digital assistants and other portable electronics.
Source: Purdue University
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Today’s Wonder of the Day was inspired by Duane. Duane Wonders, “How do trains work?” Thanks for WONDERing with us, Duane!
Imagine yourself living over a century ago. You're in Paris, but you need to get to the exotic port city of Constantinople in Turkey. How would you get there?
Airplanes and automobiles aren't prevalent in the late 18th/early 19th century like they are today. If you don't want to walk or ride a horse, a boat is certainly an option. Unfortunately, you tend to get seasick easily.
Luckily, there is another option that will let you travel in comfort and style. All aboard! It's time to take a ride on the Orient Express!
Some people believe the Orient Express was a fictional train made up by authors and filmmakers. Authors such as Graham Greene (Orient Express) and Agatha Christie (Murder on the Orient Express) certainly did their part to make the train world-famous, as did the filmmakers who turned their works into movies and television shows.
However, their inspiration was totally real. Also known by the name Simplon—Orient Express, the Orient Express was a luxury train that traveled a route from Paris to Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) for over eight decades.
Developed by Belgian businessman Georges Nagelmackers, the Orient Express was Europe's first transcontinental express train, initially traveling over 1,700 miles between Paris and Constantinople with stops along the way in Munich, Vienna, Budapest, and Bucharest.
Its maiden voyage was in 1883. With the exception of war-time stoppages, the Orient Express operated up until 1977. Over time, its route changed to include stops in cities such as Milan, Venice, Zagreb, and Belgrade.
Inspired by new American railroad "sleeper cars" developed by George Pullman, the Orient Express featured sleeping, restaurant, and salon cars. They were luxuriously decorated with Oriental rugs, velvet curtains, wood paneling, leather furniture, silk sheets, and wool blankets.
Kings and queens and the elite of European society were drawn to travel on the Orient Express to experience its comfort and fine cuisine. They weren't the only interesting travelers who loved this train, though.
At the height of its popularity, the Orient Express was also known as the "Spies' Express." Apparently, secret agents of all sorts enjoyed hopping from one end of the continent to the other in the lap of luxury. One spy known to have used the Orient Express: Englishman Robert Baden-Powell, who would later use his experiences to found the Boy Scouts.
Although the original Orient Express was shut down in 1977, American James Sherwood revived the train in 1982. Today, it operates as the Venice Simplon—Orient Express, with several routes between London and Venice.
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Race inequity taught in public schools
Last updated 1/5/2022 at 11:04am
Widespread and irresponsible claims you may have heard that Critical Race Theory (CRT) and race discrimination are not taught in public schools are false. Last month voters elected many new members to local school boards based, at least in part, on those candidates’ announced opposition to teaching CRT in local schools.
On what basis then do CRT-deniers say the race-based ideology is not being taught in schools? They argue CRT is an academic theory only taught in college and law school. This claim is true only in a narrow technical sense. Yes, a stand-alone course is not listed in K-12 classrooms, but harmful CRT concepts are being woven into the public school program that is taught to children. This is because Governor Inslee signed SB 5044 in May, a bill that requires CRT training in all public elementary and high schools across the state.
When faced with this fact, advocates of CRT then fall back on the claim that parents who express concern are closet racists who don’t want schools to cover the darker aspects of America’s past. This is also not true. No one, including parents, are trying to suppress or deny any aspect of our nation’s true history. In fact, current academic standards provide for a full discussion of American slavery, the issues of the Civil War, the Reconstruction period, Jim Crow laws passed by hold-out Democrats in the South, and the later triumphs of Dr. King and the Civil Rights Movement.
Lastly, even a cursory review of the training materials the state requires for all public school boards shows obvious elements of Critical Race Training and the promotion of racial bias and segregation. These include the following:
• An “Identity Map” that requires participants to assign a range of color identities to students and teachers on the basis of race, even for people who identify as more than one ethnicity, or report none at all.
• A mandated “Privilege Walk” that arbitrarily places participants as “oppressors” or “oppressed” based entirely on their assigned race identity.
• Identity Cards that are assigned on the basis of race, sex and religion.
• Race identity material on “What Does it Mean to be White?” is provided from the writings of known CRT advocates Robin DiAngelo, Gay, Nieto, Freire and Ladson-Billings.
• The promotion of racist tropes like, “as early as age 3, children pick up [from parents] terms of racial prejudice.”
• Use of “equity” to determine outcomes based on race, and an effort to divide community along contrived race and ethnic lines.
The claim that CRT is not mandated in Washington public schools by SB 5044 is simply false, as anyone who cares to look into it will see. Beside imposing unfair discrimination on students, the CRT program has led to reduced academic standards and lower-quality education for students.
A reduced learning standard is one of the primary reasons over 55,000 families have left public education in the last year. The popular movement to learning alternatives will continue, as long as public schools use CRT to divide students based on how they look, instead of celebrating their talents, building up their character and training their minds.
– Liv Finne is the director of the Center for Education at the Washington Policy Center.
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The best prevention is brushing every day. Brushing should be introduced at an early age and made to be a fun experience. If a pet already has the beginnings of dental disease when brushing is introduced, then the swollen and bleeding gums will create a painful and negative experience. If a pet is older, brushing can be started after the teeth have had a professional scaled and polished by a veterinarian so that any infection present in the mouth has been treated and gingivitis has been reversed.
A soft bristled toothbrush should be used, as well as toothpaste designed for pets. The active ingredients in these products are enzymes such as Glucose Oxidase and Lactoperoxidase, which inhibit the formation of plaque. The packaging should have the term “Enzymatic Toothpaste”. Avoid any product containing Xylitol, as this product is toxic to dogs and cats.
Pet toothpaste does not foam or contain fluoride and can be safely swallowed. It comes in a variety of flavours, and when used regularly it has been proven to reduce plaque and tartar accumulation by over 70%.
Next to brushing, dental diets are the best way to prevent tartar buildup and dental calculus. Dental diets are nutritionally balanced to meet the day-to-day needs of healthy animals. These diets typically contain 3 or more different features or additives to assist with preventing dental disease.
- Kibble Size: The kibbles are usually larger in comparison to other diets. This forces the animal to bite into the kibble. Increased fiber blends hold the kibble together while the animal chews providing a “mechanical scrubbing action”, kind of like an edible toothbrush.
- Reduced Calcium/Calcium Binders: Dental diets also have either reduced calcium (Hills, Purina) or sodium polyphosphate/sodium tripolyphosphate (Royal Canin), an ingredient which binds with the calcium part of plaque. This prevents plaque from attaching to the enamel. Don’t worry; this only works in the mouth. These diets are formulated so that your pet will still be getting the right amount of digested calcium so that their bones stay strong!
- Zinc or other antiseptic additives: Zinc is added to slow down tartar buildup and provide antiseptic properties, helping with bad breath.
- Antioxidants: Some diets have green tea polyphenols, blueberries or other natural antioxidants that help the immune system. A strong immune system helps the body with its fight against the bacteria that causes plaque and gingivitis.
Study results show that dental diets prevent plaque and tartar accumulation by 35%.
Keep in mind that most dogs (and people!) chew more on one side than the other, and the majority of prevention is based on the diet’s ability to scrape off plaque and tartar. This means that some pets on dental diets will have one side all nice and shiny, and the other has tartar and gum irritation.
There are a variety of treats and chews available that can also help to prevent tartar buildup. Alone they are not enough to keep the mouth clean, but every little bit helps!
- Dental chews usually have the same enzymes as pet toothpaste to inhibit the formation of plaque.
- Dental treats usually follow the example of dental diets, using the mechanical scrubbing action as the pet bites into it.
- There are also chew toys available that allow toothpaste to be placed into their grooves (KONG), and other natural chews and toys (rawhides, Nyla bones) that work like a toothbrush to scrape off plaque and tartar. These toys should be used with caution, as they can cause severe damage to teeth and gums if the pet is too aggressive when chewing them. Just like people that brush too hard, chewing on hard plastic toys can cause gum recession, creating pockets for bacteria to grow. Aggressive chewing can also chip or fracture teeth, exposing the root and causing severe damage. All toys should be supervised and removed if any blood is seen while chewing.
There are a large number of “natural “ products on the market; unfortunately only a few have been proven to help with dental disease prevention.
- Leba III is an herbal supplement that has been found in trials to soften the existing tartar on the surface of the tooth and allow it to disintegrate. It contains herbs such as mint and roses. There is no taste and no side effects. The liquid is sprayed once daily in the mouth.
- Water additives such as Essential, HealthyMouth and Virbac Aquadent have participated in studies that have shown that they are “helpful in the prevention of plaque accumulation”. The amount of this effectiveness is unclear, but they are not dangerous and do seem to mask halitosis (bad breath) for a short period of time. Be cautious with these products as well as some do contain the toxic product Xylitol!
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Erasure in the Midst of Environmental Crisis
In the wake of Greta Thunberg’s Fridays for Future becoming mainstream, there has been a surge in environmental activism on an international scale, hence the global climate strikes. As such, there has been a sense of urgency in regards to the issue, as people implore governments to take steps towards resolving it, especially considering the visibly exacerbated effects of climate change in recent years: summer’s heat waves are prolonged, winter comes later and is more frigid, and almost-yearly spring flooding has become the norm.
Of course, these things affect everyone, by virtue of living together on Earth. However, it’s naïve to think that we all experience these effects in the same way, and, just like our experiences with the matter cannot be subsumed into a single narrative, it mustn’t be represented vis-à-vis the same protagonist.
However, the discourse surrounding the environment’s deterioration, despite carrying a tone of urgency, is being universalized into an essential experience due to the media’s exclusive representation of it and its advocates.
This is, quite literally, the experience of Ugandan climate activist Vanessa Nakate who was cropped out of a photograph, originally featuring her as part of a climate activist group at the World Economic Forum that was published by The Associated Press.
Following immense backlash, as well as an influx of accusations of racism on social media, The Associated Press apologized and claimed that they had “no ill intent” in publishing the controversial photo.
Unfortunately, the damage was already done: they had inadvertently erased the value of Nakate’s activism, along with her face.
In regards to this controversy, Nakate says, “We don’t deserve this. Africa is the least emitter of carbons, but we are the most affected by the climate crisis”.
In fact, most in the developed world have the privilege to have access to the means to cope with the effects of climate change, meaning we are not affected as quickly and as severely as we could be.
By contrast, as per Nakate’s reasoning for becoming an activist, in Uganda, the effects of climate change incite starvation, illness, and ultimately, death. Whether it be due to flooding or to drought, the resulting lack of crops makes for a loss of income for farmers, as well as increased prices of food, most of which are likely imported from developed countries and whose access is limited to the most privileged.
Nakate emphasizes that “erasing [their] voices won’t change anything. […] Erasing [their] stories won’t change anything”.
Ultimately, considering the multifaceted nature of climate change, the steps we take to combat it must take people’s privilege and intersecting experiences into account.
By Mel Spiridigliozzi
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The overall plastic recycling rate for the country is only at 20.1%. This is relatively low compared to the other recyclable materials. This is mainly because businesses and households are not aware what plastics that can be recycled and those that isn’t.
We will explain below the different types of plastics and give examples using common household items.
With the help of every person, private institution and government across Australia. Recycled plastic use and plastic recycling rates could grow towards a more sustainable earth.
Think Plastic Recycling, Think Hackham Recyclers
Looking for someone to recycle your plastic scraps in Adelaide? We are here!
Types of Plastics We Are Accepting
We need to know the so called Plastics Identification (PIN) code or number used by
manufacturers and plastics recyclers to distinguish the various types of plastic for reprocessing.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE)
This type of plastic is a clear, strong, and lightweight that is widely used for packaging foods and drinks.
Common examples: soda & water bottles, cups, jars, meat trays, clamshellsCan be recycled into: clothing, carpet, new clamshells, new soda & water bottles
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is a versatile thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum. Known for its outstanding tensile strength and large strength-to-density ratio.
Common examples: milk jugs, detergent & shampoo bottles, flower pots, grocery bagsCan be recycled into: detergent bottles, flower pots, crates, pipe, decking
Polyvinyl Chloride Low-Density Polyethylene (PVC)
Polyvinyl chloride or PVC is lightweight, durable, low cost and easy to process. PVC is now replacing traditional building materials like wood, metal, concrete, rubber, ceramics, etc. in several applications.
Common examples: cleaning supplies, bread bags, paper jugs, pool liners, towels & tissue twine, sheeting, overwrap, squeeze automotive product, bottles, trash bags, bottles.Can be recycled into: pipe, wall siding, binders, carpet backing, flooring
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPR)
LDPE (low density polyethylene) is a soft, flexible, lightweight plastic noted for its low temperature flexibility, toughness, and corrosion resistance.
Common examples: bread bags, paper jugs, pool liners, towels & tissue twine, sheeting, overwrap, squeeze automotive product bottles, trash bags, bottles, sheeting, six-pack ringsCan be recycled into: trash bags, plastic lumber, furniture, shipping envelopes, compost bins
Polypropylene (PP) is a versatile thermoplastic same as HDPE but t is the lightest polymers among all commodity plastics.
Common examples: yogurt tubs, cups, juice bottles, straws, hangers, sand & shipping bagsCan be recycled into: paint cans, speed bumps, auto parts, food containers, hangers, plant pots, razor handles
Polystyrene or PS plastic is a transparent thermoplastic that is available as both a typical solid plastic as well in the form of a rigid foam material.
Common examples: To-go containers & flatware, hot cups, razors, CD cases, shipping cushion, cartons, traysCan be recycled into: picture frames, crown molding, rulers, flower pots, hangers, toys, tape dispensers
Others types of Plastics
Common examples: safety glasses, CDs, headlight lensesCan be recycled into: electronic housings, auto parts
If you got any of these plastics lying around at home or at the factory. Don’t hesitate to contact us!
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What's Your Question?
How to Write a Research Paper
Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.
Start the Research Process
Before you begin writing the research paper, you must do your research. It is important that you understand the subject matter, formulate the ideas of your paper, create your thesis statement and learn how to speak about your given topic in an authoritative manner. You’ll be looking through online databases, encyclopedias, almanacs, periodicals, books, newspapers, government publications, reports, guides and scholarly resources. Take notes as you discover new information about your given topic. Also keep track of the references you use so you can build your bibliography later and cite your resources.
Develop Your Thesis Statement
When organizing your research paper, the thesis statement is where you explain to your readers what they can expect, present your claims, answer any questions that you were asked or explain your interpretation of the subject matter you’re researching. Therefore, the thesis statement must be strong and easy to understand. Your thesis statement must also be precise. It should answer the question you were assigned, and there should be an opportunity for your position to be opposed or disputed. The body of your manuscript should support your thesis, and it should be more than a generic fact.
Create an Outline
Many professors require outlines during the research paper writing process. You’ll find that they want outlines set up with a title page, abstract, introduction, research paper body and reference section. The title page is typically made up of the student’s name, the name of the college, the name of the class and the date of the paper. The abstract is a summary of the paper. An introduction typically consists of one or two pages and comments on the subject matter of the research paper. In the body of the research paper, you’ll be breaking it down into materials and methods, results and discussions. Your references are in your bibliography. Use a research paper example to help you with your outline if necessary.
Organize Your Notes
When writing your first draft, you’re going to have to work on organizing your notes first. During this process, you’ll be deciding which references you’ll be putting in your bibliography and which will work best as in-text citations. You’ll be working on this more as you develop your working drafts and look at more white paper examples to help guide you through the process.
Write Your Final Draft
After you’ve written a first and second draft and received corrections from your professor, it’s time to write your final copy. By now, you should have seen an example of a research paper layout and know how to put your paper together. You’ll have your title page, abstract, introduction, thesis statement, in-text citations, footnotes and bibliography complete. Be sure to check with your professor to ensure if you’re writing in APA style, or if you’re using another style guide.
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- How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips
How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips
Published on September 15, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on December 7, 2022.
Recommendations in research are a crucial component of your discussion section and the conclusion of your thesis , dissertation , or research paper .
As you conduct your research and analyze the data you collected , perhaps there are ideas or results that don’t quite fit the scope of your research topic. Or, maybe your results suggest that there are further implications of your results or the causal relationships between previously-studied variables than covered in extant research.
Table of contents
What should recommendations look like, building your research recommendation, how should your recommendations be written, recommendation in research example, frequently asked questions about recommendations.
Recommendations for future research should be:
- Concrete and specific
- Supported with a clear rationale
- Directly connected to your research
Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable.
Relatedly, when making these recommendations, avoid:
- Undermining your own work, but rather offer suggestions on how future studies can build upon it
- Suggesting recommendations actually needed to complete your argument, but rather ensure that your research stands alone on its own merits
- Using recommendations as a place for self-criticism, but rather as a natural extension point for your work
There are many different ways to frame recommendations, but the easiest is perhaps to follow the formula of research question conclusion recommendation. Here’s an example.
Conclusion An important condition for controlling many social skills is mastering language. If children have a better command of language, they can express themselves better and are better able to understand their peers. Opportunities to practice social skills are thus dependent on the development of language skills.
Scribbr Citation Checker New
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
- Missing commas and periods
- Incorrect usage of “et al.”
- Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
- Missing reference entries
As a rule of thumb, try to limit yourself to only the most relevant future recommendations: ones that stem directly from your work. While you can have multiple recommendations for each research conclusion, it is also acceptable to have one recommendation that is connected to more than one conclusion.
These recommendations should be targeted at your audience, specifically toward peers or colleagues in your field that work on similar subjects to your paper or dissertation topic . They can flow directly from any limitations you found while conducting your work, offering concrete and actionable possibilities for how future research can build on anything that your own work was unable to address at the time of your writing.
See below for a full research recommendation example that you can use as a template to write your own.
The current study can be interpreted as a first step in the research on COPD speech characteristics. However, the results of this study should be treated with caution due to the small sample size and the lack of details regarding the participants’ characteristics.
Future research could further examine the differences in speech characteristics between exacerbated COPD patients, stable COPD patients, and healthy controls. It could also contribute to a deeper understanding of the acoustic measurements suitable for e-health measurements.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
- A restatement of your research question
- A summary of your key arguments and/or results
- A short discussion of the implications of your research
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
- Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the discussion section and results section
- Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion …”)
- Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g., “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. (2022, December 07). How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/recommendations-in-research/
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How to write recommendations in a research paper
Many students put in a lot of effort and write a good report however they are not able to give proper recommendations. Recommendations in the research paper should be included in your research. As a researcher, you display a deep understanding of the topic of research. Therefore you should be able to give recommendations. Here are a few tips that will help you to give appropriate recommendations.
Recommendations in the research paper should be the objective of the research. Therefore at least one of your objectives of the paper is to provide recommendations to the parties associated or the parties that will benefit from your research. For example, to encourage higher employee engagement HR department should make strategies that invest in the well-being of employees. Additionally, the HR department should also collect regular feedback through online surveys.
Recommendations in the research paper should come from your review and analysis For example It was observed that coaches interviewed were associated with the club were working with the club from the past 2-3 years only. This shows that the attrition rate of coaches is high and therefore clubs should work on reducing the turnover of coaches.
Recommendations in the research paper should also come from the data you have analysed. For example, the research found that people over 65 years of age are at greater risk of social isolation. Therefore, it is recommended that policies that are made for combating social isolation should target this specific group.
Recommendations in the research paper should also come from observation. For example, it is observed that Lenovo’s income is stable and gross revenue has displayed a negative turn. Therefore the company should analyse its marketing and branding strategy.
Recommendations in the research paper should be written in the order of priority. The most important recommendations for decision-makers should come first. However, if the recommendations are of equal importance then it should come in the sequence in which the topic is approached in the research.
Recommendations in a research paper if associated with different categories then you should categorize them. For example, you have separate recommendations for policymakers, educators, and administrators then you can categorize the recommendations.
Recommendations in the research paper should come purely from your research. For example, you have written research on the impact on HR strategies on motivation. However, nowhere you have discussed Reward and recognition. Then you should not give recommendations for using rewards and recognition measures to boost employee motivation.
The use of bullet points offers better clarity rather than using long paragraphs. For example this paragraph “ It is recommended that Britannia Biscuit should launch and promote sugar-free options apart from the existing product range. Promotion efforts should be directed at creating a fresh and healthy image. A campaign that conveys a sense of health and vitality to the consumer while enjoying biscuit is recommended” can be written as:
- The company should launch and promote sugar-free options
- The company should work towards creating s fresh and healthy image
- The company should run a campaign to convey its healthy image
The inclusion of an action plan along with recommendation adds more weightage to your recommendation. Recommendations should be clear and conscience and written using actionable words. Recommendations should display a solution-oriented approach and in some cases should highlight the scope for further research.
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Step 2: Formulate Findings and Recommendations
The next step involves proposing solutions to address constraints or opportunities uncovered during analysis. Keep in mind that you’re constructing an argument—a narrative that nudges key stakeholders toward a set of proposed recommendations. Your argument will be vetted and challenged and it’s likely that choices will have to be made regarding which recommendations can be implemented. That said, it’s important to remember that you’re providing data for decision making and proposing changes, so you’ll need to back up your advice with good reasoning.
Findings emerge from the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Findings are typically divided into sections by technical area, following the outline established in the field guide. Be sure to highlight gender-relevant findings. Furthermore, be prepared for new or surprising findings that may emerge, as these may require modifications to the original outline. Every assessment report includes a description of the private health sector, sometimes referred to as the private sector “landscape.” Though there are many ways the information can be presented, it is useful to have a visual graphic to illustrate the myriad actors and organizations.
Key questions to be addressed in the description of the private health sector include:
- Who are the key actors in the private health sector?
- What specific health services and products are delivered by private providers? At what price?
- What population groups do they serve (gender, income, urban/rural, special groups)?
- How is the private health sector organized? What are the linkages with the overall health system?
- What are the sources of private health expenditures?
Recommendations are arguably the most important part of the analysis phase—this is where you’ll suggest specific interventions or strategies to address the issues and constraints identified in the assessment.
Recommendations should directly respond to key findings arrived at through data collection and analysis. A process of prioritization is essential to narrowing down findings, and once this is done, recommendations should be developed that align with the most important findings. Use the abbreviated Gender Analysis and Integration Matrix (GAIM) on 1.4 to prioritize gender findings and determine at which level(s) you may wish to intervene. Will your resulting program/project/strategy address a root cause? Will it seek to accommodate or transform existing gender norms?
Reviewing previous assessment reports may be helpful at this stage, to learn what strategies were recommended to address specific private sector constraints in other countries. This table synthesizes key problems affecting service delivery in the private sector , drawing from previous assessments, and links them to potential interventions.
RESOURCE ► When examining the supply chain in Nigeria, our assessment team identified weak regulation of drug vendors as a main area of concern. This lack of enforcement was compromising drug quality without increasing access where it was most needed. Given this finding, we proposed designing a pilot pharmaceutical network that would achieve the following:
- Create a new scope of practice, with higher training levels but a larger range of products and services authorized, with supervision by pharmacists.
- Conduct pooled procurement and distribution for network members
- Increase access to credit to establish and expand business
- Strengthen supervision and quality monitoring of retail outlets by a network franchisor
- Conduct joint branding of all pharmacies in the network to promote quality and increase clientele
Recommendations should be one-sentence, succinct, and start with an action verb (create, establish, fund, facilitate, coordinate, etc.). They should use a “SMART” format (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely). Each recommendation should be followed by a few sentences of explanatory text.
In addition to being “SMART,” recommendations should be feasible. Both operational feasibility and political feasibility (i.e., political will) should be considered when developing recommendations. Experience has demonstrated that gauging potential public sector receptivity to proposed private health sector initiatives is essential.
A final consideration for recommendations is timing. Often solutions to identified problems are sequential, building upon intermediate steps. Teams sometimes frame recommendations as near-term (e.g., 6 to 12 months) and longer term (e.g., one to three years). This example from the Tanzania assessment report illustrates near-term and longer-term recommendations .
Recommendations are typically summarized in the Executive Summary, and presented in full within specific technical sections, usually as a short list of bullets following the findings summary. In some reports, there may be a section at the end of the document that consolidates recommendations and highlights the linkages across core areas (e.g., service delivery and health financing) prior to the conclusion section.
TIP ► Recommendations stem from the findings. Link each of your recommendations to the finding that supports it, to highlight the direct connection between assessment and action. You can show this link visually by using a two-columned table: the first column lists the finding, and the respective recommendation is listed adjacently in the second column.
2.3 Distilling Key Findings and Recommendations
By now it may be clear that private health sector assessments generate a high volume of information. One of the challenging aspects of conducting this type of assessment is sorting through the voluminous information, weighing the relative import of each finding, and determining which findings to highlight in terms of their impact on private sector involvement in health. This process of selecting the key findings is followed by developing corresponding recommendations for improving or increasing the private health sector’s role, or otherwise facilitating an appropriate role for the sector.
SHOPS developed a template to help the assessment team assign priority levels to the specific issues they have identified in the analysis step . The team should work together to arrive at shared judgments regarding the priority order of the top three to five issues in each core area (i.e., Environment, Financing, Service Delivery, Supply Chain, and Demand). Next, the team can record the key determinants or causes of the main issues, either from earlier root cause analysis, or from team brainstorming at this time. This work should facilitate generating potential solutions to address the causes behind the issues identified, which can be entered in the column on the right.
In Summary: Considerations for prioritizing recommendations
- Is it feasible?
- Is there political will, or potential opposition?
- Does it fill an existing gap or need?
- What is the likely impact?
- Are resources available (individuals, expertise, funding)?
- Does it require policy reform?
- What is the estimated time frame to implement?
- Does it advance gender equality and, if so, how?
- Will it remove a critical barrier or accelerate an opportunity to achieve an outcome of interest?
- Might it generate an unintended consequence?
Once the team has reached consensus on the main findings and corresponding recommendations to enhance the role of the private sector, the next step is to draft the report.
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Based On Your Findings What Are Your Recommendations?
The recommendations that you introduce in your research paper are essential to the plans you have to move your field of study forward. Recommendations are the added suggestions that you want people to follow when performing future studies. These are based off of what you have found or what you might be interested in doing at some point in the future.
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As you write these recommendations, you will have to look at what you have gotten out of your paper while also thinking about any possible ideas you might have for later research studies. This can help with producing a strong paper that will inspire people to think differently about whatever it is you have written and could especially inspire new research to come about over time.
What Can Be Done?
When writing your recommendations, you can talk about the steps that should be followed in future studies. These include steps that are needed to implement particular policies or actions that you want to follow. Any resources that would be required in the process should be explained as well. You must be specific when talking about what you might be interested in doing in the future with regards to making any potential studies stand out and work to your favor.
You can always mention the benefits of further studies in your field. Talk about how future studies could be used to correct problems with the current research you have completed. You can also explain a need to fill in certain gaps that you might not be able to get covered right now for any reason. You can always use a timeline to help readers understand when potential developments could come about over time.
How Feasible Is a Study?
Next, you should talk about how feasible certain points in your study might be. This includes understanding whether certain ideas should be explored in further detail later on. This works well if you are trying to talk about certain points that might be worthwhile. You could even talk about potential new developments in your field and whether your study is relevant to them or if additional developments have to be incorporated into your work.
What Additional Research Is Needed?
There are often times when added research would be required to make it easier for a study to go forward. Your research plans could include an analysis of the methods of study that could work in the future and what points about a topic could be reviewed in such studies.
The recommendations that are incorporated into your paper can certainly be important to your work. Be certain when writing your paper that you have clear recommendations that are easy to follow and can be utilized right and are not overly complicated or tough to use in some way.
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Implications or Recommendations in Research: What's the Difference?
High-quality research articles that get many citations contain both implications and recommendations. Implications are the impact your research makes, whereas recommendations are specific actions that can then be taken based on your findings, such as for more research or for policymaking.
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That seems clear enough, but the two are commonly confused.
This confusion is especially true if you come from a so-called high-context culture in which information is often implied based on the situation, as in many Asian cultures. High-context cultures are different from low-context cultures where information is more direct and explicit (as in North America and many European cultures).
Let’s set these two straight in a low-context way; i.e., we’ll be specific and direct! This is the best way to be in English academic writing because you’re writing for the world.
Implications and recommendations in a research article
The standard format of STEM research articles is what’s called IMRaD:
Some journals call for a separate conclusions section, while others have the conclusions as the last part of the discussion. You’ll write these four (or five) sections in the same sequence, though, no matter the journal.
The discussion section is typically where you restate your results and how well they confirmed your hypotheses. Give readers the answer to the questions for which they’re looking to you for an answer.
At this point, many researchers assume their paper is finished. After all, aren’t the results the most important part? As you might have guessed, no, you’re not quite done yet.
The discussion/conclusions section is where to say what happened and what should now happen
The discussion/conclusions section of every good scientific article should contain the implications and recommendations.
The implications, first of all, are the impact your results have on your specific field. A high-impact, highly cited article will also broaden the scope here and provide implications to other fields. This is what makes research cross-disciplinary.
Recommendations, however, are suggestions to improve your field based on your results.
These two aspects help the reader understand your broader content: How and why your work is important to the world. They also tell the reader what can be changed in the future based on your results.
These aspects are what editors are looking for when selecting papers for peer review.
Implications and recommendations are, thus, written at the end of the discussion section, and before the concluding paragraph. They help to “wrap up” your paper. Once your reader understands what you found, the next logical step is what those results mean and what should come next.
Then they can take the baton, in the form of your work, and run with it. That gets you cited and extends your impact!
The order of implications and recommendations also matters. Both are written after you’ve summarized your main findings in the discussion section. Then, those results are interpreted based on ongoing work in the field. After this, the implications are stated, followed by the recommendations.
Writing an academic research paper is a bit like running a race. Finish strong, with your most important conclusion (recommendation) at the end. Leave readers with an understanding of your work’s importance. Avoid generic, obvious phrases like “more research is needed to fully address this issue.” Be specific.
The main differences between implications and recommendations (table)
Now let’s dig a bit deeper into actually how to write these parts.
What are implications?
Research implications tell us how and why your results are important for the field at large. They help answer the question of “what does it mean?” Implications tell us how your work contributes to your field and what it adds to it. They’re used when you want to tell your peers why your research is important for ongoing theory, practice, policymaking, and for future research.
Crucially, your implications must be evidence-based. This means they must be derived from the results in the paper.
Implications are written after you’ve summarized your main findings in the discussion section. They come before the recommendations and before the concluding paragraph. There is no specific section dedicated to implications. They must be integrated into your discussion so that the reader understands why the results are meaningful and what they add to the field.
A good strategy is to separate your implications into types. Implications can be social, political, technological, related to policies, or others, depending on your topic. The most frequently used types are theoretical and practical. Theoretical implications relate to how your findings connect to other theories or ideas in your field, while practical implications are related to what we can do with the results.
Key features of implications
- State the impact your research makes
- Helps us understand why your results are important
- Must be evidence-based
- Written in the discussion, before recommendations
- Can be theoretical, practical, or other (social, political, etc.)
Examples of implications
Let’s take a look at some examples of research results below with their implications.
The result : one study found that learning items over time improves memory more than cramming material in a bunch of information at once . The implications : This result suggests memory is better when studying is spread out over time, which could be due to memory consolidation processes.
The result : an intervention study found that mindfulness helps improve mental health if you have anxiety. The implications : This result has implications for the role of executive functions on anxiety.
What are recommendations?
As noted above, explaining how your results contribute to the real world is an important part of a successful article. Likewise, stating how your findings can be used to improve something in future research is equally important. This brings us to the recommendations. Research recommendations are suggestions and solutions you give for certain situations based on your results. Once the reader understands what your results mean with the implications, the next question they need to know is “what’s next?” Recommendations are calls to action on ways certain things in the field can be improved in the future based on your results. Recommendations are used when you want to convey that something different should be done based on what your analyses revealed. Similar to implications, recommendations are also evidence-based. This means that your recommendations to the field must be drawn directly from your results. The goal of the recommendations is to make clear, specific, and realistic suggestions to future researchers before they conduct a similar experiment. No matter what area your research is in, there will always be further research to do. Try to think about what would be helpful for other researchers to know before starting their work. Recommendations are also written in the discussion section. They come after the implications and before the concluding paragraphs. Similar to the implications, there is usually no specific section dedicated to the recommendations. However, depending on how many solutions you want to suggest to the field, they may be written as a subsection.
Key features of recommendations
- Statements about what can be done differently in the field based on your findings
- Must be realistic and specific
- Written in the discussion, after implications and before conclusions
Examples of recommendations
Here are some research results and their recommendations.
A meta-analysis found that actively recalling material from your memory is better than simply re-reading it .
A medical intervention found that daily exercise helps prevent cardiovascular disease .
A study found that many research articles do not contain the sample sizes needed to statistically confirm their findings . The recommendation: To improve the current state of the field, researchers should consider doing power analysis based on their experiment’s design.
What else is important about implications and recommendations?
When writing recommendations and implications, be careful not to overstate the impact of your results. It can be tempting for researchers to inflate the importance of their findings and make grandiose statements about what their work means. Remember that implications and recommendations must be coming directly from your results. Therefore, they must be straightforward, realistic, and plausible. Another good thing to remember is to make sure the implications and recommendations are stated clearly and separately. Do not attach them to the endings of other paragraphs just to add them in. Use similar example phrases as those listed in the table when starting your sentences to clearly indicate when it’s an implication and when it’s a recommendation. When your peers, or brand-new readers, read your paper, they shouldn’t have to hunt through your discussion to find the implications and recommendations. They should be clear, visible, and understandable on their own. That’ll get you cited more, and you’ll make a greater contribution to your area of science while extending the life and impact of your work.
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Reporting guidelines are recommendations of what information authors should include in their manuscripts when writing about their research. These are imperative for ensuring ethical and... Read More »
How to Tailor Your Research for a General Audience
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Pre-registration vs. Registered Reports: What’s the difference?
A pre-registration is a detailed plan you create and file online before beginning your study, while a registered report is a manuscript that undergoes publication... Read More »
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National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Panel to Review the National Children's Study Research Plan. The National Children's Study Research Plan: A Review. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008.
The National Children's Study Research Plan: A Review.
- Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
D uring the past several months the panel has met and reviewed the research plan for the National Children’s Study (NCS), various working papers of the study, and additional documents provided by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The panel believes that this landmark study offers an unparalleled opportunity to examine the effects of environmental influences on child health and development, as well as to explore the complex interactions between genes and environments. The database derived from the study will be valuable for investigating the hypotheses described in the research plan as well as additional hypotheses that will evolve.
The critique, suggestions, and recommendations offered in the preceding chapters, therefore, are intended to improve the capabilities of the study to carry out the important mandate of the Children’s Health Act of 2000. This chapter highlights the panel’s key conclusions and recommendations resulting from its review organized by chapter and subject area.
CHAPTER 2: NCS GOALS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, AND CORE HYPOTHESES
Conclusion 2-1: The stated overall and specific goals for the NCS—and the design of the NCS to achieve those goals—largely reflect the stipulations of the Children’s Health Act of 2000. In the broadest terms, the NCS goals and design are responsive to the call in the act for a “national longitudinal study of environmental influences (including physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial) on children’s health and development.” Conclusion 2-2: The large, nationally representative, equal probability sample design, together with the inclusion of a large number of outcome and exposure measures over a long time span, are major strengths of the NCS. In particular, the sample design is an appropriate platform for the study, considering resource constraints, the need to represent all population groups and geographic areas, and the difficulty of devising an alternative disproportionate sampling scheme that would not unduly disadvantage some groups and areas that turn out to be of analytical interest. Conclusion 2-3: In four overarching areas, the NCS design, as represented in the research plan, is not, or may not be, optimal for achieving the goals of the Children’s Health Act. These areas are: insufficient attention to understanding disparities in child health and development among population groups of children defined by race, ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status, and geographic area, which the act explicitly mandates; inadequate conceptualization of important constructs, including health and development, and an overemphasis on disease and impairment relative to health and functionality and on risk factors relative to protective health-promoting factors; impaired data collection schedules and types of measures to support evaluation of some of the effects of chronic and intermittent exposures on child health and development; and underappreciation of the challenges to obtaining the highest possible quality of data from an observational design, which include the decentralized data collection structure of the study and limitations on the frequency of home and clinic visits and on the collection of medical and other administrative records for study participants.
Recommendation 2-1: The NCS should give priority attention to seeking ways to bolster the ability of the study to contribute to understanding of health disparities among children in different racial, ethnic, and other population groups, including the reestablishment of a working group to oversee this area and the encouragement of appropriate adjunct studies. Recommendation 2-2: The NCS should seek resources and develop methods to obtain more frequent in-person measures and medical and other administrative records data on study participants.
Recommendation 2-3: The NCS should clearly define the key constructs of child health and development and more fully develop a conceptual framework for understanding child health and development over the course of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
Using the Vanguard Centers as Pilots
Recommendation 2-4: We strongly urge the NCS to delay enrollment at new sites to make effective use of initial findings from participant enrollment and data collection in the Vanguard Center sites to improve study procedures, as appropriate, and to refine key concepts, hypotheses, and measures of outcomes and exposures. Throughout the life of the study, the NCS should use the Vanguard Centers to pilot test and experiment with data collection methods and instrumentation.
CHAPTER 3: PRIORITY OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES
Recommendation 3-1: The NCS should consider replacing research on subclinical maternal hypothyroidism as a factor in adverse pregnancy outcomes with research on the effects of a broader set of maternal physical and mental health conditions, such as maternal depression, maternal perceived stress, and maternal periodontal disease. Recommendation 3-2: The NCS should develop refined, detailed protocols for investigating all pregnancy outcomes, specifically a detailed protocol for obtaining information on various types of pregnancy loss, before beginning data collection at the Vanguard Centers, given that pregnancy outcomes are among the first outcomes to be examined; many outcomes lack clarity in measurement; and there are important questions regarding the adequacy of statistical power and the planned data collection (for example, the need for prepregnancy measurements of some exposures).
Neurodevelopment and Behavior and Child Health and Development
Recommendation 3-3: The NCS should develop a clearer rationale for the selection of specific neurodevelopment and behavior disorders to be considered in the study and a clearer conceptual basis for the assessment of normal child health and development trajectories and outcomes. Clarity is needed to guide the choice of outcome measures and exposure measures and the frequency and types of contacts (at the home, in clinics) with study participants in order to obtain the best information possible within resource and burden constraints.
Recommendation 3-4: The NCS should develop a clearer rationale for its hypotheses about factors that may increase the incidence of asthma. These should focus on prenatal and early life risk factors.
Obesity and Growth
Recommendation 3-5: The NCS should reevaluate its main hypotheses to be addressed in the study of childhood obesity and consider adopting a broader approach that incorporates social and psychological factors as well as biogenetic ones. Such an approach would help the study identify the constellations of key factors and their interrelationships that are important to understand in order to develop the most effective public health measures to reduce childhood obesity.
Recommendation 3-6: The NCS should consider replacing research on repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) with more nuanced research on other injury-related topics, such as environmental factors in childhood injuries and the effects of clinical response to injury (treatment or nontreatment).
Hormonally Active Agents and Reproductive Development
Recommendation 3-7: The NCS should develop refined and detailed protocols for studying reproductive development outcomes, which, as presented in the research plan, often lack clarity in measurement and research design. Outcomes that are measured at birth for which there is little time to refine research protocols require immediate attention. The NCS should use results from the Vanguard Centers, such as estimates of the prevalence of specific reproductive development outcomes, to assist in protocol development, and it should consider the usefulness of substudies of high-exposure population groups.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Measures
Recommendation 3-8: The NCS should add to its well-planned battery of demographic and socioeconomic measures questions on immigrant generation, languages spoken, and, if possible, the legal status of the parents and child.
Chemical Exposure Measures
Recommendation 3-9: The NCS should consider the use of personal air sampling methods for a subsample of participating women and their children for measuring exposure to air pollutants. Recommendation 3-10: The NCS should incorporate methodology to measure paternal exposure to environmental chemicals (both persistent and nonpersistent). More generally, the NCS should consider collecting for fathers, not only chemical exposures, but also biological samples and interview data on paternal characteristics that may affect children’s health and development to the same degree as it collects such information for mothers.
Physical Exposure Measures
Recommendation 3-11: The NCS should provide a clearer rationale for some of the housing and neighborhood conditions it proposes to measure and revisit its data collection plans to ensure that needed measures are obtained at developmental stages when children may be more vulnerable to risk factors. The goal should be a set of measures and data collection plans that are optimal with regard to analytic utility and response burden.
Psychosocial Exposure Measures
Recommendation 3-12: The NCS should reconsider its psychosocial measures to ensure that they will provide high-quality data for outcomes of interest for child health and development. In the face of resource and respondent burden constraints, the NCS should emphasize the quality and analytic utility of information, even if some measures must be dropped in order to substitute other assessments more desirable on various grounds. Recommendation 3-13: The NCS should dedicate a portion of funds to support research and development of reliable and valid instruments of key psychosocial measures that are practical and economical to administer.
Biological Exposure Measures
Recommendation 3-14: The NCS should review some of the proposed measures of biological exposures, such as maternal glucose metabolism and child cortisol levels, to ensure that the proposed times for data collection are appropriate for capturing the underlying exposure.
Recommendation 3-15: The NCS should adopt a clear mechanism by which genetic association studies are internally and, optimally, externally validated before any results are published or released to the media. The NCS should also revise its proposed “established” candidate gene approach to take advantage of the new information emanating from the current wave of genome-wide association studies, with appropriate replication. Recommendation 3-16: The NCS should consider consolidating its genetics studies in order to reduce costs and to coordinate the best science at the least cost to the project. One approach would be to simply collect the biological samples and properly store them for later genetic analysis when a better selection of polymorphisms and cost-effective genotyping across studies are possible.
Recommendation 3-17: The NCS should add measures of access to and quality of services, including medical care, education, child care, and services, as potential mediators of health and development outcomes and to improve the assessment of information obtained through maternal reports.
Recommendation 3-18: To facilitate linkages of NCS data with environmental exposures from other databases, such as measures of demographics, crime, government programs, and pollution, the NCS should develop a plan for geocoding the residential addresses from prebirth through adulthood of all participating children to standard census geographic units. In addition, the study should develop arrangements by which researchers, both inside and outside the NCS study centers, can access geocodes for respondent addresses and are encouraged to perform linkages and make their environmental information available to the NCS analysis community. Such arrangements must safeguard the confidentiality of NCS respondents.
CHAPTER 4: STUDY DESIGN, DATA COLLECTION, AND ANALYSIS
Conclusion 4-1: We strongly endorse the use of probability sampling to select the NCS national sample of births. Conclusion 4-2: While we endorse the decision to select an equal probability national sample of births as a reasonable strategy given the many key scientific objectives of the NCS, we recognize that a proportionate representation of the study’s target population will result in estimates for some subgroups that are not as precise as they would be had those groups been oversampled. Conclusion 4-3: The process of identifying births from a national sample of households is complex and subject to numerous sources of attrition of uncertain magnitude. Because of this, it will be difficult to predict how many households must be initially selected to produce a probability sample of 1,000 births in each of the NCS sites. Recommendation 4-1: The NCS should consider modifying the sampling design to allow for flexibility in increasing the number of study participants in the event that the estimated number of screened households needed to reach 1,000 births per primary sampling unit (PSU) is incorrect. Recommendation 4-2: The NCS should consider the proposed household enumeration approach to be experimental and should conduct carefully designed field studies to clearly establish the statistical and practical implications of the proposed adjudicated listing approach. Recommendation 4-3: To ensure a diverse exposure profile in the sample, the NCS should consider a careful assessment of variation in ambient exposure to chemical agents within each PSU. If the set of segments in a PSU can be classified by combined exposure to a group of important chemical agents, this information could then be used to form varying exposure-level strata for segment sampling in each PSU and thus ensure a range of ambient exposure to relevant environmental agents.
Conclusion 4-4: The data collection model adopted by the NCS is complex, will challenge the abilities of the staff and coordinating center to achieve a uniform and consistent national data collection, and may compromise key study objectives. Conclusion 4-5: The NCS research plan does not provide sufficient information on the use of data collection guidelines and quality-control procedures to enable evaluation of the planned implementation of a uniform national data collection system. Conclusion 4-6: The NCS research plan does not address directly the issue of respondent burden, except to say that “some” effort is being made to reduce it, nor does the plan make clear the total number of hours the respondent must commit to the study. In particular, in light of the estimate of the interview length (4 hours) for the baseline interview, a critical collection for the study, the research plan pays little attention to respondent burden and its impact on the quality of the data. Conclusion 4-7: The NCS research plan provides little information concerning best methods for sample recruitment to achieve initial and follow-up target response rates, sample maintenance and sample retention procedures for implementation at the study sites, community involvement plans consistent with the uniform implementation of data collection procedures, or contingency plans to support study sites that do not achieve target response rates. Conclusion 4-8: The NCS research plan does not address the ongoing methodological needs of the study—to study data collection procedures and instruments, conduct experiments, and evaluate the quality of the survey operations and the quality of the data—nor does the plan make the best use of the Vanguard Centers. Recommendation 4-4: The NCS should consider ways in which the survey data collection could be consolidated into a smaller number of highly qualified survey organizations. Recommendation 4-5: Because of the complexity of the proposed organizational model for data collection and the difficulty of maintaining the quality and uniformity of data collection procedures across a large number of study sites, the NCS program office should establish and monitor strict standards for enrollment, retention, and data collection at each of the study sites and be prepared to take immediate corrective action if sites do not meet high-quality standards in data collection. Recommendation 4-6: The NCS should prepare a plan for monitoring progress of the study in reaching its sample size goals. As part of the plan, the NCS should take advantage of the experience of the Vanguard Centers to evaluate initial enrollment rates, the effectiveness and potential respondent burden of the interview instrument, and the ability of the Vanguard Centers to obtain the required household environmental measures reliably. Recommendation 4-7: To resolve issues that arise during data collection, the NCS should set aside sufficient resources to maintain an ongoing program of methods research and field experimentation. Among the issues that might be addressed in this research are the reliability and validity of previously untested survey questions and measurement strategies, the effectiveness of sample retention procedures, predictors of response outcomes associated with sample initial recruitment and subsequent annual retention, error implications of unit nonresponse, adjustment strategies for unit nonresponse, and methods for dealing with item nonresponse.
Data Analysis and Dissemination
Recommendation 4-8: The NCS should begin planning for the rapid dissemination of the core study data, subject to respondent protection, to the general research community and for supporting the use of the data after dissemination. The costs of implementing this plan should be estimated and set aside in future NCS budgets. Dissemination includes not only the publication of findings through reports and scientific papers and the production of documented data files for researchers, but also active support in the use of NCS data by the broadest possible range of qualified investigators.
CHAPTER 5: ETHICAL PROCEDURES AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Criteria for giving information to participants.
Recommendation 5-1: The NCS should define the criteria and the process for deciding what individual clinical and research information, such as environmental assessments, test results, and survey scales, will be given to children and their families.
Protection and Release of Information
Recommendation 5-2: NCS and non-NCS investigators should be given equal access to the full NCS data as soon as they are cleaned and documented. To protect respondent confidentiality, all analyses should be performed with the kind of strict safeguards employed by the Census Bureau research data centers.
Recommendation 5-3: The NCS should engage communities in selected study implementation, data analysis, and data interpretation activities that go beyond recruitment. The NCS should consider requiring every study center to formulate a more detailed plan to engage and collaborate with local communities.
In summary, it is clear from our review that the NCS offers not only enormous potential, but also a large number of conceptual, methodological, and administrative challenges. In addition, funding uncertainties make it difficult to plan beyond the relatively short period for which funds have been appropriated. Like the scientists associated with the study itself, we are eager for it to succeed. We present our conclusions and recommendations in the hope that, as it goes forward, the NCS will achieve its intended objectives and serve as a model of methodological and substantive contributions to important scientific and policy discussions on children’s health and development.
- Cite this Page National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Panel to Review the National Children's Study Research Plan. The National Children's Study Research Plan: A Review. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008. 6, Conclusions and Recommendations.
- PDF version of this title (784K)
In this Page
- NCS GOALS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, AND CORE HYPOTHESES
- PRIORITY OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES
- STUDY DESIGN, DATA COLLECTION, AND ANALYSIS
- ETHICAL PROCEDURES AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
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Example of Recommendation in Research Paper
Example of recommendation in research paper can be defined as a critical suggestion regarding the best course of action in a certain situation. The whole idea of a recommendation is to provide a beneficial guide that will not only resolve certain issues, but result in a beneficial outcome. Recommendations can be different and are heavily dependent on the situation that arose. Thus, it is clear that example of recommendation in research paper is always based on certain data and can not be speculated due to the fact that it is not a hypothesis.
To begin with, in order to reduce the impact of a given issue, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) needs to conduct a proper analysis and outline the best course of actions. Clearly, in order to conduct such a research, the company should focus their core resources on a proper evaluation of their past positive outcomes. This is the very first step that will not only secure a proper outcome in the future, but will eliminate issues that are present today.
Moving on forward, based on data generated from the research, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) should focus their resources on employee training in order to guide the company towards success. This particular step will secure that every individual within the company is informed about the new policy, as well as, it will ensure that the policy itself is followed.
All in all, when the policy is changed and all employees are fully aware of it, it is of utmost importance to create a proper marketing campaign, especially on the web due to the fact that the majority of people spend their free time on the Internet. The marketing campaign will feature new innovative changes regarding customer service, as well as, how these new systems are far more superior from those that are sold by their main competitors. Indeed, this will not only improve their position on the market, but will ensure that future issues will be little to non-existent.
To conclude it, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) is currently facing a major issue that is not only hindering their success rate, but in a slow manner, breeds bankruptcy, which is not, by any means a positive outcome. As soon as Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) implements above-mentioned recommendations, the result will not only eliminate the problem, but will guide the company towards new customer, beneficial outcomes, which is essentially the core idea behind this recommendation.
- Causon, J. (2015). UK business risks losing market share due to bad customer service. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2015/jun/16/businesses-market-share-customer-service-social-media
- McNamara, C. (2016). Employee Training and Development: Reasons and Benefits.Managementhelp.org. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from http://managementhelp.org/training/basics/reasons-for-training.htm
- Satell, G. (2013). Forbes Welcome. Forbes.com. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2013/04/16/4-principles-of-marketing-strategy-in-the-digital-age/#3442d60495cd
- Avenue, N. (2012). Why Is a Marketing Plan Important for a New Business? – Next Avenue.Next Avenue. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from http://www.nextavenue.org/why-marketing-plan-important-new-business/
- Agbai, P. (2016). Duke Human Resources: Training & Development Programs. Hr.duke.edu. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from https://www.hr.duke.edu/training/
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To make an acknowledgement in a research paper, a writer should express thanks by using the full or professional names of the people being thanked and should specify exactly how the people being acknowledged helped.
Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.
An action research paper documents a “cycle of inquiry,” in which the writer evaluates a problem and develops a strategy of reform. Educators and educational administrators typically use this writing format to foster continual improvement i...
What should recommendations look like? ... Recommendations for future research should be: ... Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers
Recommendations in the research paper should be written in the order of priority. The most important recommendations for decision-makers should come first.
Recommendations should be one-sentence, succinct, and start with an action verb (create, establish, fund, facilitate, coordinate, etc.). They should use a “
Recommendations are the added suggestions that you want people to follow when performing future studies. These are based off of what you have found or what you
This video is solely for educational purposes only. I do not own some of the materials used in this video, copyright to the owner.
How to write Recommendation for Quantitative Research Paper | SHSCorrelational Research. ... 8K views 9 months ago Research.
Writing an academic research paper is a bit like running a race. Finish strong, with your most important conclusion (recommendation) at the end. Leave readers
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk.
During the past several months the panel has met and reviewed the research plan for the National Children's Study (NCS), various working papers of the study
Example of recommendation in research paper can be defined as a critical suggestion regarding the best course of action in a certain
Scientific paper recommendation aims to recommend new articles or classical articles that match researchers' interests.
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In 2011, UNESCO inscribed French traditional equitation as intangible cultural heritage. The notion of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) was formalised by an international convention in 2003, which France ratified in 2006. UNESCO defines ICH as a set of living practices worth transmitting from one generation to the next. UNESCO considers that equitation in the French tradition meets this definition.
French traditional equitation is a school of horseback riding that emphasizes harmonious relations between humans and horses. The fundamental horse-training principles and processes are guided by non-violence and lack of constraint, blending human demands with respect for the horse’s body and mood. Knowledge of the animal itself (physiology, psychology, anatomy) and human nature (emotions and the body) are complemented by a state of mind that combines skill and respect for the horse. Fluidity of movements and flexibility of joints ensure that the horse participates in the exercises without coercion. Although practised throughout France and elsewhere, the most widely known community is the Cadre Noir of Saumur, based at the National School of Equitation (French Equitation and Horse Institute). The common denominator among riders is the desire to establish close relations with the horse, build mutual respect and work towards achieving "lightness". Cooperation between generations is strong, with respect for the experience of older riders galvanized by the enthusiasm of younger riders. The Saumur region is also home to instructors, horse breeders, craftspeople (saddlers, boot-makers), veterinary services and blacksmiths. Frequent public displays and galas hosted by the Cadre Noir of Saumur help to sustain the visibility of equitation in the French tradition.
The National School of Equitation's (ENE – Ecole Nationale d'Équitation) plan to safeguard equitation in the French tradition is based on three lines:
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Britain’s protected natural areas are failing to stop biodiversity loss
In the United Kingdom, some species of bees, ladybugs and spider populations are declining at faster rates in protected natural areas. That’s according to a new study that shows protected areas in the U.K. are as vulnerable to biodiversity loss as their unprotected counterparts.
The report from researchers at the United Kingdom Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and the University of Sheffield, shows that protected areas – which have been seen as key to protecting biodiversity – can be effective at protecting rare species, but have been unsuccessful in protecting common species.
“It is worrying, as you would expect species to show more positive trends in protected areas,” said Rob Cooke, lead author of the study. “It should serve as a warning as today’s common species can be tomorrow’s rare species.”
In the U.K., data shows that on average, three species are lost each decade in protected areas while in unprotected areas, only two species per decade. Researchers say this phenomenon in protected areas could be explained by external factors like climate change and the steady encroachment of development along protected borders. However, researchers also say protected areas in the U.K. have nearly double the number of rare species than their unprotected counterparts.
The report comes amid a global push to protect 30 percent of the planet’s land and water by 2030, known as the 30X30 plan. Data on the U.K.’s protected areas suggest that as the country works toward that goal, how areas are protected is as important as their size. At the recent United Nations biodiversity conference, delegates from nearly 200 countries agreed to formalize 30X30. But many environmentalists say more ambitious targets should be set to protect the world’s remaining biodiversity while Indigenous peoples say a failure by world leaders to recognize Indigenous rights, territories and knowledge has led to land grabs and human rights abuses.
According to a 2022 progress report on 30X30, the U.K. has made little progress on its 30X30 goals with just over three percent of the country’s land, and eight percent of its waters, effectively protected. “Unfortunately, our figures show that in the race to halt nature’s decline by 2030, the Government is limping backwards. At this rate, the Government’s prospects of effectively protecting 30% of the land and sea for nature by 2030 are vanishing,” said Richard Benwell, CEO of Wildlife and Countryside Link, the organization behind the report.
The study’s authors recommend evidence-based management of protected areas to ensure they remain effective, rather than simply measuring the area covered. This could include developing more robust monitoring networks and improving site-level data collection. They also stress the need for greater protection for common species. “I think the positive thing we can take from this is that we have a clear opportunity to make protected areas better for biodiversity,” Cooke said.
This story was originally published by Grist with the headline Britain’s protected natural areas are failing to stop biodiversity loss on Jan 25, 2023.
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by Mary J. O.
A 74-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes presented to the emergency department with a cough productive of rust-colored sputum. His complaints started approximately three days earlier and progressively worsened. The patient reported difficulty in breathing, shaking chills, and fever up to 39ºC. He had no sick contacts. On examination, the physician noticed an elderly gentleman in mild respiratory distress. His vital signs were: BP: 110/70 mmHg, HR: 102 bpm, RR 20 bpm, T 38.4ºC and SpO2 91% on room air. Auscultation revealed rales at the right lung base.
Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection of the lung parenchyma, particularly the alveoli. The healthy alveoli fill with air when a person breathes; however, in pneumonia, the fluid or pus in the alveoli makes breathing painful and inhibits air exchange. Despite modern research and the development of a variety of antimicrobial agents, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the very young and the elderly.
The most common causes of pneumonia are bacteria and viruses, but fungi, protozoans, and parasites can also cause infection. These organisms, typically found in the nasopharynx, can infect the lungs by inhalation. Additionally, airborne droplets (such as from a cough or sneeze) or blood-borne infections (such as from mother to baby during delivery) may spread the disease.
For an overview of pneumonia, watch the video below:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs in patients with no recent hospitalization or exposure to the healthcare system. The most common bacterial cause of CAP is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Its incidence is declining due to vaccination. Other common bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. These so-called “typical” pneumonia agents generally present with primarily respiratory symptoms and a lobar consolidation on chest radiograph. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella sp. are among the common atypical causes of bacterial pneumonia. They may present with a subacute onset, more generalized, non-respiratory symptoms and respond to different antibiotics than the typical organisms. The radiographs may not show an infiltration.
Common viral causes of pneumonia include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and rhinoviruses. Recently, a number of new viral pathogens have emerged, including coronaviruses that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV).
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) refers to pneumonia newly-contracted at least 48-72 hours after hospitalization. It is the second most common type of nosocomial infection (after urinary tract infections), and a common cause of death in the intensive care unit. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after a patient receives mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. Intubation allows oral and gastric secretions and microorganisms to enter the lower respiratory tract. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms usually cause VAP.
Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is a particular subset of nosocomial pneumonia in which patients come from the community but have frequent interactions with the healthcare system. It includes patients who were hospitalized within the last 90 days, reside in a long-term care facility such as a nursing home, receive hemodialysis or wound care, have contact with a family member with MDR pathogens, or are on chemotherapy or intravenous antibiotics. Like HAP and VAP, patients with HCAP are at risk for multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Critical Bedside Actions and General Approach
Initial evaluation should focus on ensuring adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Hypoxic patients should receive supplemental oxygen. Endotracheal intubation may be required in patients with severe respiratory distress. Early and aggressive fluid resuscitation is necessary for patients who are hemodynamically unstable or who are presenting with sepsis. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be started once the diagnosis of pneumonia is established, even before the definite identification of a microbial cause.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lung cancer
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary embolism
- Upper respiratory tract infections
The classic symptoms of pneumonia are fever/chills, cough (often productive of purulent sputum), pleuritic chest pain, and shortness of breath. Elderly patients may present with nonspecific symptoms, such as general malaise, anorexia, and confusion. On physical examination, tachycardia and tachypnea are usually present. Patients may be hypoxic and hypotensive. Auscultation of the chest may reveal coarse rales or bronchial breath sounds. There may also be dullness to percussion and increased tactile fremitus. No single clinical finding is reliable in establishing a diagnosis of pneumonia.
For examples of lung sounds, please see the following video:
Emergency/Diagnostic Tests and Interpretation
- Pulse oximetry to screen for hypoxia. Hypoxia is an indication for admission.
- Chest x-ray (CXR): generally the most important study to determine the presence of pneumonia, although it cannot establish the causative agent. The absence of findings on CXR should not preclude the use of antibiotics in patients thought to have pneumonia based on clinical presentation.
- Computed tomography (CT) of the chest: more sensitive than CXR, but often not necessary.
- Point-of-care ultrasound is becoming more widely used for the rapid diagnosis of pneumonia. It can be more sensitive than CXR, though findings of consolidation on ultrasound are not specific for pneumonia. The accuracy of ultrasound is operator-dependent.
The ultrasound below shows consolidation and pleural effusion related to pneumonia.
- A complete blood count (CBC) may show the presence of leukocytosis, but this often does not affect overall management.
- An elevated lactate level may indicate the need for more aggressive fluid resuscitation.
- If congestive heart failure is in the differential diagnosis, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) may help distinguish between CHF and pneumonia.
- The utility of routine blood cultures has been questioned due to the low yield, but they should be drawn before the initiation of antibiotics in patients who will be admitted, particularly in severely ill patients. Cultures are positive in 20-25% of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, but the percentage is even lower in pneumonia due to other causes. Positive blood cultures may help determine local antibiotic resistance patterns.
- Sputum Gram stain and culture can help identify a bacterial pathogen, but like blood cultures, the usefulness in the emergency department setting is very limited. With an adequate specimen, sputum studies are positive in more than 80% of cases of S. pneumoniae, but that percentage is much less for other pathogens.
- Urine antigen tests are available for Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 (74% sensitivity) and pneumococcus.
- Rapid diagnostic tests are available for many viruses, including RSV and influenza.
Once pneumonia has been diagnosed, antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible, as early initiation leads to better outcomes. Antimicrobial therapy should be tailored to the most likely causative organisms in order to avoid drug toxicity, decrease the rate of resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and reduce cost. The empiric treatment of CAP has been made more difficult by the emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP).
Risk factors for resistant S. pneumoniae include age > 65 years; recent treatment or repeated therapy with beta-lactams, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones; and medical comorbidities, including immunosuppression.
The following recommendations are adapted from: the EMRA Antibiotic Guide; Musher et al., NEJM; and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
Outpatient therapy (adults):
- Amoxicillin/clavulanate, with the addition of azithromycin or doxycycline if atypical organisms are suspected
- Levofloxacin or moxifloxacin monotherapy may be used instead
- If influenza is suspected, treat early with oseltamivir
Inpatient therapy (adults):
- Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, with the addition of azithromycin or doxycycline
- Levofloxacin or moxifloxacin may be used instead
- If influenza is suspected, treat early with oseltamivir
- If MRSA is suspected, vancomycin or linezolid should be added
- If the patient is allergic to penicillin, use aztreonam and levofloxacin instead
- If Pseudomonas is likely, use double coverage until susceptibilities are back – levofloxacin or gentamicin, with the addition of an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam: cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, or aztreonam
HCAP, HAP, or VAP (adults) [choose one from each category below]:
- Beta-lactams: cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, aztreonam
- Levofloxacin, or azithromycin plus gentamicin
- MRSA coverage: vancomycin or linezolid
Outpatient therapy (pediatrics):
- Amoxicillin (preferred in low-resource settings) or amoxicillin/clavulanate
- If atypical pneumonia suspected, azithromycin
Inpatient therapy (pediatrics):
- Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
- If MRSA is suspected, add clindamycin or vancomycin
- If atypical organisms suspected, azithromycin
- Specific Organisms and Associations
- S. pneumoniae is the single most commonly identified organism in both adults and children with CAP. It is classically associated with rust-colored sputum and lobar consolidation.
- H. influenzae is a common pathogen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, and malnutrition.
- M. catarrhalis is another common pathogen in patients with COPD, although it more often causes COPD exacerbations than pneumonia.
- Klebsiella pneumoniae rarely causes CAP in a healthy host but can cause severe pneumonia in patients with chronic illnesses, such as alcoholism or diabetes. The sputum produced is often mixed with blood, giving it the color of red currant jelly.
- S. aureus can cause severe, necrotizing pneumonia with cavitary lesions. It can often occur after an infection with influenza. Intravenous drug users can also get hematogenous spread.
- C. pneumoniae is a relatively common cause of CAP, causing subacute systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise, myalgias, and non-productive cough.
- M. pneumoniae is a common cause of CAP, particularly in younger patients. It can be associated with rashes, sore throat, and ear pain. The classic finding associated with this pathogen is bullous myringitis, though it is actually not common and is nonspecific.
- The Legionella genus is comprised of over 50 species of intracellular organisms that live in aquatic environments and cause infection when inhaled. There have been no documented cases of person-to-person transmission. Elderly patients are at risk of severe pneumonia, often with gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Hyponatremia is often present as well.
- Anaerobic infections can result from the aspiration of oropharyngeal contents. These infections are often polymicrobial. Risk factors are patients with decreased level of consciousness or severe periodontal disease.
- Fungi are a rare cause of pulmonary infections. Histoplasma capsulatum lives in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings and causes disease when spores are inhaled. It is found most commonly in the central and eastern United States, near the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. H. capsulatum can also be found in Central and South America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Coccidiodes immitis is found in the southwestern United States and Central and South America.
- Other rare causes of pneumonia are: tularemia (caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis) is spread by contact with infected mammals, especially rabbits. Psittacosis (caused by Chlamydia psittaci) can be spread to humans from infected birds. Sheep, cattle, and goats are the natural reservoir of Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii).
- Pediatric Patients
- Pneumonia is the leading cause of death of children worldwide, killing more than malaria, measles, and AIDS combined. In neonates, organisms that colonize the maternal vaginal canal, such as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli may cause pneumonia. Viruses are a common cause of pneumonia in infants and young children. RSV and parainfluenza infections most often occur in the wintertime. Symptomatic treatment is recommended for cases of viral pneumonia. In school-age children, M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae infections are more common. Pediatric patients often do not present with the classic signs of pneumonia, such as a productive cough. Often, the only signs are tachypnea and increased work of breathing.
- Geriatric Patients
- Elderly patients are more susceptible to pneumonia than younger patients and have a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Even after recovery from pneumonia, they have a higher rate of mortality in one year. They often do not present with the classic signs and symptoms of pneumonia, such as fever, cough, sputum production, or leukocytosis. Frequently, the only sign of pneumonia may be confusion or malaise. The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly remains S. pneumoniae. However, geriatric patients are more likely to have resistant types of this organism.
- Pregnant Patients
- Pneumonia is the most frequent cause of non-obstetric infection in the pregnant patient. The pregnant woman is predisposed to infection due to an alteration in immune status, making her more susceptible to infection. In the postpartum period, pneumonia can occur from aspiration as a complication of obstetric anesthesia. Additionally, there is an increased risk of aspiration due to increased intragastric pressure from the gravid uterus and relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter due to progesterone.
- Evaluation and treatment are more complicated because there are two patients to care for simultaneously. Chest radiography should be performed with the protection of the fetus. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be selected to avoid teratogenicity. Fetal complications are common as fever and hypoxemia are harmful to development. Preterm labor is a known complication of pneumonia, and tocolytic therapy may be required. Testing for Group B Streptococcus before delivery and intrapartum administration of antibiotics can prevent the transmission of the bacteria to the neonate.
- Immunocompromised Patients
- Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii) is a fungal agent that does not cause infection in healthy people but is an important cause of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts. It remains the most common AIDS-defining illness in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The classic symptoms are fever, nonproductive cough, fatigue, shortness of breath especially with exertion, bilateral interstitial infiltrates, and hypoxia. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), also known as cotrimoxazole, is the drug of choice for PCP, although alternatives (such as pentamidine, dapsone, and atovaquone) are often needed due to allergic reactions, adverse effects, or treatment failure. Adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids has been shown to improve survival, especially in patients who are hypoxic.
- Another pathogen to consider in immunocompromised patients is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster are rare causes of viral pneumonia.
A number of clinical prediction rules and guidelines have been developed to determine whether patients with CAP should be admitted or can be safely treated as an outpatient. As with all clinical prediction rules, these scores should be used as a guideline and should not override the judgment of the physician.
Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI)
The PSI is the most widely studied clinical prediction rule for pneumonia. It stratifies patients into five classes for risk of death (Risk Class I to V) from all causes within 30 days of presentation based on medical history, physical examination, and laboratory/radiologic findings. All-cause mortality ranges from 0.1% for Risk Class I to 27.0-29.2% for Class V. As points are assigned by age, it may underestimate severe pneumonia in otherwise young, healthy patients and may overestimate severity in older patients (any patient over 50 years of age is automatically classified into Risk Class II).
Click on the link to access a calculator for PSI.
CURB-65 severity score
The PSI score uses twenty variables and may be cumbersome to use in the emergency department. The CURB-65 score only requires five variables and is easier to compute.
- Urea > 7 mmol/L (in the United States, blood urea nitrogen > 19 mg/dL)
- Respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/minute
- Blood pressure (systolic < 90 mmHg or diastolic ≤ 60 mmHg)
- Age ≥ 65 years
One point is given for each variable and patients can be stratified according to increasing risk of mortality, ranging from 0.7% mortality for a score of 0 to 57% mortality for a score of 5. Consider an ICU admission for patients with a score of 4 or 5.
Compared to the CURB-65 score, the PSI identified a greater number of patients as low-risk (68% vs. 61%). The low-risk patients according to the PSI had a slightly lower 30-day mortality (1.4%) compared to the CURB-65 (1.7%). The clinical relevance of the slightly improved accuracy of the PSI is unknown.
To calculate a CURB-65 score, click on the link.
The SMART-COP rule is a clinical rule that predicts which patients with community-acquired pneumonia may need intensive care, such as mechanical ventilation or inotropic support. A SMART-COP score of ≥ 3 points identified 92% of patients who required intensive care measures. While this score was superior to CURB-65 for predicting whether a patient would need intensive respiratory or vasopressor support, like the PSI, the sensitivity of SMART-COP is reduced in younger patients and was noted in one study to stratify 15% of young adults incorrectly.
To see the SMART-COP tool, follow the link.
Ultimately, the decision to admit a patient depends on the physician’s judgment, but all the factors listed in the above scoring systems should be considered.
References and Further Reading
- American Thoracic Society Documents. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(4):388-416.
- Aujesky D, Auble TE, YE DM, et al. Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2005; 118:384.
- Blaivas M. Lung Ultrasound in Evaluation of Pneumonia. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:823–826.
- Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. Predicting the need for mechanical ventilation and/or inotropic support for young adults admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008 Dec 15; 47(12):1571-4.
- Charles PG, Wolfe R, Whitby M, et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the needs for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008 Aug 1; 47(3):375-84.
- File, TM. Antibiotic studies for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. In: UpToDate, Bartlett JG (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on August 18, 2015.)
- Fine MJ, Hough LJ, Medsger AR, et al. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:36.
- Koenig SM, Truwit JD. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006 Oct; 19(4):637–657.
- Levine BJ, ed. 2013 EMRA Antibiotic Guide. 15th ed. Texas: Emergency Medicine Residents’ Association; 2012.
- Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003 Mary; 58(5):377-82.
- Lung Sounds – Rales, Rhonchi, Wheezes. TheLungSounds [uploaded May 21, 2012]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOB0nM0PRTc. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- Musher DM, Thorner AR. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1619-1629.
- Patel S. CURB-65 Severity Score. Available from: http://www.mdcalc.com/curb-65-severity-score-community-acquired-pneumonia. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- Patel S. PSI/PORT Score: Pneumonia Severity Index for CAP. Available from: http://www.mdcalc.com/psi-port-score-pneumonia-severity-index-adult-cap. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- Pneumonia in the Pregnant Patient: A Synopsis. Medscape General Medicine. 1999;1(3) Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717402_1. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- SMART-COP tool for assessing the severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd. [July 2010]. Available from: http://lifeinthefastlane.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/etg-smartcop.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- What is pneumonia? Khan Academy [uploaded June 6, 2014]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzJNabJAPaE. Accessed November 30, 2015.
Links To More Information
- Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011Oct; 53(7):617-30. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/30/cid.cir531.full.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: S27-72. http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/idsaats-cap.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- Wardlaw T, Johansson EW, Hodge M. Pneumonia: The Forgotten Killer of Children. UNICEF/WHO. 2006. http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Pneumonia_The_Forgotten_Killer_of_Children.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015.
- CDEM Curriculum – Hultgren A. Pneumonia – https://cdemcurriculum.com/pneumonia/ – link
- FLIPPED EM Classroom – https://flippedemclassroom.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/pneumonia/ – link
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When the condition of the teeth has deteriorated so far that they can no longer be repaired, removal is the only option. Dentures are a “replacement” option for missing teeth. There are two variations of dentures: partial dentures and full dentures. The difference between the two lies in how many natural teeth remain.
A complete denture is a removable prosthesis of white plastic teeth in a pink gum-colored plastic base; the denture rests on the remaining gum ridge once all of the teeth in the arch have been removed. It is important to note that life with an upper and/or lower denture is a major lifestyle change when compared to natural teeth. Dentures impact the type of food you are able to eat, your self-confidence in social situations, and even your self-esteem.
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In many situations and processes of life, we need to separate one type of material from another. Even the simple process of washing one’s hands after using the toilet is a type of separation of materials as it separates germs from our hands. Mixtures both in nature and in chemical processing environments require regular separation. Custom metal washable filters are a great option for the techniques highlighted. Separation eliminates unwanted materials and allows us to retain only the important components of any mixture. Another benefit of separation processes is the ability to retain pure resultant substances from which we can derive benefit, e.g., filtering gases to retain only oxygen or hydrogen. Let’s focus on the advantages and disadvantages of using filters in liquid-solid separation.
Types of solid-liquid filtration methods
Any process that involves separating solids from liquids through the application of mechanical, biological, or physical procedures to force liquids to pass through the filter’s pores is called filtration. The filter options available include cotton wool, metal, paper, sand, or any other compound with pores in its structure.
- General filtration
Known in the industrial and chemical worlds as gravity filtration, this technique relies solely on gravity to separate the component of a mixture.
- Hot filtration
During critical separation and filtration processes, sometimes crystals develop inside the filter and hamper the procedure. Hot filtration is utilized by heating all the components to eliminate crystal formation and enhance the separation processes.
- Vacuum filtration
Involves forcing a mixture through an efficient filter paper through the application of a vacuum to the filter chamber using a sidearm adaptor.
- Cold filtration
Ice baths are utilized to cool down the solution mixtures at a rapid rate. This prompts the formation of solid crystals in place of larger crystals obtained through cooling at room temperature.
Barrier filtration involves a barrier of some sort, including bags, sheets, and cartridges. The barrier works to quickly and efficiently remove solid particles as the liquid is poured through the barrier. Typical barriers consist of cast, woven, polyester, or cellulose materials. These same materials are pleated and designed into cartridges, formed into the shape of bags, or flattened into unique frames. All barriers contain pores at roughly 40 microns each. As the solid-liquid mixture is poured through the barrier, all particles larger than 40 microns are quickly removed.
Advantages of filtration systems
- The cost of media-based filtration is quite low compared to other forms of filtration techniques. The cost incurred in the housings is reduced by any filtration supplier based on the fact that a fresh installation of the systems will yield a return on investment.
- Easy-to-control systems
An efficient operator can get a clear picture of the status of a filter using differential pressure. It also indicated the point in time at which the cartridge should be removed and swapped.
Disadvantages of filtration systems
- There is a high cost of disposal and replacement associated with filtration systems
- Media-based filtration is always about choosing between the amount of filtration required and that which is permissible to maintain flow.
Filtration is an excellent technique for separating solids from liquids for industrial processes. It is also highly efficient and affordable, especially if custom metal washable filters are used.
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“The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe Essay
- Date:Jul 16, 2019
- Category:The Cask of Amontillado
- Topic:The Cask of Amontillado Essays
Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Cask of Amontillado” should best be remembered for its themes of betrayal between friends and the execution of the perfect murder. As I read the story, I discovered that the friendship between Montresor and Fortunato is not built on any solid foundation that could classify it as ever having been a true friendship. Instead it is built on a shallow understanding of Montresors personality and character by Fortunato. Fortunatos actions in the story indicate that he was only a friend to Montresor on the surface as he found himself unwilling to forgive a “friend” who had unintentionally insulted him during a drunken fit. By murdering Montresor, Fortunato only served to show that true friendship can never be solidified over a bottle of wine. Instead, it only courts betrayal and evil thoughts as the effects of alcohol alter one the personality of each person.
The basis of the conflict in the story is never truly spelled out for the reader aside from the allusion that Fortunato managed to insult Montresor verbally during one drunken gathering that they had.It is evident that the events that transpired between the friends was something that was blown out of proportion by Montresor as Fortunato does not display any recollection of the events that previously transpired between them. It is most disturbing that Montresor never displays any personal battle with the actions that he had taken that night. Instead, he gloats about performing the perfect murder many years ago.
The actions of Montresor, the way that he plotted the murder of his friend, and the lack of guilt or remorse at having committed the crime decades later leads the reader to believe that he must be a sociopath of the highest order. He must also be have been insane since he thought nothing of bragging about the crime that he committed and how he had gotten away with it to a complete stranger. Fortunato on the other hand is the character whom the readers can actually feel pity for as he is portrayed as nothing more than a drunk who was punished severely by his friend for a slighting that he did not even recall having committed. One must remember that Montresor, even during the final moments as he lay the final bricks over his panicking friend, he never told the other what he had done to deserve such a fate. These major characters are definitely plausible as friends in real life do have such falling out problems but with lesser repercussions befalling the guilty party.
The set of the story is the perfect backdrop for the personality of each of the characters. Fortunato is shown enjoying a carnival, drinking and enjoying himself without a care in the world. Then he is taken down to the catacombs by Montresor. The trek to deep into the catacombs truly symbolizes the character of Montresor, dark and secretive. The fact that the catacombs is the burial ground, or final resting place of the people who were enjoying the carnival above them shows that Montresor had played judge and jury to his friend, having cuffed him in chains to the wall as he closed it up in order to imprison his offensive friend for all eternity, never to be seen or heard from again. Fortunato had reached his final resting place.
With its theme of betrayal between friends, I found that I had this urge to review the friendships I have had in my life and evaluate them for sincerity and possible grave misunderstandings. It has made me realize the importance of communication between friends is most important in resolving any issues between friends rather than letting it fester inside, causing an even bigger, sometimes life altering situation between friends. And that, is why I chose The Cask of Amontillado for this particular subject. The character study that it allows for holds a mirror up for the reader to use in evaluating the friendships that they have in our lives. After all, nobody wants to end up like Fortunato, dead because of something that he had said but perhaps did not mean.
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Between late December 2015 and early May 2016, the National IHR Focal of South Sudan notified WHO of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever syndrome.
As of 9 May, a total of 51 suspected cases, including 10 deaths, had been reported from the counties of Aweil North (45 cases, including 10 deaths) and Aweil West (6 cases). No health care workers had been reported among the cases. The majority (74.5%) of the suspected cases are below 20 years of age. The last recorded death dates back to 28 February.
The most frequent symptoms include unexplained bleeding, fever, fatigue, headache and vomiting. The symptoms do not seem to be severe and rapidly resolve following supportive treatment. Currently, there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of the disease.
Samples of 33 patients were shipped to WHO collaborating centres in Uganda (Uganda Virus Research Institute), Senegal (Institut Pasteur of Dakar) and South Africa (National Institute for Communicable Diseases). The samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test, polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All samples were negative for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus and Zika virus; 5 samples tested positive for Onyong-nyong virus; 3 samples were positive for Chikungunya; and 1 sample tested positive for dengue virus.
Further laboratory testing is ongoing that may confirm the causative agent. Other causes under investigation include bacterial diseases (e.g., Leptospirosis) and food intoxication (mycotoxines). Ecological risk factors for arboviral disease transmission were identified in the affected areas.
The laboratory results received so far do not explain the symptomatology (unexplained bleeding) of the reported cases nor the high mortality rate. Since the underlying cause of this public health event remains unknown, close monitoring and further epidemiological investigation is needed.
The area where the outbreak is occurring borders Darfur in Sudan where at least 469 cases of undiagnosed viral hemorrhagic fever, including 120 deaths, were reported between August and November 2015. Because of frequent population cross-border movement between Sudan and South Sudan, the risk of international spread of the disease cannot be ruled out.
One thought on “South Sudan hemorrhagic fever syndrome outbreak: Not yellow fever, cause remains elusive”
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Trips Agreement Hindi
1. Members agree to enter into negotiations aimed at strengthening the protection of individual geographical indications referred to in Article 23. Paragraphs 4 to 8 may not be used by a Member to refuse to conduct negotiations or conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements. In the context of these negotiations, Members are prepared to consider the continued applicability of these provisions to individual geographical indications the use of which has been the subject of such negotiations. The 2002 Doha Declaration reaffirmed that the TRIPS Agreement should not prevent members from taking the necessary measures to protect public health. Despite this recognition, less developed countries have argued that flexible TRIPS provisions, such as compulsory licensing, are almost impossible to enforce. Less developed countries, in particular, cited their young domestic manufacturing and technology industries as evidence of the imprecision of the policy. Despite the Doha Declaration, in recent years many developing countries have been under pressure to introduce or apply even stricter or more restrictive conditions in their patent laws than required by the TRIPS Agreement, known as the "TRIPS Plus" provisions. Countries are under no obligation under international law, but many, such as Brazil, China or Central American countries, have had no choice but to take them up in trade agreements with the United States or the European Union. These have disastrous effects on access to medicines. Unlike other intellectual property agreements, TRIPS has an effective enforcement mechanism. States can be disciplined by the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. In addition to the basic intellectual property standards established by the TRIPS Agreement, many nations have engaged in bilateral agreements to introduce a higher level of protection.
This collection of standards, known as TRIPS+ or TRIPS-Plus, can take many forms. The general objectives of these agreements are as follows: since the entry into force of TRIPS, it has been the subject of criticism from developing countries, scientists and non-governmental organisations. While some of this criticism is directed at the WTO in general, many proponents of trade liberalization also see TRIPS as bad policy. The wealth concentration effects of TRIPS (the movement of money from people in developing countries to copyright and patent holders in developed countries) and the imposition of artificial shortages on citizens of countries that would otherwise have weaker intellectual property laws are common bases for such criticism. Other criticisms focused on TRIPS` failure to accelerate the flow of investment and technology to low-income countries, an advantage advanced by WTO members before the agreement was created. World Bank statements indicate that TRIPS has not been able to tangibly accelerate investment in low-income countries, although this has been done for middle-income countries. The long periods of validity of patents under TRIPS have been examined to indicate that they excessively slow down market entry for generic drug substitutes and competition in the market. In particular, the illegality of preclinical studies or the filing of samples for approval until the expiry of a patent have been held responsible for the growth of a small number of multinational companies and not producers in developing countries. . . .
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