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No one living locally in 1942 could forget the night when Japanese aircraft attacked Southern California in the “Battle of Los Angeles.”
More than 1,400 anti-aircraft rounds were fired at marauding planes the night of Feb. 25, every one missing their targets. The invading “planes” turned out to be just so much thin air – the panicked firing caused by edgy military and civilians fearful of a Japanese attack. And once the shooting started, it was hard to hold them back.
What is far less remembered – in fact, forgotten completely – was the night in 1933 when two Army planes shot down a Japanese aircraft believed to be photographing Riverside’s March Field – today’s March Air Reserve Base.
In truth, looking back at this event – almost nine years to the day before the “Battle of Los Angeles” – you might figure it may have been our first UFO sighting.
Somebody – we never knew who – saw something somewhere between March Field and Lake Elsinore one night and immediately got on their party line to raise the alarm. Word spread quickly, undoubtedly getting more menacing and preposterous each time it passed from caller to caller.
But despite the magnitude of these reports, what happened just never happened.
The account of this air battle was published on the front page of the Elsinore Leader-Press at Lake Elsinore on Feb. 23, 1933. The paper called it “Fantastic tales of a Japanese plane being shot down over Elsinore after the asserted Nippon airman had attempted to take aerial views of March Field.” The article also included adamant denials by Army officials that nothing of that sort happened.
The tale claimed a Japanese plane was seen taking photos over the field that night. That should have been the first clue about the unlikely nature of the sighting. Who knew what a Japanese plane looked like in 1933, and besides how could someone on the ground determine what a pilot was really doing that night?
The report also said that two Army planes shot down the plane, killing the pilot. But no wreckage was ever found, and the Army said no March Field planes were sent for such a purpose.
The newspaper quoted a spokesman for the military: “It is just another of the lies that do nothing but cause hard feelings between two great nations.” The military also pointed out how foolish it would be for any nation to pull such a stunt, which would have serious diplomatic repercussions.
After things quieted down, March Field two months later found itself highlighted in a Los Angeles Times article: “Flyers ‘Bomb’ March Field, Enemy Planes Penetrate Defense in Raid.” This May 16 story detailed war games being held there.
Imagine if this happened today – social media conspiracy theories would spread faster than a speeding bullet claiming the suspicious scheduling of the war games so close to the Feb. 25 “incident” would prove that shooting down the Japanese plane probably really happened. You just never know.
School show biz
Another rather odd – and equally hard to explain – event occurred in Ontario in 1928 when a motion picture cameraman started filming students at Chaffey High School and Chaffey College.
A week later, Ontario’s California Theater advertised the product of the filming: a movie, “The Rose of Ontario,” was set to debut starring students from the two schools.
And to give more importance to the production, the movie also starred John Lowell, a fairly well-known silent movie star. Don’t bother looking up “Rose” in your movie histories – the film aired three times at the California Theater and was apparently never seen again.
On Jan. 12, 1928, the filming of the movie – initially called “The Reporter” – was done on the campus and other parts of the city, by the Pacific Motion Picture Producing Co., said the Sun newspaper.
It’s a bit hard to figure why a noted actor such as Lowell would come to Ontario to appear in a short silent movie with a bunch of students. The paper said Jack Anderson, owner of the California Theater and a future Ontario councilman, arranged for it to be filmed.
The plot revolved around a young man – played by Chaffey student Stanley Reeder – who came to Ontario seeking a job at the local newspaper. He fell in love with the daughter of the newspaper owner – played by student Betty Hill. Stanley got the job, and everything ended happily. More than 50 students were in the movie. About the only adults in major roles were Lowell and Ruth Hill, Betty’s mother who appropriately played her film mother.
I suspect the story had a few more twists and turns, but it was only two reels long, about 15 to 25 minutes.
Advertisements for the “The Rose of Ontario” may provide a clue as to why all this came about. The ads promoting “Rose” said it was also being shown with one of Lowell’s own movies each night from Jan. 18 to 20.
Things were not going terribly well at that time for Lowell – whose real name was John Lowell Russell. He apparently was one of those actors who had difficulty making the transition from silent to the newly arrived talking movies.
A suspicious mind might conclude he may have worked a deal with Anderson to make the Chaffey film if the California also agreed to show three of Lowell’s older films.
The Ontario Daily Report enthusiastically declared Jan. 19 that “Rose” was a “wow.” A large turnout jammed the theater and applauded as the cast was introduced by David Ballou, who wrote the screenplay for the film company. The paper offered no comment on Lowell’s films.
My thanks for the help given by Amanda Michael, then an intern with the Ontario Museum of History & Art, who originally uncovered this odd bit of movie goings-on.
The Historical Society of the Pomona Valley will hold its “Summer Adobe Barbecue” on Aug. 13 at an event that will include the dedication of its Vejar Exhibit at the Palomares Adobe, 491 E. Arrow Highway, Pomona.
The 5 p.m. dinner, followed by tours of the 1854 adobe, costs $10 for society members and $20 for non-members. Youngsters 5 and under are free. Information: pomonahistorical.org.
Joe Blackstock writes on Inland Empire history. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org or Twitter @JoeBlackstock. Check out columns of the past at Inland Empire Stories on Facebook at www.facebook.com/IEHistory.
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Note Value Recognition Game – Snowman
A note value recognition game, to use online or as a printable resource.
This resource is designed to consolidate students’ understanding of note values.
Includes 11 pages of increasing complexity.
To play on paper, you will need:
- A dice
- 7 tokens per player (counters, coins or small toys etc)
- A printed game board
To use online
- Play an online platform that allows screen-sharing and annotation
- Use a physical or virtual dice
- Use annotation to mark bars on a screen, instead of physical tokens
Rules of the game:
- Players take turn to roll a dice
- All bars on the board contain either 3 or 4 crotchet beats. If a player rolls a 3 or 4 they may place a token on a bar with that number of beats
- If a player rolls 1, 2, 5 or 6 they cannot place a token on that turn.
- When all bars are covered with a token, the player with the most tokens on the board is the winner.
Play with students during lessons to see who can place the most tokens on the stars, or students can play at home—how many bars can they cover in 10 rolls of the dice?
Primary School (4-11), Secondary School (11-16)
Beginner (Initial), Early Elementary (Grade 1), Elementary (Grade 2), Early Intermediate (Grade 3), Intermediate (Grade 4)
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There are more tigers in captivity in America than exist in the rest of the world. Some live in the protected safety of sanctuaries. However, most live in terrible conditions, often abused, abandoned, killed, or sold for parts.
Victims of the legal tiger breeding business in America, these tigers were commercially bred for roadside zoos or sold to private owners for amusement. Too dangerous for animal rescues and not attractive to zoos who only take pure-bred animals, many of them are abandoned. The result is thousands of tigers dying of neglect around America. Tigers in America (TIA) has stepped up to the challenge by creating the TIA Rescue Network. Over the past eight years, TIA has relocated 250 tigers and other big cats to the best sanctuaries in America.
To learn more, click here.
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Employers are looking for employees with top skills who can enhance productivity and communication to build teamwork and leadership to serve the increasing demands of the workforce.
Their search for talent hones in on employees with an array of soft skills that can thrive in the workplace. It has become even more urgent with the dramatic transformation to increased hybrid work arrangements brought on by the need to satisfy employees during the pandemic.
Soft skills are non-technical skills that include behavioral traits that can enhance your relationships with customers, co-workers, suppliers, and management. Employers have been urging colleges and universities to equip students with soft skills for years. According to the Society for Human Resource Management's 2021-2022 State of the Workplace report, 77% of human resources professionals said that improving soft skills, including empathy, communication, and compassion, was the key to organizations' long-term plans.
Although higher education institutions emphasize hard skills, they increasingly recognize that soft skills may matter more to achieve success. Soft skills can help people work more effectively and efficiently.
Ultimately, employees need a blend of both skills, a requirement to succeed in high-income jobs.
What Are Soft Skills?
Soft skills (sometimes called power skills or people skills) are personality attributes that help someone work interactively with others in a workplace or remotely.
These skills are not new. Based on a 1918 published study, Harvard University, the Carnegie Foundation, and Stanford Research Center found that 85% of job success comes from having well‐developed soft skills. Only 15% comes from hard skills, notably technical skills and knowledge.
Decades later, the US Army introduced soft skills to build on hard skills and to help soldiers better understand human behavior, communicate across cultures, build rapport, influence, and negotiate.
How Do Soft Skills Differ From Hard Skills?
Soft skills are personality traits that allow you to thrive in the workplace. They are hard to assess, quantify or learn academically. You can develop these behavioral traits through self-awareness.
These skills are uniquely human and not easily duplicated or replaceable by robotics or artificial intelligence like bookkeeping or automatable functions.
Soft skills are transferable skills you can leverage in your profession and become part of your character. Many skills are universal and desirable for most jobs. Other skills focus on specific fields like sales, where you should rely on communication, active listening, and empathy skills.
LinkedIn's Most In-Demand Soft Skills in 2022:
- Critical Thinking
- Social Influence
In contrast, hard or teachable skills are quantifiable job-specific skills you learn from academic education, trade schools, or courses in desirable career areas where demand is strong and rising. Examples of technical skills are computer programming, medical expertise, building construction, or accounting are relevant to your field and job experience.
LinkedIn's Most In-demand Hard Skills in 2022:
- Data Analysis
- Technical Literacy
- Human Resources
- Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality
10 Invaluable Soft Skills You Should Have To Succeed
Our list of essential soft skills clusters multiple traits that can strengthen and complement your ability to work more effectively and efficiently. These include:
1. Communication Skills
Your success will rely on your ability to communicate well in all forms, including public speaking. Communication refers to verbal, non-verbal, visual, informative, precise, or persuasive writing. It encapsulated silent gestures and body language, too, including knowing to avoid eye-rolling, sighing, and other negative physical signals.
Communication skills dovetail with interpersonal skills, such as active listening, empathy, and patience. These can be vital in the workplace, especially when working under pressure. A potential manager will be curious to see how you communicate in various situations, like working with challenging customers or reluctant co-workers.
2. Adaptability and Flexibility
Adaptability skills require people to have a positive mindset, embrace change, and be open to various environments. The earliest days of the pandemic certainly tested flexibility in the workplace, and those companies that quickly adapted and found alternative ways to run their businesses remotely were better off.
3. Time Management Skills
Most employees face time constraints that can add stress to accomplishing projects, making time management skills very valuable. They include assessment, organization, evaluation, and priority setting.
Knowing how to manage a tight deadline that is typically unnegotiable is critical. Managers should excel at delegating tasks and communicating deadlines to employees and teams.
4. Emotional Intelligence
Humans can be just as emotional at work as in other areas of life. Emotional intelligence reflects social skills in managing your emotions and the emotions of others. A good dose of self-awareness will help you come across better when working together. Using your feelings to show empathy, active listening, and accepting openness to criticism can be beneficial.
5. Teamwork and Collaboration
Many workplaces desire strong teamwork and collaboration on projects, requiring employees to work effectively with colleagues. To work in teams, you'll need to have different skills than working individually. You'll need to communicate, plan, problem-solve, persuade, and have a respectful rapport with others.
Becoming an excellent team player doesn't mean you'll always get along with others (some conflict is inevitable within groups). Yet learning how to give and take constructive feedback is essential to resolving these issues.
6. Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is a precursor to problem-solving, driven by finding solutions. When engaged in critical thinking, you identify, investigate, and evaluate factors to consider in your thought process. You may be reconciling conflicts, seeking alternative solutions, and deciding on preferred actions.
7. Problem-solving Skills
Many professions value people who have problem-solving skills and can strategically move toward optimal solutions using methods identified through critical thinking. Problem-solving is analyzing the research and being creative when brainstorming. The more complex the problem, the more thinking out of the box, whether the problem is dealing with supply constraints or economic uncertainties.
8. Creative Thinking
Creative thinkers are novel thinkers who often have a unique perspective and come up with innovative solutions to vexing problems. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, reaching the highest level – self-actualization – is rare and has the significant motivation to fulfill their potential in the workplace and life. Creative thinking and soft skills usually indicate a greater likelihood of success.
9. Decision Making
Employees in various roles must make multiple job-related decisions on regular tasks or when unusual situations occur. As you get more experienced, you'll likely encounter more complex challenges requiring you to evaluate data and weigh solutions under pressure.
Use skills like critical thinking or problem-solving for your team to overcome obstacles to complete the project. Knowing how to make challenging or unpopular decisions when needed is crucial. You'll need an abundance of confidence, determination, passion, and perseverance, all soft skills, to deal with adversity resulting from such decision-making.
Those with leadership positions typically have many other soft skills we discussed. Leaders should communicate well, manage, motivate and delegate to others. They can see the larger picture and are decisive and powerful. They should foster a productive work environment, set a good example for their employees, handle sensitive information carefully, and follow company policies.
How To Obtain Soft Skills
Although soft skills are not taught traditionally as a specific course outside presentations or writing classes, various skills are part of every learning experience. You'll recognize these soft skills in class requirements when making presentations, researching and writing papers, doing lab work, and evaluating solutions.
You probably already have some soft skills, but be open to learning more. Look for ways to improve in other areas early in your job experience.
You can build soft skills via:
- Personal development resources like books, YouTube videos, Facebook Groups, and podcasts
- Online courses on Skillshare, Udemy, and Coursera
- College courses
- On-the-job training programs
- A mentor or a coach who can show you the ropes
- Volunteer jobs
Showcasing Your Skills for Potential Employers
When applying for a job, your resume typically highlights your educational background and job experience. Additionally, you should display relevant soft skills on your resume that directly relate to what you're seeking.
However, if you have specific soft skills, highlight them on your resume. Be ready to answer the interviewer's questions by providing examples of where you excelled or wish you had handled it better.
Depending on the role you seek, the interviewer will want to know about your ability to communicate in various situations, resolve conflicts, work collaboratively, think critically, and adapt to change.
They will want to know more about your failures, which can inform them more about your character than your successes will. You may have filed those negative experiences away, but they are essential in highlighting how you dealt with adversity, especially early in your career.
There is greater awareness that employees require hard and soft skills to succeed in today's workplace. They need knowledge and the capability to work more effectively and efficiently with others. We addressed many examples of essential soft skills, but employees need to understand which ones are most relevant to their professions.
This article was produced by Wealth of Geeks.
The cents of money is about financial education, here to teach and inspire you about money, seek new ideas, and to create greater comfort in your world about one of life’s great stresses. Linda wants to use her financial skills honed by her professional experience to help others.
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In our culture, menopause can best be defined as the cessation of menstrual periods and fertility in an adult female. Often called the change of life, the word, menopause, actually means just that—the end of monthly cycles.
However, this very simple definition of a natural body process requires a good deal more explanation to thoroughly understand what is actually happening in a woman’s body.
When menopause occurs, the ovaries cease to produce eggs, which previously could result in pregnancy if fertilized. This happens because the body is producing lower levels of estrogen and other hormones that control female characteristics, such as breast development, menstrual cycles, body hair, etc. Hormone loss can be responsible for any number of uncomfortable or debilitating problems, relating to many different parts of the body.
Most women experience their last period sometime between the ages of 40 and 60, with the average age being about 5l years. Menopause is said to specifically occur when a woman has been free of menstruation for a period of 12 months. Until that time, she is considered to be in perimenopause, a time span of up to 10 years in which menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms may occur.
Menopause? Get Remedies Fast!
A woman can also enter into surgical menopause at any age, if the ovaries are removed as part of a hysterectomy. When only the uterus is surgically removed, and the ovaries are left intact, estrogen and other hormones continue to be produced until natural menopause occurs in mid-life. Chemotherapy, as well as some auto-immune diseases, can also lead to surgical menopause.
Test and Diagnosis Considerations
Diagnosing menopause is relatively easy to do, and identifying specific stages and symptoms is usually not a problem either. Generally, doctors use medical history and symptoms to diagnose the onset of menopause. A blood test to measure the follicular hormone and estrogen levels in the blood can be done, but it is not a definite indicator of menopause. Obviously, doctors will do other tests to rule out certain illnesses if symptoms are severe. For example, neurological tests might be called for if memory lapses seem extreme.
It would seem that such a natural body process would be a somewhat painless and easy transition for most women. Unfortunately, the opposite is true. Studies show that up to 85% of menopausal women experience hot flashes, one of the most common, though certainly not the most serious of symptoms. True, some can sail through the period with minimal problems, but some experience these symptoms for the rest of their lives.
These symptoms can be many and varied, and sometimes it might seem that almost anything can be blamed on menopause. The important issue here is that menopause is a function of the endocrine system, and thus, the entire body is affected, not just a woman’s reproductive parts. Let’s look at a list of probable and common symptoms, and the areas of the body that are involved:
- Decrease in sexual appetite
- Vaginal dryness
- Breast tenderness
- Memory loss
- Concentration difficulties
- Bouts of forgetfulness
General Aches and Pains
- Hair loss
- Joint pain
- Digestive troubles
- Urinary tract problems
- Weight gain
- Difficulty sleeping
- Hot flashes
- Night sweats
- Heart palpitations
Of course, one might argue that some symptoms would gradually lead to the surfacing of others. For example, if one is prone to sleep loss, then irritability and loss of concentration might result. Any or all of these symptoms could lead to depression, and so on. However, when one considers that menopause is supposed to be a natural body process, it does seem rather overwhelming that all these unpleasant side effects can and do occur!
Since all women who live into their middle years and beyond will experience menopause, it is in their best interests to be informed about the various remedies for these symptoms. Basically, the remedies fall into four categories: Healthy Living, Home and Herbal Remedies, Further Alternative Treatments, and Drugs and Pharmaceuticals. The first three categories are the most preferred by the medical community, as the fourth one renders the highest risks and costs. Let’s examine each category and look at specific treatments for some of the symptoms.
Healthy Living & Prevention Tips
This category carries the lowest risk, and would be beneficial to anyone, including the menopausal woman. Obviously, there is nothing anyone can do to prevent menopause from occurring, but adopting a healthy lifestyle can do a lot to ease the transition into this new era.
- A low-fat, high-fiber diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables will help maintain balance and help your body to resist those extra 10-15 pounds that often appear during menopause. Drinking lots of water will also help with dryness issues and keep you hydrated.
- Specific foods that help to promote estrogen production are soy, beets, carrots, alfalfa, apples, cabbage and papaya. Eating these foods within a well-balanced diet can help with hot flashes and night sweats.
- Exercise is key to a healthy routine. Walking, jogging, swimming or jumping rope are all simple exercises that cost little, if anything. Yoga and meditation are also excellent, and can help with depression and sleeplessness.
- Avoid alcohol and caffeine as much as possible. If you smoke, stop.
- Make sure that you are getting adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals in your diet, and/or supplements that you take. Vitamins B, C, D and E are especially important for good bone, skin, eye and brain health. Calcium is your best weapon against osteoporosis.
- Try to consistently get 7-8 hours of sleep every night. This will ensure your overall well-being and help with memory problems, irritability and depression.
- Pamper yourself a bit. Treat yourself to a day at the spa, a manicure or a new hairstyle. Shopping can also be very therapeutic and mood-elevating.
- Seek out some new activities or interests. Get together with an old friend, or plan a party. Join a book club, or get involved with church activities—do something new and different, and you won’t have time to be depressed!
Treatment Options – Home and Herbal Remedies
When we look at this category, it seems easiest to divide the remedies into three groups: those that help with general aches and pains, those that help alleviate sexual dysfunction, and those that aid in dealing with memory problems and depression. The herbal remedies fall into two categories: non-estrogenic and phytoestrogens. Non-estrogenic herbs do not produce estrogen, but provide a supportive climate for hormonal glands so that they produce more estrogen. The phytoestrogens, like Black Cohosh, actually do produce estrogens.
Remedies for general aches and pains
By far, the most common complaint among menopausal women is hot flashes and/or night sweats. The drop in estrogen directly affects the hypothalamus, that area of the brain that controls body temperature. Blood vessels then dilate to try to control the heat, and profuse sweating and red, flushed skin are not unusual. Many women report wanting to tear off their clothes to relieve the discomfort. These remedies have been found to be somewhat effective, and not quite as drastic:
- 20-60 mg. of Black Cohosh
- Licorice powder
- Soy (Soy nuts, tofu, tempeh, soy milk, etc.)
- 3-4 gr of Chinese angelica tea (Dong quai)
- Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C (broccoli, melons, berries, apricots, etc.)
- Evening primrose oil
- Wear cotton clothing to bed
- Dress in layers
- Use air conditioning in summer
- Determine what triggers hot flashes and try to avoid (for example: alcohol, caffeine, etc.)
- Drink a bottle of beer (The hops contain phytoestrogens)
Another common complaint during menopause involves sleep disorders, which generally translates into a lack of sleep. It is estimated that almost 60% of menopausal women experience insomnia at some point. Some of this may be due to the aforementioned hot flashes and night sweats, in which case some of the remedies for those things might help with the sleep issues. Apparently the fluctuations in hormone levels are what cause the sleeplessness—kind of like a ragtime band where one instrument hits a wrong note causing the entire band to be thrown off course.
Here are some remedies that can be effective when dealing with insomnia:
- Try to keep as normal a sleep routine as possible. Rise and go to bed at the same time every day.
- Keep the bedroom cool and dark.
- Use your bed for sleeping, not watching television or playing video games.
- Exercise as often as possible. Yoga is particularly effective in helping you to relax.
- Avoid alcohol, nicotine and caffeine later in the day.
- Eat a low-fat diet, and avoid foods that are high in carbohydrates late in the day.
- Drink warm milk or chamomile tea before going to bed.
- Dress in “cool” night clothes.
If things don’t improve, see your doctor or a sleep disorder specialist.
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that involves loss of bone mass. Because the bones are weakened, they become brittle and fractures may easily occur, sometimes affecting life style and life expectancy. Menopausal women are at increased risk for osteoporosis because they have stopped producing large amounts of estrogen, which protects the body from bone loss.
Preventive measures, or remedies to offset osteoporosis, should begin well before the onset of menopause. Taking 600 mg. of calcium with vitamin D twice a day, should probably begin when a woman enters her 40’s. Other remedies would include:
- Exercising regularly. Weight-bearing exercise is particularly beneficial.
- Not smoking, or stopping if you do.
- Eating a balanced diet, rich in calcium and green, leafy vegetables.
- Drinking alcohol not at all or in moderation.
Remedies for Sexual Dysfunction
One of the most debilitating effects of a lack of estrogen can be vaginal dryness. This can create a great deal of physical discomfort for a woman in a sexual relationship, as well as damage her self esteem. Hormonal changes can affect the walls of the vagina and the glands that provide lubrication, thus making intercourse a painful experience. Many strides have been made in this area, and the remedies listed below may be helpful:
Several gels on the market can alleviate dryness. Some of the brands are Astroglide, Koromex and K-Y Jelly. Surgical gels are also a good choice as they help prevent bacterial infection.
Gyne-Moistrin and Replens are creams that actually plump, or provide moisture to the vaginal cells, thus relieving dryness. They can be used both internally and externally to provide more comfort during intercourse.
- Prescription hormonal creams and pills will be discussed in the Drug and Pharmaceutical category.
- Vitamins A and E are important in maintaining vaginal health.
- Vitamin E can also help with breast tenderness.
- A Calendula douche can be helpful in treating vaginal dryness.
- The urinary tract and vaginal muscles can be strengthened with pelvic floor exercises.
- Dong Quai and Black Cohosh can help to achieve hormonal balance, thus alleviating dryness.
- Take time to communicate your needs to your partner and be willing to experiment with new ideas in your sexual practices.
Remedies for Depression and Memory Problems
There is little question that all of us experience stress in our daily lives, but when hormones fluctuate during menopause, it can seem overwhelming. It’s no wonder that some women may experience moments of forgetfulness and have difficulty concentrating. Today’s menopausal woman is often a member of the sandwich generation. This refers to raising your own children while taking care of aging parents. Sometimes this occurs in a subsequent fashion, sometimes at the exact same time, but whenever it happens, it certainly adds stress to your life. In addition to all the normal responsibilities that most women shoulder—taking care of family, housekeeping, cooking, working at a job outside the home, financial worries, etc., it is no wonder that many women become depressed when menopause comes along.
There is no magic formula to fix these problems, but here are some remedies that may help:
1. Reach out to others and compare experiences . Join a support group through your church or community, or ask your doctor to recommend one. Studies have shown that support groups can be uplifting and helpful in solving problems or stress-related issues. A support group may also keep you informed about the latest research in specific problem areas. Also, a good online website is Redhotmamas.com.
2. Talk, informally, to other women going through menopause. It helps to not feel alone, and you might stumble on some new ideas that will benefit you. If possible, speak to a woman who is older than you, who has been dealing with menopause for several years.
3. Eat a well-balanced diet, exercise, and try to get 7-8 hours of sleep every night.
4. Certain herbs and minerals can be helpful in improving memory and achieving emotional balance. Vitamins A and B complex and the mineral, Selenium, fall into this category. St. John’s Wort, ginkgo biloba, garden sage and dandelion root also claim to help with depression. Common spices such as garlic, cayenne pepper and ginger seem to have phytoestrogenic properties.
5. Music and dance have proven to be powerful anti-depressants, especially when coupled with aerobic exercise.
6. Exposure to 10-15 minutes of sunlight every day provides emotional and physical benefits.
7. Of course, if you have tried some of these remedies and not had some measure of success, see your doctor. Depression is a serious disease, and should never be taken lightly. Your doctor can determine whether anti-depressant drugs may help, and/or he may refer you to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other specialist.
Further Alternative Treatments (Supportive Remedies)
Some experts would argue that the following remedies for menopausal discomforts would fit better into the Home and Herbal category, or maybe not in any category at all! However, these practices have been found to be helpful in many instances in reference to pain and supporting emotional well-being. They include:
The three categories that we have explored thus far—Healthy Living, Home and Herbal Remedies and Further Alternative Treatments, have almost no, or very little risk, and are relatively inexpensive. The final category, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, will involve higher risks and greater costs.
Drug and Pharmaceutical Remedies
The most well-known treatment in this final categoy is HRT, or Hormone Replacement Therapy. This provides relief for almost all menopausal symptoms from hot flashes to depression and beyond. Generally speaking, women who have no uterus would be treated with estrogen, and women who still have a uterus would receive estrogen and progestins in a pill or patch form. This was pretty much the Utopia of menopause remedies, but unfortunately, it is now rarely used.
In 2002, the Women’s Health Initiative of the National Institutes of Health completed a study that found that incidences of breast cancer, strokes and heart attacks increased in women that underwent this treatment. Secondary side effects included blood clots, urinary incentinence and gallstones. At this point, the Journal of the American Medical Association recommended that HRT be used for as little time as possible, if at all, in treating menopausal symptoms.
However, Estrogen creams and tablets like Estrace and Vagi-fem are often used to help relieve vaginal dryness and make intercourse more comfortable. Estring is a type of flexible ring that inserts into the vagina to dispense estrogen into the vaginal canal. These medications provide a low dose of estrogen, but it should be noted that some of it is absorbed systemically into other body cells.
Brand Name Drugs
There are now several drugs on the market that are used to treat osteoporosis. Some brand names are Fosamax and Boniva. These drugs are bisphosphonates, which help prevent the breakdown of bones, and thus help to strengthen them. Often they are taken along with calcium and vitamin D. Some side effects include diarrhea, joint pain, weakness and gastric upsets. Injections of these drugs are available for women with esophageal problems.
Menopausal symptoms can be treated with a variety of prescription drugs, some which may seem surprising, given the symptom. For example, Clonidine is usually used to treat high blood pressure, but has been found to be helpful in alleviating hot flashes. Some anti-depressants such as paroxetine and sertraline also make this claim, as does Gabapentin, an anti-seizure drug. And of course, there are many anti-depressants that can be prescribed for mood swings, anxiety and depression.
These drug and phamaceutical treatments carry a higher risk, and generally, come at a higher cost, than the remedies in the first 3 categories. Overall, the medical community seems to feel that a combination of remedies from these categories, using those with the highest risk sparingly, is the best approach to alleviating menopausal discomfort. Research continues in hopes of providing the means to a more comfortable menopausal experience for today’s woman.
Fabulous stuff, Ms. Wang! I have found information on some of these remedies scattered over the internet but never all pulled together in such a concise, informative, and easy to read website as yours. *Thank you* for creating this site – gathering information on conditions, and learning what remedies are available, both home and pharmaceutical, is so much faster and easier, now. I will certainly be a regular visitor. 🙂
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Lady Janet Fleming was Mary Queen of Scots governess – and her half-aunt. She began life as Janet or Jenny Stewart, an illegitimate daughter of King James IV. When she was about fifteen she was married to Malcolm, the third Lord Fleming who was ten years older than her. They had eight children before he died at the Battle of Pinkie.
Lady Janet now found herself employed as the infant Mary’s governess and went with her to France. The journey was difficult and when they arrived the French court took one look Mary’s Scottish entourage and decided that they were barbaric and unwashed with the exception of ‘the beautiful Scot.” – Janet Fleming. Her daughter Mary Fleming, to be known in history as one of Mary Queen of Scots’ four Marys was packed off to a convent for education and polish while Janet remained with her royal charge. It may be that she had already caught King Henri II’s attention. Certainly, she’d made an impression on the Venetian ambassador who described her as “a very pretty little woman.” (The Venetian Ambassador was clearly a contender for patronising ambassador or the year).
Janet spoke only in scots, she didn’t know any french when she arrived in France. However, clearly there was some effective communication with Henri II because she became pregnant and bore a son Henri de Valois-Angouleme. She is recorded as believing that her role as mother of the king’s child had secured her position. She hadn’t bargained with Catherine de Medici or Diane of Poitiers who as wife and mistress respectively clearly felt that they didn’t need the competition. Janet was despatched back to Scotland in disgrace- the reason being that Mary had just acquired her own household and it was important that the future queen of France should have no scandal attached to her name (a pity that Mary didn’t recall that later in her life).
Little Henri remained in France and was later legitimised. Janet found herself trapped in Scotland. She died in 1562.
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The Protest Song: A Perspective
In 1939 Billie Holiday penned ‘Strange Fruit,’ a song that went on to become a rallying cry for the persecution of black Americans for years and years to come. One of the darkest songs ever written, directly responding to the lynchings that were happening in the country at the time, Holiday was able to capture a feeling that was held nationwide throughout the black community. This was a protest song directly addressing a systemic horror head-on and putting it to stark music. It is almost impossible to not emotionally resonate with and has immense staying power over 80 years later.
The modern sounds of what we know as jazz came out of the bebop period. In the 1930s, jazz sounded much more in line with what is now considered big band music. These pieces were large, ornate, and were often played by black performers in clubs where they were not allowed to be patrons. A sense of discontent for the obvious disrespect and position they were given eventually gave way to bebop. It was the opposite of big band jazz in every way. Played in smaller groups, much longer pieces, much faster, and overall much more difficult to listen to, it was uncompromising and focused on the individual performers in a way that big band jazz simply wasn’t at all. Better yet, it started in clubs where the musicians were allowed to play their music their way – and they never took requests. This is part of where the idea of the “cool” jazz player comes from: a musician who wears sunglasses inside and hardly ever says anything, appearing totally unconcerned with their surroundings save the music they’re playing.
Although it was not explicitly political and involved no words at all, bebop was protest music. For black musicians, this act of musical defiance was a watershed moment in proving that action could be taken to make things better and that individuality could be reclaimed. Bebop still remains one of the most classic forms of jazz music, a type that became associated with intellectualism and upscale city life, which was ironic given the root circumstances surrounding its creation. Black musicians have seen their music stolen and co-opted for all of American history, the genesis of rock n’ roll being a perfect example. Yet bebop remains unquestionably a form of black music that defied what people wanted black Americans to be and progressed the march of civil rights that we see fully in motion today.
Fast forward to the present day and the protest song has morphed into an essential staple of the music world. In times of political unrest and uncertainty, it seems to be the only thing on people’s minds when it comes to new art put forth.
On June 2, 2020 Run The Jewels released RTJ4, their fourth album and their first to crack the Billboard Top 10. Released in the middle of the largest civil rights protests the world has ever seen, the album is perhaps the most relevant music on earth at the moment. The duo consists of Killer Mike and El-P, two hip-hop veteran masters who have been around for decades, and aims to evoke images of political revolution and rejection of the establishment: political leaders who are in it for nothing but themselves, the malicious forces that may or may not be behind the curtain controlling those politicians, cops who murder people in cold blood under the guise of protecting citizens, corporations who monetize empathy and people’s weaknesses.
All of these seem to be alluded to in almost every single song, sometimes indirectly, oftentimes very directly. Images of burning things down, rioting, stealing in Robin Hood terms, and more dot the imagery of Run the Jewels musical landscape. The most recent album, complete with these strong ideas, includes features by Pharrell, 2 Chainz, scene veteran DJ Premier, Josh Homme, and, unsurprisingly, frequent collaborator Zack de la Rocha, the frontman of political rock band monolith Rage Against the Machine. This is to say nothing of other collaborators over the duo’s body of work such as Danny Brown, Big Boi of Outkast, Kamasi Washington, Gangsta Boo and even Vermont Senator/presidential contender Bernie Sanders, whom Killer Mike actively campaigned for and who returned the favor by filming the intro for the duo’s 2016 Coachella performance.
Run The Jewels don’t exist in a vacuum, and that’s one of the points they make: that widespread change involves bringing in everyone. Run The Jewels aren’t necessarily mainstream, but certainly idea of an album with that sort of content being accepted and celebrated as widely as it is at this moment in history may have seemed somewhat absurd in a different time. But, yet, here we are, and protest music seems to be not just en vogue but absolutely essential during the period we all find ourselves in. Countless artists have ditched their release schedules during COVID-19 and instead have found themselves putting together protest songs in response to the George Floyd revolution. Many of these actions are not necessarily new behavior – social and political advocacy have always been a part of the musical landscape – it’s just that the priority has shifted to it being the number one thing on everyone’s minds. And rightfully so.
Too often does the term “protest music” conjure up a very specific set of checkboxes that need to be ticked. References to Pete Seeger’s ‘We Shall Overcome,’ Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and the Greenwich Village scene during the 1960s civil rights movement are imagined instantly by almost anybody in America when they hear those two words together. But, as our bebop friends can tell us, music doesn’t have to even have to have words to be an act of dissent. It doesn’t have to be loud and forceful like Rage Against the Machine or System of a Down either. The historical landscape of American music can teach us that any form of music can be used to tackle issues head on – it is how the music is used to do so that’s left to the artist.
In terms of unprecedented activism, it’s worthwhile for any musician to examine their personal values and how advocacy fits into it – and if it doesn’t at all, perhaps reflect on if that’s something to reevaluate. Truly, not everyone needs to write music that’s explicitly political. Celebrated songwriter Nick Cave recently reflected on these developments and his relationship with protest music by saying “Personally, I have little inclination to [write a protest song]. It’s just not what I do.” And that’s certainly fine, not everyone does. But, at the very least, the relationship between music and activism is worth examining if not for your own artmaking practice, but to understand your fellow artists even more so while understanding the power music has to make an impact.
– Grant Simmons, Community Manager & Blog Contributor
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By Laura Gaeta, Danika Pfeiffer, and Elaine Kearney This article is a part of the January/February 2022, Volume 34, Number 1, Audiology Today issue. History of Open Science Open science is a collection of scientific practices designed to increase the transparency and accessibility of research (van der Zee and Reich, 2018). Open science has garnered popularity due to the “replication crisis,” which refers to the inability to replicate scientific findings in many fields (e.g., psychology) and puts the validity of these studies into question. In 2015, the Open Science Collaboration sought to replicate 100 studies from three journals in psychology. The group found that only 36 percent of the replications were successful in matching the original studies’ significant results (2015). This finding sparked a major debate about responsible research practices and scientific publishing, leading to discussions and initiatives to increase the reproducibility and transparency around scholarly research. Compared to the field of psychology, open-science practices in audiology are more recent. A 2020 editorial from Ear and Hearing explained how the journal will promote the movement through “Open Practice Badges” (Svirsky, 2020), which identify preregistered, accessible, and/or sharable content. In this article, we will describe ways in which researchers and clinicians in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) can promote transparency and improve accessibility through two open-science practices: open access and self-archiving. Open Access Much of the research process is currently inaccessible to key stakeholders, including researchers, clinicians, and the public. Publications, which are a common product of the research process, are often unavailable to those who do not have access to journals through professional membership or university/institutional affiliation. Additionally, evidence-based practice gaps can result from clinician-related barriers for performing searches, accessing papers, and interpreting these research findings (Nail-Chiwetalu and Ratner, 2007; Thome et al, 2020). This content is an exclusive benefit for American Academy of Audiology members. If you're a member, log in and you'll get immediate access. Member Login If you're not yet a member, you'll be interested to know that joining not only gives you access to top-notch resources like this one, but also invitations to member-only events, inclusion in the member directory, participation in professional forums, and access to patient resources, tools, and continuing education. Join today!
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Overall view of the forward end of the Navaho engine.
The sign calls the engine "two-chambered,"
which would lead one to believe that there was a single turbopump feeding two
combustion chambers (e.g., like the Russian RD-180),
but here we see that each combustion chamber had its own turbopump. Since
there appear to be two turbine exhaust
ducts, it seems likely that each turbopump had its own gas generator, as
well (although a diagram of the G38, which clustered 3 135K engines, seems to
imply that a single gas generator was shared between the three engines).
Powering Humans into Space tells that the Navaho G-26 used the
Mark 3 turbopump, the
same turbopump used on engines such as those used on the Thor and Atlas and well as the H-1, the engine used on the
Saturn I and Saturn IB.
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By Pierre ROCHICCIOLI
To reach the only place in the world where cave paintings of prehistoric marine life have been found, archaeologists have to dive to the bottom of the Mediterranean off southern France.
Then they have to negotiate a 137-metre (yard) natural tunnel into the rock, passing through the mouth of the cave until they emerge into a huge cavern, much of it now submerged.
Three men died trying to discover this “underwater Lascaux” as rumours spread of a cave to match the one in southwestern France that completely changed the way we see our Stone Age ancestors.
Lascaux — which Picasso visited in 1940 — proved the urge to make art is as old as humanity itself.
Archaeologist Luc Vanrell’s life changed the second he surfaced inside the Cosquer cavern and saw its staggering images. Even now, 30 years on, he remembers the “aesthetic shock”.
But the cave and its treasures, some dating back more than 30,000 years, are in grave danger. Climate change and water and plastic pollution are threatening to wash away the art prehistoric men and women created over 15 millennia.
Since a sudden 12-centimetre (near-five-inch) rise in the sea level there in 2011, Vanrell and his colleagues have been in a race against time to record everything they can.
Every year the high water mark rises a few more millimetres, eating away a little more of the ancient paintings and carvings.
– Prehistoric wonders –
Vanrell and the diver-archaeologists he leads are having to work faster and faster to explore the last corners of the 2,500 square metre (27,000 square feet) grotto to preserve a trace of its neolithic wonders before they are lost.
An almost life-sized recreation of the Cosquer cavern will open this week a few kilometres (miles) away in Marseille.
AFP joined the dive team earlier this year as they raced to finish the digital mapping for a 3D reconstruction of the cave.
Around 600 signs, images and carvings — some of aquatic life never before seen in cave paintings — have been found on the walls of the immense cave 37 metres below the azure waters of the breathtaking Calanques inlets east of Marseille.
“We fantasised about bringing the cave to the surface,” said diver Bertrand Chazaly, who is in charge of the operation to digitalise the cave.
“When it is finished, our virtual Cosquer cavern — which is accurate to within millimetres — will be indispensable for researchers and archaeologists who will not be able to physically get inside.”
– Children’s hands –
The cave was some “10 kilometres from the coast” when it was in use, archaeologist Michel Olive told AFP. “At the time we were in the middle of an ice age and the sea was 135 metres lower” than it is today.
From the dive boat, Olive, who is in charge of studying the cave, draws with his finger a vast plain where the Mediterranean now is. “The entrance to the cave was on a little promontory facing south over grassland protected by cliffs. It was an extremely good place for prehistoric man,” he said.
The walls of the cave show the coastal plain was teeming with wildlife — horses, deer, bison, ibex, prehistoric auroch cows, saiga antelopes but also seals, penguins, fish and a cat and a bear.
The 229 figures depicted on the walls cover 13 different species.
But neolithic men and women also left a mark of themselves on the walls, with 69 red or black hand prints as well as three left by mistake, including by children.
And that does not count the hundreds of geometric signs and the eight sexual depictions of male and female body parts.
What also stands out about the cave is the length of time it was occupied, said Vanrell, “from 33,000 to 18,500 years ago”.
The sheer density of its graphics puts “Cosquer among the four biggest cave art sites in the world alongside Lascaux, Altamira in Spain and Chauvet,” which is also in southern France.
“And because the cave walls that are today underwater were probably also once decorated, nothing else in Europe compares to its size,” he added.
Exploring Cosquer is also “addictive”, the 62-year-old insisted, with a twinkle in his eye. “Some people who have been working on the site get depressed if they haven’t been down in a while. They miss their favourite bison,” he smiled.
For Vanrell, diving down is like a “journey into oneself”. The spirit “of the place seeps into you”.
– Discovery and death –
Henri Cosquer, a professional deep sea diver running a diving school, said he found the cave by chance in 1985, just 15 metres off the bare limestone cliffs.
Little by little he dared to venture further and further into 137-metre-long breach in the cliff until one day he came out through a cavity cut out by the sea.
“I came up in a pitch-dark cave. You are soaking, you come out of the mud and you slide around… It took me a few trips to go right around it,” he told AFP.
“At the start, I saw nothing with my lamp and then I came across a hand print,” the diver said.
While the law dictates that such discoveries must be declared immediately to the authorities so they can be preserved, Cosquer kept the news to himself and a few close friends.
“Nobody owned the cave. When you find a good spot for mushrooms, you don’t tell everyone about it, do you?” he said.
But rumours of this aquatic Lascaux drew other divers and three died in the tunnel leading to the cave. Marked by the tragedies, Cosquer owned up to his discovery in 1991. The cave which bears his name is now sealed off by a railing. Only scientific teams are allowed inside.
Dozens of archeological research missions have been carried out since to study and preserve the site and make an inventory of the paintings and carvings. But resources began to drain away when Chauvet, which is much easier to access, was discovered in the Ardeche region in 1994.
– Climate change damage –
Only in 2011 did things begin to change when Olive and Vanrell raised the alarm after the rapid rise in the sea level led to irreparable damage to some images.
“It was a catastrophe, and it really shook us psychologically,” Vanrell recalled, particularly the enormous damage to the horse drawings.
“All the data shows that the sea level is rising faster and faster,” said geologist Stephanie Touron, a specialist in prehistoric painted caves at France’s historic monuments research laboratory.
“The sea rises and falls in the cavity with variations in climate, washing the walls and leeching out soil and materials that are rich in information,” she said.
Microplastic pollution is making the damage to the paintings even worse.
In the face of such an existential threat, the French government has launched a major push to record everything about the cavern, with archaeologist Cyril Montoya tasked with trying to better understand the prehistoric communities who used it.
– Mysteries –
One of the mysteries he and his team will try to solve will be the trace of cloth on the cave wall, which might confirm a theory that hunter gatherers were making clothes at the time when the cave was occupied.
Images of the horses with long manes also raises another major question. Vanrell suspects this might indicate that they may have been already domesticated, at least partly, since wild horses have shorter manes, shorn down by galloping through bushes and vegetation. A drawing of what might be a harness may back up his theory.
Areas preserved under a layer of translucent calcite also show the “remains of coal”, Montoya believes, which could have been used for painting or for heating or lighting. They may even have burned the coal on top of stalagmites, turning them into “lamps to light the cavern”.
But the central question of what the cave was used for remains an enigma, Olive admitted.
While archaeologists agree that people did not live there, Olive said some believe it was a “sanctuary, or a meeting place, or somewhere they mined moonmilk, the white substance on (limestone) cave walls that was used for body paint and for the background for paintings and carving.”
– Replica –
The idea of making a replica of the site was first mooted soon after the cave was discovered. But it wasn’t until 2016 that the regional government decided that it would be in a renovated modern building in Marseille next to Mucem, the museum of European and Mediterranean civilisations at the mouth of the city’s Old Port.
Using the 3D data gathered by the archaeological teams, the 23-million-euro ($24-million) replica is slightly smaller than the original cave but includes copies of all the paintings and 90 percent of the carvings, said Laurent Delbos from Klebert Rossillon, the company which copied the Chauvet cave in 2015.
Artist Gilles Tosello is one of the craftspeople who has been copying the paintings using the same charcoal and tools that his Stone Age forerunners used.
“The prehistoric artists wrote the score long ago and now I am playing it,” he said sitting in the dark in his studio, a detail of a horse lit up before him on the recreated cave wall.
Clearly moved, he hailed the great mastery and “spontaneity” of his prehistoric predecessors, whose confident brush strokes clearly came from “great knowledge and experience. That liberty of gesture and sureness never ceases to amaze me,” he said.
© Agence France-Presse
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Will Artificial Intelligence bring a wave of unemployment?
Just over a year since the first unmanned convenience store appeared in China in 2016, they can now be found in most cities, and the speed of their popularity has surprised people. As far as the shopping experience is concerned, unmanned convenience stores do offer some convenience to customers. But unmanned convenience stores also bring with them hidden concerns, the most immediate impact being the disappearance of the salesperson position.
More jobs than just salespeople will be impacted by AI in the future. Driver positions, for example, are already being tested on specific routes in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, and driverlessness is set to become widespread in the future. For example, translation, robot translation has started to be used by people. Even doctors, journalists, poets, etc., which require emotional communication, can be replaced by AI in the future.
Poetry is recognized as a product of human emotion, which in the eyes of many, is beyond the reach of machines. On December 15, 2017, China Central Television's "Jiu Ge" program featured a robot named "Jiu Ge" and three young people who had won a national poetry competition, and then 48 people voted to determine which poem was written by the robot. As a result, the robot won this competition.
This result has surprised many people. If robots beat humans in games such as Go and chess because of their superior computing power, composing poetry shows that robots already have the ability to "think". That is, AI can be completely powerful enough to replace humans for work.
This is the fourth industrial revolution that mankind is facing, a revolution represented by unmanned technology and artificial intelligence, a revolution that subverts the way of production and life of human society arising from the application of technologies such as cloud computing and big data.
This revolution is the result and manifestation of mankind's technological progress, but it will also bring misfortune to mankind, as many people's jobs will be replaced by robots. In the current context of social distribution of wealth according to work, the destabilizing impact of the wave of unemployment on society can be imagined.
Human societies have already experienced waves of unemployment due to technological advances. During the Third Industrial Revolution, a large number of workers in capitalist societies lost their jobs due to the use of mechanization and the emergence of automated equipment in manufacturing, which are recorded in some Western sources, and protests and riots were caused by waves of unemployment in Western countries such as Europe and the United States. Later it was the rise of the service sector and the gradual improvement of the social assistance system that diffused the difficulties of the industrial unemployment wave.
The rise of the fourth industrial revolution's no-man's-land economy will have a far greater impact on employment than the third industrial revolution. Whether blue-collar or white-collar, technical or managerial positions, all can be replaced by robots and face the possibility of losing their jobs. Don't think it's too long before that day arrives; look at the time it's taken for the degree of cashless society brought about by mobile payments in China, and look at the speed at which unmanned convenience stores are becoming commonplace; it can't be too late.
In the process of the fourth industrial revolution, China is at the forefront of the world. China has become a global digital technology powerhouse, and digital technologies are constantly changing the existing economic landscape and reshaping the industry value chain. The Chinese government's push for a big data strategy, China's huge number of internet users, and the support of Chinese capital will allow China to stay ahead of the fourth industrial revolution. But it also raises the risk of China facing a wave of unemployment head-on.
A Citibank report published in February 2016 in partnership with Oxford University predicts that 47 percent of U.S. jobs could be replaced by robots. In the UK, the percentage is 35%. In China, the percentage is as high as 77%.
Let's ignore the accuracy of this prediction for now, but the trend of this prediction is one I agree with.
As a country with a large population, employment has always been one of the important tasks of the government in China. China's reform and opening up has created a large surplus of rural labor, and in order to solve the employment of these people, China has actively developed labor-intensive enterprises, and the labor dividend is therefore this is considered to be one of the factors of China's economic development. And with worker positions in labor-intensive companies being the most likely to be replaced by robots, the risk of unemployment from this alone cannot go unnoticed.
Once AI robots are "employed" on a large scale, then the question of human employment will follow; where are the new massive human jobs? Should the social distribution of wealth based on pay for work be broken? And so on, will be issues to be faced head on.
Of course, perhaps we don't need to panic in the face of the surging AI frenzy because, historically speaking, advances in technology, while certainly eliminating some jobs, will also create others.
But until we know what new jobs or ways to defuse the wave of unemployment that the fourth industrial revolution will bring, the government, and everyone, should take this seriously, and only by being proactive can we minimize the negative effects. For us as individuals, we can't change the course and impact of AI technology, but we can change ourselves, or at least change our knowledge structure a bit to increase our gold content when we are re-employed. Chance always favors those who are prepared, doesn't it?
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It’ll come as a bit of a shock if you don’t already know it but this portrait is only five centimeters in diameter. She’s a miniature or as the Tudors would have known it – a limming or limning. The image is one of the first minatures produced in England and was painted by Holbein. She’s been painted on vellum and stetched over a playing card (Denyer-Baker: introduction) which can clearly be seen if the mount, a later addition, is reversed. The miniature was designed to be worn a bit like a jewel.
Mrs Jane Small, as we now know her to be, isn’t a great courtier. She’s the wife of a merchant, Nicholas Small. Originally art historians thought that Jane was actually Mrs Robert Pemberton from Northamptonshire, which was problematic. Mrs Robert Pemberton was a Throckmorton so she would have had links to the court but certainly it seemed unlikely that Holbein who worked from London would have painted her. Mrs Jane Small on the other hand, lived just down the road from Holbein.
The black gown she is wearing is wool but because her husband is prosperous there is a faint possibility it may be silk. She’s wearing a linen smock with collar and cuffs decorated in black work – another reason I like the image. Katherine of Aragon made blackwork, or Spanishwork, popular in England. She embroidered Henry’s shirts even after he sought a divorce. Expert stitchers ensure that the work is the same on both sides of the fabric. Women like Bess of Hardwick employed embroiderers (usually men) for important pieces of work but in this portrait it is likely that Jane embroidered the blackwork pattern on her own collar and cuffs, as a bride she would seek, perhaps, to demonstrate her prowess as a housewife and capability with the needle was an essential skill. She would undoubtedly be wearing her best clothes for the occasion of the portrait.
There’s a flower pinned to her bodice – the iconography is important. Holbein’s subjects often hold a carnation whether they’re male or female and this is the indicator that they have become betrothed. So Jane hadn’t yet married Mr Small, certainly the coat of arms, of a later provenance, that accompanies the trinket is that of the Pembertons. Jane Pemberton was in her twenty-third year and married in 1540. She’s not important to Tudor dynasties, she hasn’t done anything particularly noteworthy but she is the face of an ordinary woman looking out at us from Holbein’s crisp blue background – she could be you and she could be me. She reflects changing and growing affluence within society. Ordinary people can now have their portrait painted to celebrate a special occasion – marriage.
But back to the iconography. She’s depicted with two ears of corn and holding what looks like a sprig of lavender – they must have meaning but your guess is as good as mine as to what message Holbein is conveying. The corn could be representative of fertility. She did go on to have several children. Equally, though perhaps unlikely, it could be a reference to her virgin status. Yates references Elizabeth I being compared to the goddess Ceres be depicting her holding corn – virginal but fruitful (Yates: 78) Culpepper writing in 1653 saw lavender as good for colds and a symbol of virginity. In folklore lavender was supposed to be loved by the Virgin Mary. The problem with foliage is that the meaning can shift depending upon the context.
Jane would marry again in 1567 after the death of Nicholas to another Nicholas called Nicholas Parkinson. She outlived him as well and seems to have reverted to the name Small.
Denyer-Baker, Pauline. Painting Miniatures
Yates, Francis A. (1999) Astraea – Yates London: Routledge
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China is one of the most seriously weeds-harmed countries and mainly relies on chemical pesticides for weed control, i.e., herbicides. This article is an analysis of herbicide registration in China, in two parts: Statistics in 2015-2022, and Updated Regulations, Policy, and New Herbicides in 2022.
Statistics of Herbicide Registration in 2015-2022
- Statistics of Registered Pesticides
Updated Regulations, Policy, and New Herbicides in 2022
- Registration Requirements for Nonselective Herbicides
- Registration Requirements of Target Herbicides for Genetically Modified Herbicide-tolerant Crops
- Herbicides Newly Applied for Registration in 2021: Bixlozone & Tembotrione
The term “pesticides” usually includes pesticides, herbicides, rodenticides, antimicrobial products, biopesticides, and other substances used to control various pests or undesirable vegetation.
China is one of the most seriously weeds-harmed countries. Over 1430 species (varieties) of garden weeds are widely distributed and occur in large quantities in China. Every year, weed damage causes about 10% of crop yield loss, 60 million tons of grain output reduction, and 220-billion-yuan economic loss.
Weed control is a key concern in pesticide production in China. Herbicides can control weeds and effectively reduce crop yield losses. At present, China mainly relies on chemical pesticides for weed control, i.e., herbicides.
Statistics of Registered Pesticides
In 2015, China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOARA) put forward the action of zero growth in pesticide use, after which the demand for pesticides in China declined steadily. In 2021, the use of pesticide products was 248,000 tons, including 104,000 tons of herbicides, which accounted for 41.9% of the total amount in 2021.(See Table 1.) Under the pesticide reduction background, herbicide use increased slightly compared with previous years, proving a large market demand for herbicide products exists in China.
Table 1. Pesticide Use in 2015-2022 in 10,000 tons
|Pesticides||2015||2019||2021||Percent of 2021 (%)|
|Adapted from National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center|
As of December 31, 2021, the total number of registered pesticide products in China is more than 44,700 (including public health pesticide products), and the number of registered active ingredients is 727, of which herbicides account for 23%. And herbicides account for 26% of newly registered herbicides in 2021. Among the registered herbicide products in China, glyphosate, atrazine and acetochlor ranked top three. (See Table 2.)
Table 2. Top 20 Registered Herbicides
|19||MCPA (salt, ester)||263|
A total of 2,765 products (including public health pesticide products) were registered in China in 2021. Among newly registered herbicide products in 2021, the registration amount of glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium was more than 100. In recent years, the key herbicides registered in China are prominent, and the registered amount is significantly higher than that of other pesticides.
Table 3. Top 10 Herbicides Newly Registered in 2021
Read Part 2: Analysis of Herbicide Registration in China: Updated Requirements, Regulations, and New Herbicides in 2022, Part 2/2
If you have any questions regarding herbicide or pesticide registration in China, please feel free to contact us at:
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PLCs are important components that are used to control machinery and systems. Understanding inputs is one of the most important things when learning about the world of PLCs and how they work.
In this article, we will specifically look at what a PLC input is. We will also take a look at the different types of PLC inputs, where they can be found and the typical external components that can be used as inputs.
What is a PLC input?
PLC inputs can refer to two different things, the first is an external device that is used to give information to the PLC. We also refer to PLC inputs as a physical part of the PLC where terminations are made (I1, I2, I3, etc). The inputs then make the PLC run its program and make decisions on whether to activate or deactivate the outputs depending on what information it is getting.
The term input can refer to the inputs on the PLC itself which are used to receive information or the external hardware that is used to connect to the sensors and transducers of the system. External hardware could include components such as switches, sensors and temperature sensors.
You can get three types of input – digital (DI), analog (AI) and HSC (high-speed counters). HSC (high-speed counters) is another type of input but is generally less common.
PLC inputs can be represented on a PLC by the letter I followed by a number such as I1 which would mean input 1. The letter that is used to represent inputs varies on the manufacturer and type of PLC. You should always refer to the operation manual to determine what letter represents inputs on a PLC and where they are located. We will go into this is more detail further in the article.
What are the different types of PLC inputs?
There are two main types of input on a PLC. They are digital inputs (DI) and analog inputs (AI). Another type of PLC input is a high-speed counter (HSC), these are less common.
digital input s(DI)
A digital input is a type of input used in the world of PLC’s. They simply have two states – on or off. They are available in both AC and DC powered components and include components such as sensors, limit switches, push buttons, relay contacts, pressure switches, overload contacts and proximity switches.
LEDs are normally located somewhere on the PLC to display whether a digital input is active or not. This makes fault finding on the input side of a system extremely easy.
analog inputs (AI)
Analog inputs are a type of input that can give a reading or physical quantity and convert it to an electrical signal to a PLC. When the analog input goes into the PLC it will go through an analog to digital converter which basically converts the reading internally to a digital signal. The nominal power supplies for these types of signals are normally around 3-20ma and 1-5VDC. Some examples of analog inputs are temperature sensors, voltage sensors, current sensors, flow meters, distance sensors or level/float switches.
Analog inputs generally do not have a LED light that displays whether the input is active but some of the newer PLCs are now incorporating this into their systems.
high-speed counter inputs (HSC)
A high-speed counter input is a lot like a digital input, they simply turn ON/OFF. The main difference between digital inputs and high-speed counter inputs is the speed at which the PLC can process them. High-speed counters can process up to 10,000 signals per second! A typical application for this type of input could be from a sensor that looks at parts on a fast-moving process line.
Where are PLC inputs located on a PLC and what do they look like?
PLC inputs are generally located at the top of a PLC. They are generally small terminals that have a screw located on the front where you will insert the wiring of the external components. Not all inputs are located on the top of PLCs so this should always be checked in the manual or help guide.
Inputs are generally referred to as terms such as I1 or IN1 etc – this does however depend on the brand of PLC that you are using. I1 or 1N1 just means input 1, the identification letter such as I, IN or X will always be the same across inputs whether they are digital or analog. This is easy to remember when building a program or fault finding on a PLC using the inputs. Some manufacturers of PLCs use the letter X for inputs. So the inputs on the PLC will be identified by X1, X2, X3, etc.
If a PLC has a number of different inputs on it (such as analog and digital) they are generally located in their own space or easily identified with text. AI can show an analog input on one PLC and DI could show the digital inputs.
If you are unsure of what letter or term is used to present inputs on a PLC always refer to the manual or help guide for the brand of PLC you are using.
LED lights are also generally found somewhere on the PLC to display the status of the inputs. This is more common for digital or high-speed inputs but some PLCs have the facility to display analog inputs now. The LEDs are a great way of quickly fault finding to prove whether you have an issue with the external part of a system (such as a sensor) or whether the input card or PLC is faulty.
The LEDs are extremely useful as you can have a quick glance at the indicator when the external component has been flagged or you know it should be active. If the LED is not active then there may be an issue with the external component or the wiring.
What components can be used as a PLC input?
A number of different components can be used as inputs on a PLC however digital inputs and analog inputs use different external devices.
Digital input components
All of the components that can be used for digital inputs must only display two states (ON/OFF). Both AC and DC components and some volt-free contacts can be used as digital components. They include sensors, push buttons, safety relay contacts, inverter contacts and proximity switches.
Analog input components
Analog input components are any external device that can convert a physical quantity into an electrical signal. These components include temperature sensors, current and voltage sensors and anything else that measures quantity.
If you would like a more in-depth look at what a PLC actually is then please take a look at our article here.
How can you determine if an input is active?
There are a number of different ways to determine whether an input is active or not.
- Some PLCs have LEDs located on their body which will show the status of inputs and outputs. They will light up when the input has been activated.
- Another way of telling whether an input is active is testing with a voltage testing device such as a multimeter.
- You can also use the PLC software on a laptop or computer. You can perform online tests which can show you the status of the program and whether an input has been activated.
Hi, I’m Liam, I started Engineer Fix with the vision of providing students, engineers and people that may be curious with an online resource that can make engineering easy.
I have worked in various roles within engineering performing countless hours of mechanical and electrical work/projects. I also completed 6 years of training which included an advanced apprenticeship and an HNC in electrical engineering.
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Take the most passionate piano performance and watch it again while the volume is turned all the way down and it will immediately go from something mesmerizing to a bit weird. Pianists often accompany their music with physical contortions and head movements. Why is that? Is it something that happens on its own without any explanation or is there something more fundamental that causes pianists to exhibit this? Let’s us find out.
Why Do Pianists Move Their Head?
When listening to a favorite piece of music what is the one thing that most people instinctively resort to? They start swaying to the music and use some part or the entire body to rhythmically move to the music. Most commonly, the hands and the feet are used for this.
A pianist who is performing usually has both hands and sometimes both feet engaged. They also have to maintain a certain posture that restricts the range of motion in their legs. This leaves the head as the ideal body part that can sway to the music without affecting the performance. It also looks more professional while also giving off the impression that the pianist is enjoying his own performance in a somewhat restrained classy manner.
What Causes Some Of The More Exaggerated Expressions?
Pianists’ expressions during a performance aren’t just limited to subtle head movements. It can sometimes be a lot more animated and there can be multiple reasons for this as explored below.
While it takes years of dedication and practice for a pianist to become proficient enough to woo an audience, during the time when the actual performance is taking place, one more ingredient is needed and that is a passionate emotional connection to the music itself. It is what adds life and meaning to the music. It is the secret spice that transforms the musical notes into something that the audience can resonate with. This connection is so primeval and visceral that it can manifest itself in involuntary facial expressions and body movements that in another setting would be mistaken for something totally different.
Another hallmark of all great musicians is that they could be on the biggest stage surrounded by thousands of people and the atmosphere could be electric but the musician and his/her instrument are oblivious to all of it. Pianists could not care any less for their surroundings as their entire concentration is on the performance. This means that everything else becomes secondary including their expressions and their bodily movements. While these expressions can seem silly on their own, in the context of the performance, it just works and, in many cases, can even enhance the show.
Related Article How Do You Calm Down Before A Piano Recital?
This is what truly separates the good performances from the great ones. If you have ever been to a memorable performance, it is because the pianist is enjoying the music more than anyone else present and what do people do when they are experiencing unbridled enjoyment? They show it with some over-the-top facial expressions and body movement and that is exactly what a pianist does when they are enjoying their own performance. This is also a great indicator of when a pianist is at his or her best. Just watch the greatest live performances ever a bit more closely to see how this isn’t something new.
There is a very common misconception that stage musicians lead a cushy life and that their profession does not involve any physical exertion. In reality, the opposite is true. Most stages are actually very uncomfortable and add to that all the stresses of being in front of an entire group of people whose gazes are fixed on you. Then comes the actual physicality of playing the piano for long periods of time and it is actually a physically demanding endeavor. The hands and especially the finger joints can become sore and part of the physical expressions that you see could just be a more stylized version of wincing.
It Is Part Of The Show
While the music itself is the most important part of any piano performance, a bit of showmanship is sometimes needed to take things to the next level. This is the reason musical theatres look the way they do. After all, it is a show and the pianist can sometimes use their movements to enhance their performance and make it a show worth remembering. They can use it to accentuate the ebbs and flows of the musical piece. It often does not take a lot of extra effort as they just have to give in to the urge to express themselves through their movements and in some cases just spice it up by slightly exaggerating what comes naturally.
They Just Don’t Care
In most impromptu situations when someone’s favorite piece of music comes up, an inevitable urge follows to move to the tune. Most people restraint themselves from giving in to these urges. This is usually because of the need to behave properly in public. An accomplished pianist may not feel the need to do so and can just flow with whatever feeling comes naturally to them during a performance. Pianists who don’t care what their audience thinks of their facial expressions or the way they move their head and body and instead are transfixed by their music belong in the group of elite musicians who have the license to make these expressions and movements no matter how weird they are.
Are Weird Faces A Mark Of A Great Pianist?
All of these explanations can make it seem like the weirder the face, the more accomplished the pianist is. While this is usually the case, there can be instances when an inexperienced pianist can try to emulate these expressions. As these don’t come naturally, they can actually ruin their performance. However, if the music is top-notch and in the context of the performance, the weirdness stops being weird, the pianist in question is the real deal.
Pianists like all musicians should be defined by their music. However, music is something that is so fundamental to what makes us all human beings that it incites certain reactions that can often be involuntary in nature. This is truer in the case of pianists as they are living the music they are playing and more often than not, they cannot hold themselves back. What is great is that it adds an element of drama and panache to the performance. So, the next time you see a pianist contort his face, head, and body in a weird manner while performing and it somehow just makes everything better, understand that you are witnessing something spectacular.
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In Harvard’s Collection of Historical and Scientific Instruments, curious items are the norm, like the exploding “thunder house,” a small wooden box used to demonstrate the value of lightning rods, or the control console of the Harvard cyclotron, which was the University’s second particle accelerator.
But in the Putnam Gallery, in a display on vision and illusive nature, a giant plastic model of a human eyeball sits near the palette of the American painter John Singer Sargent, the surface of the latter covered in hardened strokes of muted color.
Hidden in several of Harvard’s collections across the University are similar treasured curiosities, part of a new class and exhibit that encourage students and visitors to question traditional categories of knowledge. “Tangible Things,” on view through May 29, is organized in collaboration with a Harvard General Education course, “Tangible Things: Harvard Collections in World History.”
“We are teaching students and visitors about a way of engaging the world and a way of engaging history,” said Laurel Ulrich, Harvard’s 300th Anniversary University Professor, who helped to develop the exhibit and course.
The core of the exhibition is in the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments’ Special Exhibitions Gallery. There, visitors can view material categorized as art, history, archaeology and anthropology, science and medicine, books and manuscripts, and natural history, all culled from Harvard’s museums and libraries. They are also introduced to items that can’t be categorized quite so easily, including a tiger skull, a teapot, and a 100-year-old tortilla.
“Some people think these categories have outlived their usefulness. What do you think?” reads a plaque in the display.
Adding a hide-and-seek element to the show, Ulrich and co-creator Ivan Gaskell cleverly inserted a number of “guest objects” into regular displays at the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard Museum of Natural History, Houghton Library, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Schlesinger Library, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and the Semitic Museum.
In the Museum of Natural History’s Glass Flowers gallery, intricate replicas of 847 species of plants handcrafted by 19th century glass artisans double as works of art. Nestled in the corner, a Louis Comfort Tiffany floriform vase, circa 1900, from Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum fits seamlessly into the collection.
Next door in a case in the museum’s Mineral Hall, one could easily mistake what appears to be a gray stone. But upon closer inspection, the calcified specimen, normally found in Harvard’s Countway Library of Medicine, is a bladder stone removed from a man in 1809.
Viewing an object from multiple perspectives helps students to engage, challenge their assumptions, explore history more deeply, and make connections between disciplines, said Gaskell and Ulrich. The exhibition and course are based on their work over the past several years with similar undergraduate and graduate seminars that explored how to write history from tangible things. Several items in the exhibit are objects studied by their earlier students.
“We want to encourage students to think about what purpose categorizations serve, how do they function, how do they enable us to make knowledge claims, but how do they also inhibit us,” said Gaskell, Margaret S. Winthrop Curator and senior lecturer on history.
“It’s a question of human imagination,” he added, “of not taking the line of least intellectual resistance.”
In the class, students are required to visit exhibits weekly. “Mostly we want you to look,” notes the syllabus. In addition, course participants are required to write two short papers and produce a final project based on a reinterpretation of objects in the exhibit.
The class has been a runaway hit. Last month organizers were forced to relocate its weekly lectures to a larger auditorium to accommodate the 250 students who signed up.
“I just wanted to jump into the class right away because I absolutely love the museum collections at Harvard,” said sophomore and organismic and evolutionary biology concentrator Joseph Brancale.
After reviewing a selection of personal items that Gaskell and Ulrich brought to class earlier in the semester, including a starfish, a bronzed baby boot, and a Russian icon, Brancale said he noticed “discrepancies between the [established] categories.”
“If you look at the underside of a starfish and you see the radial symmetry and all the little patterns. … You can apply that to art later on.”
At its core, the class and exhibit, said Gaskell, reflect human interaction.
“If we can help students, and anyone who is interested, to appreciate the role of things in human interactions more fully, how those relationships change over time, and how we can understand not only other people who are our contemporaries, but also those who lived before, then I think we will have done our job.”
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Just as we use sounds to communicate effectively, we can also use lights to signify what we mean and what we want others to do. In fact, light can be used in many different ways. Before starting this exercise with your kids, ask them if they can give you some examples of light used as a means of effective communication. Then, help them check off the pictures of light sources being used to communicate in the worksheet.
In order for children to be safe at all times and follow the proper regulations, it is important to teach them the safety lights and what they mean. Look at this colorful worksheet with your students and ask them to identify the different objects in the pictures. Then, ask them check off all the examples of safety light messages which warn people to watch out and also helping them to stay safe.
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Scientists Develop Ultra-Long-Lasting Smartphone Battery
A team of physicists and engineers have created a fantastic, futuristic material that may solve our reliance on power-hungry smartphone batteries. Today’s gadgets are powered by superconductors that require a constant flow of electricity. It works, but it’s hardly the most efficient use of energy. The scientists’ new electromagnetic material, on the other hand, can subsist on quick pulses of power—sipping energy rather than chugging it.
As a result, the researchers estimate that devices made with the new material could use 100 times less electricity than products currently on the market, they wrote in the journal Nature. Yes, that number is right: one hundred times less.
They’d also last a whole lot longer between recharges—as long as three months at a time for a smartphone.
In addition to freeing us from constant worries about battery life, this super-efficient new material could also completely revolutionize the way computers, phones, and other devices use electricity, exponentially cutting down on the amount of power we need to keep our world running.
The researchers say it’ll be a few years yet before this magical magnetoelectric material finds its way into our gadgets, but we’re willing to wait.
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The effect of music on fish is not well understood and more research is needed to fully understand it. However, it is important to be mindful of the potential impacts of playing music in natural environments. Some anglers believe that playing music near a fishing spot can scare fish away while others believe that it can attract them, but there is no clear evidence to support these claims.
Does Music Scare Fish Away? No, music does not scare fish away. In fact, some people believe that playing music while fishing can actually attract fish.
Fishing Myths Busted? Sounds Scare Bass
We all know that fish are attracted to certain sounds in the water, but did you know that music can also be used to scare fish away? That’s right – if you’re looking to keep fish away from your fishing area, try playing some music! According to studies, fish react negatively to loud noises and unfamiliar sounds, so playing music at a moderate volume should do the trick.
Of course, every fish is different, so it’s important to experiment with different types of music to see what works best. If you’re not sure where to start, try classical or rock music – both have been known to deter fish. So next time you’re heading out on a fishing trip, remember to bring along your favorite tunes – it just might help you catch more fish!
Do Fish Like Music
It’s a well-known fact that fish enjoy listening to music. In fact, many people use music as a way to relax their fish and make them feel more comfortable in their tanks. But do fish actually like music?
The jury is still out on this one. Some experts believe that fish are attracted to the rhythm and beat of music, while others think that they respond more to the pitch and volume of the music. However, there is no scientific evidence to support either claim.
So, what do we know for sure? Well, we know that fish are sensitive to sound waves and vibrations in the water. This means that they can definitely hear the music being played in their tank.
Whether or not they actually enjoy it is another story entirely!
Do Fish React to Music?
It’s a well-known fact that music can have a profound effect on our moods and emotions. But did you know that it can also impact animals? Studies have shown that fish react to music, although the jury is still out on whether they actually enjoy it.
Researchers believe that fish react to music because of the vibrations that it produces. Fish have sensitive ear structures called lateral lines which allow them to sense these vibrations. It’s thought that the rhythm and beat of music may be particularly stimulating for fish, as they are known to be attracted to similar sounds in their natural environment.
So, do fish enjoy listening to music? It’s hard to say for sure. Some studies seem to suggest that they do, while others find no evidence of this.
However, there is no doubt that fish are affected by the vibrations produced by music, so it’s definitely worth giving it a try next time you’re in your local aquarium!
Are Fish Disturbed by Music?
Yes, fish are disturbed by music. Fish have a very keen sense of hearing and can hear frequencies much higher than humans. Studies have shown that fish react to music by swimming faster, changing their direction more frequently and increasing their respiration rate.
Are Fish Scared Away by Noise?
Noise pollution is a serious problem in many parts of the world. It can have harmful effects on both humans and animals, including fish. Fish are very sensitive to sound and can be scared away by loud noises.
This can cause them to avoid certain areas or become more stressed and less likely to breed. Noise pollution can also disrupt the delicate balance of underwater ecosystems.
What Sounds Repel Fish?
There are a variety of sounds that can repel fish, including high-pitched noise, low-frequency noise, and irregular or intermittent noise. High-pitched noise is typically above 2 kHz and can come from sources such as sonar, radar, and engine noises. Low-frequency noise is below 500 Hz and can be caused by ship propellers, waves, and other natural underwater sounds.
Irregular or intermittent noise is characterized by sudden changes in sound level or frequency and can include sounds produced by boat hulls striking objects in the water.
Some people believe that playing music while fishing will scare the fish away, but there is no scientific evidence to support this claim. In fact, many fish are attracted to noise and movement, so playing music could actually help you catch more fish! If you’re looking to make your fishing trip more enjoyable, play some tunes and see if it makes a difference in your catch rate.
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Find your care
Our expert neurosurgery team is committed to providing the finest and most comprehensive patient care. For help finding a neurosurgeon, call 310-825-5111.
About Primary CNS Lymphoma
- Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is a malignant tumor derived from white blood cells that is localized to the nervous system.
- These tumors represent 0.85 percent to 2 percent of all primary brain tumors; however, the incidence is rising relative to other brain lesions. The increase is due in part to the occurrence of primary lymphoma in AIDS and transplant patients.
- The median age of diagnosis is 52, or approximately 34 in immunocompromised patients.
- Most common locations are the frontal lobes, then deep nuclei and periventricular zone.
- Conditions with increased risk of primary CNS lymphomas:
- Collagen vascular disease.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Sjogren's syndrome.
- Rheumatoid arthritis.
- Chronic immunosuppression in transplant patients.
- Severe congenital immunodeficiency syndrome.
- CNS lymphoma occurs in 19 percent of AIDS patients.
- Epstein-Barr virus.
- Collagen vascular disease.
- Non-focal, non-specific symptoms occur in more than 50 percent of patients; mental status changes in one third; symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (headache, nausea/vomiting) and/or generalized seizures in 9 percent.
- Focal symptoms in 30 percent to 42 percent of cases, including weakness or numbness, partial seizures and cranial nerve palsies (visual changes, double vision, facial numbness, facial weakness, hearing loss and/or swallowing difficulties).
- Lymphomas are primarily diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. On imaging, 50 percent to 60 percent occur in multiple areas.
- All patients should be assessed (history, physical and laboratory tests) for conditions associated with lymphoma. Since primary CNS lymphoma is very rare, any patient with CNS lymphoma should have a work-up for systemic lymphoma:
- Careful physical examination of all lymph nodes.
- Chest x-ray and CT scan of chest and abdomen.
- Routine blood and urine testing.
- Bone marrow biopsy.
- Testicular ultrasound in males.
- Eye exam.
- Surgery: Surgical decompression with partial or total removal does not alter patient's prognosis.
- The main role of surgery is for tumor biopsy
- Stereotactic techniques are often well suited for these frequently deep tumors.
- Steroid Therapy: These tumors are steroid sensitive.
- Within hours the brain lesions may be reduced or may disappear as tumor cells are killed.
- The benefits of steroids tend to disappear within six months of treatment but may last longer.
- Radiation Therapy: These tumors respond quickly and effectively to external radiation.
- Complete responses have been reported in 80 percent of patients. However, recurrence within the radiation field is the rule.
- The optimal volume to be irradiated depends on the nature of the tumor and the tolerance of the critical normal tissue.
- Chemotherapy: Because of the generally poor long-term results with radiation only, and the high rate of local failure, considerable attention has been focused recently on the role of systemic chemotherapy. Several reports have suggested improved survival when chemotherapy is added to radiation.
The Neuro-ICU cares for patients with all types of neurosurgical and neurological injuries, including stroke, brain hemorrhage, trauma and tumors. We work in close cooperation with your surgeon or medical doctor with whom you have had initial contact. Together with the surgeon or medical doctor, the Neuro-ICU attending physician and team members direct your family member's care while in the ICU. The Neuro-ICU team consists of the bedside nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians in specialty training (Fellows) and attending physicians. UCLA Neuro ICU Family Guide
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Data and Privacy
In recognition of the powerful benefits that come from interweaving academic and social-emotional learning, a shift in data collection, assessment, and interpretation is underway. Providing countless avenues of insight, data serves as the building block of assessment (diagnostic, formative, and summative), indicator of interest, and metric of progress.
Calls for strong integration of social, emotional, and behavioral skills into core academic curricula are now heard from community and family voices, as reports of 82 percent of Americans say it is highly important for schools to help students develop interpersonal skills such as being cooperative, respectful of others, and persistent at solving problems (PDK Poll, 2019). Further, 91 percent of families are “interested in knowing about their child’s social-emotional learning,” (Harris Poll, 2017).
Accurate measurement and assessment of these skills is necessary to evaluate programmatic effectiveness and success. Moreover, ensuring data privacy, protection and security is paramount as these data points entail and include incredibly sensitive and personal information.
A personalized, learner-centered environment uses technology to securely and efficiently protect, collect, analyze, and organize data. This increases differentiation opportunities and outcomes to better meet students where they are, spurring authentic skill, content acquisition and growth, and articulates the need for mental health services where appropriate.
That said, data collected is only as good as data explained. Efforts to articulate and communicate data findings provide transparency and intention for all involved parties, including students and stakeholders. When the data indicates a need for a particular student, it becomes a moral imperative to act.
- What assessments are in place to both monitor and enhance acquisition of any needed services related to health and well-being?
- What data points are measurable from these assessments?
- What needs can be pinpointed from the assessments?
- How can assessments and assignments be designed to more fully celebrate the diversity of students’ assets, contributions, and cultural perspectives?
- How can data be better interpreted and represented through a lens of equity?
- What communication mechanisms can best articulate growth markers for SEL, health, and well-being?
- Are communication efforts designed in terms that are friendly to
- general education teachers;
- students, as appropriate to grade level;
- families; and
- other stakeholders?
- Are the efforts communicated in such a way that these audiences can understand the interconnections of academic and SEL skills?
- How is data and privacy protected, and how is this relayed to stakeholders?
- How will data inform professional learning practices?
- How can coaches help teachers interpret data, ensure student privacy, and provide practical next-step guidance?
Phishing Upstream With Diane Doersch
In this era of data, equity, and sustainability, it’s a lot to put on a tech leader’s plate. In this episode, the hosts chat with Diane Doersch, former CTO of Green Bay Schools and Technical Project Director for Digital Promise to discuss the sustainability toolkit she’s put together for leaders as well as exploring ways to expand the racial and gender divides that exist within the tech field.
Data Fluency Incentives for Educators
Data literacy is at the heart of effective decisionmaking in classrooms, schools, districts, and communities. All students, including those in need of acceleration, remediation, or intervention, provide teachers, counselors, interventionists, coaches, and administrators with a true wealth of data in various forms.
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Social distance is described as the cultural differences among people of a given society. Cultural diversity is considered a great challenge to globalization. Most organizations are finding it difficult to establish Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) due to the associated risks promoted by social distances. Consequently, organizational management should consider understanding the dynamics of social distance to increase the chances of establishing FDIs across the globe. Adverse impacts of social distances could prevent the implementation of marketing initiatives due to financial losses. Marketing requires knowledge on social distances and communication efficiency as a means of sustaining global teams.
Discussion Post 1: Topic I
Different aspects determine the cultural background that describes the identity of an individual. For instance, people have distinct religious beliefs, which trace their way to pre-historic times. These include religions such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As such, multinational corporations should respect cultural diversity in their recruitment and employment processes (Richard 342). Such a consideration would ensure minimal industrial strikes attributed to lack of respect for employees’ religious diversity. This promotes peaceful co-existence among employees, which is transformed into high production rates attracting high-profit margins. Most employees offer services with commitment when their cultural diversity is appreciated. Ethnic language is considered a rich source of cultural diversity and its information could aid in developing a marketing strategy.
Through cultural diversity, modern organizations manage employee conflicts with effectiveness and efficiency. For instance, Human Resource (HR) departments have incorporated policy measures that respect gender equality, cultural diversity, and talent management. Gender equality policies have promoted the professional growth of employees in different job categories in managerial positions (Richard 389). Similarly, cultural diversity in terms of religion is promoted using policy measures that do not interfere with the freedom of worship. This includes ensuring that worship days are kept on the company’s calendar but fairly compensated on the other workdays of the week. Talent management has also grown with the development of policies that protect cultural diversity in contemporary organizations. Elements of cultural diversity are directly related to marketing practices in most businesses that operate on a global scale.
Discussion Post 2: Topic II
Marketing management is an important practice for businesses as it promotes a product in the market. Through marketing strategies, businesses establish a strong share of the market. Similarly, marketing practices have been elevated to high standards by technology advancements. Through instant messaging, for instance, the world has become a global village (Richard 342). Businesses have capitalized on internet connectivity to improve their revenue generation levels. Marketing management is directly influenced by cultural diversity if a firm has a global scale of production. In such dynamic markets, organizations prefer remote marketing teams sourced from local labor markets. This is a measure adopted to reduce conflicts among employees.
Marketing representatives come from local labor markets as they are best suited for interacting with the market. These agents communicate using the same language as the market audiences, thus reducing instances of poor communication (Richard 391). However, most global teams do not understand their business models, hence leading to communication confusion among team members. Marketing representatives are confused on the communication channel to use when issuing formal communication. For instance, some use social media platforms to communicate formal messages that are sensitive and confidential to an organization. Instead, representatives should use secured communication channels that offer confidentiality such as mailing systems.
Richard, D. Lewis. “When Cultures Collide: Leading across Cultures.” Nicholas Brealey International. (2006) p. 1-573.
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This unusual and fascinating lesson is dedicated to how to draw the Minotaur. This lesson will definitely not leave indifferent any of you.
So, I have prepared for you a very exciting and useful drawing lesson in which I will tell and show you how to draw the Minotaur step by step. This lesson can easily be performed by any novice artist, as well as a child. With the help of this lesson, you will learn how to portray another mythological character.
The most famous monster in all mythology is the Minotaur, as he is very strong and very terrible at the same time. According to Greek tradition, the Minotaur is a monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull. This creature came from the unnatural love of Pasiphae, the wife of King Minos, for the bull sent by Poseidon. This is a prominent figure who often appears in mythology, fantasy stories and novels. In addition, the Minotaur is depicted on the throne in Amikla and on numerous vases. We can typically see the Minotaur as a character in films, cartoons and video games.
The Minotaur began life peacefully enough, but, coming out of infancy, he became ferocious. Greek legends described him as a monster of great stature, with the body of an athlete and a bull’s head. Bulls played a big role in the mythology of Crete. These magnificent animals were a powerful symbol and were considered representatives of the god of earth, power and light.
Completing this lesson will definitely help you improve your artistic skills. If necessary, you can use a ruler to draw straight lines. I am sure that each of you can easily cope with this task and have a great time. Now you can prepare art materials, and then proceed with this interesting drawing lesson.
- Coloring supplies
Time needed: 30 minutes.
How to Draw the Minotaur
- Draw the contours of the head and torso of the Minotaur.
Depict two figures using curved lines of different lengths, as shown in the figure.
- Depict the neck and horns of the Minotaur.
Connect the contours of the head and torso with lines, draw sharp horns at the top of the head.
- Add facial features.
Draw the eye and nose inside the outline of the head using curved lines, an oval and an arc.
- Sketch out the outlines of the upper limbs of the Minotaur.
One arm is raised up, and the other is raised to waist level. To depict this, use curved lines.
- Draw the acts of the Minotaur.
Near the drawn hands, draw two straight parallel lines, and also add arcs of different sizes.
- Add the Minotaur’s hind limbs.
To draw the symmetrical legs of the Minotaur, add curved lines at the bottom of the torso.
- Add the hooves, tail and costume element.
Now you should draw two lines at the bottom of the Minotaur’s paws, and also add curved lines.
- Correct inaccuracies.
Now you need to remove the extra elements with the help of the eraser.
- Color the drawing.
To color the Minotaur, use black, shades of brown, and also shades of gray.
Traditionally, for your convenience, I have prepared a PDF file that contains a short version of this lesson, as well as training materials that will help you complete this lesson. Download this file right now so as not to lose this lesson and return to it at any time convenient for you, even if you are not connected to the Internet.
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What are Leg Flags?
Leg flags are widely used in the study of shorebirds and provide an easily visible means of identifying a bird from a particular location (plain coloured flags) or an individual bird (engraved leg flag) without having to recatch the bird. The flags can be recorded or their codes read using a telescope.
They are made from thin plastic and when formed can be opened and fitted to the leg of a wader and the edges of the flag are glued together. This allows the flag to move freely on the leg without falling off. For many years plain flags have been used to establish migration routes of birds from particular areas. However, increasingly leg flags are engraved with individual codes now which allows individual birds to be identified. This has revolutionised our knowledge of migration as we are now able to record multiple resightings of individuals throughout the year without the need to recatch them to identify them.
Leg flags have been invaluable in identifying the important feeding areas that waders visiting Australia use on their migration. This has provided very real evidence of the vulnerabilities faced by our migratory shorebirds and this information, that many groups are still collecting is being actively used to lobby governments over environmental issues, particularly in the Chinese and Korean staging areas.
What do the different flag colours mean?
Due to the migratory nature of waders the flag codes and combinations used have to be carefully controlled to avoid duplicates appearing in any particular flyway. Flyways are broad corridors within which birds migrate and our birds which visit Australia use the East Asian and Australasian flyway.
Each region involved in banding is issued with a unique flag combination, which is unique to that area. For example, a dark green leg flag on a wader signifies that the bird was caught and flagged in Queensland, Australia, a light blue leg flag however, would have been put on in Japan.
These codes are published on the internet and updated regularly, as new projects start or additional combination start to be used. You can view this list by using the following link, which will take you to the relevant section of the Australasian Wader Study Group’s website. If you see a leg flag of any type in Queensland, please report it to our Leg Flag Coordinator (see the contacts Page and also the page on how to report a leg flag sighting).
For interstate of sightings from abroad, you can use the link below.
Leg Flag Combinations used in the East Asian Australasian Flyway
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Cambodia, in southeastern Asia, covers an area of 181,000 km² and is home to a population of over 15 million people. Its neighbors are the countries of Thailand, Vietnam and Laos and, to the southwest, it is bordered by the Gulf of Thailand in the Pacific Ocean. Cambodia has a rainy season (May to October) and a dry season (November to April) and experiences tropical monsoons. The country is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, with rural coastal communities prone to floods, mudslides and storms and, potentially, lack of access to clean water. Cambodia has one of the fastest growing economies in the Asian region, and this growth has helped pull people out of poverty. However, many in the population remain susceptible to changes in their circumstances.
The agriculture sector contributes about 26.6 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs about 43 percent of the total labor force (2016). The majority of people involved in agriculture are smallholder farmers with less than two hectares per household. The area of land in cultivation is 3.7 million hectares, 75 percent of which is turned over to rice production. Rice is the country’s main crop and consequently the main source of income for most farmers. Industrial crops (primarily rubber) and other food crops represent the remaining 25 percent of agricultural land use. Over three million people are employed in the fishing industry.
Challenges for agriculture in Cambodia
The comparatively low productivity associated with Cambodian agriculture arises from issues of both labor and land. Low productivity leads to insufficient income and food security. The land farmed in Cambodia is generally harsher than the fertile lowlands of other countries in the region. Three-quarters of agricultural land is rain-fed, but although poor soils increase the likelihood of the land becoming waterlogged during the wet season, the rainfall is often insufficient to enable a double rice crop. Intensification is only possible when access to water is not a problem – this is most likely in lowland areas where canal irrigation or on-farm irrigation facilities are available.
The uptake of new crop production methods is hindered by other challenges besides poor-quality soils and access to the right amount of water. Farmers may not have access to affordable agricultural inputs, such as rice seed of suitable varieties and legal, correctly-labeled fertilizers and chemicals; they often face costly financing and sub-soil constraints; low market prices are an issue, and farmers can be disadvantaged in negotiations with buyers; they may lack access to machinery in the main cropping season, and run the risk of cattle grazing in fallow fields in the dry season or uncontrolled or intended burning of crop residues. Furthermore, farmers may have insufficient skills and training, compounded by a poorly funded education and extension infrastructure, which hamper efforts to implement intensification and diversification options.
Work of Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture in Cambodia
The Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture (SFSA) is working on a research project with the University of Sydney in collaboration with the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The research project is about finding solutions for Sustainable Intensification and Diversification in the Lowland Rice System in Northwest Cambodia. The project’s components intersect and build on each other to create a sustainable whole-of-community intervention that will improve the knowledge, practices, productivity and profitability of lowland rain-fed farms.
The project is innovative in that it will generate and collate evidence-based research and apply it through a participatory approach driven by the whole community. Participation will be achieved through the creation of groups of farmers interacting with the public sector and private sector suppliers of knowledge and innovation. Innovation uptake will eventually be through market mechanisms and commercial channels, which will make it sustainable beyond the end of the project.
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Did you know that Yucatan has its own flag because it was a country at some point in its history?
The Yucatan flag was created in 1841, made as a protest against the centralism of Mexico by Antonio López de Santa Anna. 🐎
In that same year, Mexico and the Republic of Yucatan came into conflict, as Yucatan was dissatisfied with the ideas of government that were proposed in Mexico, so on October 1, 1841, Yucatan with the help of the local Chamber of Deputies approved the independence of the republic of Yucatan from the rest of Mexico.
Later Mexico would find a way for Yucatan to rejoin the country, through economic pressure they succeeded. The reintegration of Yucatan to Mexico took place on August 17, 1848.
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A Beginner’s Guide to Ethereum.
The blockchain system was made popular by the successful launch of Bitcoin back in 2009, as a way of decentralizing the institution of currency. Ever since then, cryptocurrency projects, very similar to Bitcoin, were created. But after the cryptocurrency boom happened, people started to realize that this decentralization could be used for many other things, not just money transactions.
BITCOIN WAS TOO NARROW SO ETHEREUM WAS BORN
After Bitcoin’s success, the use of blockchain technology for purposes beyond currency started to take off. Developers came to the conclusion that, although Bitcoin was a fascinating use of blockchain technology, it was also limited primarily to just one purpose (money). Some developers considered Bitcoin’s narrow approach very limiting for future development, and therefore these developers started to look for ways to use blockchain technology to create single platforms that had the potential to serve many different purposes, This is how Ethereum was born.
Ethereum is currently in second place on Coin Market Cap, just below Bitcoin, so you’ve probably heard of it. Yet, you might not quite understand what it is. Let’s start from the very beginning.
WHAT IS IT?
The first thing you need to know is that Ethereum isn’t a just a cryptocurrency, but it’s actually an open source computing platform based on blockchain technology. This means that Ethereum is just the platform itself, but within the computer, there are all sorts of applications which serve various functions, including a cryptocurrency called “Ether” (ETH). It is a very common mistake to think that Ethereum is only a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin when it’s actually so much more.
THE HISTORY OF ETHEREUM
This all started with its creator Vitalik Buterin, a young programmer who had been working as a writer for Bitcoin Magazine. He started to develop the idea of what he called “a decentralized mining network and software development platform rolled into one”, kind of like a smartphone but without any physical aspect to it.
First, he insisted that Bitcoin needed to incorporate a scripting language to create applications within the platform, but they didn’t listen. So he decided to do it himself, and he described the project on a whitepaper in late 2013.
The development started in early 2014 through a Swiss company named Ethereum Switzerland GmbH, and then it was funded through an ICO (Initial Coin Offering) during the summer of 2014, raising about $14 million.
The initial version of Ethereum, called Frontier, launched in the summer of 2015, and since then Ethereum has “upgraded” itself through what they call milestones, which are basically planned protocol upgrades. The next milestone, Homestead, was released in 2016, and there are two more planned for the future, Metropolis and Serenity, though the dates haven’t been announced yet.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
We’ve mentioned how Ethereum takes the blockchain system and allows it to have functions outside of currency. They do this by enabling the incorporation of code in the blockchain. The process has given birth to what are known as smart contracts. Using smart contracts, users are able to do more than just exchange cryptocoins. These smart contracts are public because they are on the blockchain, so this gives a sense of security to negotiations.
The smart contracts are run in an environment called the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This machine executes the scripts through an international and decentralized network of nodes. This would be the “computer” part of Ethereum, and it’s what makes it a decentralized system. Then, the smart contracts are stored publicly on every node of the blockchain.
As stated in the beginning, Ethereum has it’s own internal currency. Their internal currency, called ether, is a token that can be exchanged through cryptocurrency trades, but it is also used to pay every fee or transaction made on the Ethereum network. In this sense, it serves a real world function within the Ethereum platform itself.
To prevent attacks and bring a sense of security to the network, Ethereum implemented a system called “gas”. Gas is basically a fee that needs to be paid to make a transaction. Think of a transaction as being a car and the gas being…well, gas. Without any gas, the car won’t move, and the transaction won’t be made either.
Each transaction has a different gas price, and this makes the miners prioritize the ones with the highest instead of the lowest. This also helps prevent infinite loops, making the attacker literally pay for what he’s doing.
THE DAO HARD FORK AND ETHEREUM CLASSIC
As we mentioned, Ethereum is a platform that can run all sorts of applications, and one of the main uses organizations have used Ethereum for is the hosting of ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings). That was the case of an organization called The DAO, which hosted a crowdfund on Ethereum in May 2016, raising a record of $150 million, more than any crowdfunding campaign in history during that time.
This seems like a beautiful story, with a happy and historical ending. Until one month later, on June 2016, The DAO was victim to an attack. An anonymous entity claimed $50 million in ether, due to an exploitation of vulnerabilities in the code.
The solution that Ethereum presented was a hard fork, meaning they would “delete” The DAO in its entirety and reimburse all the investors. This represented a crossroads for Ethereum and eventually dissolved it into two different organizations. There were members of the Ethereum community that didn’t agree with this decision, stating that the nature of a smart contract and the blockchain should be immutable. So, Ethereum Classic was born.
The part of the community that wasn’t too happy with the hard fork simply decided to leave Ethereum and launched a new network called Ethereum Classic. This platform is essentially Ethereum but without the hard fork, so it offers the same features as the original Ethereum. Their cryptocoin is called ethereum classic (ETC).
SOME NOTABLE EXAMPLES
The core idea of Ethereum is to provide a network for people or companies to host different applications or, as we said earlier, basically be a non-physical smartphone.
Ethereum has managed to provide such an extensive and broad range of services to its users. For example, securing identity systems for uPort, improved the management for the digital rights of Imogen Heap’s music, and even gambling with Etheroll or DAO.Casino.
Ethereum truly represents the future not only of finance but of every other industry. Bitcoin came in strong, challenging our monetary system. But Ethereum takes an additional step, by challenging pretty much everything.
Solving Inefficiencies Within Advertising
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Binary.com Explosive Growth & ICO
COINIST PRESENTS… Binary.com’s Explosive Growth & Their Upcoming ICO Binary.com opts for an ICO rather than an IPO to take advantage of cost saving benefits, as well as the flexibility of reaching a wider pool of investors and having their tokens traded…
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Essential tremor—it’s one of the most common movement disorders in the world. A progressive condition, it starts with uncontrollable movement of the hands and can eventually spread to the voice (Katharine Hepburn’s voice had a very bad tremor), then the head, and finally to the legs. Even the early stages of essential tremor can be devastating and make life far more difficult. Sufferers may have trouble writing, eating, drinking, and preforming their jobs. Luckily, there is hope in the form of new non-invasive treatments.
What Is Essential Tremor?
Essential tremor is known as “essential” because it is a condition that is intrinsic to the body—something not caused by an external factor like a virus or alcohol use. It is a neurological condition that seems to strike people over age 40. In some cases, essential tremor seems to be caused by a genetic mutation. This trait is inherited and passed on to the children of sufferers. However, a genetic link does not mean that the root cause of the condition is known. “The root cause is unidentified, but it is connected to the cerebellum,” said John D. Rolston, MD, PhD, a neurosurgeon with University of Utah Health.
Traditional Treatment Options
The traditional treatments for essential tremor have been either medication, which is roughly 50% effective, or surgery. The surgical option basically consists of implanting electrodes directly into the brain. The electrodes can then be activated for a form of deep brain stimulation. The primary drawback for each of these treatments is that it is impossible to know how effective they will be. Also, the patient has to deal with the side effects of medication or the trauma of brain surgery.
Currently, the best hope for those suffering from essential tremor lies with a new process that is quickly becoming an extremely popular option. It is a completely non-invasive procedure that can be done as a one-time outpatient procedure. “By using many different ultrasound, transducers are aimed at one small part of the brain, and each one emits a small amount of heat to the brain,” said Rolston.
The heat is directed to a small, pea-sized part of the cerebellum that is known to be associated with essential tremor. The result is a reduction or elimination of essential tremor in 50% of cases, which is similar to the results from medication.
This impressive advancement is the result of efforts from doctors and researchers from all around the world, but it is currently being employed by specialists at the University of Utah Health. It allows those who may have deteriorated to the point where they can no longer feed themselves the chance at a significantly improved quality of life.
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<urn:uuid:b3c01488-b0d4-4f0f-9bc6-59a75404d954>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.universityofutahspine.com/blog/hope-for-essential-tremor-20875.html
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Cladding can be used to blend in with the surrounding buildings or to create an eye-catching design feature. All cladding will protect a property from the elements, whilst some cladding materials can also help to improve thermal insulation. Most notable cladding materials used for self-build properties include; wood, brick and render. Increasingly, there has been a shift towards sustainability in construction, along with a return to natural alternatives to brick or cement.
Hardwood and softwood
Timber has become a key player within the industry both as an aesthetically attractive building material, but also due to the element of sustainability it can add to a development if sourced responsibly. Timber cladding is fast becoming the most prominent material for self-build projects, offering properties a natural and fashionable look.
Another common reason for selecting timber is the durability of the material. Hardwoods are more durable than softwoods and show superior qualities for construction. Nevertheless, hardwood is typically more expensive and market supply for sustainably managed, slow-growing species can be very volatile. Softwood can be grown quickly in a sustainably managed forest, so is likely to be more eco-friendly than hardwoods. However, they tend to absorb water and deteriorate over time, which often means they are less durable and therefore unsuitable for external cladding since they require regular maintenance and will need replacing in relatively short time frames.
A third of the world’s rainforests have disappeared in the last 50 years, in part due to a high demand for tropical hardwood for use in construction. Sustainability will soon become increasingly important as builders, developers and architects are under mounting pressure from legislation, consumers, demand on resources and the need to meet the demand for new housing. Modified softwood offers a solution to this issue, creating a sustainable option for high quality timber in construction without the associated environmental damage of hardwood deforestation.
A comparative study by environmental consulting firm, Bergfald & Co, showed Kebony one option in the modified softwood market to have a carbon footprint of less than 6%.
Products, such as Kebony, have been used in a range of projects, paving the way for a future in which wood is an integral and sustainable part of the construction industry.
Maintenance and stability
The stability of timber, and maintenance requirements, should also be high on the agenda when selecting cladding materials. Dimensional changes due to moisture being gained or lost, can lead to wood splitting, warping or a loss of structural strength. Modified timber has the ability to bypass the need for maintenance, painting or varnishing, meaning that it is hassle-free and contains no harmful toxins or chemicals.
Whilst environmentally-friendly construction technology has advanced rapidly over recent years, the cost of using such technologies in building can sometimes mean that sustainability features are lower on the overall design agenda. Adding cladding facets to your home can already be a stressful, expensive and complex process before sustainability is taken into consideration. However, with a good selection of materials and the right know-how, it is possible to install environmentally-friendly, attractive and affordable cladding for a self-build project.
Beyond structural concerns, aesthetic appearance is of great importance. Hardwoods, such as mahogany, have a darker colouration, while softwoods, such as pine or fir, are far lighter in colour. Modified timbers have a great variety in their colour, with some types of modification, such as acetylation, not altering the initial colour of the parent wood, thus allowing for a more durable wood with a light colour. Others materials, such as Kebony or thermally modified wood, have a deep brown colour, mimicking the appearance of hardwoods.
Cladding can play an important role in construction, providing an attractive, durable, exterior finish which is in keeping with both contemporary and more traditional designs. Timber is reusable, biodegradable and is one of the least carbon producing construction materials – depending on the type of wood used. The versatility of this timber cladding has reaffirmed timber’s place as a vital, sustainable material in construction.
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<urn:uuid:92144330-c7e5-4fc5-8424-3d7dd4249d32>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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http://www.i-buildmagazine.com/features/project-inspiration/604-kebony-discusses-cladding-options-for-your-project
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Certain epidemics appear in life — illnesses that affect whole masses of the population and are therefore essentially a social concern. Ordinary materialistic science studies these illnesses by examining the physical organism of man. It knows nothing of the tremendous effect which the abnormal attitude of human beings to waking and sleeping life has upon epidemics and the susceptibility to epidemic diseases. Certain things take place in the organism during sleep and if they run to excess, they strongly predispose the human being to so-called epidemic diseases. Men and women who set organic processes in action as the result of too much sleep — I mean processes that ought not to take place, because waking life must not be broken up by such lengthy periods of sleep — these people have a much stronger predisposition to epidemic diseases and are less able to resist them.
Source: Rudolf Steiner – GA 314 – Hygiene – a Social Problem – Dornach, 7th April, 1920
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://rudolfsteinerquotes.wordpress.com/2022/01/14/
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en
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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used to treat some forms of cancer with good results since 2003. Known by some as light therapy, PDT uses a photosensitive drug to create oxygen. The oxygen kills nearby cells so when cancer cells have been targeted by the drug, these are destroyed. It is especially effective at eliminating cells missed after the surgical removal of a tumor. Recent studies indicate that PDT may be also effective at treating pleural mesothelioma.
Pleural mesothelioma accounts for 75% of mesothelioma cases. The disease occurs in the pleura, or lining of the lungs. The pleura is especially susceptible to mesothelioma because it captures minute dust particles. Under normal circumstances, inhaled dust is inert and causes no harm. However, this is not the case when the dust carries asbestos fibers. The form known as white or chrysotile asbestos is a known cause of respiratory disease. The asbestos fibers get trapped in the pleura and cause irritation. Over time, this irritation causes mesothelioma cancer cells to form. Once formation begins, the disease progresses rapidly. The life expectancy after diagnosis is a short 12- to 21-months. There is currently no cure.
PDT, or photodynamic therapy uses light to trigger cancer-killing drugs previously introduced into the body. It is most often used in conjunction with surgery, but may be used with other treatment programs.
The day before a cancer patient undergoes surgery to remove a tumor, doctors inject the drug into the bloodstream. The drug locates the cancer cells and attaches itself to them. After the surgery, the remaining cells are marked and the light is applied. However, the light is not evenly spread across all cells and often misses its mark. In addition, a specific light wavelength is needed to activate the drugs.
Possibly solving this problem, three researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have successfully used an infrared tracking camera to better target the light source. They could direct the proper light to the cells needing activation and monitor the results in real time using a 2D scanning system. Researchers believe this feedback process will enable treatment physicians to provide more uniformity to the pleura, killing more cancer cells therein.
Instances of pleural mesothelioma are high in Philadelphia and New Jersey. Although considered rare, pleural mesothelioma is more common in Philadelphia and New Jersey than in other parts of the country. This is because asbestos exposure in Philadelphia is higher than in other regions. The reason is the large manufacturing and industrial base in our area. Many factories continue to use asbestos their operation. Although asbestos is banned in some applications, many continue to be used, killing thousands each year.
If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma, advances such as those occurring with PDT cannot happen fast enough. At Brookman, Rosenberg, Brown & Sandler, we understand how devastating this cancer can be for families. We work hard to help victims of mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in Philadelphia and New Jersey by fighting those responsible. Contact us online or call 800-369-0899 today to schedule a free consultation with one of our dedicated Philadelphia asbestos lawyers.
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<urn:uuid:7a5afd1a-0bdd-45d7-9ef1-920e0e2ab27e>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.brookmanrosenberg.com/2017/03/28/philadelphia-asbestos-lawyers-light-therapy/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00563.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938294
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The Sxy calculator allows us to find the value of the Sxy variance on the basis of the given values of the dependent (Y) and independent variables. Simply enter the x and y values in the calculator below in order to find the value of Sxy.
Sxy = -291.00000
The Sxy variance can be found by taking the sum of the product of deviations of the x and y values from their means. It can be calculated using the formula,
Sxy = Σ (Xi – X̄)(Yi - Ȳ)
It can alternatively be calculated using the formula,
Sxy = (Σ XiYi ) – nX̄Ȳ
The Sxy value is useful to calculate the value of the regression coefficient in linear regression. It is also used when calculating the correlation coefficient.
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<urn:uuid:f50465ce-449b-4cfb-8eb0-e62f5a479383>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://allthingsstatistics.com/calculators/sxy-calculator/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00563.warc.gz
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en
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(1) Combining aerobic, coordination and cognitive training allows for more improved physical and cognitive performance than when performed separately. A Nordic walking (NW) and two cognitive-motor circuit training programs (CT-c and CT-fit) are compared. CT-c and CT-fit stimulate cognition differently: CT-c, is through conventional complex coordination training performed in single and dual-task conditions; CT-fit, incorporates it into complex goal-directed actions, implemented by fitness gaming technology (2) The aim is to determine whether CT-fit brings additional benefits to cognition compared to more traditional training. (3) Forty-five healthy independent living community dwellers participants (65–80 years) will be included after a general medical examination. The main exclusion criteria are signs of cognitive impairments (Mini–Mental State Examination < 26/30) and physical impairments. Pre and post-tests will be performed to assess: cognitive functions (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Trail Making Test; Stroop task, working memory test, Rey Complex Figure copy task, Oral Trail Making Test, and dual-task); motor fitness (Bipedal and unipedal balance test, gait assessments, Time Up and Go, chair sit and reach test and four-square stepping test); and physical fitness (10 m incremental shuttle walking test, maximal handgrip force, Timed-Stands test). (4) Incorporating cognitive demands into complex, goal-directed actions using fitness gaming technology should be the best solution to optimize training benefits.
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<urn:uuid:036b6187-d167-469e-9202-2acf23bd5b1b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://ism.univ-amu.fr/doc/hal-03541923/_1
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en
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The disapparence of consonants
We have spoken severa! times in these short texts about the links between Haydn’s music and a dimension of theatrical and rhetorical communication. An important aspect of this is the matter of instrumental articulation, i.e. how a note should be ‘pronounced’. The technique of articulation between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries was based on a variety of consonants (and vowels) that wind players had to ‘speak’ when emitting the sound, just as string players had to seek as much differentiation as possible in the ways of attacking a note. At that time, imitation of the human voice was understood not only in terms of inarticulate melody, but also of the possibility of ‘speaking’ a musical phrase, imitating the elements oflinguistic prosody such as accents, pitch, microdynamics, etc.
This is a very important difference from the ‘modern’ approach, which, especially after the Second World War, has increasingly moved towards an ‘objective’ search for ‘beautiful sound’ and the elimination of the ‘noise’ of consonants from instrumental technique. In this regard, it is interesting to read what the great conductor Herbert von Karajan sought to achieve with his recording producer Walter Legge: a sound that was ‘exquisitely polished, free of anything that is unbeautiful, of great brilliance, and fortissimo without the click of an attack … We worked together for years on the theory that no entrance must start without the string vibrating and the bow already moving, and when you get a moving bow touching an already vibrating string, you get a beautiful entry. But if either of those bodies is not alive and already moving, you get a click‘ (Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, On and Off the Record: A Memoir of Walter Legge. London and New York: 1982). The ‘click’ mentioned here corresponds exactly to the ‘noise’ of the consonants, and therefore his efforts were directed towards the elimination of articulation, replaced by an almost continuous legato.
This aesthetic vision had a great influence on the instrumental tastes of the second half of the twentieth century. Although it could certainly be valid to some extent in a certain repertory, if applied indiscriminately to music of earlier periods, as that of the eighteenth century, it may perhaps have made it ‘beautiful’, but also, undoubtedly, ‘mute’.
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<urn:uuid:98a8dd67-396b-4331-a937-a1716c6299d5>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.ilgiardinoarmonico.com/discography/haydn-2032-vol-10-les-heures-du-jour/
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Posted on September 8, 2021
This entry was posted in Podcasts and tagged gardening podcast, grow bags, how to grow food, how-to, landscape, learning about gardening, planting, pumpkins, spring garden prep, urban farming, urban gardening, Valerie rice, Wisconsin.
Posted on August 16, 2021
This entry was posted in Podcasts and tagged fall lawn care, garden, gardening podcast, Holly Baird, how-to, James Mccarrol, Joey baird, organic, planting, podcast, Radio, soil, The Gardening with Joey and Holly radio show, the wisconsin vegetable gardener podcast, tree planting, urban gardening, Wisconsin.
Posted on August 11, 2021 Updated on August 10, 2021
This entry was posted in garden tip and tagged cabbage like, garden, garden tip, gardening, Holly Baird, how-to, Joey baird, Kohlrabi, organic, planting, soil, urban gardening, when to harvest, Wisconsin.
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https://thewisconsinvegetablegardener.com/tag/how-to/
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Did you know that knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability? Research shows that knee arthritis worsens with age, however, people often don’t realize they have the condition because they associate their symptoms with injury or old age. With proper care and preventative measures, it’s possible to keep OA from getting worse as well as improve symptoms. One key preventative measure is the practice of yoga for knees.
Yoga Promotes Joint Flexibility
One of the many perks of yoga is that it improves joint flexibility by routinely moving and loosening the joints. General stretching exercises in yoga also boost blood flow. This allows for relief of muscle tension and increases in overall strength. By relaxing the muscles, you release stress, which takes away added pressure on your joints, especially the knees.
Yoga Improves Posture
Think about it this way: when you stand, your body shifts all the weight onto your legs. When you walk or run, your knees bear the brunt of that weight as well as absorb the shock of your feet striking the ground. Poor posture habits and incorrect body mechanics can place much more pressure on your crucial knee joints.
Recent research shows that stretching exercises can help with low back pain as well as knee pain, and improve posture. Moreover, when your body can more evenly distribute weight, it offloads any extra or unnatural stress off of your knee joints.
This is exactly why athletes do “warm-up” exercises before a game or even when they start their training. From bridges to touching the toes, there are tons of yoga exercises that can help. Yoga asanas will help relax and lengthen muscles, strengthen bones, and alleviate joint stress to improve overall posture.
Yoga Reduces Inflammation
Yoga helps combat inflammation by regulating the core functions of the joints and improving blood circulation. Less inflammation means more room for joints to move fluidly and painlessly. A new study suggests that yoga can also help eliminate stress-related inflammation, which can help reduce pain.
Yoga Helps Release Stress
Like most exercise, routine yoga practice triggers the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, into the body. These feel-good chemicals help to promote positive moods and mental wellness.
Pranayama or other controlled yogic breathing exercises can help relax your mind and take away stress from your body. When your mind is at peace, your body will automatically feel lighter and energized.
For people with knee OA or those with a history of knee injury, approaching exercise in a mindful way is a must. Avoid exacerbating knee pain by starting slow and gradually working up to longer and harder poses. Complement your yoga practice with other low-impact activities like walking and hiking as well and lessen the impact of exercise on your knees by using ergonomic walking sticks.
Always warm up prior to physical activity and make sure you keep proper form when practicing yoga. Ask your yoga instructor about poses and stretches that are tailored to people with knee issues, and stick with a routine.
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<urn:uuid:7a5eccf2-9c69-45e0-a7e4-58ec9d607c62>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.theayurveda.org/yoga/heres-why-being-knee-deep-in-yoga-may-be-right-for-your-knees
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950383.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402043600-20230402073600-00563.warc.gz
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Watering Succulents 101
The most important part of succulent care is...Only water the plants when the soil is completely dry! If the soil has any moisture, do not water them at all. If it takes 2 weeks for the soil to dry out then water in 2 weeks, if it takes 2 days then water in 2 days. This is 90% of proper succulent care. When you water your plants be sure they are being watered in the evening or late afternoon after the sun has mostly gone down. Succulents best absorb water and nutrients from the soil during their rest period (which is in the evening). Also, water acts as a magnifier and will certainly help burn your plants if they are watered in the morning or during the day. Succulents need excellent drainage. If a succulent is being potted in a container with no drainage it is important to know they should be watered sparingly. Anything more will kill the plant! With that said we do need to address under-watering. Succulents prefer generous water during their growing season (Spring and Summer). An under-watered succulent will show signs of stress with drooping or withered looking leaves. The leaves can also start to develop brown spots. A good watering will plump the leaves right up. There are few extra tips on watering that should be remembered. Succulents do not like to be misted. Misting Succulents or Cacti will cause rot and fungal diseases. Succulents are not house plants or flowers. Just because you think you are being nice by watering your succulents consistently, you aren't. It is likely you will kill the plant. Misting succulents and cacti does them no good. They need to be watered thoroughly when the soil is dry so that the water reaches the entire root system, then they need to dry out. Misting these plants does not get water to their roots and causes humidity. Humidity is disastrous for succulents or cacti. Succulents and cacti are supposed to be the plants that give you a break!
Comments on this post (0)
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<urn:uuid:e0d2abda-5f84-4b2e-b5a9-52fad722f5e9>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://homebotanicals.com/blogs/wholesale-blog/watering-succulents-101
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A once-a-day pill can protect people who inject drugs such as heroin from the AIDS virus, lowering their risk by nearly 50 percent, researchers reported Wednesday.
The findings show that even people at the highest risk of being infected with the virus can protect themselves – and thus protect others. And it adds ammunition to arguments that HIV drugs should be made widely available to fight the epidemic that has killed more than 25 million people.
The study, published in the Lancet medical journal, demonstrates the value of pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP for short, the researchers say.
“Our trial is the first evidence that PrEP can reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs,” said Dr. Amy Lansky of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “It does become another strategy that we have to use in preventing HIV in this population,” Lansky said in a telephone interview.
PrEP has already been shown to protect people who are infected sexually, by far the most common way that the AIDS virus is transmitted. Doctors believe the once-a-day pills stop the virus from infecting immune system cells.
“This is an important study,” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, who was not involved in the study. “There were people who said you couldn’t treat injecting drug users at all.”
There’s no cure for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. But cocktails of drugs can keep it under control and keep patients healthy for years, even decades. And the same drugs can be used to prevent infection. Newborn babies are given drugs such as nevirapine to prevent their mothers from infecting them, and several studies have shown the spouses and sexual partners of infected adults can take another drug, called tenofovir, and lower their risk by as much as 62 percent.
The virus can be spread sexually, in blood and in breast milk. About 11 percent of cases are in people who inject drugs; about 8 percent in the United States.
Injecting drug users are usually endangered in at least two ways – they often share needles, which can transmit the virus, and they often also indulge in risky sexual behavior. Drug users can spread the virus to non-drug users via sex.
Thai health officials, Bangkok city officials and the CDC collaborated on a study to see if these hard-to-reach people might be helped. They recruited 2,413 uninfected drug users in Bangkok, randomly assigning them to get either one pill a day of tenofovir, donated by Gilead Sciences, the company that makes it, or a placebo.
Tenofovir is the drug shown to protect people from sexual transmission and it’s a very safe drug, says Lansky. “It has a pretty long half-life,” she says. “It is staying in the body and having an effect over time.”
After an average of about four years, 17 of the volunteers who took tenofovir got infected with HIV, compared to 33 of those who got dummy pills. That’s a reduction of 49 percent. And among those who took the pill the most consistently, the reduction rate went up to 74 percent.
“It’s a really important finding. It provides that last piece of PrEP’s efficacy among popoulations at high risk,” Lansky says.
“This is a significant step forward for HIV prevention. We now know that PrEP can work for all populations at increased risk for HIV,” added Dr. Jonathan Mermin director of CDC’s Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention.
The researchers also got good compliance -- the volunteers in their study may have been drug users, but they showed up in the clinics, took their medications and stayed in touch for years.
Dr. Salim Karim, Director of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), said it’s one more tool for fighting the virus, which infects 2.7 million people every year, including about 50,000 in the United States. “The introduction of PrEP for HIV prevention in injecting drug users should be considered as an additional component to accompany other proven prevention strategies like needle exchange programs, methadone programs, promotion of safer sex and injecting practices, condoms, and HIV counseling and testing,” Karim wrote in a commentary in the Lancet.
The CDC had updated its guidance on PrEP, and recommends that people who inject drugs such as heroin should get a once-a-day pill called Truvada, which contains both tenofovir and another HIV drug called emtricitabine.
“Nevertheless, while expanded HIV treatment for those with HIV infection is essential, it will not be sufficient to end the epidemic. Even if we can improve treatment outcomes for all of those diagnosed with HIV, individuals who do not know they are infected are likely to continue to unknowingly transmit HIV infection to others,” the CDC added in a statement.
Activists said the evidence was building up but not enough is being done to make use of proven methods to fight the epidemic.
“We now need to get serious about making PrEP available to those who can benefit,” said Mitchell Warren of the advocacy group AVAC. “More than two and a half years after the first positive results from a PrEP trial, little has been done to answer critical questions about the best ways to roll out daily oral PrEP to key populations worldwide. Within the next year, a comprehensive package of demonstration projects should be planned, funded and launched in countries around the world.”
New focus on AIDS treatment saves lives
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<urn:uuid:becaf576-bb7f-40ec-8198-fc3014cc970d>
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https://www.nbcnews.com/health/once-day-pill-prevents-hiv-drug-users-6C10299110
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en
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Please respond to 2 peers
My Initial post :
Corporate governance is system by which company is required to conduct their business considering procedure of managing company. The board of director of company is responsible to manage corporate governance in a company.
For effective corporate governance board of directors lead to effective corporate governance:
1.Make accountable for business decision taken on behalf of company.
2.Keep transparent all information which is required to available to all stakeholders.
3.Fairly treat to all stakeholders. That means fairly treat to creditor, Stockholder, supplier, govt etc.
4.Equally treat of all employees-All of the employees of company must treat equally.
5.Management of company is not involve in any mismanagement activities.
Chen, James. “What Corporate Governance Means for the Bottom Line.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 8 Feb. 2022, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corporategovernance.asp.
Corporate Governance is a group of people (Board members) who come together to ensure the sustainability of a company/organization. The group discusses policies and procedures, legal action, hierarchy, internal controls, transparency and accountability.
It is super important to have a wide diverse group of people in a governance group. This will help to ensure many different ideas and thoughts are expressed and that it is not a one sided, but a collaboration. With being a minute taker for multiple boards (over 10) at various different times within this last 10 years, I have found that it is smart to have people with the following backgrounds, financial, legal, religious, managerial to ensure when decisions are being made they are being made for the right reasons and can be justified correctly. I really liked this picture which I am not sure if I can use as a source, (if not, please let me know and I will get another source!) which really helps to describe what a governance group does.
The method through which firms are directed and governed is known as corporate governance. The governance of their companies is the responsibility of their boards of directors. The responsibility of the shareholders in governance is to appoint the directors and auditors, as well as to ensure that a suitable governance framework is in place.
A good board of directors has the ability to manage and influence the organization’s employees in order to achieve the organization’s goals. An organization’s ultimate goal is to enhance shareholder wealth. A good board of directors has the passion and motivation to chart the course for the organization’s success. The board of directors’ characteristics will have an impact on the organization’s performance. They are implementing corporate governance within the company. Governance and structure will be brought to the company through dedication and commitment to the task, as well as the ability to lead and influence others. Employees and other members of the organization will be influenced by the organization’s performance. Dedication and commitment is also an essential quality of a board member. a board member need strong of dedication and commitment to duties that leads attending board meetings regularly. A good board member gives a lot to the organization and maintains interest to the accomplish the goals of the company.
“What Is Corporate Governance?” ICAEW, https://www.icaew.com/technical/corporate-governance/principles/principles-articles/does-corporate-governance-matter.
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Hyperbilirubinemia or Jaundice is a frequent and usually harmless condition in newborn babies that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to look yellow. According to estimates, six out of 10 babies develop jaundice. For premature babies (those born before the 37th week of pregnancy), that statistic becomes 8 out of 10 babies.
Why does my baby have Jaundice?
Jaundice is caused by the build-up of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance produced when red blood cells are broken down. Babies get jaundice when they have too much bilirubin in their blood.
In most cases, babies have what’s called physiologic jaundice. It occurs because their livers aren’t yet able to get rid of the excess bilirubin very well.
This type of jaundice usually appears about 24 hours after birth. It increases until the fourth or fifth day, and then it goes away in about a week.
In rare cases, jaundice may be caused by other conditions, such as an infection, a premature baby, a problem with the baby’s digestive system, or a problem with the mom’s and baby’s blood types. Your baby may have one of these problems if jaundice appears less than a day after birth or stays more than two weeks of life.
Is Jaundice harmful?
Most jaundice is not harmful to your baby. It usually shows up during the baby’s first three to seven days of life. Then it starts to disappear as the baby’s body learns to deal with bilirubin by accepting more and more breastfeeds every day.
In some situations, however, there is so much bilirubin in a baby’s blood that it may affect some of the baby’s brain cells. This may cause the baby to be less active.
The effects of this kind of jaundice may also lead to deafness, cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation. Fortunately, it can usually be prevented.
Doctors will most likely diagnose jaundice based on appearance alone. However, the severity of jaundice will be determined by measuring levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin levels can be checked via a serum bilirubin (SBR) blood test or a transcutaneous bilirubinometer device, which measures how much of a certain light shines through the skin.
If the infant’s jaundice persists for more than two weeks, doctors may perform further blood tests and urine tests to check for underlying disorders.
However, in breastfed babies who are otherwise healthy, feeding well and gaining weight appropriately, this can be normal. This is known as Breast Milk jaundice.
Treating a Newborn Jaundice
Most cases of jaundice in babies don’t need treatment as the symptoms normally pass within 10 to 14 days, although symptoms can last longer in a minority of cases.
Your baby will need treatment if the bilirubin level is above the normal range for newborns.
There are two main treatments that can be carried out in the hospital to quickly reduce your baby’s bilirubin levels. These are:
Phototherapy – a special type of blue light shines on the skin, which alters the bilirubin into a form that can be more easily broken down by the liver and the baby can get rid of it easily.
An exchange transfusion – a type of blood transfusion where your baby’s blood is removed and replaced with blood from a matching donor.
Don’t try to treat jaundice by placing your baby in the sun or near a window. Special lights and controlled surroundings are always needed to treat jaundice safely. Most babies respond well to treatment and can leave the hospital in few days.
How Can you help your baby?
If your baby has jaundice, you have an important role to play.
Look closely at your baby’s skin twice a day to make sure that the color is returning to normal. If your baby has dark skin, look at the white part of the eyes.
Take your baby for any follow-up tests your doctor recommends.
Call the doctor if the yellow color gets brighter (means getting worse) after your baby is three days old.
The best thing you can do to reduce jaundice is to make sure that your baby gets enough to eat (means adequate milk intake). That will help your baby’s body get rid of the extra bilirubin.
If you are breastfeeding, feed your baby about 8 to 12 times every 24 hours.
If you are feeding your baby with formula, give 1-2 ounces every 2-3 hours.
At Rosewalk Healthcare, we have a Paediatrician &Neonatologist available 24 hours
Laboratory and Blood bank that runs 24 hours & Advanced LED Phototherapy and Billi blanket for the treatment of newborn jaundice in our NICU.
By Dr. Atul Chopra
Head – Paediatrics & Neonatology
By Dr. Rahul Jain
Junior Consultant – Paediatrics & Neonatology
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Ancient chia seed may provide a nutritious, heart-healthy supply of protein.
Chia protein generally refers to the nutrient-rich seeds of the chia plant. It is believed to impart such potential benefits as:
- Promoting cardiovascular health. Chia may lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders.
- Combating inflammation. An abundant supply of omega-3 fatty acids may enable chia to reduce inflammation and related health complications.
Chia protein is derived primarily from the Salvia hispanica plant, though a few other plants share the “chia” name. It was highly valued by the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican cultures as a staple food and considered one of their principal crops, second only to corn.
The widespread commercial production of chia continues to this day. Whether milled, ground, or whole, chia seeds are a rich source of fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals, notably magnesium and the B vitamins.
Early stages of chia research have identified a distinct likelihood to promote good health, especially due to its high quantity of omega-3 fatty acids, which are associated with cardiovascular health.
Chia Protein’s Beneficial Bio-Activities
Improving cholesterol levels
As detailed in the research section below, chia seeds were found to decrease LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing HDL, or “good,” cholesterol levels.1 2
Boosting omega-3 fatty acid content
Most fried, baked, and oily foods contain excessively high amounts of omega-6, which increases the otherwise stable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (n-6 to n-3 ratio) that is so critical for cardiovascular well-being. By providing a high dose of omega-3’s, especially alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), chia protein may help improve vascular endothelial function, lower blood pressure, and reduce inflammation.3 4
Chia Protein’s Reputation and Benefits
Chia seeds may be an excellent source of heart-healthy protein. Chia seeds are most commonly viewed as an organic and vegetarian food with excellent nutrition and low calories. Its potential health benefits have ties to the cardiovascular system and include:
- Stabilizing blood pressure
- Improving arterial function
- Reducing inflammation
Chia has most prominently been shown to combat dyslipidemia, which includes any abnormalities in fat and cholesterol levels in the body. Researchers are still in the process of determining to what extent chia seeds and protein are able to reduce risk factors of cardiovascular disease.5 6 More on protein supplements.
Animal research emphasizes the capacity of chia seeds to improve cardiovascular health.
Chia seeds may improve cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol and fatty acid levels
In this investigation, 32 male rats were fed corn oil, whole chia seeds, ground chia seeds, or chia oil for a period of 30 days. All forms of chia decreased triglyceride content and increased HDL (“good”) cholesterol. Significant improvements were also observed in the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio for all chia diets compared to the control, which is crucial for cardiovascular health.
- The study concluded that “chia decreased serum TG content and increased HDL content.”7
Chia protein may help prevent metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia
In this investigation, rats were fed either a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) or a sucrose and chia diet for 2 months. The results indicated that dietary chia seed was able to prevent the onset of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance unlike the control.
- The study concluded that it “provides new data regarding the beneficial effect of chia seed upon lipid and glucose homeostasis in an experimental model of dislipidaemia and IR.”8
Clinical studies demonstrate chia’s potential as a supplement for cardiovascular health. Its use for specific health complications, particularly diabetes and obesity, requires further investigation.
Chia seed as Salba® (37 g) may attenuate major cardiovascular risk factors
In this single-blind investigation, 2o type-2 diabetics were given either 37 ± 4 grams of Salba® chia seed or wheat bran for 12 weeks while continuing their standard diabetes therapy. Salba® was found to significantly reduce blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, the omega-3 fatty acid levels of the Salba® group doubled.
- The study concluded that “long-term supplementation with Salba attenuated a major cardiovascular risk factor (SBP) and emerging factors (hs-CRP and vWF) safely beyond conventional therapy, while maintaining good glycemic and lipid control in people with well-controlled type 2 diabetes.”9
Chia seeds (25 g) may increase omega-3 fatty acid levels
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation, 62 overweight women between the ages of 49 and 75 were given milled chia seeds, whole chia seeds, or a placebo of poppy seeds every day for 10 weeks. Compared to the whole chia seed and placebo, the milled chia seed group had significantly higher levels of the omega-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). No significant differences in body composition, inflammation, blood pressure, and cholesterol were noted.
- The study concluded that “ingestion of 25 g/day milled chia seed compared to whole chia seed or placebo for 10 weeks by overweight women increased plasma ALA and EPA, but had no influence on inflammation or disease risk factors.”10
Chia Protein Dosage
- Successful research studies used from 25 – 50 grams of chia seeds per day
- Typical chia protein supplements come as whole or ground seeds, although some products also remove the oil
- Whole chia seeds
- Chia seed powder
- Chia seed protein powder (majority of oil removed)
Supplements in Review Says
- Chia seed as Salba, 15 grams daily.
Chia seeds may improve cardiovascular health. Chia is not only a healthy vegan alternative to the more common protein sources, but also comes with nutritional advantages, especially for the heart and blood vessels.
Try 15 grams of Salba®, the clinically tested chia seed supplement. Salba® has shown potential in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Start with the recommended serving size of 15 grams per day.
- Ayerza R, et al. Dietary levels of chia: influence on yolk cholesterol, lipid content and fatty acid composition for two strains of hens. Poult Sci. 2000 May;79(5):724-39. ↩
- Ayerza R, et al. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as an omega-3 fatty acid source for broilers: influence on fatty acid composition, cholesterol and fat content of white and dark meats, growth performance, and sensory characteristics. Poult Sci. 2002 Jun;81(6):826-37. ↩
- Jin F, et al. Supplementation of milled chia seeds increases plasma ALA and EPA in postmenopausal women. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012 Jun;67(2):105-10. ↩
- Wijendran V, et al. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:597-615. ↩
- De Souza Ferrara C, et al. EFFECT OF CHIA SEED (SALVIA HISPANICA L.) CONSUMPTION ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN HUMANS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Nutr Hosp. 2015 Nov 1;32(5):1909-18. ↩
- Mohd Ali N, et al. The promising future of chia, Salvia hispanica L. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:171956. ↩
- Ayerza R Jr, et al. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic fatty acid derived from chia when fed as ground seed, whole seed and oil on lipid content and fatty acid composition of rat plasma. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51(1):27-34. ↩
- Chicco AG, et al. Dietary chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) rich in alpha-linolenic acid improves adiposity and normalises hypertriacylglycerolaemia and insulin resistance in dyslipaemic rats. Br J Nutr. 2009 Jan;101(1):41-50. ↩
- Vuksan V, et al. Supplementation of conventional therapy with the novel grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) improves major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2804-10. ↩
- Nieman DC, et al. Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Jul;18(7):700-8. ↩
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"CRC is a linear function with a property that crc(x ⊕ y) = crc(x) ⊕ crc(y)" ( src )
Why is that? As I demonstrated already, CRC is merely a remainder of division by some polynomial, over GF(2).
In other words: remainder (x*y, poly) = remainder(x, poly) * remainder(y, poly). All these rules are also work over modulo arithmetic:
#!/usr/bin/env python3 import random poly=271 # prime number is like irreducible GF(2)polynomial... but any other divisor will work x=random.randint(1, 10**10) y=random.randint(1, 10**10) assert (x*y) % poly == ((x % poly) * (y % poly)) % poly assert (x+y) % poly == ((x % poly) + (y % poly)) % poly assert (x-y) % poly == ((x % poly) - (y % poly)) % poly assert (y-x) % poly == ((y % poly) - (x % poly)) % poly
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William of Ockham, a 14th century philosopher, is credited with his “razor,” that “entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity,” often interpreted to mean that the simplest explanation usually leads us closest to truth.
It is a tool, nothing more, and like any tool, the craftperson holding it is more important than the tool itself. You can give me a pallet and oil paints and brushes, but I assure you the end product will not be a Mona Lisa, but rather more like a Jackson Pollack. Onlookers to Pollack’s work, seen at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, are encouraged to look at the painting below and marvel at its beauty.
I have been to MOMA, and have gazed at this painting, and (seriously) a young boy and his parents were standing nearby. “What must the child be thinking?” I wondered. Adults are ingrained with media and expert opinion, and so are not able to reduce this to the mind of a child thinking “It looks like garbage!”
That’s Occam at work, ignoring all of the expertise of the art world, and reducing this painting to its essence, garbage.
That’s a rare quality. Often in life, Occam’s Razor does not yield good results. Often in life we are confronted with multilayered hoaxes, and unraveling them is difficult work. Take Covid, for example.
- Is there a real virus? The answer, as I see it, is “No!”, but to arrive there takes work, trying to understand how virologists have abandoned the scientific method, allowing groupthink to prevail over objective science.
- Are people dying of a new disease with unique symptoms? No! Same old symptoms, same causes of death as before, new labels.
- Is the PCR test finding “cases” where people are infected with a virus? No! It is a fine test used for other purposes that is being abused by charlatans to create the illusion of a spreading disease.
- Are people dying off in unusually large numbers? No! Indeed, quite a few older people were murdered (manslaughter) by ventilators, but not enough to bend the curve.
- Is the vaccine being used to immunize people from this new and deadly disease? No! It has other purposes, nefarious and insidious … and deadly.
Occam, help! What would Occam say? Nothing useful, I am afraid. He would eliminate the skeptical inquiry and reduce everything to this: “Absent our own expertise, our simplest explanation is that authority figures in virology, medicine and government must be trusted. Maybe he would not say that, but it is the simplest explanation.
It takes a whole lot of exploration and private thinking and research to get away from that and conclude that if my own eyes cannot see the truth behind the hoax, then I am useless. I think everyone is wrong, and fall back on Plato, said to have said (I do not read Greek) “Those who are able to see beyond the shadows and lies of their culture will never be understood, let alone believed, by the masses.”
Occam was on to something, for sure, but mere invocation of his razor is no substitute for hard thinking. I know I am singling out one commenter here, but I do so without rancor. Life is very complicated, and reality is often lurking privately behind “truth’s protective layers.”
Many years ago I read Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged, fortunately beyond my teen years so that I could keep a skeptical arm’s length. I noticed something in real life, and was unceremoniously banned from a Montana blog run by Dave Budge where the writers followed her to her extremes. At the time, electricity had been deregulated in California, and the result was chaos and exploitation. I said in a comment on the blog that the thing I noticed about Rand was that whenever her ideas were put into practice, the result was chaos. Life is not as simple as she made it, and public policy is not simple.
Nonetheless, she did come up with one aphorism I have found useful, more so than Occam’s Razor, and I will quote her:
“Contradictions do not exist. Whenever you think that you are facing a contradiction, check your premises. You will find that one of them is wrong.”
Over the years I have relied heavily on Wikipedia, not as a source of truth, but rather of lies shrouded in expertise and footnotes. For instance, here is Wiki concerning AIDS and the alleged virus causing it:
A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods. These claims, known as AIDS denialism, have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.
That’s a lie, as the supposed retrovirus has never been isolated and never been found in an actual AIDS sufferer. We are dealing here with contradiction writ large, and THAT is the pathway to truth. It is a painful journey, as we have to abandon authority figures and think our own thoughts, a rocky path that often leads us afar from truth. But it is the only way. Mistakes are a better path to truth than either Rand or Occam. Mistakes are our best teacher.
The same with Covid, SARS-CoV-2, and yes, the moon landings. Just one little contradiction in regard to the latter: The Van Allen Belts. How did the astronauts manage to clear them without harm?
Many answers are offered. The most prominent, “Well, they went really fast.” Others are more subtle, as in aluminum foil shielding them, and Van Allen being a big liar. He did, after all, back away from the belts after the Moon landings.
Where does Occam take us? Any one of those will do. Where does Rand take us? We have a large contradiction, and all premises are up for grabs. Hard thinking and research are needed. Something is not right.
My problem with Occam? It is too formulaic, and does not necessarily lead to clear thinking. My problem with Ayn Rand? She’s right, but does not make it easy. We still have to think properly.
38 thoughts on “Occam’s razor, and other matters”
when are all of the mysteriously held back posts coming through Mark?
why is the public audience withheld the spontaneous martial arts scene
yet you, thank you, keep my hands stretched out in the form of contact details through
what is your logic Mark?
what is YOUR razor?
why do we keep being Marked by CARNIES?
when do we get to things holistically, mentalversally, meaning
without any of those prefab boxing ring “experts” ??
“Are people dying off in unusually large numbers? No!”
I’m seeing this as a cover to move people(agents) to new assignments. Hey what happened to Joe or Jane? Oh she died, did she take the vaccine? type of curiosity, yet they faked their deaths and are moved elsewhere. It’s not just celebrities and wealthy people that do this. Military too, and what is the old saying of “a government agent on every street in the USA?” No way to prove the person died or not, always cremation services. The obituaries have spook numbers and wording that isn’t convincing of a real death. Time of death at 9:11pm or 1:18am, birth dates same as death dates, or spook numbers once again in the dates like 1/18 or 3/11, death ages 33, 47, and 65, which is usually retirement age. Instead of stating “died on” or “Passed away” or stating a reason like “automobile accident”, it states odd wording like “Passed on to their heavenly home”, “Found not compatable with life”, “Joined the angels today”, “took his final journey today”. Comments on the tribute wall can be revealing. I’ve noticed younger and healthy siblings or spouses, that pass away a year or two prior or later. Not paranoid about it, just have a hunch something is going on like that. However these people will not return to the area so in a way the are dead.
What an interesting quote from Plato all those centuries ago. I need to keep reminding myself that it has always been thus.
Occam’s Razor – the “simplest” trap
It is not simply the “simplest explanation” but the “simplest explanation to fit the evidence” – not the same thing at all.
So your hypothetical covid example isn’t an example of the use of the Occam’s Razor.
I think a more helpful definition is:
What hypothesis does the evidence fit with the fewest assumptions and questions raised – essentially the same thing but avoids the “simplest” trap.
And that is the question we must always ask. We shouldn’t be dismissing pieces of information with “Oh, but that might be X,” we should always run it past the competing hypotheses and see which one it fits with the fewest assumptions and questions raised and ask if our chosen hypothesis still stands the strongest if this new piece of information seems to favour the opposing hypothesis.
I believe that Occam’s Razor works every single time assuming there is enough information to favour or disfavour competing hypotheses. If anyone can give me an example where that doesn’t apply I’d be most interested.
What I’d be interested in is a discussion on critical thinking and what people’s rules for critical thinking are. Why don’t you do a post on critical thinking, Mark?
You do know that occam’s abductive inference is necessarily a logical fallacy, right?
I think my qualification avoids logical fallacy:
“assuming there is enough information to favour or disfavour competing hypotheses”
Let’s say a murder is committed in a house where recent signs of break-in have occurred and DNA belonging to a person who has obvious motive is found where the break-in has occurred. There is no clear alibi for the suspect but the suspect’s claims of being elsewhere are not unreasonable. We have no other evidence or reason to suspect any other person of the murder – no murder weapon, no other DNA, no other motive, etc. We might say Occam’s Razor means we infer the obvious suspect is the murderer but it’s simply not enough information, is it? because we know other possibilities exist, we are simply lacking evidence of other possibilities as well as lacking more evidence implicating the obvious suspect.
The situation is not strong enough to apply Occam’s Razor.
In the case of psyops though and in the case of the real event of the moon landings there are tons and tons of pieces of information and the possible hypotheses are extremely limited so in these situations Occam works perfectly according to my understanding – always willing to be proved wrong however.
To put it analogically, if we have say 5% of the jigsaw pieces that we can tell can form a number of different pictures we cannot apply Occam’s Razor, however, if we have say 50% which clearly indicate a picture and cannot fit any other picture we can.
Here’s one for you, Petra, say someone comes along and dumps out a thousand piece jigsaw puzzle and says “It’s a picture of the moon landing. Can you put it together?”
You roll up your sleeves and set to work. It’s tedious, but hours and hours later you’ve got about 90% of the puzzle put together. Some edge pieces were missing, but you can clearly see from what you have that it IS a moon landing picture. The lander looks a bit hokey, but then, you’re not an engineer and who’s to say that isn’t the best way to design one?
Then someone else comes along and says “hey I found these edge pieces, want to see if they fit in your puzzle?” You sigh and tell them you can already see plainly that it’s what the first guy told you it was, no need to go further, but fine if you must…
So he puts them together and around the edges we see the “lunar night” stops abruptly, and grips, gaffers and production personnel circulate about in a giant Hollywood soundstage, among all sorts of film equipment.
“What a liar that first guy was, eh?” he says.
“Oh no!” you reply. “I trust the 90% that shows it’s a moon landing. It all fits together so well, and looks so much like a moon landing, that I really find it hard to believe those few pieces you brought could be correct. In fact, it shows a lack of critical thinking on your part, and ignorance of OR. Also why can’t you admit the box those came from is puzzle propaganda?”
Okay, maybe the analogy breaks down eventually… Just a little humor (or attempt), carry on 😂
HEAR HEAR !!
later I will add my sketch to the pile
you set a good first standard, as second (I send a long one, dunno if it finally came through the Razorblade censorship machine) sketch about the absurdity of non-reasoning according to petralogical laws
I thought teaching petrology was a challenge, you ain’t seen petrAlogical spaghetti yet…
I have a great one in thinking, let me play it out on air….
Suominen I received your last and only email with text in the subject but empty field
send me a proper one, the address works you see and we are in great contact my friend !
what did you think of my quick Kimi work ?
and this one ?
Why I worked out Bill Kaysing was an agent and WTM is a work of propaganda from start to finish … and you guys didn’t
Not rocket science!
I aimed to prove my hypothesis wrong
(In a fascinating interview with Gary Null, Kary Mullis says, “The scientist aims to prove their hypothesis wrong,” and I thought yep, bingo! that’s what I do.
Richard Feynman (who surely must have known that atom bombs were a hoax) effectively says the same thing in an interesting 1974 Caltech commencement address
In that endeavour, I followed the debunking trail. I looked at all the claims saying we didn’t go and all the responses to those claims. What became very obvious was that all the anti-moon landing claims were resoundingly refuted and the people responding to the claims had a far greater knowledge base than those making them.
I confined analysis to the most tangible evidence and things I had no reason to doubt such as the unique lunar conditions as stated.
When you follow the right process you are so much more likely to get to the correct answer. You guys didn’t immerse yourselves in the refutation trail and went down physics-babble rabbit holes instead of looking at the clear evidence first.
As indicated in Part I in Gerard Holmgren’s, A Theory: there is a profile of people who disbelieve the authorities by default – a conclusion I came to myself independently before I read Gerard’s piece when I tried to talk to my diehard moonhoax acquaintance … and do you think you’re not targeted?
They made Bill Kaysing as ridiculous as possible just as they made their 9/11 narrative as ridiculous as possible … totally confident that you guys wouldn’t pick him up. They KNOW you, they UNDERSTAND how you think. Is that who you want to be? Understood and targeted for mind control by those in power?
Physics-babble rabbit holes? So you looked at “all” the evidence – except potentially violating the laws of physics, okay…
Imo, physics talk can be made into “babble,” as with those StackExchange experts you cite, who needlessly assign variables to everything, but the basic concepts are very comprehensible by anyone. Newton’s laws are something we all see and experience every day, even if we can’t do the math at advanced levels.
Thought experiments, like Suominens ice sleigh, can help in thinking about special conditions. Tests like the rocket in a vacuum video MiniMe posted (which I haven’t watched yet) are also not “babble,” or beyond any layperson.
Anyway, if you won’t even engage with the issues many have raised in regard to rockets in space conditions, because it’s all so utterly incomprehensible, you also can’t say it’s been “resoundingly refuted.”
I don’t think I’ve ever stated a position on McGowan or Kaysing so much of what you write is just an irrelevant strawman about my views – and I assume many others, who all probably hold a variety of nuanced and open-ended positions, as BMSeattle suggested at one point.
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Tim, join Eye am Eye
you are funny
we should do comedy
the sketch I announced here
the second one
with my good friend
names say all
Suominen did the smart thing, I hope others recognize that too
enjoy your days
F1: Moonhoaxers haven’t indicated on the internet in any discernible number (or at all as far as I can see) that they are aware that Bill Kaysing is an agent and that he spouts nonsense so if you worked it out Tim fair enough but the claim that generally moonhoaxers haven’t stands strong. Seriously, do you not see how you’re grasping at straws here?
F2: The refutation of Boethius’s claims by people on StackExchange has not been counter-refuted. If you can show me how it has been counter-refuted please tell me. I cannot see it. In the absence of counter-refutation I seriously wonder how you can still keep plugging it – how can you do that? Where is the counter-refutation? Why isn’t it there? Please tell me why I should accept Boethius over StackExchange. You need to explain it – in detail.
If I said to you that you need conduct an investigation into the alleged deaths on 9/11 to prove that death and injury were staged you’d say, “No, I don’t have to do that to see the clear evidence that death and injury were staged.” Of course, some people may have died or been injured we cannot be sure they weren’t but it makes no odds – we know that essentially it was all staged.
What needs to be understood is that we simply do not need to know or understand everything about an event to know what it is was or wasn’t. The nature of reality isn’t that 60% favours one hypothesis while 40% favours another, that’s not how reality works. What we absolutely shouldn’t do is waste our time on things we know we cannot understand or concern ourselves with information unavailable to us in favour of focusing on the wealth of things we can see and understand to determine the clear picture that emerges.
Make facts mean what they must mean, Tim, make them mean what they must mean.
Those in power understand us, they understand how we break into different inclination-to-believe profiles and they target us accordingly.
9/11 – They KNEW that:
-1- The majority would accept their 9/11 nonsense story despite the fact – or seemingly because of it (propaganda works better that way) – they went way over the top with Defence HQ being penetrated by a little guy they told us couldn’t fly a plane when that wasn’t a requirement for their terror story – two planes (impossible of themselves even so) into the twin towers would have been more than sufficient but no – no, no – they really, really went for it in the ridiculousness stakes because experience has taught them that they can so they do.
-2- A minority would see the nonsense.
-3- A tiny minority would see that they were targeted too with propaganda to maintain their belief in real death and injury.
They KNEW all this beforehand, they knew how it would play out.
I’m “grasping at straws” because I point out you’re arguing against an imaginary opponent? I’m not even directly familiar with Kaysing aside from hearing his name come up at times. Not sure why I’m tasked to answer for his sins, or those of “moonhoaxers” who fell for him.
As far as all the circumstantial evidence that you base your case on, the great mass of photos etc produced by officialdom, with their great track record of credibility – to the extent I’ve looked at it, it raises many many red flags. It has all the usual absurdity found in official stories. I don’t really understand how you see that in other official stories, but not this one.
But that said, all of that stuff is equivocal – one can interpret the issues according to preference. That’s why I’m more interested in the basic physics involved in space travel. That, for me, would be more conclusive, one way or the other.
The StackExchange guys do indeed have a refutation up, but then, so do climate scientists and covid researchers “debunk” their skeptics. Even as a layperson, I can see potential issues with their logic. They may even be sincere, but if they’re just regurgitating their training, assuming it “must” work in space, because “obviously” the official story is true, that could lead them astray. The smarter you are, the more impressively you can buttress your priors.
Secondly, they’re only responding to the one issue involving action and reaction of the fuel and rocket. They do not respond to many other points raised by commenters here.
I’m still very curious about the “under-expanded nozzle” issue, from SMJ’s link. That might sound like abstruse jargon, but just examine the diagram – it’s quite understandable and would need to be addressed before I’d begin to accept the official story. Likewise all the issues involving chemicals, equipment, and people in an environment of hot and cold extremes.
—1- I’m not tasking you with any sins, Tim, what I’m pointing out is:
— Bill Kaysing was an agent clearly indicated to us with typical psyop signs of OTT ridiculousness, namely, ludicrously named, professioned and accented nephew, absurd job title and complete nonsense on the moon landings
— No person who disbelieves the moon landings (as far as we know) picked up that he was an agent despite some of the disbelievers being familiar with OTT psyop indicators
— The complex hypothesis “we went and the perps targeted the disbelievers, both encouraging them to disbelieve the moon landings and predicting they wouldn’t pick up their obvious psyop signs” is much better supported by the above two facts than the hypothesis “we didn’t go”. For “we went etc” no questions or assumptions raised while for “we didn’t go” questions about why disbelievers would be targeted with complete nonsense is raised. Why not at least throw in some truth against the moon landings, why only have him spout nonsense and how were they so confident he wouldn’t be picked up?
—2- The visual and audio evidence for going isn’t circumstantial evidence it is hard evidence even if in digital form. In theory, it could be faked, however, all the claims of fakery I’ve seen are reasonably refuted in my opinion and we have no evidence of anyone actually duplicating the alleged fakery. In my opinion, there is zero evidence of fakery in the masses of evidence presented and when we consider the unique lunar conditions, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, I find it extremely compelling.
—3- Basic physics – if the basic physics are agreed upon I’m all for it but we don’t have agreement on the basic physics. I stick to my rules of critical thinking:
—1. Aim to prove your hypothesis wrong
—2. Confine analysis to the most tangible and irrefutable evidence in the first instance
When a clear picture can be painted with the irrefutable evidence I don’t delve into areas I don’t understand and doesn’t have agreement. If your rules are different OK you follow your rules, I think mine serve me well in my quest for truth.
When an hypothesis is correct anything we grab randomly that is relevant in some way no matter how large or small or tangential will support if not favour that hypothesis. So whether it’s Bill Kaysing, WTM, minute amounts of dust on the landing pads, the faintest of radial exhaust patterns under the lunar module, consistency of images with the unique lunar conditions, no trace of fakery in audio, unmanned landing images corresponding with manned images, etc then every single piece will support if not favour it … and it does! oh my goodness it fits it like a glove.
I always keep an open mind, Tim, so if someone comes along and shows how it was all done I’ll be the first to say I was wrong :).
However, my attitude is that if there is sufficient evidence to favour an hypothesis over any competing hypotheses without any evidence contradicting it I say, “This is the correct hypothesis.” Often sufficient information simply isn’t available or even if it is, I might recognise I don’t understand it properly in which case I reserve judgement whatever I might be inclined to think.
The question you should all ask yourselves is why I not only worked out that Bill Kaysing was an agent but PREDICTED he was an agent before I even looked at him and worked out that WTM is a work of propaganda (claim stands until proven otherwise) but none of you did – Mark and perhaps others worked out that Dave Mc is an agent but you’ve only got it half-right with him – and aiming for us to get it half-right is a specialty of the propagandists, to wit 9/11. Half-right is half-wrong and really kind of the same as wholly wrong – we need to get it all right at least in the fundamentals.
A 9/11 analyst I admire, Gerard Holmgren, who sadly died of a brain tumour in 2010 before I had the slightest clue about psyops wrote a short piece entitled, “A Theory”, which he admitted was completely wrong. In it he says two very important things:
This first quote reflects how propaganda works better the less it corresponds to reality. It also reflects the nature of the false dilemma propaganda strategy used by the perps – we had only two stark choices – box-cutter armed terrorists or evil US government cold-bloodedly killing all the people. I don’t know whether Gerard worked out before his death that all death and injury were staged – he obviously knew the plane deaths were – but regardless he encapsulates the propaganda strategy perfectly.
“The official story required either that one descended into total intellectual senility in order to still believe it – perhaps deliberately made ridiculous for that very purpose – or else that one keep ones intellect alive but destroy almost everything that one had previously believed about how society works.”
In this quote he shows how he understands that we split into types of believing profiles: some of us believe nothing from those in power while some of us believe everything.
“When I first got into S11 activism, I had a theory that there would be about 10 % of the population who would automatically assume that the govt did it, even if they didn’t have any evidence and about 10 % who would never believe it, no matter how much evidence they got.”
second attempt, after CTRL-SHIFT-F5 till boredom, …
let’s if it passes the censorhip committee of the shift ….
Actually, it depends on the situation how many pieces we need. For 9/11, there are a number of single items upon which we can say it is proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that the US government was responsible, eg, WTC-7’s collapse is clearly a controlled demolition, which they, in fact, showcased from seven angles, with the confidence of the limitless elasticity of the Emperor’s New Clothes effect. We need nothing else or we could even limit it to the 2.25 seconds of freefall acceleration. All on its own 2.25 seconds of freefall proves US govt did it. Likewise, the obviously faked Flight 175 proves it on its own and so on. We only need ONE of a number of pieces of information to prove 9/11 and it’s all so obvious we don’t really need to invoke Occam’s Razor but OR applies regardless.
No matter how you slice with Occam’s razor you can never use it deductively of course.
That typed; I do enjoy your unparsimonious defense of your favorite heuristic.
I guess the thing is that where you have sufficient evidence, the evidence by itself proves its case without applying Occam’s Razor, however, I think it’s always good to use that OR “thinking” to guide you.
Try breathing 100% oxygen at 5 psi for eight days.
Be sure to have your affairs in order beforehand though.
O.M.G! And I’m not even so religious guy. Is there really no end for that claptrap? Mark was more right in his writing than You have never been here.
I read Atlas Shrugged quite recently (I am in my fifties). I couldn’t decide on whether the writing was utter garbage or absolute brilliance – but I know I thoroughly enjoyed it, and will probably read it again. Something about it did feel quite prophetic – and what with the bizarre happenings on the railroads over the past few years, well, I do continue to wonder…
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I found the characters to be like 1950s architecture, square, unimaginative. The sex scene between Darcy and Rourk? launched Rand into a long and dry lecture on how romantic love does not exist, is pure selfishness, etc., which to me was a reflection of her dour outlook on life and sexual congress. So it should be no surprise that she openly carried on with Nathanial Brandon with full knowledge by her husband. Of course, if I was married to her, I would be repeating the Henny Youngman line, “Take my wife, please!” And don’t forget, in the end, she took Medicare and Social Security.
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While examining the claims made in support of Heliocentrism, consider Mr. Occam’s shaving device if you will…
Just remember that you’re standing on a planet that’s evolving
And revolving at nine hundred miles an hour
That’s orbiting at nineteen miles a second, so it’s reckoned,
A sun that is the source of all our power
The sun and you and me and all the stars that we can see
Are moving at a million miles a day
In an outer spiral arm, at forty thousand miles an hour
Of the galaxy we call the ‘Milky Way’
Our galaxy itself contains a hundred billion stars.
It’s a hundred thousand light years side to side
It bulges in the middle, sixteen thousand light years thick
But out by us, it’s just three thousand light years wide
We’re thirty thousand light years from galactic central point
We go ’round every two hundred million years
And our galaxy is only one of millions of billions
In this amazing and expanding universe
The universe itself keeps on expanding and expanding
In all of the directions it can whizz
As fast as it can go, at the speed of light, you know
Twelve million miles a minute, and that’s the fastest speed there is
So remember, when you’re feeling very small and insecure
How amazingly unlikely is your birth
And pray that there’s intelligent life somewhere up in space
‘Cause there’s bugger-all down here on Earth!
Okay that last line may actually be true 😀
Lovely song, very talented writer/singer. I remember it well when I first saw it … “Can this be for real? Is anyone really that talented?” That kind of talent really exists.
It is a great song, I agree, but I think you rather missed my point, which was that that song more or less accurately reflects the scientific consensus and makes claim after fantastical claim about the motion of the Earth and the unfathomable size of the universe, all of which paints a terribly complex portrait of our world, and none of which are substantiated by a shred of actual evidence.
On the contrary, every scientific experiment ever devised by man, not to mention or god-given senses, tell us the Earth is motionless. Ergo Heliocentrism is invalid. Ergo the moon landings could not have happened.
That the moon landings were faked is obvious and quite frankly, boring. Far more exciting and interesting is the fact that Heliocentrism itself is a lie. But by all means, continue to argue ad nauseum with obvious trolls and shills about tinfoil spaceship propaganda from half a century ago.
I have gazed out into the ether at spherical objects like the Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, and have been awake early in the morning when Venus and the Moon are near each other, which somehow moves my spirit. I just do not buy into these theories, and so dismiss them. I realized when I hear Eric Idle’s words that he was expressing the knowledge of that time, and have since read (though have not grasped) that the speed of light as put forth by Einstein might not be so well defined. But I do not pretend to reduce it all to a standing still (flat?) earth as you do. That is lunacy.
Cyrus – The classic case for heliocentrism is of course Galileo’s – it removed the need for all the epicycles and tinkering required to support a geocentric model (there’s that shaving implement again..) False? Epicycles are not an issue?
“… in the case of the real event of the moon landings there are tons and tons of pieces of information…” There are not. There is the NASA pipeline, but no objective observations other than rockets taking off … it could al very easily have been a ruse to hide “truth’s protective layers.” Ever think about that? Was he saying that “truth” is layered in deceit? What is the truth that is being hidden from us? We’d have to wade through NDAs and careers and apparatchiks, and even then, the best we could do is speculate. Of course we did not go to the Moon, but what was going on, really? You are of no help in this matter, as you are using inductive reasoning to try to show us that we were not lied to. I would substitute the word “absurd” for “inductive,” as it appears to me at times that you are a grab-bagger. You will take anything that NASA or their “debunkers” say, and without further research or skeptical thinking saying “There. That is what is true.” Even Occam would spit up his corn flakes.
I await with bated breath for your tons and tons. McGowan merely did a yeoman’s task of assembling the known inconsistencies into a readable series if essays, which you’ve never read, or, excuse me, you say you read but have forgotten. Same thing. You used to say that the dialogue among the ground and astronauts was one of those “tons of pieces” but the rest of us could see that either the astronauts were in LOE doing other things, or in basements in Houston or Alabama. That evidence was worthless.
Got more? Cannot wait.
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Our ideas of critical thinking are very different Mark.
To me a claim needs to be backed up. You make claims about WTM but you don’t back them with evidence.
I’ve made a claim about it – I say it’s a work of propaganda and I back this claim with refutations from SS guy and my own nugget “frigid lunar night,” an error which no one with the knowledge that McGowan would have made innocently.
Where is YOUR evidence of a single element of truth in that book that contradicts the reality of the moon landings. Where is one piece of evidence?
Critical thinking means that when you make a claim, you back it up, you don’t just make the claim.
No. Critical thinking means that you THINK things critically with your OWN brains. It’s not about backing anything up or making any claims about anything. You clearly are not thinking critically in this Moon hoax thing. Really THINK about it if You can, don’t just repeat that nonsense NASA claptrap.
AND there were those “frigid lunar nights” when they (According to the official story anyway) were orbiting the Moon. (I don’t believe anymore that crap) When someone is in the shadow of the Moon and when there is no sunshine then they are in the night side of the Moon even if they are just orbiting the Moon. just like here in Earth there are nights when the Sun is opposite side of the planet. The third astronout in every trip were supposed to spent all his time alone in the Command Module while the other two were supposed to be in the ground of the Moon. Where there really hot or really cold then flying in the “frigid lunar nights”? Nobody knows that because there were nobody flying around the Moon.
Why are You continually lying here about that? If You believe in official story why You don’t believe in those “frigid lunar nights”?I’m too lazy and impatient to write long comments with nonsense science vocabulary like You do. But I’m not really so stupid man You think I am, dear special agent Petra. You keep on ignoring my comments because You know I’m right about them. But keep on deceiving. I don’t care anymore. There’s better things for me to do.
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Typos: not “Where there really hot or really cold then flying in the “frigid lunar nights”?” but “WERE there really hot or really cold WHEN flying in the “frigid lunar nights”?” “.
That poor lone third man. Nobody ever remember him.
“No one knows what it’s like. To be the third man, to be the cold/hot man….”
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Excellent article once again Mark. You really know how to write about things like Occam’s razor. I tried to explain it very simple to that lady like for five years old kid many times without any succeed. I almost hate when people repeat time after time that thing without knowing what it means. Every one who use the term Occam’s Razor as the argument when discussing something lose their credibility in my eyes at that moment. I have never been in any situation in the real life or in the online where I could use that tool in any cases.
I notice that after I abused Occam, you dumped him and redefined yourself as “critical thinker.” Since by your own admission you have not exposed yourself to critical evidence from all sides, demanding that I do it for you, I wonder if your next step in this will be to characterize your lightly cited wanderings as papal bulls. You don’t have the Inquisition behind you, I should warn you. You cannot just burn us at the stake. But we will lock our doors.
Occam’s snow mobile …
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Toward the development of soybean varieties resistant to rust disease
Soybean is highly imporatnt for Japan as it is widely used in producing traditional soy foods as well as soybean oil. However, the domestic soybean demand in Japan is mostly meet by imports from other countries. Therefore, it is important for us to ensure stable soybean production in the coutries which supply large amount of soybean to the world market. South American coutries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay produce more than half of soybean in the world market. But in the tropical and subtropical regions of these countries, a soybean disease, Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most serious threats to soybean growers together with drought. Thus, JIRCAS has been carrying out collaborative researches on the development of ASR-resistant cultivars with our pertner institutions in South America for more than 10 years.
Firstly, we have developed a reliable method of evaluating ASR resistance in soybean and surveyed geographical and annual variations of ASR pathogen in South America (Yamanaka et al. 2010). Our results reveal that virulence of South American ASR pathogen is highly variable and strong (Akamatsu et al. 2013). Therefore, a resistant cultivar carrying sutable ASR resistance cannot be expected by simply introducing single known major ASR resistance gene. Secondly, we have developed soybean breeding materials and tools which are useful in South America. Specifically, we have 1) identified resistance genes/alleles in the ASR-resistant soybean genotypes whose resistance genes/alleles were unknown (Hossain et al. 2015; Yamanaka et al. 2015a; Yamanaka et al. 2016); 2) explored DNA markers for newly and previously identified resistance loci, and 3) developed and evaluated soybean breeding materials carrying multiple ASR resistance genes (Lemos et al. 2011).
Through these works, it appears that introducing multiple resistance genes into single soybean genotype brings high ASR resistance. This high resistance also acts synergistically in gene pyramided soybean lines, when they are inoculated with the P. pachyrhizi races which are virulent to each of the pyramided genes (Yamanaka et al. 2015b). JIRCAS and our partner institutions in South America have carried out some marker-assisted breeding programs to introduce this high ASR resistance in South American soybean cultivars by utilizing the gene pyramided lines.
Asian soybean rust
Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
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In June, the American Heart Association (AHA) released a memorandum that shocked the health world. Just when you thought the myths and lies about the “hazards” of saturated fats were finally buried under a mountain of scientific evidence, the AHA stirred the pot again with a tirade against coconut oil.
Quoting from the Heart Association’s report:
“Because coconut oil increases LDL cholesterol, a cause of cardiovascular disease, and has no known offsetting favorable effects, we advise against the use of coconut oil.”
In the same advisory, they recommended limiting saturated fats to six percent or less of daily calories.
Their statement and the resulting furor might leave you wondering if dietary fat is the cause of disease and obesity.
Today I’ll show you why eating a diet that is high in fats (including the vilified saturated fat) is actually an important key to longevity. You’ll also learn how a high healthy-fat diet can recharge your ability to produce energy at a cellular level, reduce inflammation, boost your metabolism and reduce the risk of chronic disease.
But first, let’s address…
How the AHA Vilified Coconut Oil (Without including it in their Studies!)
You might think that the Heart Association made their recommendations based on new research. Not true. The studies cited by the AHA were published in the 1960s and 1970s – the. dawn of the low fat era.
Worse still, the four cherry-picked studies used to craft the recommendations did not even involve coconut oil!
And if that’s not enough, the organization urged consumers to replace saturated fats with margarine, vegetable and corn oils, suggesting that this could cut heart disease risk by as much as 30 percent.
Vegetable Oils: The True Health Villains
Unfortunately (for anyone who believes this dietary propaganda) it has been abundantly established that margarine – which often contains deadly trans fat – and polyunsaturated vegetable oils are highly inflammatory. They are also easily oxidized, which increases the risk of cellular damage and DNA mutation.
In stark contrast to promoting health, a diet rich in these fats promotes obesity, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular damage and even blindness.
So, let’s take a look at what some of the research says about the fats the Heart Associate regards as “healthy”:
- Damaged Polyunsaturated Fats Promote Heart Disease: PUFAs are quite vulnerable to oxidative damage, especially when heated (or when struck by UV light when they are present in the skin). The resulting compounds are toxic lipid oxidation products (LOPs), which encourage the buildup of arterial plaque and promote heart attack and stroke. A large trial conducted from 1966 to 1973 and published recently in the British Medical Journal found that vegetable oil consumption was linked to an increased risk of death from heart disease and all-cause mortality. The Journal’s press release about the study states that the:
“…Clinical trial shows that replacing saturated animal fats with omega-6 polyunsaturated vegetable fats is linked to an increased risk of death among patients with heart disease.”
- Vegetable Oil Doubles Risk of Blindness: The delicate structure of the eye is especially prone to oxidative damage. And a diet high in PUFA-rich vegetable oil has been found to double the risk of blindness in studies conducted by The Macular Degeneration Foundation. Another study of patients with the disease found that those who consumed the most vegetable oil progressed at 3.8 times the rate of those eating the least.
- Vegetable Oils are Highly Inflammatory: Inflammation is a primary cause of chronic disease. And studies show that a diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids promotes inflammation, constricts blood vessels and increases risk of clotting. Modern Western diets typically have ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 that are 20 or even 30:1. Compare this to the optimal evolutionary ratio of 1:1 or 2:1, and it is clear that the LAST thing most people need are MORE omega-6 fats.
- Vegetable Oils Cause Metabolic & Mitochondrial Damage: You are what you eat. And when it comes to polyunsaturated fats, this is literally true. You see, in excess, these fats cannot be burned by the body as fuel. Instead, they are integrated into the membranes of your cells and the mitochondria inside the cells. This impedes the flow of nutrients into the cell and the outflow of waste. And it can cripple the ability of mitochondria to produce energy.
And when it comes to your health, your microscopic mitochondria play a gargantuan role…
Mitochondria: Your Key to Healthy Aging, Sharp Thinking & Vibrant Energy
Often called “the powerhouse of the cell”, mitochondria generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the chemical means by which your body uses and stores energy. Mitochondria are also signaling molecules. They affect how your genes are expressed. And they even play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death). This is a critical process that helps rid the body of old, damaged and cancerous cells.
But as your mitochondria become damaged – which can be the result of too many omega-6 oils – symptoms like fatigue and headaches can set in. And the risk of chronic disease, accelerated aging and cognitive decline increase.
Healthy, stable dietary fats – namely saturated and monounsaturated fats – are the preferred fuel for mitochondria. These fats are resistant to oxidative damage in the first place. They also “burn clean”, producing few reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals.
It’s also important to note that good fats are preferable to carbohydrates when it comes to the integrity of your mitochondria.
Eat Fat, Live Longer… Eat Carbs, Die Faster?
When your body burns primarily carbohydrates for fuel (instead of healthy fats), an excess of free radicals are formed. These reactive oxygen species damage cellular and mitochondrial membranes and can mutate DNA – key factors in the development of degenerative disease.
Conversely, when your body primarily burns healthy fats, your liver generates unique water-soluble fats called ketones. Not only do ketones burn more efficiently than carbs (creating fewer free radicals), they also reduce inflammation, improve glucose metabolism and reduce cellular waste.
It’s no wonder that the PURE Study, published in The Lancet last month, found that high-fat diets are associated with longevity… while those high in carbs are linked to early death.
Reporting on this study of more than 135,000 adults in 18 countries, STAT News states that:
“…Those with the highest intake of dietary fat (35 percent of daily calories) were 23 percent less likely to have died during the study period than those with the lowest fat intake (10 percent of calories).
“…Upending conventional wisdom, the findings for carbohydrate intake went in the opposite direction. PURE participants with the highest carbohydrate intake (77 percent of daily calories) were 28 percent more likely to have died than those with the lowest carbohydrate intake (46 percent of calories).“
The researchers also concluded that saturated fat had an inverse association with stroke and that global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered. Perhaps someone should tell the American Heart Association!
Ignore Bad Health Advice: Follow an Ancestral Diet
Mainstream media and sugar-funded organizations like the American Heart Association will continue to push their agenda, at the expense of your health.
By following the diet our ancestors enjoyed – rich in healthy fats like those found in grass-fed and pasture-raised animal products, coconut oil, and avocados – you provide your body with clean-burning cellular fuel while minimizing harmful metabolic byproducts.
It is in alignment with your ancestral genetics that you achieve your greatest health and longevity. All while enjoying the foods your body was designed to crave: Juicy grass-fed steaks… rich and creamy pastured butter and ghee… sharp raw cheese… and fragrant, tropical coconut oil.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Kelley’s academic background is in biology and chemistry and for the last 15+ years, she has focused on the study of nutritional biochemistry… and the proven powers of compounds in foods to heal the body.
Frank M. Sacks, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Jason H.Y. Wu, Lawrence J. Appel, Mark A. Creager, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Michael Miller, Eric B. Rimm, Lawrence L. Rudel, Jennifer G. Robinson, Neil J. Stone, Linda V. Van Horn and On behalf of the American Heart Association. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017
Simopoulos AP. (2016). An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients, 8(3).
Kanner J, et al. (2007). Dietary advanced lipid oxidation endproducts are risk factors to human health. Mol Nutr Food Res., 51(9).
Halvorsen BL, et al. (2011). Determination of lipid oxidation products in vegetable oils and marine omega-3 supplements. Food Nutr Res., 55.
BMJ Press Release Feb 5 2013. Study Raises Question About Dietary Fats and Heart Disease Guidance. http://www.bmj.com/press-releases/2013/02/04/study-raises-questions-about-dietary-fats-and-heart-disease-guidance
Dr Paul Beaumont, Macular Degeneration Foundation Omega-3 intake linked with lowered risk of age-related macular degeneration.Duke Med Health News. 2008 Sep;14(9):6-7.
Schnebelen C, Viau S, Grégoire S, Joffre C, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Bron AM, Bretillon L, Acar N.Nutrition for the eye: different susceptibility of the retina and the lacrimal gland to dietary omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation.Ophthalmic Res. 2009;41(4):216-24. Epub 2009 May 15.
Calder, Philip C. (June 2006). “n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (6, supplement): 1505S–1519S. American Society for Nutrition.
Simopoulos, Artemis P. (October 2002). “The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 56 (8): 365–379. PMID 12442909.
Simopoulos, Artemis P. (September 2003). “Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects”. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 92
Mercola.com Omega 6 Dangers. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/02/21/omega-6-dangers.aspx
Mercola.com Metabolic Mitochondrial Therapy. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/05/21/metabolic-mitochondrial-therapy-introduction.aspx
Volek, J., Phinney, S. The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living: An Expert Guide to Making the Life-Saving Benefits of Carbohydrate Restriction Sustainable and Enjoyable Paperback – May 19, 2011
Dehghan, MahshidDiaz, R et al.Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet
STAT News. https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/29/fat-nutrition-study/
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://discover.grasslandbeef.com/blog/eat-more-fat-live-longer/
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voltage meaning and definitionDefinition and meaning of voltage at MeaningMonkey.org. voltage meaning and definition in the English Dictionary.
Definition of voltage (noun)
- the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts
- synonyms: electromotive force, emf
- the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
- synonyms: electric potential, potential, potential difference, potential drop
Source: Princeton University Wordnet
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://meaningmonkey.org/english-dictionary/voltage
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For Immediate Release
May 1st, 2016
Monica Macaro, Anakbayan New Jersey
Gian-Carlo Toriano Parel, Anakbayan New Jersey
(470) 309-2265, firstname.lastname@example.org
Filipino Youth and Students Celebrate May Day and Workers’ Rights
Anakbayan New Jersey celebrates the hard-fought victories of the working class on the 130th anniversary of International Workers’ Day alongside the workers of the New York/New Jersey area. Also known as May Day, this day commemorates the struggle of workers and their victories for workers’ rights. 2016 is especially momentous as the 10th anniversary of the May Day coalition that has gathered immigrant and workers organizations every May 1st for the past decade.
International Workers Day has its roots in the fight for an eight hour work day and the right to organize during the early 19th century in the U.S. An average worker’s workday would typically go for 12-14 hours—upwards of 18-20 for some—and would take place in very unsafe and unjust conditions. Workers began to organize and form unions to protest against their capitalist employers for an eight hour work day without a decrease in pay; these demonstrations were then met with violence by police and armed agents hired by factory owners. Eventually, these protests resulted in the legal establishment for an eight-hour work day, and May Day became an internationally recognized holiday celebrating workers around the world and a day to organize and mobilize for worker struggles.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://anakbayannj.org/2016/05/
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Quoted from: Techstorify
Passwords are insecure, inconsistent and easy to exploit. And even though their security depends on the user, while using passwords it is always easier for criminals and hackers to crack passwords.
This is where the need for passwordless authentication solutions arises. It simply means logging in without a username and password.
Passwordless Authentication is a way of verifying users’ identities without the use of passwords and grants a user a secure authentication.
Passwordless Authentication is a method to authenticate user access after identity access management has determined whether someone is, in fact, are who they say are without the need to remember a password.
Authentication methods include- factors that can be verified by the Password Authentication solutions.
These factors are called “possession factors” that matches and identifies user presence and allow access based on (e.g., one-time password generator, a registered mobile device, or hardware token).
Or if the solution is using an “inherent factor” then; access is allowed through the use of biometrics and through the use of biometric signature (e.g., face scan, fingerprint scan, retina scan, voice recognition etc.)
A user/ enterprise is given multiple methods of signing in to an application or device without the need for a password.
These are called passwordless authentication method types.
Through email, a user can verify with a magic link or one-time code sent to their email.
The user is required to enter their registered phone number. OTP app then verifies if the one-time code is sent to the right user. After verification, the user gets a login.
It includes Face scan, fingerprint authentication, retina scans forms of passwordless authentication are commonly found on smartphones.
It uses any three factors to grant access to the user. It includes security questions, PIN codes and contact information of the user.
Mobile applications with biometric authentication are used. Pattern recognition, smart push etc.
Third-party identity authentication methods give user access via Facebook, or via google.
As there are multiple ways and methods of using Passwordless authentication, it falls into the category of multi-factor authentication (MFA).
Passwordless authentication relies on the number of principals as digital certificates, cryptographer keys paired with private and a public key, also called security keys, used for unlocking padlock.
While a public key provides access to a website, application, Brower or any other online system in which the user has an account and wants to log in.
The private key is stored to authenticate user access using the Biometric system. Such as fingerprint, voice recognition, retina scan etc.
For cloud users, FIDO authentication can be a great solution for SaaS and Web-based applications.
For an organization using the cloud, Youbico, AuthenTrend, FEITIAN and Hypersecu information systems could be the best options for a powerful passwordless authentication system.
Very recently Microsoft enabled passwordless authentication to on-premises resources for environments with both azure AD + hybrid Azure AD for seamless sign-in-on to on-premises using security keys.
The use of FIDO2 security keys in hybrid environments enables Hybrid Azure Active Directory environments for FIDO2 security key authentication and hence, enables users to sign-in to their Hybrid AAD joined windows 10 devices on both their on-premises and cloud resources.
HID Global is a renowned and trusted identity solution. In 2020 HID global has announced its support to the industry’s passwordless authentication initiative at RSA.
It now covers an access solution that extends zero trust security and FIDO2 authentication across the workplace in both on-premises and cloud environments.
It gives access coverage that is bridging gaps between physical and digital worlds by using hardware tokens, PKI-based smart cards, digital certificate and mobile push authentication as well as biometric authentication.
Previously, HID had a series of authenticators security keys available such as HID crescendo key series, HID crescendo 2300 series coverage smart cards.
And now they have also announced the general availability of USB-C option it HID crescendo key series which supports passwordless authentication with an end-to-end approach to an organization’s workplace security.
With HID’s multifactor authentication solution that sits within their Identity and access management (IAM) suite, along side identity management and risk-based management products.
HID’s MFA allows an organization to provide security to their corporate networks where a user needs access, VPN and cloud application such as office 365 for file sharing.
Okta Single Sign-on provides extremely reliable passwordless authentication. It is an ideal single-sign-on and access management solution for small businesses and team custom applications.
Its identity management platform allows its team and users to secure access to cloud accounts.
OKTA provides MFA and singles on single authentication that can easily be integrated into both cloud-based tools and applications by using OKTA’s integration network.
This passwordless authentication solution secures users presents throughout the network with integration to AD/LDAP across multiple domains.
OKTA passwordless authentication enables users to-
– Not rely on insecure authentication methods any longer
– Implements access policy based on build-in device data
– Better end-user experience and more
OKTA is efficiently used by start-ups and small enterprises, so if you have a need to cut down password use and you require a solution that is hassle-free and doesn’t have a complex working or is simple you can easily go for OKTA.
All-in-all OKTA is easy to deploy and use, it has seamless onboarding, it doesn’t require any hardware dependency.
It has everything that is required to give a user a consistent experience on a desktop and mobile, making it the most used and recommended passwordless authentication solution/ technology.
Authtred’s MFA gives you the use of Biometric authentication. It also provides authentication with FIPS 140-2 level 3 certified Broadcom Credential Vault.
AuthenTrend has a high global demand for FIDO security keys that supports biometrics and other multifactor authentication methods for passwordless authentication.
It also has the availability of a cryptocurrency hardware wallet with fingerprinting access. It is highly used by assets investors and bitcoin dealers. The fingerprint cryptocurrency wallet is also used for bitcoin transactions.
Biometrics provides a secure authentication with fast fingerprint matching which is not only fast while logging but also secure and more challenging for criminals to exploit.
AuthenTrend’s fingerprinting enables a security key that can be used to get access to a user’s Azure Directory (Azure AD) account. It is also used to login to hybrid Azure AD-joined Windows 10 devices for a single-sign-on cloud and as well as on-premises resources.
AuthenTrend technology gives you potential and permanent increase of remote workforce and eliminates unauthorized or password breach like attempts for the organization using it.
AuthenTreand is another highly used password-free authentication technology next to Microsoft authenticator. Both of them are used for passwordless authentication in hybrid organisations and structures.
OneSpan authentication servers are used for passwordless authentication are centralised, meaning, they are trusted highly with strong authorization and for validation of transaction signatures.
Onespan is primarily used by corporate networks, financial services, banking, insurance, government and business applications.
Onespan also has a version for mobile security suite to safeguard a user’s apps and their mobile transactions.
One span also uses Biometric authentication, which uses face recognition and fingerprint recognition technology for granting authorization.
OneSpan Authentication servers are available for Windows to use.
It gives a strong authentication solution that allows a user to manage the full authentication lifecycle, access corporate (mainly because of its centralised servers) application and resources securely.
Yubico provides single-factor authentication (with touch/tap) for strong single-factor authentication.
And for Multi-factor authentication(MFA), Yubico has a combination of hardware authenticator with a user touch and enter PIN, which solves password-free high assurance requirements for eg, financial transactions.
Yubico FIDO2 objective to provide a passwordless login flow.
It also supports cryptographic protocols that protect access to computers, networks on online services for organizations and enterprises.
While other forms of passwordless authentication such as SMS, mobile apps still are susceptible to malware and hackers, and other hardware authentication solutions such as biometric authentication can be difficult to deploy, YubiKey changes this.
YubiKey gives OTP support protocols where a user can use a one-time generated code to log in. YubiKey also supports smart cards protocols.
You can use YubiKey almost every day for multi-factor authentication. It is easy to use and gives a good user experience when security is the prime concern.
The password and username cannot be compromised remotely but as long as you are using YubiKey, you need to have physical possession of the key.
Yubico can easily be used for logging in to any device, network and even on SSH keys for logging in on remote SSH servers.
Swoop has excellent top security protocols for passwordless authentication.
Swoop as an authenticator app secures authorization and also is a simple and secure password-free authentication service.
Swoop uses magic kink and magic messages technology that provides a typing- free mobile experience.
Passwordless authentication email- authentication by using the magic link.
The magic link is the simplest. At the time of logging in, the user is sent a one-time used email link, while opening this magic link, the link allows the user to directly return back to the app with hassle less authentication.
Magic SMS are the same, but instead of getting a link over email, the user gets an OTP which is to expire in the given status of time, if entered within time, the user gets access to the app.
Ensyrity Technologies with their FIDO2 certified Biometric security key “ ThinC-AUTH” is used for passwordless multi-factor authentication.
ThinC-Auth is a primary and security enabler that is a highly secure hardware-based security key that can be used for online identification and to provide users with convenient and secure passwordless authentication with just a fingerprint.
The key eliminates the need of having a password.
The new ThinC-Auth+ is the second new upgraded FIDO2 product that delivers passwordless access to Azure AD accounts and hybrid Azure AD Windows 10 systems.
It supports 256GB encrypted storage, which a user can then customise if wants to create secure partitions for storing and sharing data.
ThinC-Auth is the only biometric authentication device that is approved by Microsoft. It distinctly ensures that computers, online services and networks remain protected.
Before we move onto the conclusion is it vital to understand the need for moving beyond the use of passwords. And if even there is an actual need for going passwordless.
Not everyone has stood by the concept of going passwordless when there’s a need for secure authentication.
But, even so, many famous and large enterprises, businesses and even government websites and networks settings have opted for passwordless authentication solutions to regulate in use.
Even though going passwordless and using a secure and highly efficient passwordless authentication technology might not grant a security promise if your venture is at high risk of a breach, malware and other forms of getting unauthorised access.
Also read: 12 Best Password Managers to Secure Your Digital Life
Logging in with a password is not very secure. But by removing passwords can effectively improve breach security.
With the above given Passwordless authentication solutions, you do not need to remember your username and passwords.
These best passwordless authentication solutions are bound to give you consistent authentication across all platforms (individual/ large enterprise) with secure login and safety from any breach.
Yet, in the end, it is upon a user how they are using their password information which sometimes not that great when it comes to security and leads to poor account security.
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<urn:uuid:cc5ba7b1-ad78-455b-bd10-9a61ab0c14b3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://authentrend.com/7-best-passwordless-authentication-solutions-for-better-application-security/
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- As confirmed COVID cases more than double in July across African countries, a lack of testing in crisis-affected contexts is keeping responders in the dark.
- Chad has done 383 tests per million people. That’s compared to 205,782 per million in the UK, 472,590 per million in the United Arab Emirates, and 199,904 per million in Singapore.
- “Where testing is insufficient, we are fighting this disease in the dark.” said Stacey Mearns, Senior Technical Advisor of Emergency Health at the IRC.
- Despite efforts to expand testing capacities, hard-hit countries need additional resources and support from the international community to expand testing and mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
- Total population: 15.8 million
- People displaced by crisis: 706,000
- Rank in Human Development Index: 186 out of 188
- Started working in Chad: 2004
Located in the Sahel region of Africa, Chad is grappling with regional refugee crises in addition to seasonal droughts and flooding that destroy crops and threaten millions of people with hunger.
For more than a decade, Chad has been a home to refugees. In 2004, hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees from Darfur poured into eastern Chad, where many remain more than a dozen years later.
Due to escalating conflict in neighbouring Central African Republic, thousands have fled to southern Chad. In addition, the ongoing Boko Haram conflict in the Lake Chad Basin region has caused mass internal displacement and an influx of refugees fleeing the violence.
Chad is also struggling with the drought and food insecurity that is affecting the entire Sahel region.
Widespread drought and food insecurity remain a major challenge in Chad, affecting some 3.4 million people, including 1.6 million in need of humanitarian assistance. More than 320,000 children suffer from severe acute malnutrition, another 40,000 from moderate acute malnutrition.
Chad must also cope with severe drought and flooding that potentially could affect 2.7 million people, according to the United Nations.
The strong potential for cholera and measles epidemics, combined with a weak state-run health system, contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the population, particularly among children under age 5.
The IRC began working in Chad in 2004 in response to the arrival of Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad, providing health, nutrition, water and sanitation, women’s protection and empowerment, and education services. Today, the IRC continues to provide these services to both local and refugee populations in three refugee camps in eastern Chad, in addition to health, women’s protection, and livelihoods support in three returnee sites in southern Chad.
Since 2010, the IRC has addressed the drought and food insecurity crises in the Sahel by providing health, nutrition, livelihoods and health services in the Guera and Bahr el Ghazal regions. Working in collaboration with district authorities, the IRC supports over 68,575 children under age five as well as pregnant women and new mothers.
The IRC also works with refugee and returnee communities in eastern and southern Chad to educate both women and men about family planning while respecting clients’ privacy, voluntary choice and confidentiality.
As drought and widespread food insecurity continue to plague the country, the IRC is:
- providing emergency relief
- providing primary and reproductive health care, hospital referrals and psychosocial counselling
- screening children to prevent acute malnutrition and provide 24/7 medical treatment to those severely malnourished
- providing clean water to Darfur refugees at Ouré Cassoni camp in the Sahara Desert
- educating communities and maintaining early warning systems to prevent disease and enable health workers to respond swiftly to outbreaks
- raising awareness of the benefits of family planning
- working with communities to address the root causes of violence against women, as well as providing medical care to survivors of violence
- providing primary and secondary education to refugee children in eastern Chad
- providing economic support through cash grants, financial literacy training and farmer assistance
Download the IRC Chad strategy action plan to learn more about our programme priorities until 2020.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.rescue.org/uk/country/chad
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The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as the oxidant in the COD test for highly saline water samples. Initially, the COD values of various glucose standard solutions were determined by three methods, namely the standard closed reflux dichromate (CODCr), the acidic permanganate (CODMn) and the alkaline permanganate (CODOH) methods. The results showed that at COD values lower than 20 mg/L, the standard dichromate method was not applicable due to its poor precision (RSD > 10%). The CODOH method was less effective compared to the CODMn method as the recoveries were 0.71 and 0.89, respectively. The determination of CODOH for the standard solutions of glucose in the presence of Cl- and Br-, respectively, or both Cl- and Br- ions were conducted. The results showed that the COD values only increased 5.1% with the increase in chloride concentrations up to 35000 mg Cl-/L. This shows that the CODOHmethod is a suitable method for determining the COD of highly saline water samples such as estuarine and coastal waters. The COD test was conducted for river, estuarine and coastal water samples. The results indicated that the CODOH test correlates well with the CODCr test (R2 > 0.98). The results also indicated that this CODOH test can be applied in determining the pollution trends for estuarine and coastal waters.
Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., and Eaton, A.D. (1998), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Environmental and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (1995), BS 6068-2.32: Water quality – Determination of permanganate index, British Standards Institution, London.
Environmental and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (1988), BS 6068-2.34: Water quality – Part 2: Physical, chemical and biochemical methods – Section 2.34 Method for the determination of the chemical oxygen demand, British Standards Institution, London.
Cameron, W.M. and Moore, T.B. (1957), The influence of chloride on the dichromate-value test, Analyst, vol. 82, pp. 677-682.
Dobbs, R.A. and Williams, R.T. (1963), Elimination of chloride interference in the chemical oxygen demand test, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 35, pp. 1064-1067.
Cripps, J.M. and Jenkins, D. (1964), A COD method suitable for the analysis of highly saline waters, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 36, pp. 1240-1246.
Baumann, F.J. (1974), Dichromate reflux chemical oxygen demand - A Proposed method for chloride correction in highly saline wastes, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 46, pp. 13361338.
Ho, C.H., Lee, K.F., and Lim P.E. (2003), Minimizing the use of mercuric salts for chloride and bromide corrections in chemical oxygen demand test, Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 67-72.
Korenaga, T., Zhou, X., Okada, K., Moriwake, T., and Shinoda, S. (1993), Determination of chemical oxygen demand by a flow-injection method using cerium (IV) sulphate as oxidizing agent, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 272, pp. 237-244.
Fujimori, K., Ma, W., Kawakami, T.M., and Shibutani, T. (2001), Chemiluminescence method with potassium permanganate for the determination of organic pollutants in seawater, Analytical Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 975-978.
Korenaga, T. and Ikatsu, H.Y. (1982), The determination of chemical oxygen demand in waste-waters with dichromate by flow injection analysis, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 141, pp. 301-309.
Montalvo, S.I. and JR Ingle, J.D. (1993), Chemiluminescence during the oxidation of alcohols by permanganate: Application to the determination of ethanol in gin, Talanta, vol. 40, pp. 167-172.
Li, B.X., Zhang, Z.J., Wang, J., and Xu, C.L. (2003), Chemiluminescence system for automatic determination of chemical oxygen demand using flow injection analysis, Talanta, vol. 61, pp. 651-658.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://ajstd.org/index.php/ajstd/article/view/269
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The Asiatic Exclusion League is formed to prevent immigration
The Asiatic Exclusion League, a white supremacist organization that starts in the United States and expands to Canada, is formed with the goal of preventing the immigration of people of Asian heritage.
Takao Ozawa v. United States
In 1915, Ozawa files for United States citizenship under the Naturalization Act of 1906, which allows only “free white persons” and “persons of African nativity or persons of African descent” to naturalize. In 1922, the United States Supreme Court finds Ozawa, a Japanese American who is born in Japan but lived in the United States for 20 years, ineligible for naturalization. This decision strengthens and reaffirms the racist policies of U.S. immigration. With successful judicial backing, policymakers pass more anti-Asian laws, a trend that continues until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.
Walter Achiu becomes first Asian to play in the NFL
Achiu makes it to the NFL in 1927, becoming the first known person of East Asian heritage to play in an NFL game. While he plays sparingly for the Dayton Triangles, Achiu is considered one of the greatest athletes to come through Dayton, where he is in the Athletic Hall of Fame at Dayton University. The running back becomes an All-American honorable mention at the school, and the local newspaper calls him one of the most popular players on the team. At Dayton, he also stars in baseball, track and wrestling, and he goes onto a professional wrestling career that goes until the 1950s.
President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 into effect
Encouraged by officials at all levels in the hysteria of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorizes the internment of more than 120,000 American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan. The order isn’t formally rescinded until the late 1970s, and in 1988 Congress passes the Civil Liberties Act, which states that a “grave injustice” was done to Japanese American citizens and resident aliens during World War II. It also establishes a fund that pays $1.6 billion in reparations to formerly interned Japanese Americans or their heirs.
George Omachi, Japanese Americans take up baseball in internment camps
Per the orders of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942, more than 120,000 Japanese Americans are placed in internment camps. As part of that executive order, teenager George Omachi and his family are taken by train from their home in California to Jerome War Relocation Center in Denson, Arkansas. After the Omachis arrived in Arkansas, George took part in camp baseball, becoming a player for the Denson All-Stars. “Without baseball, camp life would have been miserable. … It was humiliating, demeaning, being incarcerated in our own country.” He continued to play and coach baseball for several teams at several levels. In 1968, he began scouting in the MLB.
First Samoan athlete plays in the NFL
As an offensive lineman for Washington, Al Lolotai is the first Samoan to play in the NFL.
Wataru “Wat” Misaka becomes first non-white and first player of Asian descent to play professional basketball
Selected by the Knicks in the 1947 Basketball Association of America Draft, Misaka became both the first non-white player and first player of Asian descent to play in this precursor league that would become the National Basketball Association.
Larry Kwong breaks hockey color barrier
Kwong is called up from the New York Rangers farm team and becomes the first person of color to play in the NHL. When he is hired as player-coach of Switzerland’s HC Ambrì-Piotta later in his life, he becomes the first person of Chinese descent to coach a professional hockey team.
Victoria Manalo Draves becomes first Asian American Olympic Champion
Growing up in San Francisco as the daughter of a Filipino father and English mother, an early coach makes Manalo Draves use her mother’s maiden name in swim and dive competitions as at that time interracial marriages are looked down upon. She also faces a regular indignity when using public pools as the water would be drained the day after she uses it each time. On August 3, 1948, Manalo Draves becomes the first Asian American Olympic Champion, placing first in the women’s three-meter springboard at the 1948 London Summer Olympics. After the Olympics, Manolo Draves and her husband open their own diving school. She is inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1969.
First Asian American Man wins Olympic gold medal
Sammy Lee becomes the first Asian American man to earn an Olympic gold medal, winning in platform diving during the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
President Lyndon Johnson signs the Hart-Celler Immigration Act
The Hart-Celler Act literally changes the face of America. Also known as the The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, it ends an immigration-admissions policies based on race and ethnicity and ends policies prioritizing immigrants from western and northern Europe which promoted the ideal of U.S. homogeneity. Beginning in 1965 when the Hart-Celler Act abolished racial quotas, the demographic makeup of America begins changing, as immigrants entering the United States under the new legislation came increasingly from countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, as opposed to Europe. When signing the act, President Johnson said, “This bill that we will sign today is not a revolutionary bill. It does not affect the lives of millions. It will not reshape the structure of our daily lives. … Yet it is still one of the most important acts of this Congress and of this administration. For it does repair a very deep and painful flaw in the fabric of American justice. It corrects a cruel and enduring wrong in the conduct of the American nation.”
Asian Americans for Equality peacefully protest
Moved to action by a developer who refuses to hire Asian workers for the massive Confucius Plaza construction project, local activists raise their voices and stage months of protests to finally prevail. DeMatteis Corp. eventually relents, agreeing to hire 27 minority workers, Asians among them. It was a major victory for the community and immediately establishes Asian Americans for Equal Employment as an organization that people could rely on. Reflecting on the dramatic events of 40 years ago, AAFE Executive Director Chris Kui says protest among New York Asians wasn’t just rare, it was unheard of at that time. “I remember the Asian community was afraid to speak up about issues they faced … lack of access to equal employment or services.”
Asian Americans for Equality protest treatment of Peter Yew
Yew, a young Chinese American living in New York City’s Chinatown, intervenes when he sees police beating a 15 year-old whom they had stopped for a traffic violation. For his concern, Yew is beaten himself on the spot and again back at the police station, where he is charged for resisting arrest and assaulting an officer. A rally against police brutality at City Hall brings out 20,000 protesters and forces the closure of most Chinatown businesses. After weeks of public pressure, all charges are dropped against Yew on July 2. Chris Kui, executive director of Asian Americans for Equality, also remembers it as a turning point: “There was a lot of discussion within the community. Some people said ‘Let’s not make trouble … it could hurt our future.’ Others even said ‘This isn’t really our country.’ But a whole new generation had a different view and said ‘This is our country. We have rights. Let’s fight for those rights.’”
Tiffany Chin becomes the first Asian American U.S. figure skating champion
At the 1985 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Chin is “fast and flawless,” the LA Times writes, en route to becoming the first Asian American and person of color to win national gold. Chin makes history despite years earlier being told by a white competitor, “You’re really good, but you know you’ll never be a champion. Figure skating champions have blond hair and blue eyes, and you don’t have either.” Chin would break barriers for future Asian American skating stars Kristi Yamaguchi and Michelle Kwan, but racism still permeated Olympic and U.S. figure skating when they competed. Corporate sponsors would still shun Yamaguchi, a Japanese American, despite winning Olympic and U.S. gold, and in 1998 a major media outlet produces an infamous headline celebrating Kwan, a Chinese American, losing to Tara Lipinski. The headline reads “American Beats Out Kwan.”
Erik Spoelstra is first Asian American head coach in any men’s major U.S. sports
In the spring of 2008, NBA icon Pat Riley steps down as Miami Heat head coach and handpicks the up-and-coming Spoelstra to replace him. Spoelstra, at 38, is the first Asian American to be the head coach of any team among the four major men’s U.S. sports – baseball, basketball, football and hockey. Spoelstra quickly establishes himself as one of the NBA’s best coaches, and over his career he coaches his Heat teams to five NBA Finals, winning two. Said Spoelstra in an ESPN The Undefeated interview: “I would love to be able to talk to owners, general managers and administrators in college, or athletic directors in high school,” Spoelstra, 49, said, “to be able to open their eyes to some very talented young coaches out here of a different ethnicity.” During the COVID-19 pandemic, Spoelstra also used his voice to speak out against the sharp rise in anti-Asian racism in the country, telling the Associated Press, “Look, I am Asian American. I’m proud to be Asian American. And seeing what’s happening, with another just outright form of racism and hatred, it really is sickening. It breaks my heart. It is despicable.”
First Chinese American drafted into NFL
Ed Wang is drafted by the Buffalo Bills, becoming the first Chinese American to be drafted into the NFL.
Jeremy Lin plays makes NBA history, then uses platform to stop Asian hate
Lin overcomes racism on the basketball court from a young age, recalling incidents of discrimination while playing as early as the sixth grade. It doesn’t stop Lin from pursuing his dream, however, and he becomes the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA when he takes the court for the Warriors in 2010. But “Linsanity” doesn’t truly begin until the following year as a New York Knick when on Feb. 4, 2012, Lin scores 25 points against the Nets, sparking a seven-game winning streak. Less than a week later, Lin squares off against Kobe Bryant and the Lakers, scoring 38 points and launching himself into superstar status. Lin would become an NBA roster mainstay for the next decade, and in 2019 he becomes the first Asian American player to win an NBA title. As Lin begins reaching the end of his career, he begins using his platform more and more to combat racism. Lin says early in his life and career he was naïve to the racism, including systemic and subtle, or chose to ignore it. Lin truly embraces his position as an athlete with the influence to create social change starting in 2020 as hate against Asian Americans and the AAPI community rises during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The most decorated figure skater of all time
Michelle Kwan, the most decorated figure skater of all time, is inducted into U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame. She retired as a two-time Olympic medalist, five-time World champion and nine-time U.S. champion.
First Polynesian wins Heisman Trophy
Quarterback Marcus Mariota, a Samoan, becomes the first Polynesian to with the Heisman Trophy in 2014.
Kyler Murray is the No. 1 NFL draft pick
A first-round pick in baseball, Murray opts to follow his heart and pursue football, eventually becoming the No. 1 overall pick, a Pro Bowler and Rookie of the Year winner. Murray’s maternal grandmother is South Korean, and in 2021 Murray said he continues to pursue learning more about his Asian heritage. As a Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback at Oklahoma, Murray and his mother made the calculated choice to wear a black, dragon-print kimono jacket before and after a game. “When we saw the jacket it was like, ‘Gotta have it,’” Missy Murray, Kyler’s mother, told The Oklahoman. “Cause we’re all about representing our Asian culture. I know a lot of people are like, ‘What is he?’ I get asked that a lot myself. So we do subtle things to represent that. That subtle statement he made on Saturday came across as kind of a strong statement, but it’s awesome.”
Asian American athletes condemn racism stemming from COVID-19 pandemic
Pandemic-driven rises in anti-Asian racism are so pronounced that in an American Journal of Public Health article, psychiatrist Justin A. Chen, MD, MPH, and his coauthors describe it as a “secondary contagion” threatening this population. By year’s end, the FBI announces there was a 73-percent increase in hate crimes against Asian Americans in 2020. Early on in the outbreak, Asian American athletes like Natalie Chou, Katelyn Ohashi, Jeremy Lin and Taylor Rapp condemn the rising racism. Said Lin, “For me, I felt like I had to come out and say something. To not feel welcome, or feel safe physically, is just a different level. That’s something that I really want to make sure I took a stance on.”
Jason Wright, Danita Johnson, Kim Ng and Dany Garcia break barriers across leagues
The Washington Football Team hired Wright, a former NFL running back, as team president, making him the first Black person to hold that position in the NFL’s 100-year history. Wright was named Sports Business Journal’s “Best Hire of 2020.” In December, Johnson became the first Black woman or man to be hired as an MLS team president when D.C. United hired her as president of business operations. She previously was president and COO of the WNBA’s Los Angeles Sparks. In November, the Marlins hired Ng as the team’s general manager, making her the first woman to hold that position. Ng was MLB’s senior vice president of baseball operations for the past nine years and the highest-ranking Asian American female baseball executive. In August, Garcia became the first woman to own a professional sports league. Garcia, entertainer Dwayne Johnson and a private equity firm puchased the XFL, and Johnson wrote that Garcia was the “architect” behind the deal.
Naomi Osaka wins US Open while honoring Black victims of police brutality or racist violence
Osaka, whose mother is Japanese and father is Haitian, won all seven of her 2020 US Open matches to capture her third grand slam title. As part of each match, she wears a mask with the name of a Black man, woman or child who died from police brutality or violence rooted in racism. The names: Breonna Taylor, Elijah McClain, Ahmaud Arbery, Trayvon Martin, George Floyd, Philando Castile and Tamir Rice.
Jackson He achieves college football first
On Dec. 11, Arizona State football player Jackson He scored a touchdown, which Arizona State said was the first touchdown by a Chinese-born player in FBS history. The Sun Devils have celebrated his heritage by putting He’s name in Chinese on the back of his jersey.
Athletes rally to stop Asian hate after Atlanta shootings
On March 16, a white gunman commits a series of mass shootings at three Atlanta-area spas and massage parlors, killing eight people, six of whom were Asian women. The shooting reflects a long history of racism and sexism toward Asians and specifically Asian women, as well as reflecting the rapid rise in violent hate crimes rooted in racism from the COVID-19 pandemic. The day following the shooting, there’s an outpouring of support from athletes and teams across the country. LeBron James, Chiney Ogwumike, the Portland Trailblazers, Jeremy Lin, Steve Kerr, Trae Young were among the many within the NBA to speak out against the shooting and rise in racism. Atlanta Falcons kicker Younghoe Koo, a South Korean American, writes on his social media: “As an Asian American, I have heard the jokes and name calling. I often dealt with it by ignoring what was said and minding my own business. I don’t have all the answers, but I realize now more than ever that this is an issue that needs to be addressed and that ignoring it won’t help us do that. I know this one post won’t solve the problem, but I hope to help raise awareness on hate crimes against all. #stophate”
Shohei Ohtani accomplishes rare MLB feat last seen 100 years ago
When Ohtani, the Los Angeles Angels’ star pitcher and power hitter, takes the mound on April 27, he does so accomplishing something last done in 1921. Ohtani leads MLB in home runs entering the day, and no player has entered a game as the starting pitcher while leading the league in home runs since Babe Ruth. Two years earlier, the flame-throwing pitcher was the first Japanese-born player to hit for the cycle, and during his 2018 AL Rookie of the Year season, he becomes the first player since Ruth with 50 innings pitched and at least 15 home runs.
Pitcher Yu Darvish, victim of racist gesture in World Series, speaks out against discrimination
In the spring of 2021, in an article Darvish says of rising anti-Asian racism, “In my opinion, underneath the skin we’re all the same. It doesn’t sit well with me. … [M]any people are suffering from (discrimination).” Darvish joined MLB in 2012 and has pitched in the league ever since. However, Darvish pointed out in an earlier conversation that successful Yankees pitcher and two-time All Star Masahiro Tanaka left MLB to return to play in Japan in part because of rising racism he and his family experienced. Darvish, the son of a Japanese mother and Iranian father, was the victim of a racist gesture during the 2017 World Series. As a pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers, a player on the Houston Astros made an offensive and racist gesture toward Darvish.
Hideki Matsuyama becomes first Japanese man to win golf major at event honoring Lee Elder, first Black golfer to play in Masters
At the start of the 85th edition of the prestigious Masters tournament, Augusta National Golf Club celebrates Lee Elder as an honorary starter. Elder, who dealt with a spate of racism throughout his career, in 1975 became the first Black golfer to play in the tournament, which began in 1934 but did not allow Black golfers until Elder. (Augusta National did not admit a Black member until 1990 and did not admit women members until 2012.) At the end of the tournament, the Japanese-born Matsuyama finds himself in position to win the Masters. Matsuyama ends the tournament atop the leaderboard, becoming the first Japanese man to win the Masters and the second Asian American to win a golf major (Y.E. Yang in 2009).
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This section contains research materials the Afterschool Alliance has produced over the past 15 years. Find the resource that best fits your needs by searching by document type or by issue area. Dive into our vast collection of research resources that show afterschool programs are keeping kids safe, inspiring learning, and helping working families across the country.
Explore Afterschool Research
Afterschool Impacts Database
Our Impacts Database offers a searchable collection of more than 130 evaluation summaries and impacts data that speaks to the effect that afterschool and summer learning programs have on youth outcomes. The database includes a variety of different outcome data that users can search for, such as student gains in academic achievement and behavior, improvement in social and emotional skills, and outcomes related to health and wellness from a diverse set of programs across the country.
Explore Afterschool Impacts Database
Afterschool Spotlight on the Snack
Our blog, The Afterschool Snack, brings you the latest updates and news from the afterschool world, from policy and funding opportunities to success stories from the field and youth voice spotlights.
Explore Afterschool Spotlight on the Snack
Community Learning Hubs
Community Learning Hubs are community-driven efforts to support students’ learning and well-being, providing safe places to connect to school, caring adults, and additional services. To understand how afterschool programs are serving children and youth in Community Learning Hubs, we conducted interviews with 32 afterschool programs, intermediaries, or school districts in 18 states. The interviewed programs represent the diversity of afterschool field and encompass programs located in urban, rural, and suburban communities.
Explore Community Learning Hubs
Principles of Expanded Learning
As more and more young people return to school buildings, and school leaders consider how to offer students extra learning opportunities through newly designed school days and school years, expanded learning programs are more essential than ever before
Explore Principles of Expanded Learning
Quality Afterschool: Helping Programs Achieve It and Strengthening Policies to Support It
For years, policy makers, program directors and parents have attested to the widespread benefits of afterschool programs. Fortunately, a wide variety of research ranging from quantitative studies and polls to qualitative reports and field observations has corroborated the need for afterschool enrichment.
Explore the Issue Brief
Building and using evidence in summer, afterschool and other out-of-school time settings.
Using resources provided by the American Rescue Plan (ARP), States, Districts and their partners have the opportunity to use out-of-school time (OST) to address the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on students, families, and their communities.
Explore Institute of Education Sciences
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Aung San Suu Kyi is known across the world as a devoted pro-democracy fighter and a beacon of perseverant light against autocracy. However, in recent months, global leaders and media have become particularly concerned about her response towards the persecution of Myanmar’s Muslim Rohingya minority. The UN has called the situation akin to ethnic cleansing, a claim which has been refuted by Aung San Suu Kyi. Baffled by her silence and refusal to condemn the crimes against the Rohingya, numerous people, including many of her fellow Nobel laureates, have appealed for her to speak for the Rohingya and stand up against the violence targeted towards them. There have even been calls to remove her Nobel Peace Prize, awarded for her decades-long stance against military dictatorship in Myanmar.
The purpose of removing Aung San Suu Kyi’s Nobel Prize would be a symbolic one: to communicate the world’s condemnation of crimes against the Rohingya and of her continued silence on the matter, and perhaps to incite a response from her. At the heart of the world’s interest in this crisis should be the welfare of the Rohingya. However, it is highly questionable whether removing the Noble Prize would significantly further this goal. The Nobel Institution has stated that retracting the prestigious prize is not a course of action pursued by its committee. What follows is a brief outline of the main reasons why I do not believe that removing the Nobel Prize would be a beneficial or appropriate course of action.
The Nobel Peace Prize was given to Aung San Suu Kyi as a recognition of her long and arduous fight against military dictatorship, during which she spent years under house-arrest, sacrificing much of her personal life to stand as a symbol for democracy and human rights. The current crisis and accusations of her complicity do not change the fact that she fought for peace and equal rights in a time when few others were able or willing to do so in Myanmar. World leaders recognised this and awarded her the Nobel Peace Prize. Removing her prize would signal that in the face of current events, none of her previous actions matter. Perhaps this would be a strong message that silence or compliance with clear human rights violations will not be tolerated. However, if Nobel Prizes can be retracted with the unfolding of new events, the point of the whole institution is drawn into question. Whether her Nobel Peace Prize is removed or not, Aung San Suu Kyi will always be in the records as having received it; this can never be changed.
Aung San Suu Kyi continues to have many supporters in Myanmar. Any influence that her Nobel Peace Prize has on their support is no doubt negligible. However, when representatives of foreign countries, especially developed countries whose power relationships with less developed countries are almost always skewed seek to pressure Myanmar’s de facto leader by removing an internationally recognised symbol of prestige, bitterness and souring of relations is inevitable. This exposes a whole new dynamic in this debate. Though world-renowned, the Nobel Institution is rooted in Western society, far-removed from the daily lives of many Myanmar citizens. Ultimately, the rhetoric regarding Aung San Suu Kyi’s Nobel Prize reveals the control exerted by wealthier nations, and could seem like another move by world powers to manipulate Myanmar’s politics. In other words, this becomes another power play, with the risk of spinning more resentment into a web of already complicated dynamics. The possible advantages to the Rohingya are hard to deduce.
There are no doubt those who hold hope in Aung San Suu Kyi, believing that she may be working behind the scenes, caught in a difficult situation where she must appease various different parties to maintain some semblance of stability, and that she may yet change course and speak out. Whatever the situation, stripping her of the Nobel Prize without proper investigation is a hasty response. Surely a Nobel laureate should be granted more consideration. Aung San Suu Kyi is now at the centre of discussions (and blame) in these violent attacks. It is important to acknowledge the entire picture and hold all those involved accountable.
Ultimately, calling for Aung San Suu Kyi’s Nobel Peace Prize to be removed is reactive and provocative. It will do no favours in creating dialogue between Aung San Suu Kyi, other world leaders, and Myanmar’s local population. If dialogue is not fostered, what immediate purpose could there be to this course of action? The plight of the Rohingya is catastrophic and without excuse. The point here is not to defend Aung San Suu Kyi but to question the purpose and justification for seeking to remove her Nobel Peace Prize. In the short term, I do not believe this would help the Rohingya in any way, despite the fact that international pressure is an important tool for intervening in clear human rights violations. It would be better to seek other channels for exerting this pressure, ones without the implications of this one.
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I am looking out at a gorgeous kelp-filled cove on the Northern California coast. Waves crash on jagged rocks, quarrelsome seabirds swoop and dive over the foam, and the tidepools around me teem with anemones, crabs, and tiny, tiny fish. This place appears as wild and pristine as any spot on the American seashore.
Until I look down at my feet. Because I am standing on an engine block.
At least I think that’s what it is. Some sort of geared mechanism is clearly visible inside a larger, rusty outline. But the whole thing is barely distinguishable from the surrounding rocks. It’s as though it’s being digested by the earth.
This is what is now known as Glass Beach in Mendocino County’s Fort Bragg. Until 1967, this land, owned by a lumber company, was referred to as “the Dumps.” Here, local citizens tossed the crap they were done using, including cars, appliances, and apparently a lot of empty bottles. Sometimes they lit the piles of refuse on fire.
Eventually the good people of Fort Bragg decided that the cove might be better off as something other than an enormous trash can, and they closed the area to dumping. Over the next few years, it was gradually cleaned up, and eventually the private land was transferred to the state and became part of a public park.
Today, it’s popular with people who (against regulations, as this is now considered an archeological site) collect the sea glass that permeates every inch of the sand. Two other glass beaches can be found nearby. On this, the most accessible beach, the pieces are mostly quite small, perhaps because they’ve been so thoroughly picked over. But they are everywhere, glittering white and green and brown and blue in the pebbly sand.
Person after person comes down to the shoreline, picks up a handful of sand, starts sifting though … and then just sits down in place, fixated on the multitude of glistening, rounded fragments, hundreds of pieces in any random sample, thousands within a few inches. You can’t stop looking. What treasure might surface in the next handful? Plenty of people load their pockets with the glass. It’s like a reverse dump, now.
Sea glass is one form of human detritus that doesn’t seem like an abomination when it gets mixed back into the environment. Even in the stark wild beauty of Mendocino County — or Hanapepe, Hawaii, or many other locations around the world where you can find other glass beaches — the evidence of human waste is not disturbing so much as it is fascinating.
But glass isn’t all the human junk you can find on this beach. It’s just the most obvious remnant of our carelessness. The remains of larger discards, like that engine block, have been essentially swallowed up by the rock as the waves have done their work in some process that remains mysterious to me. I found one large area where dozens of spark plugs jutted out from the craggy formations. You couldn’t pick up these bits of plastic and wire. They had, over the years, been embedded into the natural geology of the place.
Later in the day, the friend who took me to the beach said that being there made her feel hopeful about the future of Earth. If that one little place could turn from a flaming garbage dump into a gorgeous natural refuge in less than 50 years, maybe it meant that everything was going to be all right with the planet, right? Right?
Sure, I’d like to think so. Look in the right places, and you can feel optimistic. Former garbage dumps around the country and the world are being returned to nature, like Brookfield and Freshkills on New York’s Staten Island. From Israel to Australia, people are cleaning up and replanting where there used to be nothing but trash.
But while old garbage dumps are getting cleaned up, new ones are appearing, and not all are above the surface. In places like Indonesia, natural wonders like the Bunaken Island National Park are being inundated with garbage right now. In that remote location, garbage disposal methods are essentially what they were in Mendocino County in the mid-20th century. Refuse is dumped by the side of the road and washes out to sea in the rainy season, ending up as litter on some of the most beautiful coral reefs in the world.
The more I thought about it, the more the glass beach at Fort Bragg seemed like a bad reason to feel hopeful. There are only about 7,000 people living in the town; it is relatively easy to get rid of the cast-offs from so few. But even they are still producing waste that goes somewhere. Not into a beautiful rocky cove, but somewhere.
We can fool ourselves into thinking that the planet can digest our garbage, or our carbon. We can look at a place like Glass Beach and tell ourselves how pretty the shiny bits of human debris are when the waves wash over them.
Or we can look closer, and see the evidence of our own destructive nature, right under our feet. And try to do better.
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Domain Driven Design contains the core idea that you develop a software to resolve a problem that exist in a defined domain. Understanding this domain is the key to your success as a software provider. This domain is usually understood by so called domain experts that basically will use your software to simplify their daily work.
I think DDD is mostly useful when you need to build a solution that is pretty complex and cross domains. The interesting thing about DDD is, for it to be successful, it will also influence your Organisation.
II. Domain Driven Design
a. Knowledge Crunching
Knowledge crunching consist of getting / extraction as much information as possible from the domain experts. To do so, several methods exist:
- Domain Story telling:
- Like the title explain it, we basically ask the domain experts to talk about their daily work in scenarios and document it as domain stories.
- I would basically use it when there are story to actually tell, or the defined person knows how this entire story is. The reason is that maybe a process is separated in different steps and different domain experts have different point of view what they need and how they do it. Ex: I get something from there and do something with it. But I do not know if this is the final step or not.
- Useful free tooling would be: http://domainstorytelling.org/
- Whirlpool describe a process where, as software expert, you define a set of scenarios with the domain experts, create than a fast model, than a fast prototype and then challenge them with the domain experts again. The output of the challenge, brings us back to point 1: define new set of scenarios, …
The key goal is generate as much discussions with the domain experts before you implement the final solution.
It is mostly to compare to extreme programing and TDD.
- Very time consuming for both side, but has the advantage to be "agile" and learn a lot about the domain. It may not be applicable when the solution is to big.
- Useful link: http://domainlanguage.com/ddd/whirlpool/
- Event storming:
- Define all possible events that can occur in a domain and cluster them in contexts. It is called: drawing a "big picture". Afterwards, you have to do a "strategic event storming". In this step, you document what are the commands for these events, who are the actors, and later on put them in aggregates.
- You need to do a workshop with all domain experts that cover with their knowhow the entire domain. It can be fun to do it, it just costs a lot of time for all of them to be present. If the workshop fails (ex: the domain experts found it useless), it may have direct consequences on your project.
- Useful link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_storming
b. Tactical Design with Bounded Contexts
Tactical Design is used to be able to build different models to represent the same element / domain. The idea is through different aspects and models, I can overcome the complexity of the domain.
Therefore, if I have a model, it needs to have explicit boundaries to understand when I should refer to it or to another one. We call such models, bounded contexts.
Information transiting between two models are called Domain events and can be in the implementation compared to pipes in the pipe & filter architecture pattern.
To cut your domain in different bounded contexts, you can look at where are the boundaries in the processes, in the company structure, in the different domain experts, in the subtleties of a same element are. You can use the following method to find out:
- Domain Story telling collection:
- After collecting a big number of stories of different domain experts, you can
- identify which entity are part of the process(es)
- A story has contains usually a point of view from the domain expert who explained the story. It could describe a specific bounded context.
- After collecting a big number of stories of different domain experts, you can
- Event storming output end discussion:
- After the domain experts finished describing by events their domain, you should automatically have events clustering on some places of the board. A cluster probably gives you a hint, it may be a bounded context. There must also be events that create a transition to another bounded context. With a pen, you can cut the board in different bounded context. Include the domain experts when you cut it! They will help you cutting it but also help you finding correct names for these contexts!
c. Tactical Design with Subdomains
To continue on our structuration of a specific domain, we can cluster one or many bounded contexts within a subdomain (the other way around is strictly forbidden!). A subdomain is a partial representation of a domain.
Tactical design with subdomains has the following base: Not all of a large system will be well-designed! Therefore, we need to prioritize which domain or subdomain needs to be clean and well designed and which not. To do so we need to tag the different domains / subdomains with:
- Core (sub)Domain:
- Business domain
- Domain where the success of the company directly depend on
- Domain that allows the company to differentiate itself with the concurrences. (USP)
- Ex: eCommerce: referencing strategy in Google
- Supporting (sub)Domain:
- Domain providing the set of needed information for the core domain to be fully functional
- Does not contain USPs, but is still specific to our domain
- Ex: eCommerce: statistic information gathering for the referencing strategy
- Generic (sub)Domain:
- Domain needed for the full solution to be operational
- Does not contain any USPs, is even not specific to our domain. It can probably be bought.
- Ex: eCommerce: usage of the google analytics platform
- Kano-model: allow us to remember what is important for the customer and what should be clean and well designed, and what not.
- Brownfield Strategic Design: how to clean-up or refactor an existing system which is monolithic (also called sometimes: Big Ball of Mud)
- Identify the different subdomains and their domain terms in the monolith
- Duplicate code of one subdomain and eliminate all functionalities that does not belong in
- Build a small interface for this subdomain to the rest of the source code
After having a so called "Modulith", we can separate the different modules into microservices if needed.
d. Context mapping
When we have a clear representation of what our sub-domains are and our bounded contexts, we need to identify / define the link between the different bounded contexts. This is called context mapping.
After linking the different contexts, you need to define the type of relation they will have. The following "collaboration models" exist:
- The different contexts responsible define together the interface to have between the 2 contexts.
- It means: regular sync meetings, CI, high synchronization effort needed.
- Separate ways:
- The different contexts responsible do not think working together generate enough value and decide to implemented themselves the needed elements from the other context.
- It means: no sync, everybody has its own specific solution.
- The upstream, supplier-team implement the needed services
- The downstream, customer-team use the services and influence also how the service should look like
- The upstream, conformist, has a set of services defined, conform to all their customers
- The downstream, customer use the services and has to live with the change decisions of the conformist
- Ex: SAP system, AWS micro-services, DOORS… you have to live with what they propose and cannot really influence the service API.
Technically, the following designs exists to implement the decided "collaboration model":
- Private APIs:
- The bounded context has its interfaces declared in house and are only accessible of the access is granted…
- The bounded context defined a common protocol or interface for the usage of their services. Everything is clear documented and always accessible.
- Shared Kernel:
- The two bounded contexts agreed to have shared element(s) used in both context and maintained by both. High synchronization is needed here.
- Ex: In the Bank industry, the IBAN could be one shared element.
On the defined, used interface, you can add another design model to define the content that transit:
- Published Language:
- Name given to a clear API documentation. Usually the documentation is written with a state of the art tool.
- Ex: Doxygen, REST, JSON schema, Protobuf,…
- Anti-Corruption Layer:
- Name given to adaption / wrapping of services providing by another bounded context.
- You would basically use it to remove direct dependencies to conformist services.
e. Ubiquitous Language
The key idea here is:
- To learn to speak the same language as the domain experts.
- Do not bring any software technical language in the discussions.
- Reflect in your software the domain knowhow by naming the classes, functions with the specific domain name for these objects or actions.
- Write a glossary to document the wordings.
Each bounded context has its own ubiquitous language.
The domain specific words are usually contained in the output of an event storming or domain story telling.
Remark: When you do not know how you can resolve a problem technically, involve the domain expert for a workaround!!
f. Domain Model Patterns
A Domain model pattern will be basically used to define the design within a bounded context. There are really many possible pattern here. Some are easier to understand than others:
Layer architecture pattern:
Everybody know what it is.
- Idea: UX layer --> Application layer --> Domain layer --> Infrastructure layer
Fowler's domain logic pattern:
- Transaction scripts:
- Describe and execute and persist a (domain) transaction.
- Fast to implement but if we end up with 200 scripts, maintainability starts to be very difficult.
- Table modules:
- Domain logic embedded in a class to handle a specific database table.
- Domain models:
- Simple OO-modelling.
Remark: Domain named entities with no domain behaviour (ex: Java Beans) has the consequence to build an anaemic domain model. This makes the maintainability and logic worst.
Cockburn's hexagon architecture pattern:
It mostly looks like an onion,
- In the center, we have the domain specific knowhow.
- After we have the ports layer
- After we have the adaption layer
- Link: https://declara.com/content/va7eLmgJ (The original site is under construction…)
Uncle Bob's clean architecture pattern:
Similar to the previous pattern with the following ideas:
- In the center, we have the Entities --> Enterprise Business Rules / Domain knowhow
- After we have the Use Cases --> Application Business Rules
- After we have the Controllers / GWs / Presenters --> Interface Adapters
- After we have the Devices / Web / UI / DB / External Interfaces --> Frameworks & Devices
Some images can be found in: https://www.entropywins.wtf/blog/2018/08/14/clean-architecture-bounded-contexts/
Remark: Each API applied in the DDD should follow the CQS (Command-Query-Separation) Principle from Bertrand Meyer. A method has an action, it is a command. A method read something, it is a query. Mixing both should be forbidden! It reduce readability…
g. Tactical Design with Building Blocks
After having defined the design pattern for the bonded context, we need to define what does the "core" contains. We have here a slightly different building blocks structure compared to the traditional UML ones:
- Object existing in the bounded context (shall have the right domain name)
- Example: a pen, a mobile phone,… There are unique objects.
- Object values:
- It is not an object… It is a value with some information about the value.
- It is an immutable object. It can contain some functions, but the output will always be the same.
- Ex: a temperature -> attribute: raw_value, methods: get_C(), get_F(), get_K()
- Group of entities & object values represented by a root-entity.
- When an application need something, it has to communicate via the root-entity.
- This way, you protect yourself from consistency and integrity issues.
- A repository is a collection of aggregates.
- It provides an access point to the aggregates (we are talking here also from persistence)
- Contains behaviours /transition states for the above elements.
- Ex: If you have two aggregates that depends on each other: an action/result from one, needs to trigger something to the other one. Than you build a service on top.
- When you need to generate and initialize complex aggregates (including what they contain), a factory is the solution. By initializing, it ensure that the content is consistent (persistency included)
There are also some small rules that needs to be taken care:
- Entities can contain other entities and object values.
- Object values are forbidden to contain entities! But they can contain other object values.
- When an aggregate exist, you are only allowed to use the root-entity. Accessing internal entities is forbidden…
- … With one exception, a factory, in case of complex aggregates. For simple elements, you do not need a factory!
Please do not forget to consider the CQS Principle (see above)
III. Additional Details
a. Event Sourcing
Name given to the mechanism to persist:
- Aggregates as a whole
- Events occurring in the system (results, status changes,…).
b. CQRS (Command-Query-Responsibility-Segregation)
It is a friend of the CQS-principle.
The idea is instead of having within one Entity, methods regarding queries and methods regarding commands, you create two entities, one for the queries, one for the commands.
It can be interesting if you
- Have two different (data) models for commands & queries.
- Want to create a command store containing all commands.
A micro-service is an encapsulation of a service into a unit that:
- Possess its own data structure
- Can be deployed alone
- Possess its own process or VM
- Uses a standardised communication infrastructure to access 3rd and to be accessible (REST)
To link to the DDD, a microservice shall be/represent exactly one bounded context.
Remark: Micro-service or not, for a bounded context, II. f. and II. g. applies for its architecture & design.
d. WAM (Werkzeug, Automat, Material)
This is a German concept that existed before the DDD but did not become popular enough. The only big difference with the DDD is about the Type of entities:
- Entity that work, transform material
- Active entity
- Entity that can be worked on.
- Passive entity
- DDD is applicable on big systems.
- When we start a DDD from scratch, for it to be deployed successfully, we will have an inverted Conways law: The architecture is reflected into the organisation.
- Have fun 🙂
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It might have happened anyway. After all, global warming is melting Arctic permafrost just fine without help from microbiologists, and within that permafrost are potentially all sorts of bad and very strange things waiting to be revived—like giant viruses.
Especially giant viruses.
For their part, scientists haven't had a very hard time finding those giant viruses. From a single sample of Siberian permafrost, they've managed to come up with two so far. The first of those, Pithovirus sibericum, was discovered/isolated last year, while the most recent find, Mollivirus sibericum, is described in a study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Both are examples of rare giant viruses, e.g. those easily visible using optical microscopes.
So, are these giant viruses going to wipe out human civilization? Well, the work was done in a top secret CDC lab, according to an AFP report. The microbiologists behind the find, a group drawn mostly from institutions in France and Russia, assure that before "waking" the virus up they will need to verify that it is harmless to humans. This will be accomplished by using the virus to infect single-celled amoeba, which will serve as its host.
Image: Claverie et al
"A few viral particles that are still infectious may be enough, in the presence of a vulnerable host, to revive potentially pathogenic viruses," study co-author Jean-Michel Claverie told AFP. "If we are not careful, and we industrialise these areas without putting safeguards in place, we run the risk of one day waking up viruses such as small pox that we thought were eradicated." That is sort of reassuring, I guess.
Mollivirus sibericum is only the fourth known giant virus. All of them date from pre-historic times. The first find came in 2003 with the identification of the Mimivirus family, enormous viruses that were first isolated in 1992 in water taken from a cooling tower during a pneumonia outbreak (caused by bacteria, not the virus). The Mimiviruses come equipped with a startling 979 protein-encoding genes, (at the time of discovery) vastly more than any other known virus. Influenza A, for example, comes with a mere eight genes, while the minimum to be considered a virus is four. By an almost incomprehensible degree, these are the most complex viruses known.
After the Mimiviruses were discovered, the next giant viruses found by researchers were the Megaviruses and Pandoraviruses (read the name again, just in case), isolated from water samples taken in both Chile and Australia. This family offers the largest viral genomes so far discovered, with 2,556 protein-encoding genes. Then came the first Siberian giant virus, Pithovirus sibericum, in 2014.
"Our results suggest that giant viruses are much more diverse than initially assumed and demonstrate that infectious viral particles with different replications schemes are present in old Siberian permafrost layers," the current study notes. Eventually uncovering a dangerous virus isn't all that far-fetched.
"Although no read sequences were close enough to detect known Poxvirus and Herpesvirus isolates in the metagenome of our permafrost sample," the researchers conclude, "we cannot rule out that distant viruses of ancient Siberian human (or animal) populations could reemerge as arctic permafrost layers melt and/or are disrupted by industrial activities."
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The Eastern Cottonwood is a fast-growing deciduous tree that prefers stream banks and other moist areas but is adaptable and does well almost anywhere. Dark green leaves in summer turn to yellow in the fall. Seeds tend to cover areas causing concern.
- Catkins appear in spring before leaves
- Best used away from residential areas due to large size and weak wood
- Provides food and shelter for wildlife
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How Japanese Really Feel About U.S. – Stereotypes in Japan
Japan and the United States have very close relationship despite of the complicated history.
In this article, I will explain how ordinary people in Japan really feel about the US, and some stereotypes about America that exist in Japan.
Table of Contents
The History of Japan and US Relationship
It is not a long time ago that Japan and the United States started having a relationship.
Because of the isolation policy (Sakoku) during Edo period, Japan didn’t have any foreign ties over 220 years except for Dutch.
However, in 1853 known as the start of the Bakumatsu period (End of Edo Era), the American Black Ships commanded by Matthew Perry forced the opening of Japan to the United States.
This is the moment that Japan and the United States started having relationship in their history.
When it comes to politics, there are so many types of people and opinions, but overall Japanese people see the US in a good way.
There are so much American culture that affects and been affecting Japan, as well as Japan has to the US.
According to this article, 30% to 50% of Japanese people have favorable views on the US.
Why doesn’t Japan hate the U.S.?
Japan and the United States were in the war against each other throughout WWII.
In August 1945, America dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulting the death of over 200,000 Japanese citizens.
With such a complicated history between two nations, it is very unprecedented that Japan is now politically and socially very friendly to the US.
The answer is disputable, but probably because they moved on for the future.
Now, let’s see how Japan actually sees the United States and some stereotypes about Americans in Japan..
America is the Nation of FREEDOM
America is the Nation of Freedom.
The majority of Japanese people think American people live in a lively life with a full of energy.
Actually, compering the Japanese culture and the American culture, they are totally opposite with one another.
I think one of the most apparent difference is how people express their feelings toward others and how they deal with the social dispute.
In Japan, people tend to avoid controversial things and do not want to argue with other people.
So people tend to control their emotion reading how other people think of themselves.
Even if they do not want to go to Nomikai (Drinking party) with their colleague, they would not say “no”.
However, it is a completely different story in the United States.
People always tell what they think of, how they feel, and why they think that way.
If you do not like it, then tell it straight if in America!
Of course, it is totally simplified.
But it is true Japan sees America and its people as the full of freedom.
America is SO BIG
It is true everything in America is big.
Geographically, America is 25 times bigger than Japan. Many Japanese people’s perceptions about America is how big America is.
One of the most known American culture is the portion of meal in America.
American Food – Japanese think of
What American food Japanese people think of when they are asked is a big hamburger like the picture above.
And a big typical American dream house with a huge garage and a pool.
A House In America – Japanese think of
A lot of Japanese people believe American life is like living in a huge house and barbecuing hamburgers at a pool side.
Thanks to movies that America makes, it is a common perception of America to Japanese people.
America is a dangerous place with a full of guns
People are allowed to own a gun in America, but not in Japan.
While Japan is a country that has one of the least crime rates related to gun violence and strictly bans its people to own a gun, it is not so rare to see gun crimes taken place in the United States on Japanese news.
No wonder why Japanese have such stereotypes about America.
For Japanese mindset, it is very weird that people can own a gun.
They have to take so many medical steps and lessons to be allowed for owning a hunting gun.
But in America, people can buy a gun in a typical store without checking their medical conditions or any lessons.
Most of Japanese people have positive views on the United States in spite of the complicated history.
If you have a Japanese friend, ask how they see America, maybe they would answer just like those written above.
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Afghanistan Table of Contents
To justify his plan, Auckland issued the Simla Manifesto in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. The manifesto stated that in order to insure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on India's western frontier. The British pretense that their troops were merely supporting Shuja's small army in retaking what was once his throne fooled no one. Although the Simla Manifesto stated that British troops would be withdrawn as soon as Shuja was installed in Kabul, Shuja's rule depended entirely on British arms to suppress rebellion and on British funds to buy the support of tribal chiefs. The British denied that they were invading Afghanistan, instead claiming they were merely supporting its legitimate Shuja government "against foreign interference and factious opposition."
From the British point of view, the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) (often called "Auckland's Folly") was an unmitigated disaster, despite the ease with which Dost Mohammad was deposed and Shuja enthroned. An army of British and Indian troops set out from the Punjab in December 1838 and reached Quetta by late March 1839. A month later, the British took Qandahar without a battle. In July, after a two-month delay in Qandahar, the British attacked the fortress of Ghazni, overlooking a plain leading to India, and achieved a decisive victory over Dost Mohammad's troops led by one of his sons. Dost Mohammad fled with his loyal followers across the passes to Bamian, and ultimately to Bukhara. In August 1839, after almost thirty years, Shuja was again enthroned in Kabul. Some British troops returned to India, but it soon became clear that Shuja's rule could only be maintained with the presence of British forces. After he unsuccessfully attacked the British and their Afghan protégé, Dost Mohammad surrendered to them and was exiled in India in late 1840.
By October 1841, however, disaffected Afghan tribes were flocking to support Dost Mohammad's son, Mohammad Akbar, in Bamian. On January 1, 1842, their presence no longer wanted, an agreement was reached that provided for the safe exodus of the British garrison and its dependents from Afghanistan. Five days later, the retreat began, and as they struggled through the snowbound passes, the British were attacked by Ghilzai warriors. Although Dr. W. Brydon is frequently mentioned as the only survivor of the march to Jalalabad--out of a column of more than 16,000 (consisting of about 4,500 military personnel, both British and Indian, along with as many as 12,000 camp followers) who undertook the retreat--a few more survived as prisoners and hostages. His British protectors gone, Shuja remained in power only a few months before being assassinated in April 1842.
The complete destruction of the garrison prompted brutal retaliation by the British against the Afghans and touched off yet another power struggle for dominance of Afghanistan. In the fall of 1842, British forces from Qandahar and Peshawar entered Kabul just long enough to rescue the few British prisoners and burn the Great Bazaar. Although the foreign invasion provided the Afghan tribes with a temporary sense of unity they had previously lacked, the loss of life and property was followed by a bitter resentment of foreign influence.
The Russians advanced steadily southward toward Afghanistan in the three decades after the First Anglo-Afghan War. In 1842 the Russian border was on the other side of the Aral Sea from Afghanistan, but five short years later the tsar's outposts had moved to the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. By 1865 Tashkent had been formally annexed, as was Samarkand three years later. A peace treaty in 1868 with Amir Muzaffar al-Din, the ruler of Bukhara, virtually stripped him of his independence. Russian control now extended as far as the northern bank of the Amu Darya.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress
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FARMERS - HUNGRY GAP
Feeding Farmland Birds :
Higher Level Stewardship scheme
" The Hungry Gap" December/ January to March/April
The reason for the hungry gap is primarily that there is simply not enough natural food in our countryside today, but also not enough sown bird food patches. We know very well that UK bird numbers swell through winter migration from colder climates moving to and through the UK so there are more mouths to feed.
In years gone by winter food came from open grain stores, many more livestock farms throughout the country, and all these cattle required feeding and this was traditionally supplied through feeding concentrates, hay and silage and so on, there were also more weedy crops and stubbles. But with tighter control on grain stores and huge changes in farming practises there is now a shortage of readily available food during the hungry gap.
Despite years of trying there seems to be no suitable mix or plant species that fill the hungry gap, generally January to April. Most plants shed seeds readily, that’s what they are designed to do, and the ones that don’t (eg fodder radish) are opened by birds and eaten. These plants tend to run out of seed supply in December / January and new natural spring food will start around April time.
Gamekeepers are familiar with supplementary feeding and this basic principal is now being adopted within stewardship schemes. The research that was carried out by CEH (Centre of Ecology and Hydrology), BTO (British Trust of Ornithology) and WFC (Wildlife Farming Company) has lead to new options under ELS and HLS to supplementary feed in winter for farmland birds. These new options came in on the 1st January 2013 and are available to agreements that started on or after 1st February 2007.
We supply bespoke wild bird seed mixtures to farms throughout the country, herewith are some examples of mixes available.
Hungry Gap Mix 1 Price on application
Re cleaned Wheat 600 Kg, Whole Oats 140 Kg, Yellow Millet 20 Kg , Canary Seed 30 Kg, Linseed 75 Kg , Sunflower Hearts 10 kg, Red Millet 15 Kg, Oil Seed Rape 50 Kg. Black Sunflower Seeds 60 Kg
Hungry Gap Mix 2 Price on application
A few customer references.
Cotswold Grass Seeds Direct are happy to recommend Well Fed Bird's Hungry Gap mixes.
Growing bird seed mixes together with supplementary feeding over the winter "Hungry Gap"(Jan-Apr) is arguably the best way to support farmland birds during the colder months, providing a regular constant source of food. Well Fed Bird's Hungry Gap mixtures are highly recommended. John and the team are friendly and helpful, and their service is quick and efficient. 10/9/2018
I would recommend using Well Fed Birds mix . Our HLS project advisor was happy with the choice of mixes. The feed comes in easy to manage Bags which aids managing . There is only one invoice to show if necessary.
I am always far busier than I anticipate with the cattle in December and having done the sourcing of individual seeds and liaised with the project officer to the correct mix I sometimes start feeding later than anticipated... Well Fed Birds mix saves me a lot of time and energy, and makes this job much easier.
Bird population has gone up noticeably since started supplementary feeding, Well Fed Bird’s different mixes target what is needed.
I feel I have saved time, energy and money buying Well Fed Bird mixes,I find buying in bulk from one supplier simplifies keeping the records that the scheme requires.
Beef and Arable farmer, Wiltshire
Just to say that we are delighted with your service, and seed we have bought from you over the last few years.
Because we need to buy large quantities for our winter bird feeding commitment on the farm, it has been great to have someone to give us expert advice on the best mixes, and bag sizes for our needs.
The birds seem very happy about the service too!
F W Jones & Son
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Kriya Yoga, a spiritual practice, was passed down through the ages by divine revelation. In the Satya Yug, God revealed it to King Manu, the first king, and lawgiver. In the Treta Yug, the Gurus of Lord Rama Chandra continued to teach it. In the Dwapara Yug, Lord Sri Krishna, our ancient Kriya Yoga Guru, taught it as mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 4, Verses 1, 2, and 3. In the present Kali Yug, Mahavatar Babaji passed it on, and it was continued by Yogiraj Shyama Charan Lahiri Mahasaya and our lineage of Gurus.
Kriya Yoga was refined by Mahavatar Babaji for a more focused and organized approach. In the 19th century, Mahavatar Babaji summoned Lahiri Mahashaya to his Cave Ashram in the Dronagiri Mountains near Ranikhet, India, where he imparted all the techniques of Kriya Yoga over an extended period.
Lahiri Mahashaya was a highly accomplished yogi of the 19th century. He demonstrated through his role as a family man and breadwinner that Kriya Yoga can be practiced alongside fulfilling material and societal responsibilities. His spiritual awareness transcended the boundaries of time and space.
Sri Yukteswar, an Indian scholar and yogi, was a significant disciple of Lahiri Mahashaya. He was well-versed in astronomy and astrology and had a profound impact on advancing knowledge in these fields.
Sri Yukteswar is the author of the book “The Holy Science” which he wrote at the request of Babaji, who appeared before him during the Kumbha Mela in Allahabad. Babaji asked Sri Yukteswar to demonstrate the underlying unity of all religions. The book was released in 1894.
Sri Yukteswar imparted the teachings of Kriya Yoga to many students, and his disciple Paramahansa Yogananda emerged as the most prominent ambassador of Kriya Yoga. He traveled to the United States to disseminate the philosophy of Kriya Yoga globally.
His objective and purpose were to share precise and reliable, scientific methods for experiencing the personal realization of God among individuals from all backgrounds and nations. His book “Autobiography of a Yogi” has been a source of inspiration for many people.
Swami Narayana Giri was a devoted student of Sri Yukteswar and served him for nearly 20 years. He devoted his life to Sri Yukteswar’s service and initiated many students into the practices of Kriya Yoga. He established an ashram with farmland and a monastic school in Bhisindipur, West Bengal, India.
Swami Satyananda Giri was one of the foremost disciples of Sri Yukteswar. After having resided in several places all over India, he finally settled in West Bengal to serve society. Swami Satyananda had many disciples. He was president of the Yogoda Karar Ashram, Puri, Odisha, India, and The Ranchi School in Jharkhand, India.
Also in this tradition is the monk and neurologist Paramahansa Atmananda. He was born into a devout and scholarly family in Bhawanipatna, Odisha, India. He has been committed to God since childhood and practiced Yoga, drawing inspiration from spiritual leaders such as Advaita Guru Totapuri, Swami Sivananda Saraswati, Ramana Maharshi, Swami Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, and other great saints. Prior to becoming a monk, he was a highly accomplished medical doctor and had a life as a householder.
Paramahansa Atmananda Ji, formerly known as Dr. S.S. Chand, is a member of the Association of Physicians of India, the Indian Medical Association, and the Indian Association of Occupational Health. His expertise in Internal Medicine and Neurology, the study of the brain and nervous system, greatly aided his understanding and instruction of Kriya Yoga as a scientific method for achieving Self and God-realization.
Paramhansa Atmananda Ji believes that life should be lived in a healthy, positive, happy, loving, helpful, and harmonious way. By practicing Kriya Yoga daily, one can improve the quality of their life. The earlier in life you start, the better. And remember, you are never alone, God is always with you and is the ultimate source of help.
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Photo by Shahadat Rahman on Unsplash
Python: Why It's Trendy And What It's For | EDUCATION WITH PAPERHELP
3 min read
We talked about writing tips in our previous article, and I showed you my favorite paper writer service. This article offers you to know more about Python. If you know the world of programming, you may know Python. To give you some context, Python is a programming language interpreted through the readability of its code. It is a multiparadigm programming language, as it partially supports object-oriented, imperative programming and, to a lesser extent, functional programming.
Python allows the possibility of creating an open code that is simple and saves time and other resources, facilitating the application and understanding. It also has an extensive library of tools and resources that make it unique and popular.
This series of factors and others have caused a moderate boom in the use of Python, where there are already millions of people and companies that use it every day. Both in their work to develop web applications and analyze data, automate operations, and create secure and scalable business applications. In fact, large companies such as Netflix, PayPal, Google, Uber and Facebook work with this code.
This language can be interpreted, which allows anyone with programming skills to use and interpret it. It has a number of features that make it unique, giving advantages in its use:
Free: It is an open source language, this means that it is open source that you do not have to pay any license to use it.
Great community: It is backed by a great support in libraries, applications and other platforms. Many people consult and answer the doubts of others, as it is common knowledge.
Multiparadigm language: You can combine different programming factors, this gives flexibility and ease when learning independently.
It is not limited: its applications are multi-paradigmatic, which allows it to be used in different fields, from web design to artificial intelligence.
Available for all platforms: It can be executed and carried out on different websites, platforms or operating systems such as Linux or Windows, using the correct interpreter for each one.
What is it for?
As previously mentioned, the main purpose of Python is the automation of processes to save time and other problems that may arise. At a professional level it is a lot and these processes are reduced with the code in a very short and simple way. This allows it to work on both platforms and operating systems.
Its use is very varied, you have seen that the sectors it covers are infinite, but there are some that are repeated and are the most demanded:
Machine learning: its development serves for the field of machine learning, automatic learning that with the library will adapt easily and quickly.
Data science: In data research, such as data analysis and visualization, it is widely used. It can create graphs and visual representations of different types.
Vision and image processing: developers can work to get a vision through the computer and thus detect vision in applications.
Web development: They build and work back-end, the part of web development that makes sure all the logic of a web page works, from applications to other platforms.
Computer Science: It serves to educate programming since its syntax is easy and can be learned quickly.
Other fields in which it is widely used are the creation of video games, neuroscience, astronomy, psychology, medicine, biology and pharmacology.
As you can see, it offers many advantages, but it is true that it can be slower than Java or C/C++, because it is an interpreted language and not compiled, but this is not a problem.
Read more interesting articles:
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Most Notable Free Essay Example Directories
This list of Christmas gifts for college students
TOP 10 Websites for Free Essay Help Online Every Student Must Know
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In Israeli Kindergartens, An Early Lesson In The Holocaust
Starting Wednesday night at sunset, Israel marked Holocaust Remembrance Day. Commemorations continued in schools around the country Thursday, including in kindergarten classes.
This year, Israel is fully implementing a Holocaust curriculum for kindergartners.
"We need to teach the kindergarten teachers what to do on Yom Hashoah, because they have to make sense of the day," says Yael Richler-Friedman, using the Hebrew name for the remembrance day.
She is a teacher trainer at Yad Vashem, Israel's World Holocaust Remembrance Center, and she helped write the kindergarten materials. They are part of a new comprehensive Holocaust studies program for Israeli students of all ages that was unveiled two years ago.
The program took time to take root, Richler-Friedman says, in part because of bureaucracy, but also because of the difficult subject.
"A lot of times, I see teachers and they say, 'Don't speak with me about it,' " she says. The teachers tell her, "It will take me to dark places. I don't want it."
But they can't avoid it in Israel. Even in kindergarten.
Every year on Holocaust Remembrance Day, an air raid siren wails for two full minutes. Around the country, people stop whatever they're doing — driving, working, talking — to stand still and remember. Even on highways, cars come to a halt.
The evening before, regular TV shows are canceled and special Holocaust-themed programming airs. Shops close early.
Nava Ron, a veteran kindergarten teacher, says 4- and 5-year-olds know this day is different.
"You can't ignore it. It exists. There's the siren," she said, sitting in a low blue plastic chair in Jerusalem's "Rainbow" kindergarten. "Our job is to keep them calm and not give them too much information."
This morning, she brought together her six oldest kindergarten students for a special conversation.
"Good morning, children," she said.
"Good morning," they chorused.
Then she began: "This is a very special day."
In 10 minutes, Ron touched on all the main points that Israel's education ministry wants communicated to kindergartners. First, she tells them the Holocaust is something that happened a long time ago, in a country far away from here.
Then she asks the children what they know about it. One child says Israeli soldiers protect them now. Another pipes up and says at that time, the whole world was at war.
Ron agrees. She directs the conversation toward democracy, tolerance and other ways to solve conflicts.
Richler-Friedman, the Holocaust educator, says Israel standardized the kindergarten material, in part, because some teachers were saying too much. "Telling them about the gas chambers. The horrible person who wanted to kill all Jews and if he would live today, also he would want to kill all the Jews. Something that is very frightening. Even sometimes using pictures. Horrible pictures," Richler-Friedman says.
Last year, some Israeli parents were outraged when their children came home on Holocaust Remembrance Day wearing yellow stars, the symbol Nazis forced Jews to wear to label and discriminate against them.
Another problem Richler-Friedman regularly sees is kindergarten teachers who simply avoid discussing the Holocaust, despite all the references children are regularly exposed to in Israel. Some, she says, pretend the siren is an emergency drill or an ambulance.
"Saying the siren is an ambulance or something like that — it's not an educational act," Richler-Friedman said. "It's lying."
But she is sympathetic, saying kindergarten teachers face the same struggle many people do when they really consider the Holocaust.
It can't be forgotten. But it contradicts the humanity people want to pass on to their children.
Don Futterman, director of the Israel Center for Educational Innovation, still remembers terrible Holocaust photos he says he saw when he was way too young. When the siren began Thursday, he stopped his car, got out and saw other things.
"I could see a building-sized billboard advertising new hoodie sweatshirts," he says. "I could see the Israeli flag in my car. I could see all these other things of life that [are] going on since then. And I thought, that also makes sense. That was right. Because life does continue."
Back in Jerusalem's "Rainbow" kindergarten, Nava Ron gathered all the children just before the siren started Thursday, and invited them to make the siren sound. They all knew how. When the real one began, some of them came to her for a hug.
When the wail faded away, "OK," she said. "Now back to our routine."
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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Why it is so important to understand what sustainability means? After reading this part you will know the meaning of sustainability and the impact to environment which constructions sector brings today
A work plan is an outline of a set of goals and processes by which a team and/or person can accomplish those goals, and offering a better understanding of the scope of the project. Work plans help a team and/or person stay organized while working on projects. Through work plans, you break down a process into small, achievable tasks and identify the things you want to accomplish (source: https://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Work-Plan)
Green building, also known as sustainable building, refers to the design, construction, and operation of buildings that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout their entire lifecycle.
In this part you will find out, that:
1. Passive solar design involves using the sun's energy to heat and cool living spaces without mechanical devices. This is achieved through the use of proper orientation, insulation, windows, and thermal mass.
2. Passive cooling reduces heat in a building through natural processes such as ventilation, shading, and radiant barriers.
3. Passive solar windows are designed to increase energy efficiency by minimizing heat loss and gain.
4. The roof of a passive solar building is crucial in maximizing solar gain and energy efficiency.
5. Photovoltaic devices convert solar radiation into electricity and are a popular form of renewable energy. Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source that generates electricity from sunlight.
6. There are three types of solar power systems: on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid. Proper mounting systems for solar panels are necessary for correct installation and positioning in any solar energy system.
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People who have been blind since a young age can sometimes learn to develop a sort of low-grade echolocation. This technique, used by the likes of Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Ronnie Milsap, and Ben Underwood, works much the same way as it does in bats and dolphins. But people who have just recently lost their sight can't harness this ability innately. They need the vOICe to do it for them.
Invented by Dr. Peter B.L. Meijer, Principal Scientist at the Netherland's Hemics BV in 1982, the vOICe (as in "Oh, I See") is what's known as a sensory substitution device (SSDs). SSDs instigate a mechanical synthesia—transforming visual information into audible representations—in order to overcome a lost sensory ability. The image below is that of Dr. Meijer mid-conversion.
The vOICe consists of a glasses-mounted camera for collecting visual data, a backpack-carried laptop running the conversion software, and headphones to project the converted sound into the patient's ears, scanning left to right like a sonar sweep. While Meijer did come up with the idea in the early '80s it wasn't until nearly two decades later in 1998 that the necessary components had shrunk to portable sizes and even that used a desktop webcam—which was quickly replaced with a pair of those "spy" sunglasses you find in Skymall. The system still uses spy glasses, though users can also download the software to their smartphone and use its camera instead.
As the vOICe website explains:
The vOICe converts images captured by a camera into "soundscapes" delivered to the user through headphones at a default rate of one soundscape per second. Each soundscape is a left to right scan of the visual scene with frequency representing the image's vertical axis and loudness representing brightness... The user therefore experiences a series of "snapshots" passing from the left to the right ear.
Some studies have suggested that the brain adapts to the long-term use of these devices, rewiring itself to "see" sounds, like Daredevil. Claire Cheskin, a long-time user of the vOICe, told New Scientist that she can interpret full images roughly akin to her lost sight just by listening. "I've sailed across the English Channel and across the North Sea, sometimes using the vOICe to spot landmarks," she said. "The lights on the land were faint but the vOICe could pick them up." What's more, some skilled users able to do the same without the aid of the SSD. The next step will, obviously, be Geordi LaForge-style visors. [PopSci - SeeingWithSound 1, 2, 3 - Images: Seeing With Sound, diagram (below): New Scientist]
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Shrubs, vines, low-growing perennials, and grasses can be used for landscaping. Landscapers and homeowners use bright, dramatic plants to accentuate exterior areas. With its fast growth, 6-foot growth, and exuberant colors, the yellow bird of paradise is the perfect outdoor plant. However, growing this desert plant successfully can be challenging for starters.
The yellow bird of paradise plant (Caesalpinia gilliesii) stands out because of its exotic yellowed flowers and red stamens that add color to a space. It thrives in warmer climates with measured watering and minimal care.
What is the yellow bird of paradise?
The yellow bird of paradise plant is among the five most common varieties of the Strelitzia plant. It’s native to Argentina and Uruguay but has naturalized in America’s tropical and sub-tropical regions.
The yellow bird of paradise plant is also called the desert bird of paradise as it can withstand the harsh climatic conditions of the desert.
Characteristically, it has large yellow flowers with a long red stamen, blooming in summer. The plant is a deciduous, evergreen shrub of 6 to 8 feet but can reach 10 feet, the size of a small tree. The yellow bird of paradise spreads 4-6 feet wide.
This desert plant’s leaf venation is pinnate, and the leaf type is bipinnately compound. The leaflets are oval-shaped, approximately 1/4 inch long, yellow or blue-green on the upper part, and light green on the lower side. The foliage has a fine to medium texture and is semi-evergreen or deciduous.
The desert bird of paradise plant has large yellow hermaphrodite flowers, each having five petals and a long red stamen. The flowers are 1 ½ inch wide. Its seeds are in pods resembling a bean. The pods are red to green, hairy, and curl when the seeds are mature and open to release the seeds.
The yellow bird of paradise propagates by seeds, which can be sowed outdoors directly in fall or potted after the last frost. The seeds can be toxic to pets when consumed.
Yellowbird of paradise care and requirements
|Names||Yellowbird of paradise, Caesalpinia gilliesii|
|Sunlight||Full sun, partial shade|
|Temperature||65oF to 80oF|
|Size||Up to 8 feet tall, 6 feet wide|
Growing the desert bird of paradise plant to maturity involves providing the optimum elements it needs. Otherwise, the plant succumbs while young. Light, temperature, humidity, soil type, pH, water, and humidity are primary factors that directly affect the development and health of the yellow bird plant.
The desert bird of paradise prefers full sunlight exposure to thrive. However, it can tolerate partial shade, although the growth rate may decrease. Expose the plant to direct sunlight for about 6 to 8 hours daily.
Place an indoor desert plant near a south-facing window. Little or no sun exposure splits the leaves, turns them yellow or brown, and may drop.
The yellow bird of paradise plant needs little water even when actively growing. It’s drought-tolerant and thus can stay longer with less moisture. However, you must increase watering frequency to encourage prolonged blooming and faster growth when it’s actively growing.
Water the plant once after two weeks during summer and decrease the frequency in winter when it’s dormant.
The desert bird of paradise plant grows successfully in various soils. However, the soil must have good drainage to keep fungi and diseases such as root rot at bay. Clay, loam, and sandy soil are suitable for growing this desert plant. Heavy clay soils are unsuitable as they can easily cause chlorosis, where the leaves turn yellow because of a lack of iron.
The yellow bird of paradise tolerates soils with neutral, slightly acidic, and alkaline pHs between 5.6 and 7.6.
Temperature and humidity
Temperatures and humidity are other essential elements to consider when growing the desert plant. They influence rates of physiological activities, including transpiration and photosynthesis. The yellow bird of paradise thrives in temperatures between 65oF and 80oF when grown indoors.
The plant freezes at temperatures below 50oF and might not absorb water and nutrients as needed, leading to root rot. On the other hand, higher temperatures increase the plant’s transpiration rate, making them curl its leaves. Extreme temperatures also stress the plant and thus wilts, turning brown and withering.
The desert plant also prefers locations with higher humidity, between 60-70 percent. Low humidity levels around the plant similarly increase the rate of transpiration, causing curled and yellowing leaves.
If grown indoors with a dry atmosphere, install a humidifier to create a microclimate environment for the plant. Alternatively, half fill a tray with stones and water to DIY a humidifier to provide the plant’s optimum air moisture to thrive.
Growing zones and states
The yellow bird of paradise plant is a subtropical plant and thus prefers locations with warmer temperatures in winter.
The desert plant is hardy in zones 8, 9, 10, and 11. These zones have a temperature range of 20oF to 70oF, which is good enough for the plant to survive the cold winters.
Some of the states where it performs best are Texas, Florida, Dallas, Gainesville, Houston, Fort Pierce, California, and Hawaii.
The table below summarizes the optimum growing requirements for the yellow bird of paradise plant
The yellow bird of paradise can take up to five years to mature before it starts blooming. An adult bird of paradise shrub grows between 6 feet and 8 feet tall and 4-6 feet wide. A small yellow bird of paradise tree reaches a maximum height of 10 feet.
The desert bird of paradise flowers from summer to fall. However, indoor houseplants only bloom when provided with the best growing conditions they need. The plant blooms severally from early summer through mid and late summer to early fall. The yellow bird of paradise produces bright yellow clustered flowers with long red stamens at this stage.
The flowers attract hummingbirds, butterflies, and bees. The seed production occurs after blooming, and the seeds sit in 4-5 inch bean-shaped pods. The seeds later mature, and the pods open to release them for self-seeding.
Water it once weekly during summer to encourage your yellow bird of paradise houseplant to bloom. The soil should be constantly moist, especially when the humidity levels are pretty low. Maximum direct sunlight exposure of up to 6 hours is vital for flowering.
Lastly, feed the desert plant with nutrients to favor blooming.
The yellow bird of paradise plant is beneficial in outdoor and indoor spaces. It’s best known for decorative purposes but can also be helpful in other ways.
The yellow bird of paradise plant is an attractive shrub to add to your outdoor space to make it more appealing. Alternatively, plant them in pots and place them on screened patios, porches, or in the rooms in your house to decorate these spaces.
The desert plant blooms to produce beautiful yellow clustered flowers with a long, bright red stamen accentuating the site. They are also an excellent choice when landscaping a deserted area where minimal water usage is required. Constant pruning to remove the hardwood is enough to keep the desert shrub attractive for ornamental purposes.
Other than improving the aesthetics of your outdoor space, use the yellow bird of paradise plant to protect your home against fire. Static fires are common in the deserts, and the plant comes in handy for safety.
Since the yellow bird of paradise plant is deciduous, it preserves a lot of moisture. If a fire occurs, the plant will first need to dry its water before it burns slowly and spreads the fire to the nearby structures in your home. The moisture takes longer to dry, giving you enough time to put out the fire before spreading to your property.
Furthermore, the yellow bird of paradise doesn’t have highly flammable oils that might quickly ignite and spread a fire during such incidents.
If you live near a forest or desert, where fires easily break, add the yellow bird of paradise plant within 30 feet of your home to protect it from sudden fires.
Making edges and fences
The yellow bird of paradise plant also comes in handy when creating green fences and edges around your home. The plant is deciduous but can grow to the size of a small tree. It grows up to 10 feet, which is a perfect height to form a fence around your home.
Also, you can partition your garden or yard using the desert bird of paradise plant. You only need to propagate by sowing the seeds directly on the ground along the lines you want to create the edges. Over the years, the seeds grow beautifully to form shrubbed edges along with your garden or divide the different sections of your yard.
The yellow bird of paradise’s leaves and seeds poison pets and people when ingested. However, the toxicity level is relatively low. The leaves have hydrocyanic acid, while the seeds’ pods have tannins to protect them from harmful predators.
Ingesting these poisonous plant parts can lead to food poisoning. Vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea are the most common signs of food poisoning, leading to dehydration and death if not controlled.
Companion plants for the yellow bird of paradise
The desert bird of paradise plant can be grown solely in outdoor and indoor spaces for aesthetics and other uses. Adding other low-growing, herbaceous plants, vines, and perennials that blend well with this plant breaks the monotony and further accentuates your spaces in terms of color, blooms, textures, and heights.
Below are the most common plants to grow together with your yellow bird of paradise plant for aesthetics:
- Ficus tree (Ficus Benjamina)
- Fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata)
- Schefflera or umbrella tree (Schefflerea amate)
- Butterfly palm (Dypsis lutescens)
- Mondo grass
The University of Arizona: Bird of paradise shrubberies for the low desert.
University of California, Berkeley: Caesalpinia gilliesii.
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Where birds thrive, people prosper. From urban centers to rural towns, each community can provide important habitat for native birds. In turn, birds offer us a richer, more beautiful, and healthful place to live.
Over the past century, urbanization has taken, fragmented, and transformed ecologically productive land with sterile lawns and exotic ornamental plants. We’ve introduced walls of glass, toxic pesticides, and domestic predators. The human-dominated landscape no longer supports functioning ecosystems or provides healthy places for birds.
Each community has a unique ecological and cultural story to tell. Creating Bird-Friendly Communities is Audubon’s commitment to the sustainability of our urban, suburban, and rural places. We can restore and reconnect these places. We can reestablish the ecological functions of our cities and towns. We can provide an essential, safe habitat for birds. With simple acts of hope, everyone can help make their community bird-friendly.
Plants for Birds
By simply choosing native plants for our yards and public spaces, we can restore vital habitat for birds in our communities and help them adapt and survive in the face of climate change. Audubon’s Plants for Birds program is designed to enable anyone to have a positive impact by planting for birds, right where they live. Visit the native plants database to create a customized list of plants native to your area, get connected to your local Audubon and native plant nurseries, and help us get 1 million plants in the ground for birds.
Glass and lights present major hazards to birds, killing hundreds of millions of birds each year. Birds hit buildings at all hours during the day and night. At night migrating birds can be distracted by bright lights in our cities. During the day the problem is reflection or other confusing aspects of glass. Audubon chapters, centers and programs across the country are working to make buildings safer for birds—both day and night. You can learn more about our Lights Out project here, and existing Lights Out programs here.
Avian Architecture: Providing Good Homes for Birds
From Prothonotary Warblers and Chimney Swifts to Osprey and Burrowing Owls, many species of birds can be given a better chance to survive and thrive through a little assistance from structures we build—birdhouses, roosting towers, nest platforms, and artificial burrows. For some species, these structures tip the scales back in their favor, reducing declines in populations and restoring species to places they once inhabited.
Top 10 Birds in California
Up to a billion birds of hundreds of species will pass through the Golden State during spring migration. Can you spot these top 10 birds?
Mindful Birding and Bird Language
How to mindfully listen to what the birds are saying
How to Learn Bird Language
Learn bird language from the comfort of home with these online programs.
Birding vs. Bird Language
Bird language is a slower-paced, deeper dive than traditional birding where connections are more important than checklists.
How you can help, right now
Get Audubon in Your Inbox
Audubon California Newsletter comes to your inbox monthly with breaking news and important conservation updates from our state.
Mindful Birding and Bird Language Series
Take a breather with birds. Join us for a 4-week experiential webinar series with Audubon California & Weaving Earth from March 6 - 30, 2023.
Donate to Audubon
Help secure the future for birds at risk from climate change, habitat loss and other threats. Your support will power our science, education, advocacy and on-the-ground conservation efforts.
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Busing, Segregation, and Education Reform in Boston
This year, the Catholic Campaign for Human Development is celebrating 50 years of hard work that addresses the root causes of poverty in the United States. Throughout the year, we've been highlighting several initiatives and organizations that facilitate this mission in cities around the country. We recently showcased organizations fighting homelessness in LA, advocating environmental justice in Portland, and more.
Now we head to the east coast -- Boston, to be exact -- to highlight the on-the-ground work some of our community organizations have been doing in order to create accessible, quality public education. But in order to understand why their work is so essential, it's important to understand some of the history and racial/economic divisions that afflicted the city, the effects of which are still observed today.
The Boston Education System: Segregation and Economic Turmoil
Boston and the neighboring city of Cambridge have been heralded as bastions of world-class education for ages. Prestigious schools can be found throughout the region -- and include 54 colleges such as Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tufts University, and countless private schools, housing around 250,000 students at any given time and making it one of the great education capitals of the world. But despite these highly sought-after, elite institutions, there are two sides to every coin; and there is a darker story to be told about Boston's public school system. It is one of complex legislation as well as racial and economic inequality.
It’s important to remember that the process of school desegregation began just 60 years ago, and is only one step toward breaking down centuries of racial inequality. It is crucial to understand the effects of these constructs, how they manifested, how they were dealt with, and how we currently deal with them, in order to understand why we are where we are today.
Segregation and Controversial Solutions: Busing in the 1970s
Like most of the country in the early 19th century, Boston practiced segregation through legislation such as redlining, a series of housing policies that deliberately prevented communities of color from owning property in white neighborhoods. In this way, those in favor of segregation were more easily able to deprive communities they deemed "lesser" of quality public services such as education.
Eventually, thanks to the tireless efforts of civil rights activists, courts mandated the desegregation of Massachusetts schools through the Racial Imbalance Act of 1965, which stated, "racial imbalance shall be deemed to exist when the percent of nonwhite students in any public school is in excess of fifty percent of the total number of students in such school." State officials decided to facilitate school desegregation through 'busing' -- the practice of shuttling students to schools outside of their home school district. In essence, some suburban, often white children would begin attending urban schools, which were often predominantly students of color, while Black children were bused to the suburban, majority-white schools. The theory behind this practice was that transporting students to outside districts would diversify schools and encourage equality in education.
However, Boston's busing policy would not go uncontested. Outrage throughout working-class white communities was loud and some local government and community officials made their careers based on their resistance to the busing system. Eventually, once busing first began in 1974, tensions boiled over in the mostly-white, working-class neighborhoods.
South Boston High School even drew national attention due to outspoken community leaders. They staged protests, riled up parents, and resisted the new diversity-driven policy in vain. The school became a racial battleground. On the first day of busing implementation, only 100 of 1,300 students came to school at South Boston (while only 13 of the 550 former South Boston students ordered to attend Roxbury High School -- a majority black student school -- reported for class). Parents and students alike took to the streets in protest as the very first bus arrived alongside a police escort. White students threw rocks and chanted racial slurs and disparaging comments such as, "go home, we don't want you here" at their new, Black peers. This continued every day, resulting in race riots and, eventually, racially motivated violence.
The Soiling of Old Glory, a Pulitzer prize-winning photograph taken by Stanley Forman during a Boston busing riot in 1976, in which white student Joseph Rakes assaults lawyer and civil rights activist Ted Landsmark with the American flag.
A few lives were tragically lost during the brief outbreaks of violence. Regardless, the practice of busing continued until 1988, when a federal appeals court ruled that Boston had successfully implemented the desegregation plan and was fully compliant with civil rights laws.
The history leading up to the formation of busing policy in Boston is long, complex, and most of all an insight into the attitudes that perpetuate systems of injustice. The Atlantic's The Lasting Legacy of the Busing Crisis does a great job of contextualizing the period within a larger civil rights movement picture:
"School desegregation was about the constitutional rights of black students, but in Boston and other Northern cities, the story has been told and retold as a story about the feelings and opinions of white people. The mass protests and violent resistance that greeted school desegregation. . .engraved that city’s 'busing crisis' into school textbooks and cemented the failure of busing and school desegregation in the popular imagination. Contemporary news coverage and historical accounts of Boston’s school desegregation have emphasized the anger that white people in South Boston felt and have rendered Batson and other black Bostonians as bit players in their own civil-rights struggle."
The Lasting Effects of Busing: Bad and Good
The Boston busing riots had profound effects on the city's demographics, institutions, and attitudes:
- Boston public school attendance dropped by ~25% because white parents did not want to send their kids to school with Black children.
- Urban whites fled to suburbs where busing was less fervently enforced.
- South Boston High School became one of the first schools in the country to implement metal detectors after a near-fatal stabbing during the protests.
- More than 500 police officers guarded South Boston High School every single day.
- 78 schools across the city closed their doors for good.
- Boston's busing system ended in 1988. By that time, the Boston public school district had shrunk from 100,000 students to 57,000.
- Today, half of Boston's population is white, but only 14% of public school students are white.*
*Some point out that even before busing policy began, the city's demographics were heavily shifting. It is hard to exactly quantify the role busing played in these shifts, but it certainly was a contributing factor.
In the end, busing did not achieve the racial harmony and equality it strove for, due in no small part to white families fleeing the city. Regardless of some of these negative effects, some good did come from busing. For one, it validated the claims that civil rights leaders were espousing -- that the Boston education system favored one race over the other.
" 'When we would go to white schools, we'd see these lovely classrooms, with a small number of children in each class,' Ruth Batson [local civil rights leader and parent of 3] recalled. . . 'The teachers were permanent. We'd see wonderful materials. When we'd go to our schools, we would see overcrowded classrooms, children sitting out in the corridors, and so forth. And so, then we decided that where there were a large number of white students, that's where the care went. That's where the books went. That's where the money went.' " (source)
Once white students started attending predominantly black schools, those schools actually started to see some increases in funding.
There is no doubt that busing was and still is a controversial issue, but the fact remains: progress is often met with resistance. Something had to give in order for communities of color to provide a brighter future for their children, and at the time, this was a step toward those goals.
Many point to the Boston busing riots as an example of failed desegregation, despite the fact that other parts of the country saw immense success through similar programs that got little to no media attention. Additionally, busing had immense support in multicultural communities across the country. While a few thousand here and there would march against busing, one rally in 1975 saw more than 40,000 people come out to defend the new busing policies:
"'We wanted to show Boston that there are a number of people who have fought for busing, some for over 20 years,' explained Ellen Jackson, one of the rally's organizers. 'We hoped to express the concerns of many people who have not seen themselves, only seeing the anti-busing demonstrations in the media.' Despite the media's focus on the anti-busing movement, civil rights activists would continue to fight to keep racial justice in the public conversation." (source)
We must not forget that busing in Boston was the culmination of a decades-long civil rights struggle led by communities of color and activists striving for a better future for their children. Violence and strife get the limelight while restrictive government policies that kept communities in overcrowded, underfunded schools get no attention. Policies that denied a political voice to working-class and disenfranchised communities went ignored up until that point. Busing policy was an effort to break that cycle of poverty and, despite some of its notable failures in Boston, was a step in the right direction for racial and economic equality.
The Boston Education System: Where it is Today
Today, Boston's total population is only 13% below the city’s 1950 high level, but the school-aged population is barely half what it was in 1950. There are many reasons why this is the case, including the fact that the city currently mainly attracts higher-income, childless young professionals, probably due to the city's ~250,000 college students at any given time. Thanks to immigration, high-paying jobs, and academia, the city's population has largely rebounded since the white flight that came with busing, though fewer and fewer young families are choosing to reside within the city due to rising property values. According to a recent study of Boston urban and suburban school demographics:
- Almost 8 in 10 students remaining in Boston’s public schools are low income (77 percent as of 2014).
- Almost 9 in 10 are students of color (87 percent as of 2019, almost half of whom are Latino). This has created a growing mismatch between the demographics of children who attend Boston’s K-12 public schools and the city overall.
- The city’s overall population is “more than three times as white as Boston’s public school population,” the researchers found. And while the city itself may be “far more diverse” than it was decades ago, its schools have become “far less integrated.”
- Researchers found that more than half of the city’s public schools are now “intensely segregated.”
White flight to the suburbs during and post-busing played no small part in shifting urban school demographics. Today, inner city public schools are mainly utilized by lower-income families and communities of color. All of these statistics and historical context are crucial in understanding why it's so important for great community organizations to provide quality education and lend equal opportunities to children of all backgrounds, regardless of race.
CCHD-Supported Organizations That Improve the Boston Education System
- GBIO (Greater Boston Interfaith Organization): GBIO is a member institution dedicated to making Greater Boston a better place to live, work, and raise a family. For over 20 years, they've helped improve housing, healthcare, criminal justice, and education through addressing racial disparities between communities. For instance, in 2014, they completed a project that, "fought and won a battle to replace the deteriorating Dearborn Middle School with a $73 million, state-of-the-art grade 6-12 STEAM academy for students in its under-served Roxbury neighborhood."
- MCAN (Massachusetts Communities Action Network): For over 30 years, MCAN has striven to create better Boston communities through community organizing and empowerment. They believe that instilling a deep loving commitment to each other will make us realize that people are more important than the structures of our economy. Recently, they celebrated a massive victory for the passage of the Student Opportunity Act, which allocated $1.5 billion into school districts. "Currently, there are many struggles for students with remote learning. Some students cannot get computer or internet access, some students and their families have not connected with the schools at all in this period, and some students only participate sometimes. There is a huge challenge for households with adults working outside the home to give support to their children during the day while remote learning is supposed to happen. This disproportionately impacts people of color, low income, English language learners, and students with special needs."
Take Action in Your Community
Help us amplify the work of these CCHD-supported groups working to bring access to quality education to every child in Boston by sharing this article on social media, donating, or volunteering. Be sure to follow us on Twitter and Facebook for more information about how you can join the work to break the cycle of poverty in your city.
Are you looking for additional ways to take action in your community? Visit our Take Action or our Support webpage.
About Poverty USA
Poverty USA is an initiative of the Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD) and was created as an educational resource to help individuals and communities to address poverty in America by confronting the root causes of economic injustice—and promoting policies that help to break the cycle of poverty.
The domestic anti-poverty program of the U.S. Catholic bishops, CCHD helps low-income people participate in decisions that affect their lives, families, and communities—and nurtures solidarity between people living in poverty and their neighbors.
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Mt. Pleasant Twp. District 1
The precise year of the Mt. Pleasant District 1 schoolhouse’s establishment is unclear. While Helm indicates that its original iteration was erected in 1842, Dick Greene advises that the building was used by the congregation of what later became the Cammack Methodist Church as early as 1839 (Greene, 1961).
The school was originally known as the “McKinley” schoolhouse, likely due to its proximity to the McKinley family farm (Helm, 1881). In 1874, James R. Williamson granted the Mt. Pleasant Township trustee a fraction of his land for use as a school grounds (Delaware, 1874), and by the 1880s, sources indicate that the new structure was alternatively known as either the “Nebo” schoolhouse or the “Mt. Nebo (Sunday, 1888)” schoolhouse since the building was no longer on McKinley land. The name of the school and church was a biblical allusion to the peak from which Moses was allowed a look at the promised land. As early as 1888, the school was known as “Mt. Nebo (The County, 1881),” though later references call abbreviate the name, simply referring to the structure as the Nebo school.
In 1907, a pro-consolidation law passed that compelled county trustees to abandon a schoolhouse and send its pupils elsewhere when its average attendance dropped below twelve students. The District 1 school was the second in Mt. Pleasant Township to close, consolidating into the new, two-room Antioch school at Cammack sometime between 1910 and 1912. Webb Gilbert served as the last teacher (Delaware, 1909).
In 1935, the building and surrounding plot were advertised for sale by the Mt. Pleasant Township trustee (Mt. Pleasant, 1935). As of 1939, the schoolhouse was still standing, purposefully excluded from the 50.7 acre Westacres addition tract that surrounded its grounds to the southeast (Added, 1939). In 1956, the school was “still standing along Nebo Road but is in bad condition (History, 1956).” The building’s walls are visible in 1967 aerial photography (Delaware, 1967), but by 1975, the site was nothing more than a pile of old bricks (Greene, 1975), as it remains today.
The foundation and bricks of the Mt. Pleasant Township District 1 school are located at 40.200346, -85.461650, or the east end of Nebo Road at Isanogel Road.
Greene, D. (1961, March 10). Seen and Heard in Our Neighborhood. The Muncie Star, p. 6.
Helm, T. B. (1881). Mount Pleasant Township. In History of Delaware County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (pp. 268–269). book, Kingman Brothers.
Delaware County, Indiana. (1874, June 15). Deed Book 38. p. 484.
The County Superintendency. (1881, May 17). The Muncie Daily News, p. 2.
Sunday School Convention to be Held at Mt. Pleasant M.P. Church. (1888, July 5). The Muncie Daily News, p. 2.
Delaware County Public Schools. (1909). School directory, Delaware County public schools, Delaware County, Indiana 1909-1910. Muncie, IN.
Mt. Pleasant Township Trustee. (1935, October 24). Notice of Sale of Abandoned School Property. The Muncie Morning Star. p. 13.
Added Tracts Being Platted. (1939, April 12). The Muncie Morning Star, p. 11.
History of the Mount Pleasant Township School System. (1956). Delaware County Historical Alliance. p. 1.
Delaware County Indiana Historic Aerial Plats. (1967). photograph, Muncie.
Greene, D. (1975, May 2). Seen and Heard in Our Neighborhood. The Muncie Star, p. 4.
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Determine the detection limit based on using a calibration line (or curve) and inverse regression.
detectionLimitCalibrate(object, coverage = 0.99, simultaneous = TRUE)
an object of class
optional numeric scalar between 0 and 1 indicating the confidence level associated with
the prediction intervals used in determining the detection limit.
The default value is
optional logical scalar indicating whether to base the prediction intervals on
simultaneous or non-simultaneous prediction limits. The default value is
The idea of a decision limit and detection limit is directly related to calibration and can be framed in terms of a hypothesis test, as shown in the table below. The null hypothesis is that the chemical is not present in the physical sample, i.e., H_0: C = 0, where C denotes the concentration.
|Your Decision||H_0 True (C = 0)||H_0 False (C > 0)|
|Reject H_0||Type I Error|
|(Declare Chemical Present)||(Probability = α)|
|Do Not Reject H_0||Type II Error|
|(Declare Chemical Absent)||(Probability = β)|
Ideally, you would like to minimize both the Type I and Type II error rates. Just as we use critical values to compare against the test statistic for a hypothesis test, we need to use a critical signal level S_D called the decision limit to decide whether the chemical is present or absent. If the signal is less than or equal to S_D we will declare the chemical is absent, and if the signal is greater than S_D we will declare the chemical is present.
First, suppose no chemical is present (i.e., the null hypothesis is true). If we want to guard against the mistake of declaring that the chemical is present when in fact it is absent (Type I error), then we should choose S_D so that the probability of this happening is some small value α. Thus, the value of S_D depends on what we want to use for α (the Type I error rate), and the true (but unknown) value of σ (the standard deviation of the errors assuming a constant standard deviation) (Massart et al., 1988, p. 111).
When the true concentration is 0, the decision limit is the (1-α)100th percentile of the distribution of the signal S. Note that the decision limit is on the scale of and in units of the signal S.
Now suppose that in fact the chemical is present in some concentration C (i.e., the null hypothesis is false). If we want to guard against the mistake of declaring that the chemical is absent when in fact it is present (Type II error), then we need to determine a minimal concentration C_DL called the detection limit (DL) that we know will yield a signal less than the decision limit S_D only a small fraction of the time (β).
In practice we do not know the true value of the standard deviation of the errors (σ), so we cannot compute the true decision limit. Also, we do not know the true values of the intercept and slope of the calibration line, so we cannot compute the true detection limit. Instead, we usually set α = β and estimate the decision and detection limits by computing prediction limits for the calibration line and using inverse regression.
The estimated detection limit corresponds to the upper confidence bound on concentration given that the signal is equal to the estimated decision limit. Currie (1997) discusses other ways to define the detection limit, and Glaser et al. (1981) define a quantity called the method detection limit.
A numeric vector of length 2 indicating the signal detection limit and the concentration
detection limit. This vector has two attributes called
simultaneous indicating the values of these arguments that were used in the
Perhaps no other topic in environmental statistics has generated as much confusion or controversy as the topic of detection limits. After decades of disparate terminology, ISO and IUPAC provided harmonized guidance on the topic in 1995 (Currie, 1997). Intuitively, the idea of a detection limit is simple to grasp: the detection limit is “the smallest amount or concentration of a particular substance that can be reliably detected in a given type of sample or medium by a specific measurement process” (Currie, 1997, p. 152). Unfortunately, because of the exceedingly complex nature of measuring chemical concentrations, this simple idea is difficult to apply in practice.
Detection and quantification capabilities are fundamental performance characteristics of the Chemical Measurement Process (CMP) (Currie, 1996, 1997). In this help file we discuss some currently accepted definitions of the terms decision, detection, and quantification limits. For more details, the reader should consult the references listed in this help file.
The quantification limit is defined as the concentration C at which the coefficient of variation (also called relative standard deviation or RSD) for the distribution of the signal S is some small value, usually taken to be 10% (Currie, 1968, 1997). In practice the quantification limit is difficult to estimate because we have to estimate both the mean and the standard deviation of the signal S for any particular concentration, and usually the standard deviation varies with concentration. Variations of the quantification limit include the quantitation limit (Keith, 1991, p. 109), minimum level (USEPA, 1993), and alternative minimum level (Gibbons et al., 1997a).
Steven P. Millard (email@example.com)
Clark, M.J.R., and P.H. Whitfield. (1994). Conflicting Perspectives About Detection Limits and About the Censoring of Environmental Data. Water Resources Bulletin 30(6), 1063–1079.
Clayton, C.A., J.W. Hines, and P.D. Elkins. (1987). Detection Limits with Specified Assurance Probabilities. Analytical Chemistry 59, 2506–2514.
Code of Federal Regulations. (1996). Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit–Revision 1.11. Title 40, Part 136, Appendix B, 7-1-96 Edition, pp.265–267.
Currie, L.A. (1968). Limits for Qualitative Detection and Quantitative Determination: Application to Radiochemistry. Annals of Chemistry 40, 586–593.
Currie, L.A. (1988). Detection in Analytical Chemistry: Importance, Theory, and Practice. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Currie, L.A. (1995). Nomenclature in Evaluation of Analytical Methods Including Detection and Quantification Capabilities. Pure & Applied Chemistry 67(10), 1699-1723.
Currie, L.A. (1996). Foundations and Future of Detection and Quantification Limits. Proceedings of the Section on Statistics and the Environment, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA.
Currie, L.A. (1997). Detection: International Update, and Some Emerging Di-Lemmas Involving Calibration, the Blank, and Multiple Detection Decisions. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 37, 151-181.
Davis, C.B. (1994). Environmental Regulatory Statistics. In Patil, G.P., and C.R. Rao, eds., Handbook of Statistics, Vol. 12: Environmental Statistics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, a division of Elsevier, New York, NY, Chapter 26, 817–865.
Davis, C.B. (1997). Challenges in Regulatory Environmetrics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 37, 43–53.
Gibbons, R.D. (1995). Some Statistical and Conceptual Issues in the Detection of Low-Level Environmental Pollutants (with Discussion). Environmetrics 2, 125-167.
Gibbons, R.D., D.E. Coleman, and R.F. Maddalone. (1997a). An Alternative Minimum Level Definition for Analytical Quantification. Environmental Science & Technology 31(7), 2071–2077. Comments and Discussion in Volume 31(12), 3727–3731, and Volume 32(15), 2346–2353.
Gibbons, R.D., D.E. Coleman, and R.F. Maddalone. (1997b). Response to Comment on “An Alternative Minimum Level Definition for Analytical Quantification”. Environmental Science and Technology 31(12), 3729–3731.
Gibbons, R.D., D.E. Coleman, and R.F. Maddalone. (1998). Response to Comment on “An Alternative Minimum Level Definition for Analytical Quantification”. Environmental Science and Technology 32(15), 2349–2353.
Gibbons, R.D., N.E. Grams, F.H. Jarke, and K.P. Stoub. (1992). Practical Quantitation Limits. Chemometrics Intelligent Laboratory Systems 12, 225–235.
Gibbons, R.D., F.H. Jarke, and K.P. Stoub. (1991). Detection Limits: For Linear Calibration Curves with Increasing Variance and Multiple Future Detection Decisions. In Tatsch, D.E., editor. Waste Testing and Quality Assurance: Volume 3. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphi, PA.
Gibbons, R.D., D.K. Bhaumik, and S. Aryal. (2009). Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. Chapter 6, p. 111.
Helsel, D.R. (2012). Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R, Second Edition. John Wiley \& Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. Chapter 3, p. 22.
Glasser, J.A., D.L. Foerst, G.D. McKee, S.A. Quave, and W.L. Budde. (1981). Trace Analyses for Wastewaters. Environmental Science and Technology 15, 1426–1435.
Hubaux, A., and G. Vos. (1970). Decision and Detection Limits for Linear Calibration Curves. Annals of Chemistry 42, 849–855.
Kahn, H.D., C.E. White, K. Stralka, and R. Kuznetsovski. (1997). Alternative Estimates of Detection. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual EPA Conference on Analysis of Pollutants in the Environment, May 7-8, Norfolk, VA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Kahn, H.D., W.A. Telliard, and C.E. White. (1998). Comment on “An Alternative Minimum Level Definition for Analytical Quantification” (with Response). Environmental Science & Technology 32(5), 2346–2353.
Kaiser, H. (1965). Zum Problem der Nachweisgrenze. Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 209, 1.
Keith, L.H. (1991). Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, Chapter 10.
Kimbrough, D.E. (1997). Comment on “An Alternative Minimum Level Definition for Analytical Quantification” (with Response). Environmental Science & Technology 31(12), 3727–3731.
Lambert, D., B. Peterson, and I. Terpenning. (1991). Nondetects, Detection Limits, and the Probability of Detection. Journal of the American Statistical Association 86(414), 266–277.
Massart, D.L., B.G.M. Vandeginste, S.N. Deming, Y. Michotte, and L. Kaufman. (1988). Chemometrics: A Textbook. Elsevier, New York, Chapter 7.
Millard, S.P., and Neerchal, N.K. (2001). Environmental Statistics with S-PLUS. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Porter, P.S., R.C. Ward, and H.F. Bell. (1988). The Detection Limit. Environmental Science & Technology 22(8), 856–861.
Rocke, D.M., and S. Lorenzato. (1995). A Two-Component Model for Measurement Error in Analytical Chemistry. Technometrics 37(2), 176–184.
Singh, A. (1993). Multivariate Decision and Detection Limits. Analytica Chimica Acta 277, 205-214.
Spiegelman, C.H. (1997). A Discussion of Issues Raised by Lloyd Currie and a Cross Disciplinary View of Detection Limits and Estimating Parameters That Are Often At or Near Zero. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 37, 183–188.
USEPA. (1987c). List (Phase 1) of Hazardous Constituents for Ground-Water Monitoring; Final Rule. Federal Register 52(131), 25942–25953 (July 9, 1987).
Zorn, M.E., R.D. Gibbons, and W.C. Sonzogni. (1997). Weighted Least-Squares Approach to Calculating Limits of Detection and Quantification by Modeling Variability as a Function of Concentration. Analytical Chemistry 69, 3069–3075.
# The data frame EPA.97.cadmium.111.df contains calibration # data for cadmium at mass 111 (ng/L) that appeared in # Gibbons et al. (1997b) and were provided to them by the U.S. EPA. # # The Example section in the help file for calibrate shows how to # plot these data along with the fitted calibration line and 99% # non-simultaneous prediction limits. # # For the current example, we will compute the decision limit (7.68) # and detection limit (12.36 ng/L) based on using alpha = beta = 0.01 # and a linear calibration line with constant variance. See # Millard and Neerchal (2001, pp.566-575) for more details on this # example. calibrate.list <- calibrate(Cadmium ~ Spike, data = EPA.97.cadmium.111.df) detectionLimitCalibrate(calibrate.list, simultaneous = FALSE) # Decision Limit (Signal) Detection Limit (Concentration) # 7.677842 12.364670 #attr(,"coverage") # 0.99 #attr(,"simultaneous") # FALSE #---------- # Clean up #--------- rm(calibrate.list)
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.
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Personal Development What Means That?
- Michael Davis
Activities that develop a person’s talents and potential, generate human capital, increase employability, enhance quality of life and the realization of hopes and aspirations are examples of what are included in personal development or self improvement.
What do we mean by personal development?
What exactly is meant by “personal development”? The process of looking inside and concentrating on methods to improve oneself is known as personal development. Your self-awareness and self-esteem will both rise as a result of engaging in personal development, as will the number of skills you acquire and the goals you achieve.
- At BetterUp, we have a strong commitment to the philosophy behind the discipline known as Inner Work®;
- Personal growth may be seen of as a type of “Inner Work” in many respects;
- It is the practice of turning inside in order to accomplish a goal or obtain a result, particularly in the search for clarity, purpose, and passion in one’s life;
The term “personal development” refers to a much broader concept than simply “self-improvement” or “career development.” It extends to every area of your life in which you would like to experience personal development, and it makes no distinctions about the places in which it manifests itself for you.
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Americans might have Benjamin Franklin to thank for having to put our clocks forward an hour as spring arrives. The Founding Father is credited with being the one who first suggested the practice, his reasoning being that money could be saved on candles during the longer days of spring and summer. Today, we enjoy energy savings for the same reason.
Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the U.S. begins on Sunday, March 11. At 2 a.m., we will spring forward, setting our clocks an hour forward. At that point, it becomes 3 a.m. Of course, most of us will set clocks ahead before we go to bed on March 10.
Daylight Saving Time Exceptions
There are two exceptions in the United States: most of Arizona, including the Taylor Morrison community of Mesa at Trovita Norte, and Hawaii. Both remain on standard time all year long. Most of Arizona hasn’t observed DST for about 40 years. The reason has to do with keeping summer sunsets to around 8 pm instead of 9 pm. Arizona residents enjoying the evening cool down for more hours. However, DST is still observed in Arizona on the Navajo Indian Reservation, which is in four different states.
Living in States with Daylight Savings
Initially you’ll experience the change in time separately, depending on the time zone you’re in. For example, if you live in Waterside at the Catawba, a community of new homes in Fort Mill, NC just outside of Charlotte, you’ll set your clock forward a full three hours before someone who lives in Caselman Ranch, located in Paloma in Sacramento, CA.
In the Central Time Zone, Daylight Savings begins an hour after it does in eastern states. So, for example, for people living in new homes in the Austin, TX area, such as in Travisso in Leander, it will still be 2 a.m. when it’s 3 a.m. in North Carolina. The change will begin in the Mountain Time Zone states an hour after Texas in the Central Time Zone, and an hour before California and the rest of the West Coast in the Pacific Time Zone.
How Daylight Savings Time Affects Us
Although losing an hour of sleep might not sound too bad, it can be disorienting to our bodies. In fact, some people report taking a week or more to recover. Symptoms include:
- Sleep deprivation
What You Can Do About It
Despite a possible link between the disruption in the sleep cycle and heart attacks, there are also health benefits. Having extra hours of daylight prods us to be more active.
- Here are some tips for how to prepare your body for the DST change:
- Go to bed 15 minutes earlier than you usually do for a few days leading up to the start of DST.
- Avoid afternoon caffeine the week prior to DST. The thought is that this will make it easier to go to bed earlier.
- Minimize alcohol intake for a couple of days prior to DST, because it can disrupt the ability to stay asleep.
During DST there are actions you can take that will help you adjust:
- Get at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise three or more times a week to help you sleep at night.
- If you feel the need for a nap, keep it short so you can still get a good night’s sleep.
- Get plenty of sunshine the day DST begins.
- Regulate your sleep pattern by going to bed and getting up at the same time every day.
- If you are having trouble sleeping, avoid stimulants like alcohol and caffeine about four to six hours prior to bedtime. For smokers, avoid tobacco too close to bedtime, too.
- Eat lighter meals for several hours before going to bed.
- Although it helps to stay hydrated, avoid liquids in the late afternoon and evening.
- Wind down before bed. The idea is to avoid stimulating your brain, so a warm bath and reading are better options than watching invigorating television shows or doing crossword puzzles.
Day Light Saving Time Ends: Now What?
When winter comes and it’s time to fall back, sunrise and sunset will come about an hour earlier. Daylight Saving Time ends when you turn the clock back an hour. This year the time change starts at 2 a.m. on November 4, 2018, when clocks are turned back to 1 a.m. local standard time.
But, before you know it will be time to spring forward again!
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Students find inspiration in class merging science and art
Peter Krsko hauled 800 feet of hosing through the woods, drilled holes into the trees on his property in Wonewoc, Wisconsin, and for the first time, tapped his maples for the sap that will ultimately become maple syrup.
While he was laboring, Krsko began to contemplate how trees fight gravity and move fluid from their roots deep in the ground to leaves and buds in the sky. That got him thinking about cells, the basic conduits of those fluids, and how they pack together to build the tissues and organs found in living things.
“I wanted to share with you what I was doing this weekend, what I was thinking about while I was drilling holes,” the artist, scientist and educator explained to his class at the University of Wisconsin–Madison on a recent February afternoon after his first tapping.
Krsko chose the name Zoethica “to explore bioinspired art and technology, not only from the aesthetic and scientific point of view, but also to explore the ethical implications.”
That class, called Zoethica: Bioinspired Art and Science, is part of Krsko’s semester-long commitment to UW–Madison as the Art Institute’s spring Interdisciplinary Artist in Residence. Krsko chose the name Zoethica, a combination of the Greek word for life (zoe) and the word ethical, because his goal during his residency is “to explore bioinspired art and technology, not only from the aesthetic and scientific point of view, but also to explore the ethical implications.”
Krsko’s residency is hosted by the Department of Biological Systems Engineering, with Sundaram Gunasekaran as lead faculty, along with the departments of art and physics and the School of Human Ecology.
Krsko used his tapping experience to discuss with his students the efficiency with which nature packs individual units like cells in the body or the hexagonal cavities found in a honeycomb.
“I like to trick people into thinking about things that are all around us but are invisible,” he said, passing around three-dimensional paper shapes and holding up a dried wasp nest.
That means challenging students to consider aspects of the world they may never have considered. It’s part of his quest to find ways to make science accessible to all and to inspire natural curiosity about the world.
“I like to trick people into thinking about things that are all around us but are invisible.”
For instance, on this afternoon, students had brought in handheld, three-dimensional shapes made of wooden sticks and held together with colorful rubber bands. In these tensegrity structures, Krsko explained, the sticks are held together in formation solely due to the tension created by the rubber bands. He drew a parallel between these and the human skeleton, which is similarly held together through the tension of ligaments and tendons.
Freshman Leo Steiner was eager to demonstrate the tensegrity structure he had built with six sticks and six rubber bands after finding a design online. Soon, a handful of students were clustered around his desk, working to recreate the structure.
Steiner, a UW–Madison biomedical engineering major, enrolled in the course after his father saw it in a pamphlet. “I am interested in how nature is applied to new technology, and I think art has a way to inspire,” he said.
Biological Systems Engineering is hosting an artist for the first time, and Gunasekaran said he is glad students in the department have the opportunity to engage with and get excited about biological materials.
Because Zoethica is an experience in inspiration. Students are tasked with reviewing literature from a breadth of disciplines to arrive at answers to questions posed by Krsko, or those they come up with organically as they progress through the class.
It’s part of his quest to find ways to make science accessible to all and to inspire natural curiosity about the world.
For example, one student wondered out loud why there are no wheels to be found in nature. Krsko challenged him to solve the puzzle.
“He had to figure that out, looking at the literature in biophysics, evolution, biology, to arrive at an answer to why it is not possible for animals to have wheels,” Krsko said.
For Krsko, art is the expression and process of inspiration. Originally from Slovakia, Krsko moved to Wisconsin a year ago from Washington, D.C. He holds a Ph.D. in biophysics and trained as a postdoctoral researcher at the National Institutes of Health studying bacterial biofilms, with a particular focus on their microscopic patterning and properties.
The visual nature of his science and his passion for education melded into a career fusing art, science and outreach. In particular, he believes the hands-on, creative nature of art helps make science more accessible and he is passionate about working with underrepresented students in their communities.
“I am interested in how nature is applied to new technology, and I think art has a way to inspire.”
“Some kids don’t have the same opportunities to access science, and I focus on that,” Krsko said. “There is so much talent hidden in places that have never had the chance to shine.”
This is why he creates community art for public spaces, like the six-foot by six-foot project he is creating for the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, or the columns of upward-splaying wood he recently built in the atrium of Birge Hall, inspired by a greenhouse tour provided by a botany graduate student in his class, Evan Eifler.
Zoethica students are all working on independent, bio-inspired art projects, which they will exhibit in a final show at Olbrich Botanical Gardens in Madison on May 5. (The show will run through August.) They are building a public-facing website to share their efforts, and Krsko will use the experience to create middle school science and art curricula for teachers around the state and the world.
Krsko is a natural creator. From making his first maple syrup, to gardening and producing wine, Krsko uses the natural world, and the lessons nature offers, to examine processes and create tangible products — including, as it were, educational opportunities.
Krsko is passionate about working with underrepresented students in their communities.
Back in the classroom, a large space in the Agricultural Engineering Laboratory, Krsko helped Rebecca Green, a senior French and neurobiology major, polish her independent project: embedding a Play-Doh neuron in a matrix of silicon rubber to simulate the microscope images she takes in the laboratory in which she works. Green studies how stress affects memory, and she wanted to create a three-dimensional model of these images. She may be able to use it at a scientific conference in April.
“I’m pretty excited because it’s relevant to what I am doing in lab,” Green said. “I figured it’s a good exercise in communication, melding science and art. I want to go into the medical field and I thought it would offer problem solving in a different way.”
Meanwhile, senior Kayla Pfeiffer–Mundt, who is pursuing a master’s degree in public health in the fall, was working with Eifler to set up a time-lapse video of a slime mold growing in search of food, bits of granola placed strategically around a glass plate. Pfeiffer–Mundt hopes to model the spread of infectious disease using the slime mold. If she can work out the hurdles, she plans to place bits of granola over major cities on a map of the world and watch the slime mold grow.
Krsko is enthusiastic about working with students for an entire semester, and he hopes they learn and grow from the experience.
For Eifler, the class has served as an inspiration for him to do more to communicate science with nonscientists. He saw the large, open atrium of Birge as an opportune spot for the column art project, which he helped Krsko install.
“I’m pretty excited because it’s relevant to what I am doing in lab. I figured it’s a good exercise in communication, melding science and art.”
“As scientists we don’t often get to host art installations,” Eifler said. “I wanted to think outside the box because we scientists tend to stay in our spaces.”
Eifler’s Ph.D. work is focused on the evolution of plants in South Africa but he’s also pursuing a minor in science communication. The course has been a pivot from that rigor: “I feel mentally relieved here, he said, “because I get to think about something entirely different.”
Which is exactly what Krsko is hoping for over the course of his residency.
“We still have a lot to learn from nature,” he said.
• • •
Zoethica opening May 5, 5-9 p.m. at Olbrich Botanical Gardens, 3330 Atwood Ave., Madison
Tags: arts, science, visiting artists
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The HathiTrust (pronounced 'hah-tee') houses a collection of over 15 million volumes of searchable books, journals, and government documents, including 5.8 million available as full text online.
HathiTrust is a partnership of over 100 libraries and research institutions that have come together to build and share a digital repository of print works. Begun in 2008, the goal of the partnership is to build a comprehensive archive of published literature from around the world available in the public domain through a digital library. The HathiTrust has pursued this goal chiefly by digitizing materials like books and journals from major library collections and other partners, such as Google, the Internet Archive, and Microsoft. Central Washington University joined in 2020.
The mission of HathiTrust is to contribute to research, scholarship, and the common good by collaboratively collecting, organizing, preserving, communicating, and sharing the record of human knowledge. More specifically HathiTrust is organized to:
Adapted from HathiTrust Digital Libraries.
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Carnation is a very popular and easy to grow plant that many appreciate as a cut flower and others as a garden plant. With its abundant bloom and delicate fragrance, it adorns our gardens, balconies, and terraces with its colorful flowers all summer long.
In this way, if you want to fill your garden with carnations, choose the variety you like best and learn how to grow and care for carnations so you can see them bloom soon.
Let’s now go on to know the points to consider so that our Carnations develop healthily:
- Soil: You must control all the factors of the terrain to ensure its flowering. Plow the ground and combine it with sand, compost, and natural fertilizer. With liquid fertilizer, spray the area and mix all the ingredients to create a substrate full of nutrients. Do not plant them in just any terrain; you will risk that their bouquets will be very poor.
- Space: In the same way, you have to plant them in a place where only Carnations grow. They are sensitive to specific plants that end up stealing nutrients from the soil. If you have them all in one area, they will get along very well. In addition, this will help to help the harmony of your garden.
- Light: Arrange a place where they receive direct and constant sunlight. If possible, choose an area where they will be given all day. The more light they receive, the more flowers they will produce when their bouquets begin to sprout.
- Temperature: One of the significant characteristics of carnation is its resistance to cold. It can withstand a minimum temperature of -10 degrees celsius in the cold season and a maximum of 45 degrees celsius in summer, although the ideal temperature range is between 15 and 35 degrees in the sun.
Now that we have taken the necessary notes, let’s continue with its planting: Once you have plowed the land very well, water it superficially without flooding it. This will make it easier for us to dig as many holes as we have acquired shoots. At this point, you should buy those that by themselves have not yet produced their first flowers. Avoid those with many leaves and opt, instead, with those that do not have more than 5 of them.
The holes should be dug at least 15 centimeters apart. Although they are good neighbors with their species, they should have their space to develop. Do not dig the holes too deep, just deep enough for their roots to fit, and, at the same time, do not cover more than 3 centimeters of the main stem of the bush.
Although Carnations can successfully fend for themselves, it doesn’t hurt to provide them with a series of maintenance that will help them grow faster and more vigorously. Make some time in your day to day life to care for them as follows:
- Irrigation: At first, we should only water them once every 2 days. After the first 3 months, we can proceed to water them daily. Avoid watering the flowers and leaves and concentrate on the area of the soil where they are planted.
- Fertilization: During the first 3 years of life, we must pay them 2 times a year. This way, we will make sure to stimulate its flowering process. Choose, if possible, those that contain a high acid content in their PH.
- Pruning: You should not prune them before they bloom. If it is a couple of years before this, you will still have to wait. Once they have bloomed, you can prune them twice a year by removing any unwanted-looking segments.
- Shoots transplantation: You can take as many shoots as you want when they begin to sprout. Even if they are only an inch long, rest assured that these will stick. Just leave them overnight before planting them in a container of water and transplanting them early in the morning.
- Multiplication: The simplicity of carnation propagation is another positive aspect of this type of evergreen plant. There are several ways to obtain new carnation plants: through the division of tufts, cutting, and sowing.
Although carnations are not hard to grow, there is some care that we must have and consider because the better the care of the carnation, the better the growth of this beautiful flower will be. Carnations are ideal for those who love gardening who don’t have much time to maintain them due to the daily hustle and bustle.
Planting Carnations can be a fun experience, so put on your knickers, boots, and hat and enjoy growing them.
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Overdrawn. That was the theme of the Colorado River District annual water seminar last Friday, September 16th. Overdrawn is the perfect theme given the rapidly depleting water resources of the Colorado River Basin. According to CPR’s report on the water seminar, the water level in Colorado River Basin reservoirs has dropped so much that the Hoover Dam may not be able to run the turbines for hydroelectric power.
The Colorado River Basin is facing a water crisis if plans to severely cut down on water usage are not enacted now. CPR reported that “scientists now recommend that water managers plan for the river to provide just 9 million acre-feet of water annually. That’s a reduction of about a quarter from the amount used in 2021 by U.S. states, Native American tribes and Mexico.”
The Colorado River gives water to millions of people and provides the lifeline for agricultural industries. We cannot afford to wait to act on this water crisis. IX Power Clean Water is taking an active role in mitigating water usage by cleaning wastewater from industrial or oil and gas production. The clean water can then be reused for industrial uses or could provide much needed relief for farmers. Find out more about how IX Power Clean Water is working to clean industrial wastewater to contribute to sustainable water usage and alleviate water resource stress at https://ixwater.com/.
To read the full story on CPR go to: https://www.cpr.org/2022/09/17/colorado-river-drought-basin-states-water-restrictions/
By Sierra Tanner
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Gilgamesh is a king of the early Sumerian city in the state of Uruk, the son of a man and a goddess. He is considered as the most handsome, wise and strongest man in the creation. Gilgamesh's properties, however, gone to his head and started being cruel spending all his time tiring out the young men of the city with infinite athletic tournaments and misusing the young women sexually. He accomplished his building projects of temple towers, high walls surrounding the city, and its orchards and fields with forced labor and his exhausted subjects groaned under his oppression. Uruk citizens could not take it anymore and started praying for help from the gods to replace Gilgamesh with another human match. This analysis aims at identifying Gilgamesh's position in the society, his abuse of authority, evidence of Gilgamesh epic on the Sumerian society's nature, the relationship between man and gods, and the relationship between royal authority and the nomads in the Gilgamesh's epic.
Gilgamesh's position in the society is that he is the priest-king of Uruk which means he is a priest and also the ruler of the city. His duties and responsibilities are to supervise the religious aspects of Uruk, ensure the protection of the people, and oversee the ramparts of the walls and buildings (Norton, 2018). The society, however, is not perfectly represented as Gilgamesh is seen as a corrupt figure who bullies his subjects whether it's sleeping with him or fighting him. Those in power are free to trespass them even though the society has rules, which is inappropriate and Gilgamesh is supposed to make it stop.
Gilgamesh abuses his authority and rules harshly and has little concern for the people. He forces men to work for him, kills most of them, and takes the women to gratify his sexual desires. Gilgamesh takes whatever he wants from people and even overworks them to death without care when constructing the walls of Uruk. Gilgamesh sleeps with the brides on their wedding night even before their grooms, which is very cruel. For these reasons, Gilgamesh was not always loved by his people. No one could dare to question Gilgamesh's rule since he was considered to have two-thirds divine, stronger, and bigger than other men, and therefore, no one could defeat him. The only thing people could do was to beg for help from their gods. Shamash who is the god of heaven instructed Aruru the goddess of creation to at least create a man who could replace and stabilize the arrogance of king Gilgamesh. Aruru, as a result, shaped Enkidu who was a vast and hairy man who used to live among the herds of gazelles and antelopes. Enkidu was to keep Gilgamesh's intentions in check and bring peace to the Uruk people (Norton, 2018). Gilgamesh's fight with Enkidu taught him that he was not as powerful as he thought to some extent and convinced Enkidu another powerful being to partner with him. Gilgamesh, however, also uses his influencing power to have women seduce Enkidu turning him to human. They both joined later and became partners where they abusively move on to control Mesopotamia.
The nature of the Sumerian society as seen Gilgamesh epic is that their religion was anthropomorphic and polytheistic. There were many goddesses and gods where the character and appearance of supernaturally powerful and immortal humans. People would have relations with these gods where they would even pick their favorite and least favorite to destroy or guide them. Gilgamesh appears as the king of Uruk in the list of Sumerian's kings, he was an actual king and therefore Uruk was a real city (Norton, 2018). Gilgamesh has encounters with the kings, gods, creatures, and provide human relationship story, their friendship, love, feelings, loss, revenge, and the fear of death. When king Gilgamesh rules the Sumerians harshly, they pray to their gods and who answer their prayers by giving them Enkidu. This, therefore, shows the power of Sumerians prayers and their faith in their gods. We also observe the political life and conduct of the Sumerians, where the great walled city was ruled by a king. Gilgamesh as a king ruled with absolute power from when he was a cruel king, unsuccessful monarch up to when he became a wise king. Sumerian society was of patriarchal nature since we only see kings ruling and no queens, however, women had their rights and played important roles in the society. Mesopotamia suffered seasonal droughts and violent floods whose nature was chaotic and uncertain. A drought was sent by goddess Ishtar to punish king Gilgamesh and the flood symbolized a destructive force and also rebirth.
The relationships that exist between man and gods as demonstrated by Gilgamesh's epic depicts gods as having whole control over humans even though they do not mediate in human actions unless they are unpleasant. Decisions are mostly based on discussions and requests of the majority, for instance, when people prayed, Shamash pleaded for the creation of Enkidu and is mastered. The gods, however, are not always powerful and under numerous circumstances must answer one request to another. The gods seem to live nearby and are always present and so when people cry to them, they hear and answer them. Each god has a certain domain and therefore cannot control another gods' domain and when a man had the gods on his side, he was sure to complete their tasks. Gilgamesh was favored by gods for when he prayed for safety and strength to Shamash when he and Enkidu were traveling in the forest, his wish was granted. Gilgamesh was able to kill Humbaba regardless of fact that he was a giant and a type of god, but with the Shamash's divine intervention they were able to slay him. Gilgamesh seemed to get favor from the gods since he was two-thirds god and the king of Uruk.
The relationship between the royal authority and the nomads outside of authority in the epic of Gilgamesh was so cruel, as those in power could oppress the people and just walk away. Those in poser could overwork men into as slaves and even kill them, they could sleep with women to fulfill their sexual desires, rape other men's wives. From these its clear that their relationship was not good or equal. Gilgamesh seemed to undermine people and considered himself as the strongest, but he was challenged by Enkidu. When Gilgamesh and Enkidu, however, become partners and friends, the servant and master relationship is stressed to a greater degree.
From the above discussion, king Gilgamesh used to treat people in a very nasty way. Gilgamesh used to overwork men and treat them as slaves or even kill them. He could rape women even married ones to fulfill his sexual desires. The gods heard the people's complaints and created Enkidu who was an uncivilized wild man to act as Gilgamesh's equal. Enkidu and Gilgamesh later joined and became partner warriors. Together they went to cedar forest to kill Humbaba, the monster who used to guard it which was a success.
Norton, W.W. (2018). The epic of Gilgamesh.
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SafeWork Crack Down On Site
It seems it is better to be safe than sorry with SafeWork inspectors conducting safety checks and fining more than 460 construction sites in NSW for unsafe work practices. Over the past twelve months, inspectors have issued a whopping $115,000 in fines.
Over this twelve month period, inspectors found that many of the documented incidents were related to falls, with falls from heights being revealed as the number one killer of workers on NSW Construction sites.
With these inspections, SafeWork intends to minimise these findings and give both the employees and their loved ones peace of mind that construction workers will be protected and taught relevant safe work practices while on site to avoid tragedy. These fines will penalise those who do not comply with safe work practices so they can avoid fatalities in the future.
With SafeWork inspections set to occur more often throughout the sector, we can expect safer conditions and work practices for construction businesses everywhere, which is a great step forward for the industry and its workers. So the question is…are your practices up to standard?
A Few Things About Grout
Firstly what is grout?
Grout is a cement based mixture that fills in gaps. It comes in a variety of different formulas: such as sanded and un-sanded, but there are many more.
Many people think that grouting is a type of waterproof sealer but in fact, it's not! It's also not just a gap filler. It is used to fulfil a variety of needs, and can also be applied for an aesthetic effect as well, with a range of colour options to suit your needs. Grout is used when the final steps of tile installation is complete and is the most important.
What gaps are we talking about and where?
The gaps between ceramic, stone and glass tiles. Mostly common in household rooms such as:
How come it is applied once the final steps of installation is complete?
It is done after this stage because grout is mainly used to keep tiles in its place. Grout can also keep out water that could potentially damage the tiles and even the wall behind. If water gets underneath the tiles it can lead to some considerable problems. Ranging from the cosmetic fault of efflorescence, to the swelling, cracking and eventual delamination of the surface.
If you're having issues with your tiles cracking, or gathering efflorescence, get in touch with BellMont and organise a diagnostic inspection to start solving the problems.
The Purpose of a Civil Engineer
While every project is unique and calls for different action, in most cases a civil engineers job is to offer consultancy services to their clients on site. The engineer will arrive on site and inspect for defects. Once these defects have been identified and documented, they will be compiled into a report alongside recommendations for their repair.
If the client chooses to address these issues, the engineer will help them to do so by gathering quotes. The client will then decide which quote to go with and the construction process begins.
Once the construction period begins, the engineer will oversee the progress of the project and ensure the job is being done to the specification provided prior. When all works have been completed, the engineer will return to the site to complete their final inspection and report. So, now that we know what they do, its important to know what this individual role can offer.
Engineers are problem solvers:
Engineers incorporate science and maths to analyse defects within a structure and produce practical and efficient ways to solve them.
Engineers have excellent time management skills:
Engineers are basically industry chameleons with the skill to adapt their knowledge of their field to any situation or project. With every project being unique and presenting different issues, what engineers do is nothing short of amazing, knowing exactly what the issue is and how to fix it.
Why would I need an engineer?
Now more than ever engineers are in demand and with the introduction of the new strata scheme their role in ensuring a buildings health and sustainability is a necessity. So the question is, for what reasons would you need an engineer specifically and not a builder, architect or other professional in an associated role? Well only engineers can ensure your buildings health and safety by offering their specialist consultancy services in:
- Civil and Structural Engineering
- Concrete Repairs
- Heritage Buildings
- Expert Witness Services
- Project Management
Each associated group has an integral role in the cog that is construction. Architects focus on the aesthetics and planning elements, builders focus on constructing that plan to life and engineers use their expertise to ensure the architects designs and plans are achievable and that the builders carry them out in an effective and sustainable manner.
So I think we can all agree... engineers are pretty amazing hey?
Interesting Engineering Facts
Civil Engineering is a curious and innovative industry. This pioneering industry provided the world with endless opportunity to experience and advance to the world we know today. With the world of engineering currently booming, here are some fun facts about the industry we know and love!
1. A civil engineer created the slippery part of a water slide
Whenever you are slipping and sliding crazily around the twists and turns of a slide, remember
who made that moment possible, engineers.
2. Concrete is the second most consumed material on the planet (following water).
3. The Ferris wheel is regarded as one of the greatest engineering marvels of the world.
4. The Giza Pyramid is the most significant evidence of civil engineering greatness.
5. Architecture and Civil Engineering were considered the same until the 18th Century
6. The word engineer comes from a Latin word meaning, “cleverness”
7. Engineers solve problems applying mathematical and scientific knowledge
And there you have it ! The wonderful world of engineering, so how many of those facts did you know?
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Bipolar rapid cycling, a subtype of bipolar disorder can be a challenging condition to manage, with unpredictable and rapid mood episodes. However, there are effective treatments available that can help individuals with rapid cycling bipolar disorder achieve stability and improve their quality of life. In this blog, we will explore bipolar rapid cycling treatment options available for managing bipolar rapid cycling, including medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and support systems. We will also discuss the challenges that come with managing this condition.
- 1 What Is Bipolar Rapid Cycling?
- 2 Medication For Bipolar Rapid Cycling Treatment
- 3 Psychotherapy For Bipolar Rapid Cycling
- 4 Lifestyle Changes for Rapid Cycling
- 5 Support Systems For Managing Bipolar Rapid Cycling
- 6 Challenges In Treating Bipolar Rapid Cycling
- 7 Conclusion
What Is Bipolar Rapid Cycling?
Bipolar rapid cycling is a type of bipolar disorder in which an individual experiences four or more episodes of mood disturbances. This may include mania, hypomania, depression, or mixed episodes. It differs from bipolar disorder in which individual experiences less frequent mood swings.
Rapid cycling can be more difficult to treat and may require more aggressive medication and therapy approaches. This condition is associated with depressive episodes that tend to be refractory. Also, the risk of suicidal thoughts is higher than that in bipolar disorder without rapid- cycling.
Medication For Bipolar Rapid Cycling Treatment
Here are some medication options for bipolar rapid cycling treatment:
Mood stabilizers are typically the first-line medication for treating bipolar disorder. They work by balancing levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to stabilize mood and prevent episodes of mania or depression. Lithium is a commonly prescribed mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, but other options include valproic acid and carbamazepine. Blood tests may be required to monitor lithium levels and adjust the dosage accordingly.
Antipsychotic medications are used to manage symptoms of mania or psychosis that can occur during bipolar episodes. These medications work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, reducing the activity of certain neurotransmitters that can trigger manic or psychotic episodes. Examples of antipsychotic medications used for bipolar disorder include risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine.
Antidepressants may be prescribed in conjunction with a mood stabilizer to manage symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder. However, they should be used with caution as they can trigger manic episodes in some people. Additionally, antidepressants should only be prescribed by a healthcare provider experienced in treating bipolar disorder. Examples of antidepressants used for bipolar disorder include fluoxetine, sertraline, and bupropion.
Anti-anxiety medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms of anxiety that can occur during bipolar episodes. These medications work by reducing the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that contribute to anxiety. Examples of anti-anxiety medications used for bipolar disorder include lorazepam and clonazepam.
These medications combine an antidepressant and an antipsychotic in one pill. They can be effective in managing symptoms of depression and preventing manic episodes. Examples of antidepressant-antipsychotic combinations used for bipolar disorder include olanzapine/fluoxetine and quetiapine/bupropion.
Psychotherapy For Bipolar Rapid Cycling
Given below are some common psychotherapy approaches for bipolar rapid cycling treatment:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT is a type of talk therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that can contribute to bipolar symptoms. The goal of CBT is to help individuals develop coping skills to manage symptoms of depression and prevent manic episodes. CBT typically involves weekly or bi-weekly sessions with a therapist and may involve homework assignments or goal-setting exercises.
Interpersonal Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
IPSRT is a therapy approach that focuses on regulating daily routines and social interactions to help manage mood swings in bipolar disorder. This therapy can help individuals establish a regular routine for sleep, exercise, and social activities, which can reduce the risk of mood episodes. IPSRT typically involves weekly or bi-weekly sessions with a therapist, and may involve tracking daily routines and social interactions.
Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)
FFT is a therapy approach that involves individuals with bipolar disorder and their family members. This therapy can help family members understand and cope with the challenges of bipolar disorder and provide support to individuals with bipolar disorder. FFT typically involves weekly or bi-weekly sessions with a therapist and may involve family members participating in therapy sessions or completing homework assignments.
Psychoeducation involves learning about bipolar disorder and how to manage symptoms. This can include learning about triggers, warning signs, and coping strategies for managing mood swings. Psychoeducation may be provided in a group setting or individually and may involve written materials, videos, or interactive exercises.
Mindfulness-based therapy involves developing awareness and acceptance of the present moment. This therapy can help individuals with bipolar disorder manage stress and regulate their emotions. Mindfulness-based therapy may involve meditation, breathing exercises, or other techniques to promote relaxation and self-awareness.
Lifestyle Changes for Rapid Cycling
Here are some lifestyle changes that may help manage bipolar rapid cycling:
- Maintaining a regular sleep schedule: Regular sleep patterns can help regulate mood and reduce the risk of manic or depressive episodes. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night, and try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
- Avoiding drugs and alcohol: Substance abuse can worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder and increase the risk of mood episodes. Avoid drugs and limit alcohol consumption.
- Eating a balanced diet: Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health and reduce the risk of mood episodes.
- Exercising regularly: Exercise can help regulate mood and reduce stress. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercises, such as brisk walking or cycling, most days of the week.
- Managing stress: Stress can trigger mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Find healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises.
- Seeking support: It’s important to have a support system in place for managing bipolar disorder. This can include family, friends, support groups, or a therapist.
- Tracking symptoms: Keeping track of symptoms can help identify patterns and warning signs of mood episodes. Consider using a mood tracker app or journal to track symptoms and mood changes.
Support Systems For Managing Bipolar Rapid Cycling
Given below are some support systems that can help you manage bipolar rapid cycling:
- Family and friends: Having a supportive network of family and friends can provide emotional support and practical assistance with day-to-day tasks. They can also help identify warning signs of mood episodes and encourage seeking professional help when needed.
- Support groups: Joining a support group can provide a sense of community and understand from others who are going through similar experiences. Support groups may be led by a mental health professional or peer-led.
- Therapist: Working with a therapist experienced in treating bipolar disorder can provide individualized support and guidance for managing symptoms. Therapy may involve cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, or other approaches tailored to the individual’s needs.
- Psychiatrist: A psychiatrist can prescribe and manage medications for bipolar disorder. They can also monitor for side effects and adjust medication as needed to manage symptoms.
- Case manager: A case manager can help coordinate care and support services, such as accessing community resources or navigating health insurance.
Challenges In Treating Bipolar Rapid Cycling
Here are some challenges in bipolar rapid cycling treatment:
- Finding the right medication: Bipolar disorder is a complex condition, and it can be difficult to find the right medication or combination of medications to manage symptoms. This can take time and may involve trial and error.
- Managing side effects: Medications used to treat bipolar disorder can have side effects, such as weight gain, tremors, or drowsiness. Managing these side effects can be challenging and may require adjusting medication or adding additional medications.
- Co-occurring conditions: Bipolar disorder often co-occurs with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or substance abuse. Treating these conditions alongside bipolar disorder can be complex and may require a multidisciplinary approach.
- Non-adherence to treatment: Non-adherence to treatment can be a significant challenge in managing bipolar disorder, particularly with medication. Some individuals may stop taking medication due to side effects or feeling like they no longer need it. This can increase the risk of mood episodes and hospitalizations.
- Stigma: Stigma surrounding mental illness can make it difficult for individuals with bipolar disorder to seek treatment and support. This can also make it challenging to build a support system and feel understood by others.
In conclusion, bipolar rapid cycling is a complex condition that can be challenging to manage. However, with the right treatment and support, individuals can achieve stability and improve their quality of life. Bipolar rapid cycle treatment may involve medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and support systems. Remember, if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar rapid cycling, seek help from a mental health professional. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to manage this condition and lead a fulfilling life.
For more information, please contact MantraCare. Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. If you have any queries regarding Online Bipolar Disorder Counseling experienced therapists at MantraCare can help: Book a trial Bipolar Disorder therapy session.
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Untreated ADHD in AdultsLexie Walden
Though it affects a smaller portion of the adult population than children, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can impact functioning at any age. As an adult, it’s more difficult to receive a diagnosis of ADHD. This is partially due to the widespread abuse of medication used to treat this disorder. However, untreated ADHD in adults can result in negative work performance, relationship challenges, and further mental health issues,
Why ADHD Goes Undiagnosed and Untreated
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 9.4% of children have an ADHD diagnosis. However, there is a disparity between boys and girls with this disorder. 12.9% of boys have this diagnosis compared to only 5.6% of girls. This is largely due to the fact that boys often display more typical symptoms. Because of this, it’s more challenging to recognize this disorder in girls.
Males are more likely to exhibit restlessness, distractibility, and conduct issues. In contrast, females with ADHD often have more subtle signs like making careless mistakes, difficulty completing tasks, seeming like they aren’t listening, and excessive talking. These differences can lead to misdiagnoses, especially for young girls.
Any missed diagnosis in childhood can lead to challenges in adulthood. However, it’s also possible that signs of ADHD don’t become evident until later in life. Women learn to cope with symptoms and can mask the disorder for years. However, it often becomes too challenging to manage untreated ADHD, and these behaviors become more pronounced.
Symptoms of Untreated ADHD in Adults
Adults with undiagnosed or untreated ADHD exhibit symptoms that manifest in multiple areas of their lives. These include:
- Difficulty Completing Tasks: Whether at work or home, adults who have untreated attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are often unable to maintain their responsibilities. Disorganization, short attention spans, and lack of motivation all contribute to these challenges. As a result, these adults may face consequences in their jobs or home lives.
- Relationship Issues: It can be difficult for adults with this diagnosis to adequately attend to their partners. Spouses may feel neglected or ignored due to the lack of attention in the relationship. Because these adults also have difficulty resisting impulses, this can create conflict in their homes.
- Other Mental Health Issues: If ADHD is left untreated, negative feelings often increase, creating further mental health challenges. Anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders are common for those in this situation. Similarly, adults who don’t know they have ADHD may receive a diagnosis of another disorder before they discover the true source of their challenges.
Treating ADHD in Adults
Learning to manage symptoms of ADHD as an adult isn’t easy, but Serene Behavioral Health is here to help. Whether you have recently received a diagnosis or were diagnosed years ago, proper treatment can help you develop the necessary coping skills to be successful in life. We also know that multiple disorders can occur at the same time. Because of this, we offer comprehensive treatment that addresses all your mental health concerns. Our levels of care range from residential to partial hospitalization and monitored outpatient treatment to ensure our clients have support throughout all stages of treatment. If you’re living with untreated ADHD or other mental health diagnoses, contact our Orange County treatment center today.
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My students explored the use of typography in Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality was not made for reading long texts. So it is not surprising that typography does not play a prominent role in the design of virtual environments.
This, however, is a bit of a shame. As Oliver Reichenstein noted, web design is 95% typography and Frank Rausch added that quite often, the user interface is just text. Since even Virtual and Augmented Reality requires some sort of visual user interface, text will be part of any digital environment.
Furthermore, reading is still essential for conveying different kinds of information. Text cannot and should not always be replaced by videos, audio, images and avatars. No matter how the Metaverse plays out — written language will be part of it.
A few weeks ago, I published a rant on the silly obsession with simulation in Virtual Reality. This criticism holds up, especially regarding text and user interfaces. UI is often depicted as 2D windows, panels and buttons floating in 3D space. I generally dislike simulation — but this is just daft:
There have been a couple of interesting experiments with typography — especially in AR. But overall, very little has been done on how to design textual content in a virtual environment. The few examples that exist are more a formal exercise and not an exploration on how to design for real textual content in virtual worlds.
This is not only the fault of developers. Traditionally, most typographers are focused on a 2D surfaces — be it a page or a screen. Since letters are truly two-dimensional, designers are often quite uneasy about pushing them into the third dimension. Even in an architectural context, type is usually placed into 2D rectangles. So in order to create typographic design strategies for VR, we considered the fundamental qualities and characteristics of typography.
Typography is both structural and evocative. It is a rigid arrangement and an open choreography. Typography organises text, but it also uses visual expression in order to convey emotion and abstract ideas.
Typography is usually an invisible art form — but if it breaks with conventions, it can become a powerful amalgam of language and image.
In her excellent book ‘Thinking with Type’, Ellen Lupton aptly writes:
‘Readers usually ignore the typographic interface, gliding comfortably along literacy’s habitual groove. Sometimes, however, the interface should be allowed to fail. By making itself evident, typography can illuminate the construction and identity of a page, screen, place, or product.’
Later, she writes:
‘Designers provide ways into — and out of — the flood of words by breaking up text into pieces and offering shortcuts and alternate routes through masses of information. (…) Although many books define the purpose of typography as enhancing the readability of the written word, one of design’s most humane functions is, in actuality, to help readers avoid reading.’
All this is true for traditional typography — but even more so for experimental typography in a new medium like Virtual Reality. So I was very curious, what my students would do with typography in VR.
Virtual Typography Class
The Virtual Typography Class took place in the winter term 2021/22 at the Interface Design programme at the University of Applied Sciences Potsdam. I gave the class together with Tim Ebert and Sebastian Wloch who are currently running the Interface Lab at our university.
The assignment of the class was to design and prototype a typographic space in Virtual Reality. Based on the assignment, the overall aim was to interpret a text-based information system — like a book, wiki, Twitter feed, research databases, etc. — as an interactive and networked typographic structure in VR.
In October 2021, the Corona incidence was not too bad, so we started off on-site and were even able to have an XR party where the students could experiment with the equipment. This allowed us to establish a concise technological workflow. The VR project itself was created in Unity, using both TextMeshPro and assets from Blender.
Using TextMeshPro, it was pretty straightforward to create typographic structures in Unity. Since TextMeshPro is a component, the properties of the text can be dynamically changed in Unity and in the VR environment. This was great for interactively changing content, layout and appearance of the text.
However, text that is created with TextMeshPro is strictly two-dimensional. If you want to have words and letters with a more physical, three-dimensional presence, you have to create them in a tool like Blender. So we also had an intensive Blender workshop led by Levi Kollwitz. While I always maintained that letters should not be distorted, it was quite intriguing to see how type can be arranged in space and combined with blender modifiers.
In the design phase, we were guided by questions like: How can 2D text be displayed in a 3D environment? What is optimal reading typography in VR? What are the visual limits of a long text? How can spatial structures be used to organise a text? How can you interact with text in VR? How do you deal with perspective and vanishing points? Which ‘traditional’ typographic rules still apply to VR — and which do not? How can links and hierarchies be represented? What can a text network look like in virtual space?
All results from the class can be found here. However, here is a quick overview of the student projects:
Life of Escher VR
By Lewin Brumm, Milan Wulf, Benjamin Kaczynski
This VR project deals with the life of the Dutch artist Maurits Cornelis Escher. Based on his Wikipedia page, the life of Escher is presented in an experimental spatial structure that allows the users to move along different pathways with constantly changing orientation and alignment. The overall structure was inspired by Escher’s drawings of optical illusions and distorted spaces.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘Life of Escher VR’
The Fabric of Interface
By Helene Biebinger, Melvin-Eli Urulu, Leonie Schatter
The virtual installation ‘Fabrics of Interfaces’ is inspired by the second chapter of Stephen Monteiro’s book of the same name from 2017. In this chapter, Monteiro primarily examines the connections between technical terms that were taken from the textile industry and are now also used to describe digital interfaces. For the installation, some terms were selected and their meaning typographically visualised in the VR world. The colourfulness and structure of the room is based on the structure of pixel images and places the textile terms in a digital environment.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘The Fabric of Interface’
Die Traumnovelle VR
By Aaron Schwerdtfeger, Paul Morat, Jannis Hektor
This VR application concerns itself with the theoretical background of Arthur Schnitzler’s Traumnovelle. Initially, the users see an excerpt of the book that describes Albertine’s dream. However, hidden behind Schnitzler’s text are two texts by Sigmund Freund — ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ and ‘The Unconscious’.
The primary text contains hidden portals that allow the user to enter and explore Freud’s theories. Since Schnitzler’s Traumnovelle is the first literary work to make direct reference to Freud’s theories, the VR application refers to the relation between the conscious and the unconscious.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘Die Traumnovelle VR’
By Kerstin Humm, Elsa Woelk, Yasemin Yigit
This project examines how the dynamics of TV dialogue can be visualised as a typographic structure in VR. Based on the first episode of the popular TV series ‘The Sopranos’, the dialogue is arranged as a vast typographic space that is supported by a spatial elements. These provide details about locations or the entrances and exits of individual characters.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘The Sopranos’
Walking through Macbeth
By Hyeonji Kim, Diem Ngoc Vu, Anastasia Voloshina
The VR project ‘Walking through Macbeth’ is based on Macbeth, a well-known tragedy by William Shakespeare. Initially, the project team analysed the entire drama and selected relevant text passages for the visualisation. In order to relate the plot, a virtual stage with short quotes and animated objects was designed, just using typography. The user can follow the story of Macbeth and encounter important quotes, characters and even small details from the scenes. Additionally, various sounds, storms and fog effects accompany the user as she or he explores the virtual stage.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘Walking through Macbeth’
By Pascal Struck, Felix Tesche
‘Kosmos’ is an interactive WebXR application that visualises patterns of language in a vast word network. The project demonstrates the complexity of our language and illustrates the connection of individual words. The distance between words describes their relationship to each other. The closer two words are, the more often they are used in the same context.
→ Watch a screencast of ‘Kosmos’
Considering the technical and conceptual challenges, I am very happy with the outcome of the class! All students made an enormous effort to translate a textual structure into a virtual environment. They challenged the way how text is used in 2D and 3D spaces — and they created unique designs for virtual typography.
However, I also feel that we just scratched on the surface of the subject. In the next few years, I expect more use cases for text and typography in virtual reality. So I am very much looking forward to future developments — and I hope we demonstrated that typography in VR can contribute to a vision of the Metaverse that goes beyond simulation.
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Practice what you preach. Suit your actions to your words. Walk the talk. Hypocrisy is ingrained as a moral failing for most adults, but when do children learn to make the same distinction?
According to a new study from University of Chicago psychologists, the shift seems to happen early in elementary school.
The researchers discovered that children who were at least 7 years old began to predict future behavior based on a person’s statement about morals. Unlike their younger peers, those children thought that someone who said stealing was bad would be less likely to steal—and also thought that thefts by those individuals should be punished more harshly.
“Our findings suggest that children of this age are thinking critically about people falsely representing themselves in some way,” said UChicago doctoral student Hannah Hok, the first author on the study. “They’re thinking about reputation at a relatively early age.”
Hok produced the study with Asst. Prof. Alex Shaw, the senior author and a leading expert on how concepts such as reputation and fairness develop in childhood. Published this week in the journal Child Development, the research relied on a series of experiments conducted with more than 400 children ranging from 4 to 9 years old.
“Children understand that when people’s words—when they talk about moral principles—are discordant with their actual behavior, they should be punished more harshly,” Shaw said.
In the first experiment, the participants were told about two children, one who condemned stealing (“Stealing is bad.”) and one who made a morally neutral statement (“Broccoli is gross.”). They were then asked to predict who was more likely to steal, and which theft should be punished more severely.
Participants in other experiments were asked to compare someone who condemned stealing with someone who praised sharing (“Sharing is really, really good.”), as well as with someone who denied stealing (“I never steal.”).
In all cases, the 7- to 9-year-old participants were more likely than younger children (ages 4 to 6) to use condemnation as a predictor for future action.
A final experiment presented participants with someone who praised stealing and someone who condemned it. Both older and younger children predicted that the former would be more likely to steal—indicating that young children may have particular trouble using condemnation as a behavioral signal.
Interviewing children at a Chicago science museum, the researchers did not collect demographic information other than age and gender, and did not find significant gender-based differences in their results.
Shaw hopes to conduct more research into the behavior of younger children and whether they can better predict actions that are morally neutral, such as eating broccoli. He also hopes to examine how children’s judgments may change with social context, and how they treat hypocrisy that doesn’t benefit the speaker.
“It may not be inconsistency, per se, that kids are reacting to,” Shaw said. “We think it’s engaging in hypocrisy to benefit yourself that provokes the negative reaction.”
Other co-authors on the study were Alia Martin, a psychologist at New Zealand’s Victoria University of Wellington; and UChicago alum Zachary Trail, AB’17.
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We use words to express so many different things: from basic things like “I’m hungry” to deeper things like “I love you.” Words have power to do good, but it is easy to forget how much harm we can do with them. We often think that our words cannot be hurtful if the person we are speaking about is not around. But with the prevalence of e-mail, texting, and twitter, seldom do our words end when we first express them. It is safe to assume that any words we say will be heard again.
In this week’s Torah portion, Va-Yera, Sarah’s words would be hurtful to Abraham. Thinking he cannot hear, she laughs about her aged husband’s ability to father a child in his old age. Imagine how Abraham would feel if he had heard Sarah’s laughter. Later in speaking to Abraham, God rephrases Sarah’s words so as not to hurt Abraham’s feelings. The Torah is teaching us to avoid hurtful speech.
How often do we speak carelessly and hurt those we love? Sarah shows us how easy this is to do. This lesson shows us how to communicate when we are upset. We learn from them that being in a relationship means using our words to heal, not only after we have been hurt but also after we have hurt someone else. Pausing to take a deep breath and counting to ten helps us to rephrase or avoid hurtful words. Shalom bayit, peace in the house, is the responsibility of each family member.
TALK TO YOUR KIDS about being careful with their words.
CONNECT TO THEIR LIVES:
- What can you do to avoid speech that hurts others?
- What are words that you can say after you have hurt someone?
- What is a good way to express your feelings when you have been hurt by someone else’s words?
- When is it hard to forgive? What makes it easier?
By Rabbi Judith Greenberg
Values & Ethics—Through a Jewish Lens is created by Fred and Joyce Claar to bring the wisdom of Judaism into family discussions.
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Plants in this collection occur east of the Mississippi, from the Canadian provinces through the Gulf states. They represent mixed coniferous-deciduous forest communities, meadows and prairies.
Eastern forest communities vary in composition according to year round rainfall patterns, topography and soil. Some of the prominent canopy trees represented here are birch (Betula), oak (Quercus), maple (Acer), tulip tree (Liriodendron) and sweet gum (Liquidambar).
Before trees leaf out in the spring, many understory species take advantage of high light levels reaching the forest floor. These spectacular floral displays include carpets of Trillium, Erythronium and Tiarella. Shrubs such as Rhododendron, witch hazel (Hamamelis) and mountain laurel (Kalmia) also flower at this time.
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The elementary process and supposedly the most important step to secure your device is to keep it password protected. It ensures the safety of the device as well as your personal data when you are not around.
Now if you feel that your password is to easy to decode or as a matter of fact too hard even to remember or maybe several friends or peers know your password, whatever the reason, you have come to the right place to resolve your issue.
Below we have discussed four simple methods to change your Windows 7 PC’s password, followed by a guide to help you remove your password if necessary.
Also read: Can’t see AppData folder in Windows fix
How to change the password on Windows 7 using the Control Panel?
This method will help you change the password in just four simple steps.
Step 1: Tap on the Start menu at the bottom left corner of the Toolbar; then click on the Control Panel button.
Step 2: Next find and click on the User Accounts button from the list.
Step 3: As the user account menu window opens, click on the Change your password button.
Step 4: Now enter your old password followed by a new one and a password hint (optional). Then save the changes by hitting the Change Password button.
Also read: How to convert Seconds to Minutes in Excel?
How to change the password on Windows 7 using Command Run?
It is one of the quickest methods to change the password in Windows 7 but do keep in mind that this technique does not work for Administrator user profile.
Step 1: Press the Windows key+R shortcut combination to open command run prompt and then type control userpasswords2 in the box and press OK to execute.
Step 2: It will open the User Accounts window. Now select the User profile whose password you want to change; then click on the Reset Password button at the bottom.
Step 3: A Reset password prompt will pop-up; type the New password twice and then confirm by clicking on the OK button.
Also read: Chromebook compatible printers from HP, Canon, Epson and others
How to change the password on Windows 7 using Computer Management?
Step 1: Tap the Start menu at the bottom-left corner of the Toolbar followed by right-click on the computer button and then tap on the Manage option to open the Computer Management window.
You can also open the Computer Management window by typing compmgmt.msc in the command run prompt box (press Windows key+R to open Run).
Step 2: Now in the Computer Management window navigate the cursor to Local Users and Groups option on the left side of the tab; one click on it will expand the options on the right side of the menu; finally click on Users file.
Step 3: As you click on the Users file it will open all the existing user profiles in the Computer. Now right click on the User whose password you want to change and tap on the Set Password button.
Step4: Finally set a new password and confirm it by hitting the Ok key.
Also read: How to disable your internet connection temporarily in Windows PC?
How to change the password on Windows 7 using Shortcut?
This is by far the shortest method using which you can change the password of your computer in just two steps.
Step 1: Press Ctrl-Alt-Delete simultaneously to open the Windows security interface and then tap on Change a password option.
Step 2: Then simply type your old password along with the new one and you are good to go.
This shortcut is widely referred to as the “three-finger salute.”
It is a graphical user interface that allows user to lock the system, switch user, log off, change the password, invoke Windows Task Manager, or end the Windows session by shutting down, rebooting or putting the computer into sleep or hibernation; clicking “Cancel” or pressing the Escape key returns the user to where they were.
Also read: How to run your laptop with a closed lid and use an external monitor?
How to remove the password on Windows 7 using the Control Panel?
If you wish to make your computer public and want to remove the password follow the steps discussed below.
Step 1: Tap the Start menu at the bottom left corner of the Toolbar; then navigate and click on the Control Panel button.
Step 2: Then find and click on the User Accounts button from the list.
Step 3: Tap on Remove your password option.
Step 4: Type your old password in the dialogue box and then press the Remove Password button to confirm.
Also read: Every Windows 7 shortcut you must know
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How the Exchange of Tax Information works and how to set the proper Tax Residency
For some time now, various countries of the world have been sharing information via tax treaties. These tax treaties are typically a dual tax convention (DTC) or a tax information exchange agreement (TIEA)
- DTC = two countries agree on a variety of factors which impact the tax of a person living or doing business somehow in both jurisdictions. Usually broad-ranging and impact different types of tax such as income, capital gains, residency
- TIEA = two countries agree just to share information – but no specific treaty for the relief of double taxation is provided.
However in the past, these treaties were slow to actually enforce upon a person, and oftentimes took months or even years to trade information about a person. A tax authority in one country A would have a question for another country B about taxpayer X, and then that country B would have to investigate somehow (or permit country A to investigate, which is oftentimes impractical) and country B would ask Beta Bank about customer X’s accounts. It was a slow and tedious process.
Then along came FACTA. The idea that all banks (or more precisely foreign financial institutions) should report ALL their accounts to the US – specifying whether a person is, or is not – a US person. This is done through forms W8 and W9m respectively. The penalties for noncompliance of FACTA for an FFI is 30% withholding on any payments sent through the US. As most of the global banking in 2017 still happens through US dollar correspondent banking – this is a piece of legislation with teeth.
OECD’s Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)
As a response, the world created their own information sharing agreement – called AEOI – which uses the common reporting standard (CRS – which is basically an XML format to report on accounts) – to request information about account holders. The difference between. AEOI and previous attempts at tax information reporting harmonization are that AEOI has massive adoption rates. If you look – almost every country in the world (with several notable exceptions) has signed up for AEOI.
You can check our free tools incorporations.io and bankaccounts.io to know which countries are committed to implementing the AEOI:
How does the Automatic Exchange of Information work?
What does this mean to me? It means that if you have bank accounts, or you are a resident, or you have a company, or you are an employee or otherwise known to the taxman in a country who has signed up for the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI), they can and will share that information with any other country who has also signed up for AEOI.
The importance of Tax Residency
It means that tax residency – was – is – and will be – very important! As far as flag theory goes – the rules are exactly the same. Firstly – you need a passport or citizenship that does not tax you on a global basis. You can see Passports.IO for a full list of citizenship options.
Secondly – your tax residency and the second flag, is exceptionally important. It is not a prudent idea to “hide in the shadows” or think that you may “fall through the cracks” or otherwise avoid being noticed. All banks and all countries reporting – you can assume that your information can and will be shared with other governments without your knowledge or consent.
So after you have tax residency in a place without CFC laws – you can operate an offshore entity, with banking in a premier jurisdiction. As long as you have your personal tax residency (as well as the ‘residency’ or domicile of the corporation properly established – then you are good to go).
What this means is several things:
- Setting up in a country WITHOUT AEOI is an option if you want to
- Residency is, was, and always will be key in a more transparent world
- Governments and banks are sharing information about you
How we can help you
As we have seen, now more than ever, setting the tax residence in the proper jurisdiction is a primordial step to structure and optimize your business, where a bad approach can dramatically affect your tax liability, or even lead to legal issues. Read more about tax residency and know if your corporation is really tax-free.
To be up to date about the exchange of tax information agreements and related issues, consider joining our FT Intel Society and our Newsletter, where we periodically share updates about it.
If you are looking for a jurisdiction to immigrate and set your tax residency, it may be helpful our free tool: passports.io, where you can compare citizenship and immigration programs and residency options.
To compare jurisdictions to incorporate a company, you can use incorporations.io, where you can browse by tax rates, tax treaties, CFC laws, and AEOI commitments, among other features. If by now, you are only looking for an offshore bank account, you may check bankaccounts.io, our banking comparison free tool, where you can compare banks where our introduction can lead you to open an offshore bank account.
If you need personalized advice to find an integral internationalization solution tailored to your personal and business particular circumstances, needs and priorities, check our consulting services or reach out us at [email protected].
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At one time, the Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) dominated the northeastern forests of the U.S. and had multiple uses for both the Native Americans and the colonists. Its durable wood and straight trunk made it a valuable commodity during colonial times in the U.S. Because of its value, the white pine was at the center of numerous skirmishes between colonists and the men in charge of enforcing English laws on harvesting white pines for private use.
White pines grow rapidly and have longevity, some living as long as four hundred years. When the colonists arrived in New England in the early 1600s, they found virginal forests of pine and discovered trees towering over 200 feet in the air with bases several feet in diameter.
They also noticed how the Native Americans used the trees for utilitarian as well as medicinal purposes. Algonquins steeped the needles and inner bark to make a tea to prevent scurvy earning them the nick-name 'bark-eaters'.
The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois - Five Nations) culture refer to the white pine as the Tree of Peace. Historical accounts of a peace treaty agreed upon between the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, and Oneida tribes, occurred after a meeting under the canopy of this majestic tree. And in a testament to the significance of the white pine to their culture, (the five needles represent the tribes) the tree is at the center of the Haudenosaunee seal.
Due to its straight growth and superior strength, the English Crown made grand plans to harvest the pines and export them as masts for the Royal Navy. By the early 1700s the Crown had placed restrictions on the cutting of white pine, blazing them with the King's Arrow. The surveyors hired by the Crown penalized colonists for cutting down or using pines for their own purposes, which the colonists resented. This intrusion on their private property rights led to constant battles between the enforcers of the laws and the property owners in New England. Many committed acts of defiance against the surveyors. They'd cut the trees and have them milled before a surveyor could blaze them. Some set fire to the trees, rendering them useless for masts but still good enough for use in construction.
The colonists also resented having to harvest the white pine for the Crown. The work was harsh and often resulted in death when a felled tree landed on the men doing the cutting. In addition to the felling, the harvesters had to create primitive roads, cutting swaths of trees deep into the interior, so they could transport the logs. Once cut, they used oxen to drag the enormous trunks to a river where the current would carry them to the nearest port. This journey proved treacherous and put their work oxen at risk.
Much like the taxes on economic commodities, England's repressive laws on white pine use united the colonists against the Crown. Indeed, a rebellion dubbed the Pine Tree Riot in New Hampshire occurred months before the infamous Boston Tea Party incident. By the time the Revolutionary War broke out, England was dependent on the northeastern white pine for its Royal Navy. Hence, when they lost access to New England's forests, they had to shift to importing Riga firs from the Baltics, an inferior tree for making masts and a blow to the Royal Navy. Indeed, some historians believe the white pine played a role in the eventual victory for the colonists. The next time you see a white pine growing in the forest (or as I have pictured here in a local cemetery), consider it has a history going back as long as it may have been alive.
Sources: Eric Rutkow. American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the making of a Nation. Scribner. 2012
Vietze, Andrew. White Pine and a Tree that Made a Nation. 2017 Globe Pequot Press.
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Sheila Myers is an award winning author and Professor at a small college in Upstate NY. She enjoys writing, swimming in lakes, and walking in nature. Not always in that order.
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All materials Copyright 2022
Any reproduction, reprint or publication without written consent of author prohibited.
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Today, the Earth got a little hotter, and a little more crowded.
It’s Pretty Black and White: Saving BUB, Beautiful Unique Biodiversity, as in this Amazon treehopper and its child, is another reason to preserve carbon storing forests. Source Pinterest
Forests: the cheapest way to store carbon
Credit Mario Tama at Getty Images
OO More Diversity Helps Amazon Forests adapt to climate change a new study indicates – BUT overall adaptation remains low – there is low recovery in most scenarios.
Cutting Down A Rainforest Stops The Rain – and ultimately has caused drought in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and elsewhere. Source Greenpeace
OO Watersheds Lost Up To 22% Of Their Forests In 14 Years –
Here’s How It Affects Your Water Supply – Forest degradation has caused:
Credit jarO at flickr
Because upstream forests, wetlands and other “natural infrastructure” play critical roles in:
OO Burning Paradise: Conglomerate Accused Of Destroying Indonesia’s Last Forests – one of Indonesia’s few remaining expanses of pristine rainforest is at imminent risk of destruction by Korean-Indonesian conglomerate Korindo, says a new report.
The Beginning of a Beautiful Relationship if climate change doesn’t spoil the fungal communication between these two infant trees, imbedded in the furry fungal networks surrounding their roots. Source www.nature.com
OO Clearcutting, Climate Change Can Disrupt
Critical Networks Among Forest Trees – trees use a network of soil fungi to communicate their needs and aid neighboring plants. A network vulnerable to disruption. Among trees, these fungal networks:
Soil fungi are underground traders, exploring and harvesting nutrients and water that they trade with plants for sugar or other photosynthetic products.
When we harm forests, we harm ourselves.
OO Hottest Temperature Ever Measured In September For Europe – with a record high of 114.3 F in Spain, and amazingly hot Kuwait recently clocked in at 124.2 F, which would be the second hottest September temperature ever recorded worldwide.
CONNECTING THE DOTS
@@ Weather, or Climate Change? An excellent short on the intersection of climate change with the weather, from the best experts in the field today.
Follow the Dotted Line … go to the webpage for the full sequence, a looong timeline scroll. Credit xkcd.com (Randall Munroe)
Love how the comment “[After setting your car on fire], Listen, your car’s temperature has changed before.” follows my cursor as it explores the timeline. And then comes the very real punchline:
@@ A Timeline of Earth’s Average Temperature – love it, love it, LOVE IT! Gives you a great sense of where we’ve been, and headed, temperature-wise, touched with humor along the way.
If you’re a stickler for prehistory and nitty gritty analytical details, you might get miffed, but he’s nailed the general picture. No room for the entire scroll here, so check it out!
FIXING CLIMATE CHANGE
@@ A Simple And Smart Way To Fix Climate Change given by Dan Miller in 2014 at a Ted talk suggests a way to profit as we tackle climate change, by finally charging those who sell and use fossil fuels – and distributing the revenues back to all of us.
The strategy is sure to speed transition to clean renewable energy. What’s not to like? Check it out!
OO Smoke Signals: Teasing Out Adverse Health Effects Of Wildfire Emissions that can include a range of smoky harmful pollutants.
OO New York City: Flooding Of Coast, Caused By Global Warming, Has Already Begun – huge vertical rulers are sprouting beside low spots in the streets here, so people can judge if the tidal floods that increasingly inundate their roads are too deep to drive through.
OO Connecticut Fishermen Struggle To Hang On – As climate changes, so do fish populations, but not the rules for catching them.
Her Land, Her Future
OO North Dakota Oil Pipeline Protesters Stand Their Ground:
‘This Is Sacred Land’ – it could also endanger community drinking water.
OO Dakota Pipeline Was Approved By Army Corps
Over Objections Of 3 Fed Agencies including the EPA, which echoed Sioux tribe’s concerns.
OO Insurers Call On Top 20 Global Economies
To Phase Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies By 2020 – at the recent G20 meeting. The insurers have $1.2 trillion under management.
*such as feeding the hungry and visiting the sick.
OO Pope Urges Christians To Save Planet From ‘Debris, Desolation And Filth’ with concerted action against environmental degradation and climate change. Consumerism and financial greed, he said, were threatening the planet. How about too many people?
OO Baltimore, MD: Green Jobs Helping Ex-Cons Turn Over A New Leaf – the city is quietly hiring formerly incarcerated men to work on environmental restoration projects.
OO Experts Call For A Unified National Conservation Network say agency scientists and conservation leaders.
OO Nature Conservancy Touts Conserving Ecosystems As Best Climate Change Solution says the director of carbon finance with the Nature Conservancy…
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By Michael Avidon, math editor
For Guardians: Performance Expectations (CCSS)
These lessons address the following Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for Grade 8:
- 8.NS.A.1: Know that numbers that are not rational are called irrational. Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers show that the decimal expansion repeats eventually, and convert a decimal expansion that repeats eventually into a rational number.
- 8.NS.A.2: Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram, and estimate the value of expressions (e.g., π2). For example, by truncating the decimal expansion of √2, show that √2 is between 1 and 2, then between 1.4 and 1.5, and explain how to continue on to get better approximations.
As with any math lessons, a certain amount of basic material and vocabulary (taught prior to grade 8) is assumed. Specifically, it is assumed that the student is familiar with the following material.
- Definition of rational numbers
- Square roots and cube roots (This is grade 8 material.)
- Arithmetic operations with decimals
- Solving a simple linear equation; subtracting equations
- Exponent notation
- Area of a circle
The mathematics covered by these two standards is relatively abstract compared to other middle school topics. Some of the material (irrational numbers, non-terminating decimals) is of interest to mathematicians and those who like mathematics. That material may not be relevant to real-world applications, but finding good approximations of numbers is important.
A useful way of organizing information may be to divide it into categories or cases (this can be used on a large scale in studying some mathematical subjects, or on a small scale in solving a problem or creating a proof.) This is done here. All numbers, when written in decimal form, can be divided into three categories:
- terminating decimals (have a finite number of decimal places)
- repeating decimals (have an infinite number of decimal places and have a repeating pattern)
- non-terminating, non-repeating decimals (have an infinite number of decimal places and do not have a repeating pattern)
The lesson starts with the familiar operation of turning a simple decimal into a fraction (quotient of integers). In this context, this is showing that a simple (terminating) decimal is a rational number.
Page 1 fill-ins: 100; integers
Page 2 examines the operation of turning a fraction into a decimal. This is done with long division. If the division eventually leads to a 0 remainder, then the decimal terminates.
Page 2 fill-ins: 3, 1; 49
Page 3 re-examines the operation of turning a fraction into a decimal, but with an example that does not terminate, because the remainders repeat. This produces a decimal with repeating digits.
Page 3 fill-ins: first (or third); 1 [do the long division of 1 ¸ 37]
Page 4 explains why you obtain repeating decimals when you divide one integer by another (turn a fraction into a decimal).
The bottom half of the page explain how to take a repeating decimal and convert it into a fraction. Unlike the operation on page 1 (with a simple decimal), this is not a 1-step process.
Page 4 fill-ins: 11, 11; 9,999; 990
Page 5 has a brief description of irrational numbers (numbers that are not rational, or cannot be written as the quotient of integers). The study of these numbers is for the most part far beyond the 8th grade level. Students at this level need only know that irrational numbers exist, know that their decimal expansions are non-terminating and non-repeating, and recognize a handful of examples.
Exercises 1–3 correspond to Example 1. Exercise 4–6 employ the boxed fact on page 2. Exercises 7–12 correspond to the divisions on pages 2 and 3, and Example 2. Exercises 13–16 correspond to Example 3. The remaining exercises reinforce these ideas in different formats.
PRINTABLE VERSION: To help guardians follow along to help their child, print this lesson to make it easier
The focus of this lesson is approximating irrational numbers and expressions to the nearest tenth. Most of the work looks at square roots (√n) and cube roots (∛n), but some expressions involving the constant p are also examined. Mathematicians use the word estimate when an interval of numbers is used to describe a value (the value is between a and b). Mathematicians use the word approximation when a more precise value is given (the value to the nearest tenth, for example).
The bottom of the first page and top of the second find an estimate and then an approximation for the square root of 40. Example 1 replaces 40 with 75.
The bottom of the second page goes through similar calculations for the cube root of 45.
Page 1 fill-ins: 7, 6
Page 2 fill-ins: 8, 9, 8.7;
Example 2 approximates another cube root. This is followed by a clarification of estimates versus approximations. Example 3 looks to approximate an expression rather than a simple radical. The number given (the golden ratio 𝜙) is actually an important constant in the world of mathematics, and is given its own Greek letter, just like the constant p. This number appears quite often in art, architecture, and in nature.
Page 3 fill-ins: 27, 2, 3
It is mentioned in passing that you might approximate something (a radical, say) to the nearest tenth, and substitute this into a more complicated expression to get an approximation for that, but the latter approximation may not be to the nearest tenth. This is examined with specific examples in the Challenge Problem found in the exercises (so I do not consider this necessarily standard material).
Example 4 provides a problem involving p rather than a radical.
Page 4 fill-ins: 2, 3, 2, 3.2; 36, 3, 28.8
Example 5 asks the student to compare two irrational expressions. This requires finding accurate approximations for each in order to reach a conclusion. The approximations are actually fairly close in value and if you estimated each less precisely, you would not be able to conclude which number is greater.
Page 5 fill-ins: 2, 1.4
Exercises 1–7 correspond to Examples 1 and 2. Exercises 8–10 correspond to Example 3. Exercises 11–13 and 15 correspond to Example 4. Exercise 14 corresponds to Example 5.
Exercises with answers
Write the decimals as fractions to show that they are rational.
- 0.42 →42 ⁄ 100
- 2. 0.967 →967 ⁄ 1000
- 3. 1.0523 → 10,523 ⁄ 10,000
A reduced fraction has the given number as a denominator.
Will the fraction be terminating or non-terminating?
- 250 → terminating
- 5. 30 → non-terminating
- 6. 88 → non-terminating
Write the fractions as decimals. Use an overbar, if necessary.
- 2 ⁄ 9 → .2
- 1 ⁄ 16 → .0625
- 8 ⁄ 33 → .24
- 1 ⁄ 1025 → .008
- 31 ⁄ 303 → .1023
- 503 ⁄ 3330 → .1510
Write the decimals as fractions.
- .7 →7 ⁄ 9
- .61 →161⁄ 99
- .940 →940⁄ 999
- .382 →379 ⁄ 990
- Which fractions with denominator 60 have a terminating decimal? Answer: The fractions whose numerator is a multiple of 3.
- For a simple repeating decimal expansion (one without a non-repeating part at the start), provide a simple description of how to immediately write it in fraction form, without using algebra. Answer: Use the repeating part as the numerator. Count the number of digits in the repeating part. Write that many 9s in the denominator.
- Suppose a decimal expansion starts with 0.12345678910… This shows the whole numbers from 0 to 10 in order. It continues by placing every whole number in order without terminating. Is this number rational or irrational? Explain. Answer: Though it has a pattern, it is non-terminating and non-repeating. Hence, it is irrational.
- Suppose a decimal expansion starts with 0.814259668314795… After this it is non-terminating, but you don’t know the rest of the digits. Can you determine if this number is rational or irrational? Explain. Answer: No. Even though no repeating pattern forms in the first 15 digits, there could be a repeating pattern starting at an unseen decimal place, so it could be rational. But there might be no repeating pattern, so it could be irrational.
- Explain why must be irrational. Answer: It is known that is irrational, so it has a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal expansion. When you add 1.5 to this, that changes only the ones and tenths places. Every digit from the hundredths place onward is unchanged, so this number has a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal expansion. Hence, it is irrational.
- Challenge Problem: Prove that the sum of any two rational numbers is rational. Hint: Let a ⁄ b and c ⁄ d represent the two numbers, where a, b, c, and d are integers with b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0.
a / b + c ⁄ d = ad ⁄ bd + bc ⁄ bd = ad + bc ⁄ bd. The integers are closed under multiplication and addition, so ad + bc and bd are integers. Also, bd ≠ 0. Hence, the sum is a rational number.
Determine whole-number estimates and an approximation to the nearest tenth.
- √12 Answer: 3 < √12 < 4; 3..5
- √18 Answer: 4 < √18 < 5; 4.2
- √33 Answer: 5 < √33 <6; 5.7
- √60 Answer: 7 < √60 <8; 7.7
- ∛7 Answer: 1 < ∛7 < 2; 1.9
- ∛90 Answer: 4 < ∛90 < 5; 4.5
- Which point best represents √8? Explain. Answer: D; to the nearest tenth, √8 = 2.8.
Use the estimates and approximations from the previous exercises to determine estimates and approximations for the following expressions.
- 10 – √12 Answer: 6 < 10 – √12 < 7; 6.5
- 2√18 +½ Answer: 8.5 < 2√18 +½ < 10.5; 8.9
- ∛90 ⁄ 3 Answer: 4 ⁄ 3 < ∛90 ⁄ 3 < 5 ⁄ 3; 1.5
Use 3.1 < π < 3.2 to get estimates for the following expressions.
- π ⁄ 2 Answer: 1.55 < π ⁄ 2 < 1.6
- 1.1π Answer: 3.41 < 1.1π <3.52
- volume of a cylinder of radius 1 and height 10 Answer: between 31 and 32 cubic units
- Which expression has a greater value: 5√5 or 2√33? Answer: 2√33
- A square with side length 2 is inscribed in a cardboard circle. The square is cut out. Using the approximation 3.1 < π < 3.2, find an estimate for the remaining area, with the best possible upper and lower bounds. Answer: 2.2 < remaining area < 2.4
- Challenge Problem:
(a) Use reasoning (and no calculator) to determine how accurate the approximation for 𝜙 in example 3 was. Answer: It was found that √5 was between 2.2 and 2.3 and closer to the first. This tells us 2.2 ≤
√5, so 3.2 ≤ 1 + √5 < 3.25. Therefore, 1.6 ≤ 𝜙 <1.625. This says 𝜙 is within 0.025 = 1 ⁄ 40 of 1.6. This is accurate to the nearest twentieth.
(b) Write another expression involving √5 such that using the approximation √5 ≈ 22 yields an approximation that is less accurate (not accurate to the nearest tenth).
Answer: The approximation of 𝜙 was accurate to the nearest twentieth because of the division by 2. If you multiply by 2, for example, it will be less accurate. Using the reasoning above, we can say that 2√5 ≈ 4.4 is accurate to the nearest fifth.
Irrationality of √2
You know that √4 is rational. Pretend that you do not and try to apply the reasoning used above to prove it is irrational. Explain where the proof “breaks down.”
Answer: The digit 2 on the left side of all the equations is replaced by 4. You can conclude that m is a multiple of 2. The last equation would be n2 = q2 and no conclusion can be made about n.
Approximation of π
Provide the missing steps in solving the equation.
1 + x2 ⁄ 4 = x2 → 1 = 3x2 ⁄ 4 → x2 = √4 ⁄ 3 = √4 ⁄ √3 = 2 ⁄ √3
NEXT LESSON: Decimal expansions of rational numbers
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A complicated and controversial public figure, Charles Lindbergh was also one of the first cultural ambassadors for the United States, as seen in his ambitious Latin America journey.
BY JAY RAMAN
Few Americans have left as complicated and confounding a legacy as Charles Lindbergh. He was the hero of his age but tarnished his reputation with his outspoken isolationist, racist and anti-Semitic views in the leadup to World War II. Today, he is remembered as much for his discredited politics as his daring aviation skills.
But for all his flaws, Lindbergh was undeniably a pioneer, and not just in the cockpit. He was a conservationist, a Pulitzer Prize–winning author and an inventor.
He was also one of our nation’s first cultural ambassadors.
The first three decades of the 20th century saw U.S. soldiers and ships deploy to Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Venezuela and most of Central America. This was a direct result of President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which declared that the United States had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of its southern neighbors.
By 1927 the Roosevelt Corollary had run its course and the United States was eager to recalibrate its relationship with Latin America. In this context, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Dwight Morrow hit on the idea of inviting Lindbergh on a “Goodwill Tour,” starting in Mexico City and continuing around the Caribbean Basin.
That May, the 25-year-old Lindbergh completed his famous solo flight across the Atlantic, departing New York a humble airmail pilot and arriving in Paris a global superstar. He was suddenly the most famous and admired man in the world, and when he agreed to Ambassador Morrow’s request, it must have seemed like a gift from the heavens to U.S. policymakers.
For Lindbergh, the Goodwill Tour was a chance to use his celebrity for good. In a preview of his trip for The New York Times, he wrote, “Although my primary interest is to visit the country as an aviator, I also hope that the flight will show the way in which aviation brings the peoples of the world together in better understanding of each other.” In that respect, Lindbergh’s trip had all the hallmarks of a modern-day cultural exchange, with his airplane providing both the ends and the means to foster people-to-people relations.
The trip got off to a bumpy start. On Dec. 13, Lindbergh took off from Washington, D.C., in the Spirit of St. Louis and headed southwest following landmarks and railroad tracks. He eventually became lost over Mexico, which lacked the visual markers common in the United States. He finally spotted a hotel sign in Toluca and reoriented himself, touching down in Mexico City 27 1/4 hours after departure. It was the first nonstop flight between the two capital cities.
Lindbergh was greeted by an enormous crowd including Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles, who declared a national holiday and ordered businesses to close. Lindbergh visited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and attended a session of the Mexican Congress. He was celebrated at every occasion and took dignitaries on demonstration flights. More important, Lindbergh was introduced to Anne Morrow, the ambassador’s youngest daughter. The two were smitten and would marry in 1929.
Spending a total of two weeks in Mexico, Lindbergh was met with enthusiasm on both sides of the border that reached a fever pitch. On Christmas Day, the Times published a letter to the editor suggesting that Lindbergh might be the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god of wind. “May not this young man uplift the thought and crystallize the sentiment of Mexico?” the author asked rhetorically.
Clearly, the Goodwill Tour was working.
Departing Mexico a hero, Lindbergh spent the next month hopscotching down the spine of Central America. The Times provided glowing coverage throughout, with correspondents filing anxious reports from every destination, supplemented by dispatches from Lindbergh himself.
Lindbergh was impressed by the sights along the way. As F. Robert van der Linden of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum notes: “All along his trip, Lindbergh was stunned by the natural beauty of the region and keenly aware of how undeveloped the transportation networks were—ideal territory for aviation, which could fly over the natural barriers of geography.” Lindbergh was also touched by the kindness he received, noting at one point that “the hospitable people of Guatemala are making it very hard for me to keep my visit here down to the two days which the schedule allows.”
The reserved Lindbergh was pressed into action as a citizen diplomat. Nicaragua was engulfed in a civil war and occupied by U.S. Marines, forcing Lindbergh to adjust his flight path to avoid conflict areas. But the members of Nicaragua’s rival political parties set aside their differences to attend a ball in Lindbergh’s honor. Lindbergh saw this—perhaps too optimistically—as “the best evidence that Nicaragua welcomes American aid in terminating the disorders which have recently disturbed Nicaragua.”
For Lindbergh, the Goodwill Tour was a chance to use his celebrity for good.
Throughout his trip, Lindbergh was an advocate for air travel. In one of his reports, he wrote, “I hope that commercial aviation will soon be able to help to provide rapid and safe communication for transport and travel, which is the basis of good relations.” From Costa Rica, he wrote, “My flights in this part of the world have indicated that aviation is one of the best available means of transportation and, in addition, that it is peculiarly adapted to Central America. Trips of days, if not of weeks, by the present means can be shortened to hours.”
Lindbergh spent more than two weeks in Panama, recovering from his rigors of the past month. His agenda was the subject of media speculation, and his American hosts in the Panama Canal Zone went to great lengths to shield him from the spotlight, saying that he “is very nervous and ‘may crack under the strain’ of social activity.”
When asked about Lindbergh’s hunting exploits, a companion cheekily responded, “He shot at a couple of wild pigeons on the wing, but missed them. So far he has not killed anything but time.” Spirit also received some much-needed attention, getting a complete overhaul by mechanics.
Rested and refreshed, Lindbergh lifted off from the isthmus on Jan. 26, 1928, and headed 400 miles east-northeast across the Caribbean Sea to Cartagena, his first destination in South America.
Modern-day Colombia would not be possible without the airplane, for its mountains and jungles make transportation exquisitely difficult for the uninitiated. In April 1536, Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left coastal Santa Marta for the interior with 800 soldiers. When he arrived at the future site of Bogotá a year later, only 162 were left. For the next four centuries, travel from the coast to the highlands required days of exhausting travel by riverboat and rutted tracks. Many places were completely isolated. Even today, terrestrial travel between large cities is often impractical, if not impossible.
The first few efforts at fixed-wing flight were a failure, but Colombians pressed on. As one hopeful enthusiast wrote, “Pilots will come. The devices will be among the best known today. We predict true triumphs and magnificent results for the one who comes to bring us that little bit of civilization.”
American pilot George Schmitt is credited with bringing aviation to Colombia in 1912, making it as far as Medellín. The Andes proved a formidable barrier, however, and it would be another six years before the first plane came to Bogotá.
Lindbergh’s trip had all the hallmarks of a modern-day cultural exchange, with his airplane providing both the ends and the means to foster people-to-people relations.
Airplanes of that era were not equipped for high-altitude conditions, leaving pilots exposed to the elements. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s 1939 memoir, Wind, Sand and Stars, recounts the experience of pilots flying early mail planes through similar mountain passes in Argentina and Chile, where “blustering gusts sweep through the narrow walls of their rocky corridors and force the pilot to a sort of hand-to-hand combat.”
Despite the risks, Colombians were quick to embrace the new technology. Colombia’s first airline, Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aéreos (SCADTA), was founded in 1919, and within a few years it was already traveling to Venezuela and the United States. SCADTA eventually merged with another company to become Avianca, which is considered the second-oldest continually operating airline in the world (after KLM).
By the middle of the century, domestic routes stretched from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts into the mountainous interior and south to the Amazon. Air travel had accomplished what nothing else could: It made Colombia whole.
Lindbergh was supposed to fly straight to Venezuela, but at the last minute he decided to include Colombia in his itinerary. Working on short notice, a contingent of officials, including the American consul, gathered in Cartagena to await his arrival. The crowd grew steadily over the course of the day, and by the time the plane came into view, it had broken through the police cordon and swamped the landing grounds. Lindbergh had to circle the field four times to clear enough space to land.
When he touched down, Lindbergh was mobbed by well-wishers, “necessitating his rescue by numbers of his compatriots, who bore him to the reception stand.” On the way into town, “the procession passed through the principal streets en route, gaining in volume at each block until it developed into the largest assembly ever witnessed in Cartagena. Upon arrival at the Cartagena Club champagne was partaken of,” though presumably not by Lindbergh, who was known for his temperance.
Lindbergh spent one night there hosted by an American official of the Andean National Corporation, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company. The inevitable banquet and ball included renditions of “Lucky Lindy” and “Lindy”—two of the hundreds of songs about Lindbergh that were copyrighted between 1927 and 1929.
As was his custom, Lindbergh had nothing but praise for the city and its people, saying, “Cartagena, seen from the air, is the most beautiful city of all those … so far visited.” As he readied for departure, the reporter asked if Lindbergh was concerned about the surrounding mountains and fog. “My motor does not fail,” was Lindbergh’s retort.
With that, Lindbergh climbed back into Spirit and set off for Bogotá.
Unlike Cartagena, Colombia’s capital was fully prepared for Lindbergh’s arrival. The American legation, under the direction of Minister Samuel Piles, worked feverishly with the Colombian government to arrange a proper welcome.
Lindbergh navigated his way from Cartagena by following the San Jorge River and then connecting with the Nechí and Cauca Rivers, which took him to the town of Puerto Berrio. From there, he ascended high into the Andes, working his way through a pass at 9,800 feet. He dropped out of the clouds at 2 p.m., making several turns over the city before touching down at Madrid Field an hour later.
The Associated Press reported that Lindbergh “came from Cartagena, about 425 miles away, over high mountains enshrouded in clouds, past dangerous ravines, and through unknown country—one of the most daring flights he has yet made on his present tour. No other plane had ever crossed the ranges to the valley in which the Colombian capital lies, and Lindbergh was on time.”
On landing, the plane was swamped by a crowd of 15,000 and Lindbergh “seemed almost in danger of his life from the enthusiastic welcome.” A detachment from the aviation school rushed in to protect Spirit. After stepping down from the cockpit, Lindbergh “was greeting with a kiss on the cheek by Señorita Olga Noguera Davila, pretty queen of the student body delegated for this duty.” Not to be outdone, the “feminine contingent of the American colony” presented him with a feather, pearl and gold locket to take home to his mother.
“No other plane had ever crossed the ranges to the valley in which the Colombian capital lies, and Lindbergh was on time.”
As Lindbergh wrote in one of his dispatches, “The welcome by the people of Colombia at the Madrid Aviation Field might well be compared to that at Paris in May. It took nearly an hour, because of the enthusiasm of the people, to get to the aviation school building.” He then went a step further by saying, “I have never received a more hearty and enthusiastic reception in either America or Europe than the one today at Bogota.”
From the airfield, Lindbergh made the 20-mile trip into town “over a smooth road comparable to our own in the United States,” accompanied by Minister Piles and Colombian Foreign Minister Carlos Uribe. At the entrance to the city, the motorcade was joined by a mounted escort. They were also followed by hundreds of private cars, prompting one reporter to remark, “If any automobile in Bogota was not in the parade it must have been in the machine shop.”
Flowers and streamers poured down as Lindbergh waved politely from the back of the open car. A correspondent estimated that 100,000 people lined the streets to welcome Lindbergh to Bogotá. If accurate, that would have been almost half the city’s population.
The parade finally arrived at the American legation building at 6 p.m., where Lindbergh and Piles appeared on the balcony. Lindbergh gamely headed out to tea, followed by a late-night reception at the Anglo-American club.
Meanwhile, a colorful crowd lingered hoping for one last glimpse of their hero. As a reporter described it, “They were of all classes. Sandal-clad or barefoot Indian men and women of the country districts touched elbows with Bogota’s ‘nicest people’—a strange picture in contrasts, illuminated by many searchlights flooding the neighborhood of the legation.”
After a late breakfast and a meeting with reporters and fellow aviators, Lindbergh paid a courtesy call on Colombian President Miguel Abadía Méndez. The president presented Lindbergh with the Cross of Boyacá—the country’s highest military distinction, which had been awarded just nine times before and never to an American.
Lindbergh then went back to the airfield to inspect his plane, which had been topped off with gasoline and oil provided by the Colombian government. In the evening, Lindbergh attended a banquet at the legation for 600 guests. He was continuously called out to the balcony “to acknowledge, with the ‘Lindbergh smile’ very much in evidence, the prolonged cheers of the Colombians.” The banquet was followed by a ball at the Jockey Club, where Lindbergh was “serenaded until midnight.”
The next day, Lindbergh was up at the crack of dawn. After a final breakfast at the legation, he headed back to Madrid Field to ready the plane for departure. As the Times reported, “There he was surrounded by a hundred or more cheering Colombians, many of whom were in evening attire, having attended the dance given in his honor last night. High officials were on hand to bid him farewell and to express the wish that he would visit the city again for a more extended trip.
“The Spirit of St. Louis responded quickly to the turn of the propeller and rose gracefully from the field under the touch of her distinguished pilot. A few minutes later a silver speck high in the sky completely disappeared beyond the mountains and the ‘Lone Eagle’ was winging his way to another city that eagerly awaited his presence.”
When approached by a reporter at the scene, President Abadía Méndez offered a final tribute: “If Horace eulogized the man who crossed the seas, what can be said of the man who crosses the seas in the air?”
Lindbergh’s journey from Bogotá to Maracay, Venezuela, would pioneer yet another route. The trip took 11 hours and required Lindbergh to fight his way back to land after being swept off course due to wind and fog. Despite the difficulty, “the supreme audacity which is Colonel Lindbergh’s birthright carried him through to another aeronautical triumph.”
He would go on to visit Caracas by car before flying to the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba. The last leg of the journey was direct from Havana to St. Louis.
Two months to the day after setting out, the Goodwill Tour had reached its end. When asked about future plans, Lindbergh said simply, “I have none beyond getting a good night’s rest and making my air mail flight next week.”
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While many people throw around the word “bullying,” few have a clear understanding of what exactly entails. In short, it’s any type of undesired, aggressive action taken by a child against another one. Any power imbalance between peers such as this may be deemed as bullying, especially if it’s repeatedly enforced. Such treatment can leave a lasting impact on an individual’s life.
A study conducted by the Bureau of Justice and the National Center for Educational Statistics in 2017 revealed that 20% all of all American students between the ages of 12 and 18 had experienced bullying. Another report published that same year by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that 19% of all students in grades 9-12 were bullied at school in the year before their survey was conducted.
According to the federal website stopbullying.gov, there are three primary types of bullying that individuals may engage in.
Physical bullying involves a person’s private possessions or their self being hurt. Pushing, tripping, spitting, pinching, hitting and kicking are all considered to be examples of this. Anyone who has rude hand gestures used against them may have been physically bullied. Anyone who has their belongings broken or taken may be deemed to have been as well.
Verbal bullying can take on many different forms. Name-calling, inappropriate sexual comments, taunting, teasing or threats of harm are all examples of this.
Social bullying is another concern as it can affect a child’s relationships and reputation. Anyone who tells someone else who to be friends with or purposely excludes someone else from an activity may have engaged in social bullying. Anyone who embarrasses another person in public or spreads rumors may be deemed to have done this as well.
Bullying of any type can happen on the playground, during class, at lunch, after school and virtually any other time during the school year. It can affect a child’s development and their academic performance and in many other aspects of their lives. You must protect your child now!
A child injury attorney can tell you about a Waco school’s responsibility to stop any bullying that they witness. They can also advise you of your rights to sue them if they failed to take the necessary steps that are required of them here in Texas to put an end to such ill-treatment of your child.
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Most professions nowadays require employees to attempt an initial aid course in their training. However, not every employees have to join exactly the same kind of course, as different workplaces might have different first-aid training needs. Read below for more information concerning the various first-aid courses which exist, in addition to who should take part in them.
Steps for first aid include assessing the situation, calling for emergency medical help, checking the person’s airway, breathing, and pulse, providing CPR if necessary, and treating any injuries.
• Standard or Fundamental First-aid Course:
This kind of course, sometimes known as Emergency First-aid, is particularly produced for everyone. It covers all of the fundamental concepts of first-aid training, which is meant for those who fail to work in places where accidents are certainly going to occur or perhaps in workplaces without specific first-aid needs. A typical first-aid course can also be appropriate for pupils, students, stay home parents, or seniors people.
• Advanced First-aid Course:
In addition to the standard concepts of first-aid, this kind of course also deals by using oxygen and automatic exterior defibrillators (AED) when taking proper care of victims. The Advanced First-aid Course, that is sometimes known as Advanced Existence Support, is most appropriate for first-aid employees or mangers of first-aid facilities. This program can also be helpful for just about any worker your facility outfitted by having an oxygen tank and mask as well as an AED.
• Marine or Marine First-aid Course:
This can be a specific kind of first-aid course, meant for those who act as lifeguards, mariners, save divers, or other profession involving activities performed on or within the water. The marine first-aid course handles certain situations, for example pulling a target from the water or supplying take care of a victim that can’t achieve a clinical facility extremely fast (which could occur, for instance, whenever a ship is stranded at ocean).
• Backwoods First-aid Course:
Also known as Remote or Outdoors First-aid, this program teaches participants how you can provide first-aid in remote locations, in which the arrival health-related help could be delayed where there’s no use of specialized equipment. Backwoods First-aid Course is fit for mountain save, professional hikers, or even the average citizen who enjoys spending some time within the outdoors.
• Mental Health First-aid Course:
Not just medical conditions require first-aid intervention. Inside a Mental Health First-aid Course, participants can learn to provide support for individuals impacted by mental illnesses or somebody that is having a demanding situation. Participants can also get the chance to understand the very first indications of a mental disease in this manner, the can advice the part of question towards sufficient medical help. This kind of course is most suitable for physiologists and college counselors.
These are the most significant first-aid courses readily available for employees. Other specific courses include Babysitter Training, Battlefield First-aid, Hydrofluoric Acidity First-aid, or Cat and dog First-aid. So, the thing is, whatever your profession might be, you are able to surely look for a first-aid course that’s just made for you.
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In 50 years, the Arctic Ocean may not be covered with ice if nothing is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, according to a study by researchers at the Center for Climate Science at the University of California.
In the scientific journal Nature Climate Change, researchers say that the Arctic Ocean could be functionally cleared of ice by September 2044, and no later than 2067.
Other scientists have estimated in the past that ice could melt from 2026 until 2132.
It is in September that the Arctic sea ice is the finest and the effects of the summer heat are felt the most.
1 million square kilometers
The absence of functional ice means that this broken ice would cover less than 1 million square kilometers while this ice currently occupies 6 million square kilometers of the Arctic Ocean, even just after the heat of summer.
The decline of the pack ice is affecting the ability of the Arctic to perform its albedo function.
The effect of albedo is the ability of ice on the water to reflect the sun’s rays. When there is no ice on the ocean, darker water absorbs about 90% of the solar energy. Ice absorbs barely 20% of this energy, the rest is reflected, according to the University of California study.
“Basically, when we lose that ice, the ocean absorbs much more heat than if we had an ice-covered Arctic,” says Chad Thackeray, lead author of the research. This change would have a significant impact for the rest of the world, not just the Arctic.
Chad Thackeray and his coauthor Alex Hall used a new method to build their model. They relied on 30 years of satellite data on seasonal ice melt as a reference.
Next, they compared 23 existing models to the data, rejecting those that did not fit the reference. The idea is that if a model can not predict exactly what happened, it should not be used to predict what will happen.
Once the weaker models were rejected, the researchers kept six models that, together, gave them a better idea of when the Arctic Ocean would be functionally ice-free.
However, the research data was limited to sea ice between 70 and 90 degrees of latitude. This study does not take into account much of Canada’s North.
Ice in this area is influenced by nearby landmasses.
“There are areas just north of the Canadian archipelago and northwestern Greenland where the ice is very thick and does not really melt every summer,” says Thackeray.
This ice will stay longer and it will be quite dense even later in this century.
The trend is still toward the melting of ice, recalls the researcher.
Kathy Ottowell is a seasoned journalist with nearly 15 years experience. While studying business at London Business School, Kathy conducted numerous research studies how social media advertising has changed the landscape of traditional PR. As a contributor to Tech Driod, Kathy covers health and science stories.
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Rebecca Moore’s compelling new book A Blessing to Each Other: A New Account of Jewish and Christian Relations provides a history of the tangled web of Jewish-Christian relations from the 1st century to the present. She claims “the time is ripe for a fresh look at the history of Jewish and Christian relations” because the Holocaust encouraged Jews and Christians to investigate their shared history in new and fruitful ways. In doing so, they discovered elements of a counter-history that provides a positive model for the ecumenism so necessary in today’s religiously conflicted world (5).
Moore begins by tackling the three major disputes that have poisoned Jewish-Christian relations: their radically different views of the Bible, Jesus, and Paul. While post-Holocaust research created greater awareness of antisemitic Christian traditions, it also led to an appreciation of the difficulty of interpreting scripture. As Moore notes, debates over the meaning of scripture began in the Bible itself as later passages often reinterpret earlier ones. The existence of many distinct Judaic and Christian communities, all claiming fidelity to the same texts, further problematizes the idea that one interpretation fits all and casts new light on the notion of religious identity: “We tend to think religious commitment is firm and fixed, but new research suggests that the formation and maintenance of identity, including religious identity, is a dynamic process” (68).
Post-Holocaust studies have also rediscovered the surprising number of beliefs shared by early Jews and Christians, as well as the “Jewishness” of Jesus and Paul. This leads Moore to turn to Lori Beaman’s concept of “contaminated Identity” to demonstrate the difficulty of clearly separating Jews and Christians. Moore illustrates this by focusing on three distinct historical situations: 1) the slow and never complete parting of the ways between Jews and Christians in the early Christian centuries; 2) the existence of Christian Hebraism; and 3) Christian Zionism and evangelical support for Israel. In these cases, the interests of Jews and Christians merged, bringing them together in ways that encouraged cooperation and, in many cases, respect and toleration.
The Holocaust had the further impact of forcing Christians to evaluate the role of antisemitism in initiating the genocide. Three consistent charges levelled by Christians against Jews fueled this antisemitism: 1) God replaced Jews with Christians as his “chosen people” in retaliation for Christ’s crucifixion; 2) from Jesus’s day forward, Judaism became a legalistic religion without heart or soul; and 3) Jews past and present are guilty of deicide—they are all “Christ killers” and children of the Devil. Given these beliefs, Moore asks, “how should . . . [Christians] handle scripture that contributes to antisemitic feelings on the part of their coreligionists?” (31).
While many solutions have been offered, Moore admits they all militate against a literal interpretation of scripture. This is why post-Holocaust studies are so important: they confirm earlier doubts about the historical accuracy of the gospels by showing that what were once thought to be disputes between Jews and Christians were actually disputes among Jewish Christians, who disagreed about such basic issues as the nature of Jesus and the relevance of Hebrew scriptures for Christians. They also disagreed about how to achieve salvation and who was responsible for Jesus’s death (and did it matter since his death was preordained?). These questions transformed Christian-Jewish dialogue: “through personal and professional dialogue, collaboration on scholarly projects and partnerships in modifying worship and teaching materials, Jews and Christians are fashioning a new narrative based on mutual regard and appreciation” (12). Such cooperation has led some Christians to reject texts Jews find offensive. For example, the designation of Jews as “Christ killers” has been eliminated from the Revised Common Lectionary used by most Catholics and mainline Protestants to guide weekly scriptural reading. Actions like these enable Christians and Jews to view each other with “deep equality,” another concept Moore borrows from Beaman. Moore believes post-Holocaust scholarship offers a path to the “deep equality” she so passionately advocates: “If ordinary Jews and Christians do not become aware of ideas that contest their prejudices and stereotypes, then academicians are talking only to each other. That is why I have written this book specifically for a nonspeciaist audience” (12-13).
But will most Christians or Jews ever take the necessary steps to achieve “deep equality” if that means denying the inerrancy of scripture and admitting the possibility of more than one truth? Moore recognizes the gravity of the problem, “If Jesus is the one and only way to salvation, there is no theological space for any other religion, not least Judaism” (171). A way out of this impasse was proposed by Father John Pawlikowski, who concluded that traditional Christology had to change for antisemitism to disappear. He turned to the gnostic idea that each individual shares in the divine nature: “Thus, in a very real sense one can say that God did not become man in Jesus. God always was man; humanity was an integral part of the godhead from the beginning” (181).
What is so interesting about this solution is that it emerged in the first Christian centuries among gnostic Christians. In the Gnostic Gospels Elaine Pagels (Random House, 1979)describes this core belief and its suppression by the Catholic Church. But as scholars in the relatively new field of Esotericism have demonstrated, the idea persisted among mystics, Kabbalists, Christian Hebraists, Hermeticists, Natural Magicians, Quakers, Behemists, Theosophists, Freemasons, and even early Mormons—groups that included individuals like Raymond Lull, Nicholas of Cusa, Giordano Bruno, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, and many Romantics, not to mention New Age practitioners. Another solution proposed by esotericists was the idea of a “Prisca Theologia,” or an original divine revelation at the core of every religion that, although obscured by the passage of time, can be rediscovered.
Moore’s book is a tour de force of scholarship. She distills an immense amount of historical, theological, and philosophical research into a new, lucid, and challenging history of Jewish-Christian relations that not only provides a blueprint for ending antisemitism, but also for ending the religious animosities inflaming the world today. However, the question that remains to be answered is one of human psychology and the nature of religion itself: Are humans capable of tolerating religious difference, and can religions once institutionalized sanction diversity?
Allison P. Coudert holds the Paul A. and Marie Castelfranco Chair in the History of Christianity in the Department of Religious Studies at UC Davis.
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Symptoms that substantially impair reasoning, memory, and social skills are regarded as dementia when they significantly interfere with day-to-day functioning. There is not one particular illness that causes dementia, and the disorder can be caused by many different illnesses. Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia, but it can have many other different causes. Memory loss alone does not necessarily indicate dementia, despite the fact that it is frequently one of the first symptoms of the illness. Although there are several additional causes of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent cause in older persons. Some dementia symptoms could be reversible, depending on the underlying cause. Continue reading to find out more.
Symptoms of Dementia
The symptoms of dementia can vary based on the cause. However, the common signs and symptoms are as follows:
- Difficulty in finding words or communicating
- Memory loss which is often noticeable by another person
- Difficulty in problem-solving or reasoning
- Difficulty with spatial and visual abilities like getting lost while driving
- Difficulty organizing and planning
- Difficulty in managing complicated tasks
- Disorientation and confusion
- Difficulty with motor functions and coordination
- Personality changes
- Inappropriate behavior
When to Consult a Professional
If you are caring for an older loved one, it is recommended for you to consult a professional when you notice your loved one experiencing one or more of the above symptoms. Some medical conditions that can be treated may be the reason of dementia. Hence, it is important to determine the underlying cause at an early stage to receive the proper treatment.
Causes of Dementia
Damage to or loss of the brain’s nerve cells and connections is what leads to dementia. Dementia can have varied effects on different people and produce distinct symptoms depending on the part of the brain that is affected. Dementias are frequently categorized according to characteristics they share, such as the protein or proteins deposited in the brain or the area of the brain that is affected. Some illnesses that resemble dementias, particularly those brought on by pharmaceutical interactions or vitamin shortages, may get better with treatment, hence reversing the condition.
Reversible Dementia-Like Symptoms
- Metabolic problems and endocrine abnormalities – Individuals with low blood sugar, thyroid problems, have problem absorbing vitamin B12, or have too much or too little calcium or sodium can develop dementia-like symptoms.
- Immune disorders and infections – Fever or other side effects caused by the body’s attempt to combat an infection can cause dementia-like symptoms.
- Side effects of medication – An interaction with certain medications, or side effects of medications can cause dementia-like symptoms.
- Nutritional deficiencies – Not getting enough of certain nutrients like vitamin B1, B16, and B12 can cause dementia-like symptoms. Other nutrients like vitamin E and copper that are lacking in one’s body may also cause the symptoms.
- Brain tumors – It is very rare but the damage caused by a brain tumor can cause dementia-like symptoms.
- Subdural hematomas – The space between the surface of the brain and the rest of its covering may bleed after a fall or other forms of accidents. This may cause dementia-like symptoms.
- Normal-pressure hydrocephalus – This happens when the ventricles in the brain are enlarged and cause problems like memory loss and urinary difficulty.
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|Example: TE_get_line_attribute||Text Retrieval Functions|
Returns information about text formatting.
char *TE_get_line_attribute( int col, int row, int width, char *buf );
|col, row||The column and row coordinates of the first character in the line to be read.|
|width||The width of the text line to be read. If the width is less than 1, then the end of the line is assumed.|
|buf||A buffer containing the format of each character in the line that is read from the screen. The function identifies the following formats: bold, underline, normal, blink, or reverse. Be careful to allocate a large enough buffer to accommodate the line.|
Note that for any of the output parameters, you can specify NULL if you do not need the value.
TE_get_line_attribute checks the format of a single line of text in the terminal screen. The first character in the line is defined by col, row. The column coordinate of the last character in the line is indicated by width. The function stores the character formats for each character in the buffer buf.
You can use the following macros to determine whether a given character contains the specified formatting: IS_BOLD, IS_UNDERLINE, IS_NORMAL, IS_REVERSE, IS_BLINK. Note that this function does not return the formatting of the entire string, but rather of each character according to its index in the buffer. A character may have more than one format attribute.
The terminal emulator screen is measured in characters. The character with position 1,1 is in the top left corner of the screen. If you set the width to less than 1, then the end of the line is assumed. For example, in order indicate that the function should read the format of the text in the fifth row of the screen, you can specify:
TE_get_line_attribute (1,5,-1, format);
Since the width parameter is set to -1, the function will read the format of any text in the fifth row.
This function returns a pointer to the buffer buf. Attributes are returned by a byte string, each reflecting a character's attribute. Use the macros described above to translate the strings. If the function fails, it returns null and sets TE_errno to an error code.
You cannot use standard parameterization for any arguments in this function.
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- What is considered a fruit or vegetable in season?
- Why is it important to eat fruits and vegetables in season?
- Calendar of fruits and vegetables in season in the US
Families are increasingly understanding the importance of healthy eating. Especially with children, it is vital to make the right choices about what to eat. A balanced diet should include 5 pieces of fruit and vegetables a day. But to be perfect, they should be fruits and vegetables in season, which are tastier and retain all their properties.
Nowadays you can see in supermarkets all kinds of vegetables at any time of the year - strawberries in December, 🍓 oranges in August? They are just there all year round.
But for several reasons, it is much better to eat fruits and vegetables in season. And of proximity. In this article you’ll find the reasons why and the fruits and vegetables in season by month chart for the US. Keep reading!
What is considered a fruit or vegetable in season?
There are vegetables that grow and are available all year round. But it is clear that depending on the time of year, you can find some fruits and vegetables in season, which means it is the best time to consume them. 😋
Until not so long ago, you could only eat the fruits and vegetables that were in season. In a global world, where products are imported from one side of the world to the other, and with the proliferation of greenhouses, today you can eat any kind of fruits and vegetables at any time of the year. But the best thing to do is to consume everything at its best moment.
In any case, it is normal to find different fruits and vegetables in the supermarket, depending on the season. They are all delicious!
Why is it important to eat fruits and vegetables in season?
There are three major reasons why it is important to consume fruits and vegetables in season:Health. If you eat fruits and vegetables in season, you are consuming the best, most flavorful and healthiest products. They are the ones that are at their perfect moment of ripeness and, therefore, with the best nutrients available.
In addition, your diet will be more varied. Nature is wise and offers us fresh fruits such as melons in summer and in winter, more consistent fruits, such as chestnuts.2. Ecology. One of the best ways to try to save the planet is to consume fruits and vegetables in season. By eating something out of season and imported, you generate CO2 emissions that would be unnecessary. And, if they are greenhouse, more energy is used to grow them.
3. Economics. Seasonal produce needs less energy to grow and to be transported. One way or another, we all save some money.
Calendar of fruits and vegetables in season in the US
Spring fruits and vegetables
With the arrival of good weather and more hours of daylight we are craving lighter meals. The variety of fruits and vegetables is huge.
Fruits: Banana, blueberries, cherries, nectarine and rhubarb.
Vegetables: Artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, fennel, mushrooms, peas, bell pepper, spinach and spring onion.
Summer fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables in summer are fresh and juicy. They are foods full of water, which hydrate us.
Fruits: Blueberries, cherries, blackberries, watermelon, strawberries, peaches, raspberries, apricots, figs and so on!
Vegetables: Cucumber, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant, beans, carrot, chard, zucchini, kale, mushrooms, onion and tomato.
Autumn fruits and vegetables
This is the season for full-bodied foods. Autumn fruits are crunchy and flavorful. Time for dried fruits and mushrooms! 🍄
Fruits: Apple, banana, grapes, peach, pear and plum.
Vegetables: Eggplant, beets, butternut, carrot, cauliflower, chard, fennel, kale, mushroom, onion, bell pepper, potato, pumpkin, sweet potato and tomato.
Winter fruits and vegetables
With the cold weather fruits rich in vitamin C are in full bloom. Together with some leafy greens, you can prepare green smoothies that will help your immune system to get through the winter.
Fruits: Mainly apples and bananas are available during winter months.
Vegetables: Broccoli, butternut, corn, fennel, mushroom, onion and bell pepper.
With fruits and vegetables in season you can make exquisite recipes that you will associate with the seasons of the year. It is a good way to create special moments. In addition, your health and the planet will benefit from doing so.
Print out our fruits and vegetables in season by month chart to know what you should buy each season. You won’t regret it!
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A tsunami wave recorded near a glacier front
Abstract. We observed a tsunami wave near the glacier front in the Temple Fjord (Spitsbergen). Two temperature and pressure recorders were deployed on a wire from the ice approximately 300 m from the glacier front. A pressure recorder was located under them on the bottom. The vertical displacement of the ice was approximately 30 cm and the period of the tsunami wave was 90 s. We attribute the generation of this wave to the displacement of the glacier similarly to the landslide tsunami generated by the motion of a block of rocks down the sloping bottom. The glacier motion also generated a short-period (12 s) deformation wave in the ice cover. The measurements allowed us to estimate the wave number of these waves and the Young's modulus of the ice.
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https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/12/415/2012/
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### Introduction * *Curriculum Learning* - When training machine learning models, start with easier subtasks and gradually increase the difficulty level of the tasks. * Motivation comes from the observation that humans and animals seem to learn better when trained with a curriculum like a strategy. * [Link](http://ronan.collobert.com/pub/matos/2009_curriculum_icml.pdf) to the paper. ### Contributions of the paper * Explore cases that show that curriculum learning benefits machine learning. * Offer hypothesis around when and why does it happen. * Explore relation of curriculum learning with other machine learning approaches. ### Experiments with convex criteria * Training perceptron where some input data is irrelevant(not predictive of the target class). * Difficulty can be defined in terms of the number of irrelevant samples or margin from the separating hyperplane. * Curriculum learning model outperforms no-curriculum based approach. * Surprisingly, in the case of difficulty defined in terms of the number of irrelevant examples, the anti-curriculum strategy also outperforms no-curriculum strategy. ### Experiments on shape recognition with datasets having different variability in shapes * Standard(target) dataset - Images of rectangles, ellipses, and triangles. * Easy dataset - Images of squares, circles, and equilateral triangles. * Start performing gradient descent on easy dataset and switch to target data set at a particular epoch (called *switch epoch*). * For no-curriculum learning, the first epoch is the *switch epoch*. * As *switch epoch* increases, the classification error comes down with the best performance when *switch epoch* is half the total number of epochs. * Paper does not report results for higher values of *switch epoch*. ### Experiments on language modeling * Standard data set is the set of all possible windows of the text of size 5 from Wikipedia where all words in the window appear in 20000 most frequent words. * Easy dataset considers only those windows where all words appear in 5000 most frequent words in vocabulary. * Each word from the vocabulary is embedded into a *d* dimensional feature space using a matrix **W** (to be learnt). * The model predicts the score of next word, given a window of words. * Expected value of ranking loss function is minimized to learn **W**. * Curriculum Learning-based model overtakes the other model soon after switching to the target vocabulary, indicating that curriculum-based model quickly learns new words. ### Curriculum as a continuation method * Continuation methods start with a smoothed objective function and gradually move to less smoothed function. * Useful in the case where the objective function in non-convex. * Consider a family of cost functions $C_\lambda (\theta)$ such that $C_0(\theta)$ can be easily optimized and $C_1(\theta)$ is the actual objective function. * Start with $C_0 (\theta)$ and increase $\lambda$, keeping $\theta$ at a local minimum of $C_\lambda (\theta)$. * Idea is to move $\theta$ towards a dominant (if not global) minima of $C_1(\theta)$. * Curriculum learning can be seen as a sequence of training criteria starting with an easy-to-optimise objective and moving all the way to the actual objective. * The paper provides a mathematical formulation of curriculum learning in terms of a target training distribution and a weight function (to model the probability of selecting anyone training example at any step). ### Advantages of Curriculum Learning * Faster training in the online setting as learner does not try to learn difficult examples when it is not ready. * Guiding training towards better local minima in parameter space, specifically useful for non-convex methods. ### Relation to other machine learning approaches * **Unsupervised preprocessing** - Both have a regularizing effect and lower the generalization error for the same training error. * **Active learning** - The learner would benefit most from the examples that are close to the learner's frontier of knowledge and are neither too hard nor too easy. * **Boosting Algorithms** - Difficult examples are gradually emphasised though the curriculum starts with a focus on easier examples and the training criteria do not change. * **Transfer learning** and **Life-long learning** - Initial tasks are used to guide the optimisation problem. ### Criticism * Curriculum Learning is not well understood, making it difficult to define the curriculum. * In one of the examples, anti-curriculum performs better than no-curriculum. Given that curriculum learning is modeled on the idea that learning benefits when examples are presented in order of increasing difficulty, one would expect anti-curriculum to perform worse.
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https://shortscience.org/paper?bibtexKey=10.1145/1553374.1553380
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Natural gardening has earned in respect as additional individuals are worried about what they eat. The compound substances that are being utilized to assist with developing food are making individuals feel drained or wiped out. The US Branch of Agriculture is endeavoring to get ranchers to naturally develop crops. With regards to natural cultivating, systems like illumination and hereditary designing is not utilized, choices like harvest pivot are utilized all things considered. Crop turn is a strategy where after one yield is collected, the ranch land is utilized again to grow an alternate harvest. The land will be continually utilized thus the dirt remaining parts exceptionally rich all through. This is not really basic for the ranchers since they are accustomed to doing things the prior way. Ranchers are getting motivators and monetary help for following the natural way to deal with cultivating. It is in many cases shown that naturally developed vegetables have half more sustenance than those developed utilizing regular strategies.
Having better vegetables, medical issues like malignant growth, coronary illness and hypertension will be diminished. Kids will actually want to get more subterranean insect oxidants, Omega 3, nutrients and CLA if maybe they drink natural milk. Vegetables developed naturally can be acquired at the grocery store; however you will view that as the majority of them are simply half to 70% natural. To have 100 percent natural vegetables at whatever point you wish, then you should have your own natural nursery. You can move toward this in one of two ways. You may either develop your vegetation from a Horticultural supplies or purchase the plant totally developed then relocate it. A great many people rather develop their harvests starting from a seedling.
Utilizing whichever technique, you should have garden manure, a protected region to develop your plants and completely ready soil. You really want to kill weeds, bugs, and fend creatures off, with the goal that what you have planted does not get eaten. To care for your nursery, you can track down compelling yet safe techniques to battle bugs like utilizing cleanser, different bugs, or a few kinds of natural manure. On the off chance that you have restricted garden region, you could develop your vegetables in compartments. Working that way, you will have to give them much more water than when established in the dirt. In the event that you value your prosperity and your family, there are great deals of things you can do, and natural vegetables are just a start. It is not difficult to get your natural vegetables in a store or foster them yourself. Regardless of whether these veggies are natural, you ought to wash them prior to cooking.
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