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Elephants are among the most intelligent creatures on earth and they are able to display remarkable family bonds and social lives. When elephants bump into a familiar herd, they will rejoice with loud trumpets through gestures such as a tilt of the head or flap of the ear.
In 2005, WWF- Malaysia and Sabah Wildlife Deparment set ou on an elephant satellite tracking project to place satellite collars on adult female elephants that are at least six feet tall and weighs approximately one tonne.
Recently, our ranges John Japil and Julian Herman tracked down a magnificent female whom we named “Brumas” after the plantation where we placed a satellite collar on her. I am pleased to report that Brumas and her family were seen enjoying a salad of grass and other tasty plants in a wildlife-friendly oil palm plantation in Brumas, Tawau.
The Borneo elephant is an umbrella species that play important role in maintaining the biodiversity of the ecosystem in which they live in. These mega gardeners are excellent seed dispersers that help regenerate our forests. As their diet includes forest fruits, these seeds pass through their digestive system and are deposited far and wide, thereby helping the spread of new plants and tress which serves as food and shelter for other wildlife in the area!
When we protect umbrella species such as elephants, we also protect its habitat.
Just three years ago, 14 Borneo elepehants were found dead in the Gunung Rara Forest Reserve which is adjacent to a forest which was converted into oil palm plantation. Poisoining was suspected to be the cause of this tragedy because plantation workers allegedly poisoned the elephants as retribution for damages to their crops.
Elephants can eat up to 150kg of vegetation per day, feeding mostly on palms, grasses and wild bananas. Sadly, their quest for food puts the animals in continual conflict with humans.
Borneo elephants are a far-ranging species; therefore satellite tracking is one of the most effective ways to obtain information on their movement patterns. Once the collar has been fitted on an elephant, it will send the location of its wearer to WWF-Malaysia via satellite positioning as often as every two hours daily.
The information obtained from the satellite collar will help us to advocate for their protection of their key habitats and their establishment of corridors to connect fragmented habitats. Knowledge of their movements will also help us to recommend HEC mitigation options to the Sabah Wildlife Department and to plantation companies involved in this conflict.
Data from the collaring projects shows us movement of the herd. If a herd moves slowly, it could be because the herd has a new born and the mother is nursing its baby.
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Reading and Language Review for First Grade
Designed for the whiteboard, this product contains 225 questions to review reading and language skills in first grade. Simply print the recording forms and you’re ready to go! Also included are answer keys, a list of skills, and suggestions for use.
**This product would also be great to use with 2nd graders as a review!
Reading skills included:
✎How many sounds
✎Table of contents
✎Title, author, illustrator
✎Endings with spelling change
✎Endings – s, ed, ing, er, est
✎Consonant digraphs – beginning/ending
✎Blends – beginning/ending
Language skills included:
✎Commas in a series/dates
End of Year Reading Review for First Grade
End of Year Language Review for First Grade
Please click on the PREVIEW button to take a look at samples included in this download. Thanks so much!!
I would love to hear back from you! Remember, you get TPT credit for providing feedback. And if you do find errors, please let me know before leaving a rating so I can make corrections. My goal is to please my customers!
Thank you for visiting my shop!
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Ingesting silver — in antimicrobial health tonics or for extensive medical treatments involving silver — can cause argyria, condition in which the skin turns grayish-blue. Brown researchers have discovered how that happens. The process is similar to developing black-and-white photographs, and it's not just the silver.PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Researchers from Brown University have shown for the first time how ingesting too much silver can cause argyria, a rare condition in which patients’ skin turns a striking shade of grayish blue READ MORE "BUT WAIT! SHOW ME THE BLUE PEOPLE" beinki "IF you ask me this is just a hit piece, why? Look who funded this study.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences which is part of The United States Department of Health and Human Services
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More than half of U.S. couches contain potentially toxic flame retardants that pose risks to humans as the chemicals migrate from furniture foam into house dust, says a Duke University-led study published today.
Of 102 couches tested, 41% had foam with chlorinated Tris, a probable human carcinogen removed from baby pajamas in 1977, and 17% contained the chemical pentaBDE, now globally banned, according to the peer-reviewed study in Environmental Science & Technology. Most, 85%, were treated with some kind of untested or potentially toxic flame retardant.
"The levels are enormous ... People have a pound of these toxic chemicals in their couches," says co-author Arlene Blum, a chemist at the University of California-Berkeley and founder of the Green Science Policy Institute, which studies chemicals in consumer products. She says flame retardants account for up to 11% of the foam's weight and were most common in sofas five years old or less; 94% contained them.
More manufacturers have been treating polyurethane foam with flame retardants to meet a California flammability standard, known as TB117, that requires furniture sold in the state to withstand a 12-second exposure to a small open flame without igniting. Because of the size of the California market, its standard has become a de facto national one.
The study says flame retardants are linked to hormone disruption, cancer and neurological toxicity in hundreds of animal studies and several human ones. A separate study published earlier this month in Environmental Health Perspectives found that the children of hundreds of mothers who had pentaBDE in their blood during pregnancy had lower birth weight, lower IQ scores, shorter attention spans and less fine motor coordination.
The American Chemistry Council, a group representing chemical manufacturers, said in a statement that "there is no data in this study that indicates that the levels of flame retardants found would cause any human health problems."
The group says flame retardants can be an effective way to meet fire safety standards. It cites a recent analysis by one of its technical advisers showing their use in upholstered furniture can provide valuable escape time.
Yet, tests by the Consumer Product Safety Commission and other labs suggest the chemicals won't reduce fire risks but will instead burn in a few seconds, emitting toxic gases, soot and smoke that account for most fire deaths and injuries.
"The fire just laughs at these chemicals," Vytenis Babrauskas, a fire safety engineer, said in the press release accompanying the Duke-led study. "Given their toxicity, it's really the worst of both worlds."
Why use flame retardants? An investigation earlier this year by The Chicago Tribune , citing tobacco industry documents, found that tobacco companies surreptitiously pushed for flame-retardant furniture -- rather than fire-safe cigarettes -- as the best way to reduce house fires.
Manufacturers are not required to prove chemicals are safe before using them in consumer products, but California is moving to revamp its standard to improve fire safety without the use of fire retardants. If adopted, it could take effect as early as next summer.
Blum says most bed mattresses, except crib mattresses, don't contain flame retardants but most upholstered furniture does. The only way to know for sure is to have a sofa's foam chemically tested, which is expensive.
If you're buying new furniture, Blum recommends items with polyester, down, wool or cotton fillings, which are unlikely to contain flame retardants. Otherwise, to prevent ingesting household dust, she suggests frequent hand washing as well as vacuuming with a HEPA filter or wet mopping.
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Contributions to Zoology, 82 (1) – 2013
Hot summers, long life: egg laying strategies of Maniola butterflies are affected by geographic provenance rather than adult diet
Andrea Grill1,2, Andrea Cerny1, Konrad Fiedler1
Keywords: butterfly ecology,oviposition,longevity,Maniola,summer dormancy,nectar amino acids,Nymphalidae.
Maniola butterflies undergo summer dormancy in dry and hot habitats and deposit their eggs only in early autumn when conditions become more favourable for their offspring. Female individuals of this genus are therefore relatively long-lived. For long-lived butterflies adult diet is of particular importance. We tested if added amino acids in nectar substitute fed to the butterflies affected timing of oviposition, fecundity and longevity. A hundred Maniola females were sampled from Mediterranean and Central European populations and made to oviposit under controlled laboratory conditions. Forty individuals were offered sucrose solution with additional amino acids while the remainder were fed with plain sucrose solution. We found that egg-laying strategies and longevity depended on geographic provenance rather than diet. Supplementary amino acids in adult diet did neither prolong lifetime nor increase total egg production. Maniola females from Sardinia started to lay eggs at least 20 days later relative to Central European M. jurtina and lived three times as long. Mediterranean individuals had on average twice the length of reproductive period and lifespan relative to Central European ones, and individuals of Pannonian origin lived longer than Alpine butterflies. Average total egg numbers were 200-350 eggs per female and did not differ significantly between populations. The fact that oviposition strategy could not be altered through diet may indicate that for univoltine butterflies, like Maniola, diet-quality at the adult stage is less important than endogenous factors, or factors the butterflies are exposed to in an earlier developmental stage than the imago. Oviposition strategy closely matched the climatic conditions that prevail in the geographic regions where these butterflies fly.
The Meadow Brown butterfly, Maniola jurtina L., is a widespread western Palaearctic butterfly that lays its eggs on various grass species (Brakefield, 1982a, b; Ebert und Rennwald, 1991, Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, 1987). Adults are strictly univoltine and are on the wing from late May to early October, depending on altitude and climate. As typical for univoltine species (Danks, 2006; Košťál, 2006), this butterfly is adapted to the environmental conditions of its habitat to optimally use seasonally limited resources, in particular larval host plants. As a consequence, it exhibits large ecological plasticity with respect to oviposition strategies. In dry and hot conditions with no grass available for caterpillars to feed on during the summer months, females perform a summer dormancy (aestivation) accompanied by delayed ovarian maturation (Masetti and Scali, 1972). This means that eggs may be kept in the abdomen up to several months after mating and are deposited only in late summer or early autumn, when first rainfall allows for re-growth of grass. It also means that these females are relatively long-lived. For such long-lived butterflies adult diet is of particular importance.
Adult diet can extend lifespan and enhance fertility, as has been shown for example in tropical Bicyclus species (Brakefield and Kesbeke, 1995) and Charaxes fulvescens Aurivillius, 1891 (Molleman et al., 2008). These feed on rotting fruits and hereby enrich their diets with amino acids. Temperate-zone butterflies, like Maniola jurtina, usually rely on floral nectar containing mostly sugars.
The role of carbohydrates in butterfly nutrition is fairly well understood (Bauerfeind et al., 2007 and references therein). Nectar-derived sugars obviously fuel the animals for flight and can also be incorporated into the eggs (Moore and Singer, 1987; Watanabe, 1992; Boggs, 1997; Fischer and Fiedler, 2001), but the role of other substances in adult butterfly nutrition is still a matter of controversy.
Nitrogen is a limiting factor for many herbivorous insects, in particular butterflies (Morehouse and Rutowski, 2010 and references therein; Pellissier et al., 2012). The reason for this are the discrepancies between the structural compounds used by plants to provide support for their tissues (carbon-based polysaccharides such as cellulose and lignin) and the protein complexes needed by insects to construct their bodies (Fagan et al., 2002). As nectar contains little nitrogen (Baker and Baker, 1973, 1975), adults largely depend on larval resources for investment in reproduction, which leads to a depletion of nitrogen stocks during reproduction (Takeuchi, 2012). Additional amino acid content in adult food resources may compensate for this nitrogen loss and lead to greater longevity and larger quantity of eggs. That this can be the case, has been beautifully shown in an experiment with the Map Butterfly, Araschnia levana L. (Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2005), where additional amino acids in the nectar increased the number of eggs laid. Similarly, Boggs (1986, 1997) pointed to the importance of adult nutrition for the reproductive potential, and Geister et al. (2008) have demonstrated that fecundity (measured as the number of eggs laid per lifetime) of tropical Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879) was higher when the individuals were fed banana fruits, containing amino acids, than when fed plain sucrose solution. In many cases, however, nitrogen income during the adult stage had no effect on fecundity (Fischer et al., 2004; Moore and Singer, 1987; Hill and Pierce, 1989; Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2003).
Here, we investigated if food resources available to adult Maniola butterflies affect fecundity (i.e. lifetime quantity of eggs), longevity and egg-laying behaviour. Particularly for females which undergo summer dormancy and consequently live about three times as long as their conspecifics from cooler climates, adult nutrition ought to be crucial for the reproductive success and additional amino acid intake should supposedly have beneficial effects on fecundity and lifespan.
To test this, we compared M. jurtina butterflies from populations with expected summer-dormancy with populations without summer-dormancy, including a population of the Sardinian endemic M. nurag, and tested experimentally if increased intake of amino acids could alter (a) timing of oviposition (i.e. days from capture to oviposition), (b) fecundity (i.e. total number of eggs laid), (c) lifespan of adult females, (d) the length of the reproductive period (i.e. number of days while eggs were deposited), or (e) post reproductive lifespan.
Material and methods
A hundred adult female butterflies were collected ‘fresh’ (i.e. shortly after onset of population emergence in the field, but already mated as shown by the deposition of fertile eggs later on) from the following localities (Table 1): the island of Sardinia, Italy (10 individuals: 7 M. nurag, 3 M. jurtina); vicinity of Illmitz (Burgenland), eastern lowland Austria (12 individuals in 2011 and 21 individuals in 2005: M. jurtina); the island of Krk, Croatia (28 individuals: M. jurtina); and Mariahilfer Berg/Unterberg (Lower Austria), eastern montane Austria (29 individuals: M. jurtina). Individuals from lowland Austria hereafter are referred to as ‘Pannonian’, individuals from Krk and Sardinia are termed ‘Mediterranean’, and individuals from Mariahilfer/Unterberg are referred to as ‘Alpine’ populations.
Butterflies were kept individually in 1-litre plastic containers lined at the bottom with humid paper towels, under 24h light-dark cycles with a photoperiod of L12:D12 at 24°C (light) and 16°C (dark). Sugar water (5% sucrose solution dissolved in tap-water) was available ad libitum to the animals as a source of carbohydrates, and fresh cut grass was provided as egg-laying substrate. For 40 of the individuals collected in 2005, a commercial mixture of twenty amino acids (Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine) as used as human diet supplement was added to the sugar water as extra nitrogen source for these unusually long-lived butterflies. Containers were checked for eggs daily, and all eggs were removed after counting so that each count indeed reflected the number of eggs deposited at a given date.
Data were first analyzed separately for each population from the two different years. When we found no significant differences between years in populations from the Pannonian region, we pooled the data from 2005 and 2011 for subsequent analysis.
Only individuals that, once in captivity, had a reproductive period longer than five days and produced 10 or more eggs were included in the analyses.
For each individual we recorded the following five variables:
(a) timing of oviposition (= the number of days from capture to first egg laid)
(b) fecundity (= total number of eggs laid during entire lifetime)
(c) lifespan (= number of days from capture to death)
(d) reproductive period (= number of days from when first egg was laid till the day when the last egg was laid)
(e) post reproductive lifespan (= number of days lived after deposition of last egg)
To obtain normal distribution of the variables they were square-root transformed or log(e) transformed (for total number of eggs). Square-root or log transformed data were tested for significant effects of geographic provenance or diet in one-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. To test for the effects of diet and population membership on lifespan, fecundity and timing of oviposition in M. jurtina (M. nurag did not receive extra amino acids, as there were too few individuals to create a control group) we used two-way ANOVA. All statistical analyses were performed in the program Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft, 2005).
No diet effects were found (Fig. 1, Table 2). A diet spiked with additional amino acids did not influence fecundity, lifespan or any of the other variables recorded from our butterflies. The only significant effects very strongly supported by GLM analysis, ANOVAs and Tukey’s post hoc tests (p < 0. 001) regarded lifespan and oviposition strategy relative to population provenance (Tables 2-3).
Fig. 1. Mean (± SD) total number of eggs (a), lifespan (b) and days to oviposition (c) of Maniola jurtina from different geographic provenance. M = Mediterranean, P = Pannonian, A = Alpine. Supplementary amino acids in the carbohydrate solution fed to (open squares) the adult butterflies’ did not enhance egg production and longevity, or speed up oviposition, compared to individuals fed only with carbohydrate solution only (black circles). Significant differences (p < 0. 02) between populations are indicated with different letters (compare Table 2).
Table 2. Results of two-way ANOVA for effects of diet and population membership on lifespan, fecundity and timing of oviposition in M. jurtina. Diet = sucrose solution with (N = 40) or without (N = 53) additional amino acids.
Timing of oviposition clearly depended on population membership, which in this study equals geographical provenance. Tukey’s post hoc tests (Table 3) showed significant pair-wise differences (p < 0. 001) between M. nurag and M. jurtina females from Sardinia and all the other populations; Pannonian populations did not differ from Alpine ones with regard to the start of egg-laying (Fig. 1c, 2 and 3a). The Pannonian sugar-fed group started egg-laying later than the amino acid-fed group (Fig. 1c), but this effect was only significant at the 0.02-level (Table 2).
Maniola nurag and M. jurtina from Sardinia started ovipositing not before 22 days after capture, whereas M. jurtina from all other regions started immediately or a few days after capture (Fig. 2). Mean number of days until the first egg was deposited was significantly different between individuals from Sardinia (M. jurtina and M. nurag) and the rest (Fig. 3a). Length of the reproductive period was on average ten days longer in M. nurag and Mediterranean M. jurtina compared to Pannonian individuals, and in those again about five days longer than in Alpine individuals. It varied significantly between Central European (= Alpine and Pannonian) and Mediterranean (= populations from Krk and Sardinia) populations (Fig. 3c).
Fig. 3. Mean number of days (a) till the onset oviposition, (b) total lifespan in captivity, and (c) duration of reproductive period in relation to geographic provenance of Meadow Brown populations. M = Mediterranean, P = Pannonian, A = Alpine, nurag = M. nurag, jurtinaS = M. jurtina from Sardinia. Significant differences (p < 0. 001) between populations are indicated with different letters (compare Table 3).
For lifespan, Tukey’s post hoc tests showed a clear differentiation (p < 0. 001) between Alpine and all other M. jurtina populations, and between M. nurag and Pannonian and Alpine M. jurtina populations (Fig. 3b, Table 3).
Females of M. nurag and Sardinian M. jurtina lived on average longer (max. 76 and 74 days, respectively) than Central European Maniola. M. nurag females lived around 60 days (Fig. 3b), that is twice as long as Pannonian M. jurtina females and three times as long as females from the Alpine population. M. jurtina individuals from Mediterranean populations (max. 52 days) lived on average ten days longer than Pannonian populations (max. 62 days) and twice as long as individuals from Alpine populations (max. 44 days), which typically lasted for around 20 days.
Only in M. nurag longer lifespan was paralleled by delayed oviposition and a longer reproductive period. Mediterranean M. jurtina lived longer and had a longer reproductive period than Alpine individuals, but no delayed oviposition (Figs 3-4). The latter, however, might be an artefact resulting from a late collection date of the individuals from Krk plus the time required transporting them from the field to the lab.
Post-reproductive lifespan (i.e. after cessation of oviposition) lasted between 0 and 32 days and did not differ with regard to provenance.
Does adult nutrition affect adult longevity and fecundity?
Additional amino acids in the adults’ nutrition had no measurable effects on longevity and fecundity of Maniola butterflies. Given their relatively long adult life-span, we would have expected the Mediterranean females to benefit from additional nitrogen intake and live longer or produce larger quantities of eggs. An explanation for the lack of such a benefit could be that the butterflies had sufficient nitrogen intake at the larval stage and therefore supplementary amino acids did not affect adult butterflies, similarly as shown for Araschnia levana by Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2005). In Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt’s study those butterflies which were raised on nitrogen-poor larval food resources reacted positively to nectar enhanced with amino acids, while butterflies from caterpillars raised on nitrogen-rich food did not react to increased amino acid intake. In Araschnia levana, a lack of amino acid intake at one life history stage can thus be compensated at a later stage.
The Maniola adults we used in our experiment did most probably not suffer from nitrogen limitation at the larval stages. Meadows from where they were collected were all situated in the proximity of fertilized farmland, or they were grazed by sheep and goats, which also produces additional nitrogen input. Moreover, although widespread across Europe, M. jurtina has been reported to suffer from too much nitrogen input at highly fertilized meadows, from where it usually disappears, moving to more natural and nitrogen-poor grasslands (Ebert and Rennwald, 1991; Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, 1987). Araschnia levana typically occurs in nitrogen-rich humid habitats such as floodplain forests, where its larval host plant, Urtica dioica, thrives. It is thus also not nitrogen limited in its natural habitats. For Pieris rapae (Morehouse and Rutowski, 2010), nitrogen availability is the key factor for growth and development at the larval stage, whereas carbohydrates are less constraining (for the larvae!) and can be compensated by increased adult feeding with sugar. Larvae of the Meadow Brown, M. jurtina, do not appreciate too much nitrogen in their diet, and the same has been shown for a number of other grassland butterfly species (e.g. Fischer and Fiedler, 2000).
Additional amino acids in the nectar can thus be favourable for butterflies, but only under certain conditions (Boggs, 1986); in many cases nitrogen income during the adult stage has no effect on fecundity (Fischer et al., 2004; Moore and Singer, 1987; Hill and Pierce, 1989; Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2003).
A very recent study on Coenonympha pamphilus (Cahenzli and Erhardt, 2012) found that females of this species increased the quality of their offspring (i.e. heavier larvae) when receiving additional amino acids. Only if larvae had been raised on scarce resources also the quantity of the eggs laid by C. pamphilus was increased through amino acid intake as adults. An amino acid enhanced diet might also have effects on offspring weight in Maniola jurtina, but this was not investigated in the frame of our study.
Coenonympha pamphilus, P. rapae and A. levana are all multivoltine species. Additional amino acids in the nectar may be more likely to have a positive fecundity effect in multivoltine, but not in strictly univoltine species. A number of studies observing no fitness effects of nectar amino acids on butterfly fecundity would support this idea (Murphy, 1983; Moore and Singer, 1987). It is evolutionarily plausible that species with only one generation per year need to be less dependent on fluctuations in resources than species with more generations per year. So it seems logical that multivoltine species react more strongly and instantaneously to improvement of adult food resources than univoltines, like M. jurtina.
However, there are also studies which detected no nectar amino acid effects for bivoltine (Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2003) and multivoltine species (Hill and Pierce, 1989). In Lasiommata megera, total number of eggs laid depended on the emergence weight of the female and the amount of carbohydrates (i.e. nectar mimic without amino acids) ingested (Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt, 2003). Interestingly, O’Brien et al. (2004) showed for the univoltine butterfly Euphydryas chalcedona that egg provisioning (i.e. carbon intake) takes place before adult emergence and that the extent to which larval diet contributed to egg carbon can depend on the timing of the oviposition.
How does geographic provenance relate to oviposition strategy and longevity?
Only in one population the timing of oviposition was weakly affected by the addition of amino acids. Pannonian females oviposited earlier when they received amino acids in their nectar substitute (Fig. 1c). However, these females did not oviposit earlier than those of other populations, rather the sucrose-fed females from Pannonia oviposited later than the amino acid-fed individuals of the same population. In the other populations there was no detectable effect of amino acids on the timing of oviposition. Similarly, the duration of the reproductive period and total lifespan were not significantly affected by the addition of amino acids.
Development hold-up before oviposition was very pronounced in Sardinian Maniola (M. nurag and M. jurtina) which showed a clear delay in egg-laying with respect to all other M. jurtina. These observations are completely in line with earlier investigations on Maniola jurtina from Mediterranean origin (e.g. Scali, 1971; Grill et al., 2006). As individuals from Krk were not collected immediately after eclosion, but towards the end of August, many of them oviposited immediately after capture, which is rather an artefact than a result of the experiment. Very interestingly, Pannonian individuals significantly differed from their relatives from nearby Austrian mountains in lifespan (see Figs 3b, 4b), and their egg-laying curve (Fig. 2) resembled that of Mediterranean individuals. This may follow from the climatic circumstances in Pannonian landscapes, where summers are considerably hotter, drier and last longer than in the adjacent alpine upland and winters are only moderately cold (Neuwirth, 1976; Köllner, 1983; Harlfinger and Knees, 1999). We do not exclude that also Pannonian individuals experience an (at least short) dormancy period before egg-laying, similar to Mediterranean ones.
Compared to the aforementioned species of Pieris which are known migrants, Maniola butterflies are quite sedentary. Very few individuals move more than a hundred meters within their lifetime (Grill et al., 2006). Moreover, they are restricted to one adult generation per year. This obliges these butterflies to match their survival and reproductive strategy with the climatic conditions at the location where they have grown up.
Delayed oviposition is an ecological trait of various Lepidoptera species (see for example García-Barros, 1988, 1992; Grüner and Sauer, 1988; Sauer and Grüner, 1988) and has been known from M. jurtina butterflies since the 1970s (Scali, 1971). It has also been observed in other species of the genus Maniola occurring in Mediterranean habitats, like the island endemic M. nurag (Grill et al., 2006). Even though Meadow Browns have been studied by various authors (Brakefield, 1982a, b; Goulson, 1993), it remains unclear what proximate cues trigger the butterflies to deposit their eggs immediately after mating, or keep them in store for ecologically better times.
Developmental hold-ups are usually under endogenous control in univoltine insect species (Košťál, 2006). Multivoltine species, on the other hand, like the Large White butterfly Pieris brassicae, are known to react more plastically to exogenous factors (Spieth et al., 2011 and references therein), giving them the advantage to finely adjust the number of generations per year depending on environmental conditions. For univoltine Maniola we would thus expect endogenous factors rather than actual habitat conditions to regulate egg-laying strategies. These could be genetic or influenced by the conditions the butterflies had been exposed to in an earlier developmental stage than the imago. If only the photoperiod during the flight period of the adults were to influence oviposition and induce aestivation, as has been shown for a number of other butterfly species like Pieris brassicae (Held and Spieth, 1999), P. melete (Xiao et al., 2009), or Polygonia c-aureum (Fujita et al., 2009), all butterflies in our experiment should have oviposited more or less synchronously, as they were kept under identical light conditions. But they did not. Photoperiod will surely have a certain effect but is definitely not the only regulatory mechanism for the great variation in oviposition behaviour observed in Maniola.
Maniola butterflies spend the winter in the larval stage. Day-lengths during winter time do not vary substantially between, say, Sardinia and Central Europe, but average temperatures do. These larvae hibernate in strict dormancy under cold climatic conditions, while they remain active also during wintertime in warmer regions. In our experiment we saw that even individuals from geographically very close populations can have different oviposition strategies if these populations live in areas with differing local climate.
We consequently suggest that temperature regimes experienced during the larval stage could be a crucial factor determining the oviposition strategy of a Maniola female for the following summer. If this is true, it would also allow a certain developmental flexibility as a response to variation in weather conditions between years and may be good news for aestivating butterflies in a climate warming scenario.
It has been shown that individuals of Danaus plexipus enter reproductive diapause in the adult stage when as caterpillars they are exposed to short day photoperiods and low temperature conditions (Barker and Herman, 1976). Generally, short-day photoperiods and low-temperature regimes encountered during embryonic or post-embryonic stages often determine whether an insect species undergoes a diapause during one of its development phases, be that egg, larvae, pupae or imago (e.g. Danks, 1987).
We conclude that timing of oviposition and lifespan of the adult female depend on geographic provenance rather than on the nutrition the adult butterfly receives or the conditions it is kept in. Meadow Brown butterflies from Mediterranean regions live much longer and have considerably longer reproductive periods than butterflies from Central European mountain areas, but deposit similar numbers of eggs through their lifetimes.
This work had been funded through an Elise-Richter grant from the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) to Andrea Grill. We thank Elena Haeler, Claudia Huber, Sabine Fischer, Carol Resch and Léon Raijmann for help with the rearing of Maniola butterflies and three anonymous referees for their comments.
Received: 9 August 2012
Revised and accepted: 18 December 2012
Published online: 28 February 2013
Editor: J.C. Biesmeijer
Baker HG, Baker I. 1973. Amino acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature 241: 543-545.
Baker HG, Baker I. 1975. Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution. Pp. 100-140 in: L.E. Gilbert, P. H. Raven, eds, Coevolution of animals and plants. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Barker JF, Herman WS. 1976. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on the reproduction of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Insect Physiology 22: 1565-1568.
Bauerfeind SS, Fischer K, Hartstein S, Janowitz S, Martin-Creuzburg D. 2007. Effects of adult nutrition on female reproduction in a fruit-feeding butterfly: the role of fruit decay and dietary lipids. Journal of Insect Physiology 53: 964-973.
Boggs C. 1986. Reproductive strategies of female butterflies: variation in and constraints of fecundity. Ecological Entomology 11: 7-15.
Boggs CL. 1997. Reproductive allocation from reserves and income in butterfly species with differing adult diets. Ecology 11: 181-191.
Brakefield PM. 1982a. Ecological studies on the butterfly Maniola jurtina in Britain. I. Adult behaviour, microdistribution and dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 713-727.
Brakefield PM. 1982b. Ecological studies on the butterfly Maniola jurtina in Britain. II. Population dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 727-738.
Brakefield PM, Kesbeke F. 1995. Raised adult lifespan and female fecundity in tropical fruit-feeding Bicyclus butterflies. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society 6: 93-98.
Cahenzli F, Erhardt A. 2012. Enhancing offspring quality or quantity? Different ways for using nectar amino acids in female butterflies. Oecologia 169: 1005-1014.
Danks HV. 1987. Insect Dormancy. An Ecological Perspective. Biological Survey of Canada. Monograph Series no. 1. Ottawa.
Danks HV. 2006. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects II: life-cycle patterns. Applied Entomology and Zoology 41: 1-13.
Ebert G, Rennwald E. 1991. Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs, Band 2: Tagfalter II. Eugen Ulmer. Stuttgart, p. 69 ff.
Fagan WF, Siemann E, Mitter C, Denno RF, Huberty AF, Woods HA, Elser JJ. 2002. Nitrogen in insects: implications for trophic complexity and species diversification. American Naturalist 160: 784-802.
Fischer K, Fiedler K. 2000. Response of the copper butterfly Lycaena tityrus to increased leaf nitrogen in natural food plants: evidence against the nitrogen limitation hypothesis. Oecologia 124: 235-241.
Fischer K, Fiedler K. 2001. Effects of adult feeding and temperature regime on fecundity and longevity in the butterfly Lycaena hippothoe (Lycaenidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 54: 91-95.
Fischer K, O’Brien DM, Boggs CL. 2004. Allocation of larval and adult resources to reproduction in a fruit-feeding butterfly. Functional Ecology 18: 656-663.
Fujita K, Inoue M, Watanabe M, Islam ATMF, Shahjahan R, Endo K, Yamanaka A. 2009. Photoperiodic regulation of reproductive activity in summer- and autumn-morph butterflies of Polygonia c-aureum L. Zoological Studies 48: 291-297.
García-Barros E. 1988. Delayed ovarian maturation in the butterfly Hipparchia semele as a possible response to summer drought. Ecological Entomology 13: 391-398.
García-Barros E. 1992. Evidence for geographic variation of egg-size and fecundity in a satyrine butterfly, Hipparchia semele (L.) Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae-Satyrinae. Graellsia 48: 45-52.
Geister TL, Lorenz MW, Hoffmann KH and Fischer K. 2008. Adult nutrition and butterfly fitness: effects of diet quality on reproductive output, egg composition, and egg hatching success. Frontiers in Zoology 5: 10.
Goulson D. 1993. The evolutionary significance of bimodal emergence in the butterfly Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) (L.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 49: 127-139.
Grill A, Schtickzelle N, Cleary DFR, Nève G, Menken SBJ. 2006. Ecological differentiation between the Sardinian endemic Maniola nurag and the pan-European M. jurtina. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 561-574.
Grüner C, Sauer KP. 1988. Aestival dormancy in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 1. Adaptive significance of variability of two traits: Day length thresholds triggering aestival dormancy and duration of aestival dormancy. Oecologia 74: 515-523.
Harlfinger O, Knees G. 1999. Klimahandbuch der Österreichischen Bodenschätzung. Teil 1: Klimatographie. Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck.
Held C, Spieth HR. 1999. First evidence of pupal summer diapause in Pieris brassicae L.: The evolution of local adaptativeness. Journal of Insect Physiology 45: 587-598.
Hill CJ, Pierce NE. 1989. The effect of adult diet on the biology of butterflies: the common imperial blue, Jalmenus evagoras. Oecologia (Berlin) 81: 249-257.
Košťál V. 2006. Eco-physiological phases of insect diapause. Journal of Insect Physiology 52: 113-127.
Köllner J. 1983. Vegetationsstudien im westlichen Seewinkel (Burgenland) Zitzmannsdorfer Wiesen und Salzlackenränder. Dissertation, University of Salzburg.
Masetti M, Scali V. 1972. Ecological adjustments of the reproductive biology in Maniola jurtina from Tuscany. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei - Rendiconti 53: 460-470.
Mevi-Schütz J, Erhardt A. 2003. Effects of nectar amino acids on fecundity of the wall brown butterfly (Lasiommata megera L.). Basic and Applied Ecology 4: 413-421.
Mevi-Schütz J, Erhardt A. 2005. Amino acids in nectar enhance butterfly fecundity: A long-awaited link. The American Naturalist 165: 411-419.
Moore RA, Singer MC. 1987. Effects of maternal age and adult diet on egg weight in the butterfly Euphydryas editha. Ecological Entomology 12: 401-408.
Molleman F, Ding J, Wang JL, Zwaan BJ, Carey JR, Brakefield PM. 2008. Adult diet affects lifespan and reproduction of the fruit-feeding butterfly Charaxes fulvescens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 129: 54-65.
Morehouse NI, Rutowski RL. 2010. Developmental responses to variable diet composition in a butterfly: the role of nitrogen, carbohydrates and genotype. Oikos 119: 636-645.
Murphy DD. 1983. Nectar sources as constraints on the distribution of egg masses by the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Environmental Entomology 12: 463-466.
Neuwirth F. 1976. Niederschlagsverhältnisse im Gebiet des Neusiedler Sees. Wetter und Leben 28: 166-177.
O’Brien DM, Boggs CL, Fogel ML. 2004. Making Eggs from Nectar: The role of life history and dietary carbon turnover in butterfly reproductive resource allocation. Oikos 105: 279-291.
Pellissier L, Rasmann S, Litsios G, Fiedler K, Dubuis A, Pottier J, Guisan A. 2012. High host-plant nitrogen content: a prerequisite for the evolution of ant-caterpillar mutualism? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25: 1658-1666.
Sauer KP, Grüner C. 1988. Aestival dormancy in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 2. Geographical variation in two traits. Oecologia 76: 89-96.
Scali V. 1971. Imaginal diapause and gonadal maturation of Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) from Tuscany. Journal of Animal Ecology 40: 773-778.
Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz. 1987. Tagfalter und ihre Lebensräume, Band 1. Basel.
Spieth HR, Pörschmann U, Teiwes C. 2011. The occurrence of summer diapause in the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): A geographical perspective European Journal of Entomology 108: 377-384.
Takeuchi T. 2012. Cost of reproduction in males of a satyrine butterfly Lethe diana. Physiological Entomology 37: 171-176.
Watanabe M. 1992. Egg maturation in laboratory-reared females of the swallowtail butterfly, Papiolio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae), feeding on different concentration solutions of sugar. Zoological Science 9: 133-141.
Xiao HJ, Wu XF, Wang Y, Zhu XF, Xue FS. 2009. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the cabbage butterfly Pieris melete Ménétriés. Journal of Insect Physiology 55: 488-493.
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Decreased Immunity in Diabetes Patients Heightens Risks of (CA) SAB
HealthDay News — Patients with diabetes may be significantly more likely to develop community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (CA-SAB) than those without diabetes, according to a study published online March 10 in the European Journal of Endocrinology.
For the study, researchers tracked the medical records of 30 000 individuals in Denmark over 12 years. Overall, they found that patients with any form of diabetes were almost three times more likely to develop CA-SAB, compared to those without diabetes. The risk rose to more than 7 times higher among patients with type 1 diabetes, and almost 3 times higher for those with type 2 diabetes.
The researchers also found that the combination of diabetes and related kidney involvement raised the odds for CA-SAB by more than 4 fold, compared to individuals without these conditions. Patients with other diabetes-linked complications, such as macro- and microvascular conditions and diabetic ulcers, were also at increased risk. The team also found that the risk of CA-SAB rose with the number of years a patient had diabetes. Poor control of diabetes was another factor that raised the infection risk.
"It has long been a common clinical belief that diabetes increases the risk of S. aureus infection, but until now this has been supported by scant evidence," study author Jesper Smit, MD, from Aalborg University Hospital in Denmark, said in a journal news release.
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I hope not to get in trouble for posting, verbatim and with minimal commentary, an update we’ve just received from Eliot’s kindergarten. I find this fascinating and, in its way, rather utopian:
As you know, we have been experimenting in our room with different kinds of learning supports for our classroom, such as “wiggle spots” to sit on, headphones for quieter concentration, and “private offices.” Many of the kids seem to have high oral needs right now, so we introduced two “chew tools” this week — chewy straws and gum. The gum is all natural, no chemical sweeteners, and sugar free (sweetened with xylitol). We will continue to supply straws as needed as well as chewy snacks at choice time. The gum seems to work better than the straws and be more hygenic as it does not touch hands or other surfaces once it is in the mouth.
A need to chew on pencils, clothing or hair is a common kindergarten behavior, and providing alternate chewing experiences can help focus and concentration as well as be relaxing for kids. However, gum is not a choice for all families, so if you would prefer that your child not use this chew tool, please let me know.
This is different from the kindergarten of memory.
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Presentation on theme: "THE ART OF PERSUASION. The goal of persuasive rhetoric is to establish a fact, encourage an audience to accept a belief or an opinion, or to convince."— Presentation transcript:
The goal of persuasive rhetoric is to establish a fact, encourage an audience to accept a belief or an opinion, or to convince an audience to take a recommended course of action. Persuasive rhetoric of fact proves something true or false. (e.g., The majority of teenagers participate in some sort of extracurricular activity.) Persuasive rhetoric of belief or opinion focuses on what is right or wrong and supplies convincing information to justify the belief or opinion. (e.g., It is beneficial for teenagers to participate in extracurricular activities.) Persuasive rhetoric of action attempts to convince an audience to act in a certain way. (e.g., Teenagers who are not participating in an extracurricular activity should join an extracurricular activity.)
Key Terms Argument: a conclusion together with the premises that support it Premise: a reason offered as support for a claim Conclusion: a claim that is supported by premises Claim: a conclusion that is supported by premises Valid: an argument in which the premises genuinely support the conclusion Unsound: an argument that has at least one false premise Fallacy: an argument that relies upon faulty reasoning Booby trap: an argument that, while not a fallacy itself, might lead an inattentive reader to commit a fallacy.
Methods Ethos (i.e., ethical appeals)—gaining the audience’s respect through establishing the author’s credibility and moral character. Logos (i.e., logical appeals)—satisfying the audience’s logic and reason through providing credible, reliable, and valid proof or evidence (e.g., facts, statistics, expert opinions, and examples). Pathos (i.e., emotional appeals)—exciting the audience’s emotions through connecting with its needs and desires.
Types of Reasoning Inductive reasoning—observing individual instances and drawing conclusions based upon these observations. Deductive reasoning—using a general rule and applying it to individual instances. Syllogism—a three part deductive argument that begins with a major premise followed by a minor premise and a logical conclusion. (e.g., Birds have wings. A robin is a bird. A robin has wings.)
Rhetorical Devices Allusion Analogy Glove is to hand as wallpaper is to wall. Pearl is to oyster as student is to school. Aphorism Charged or loaded words Chiasmus “Never let a fool kiss you—or a kiss fool you” (Anonymous). “Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country” (John F. Kennedy). Metaphor Parallelism Repetition Restatement Rhetorical question
Logical Fallacies Against the Person/Attacking the Person (i.e., ad hominem): A type of genetic fallacy. Affirming the Consequent/Denying the Antecedent (i.e., converse error) Incorrect: I am at least sixteen years old; therefore, I work at Jewel. Correct: I work at Jewel; therefore, I must be at least sixteen years old. Incorrect: I cannot work at Jewel; therefore, I am not sixteen years old. Correct: I am not sixteen years old; therefore, I cannot work a Jewel. Begging the Question: Assuming that a claim is true without adequate evidence and support Circular Reasoning: Repeating a claim without providing adequate evidence and support Cause-and-Effect Fallacy: Assuming that one event caused another event simply because that one event preceded the other event Either-Or Fallacy: Thinking that a complicated problem has only two possible solutions False Analogy: Making a weak or far-fetched comparison Genetic Fallacy: Accepting or rejecting an argument based on its origins rather than its merits; accepting or rejecting an argument based upon others who accept or reject it Hasty Generalization: Making a claim based upon insufficient evidence and support Non-Sequitur Reasoning: Making a conclusion that does not logically follow the premises Only-Cause: Thinking that a complex problem results from a single cause Red Herring: Pretending to establish a particular claim or conclusion but really arguing for something else; a purposeful change in topic to distract from the original topic Stereotyping: Thinking that a member of a group shares all the characteristics of that group or thinking that a group shares all the characteristics of one of its members. Undistributed Middle: A is C. B is C. Therefore, A is B. (e.g., Jose is a student. Angela is a student. Therefore, Jose is Angela.)
Booby Traps Vagueness: Lacking clarity or preciseness Equivocation (Doublespeak): Using a term or expression in two or more senses Newspaper Headline: “Marijuana Party Launches Local Campaign” A response from a publisher to an author: “Thank you for your manuscript. I shall lose no time in reading it.” Hot dogs are better than nothing. Nothing is better than steak. Therefore, hot dogs are better than steak. Suppressed Evidence: Withholding evidence that could refute or nullify an argument Appeal to Authority: Accepting the word of authorities even when their reasoning is flawed Questionable Use of Statistics Hasty Conclusion Small Sample Unrepresentative Sample
Evaluation Monty Python “Argument Clinic” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnTmBjk-M0c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnTmBjk-M0c Monty Python “Witch’s Trial” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m- g&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m- g&NR=1 Lexus “Moments” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUdkzk4kNx0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUdkzk4kNx0 Coke “No More Regrets for Old Man” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbVPblOmBqk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbVPblOmBqk Apple Macintosh 1984 Superbowl Commercial @ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 715862862672743260 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 715862862672743260
Application 1. Create your own syllogism. -Major premise: ______________________________________________________________ -Minor premise: ______________________________________________________________ -Logical conclusion: ___________________________________________________________ 2. Create your own chiasmus. 3. Create your own analogy. ________________________________________________________________________is to _________________________________________________________________________as ________________________________________________________________________is to __________________________________________________________________________. 4. Illustrate the logical fallacy or booby trap that you were assigned.
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Positive Attitude Essay
As we all know people love to be around positive people. Negative people always bring you down and usually do not accomplish goals they have set. In the work world, you do not want anyone on your team be negative. It can rub off on anyone in the group, or the whole group. However, it is also true for a positive attitude and self-concept. Those who are positive tend to be more driven and have a better self-concept. This paper discusses the importance of having a positive attitude and self-concept as a leader. It discusses steps and way to develop these traits.
How to Develop a Positive Attitude and Self-Concept as a Leader Attitude is a mental position relative to a way of thinking or being; a leaning toward that which you believe (Purkey, 1988). A positive attitude is the inclination to generally be in an optimistic state of mind. Positive attitude, positive thinking, and optimism are all characteristics that will make a leaders life more positive and increase their self worth. A leader will most likely be more successful when using all of these characteristics to their full potential. Let’s focus on how a positive mind-set can help leaders overcome life’s challenges. There are just some people in the world that cannot look past all the negative and start looking at the positive things in life. If you cannot get past the negative and start concentrating on the positive you cannot succeed as a great leader because your mind will be elsewhere. To accomplish a task a leader must have full concentration on the objective. Any deviations can hinder the team and objective (Campbell & Martinez-Perez, 1977, pp. 455-459). A positive mind set gives the leader the ambition and drive to accomplish the goals your organization as given you. Everyone has goals. Some may be bigger and more advanced than others but every leader has a goal. To accomplish these goals, a leader must “focus on putting their life out there and risking it for success” (Campbell & Martinez-Perez, 1977, pp. 455-459).
To have a positive way of thinking you must have healthy self-esteem or self confidence. “The self-esteem is the part of you self-concept that determines your self-worth” (Campbell & Martinez-Perez, 1977, pp. 455-459). Websters dictionary define self-esteem as “a confidence and satisfaction in oneself” (“Self-esteem,” 2010). Many leaders have low self-esteem due to many reasons. Some leaders compare themselves to other leaders. You cannot compare yourself to another leader because their motives and objective are usually different than your own. Some leaders allow the people who surround them influence their ideas. For example, if you are developing a new concept for a company. However, your team mates do not like the concept or idea you probably will give in due to peer pressure. You have allowed others to influence your decision. This is neither good nor bad, just depending on the situation. When you receive support and encouragement from significant people than that is when you start to appreciate yourself (Campbell & Martinez-Perez, 1977, pp. 455-459). You may be thinking “no one ever appreciates you,” however, may be you should be the first to complement others. You are the leader, so lead.
The author believes everyone is created for a special reason. We all have different talents and a way of thinking. You also have the choice on who you hang out with as well as who influences you. Not hanging around people who have bad influences in your life will likely be the first step to having a better outlook on life. You are more likely to succeed in a leadership position if you surround yourself with supportive people (Campbell & Martinez-Perez, 1977, pp. 455-459).
The author believes there are two types of self-esteem. You have positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem. Positive self-esteem is having an ‘I can accomplish this task.’ Positive self-esteem people are usually fun to be around because they have a ‘cup half full’ outlook on life. A negative self-esteem person has a “cup half empty’ outlook on life. They are always down and can even have a negative influence on the people they surround themselves with.
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This 16th century, 5 meter tall stone structure stands at the end of Kampa Bhupa’s Path, to the southwest of the Vittala Temple in Hampi. It is also called as Tula Bhara or Tula Purushadana, It looks like an archway from far, in fact a path passes through this stone structure to Vitala Templa. Artistcally carved granite beam placed is placed on two carved granite pillars which gives it a shape of a balance.
The legend has it that this was used on special days like solar and lunar eclipse, when scales were hung from the transom, and the emperor was ceremonially weighed against gold and precious gems and the treasure was then distributed among the people of his state.
On close observation one can see the loops at the top from which balance was actually hung, also on one of the pillars you can see carving of the king and two queens, possibly Krishnadeva Raya and his consorts. (Image below, extreme left) One can also find carvings depicting people praising the king, on and around this stone balance. (Middle and extreme right)
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Are you unsure of what type of calendered film to use for different types of projects? Have you ever asked yourself, “which film should I use, monomeric or polymeric?”
If you’ve ever asked yourself this question, keep reading. By the end of this article you will have a clear understanding of calendered film. Additionally, you will also know when to use each type.
The Calendering Process
We make calendered films through a “melt” process. First, we melt PVC (Poly-Vinyl-Chloride) resin, plasticizer and colorant together. As they cool, we roll the molten PVC through calendering rollers. This creates the final width, thickness, and surface finish of the film. Finally, we wind up the calendered film for further processing.
Let’s Talk About Plasticizer
A plasticizer is a substance added to a synthetic resin. Basically, plasticizer promotes plasticity and flexibility, reducing brittleness. So without plasticizers, PVC products are hard and brittle. They would shatter if you tried to bend, squeeze, or flex them, even a little! From the earliest days of using PVC as a commercial material, it has been mixed with a wide range of additives. These additives change durability, color, opacity, and flexibility.
Of course, the biggest concern with plasticizers is migration. To reduce this, we purchase top shelf plasticizer that is migration resistant. Plasticizer that stays in its original product prevents all manner of film problems. This includes cracking and splitting, poor adhesion of ink or glue, and incompatibility with the screen or digital printing process. So, the longer plasticizer remains in your product, the longer your product will last.
What do Monomeric and Polymeric mean?
Now that we understand plasticizers, we can tell a lot by the names given to the two types of calendered film. To summarize, “Mono-” means one, “poly-” means many and “-meric” means body or unit. Monomeric and Polymeric describe the type of plasticizer used to create a flexible finished vinyl.
The Real Differences between the Two Types of Film
Monomeric films are made of short-chain plasticizers. These short chains do not bind into film very well. Overall, the short-chain plasticizers tend to migrate out of the film, making it brittle. Additionally, monomeric film varies in thickness. It can be between 3 – 4 Mils (70 to 80 micron) thick and has a tendency to shrink. Therefore, these films are best for indoor flat applications and have a 3 – 5 year outdoor durability. Lastly, monomeric films have a short-term outdoor durability that varies by manufacturer, making them more economical.
Polymeric films are made of long-chain plasticizers that bind well into the film. Above all, this bond prevents the plasticizers from migrating. Generally, polymeric film feels softer and varies in thickness. Polymeric film can be 2.5 – 3.5 Mils (60 – 80 microns) thick, is more stable, and is less likely to shrink. For this reason, polymeric film is best for both indoor and outdoor applications including mild curves. Also, polymeric film usually has a medium-term outdoor durability of 5 – 7 years, which is longer than monomeric film.
The next time you ask yourself what type of calendered film should you use, remember this:
|Monomeric Film:||Polymeric Film:|
Now, could you casually drop the term “monomeric plasticizer migration” during your next cocktail party?
To learn more about the difference between cast and calendered film, read our Cast Vs Calendered blog post!
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View the current 24-hour and 3-hour PSI reading for each region of Singapore and explore how the 24-hour PSI has been trending since Sept 1, 2015. The current PSI provided by NEA reflects the total levels of six pollutants in the air we breathe; sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3).
The forest and plantation fires in Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra are the main cause of the haze in Singapore. Fires are caused by the slash and burn method which is a farming technique used to clear forested land. Here is a real-time look at the hotspots in the region using NASA’s database over the last 24 hours.
The blue lines indicate the wind direction that is modelled using data from the USNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data is collected by satellite and updated four times a day.
NASA measures the temperature of the fire - the darker the colour of the hotspot, the higher it’s temperature. Some of the hottest fires can reach up to 84 degrees celsius.
NASA uses satellite imagery to detect hotspots and a confidence index to help show the accuracy of the data. The index is out of 100, so a hotspot with an index of 100 is a confirmed fire. A smaller value means the hotspot's location or temperature cannot be completely verified or is subject to change.
Haze from Indonesian forest fires has shrouded Singapore skies for days. Some have identified fires burning on degraded peatlands and idle scrubland in the province of Riau, Sumatra as the main contributors to the haze affecting Singapore and Malaysia. The Straits Times looks at what a peat fire really is.
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Shamanism is a broad word used to refer to the traditional techniques of healing used by indigenous peoples of all lands. They were the person within the tribe or village that were the spiritual leader of their people. They often worked with different spiritual and physical healing techniques. They used these techniques to working with physical, mental, emotional spiritual or sexual imbalance or sickness, illness and disease. Leading the person through a journey of self was often the process of healing that was used. This was a journey through healing and discover of who that person had become through their life experiences. The techniques that were, and are used even today, are as varied as there are different cultures. One common theme they all have is the same basis of working with spirit, energy work, healing and self-discovery. There have been many comparisons in our current mental health system with shamanism and psychology. In many ways psychology sprung from shamanism and psychologists have been called the shaman of today.
In my travels though my adulthood I have studied through different teachers within the similar system of shamanism and some from very different paths. As a healer the basis of the teachings that I use come mainly from the Mayan, Peruvian, and Southern American Native peoples. The techniques are variations of the techniques those people used. The Mayans knew that there would always be better ways to do ceremony and use healing techniques. With that belief in mind, their peoples left space within their system of healing for discovery of techniques in other traditions that may work better. They also knew that as their peoples evolved and changed that their system of healing would need to change with it. So what you will see is a weaving of techniques within what I do of different traditions and techniques proven to work.
$60 / hour
Some of the techniques I use :
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Welcome back to our series on dealing with the emotions of divorce. One of the most cited emotional impacts of divorce on kids is anger. They get angry with their parents. They get angry that they were not consulted during the process. They get angry about living in two houses. They get angry about financial changes. They get angry about having to change schools and move houses and on and on and on. There are lots of things to be angry about.
The single most important thing you can do to help a child process and deal with their anger is to get them to talk about it. Anger left unspoken and not dealt with will only simmer and grow. Help the child to recognize and name their feelings of anger. Explain to them that it is O.K. and normal to be angry. The most important thing is not that we are angry but how we deal with it. Teach them appropriate ways to deal with their anger. Here at Divorce Ministry 4 Kids, we have created the following infographic to help you help kids deal with the anger that so often accompanies a divorce.
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I wanted to close this traveling exhibit week with some tips I used during my Traveling Exhibit to talk to kids about art.
Imagine this scenario:
Day 1 of exhibit. Art teacher is very excited. Lots of people making comments about traveling display. This what I hear:
“Those are pretty”….. “What beautiful artwork” …. “These are so neat!”
My little art teacher heart shatters and soars at the same time. Why? Well, you see, I am so excited because people are actually TALKING about artwork. I am so deflated because people are using the most basic and un-expressive words to talk about this artwork! I mean, “pretty”? (that came from my school principal..shhhhh..don’t tell.) Cringe. But can I blame them? It is up to me as the art teacher to educate, to advocate and to teach the students and parents how to talk about artwork and facilitate conversations about artwork. And in their defense, the exhibits are beautiful, but they are a whole lot more.
I immediately set to work.
First, I dug in and did some research. Of course, the resources from Teacher’s Discovery were very helpful starting points. I also called upon this is handy little book I own. It’s called “How to Talk to Children About Art” and I use it as a pocket guide when I am starting a new lesson to hopefully add something interesting to the conversation I have with students. I thought it may have just the information I was looking for to facilitate Van Gogh.
The book gave me some very helpful tips:
I also made this poster:
I encouraged students to use dollar words or million dollar phrases instead of penny words when they talk about artwork. They really latched onto this concept and the responses I got were beyond my expectations. I had this poster hanging next to the traveling display all week.
How do you facilitate conversations with students when looking at and talking about artwork?
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Sperm are manufactured in thread-like tubules that fill the two testes. These tubules, called seminiferous tubules, are lined with several layers of cells. Over a period of about three months, sperm cells in the layer closest to the tubule wall migrate to the tubule’s central passageway, called the lumen. These round. immature sperm cells gradually lengthen as they approach the lumen, developing the typical tadpole appearance of mature sperm. The head of the sperm contains the male genetic material, which will enter the egg and join the female genetic material during fertilization to form an embryo. The midpiece of the sperm provides the energy needed by the tail to propel the sperm forward. Results of treatment given to improve fertility may not be apparent for at least three months, the time from the beginning of sperm formation to the ejaculation of mature sperm.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON SPERM PRODUCTION
Hormones initiate sperm production. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The primary action of FSH is to stimulate the cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm. The primary action of LH is to stimulate the Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is necessary for sperm production and development. These and other hormones work together to ensure that adequate amounts of healthy sperm are produced.
Outside the seminiferous tubules in the interstitium are the Leydig, cells. These cells produce the male hormone testosterone, which is responsible for the development of such masculine physical characteristics as body and facial hair. large muscles, and a deep voice. Testosterone also helps stimulate the sex drive and potency, or the ability to achieve and maintain an erection. Leydig cells almost always function well even if sperm production is poor.
When a girl is born she has two ovaries containing about two million immature eggs. But, by the time the girl reaches puberty and starts menstruating, many of the eggs that she started off with, will have disappeared.Each month an egg is usually produced by one of the ovaries. Before the egg is shed from the ovary (ovulation) it must be matured. The egg is matured inside a fluid filled sac called a follicle. The egg is surrounded by granulosa cells and fluid, these cells produce the female hormone estrogen. The development of the follicles is controlled by chemical messages called hormones, which are produced by the pituitary gland. At the beginning of menstruation, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) into the bloodstream to stimulate a selected group of immature follicles to grow. One of these follicles grows faster than the others and is called the dominant follicle, it is from this follicle that the egg will be released. The other follicles undergo follicular atresia i.e. shrink in size and disappear. As the dominant follicle grows, its granulosa cells produce an increasingly large quantity of the hormone estrogen that prepares the lining of the womb (known as the endometrium) to receive an embryo.
When the hormone estrogen level reaches its peak, the hypothalamus will send a chemical message (releasing hormones) to the pituitary gland to slow the production of FSH and trigger the release of a hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH). The ovary will detect this, and ovulation is set in motion. The follicle usually ruptures about 24 hours after the level of LH reaches its maximum. The follicle grows to a diameter of about an inch before it bursts and releases the egg. When the egg is released, it is swept into the Fallopian tube.
Another effect of the Luteinizing hormone is to convert the granulosa cells to luteal cells. Once the follicle has released the egg, it collapses and becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone in steadily increasing amounts; and about seven days after ovulation the progesterone level reaches its peak. The progesterone prepares the endometrium to receive the fertilized egg. The endometrium becomes thickened, (a maximum thickness of 8 to 12 millimeters) and more glandular (the endometrial cells secretes a fluid rich in nutrients). Ovulation usually precedes menstruation by about two weeks.
In most months, conception will not occur, and after about 10 days of ovulation, the corpus luteum gradually degenerates and the progesterone production will start to fall, this will result in cessation of growth and shedding of the endometrium (menstruation).
Fertilization and Implantation:
Before ovulation occurs, the fimbria (finger-like ends) of the fallopian tube are positioned over the ovary. These fimbria move along the ovary until a follicle containing the ripened egg is found. The lining of a fallopian tube contains millions of hairlike projections, called cilia, that move back and forth creating suction. When ovulation occurs this suction sweeps up the egg, along with some of the fluid that has surrounded the egg in the follicle. The chemicals in the fluid signal the muscles of the fallopian tube to contract. These contractions propel the egg gently toward the uterus. After the egg is in the fallopian tube, it continues to ripen and prepare itself for the sperm. The egg is surrounded by a nourishing shell which the sperm must penetrate. Millions of sperm work hard to penetrate the shell, layer by layer. One sperm breaks through the shell and instantly a chemical reaction takes place, making it impossible for any other sperm to penetrate. The sperm tail, which has been so vital in propelling it to this point, is left outside and disintegrates. The new single cell that results is called a zygote and it forms a thick wall to prevent penetration by any other sperm. Pregnancy has begun.
The zygote now begins to divide into further cells, called blastomeres, which by the third day number about 12. This tiny cluster of new life then takes about 60 hours to make its way to the uterus, by which term it is made up of about 64 cells and is called a blastocyst. Already there are two distinct cell types: an outer layer of trophoblast cells which will develop into the placenta; and an inner cell mass which will eventually form the foetus. Two to three days later (about a week after fertilisaiton) the blastocyst embeds itself in the lining of the uterus. It has now subdivided into about 120 cells and starts to produce the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , which sends a signal to the corpus luteum to carry on producing progesterone. If it didn’t , the lining of the uterus would break down and menstrual bleeding would start.
Stages of Implantation
In the second week after conception, the trophoblast cells continue to invade the uterine lining and the inner cell mass develops into an embryo. It is only a dot, but has already started to be differentiated into three different cell layers, the germ layers, which will each become a different part of the baby’s body.
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Do all of history’s bad guys deserve their reputations? In the case of Richard III, probably yes and no.
Today in 1483, Richard, Duke of Gloucester was crowned Richard III of England. It wasn’t supposed to be that way.
When his brother Edward IV died in April, Richard was made Lord Protector of the heir apparent, the future Edward V. Little Edward was supposed to be crowned on June 22, but all of a sudden, his mother’s marriage to Edward IV was declared invalid, making the young prince a young bastard.
Who, then, became the king in his stead? Why his lord protector of course, the king’s brother, Richard. The young Edward and his brother were never heard from again, as they became the infamous “princes in the tower.” Richard ruled for two years until he himself was killed in a battle against the forces of Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond, in Bosworth Field in 1485. The last English king to die in battle, Richard was also only the second king to die in battle on English soil since Harold Godwinson in the 1066 Battle of Hastings.
In terms of facts, this is really it. Yet Richard III is remembered as a hunchbacked, monstrous villain thanks to one William Shakespeare.
Today, Richard is a very controversial figure. Many still view his deeds, especially those portrayed in Shakespeare’s eponymous play, as being genuine. To an extent, they have a point. Richard did scheme and connive his way onto the throne. However, his machinations were certainly not much more than his predecessors’, especially his brother–and certainly on par with his successors, especially his usurper Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII. There is even doubt to his culpability in the death of the princes in the Tower.
Richard’s treachery, thus, is pretty par for the course in the wide lens of British history.
In fact, there are many who view Richard as a stablizing force in England at the time. With the death of Edward IV, many believe Richard enjoyed a popular reputation as a staunch defender of the realm and a force for continuity. Richard fended off rebellions from within and without when Edward was king, and his succession was viewed as a necessary progression rather than a coup.
Yet the Richard of Shakespeare still creeps into history. It’s too bad, because the fictional Richard is so much fun to watch–his schemes, his backstabbing, and his eventual comeuppance.
Attached is the famous Act I soliloquy of Richard from the 1995 film Richard III starring Sir Ian McKellan in the title role. It ranks up there with Olivier’s Richard as among the best performances of the character on film. It takes a while to get to the actual speech, but it’s worth it.
I highly recommend viewing the whole film. There’s so much bad Shakespeare out there that its so refreshing when it’s done right…and few do it better nowadays than Sir Ian. Enjoy.
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Ancient Religion Islam
Islam is the religion founded by Muhammad and articulated in the Qur’an, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable God, and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's demonstrations and examples (called the Sunnah, collected through narration of his companions in the volumes of Hadith) for implementing it. The word Islam is a homograph, having multiple meanings, and a triliteral of the word salam, which directly translates as peace. Other meanings include submission, or the total surrender of oneself to God. An adherent of Islam is a Muslim, meaning "one who submits". The word Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims regard their religion as the completed and universal version of an original monotheistic faith that was revealed to many peoples before, including to Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that previous messages have changed and the revelations were distorted over time.
The first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz EfendiMuslims consider the Qur'an to be the literal word of God; it is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on June 8, 632. The Qur'an was reportedly written down by Muhammad's companions (sahabah) while he was alive, although the prime method of transmission was orally. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized under the administration of Uthman, the third caliph. From textual evidence Islamic studies scholars find that the Qur'an of today has not changed significantly over the years.
The Qur'an is divided into 114 suras, or chapters, which combined, contain 6,236 ayat, or verses. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values". Muslim jurists consult the hadith, or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir.
The Qur'an states that all Muslims must believe in God, his revelations, his angels, his messengers, and in the "Day of Judgment". Also, there are other beliefs that differ between particular sects. The Sunni concept of predestination is called divine decree, while the Shi'a version is called divine justice. Unique to the Shi'a is the doctrine of Imamah, or the political and spiritual leadership of the Imams.
Muslims believe that God revealed his final message to humanity through the Islamic prophet Muhammad via the archangel Gabriel (Jibril). For them, Muhammad was God's final prophet and the Qur'an is the holy book of revelations he received over more than two decades. In Islam, prophets are men selected by God to be his messengers. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic prophets are considered to be the closest to perfection of all humans, and are uniquely the recipients of divine revelation-either directly from God or through angels. The Qur'an mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others. Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers since Adam preached the message of Islam-submission to the will of God. Islam is described in the Qur'an as "the primordial nature upon which God created mankind", and the Qur'an states that the proper name Muslim was given by Abraham.
Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community. The Five Pillars of Islam are five practices essential to Sunni Islam. Shi'a Muslims subscribe to different sets of pillars which substantially overlap with the Five Pillars. They are:
The shahadah, which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam: "'ashadu 'al-la ilaha illa-llahu wa 'ashadu 'anna muhammadan rasulu-llah", or "I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.
Salah, or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. Each salah is done facing towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called Adhan (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Qur'an.
Zakat, or alms-giving. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a "trust from God's bounty". The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (sadaqah).
Sawm, or fasting during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Some Muslim groups do not fast during Ramadan, and instead have fasts different times of the year.
The Hajj, which is the pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the Black Stone, running seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina. The pilgrim, or the hajji, is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.
The word Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m, and is derived from the Arabic verb Aslama, which means "to accept, surrender or submit." Thus, Islam means acceptance of and submission to God, and believers must demonstrate this by worshipping him, following his commands, and avoiding polytheism. The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (ayat), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam." Other verses connect islam and din (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (din) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion." Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God-more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. Another technical meaning in Islamic thought is as one part of a triad of islam, iman (faith), and ihsan (excellence); where it represents acts of worship (`ibadah) and Islamic law (sharia).
Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in 2007 range from 1.3 billion to 1.8 billion. Approximately 85% are Sunni and 15% are Shi'a, with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some 30-40 countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide. South Asia and Southeast Asia contain the most populous Muslim countries, with Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh having more than 100 million adherents each. According to U.S. government figures, in 2006 there were 20 million Muslims in China. In the Middle East, the non-Arab countries of Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries
Ramadan and Fasting Tradition:
Fasting during Ramadan, the Muslims holy month, was ordained during the second year of Hijrah. Why not earlier? In Makkah the economic conditions of the Muslims were bad. They were being persecuted. Often days would go by before they had anything to eat. It is easy to skip meals if you don’t have any. Obviously fasting would have been easier under the circumstances. So why not then?
The answer may be that Ramadan is not only about skipping meals. While fasting is an integral and paramount part of it, Ramadan offers a comprehensive program for our spiritual overhaul. The entire program required the peace and security that was offered by Madinah.
Yes, Ramadan is the most important month of the year. It is the month that the believers await with eagerness. At the beginning of Rajab --- two full months before Ramadan --- the Prophet Muhammad, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, used to supplicate thus: "O Allah! Bless us during Rajab and Sha’ban, and let us reach Ramadan (in good health)."
During Ramadan the believers get busy seeking Allah’s mercy, forgiveness, and protection from Hellfire. This is the month for renewing our commitment and re-establishing our relationship with our Creator. It is the spring season for goodness and virtues when righteousness blossoms throughout the Muslim communities. "If we combine all the blessings of the other eleven months, they would not add up to the blessings of Ramadan," said the great scholar and reformer Shaikh Ahmed Farooqi (Mujaddad Alif Thani). It offers every Muslim an opportunity to strengthen his Iman, purify his heart and soul, and to remove the evil effects of the sins committed by him.
"Anyone who fasts during this month with purity of belief and with expectation of a good reward (from his Creator), will have his previous sins forgiven," said Prophet Muhammad, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam. "Anyone who stands in prayers during its nights with purity of belief and expectation of a reward, will have his previous sins forgiven." As other ahadith tell us, the rewards for good deeds are multiplied manifold during Ramadan.
Islam on Terrorism:
One of the distinctive characteristics of the times we live in is the overwhelming presence of violence in our societies. Whether it is a bomb going off in a market place, or the hijacking of an aircraft where innocent people are held at ransom to achieve political ends, we live in an age, where the manipulation and loss of innocent lives has become commonplace.
Such is the all-pervasive nature of indiscriminate violence, that "terrorism" is considered as one of the prime threats to peace and security in our societies.
The word terrorism came into wide usage only a few decades ago. One of the unfortunate results of this new terminology is that it limits the definition of terrorism to that perpetrated by small groups or individuals. Terrorism, in fact, spans the entire world, and manifests itself in various forms. Its perpetrators do not fit any stereotype. Those who hold human lives cheap, and have the power to expend human lives, appear at different levels in our societies. The frustrated employee who kills his colleagues in cold-blood or the oppressed citizen of an occupied land who vents his anger by blowing up a school bus are terrorists who provoke our anger and revulsion. Ironically however, the politician who uses age-old ethnic animosities between peoples to consolidate his position, the head of state who orders "carpet bombing" of entire cities, the exalted councils that choke millions of civilians to death by wielding the insidious weapon of sanctions, are rarely punished for their crimes against humanity.
It is this narrow definition of terrorism that implicates only individuals and groups, that has caused Muslims to be associated with acts of destruction and terror, and as a result, to become victims of hate violence and terror themselves. Sometimes the religion of Islam is held responsible for the acts of a handful of Muslims, and often for the acts of non-Muslims!
Could it be possible that Islam, whose light ended the Dark Ages in Europe, now propound the advent of an age of terror? Could a faith that has over 1.2 billion followers the world over, and over 7 million in America, actually advocate the killing and maiming of innocent people? Could Islam, whose name itself stands for "peace" and "submission to God", encourage its adherents to work for death and destruction?
For too long, have we relied on popular images in the media and in Hollywood films, for answers to these pertinent questions. It is now time to look at the sources of Islam, and its history to determine whether Islam does indeed advocate violence.
Islam - The Great Unifier:
Far from being a militant dogma, Islam is a way of life that transcends race and ethnicity. The Glorious Qur’an repeatedly reminds us of our common origin:
"O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise (each other). Verily the most honored of you in the sight of God is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And God has full knowledge and is well acquainted (with all things)."
Thus, it is the universality of its teachings that makes Islam the fastest growing religion in the world. In a world full of conflicts and deep schisms between human beings, a world that is threatened with terrorism, perpetrated by individuals and states, Islam is a beacon of light that offers hope for the future.
References : wikipedia.org, whyislam.org, denvermosque.org
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* How do we align outselves with God in our day to day life?
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January 25: architecture’s Forrest Gump
2012/01/25 § Leave a comment
On this day in 2005, Philip Johnson died.
Johnson (b. July 8, 1906) was one of the twentieth century’s great chameleons. Perhaps that’s not quite right, since chameleons can change their colors back and forth, and Johnson never went back and forth. His was an onward, intentional evolution through his very very long practice of over seven decades. Also, chameleons change their colors as a defense mechanism. Philip Johnson never wanted to not be noticed , but instead shaped himself to be spotted according to the most stunning plumage he admired in others at the time. Other ideas from the animal kingdom seem to suit him better than the idea of camouflage: the mimicry of the sparrow-hawk; the dazzle pattern of the zebra.
Born into a wealthy and established family, Johnson was treated to, and took advantage of, great educational and travel opportunities that were common to people of his station. In his mid-twenties he developed a sudden interest in architecture that lead to his partnership with Alfred Barr and Henry-Russell Hitchcock in the 1932 book and exhibition “The International Style: Architecture since 1922” at the Museum of Modern Art. It was only after these events that he pursued his architectural studies and practice. Having started his career with the exhibition that coined the term “International Style,” Johnson rolled through the decades, showing up at astonishingly important moments. He partnered with Mies on the Seagram Building. In 1979 he was named the inaugural Pritzker laureate and in the same year was featured on the cover of Time magazine as the poster child of Post-Modernism and, as one of the country’s first celebrity architects, wore a funny hat in Vanity Fair in 1984. He returned to MOMA to curate (with Mark Wigley) the 1988 exhibition that taught the world how to name and make sense of (or at least talk about) Deconstructivism.
Johnson’s life was a give and take: he absorbed ideas all around him and left behind a few good buildings (and a few real stinkers), some great essays, and consequential exhibitions. In his death he has been especially generous, deeding his forty-seven acre estate to the National Trust. Johnson lived up to his socially elite roots, having an innate ability to know who to be with, and who to be, next. A study of twentieth-century architecture will reveal a certain amount about Johnson’s life and work; a study of Johnson’s life and work will reveal virtually everything you need to know about the twentieth century.
Johnson with his Glass House in July, 1949 in New Canaan, Connecticut (from this source)
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Fashion photography is a genre of photography which is devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items. Fashion photography is most often conducted for advertisements or fashion magazines such as Vogue, Vanity Fair, or Elle. Fashion photography has developed its own aesthetic in which the clothes and fashions are enhanced by the presence of exotic locations or accessories.
Fashion photography has been in existence since the earliest days of photography. In 1856, Adolphe Braun published a book containing 288 photographs of Virginia Oldoini, Countess di Castiglione, a Tuscan noblewoman at the court of Napoleon III. The photos depict her in her official court garb, making her the first fashion model.
In the first decade of the 20th century, advances in halftone printing allowed fashion photographs to be used in magazines. Fashion photography made its first appearance in French and American magazines such as La mode pratique and Harper's Bazaar. In 1909, Condé Nast took over Vogue magazine and also contributed to the beginnings of fashion photography. In 1911, photographer Edward Steichen was "dared" by Lucien Vogel, the publisher of Jardin des Modes and La Gazette du Bon Ton, to promote fashion as a fine art by the use of photography. Steichen then took photos of gowns designed by couturier Paul Poiret. These photographs were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. According to Jesse Alexander, This is "...now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot. That is, photographing the garments in such a way as to convey a sense of their physical quality as well as their formal appearance, as opposed to simply illustrating the object."
Vogue was followed by its rival, Harper's Bazaar, and the two companies were leaders in the field of fashion photography throughout the 1920s and 1930s. House photographers such as Steichen, George Hoyningen-Huene, Horst P. Horst and Cecil Beaton transformed the genre into an outstanding art form.
In the mid-1930s as World War II approached, the focus shifted to the United States, where Vogue and Harper's continued their old rivalry. In 1936, Martin Munkacsi made the first photographs of models in sporty poses at the beach. Under the artistic direction of Alexey Brodovitch, Harper's Bazaar quickly introduced this new style into its magazine.
House photographers such as Irving Penn, Martin Munkacsi, Richard Avedon, and Louise Dahl-Wolfe would shape the look of fashion photography for the following decades. Richard Avedon revolutionized fashion photography — and redefined the role of the fashion photographer — in the post-World War II era with his imaginative images of the modern woman.
From 1939 and onward, what had previously been the flourishing and sizeable industry of fashion photography all but stopped due to the beginnings of World War II. The United States and Europe quickly diverged from one another. What had previously been a togetherness and inspired working relationship diverged with Paris occupied and London under siege. Paris, the main fashion-power house of the time quickly became isolated from the United States—especially with Vogue Paris shutting down for a brief hiatus in 1940. With these changes, the photography based out of the USA gained a distinct Americana vibe—models often posed with flags, American brand cars, and generally just fulfilling the American ideal. What did remain of the French and British fashion photography on the other hand often had a wartime overlay to the content. Cecil Beaton’s ‘Fashion is Indestructible’ from 1941 displays a well-dressed woman viewing the rubble that once was Middle Temple in London. Similarly, Lee Miller began taking photos of women in Paris and London, modeling the latest designs for gas masks and bicycling with pincurlers in their hair, as they did not have electricity with which to curl their hair. Images such as these remain scarred into the face of fashion photography of the time and display a common sentiment among the fashionable world and the public. Even fashion photographers worked to document the issues surrounding and work towards a documentation of the time—even if within the frame of fashion. These photos are an especially good indication of the fashionable emotions of the time. Many felt that fashion photography, during wartime especially, was frivolous and unnecessary. Yet, the few who worked to preserve the industry did so in new and inventive ways throughout the duration of the war.
In the recent years fashion photography gained an even greater popularity due to the expansion of internet and ecommerce. Clean product, knolling and ghost mannequin photography have become a usual practice in the fashion industry.
Contemporary fashion photography
After the deaths of Richard Avedon, Helmut Newton, Francesco Scavullo, Herb Ritts, and Gleb Derujinsky, some of today's most famous fashion photographers are Patrick Demarchelier, Steven Meisel, Mario Testino, Peter Lindbergh and Annie Leibovitz.
- Abigail Solomon-Godeau, "The Legs of the Countess." October 39 (Winter 1986): 65-108. Reprinted in Fetishism as Cultural Discourse, Emily Apter and William Pletz, eds. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993):266-306.
- Howell, Dylan. "A Brief History of Fashion Photography".
- Niven, Penelope (1997). Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. ISBN 0-517-59373-4, p. 352
- Alexander, Jesse, "Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography," HotShoe magazine, no.151, December/January 2008, pp.66 – 67
- Hall-Duncan, Nancy. The History of Fashion Photography. New York: Alpine Book, 1979. Print.
- Conekin, Becky E. "Lee Miller's Simultaneity: Photographer and Model in the Pages of Inter-War Vogue." Fashion as Photograph: Viewing and Reviewing Images of Fashion. Comp. Eugénie Shinkle. London: I.B. Tauris, 2008. 70-83. Print.
- Devlin, Polly. Vogue Book of Fashion Photography. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979. Print
- McCabe, Eamonn (2005). The Making of Great Photographs: Approaches and Techniques of the Masters. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 120–1. ISBN 0-7153-2220-6.
- Mendes, Valerie D. (comp.) (1984). John French, fashion photographer. Victoria & Albert Museum. ISBN 0-905209-97-4.
- Revecka, Natalia. "Fashion Photography and E-commerce".
- Regina Arriola (2012-05-30). "Annie Leibovitz Shoots Karlie Kloss and US Olympic Team Stars in Miami". Hasselblad. Archived from the original on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
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Why is it necessary to say that the two envelopes come from a distribution? Essentially, we can approach the two envelope problem in one of two ways. Firstly, we can treat it as a fantasy in which anything can happen without any rational rules, ie the two envelopes appear magically out of nowhere, with no probabilities attached, and hence there is no possibility of making a rational calculation. This is like asking what is the chance that Lance Armstrong is thinking about grated carrots at this moment. Such a question cannot be answered mathematically to produce an answer in which we could have confidence. Put simply, if there is no framework within which a probability calculation can be made then we cannot make it.
The second choice is to treat the puzzle as a situation that can be analysed using probability theory. If we are to make a probability calculation then we need to make a basic assumption - that our sample (the two envelopes) comes from some kind of distribution, ie it comes from a well-defined range of probabilities. We do not know the nature of this distribution, and we should not make any assumptions about it, but we have to assume that it exists in order to calculate a result for the expected gain of switching envelopes.
What is meant by a distribution? Here are two examples, the first finite, the second infinite:
(I) ( 100, 200 ) with probability 37% and ( 6, 12 ) with probability 63%.
(II) (1, 2), (2, 4), (4, 8), (8, 16), (16, 32), ... with the probability of the pair ( 2n, 2n + 1 ) being 2-n -1 for all integers n >= 0. Note that the probabilities in every possible distribution must add up to 1.
The general case that we must address while solving the two envelope paradox is the collection of all possible distributions like the two given above. We need to calculate a double sum, firstly over all possible distributions of two envelopes, and secondly over all possible choices of two envelopes within each of those distributions.
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Before considering a development environment for your software or contemplating localising existing software; separate resources, such as strings, images, and videos, from your code; move them into separate, resource-only files.
The next step is to check that Unicode is supported and when localising existing software check that the string type used supports Unicode. Unicode is a character encoding standard supporting most known written languages. Each known character receives a unique identifier, this number can be several bytes long. To achieve compatibility with the older ASCII format the Unicode Transformation Format 8 bit (UTF-8) was invented. UTF-8 varies in length but the ASCII characters all have the exact same code in UTF-8.
The most basic tool to support multiple languages is the use of string tables, where each string used in the software is given a unique string identifier. Each language has its own table containing the unique string identifiers and the string contents in the specific language. It is a good idea to use descriptive names and a naming standard for the string identifiers. Do not reuse strings! For example the string “on” could be correct in two separate places in Eenglish but in another language two different words could be required.
When the language currently used by the application is communicated to other applications the language codes specified by ISO 639 should be used. In some cases it is also necessary to specify which character set is being used, for example in HTML using the charset parameter.
The format used for dates and times used in the world are many, it is recommended to use a standardised form when storing this data, for example RFC 3339 defines date and time formats on the internet. Each user should have their date and time displayed to them and be able to enter date and time in their desired format.
When localising icons and images also need to be changed to adapt to the specific culture. Make sure the development environment allow for different icons and images for different locales. Typically software development environments use resource files to bundle all content for a specific locale. It is a good idea to make sure that your images do not contain any non-decorative text as it would require a new image for every language and more important this text would not be read by a screen reader.
The user interface itself may need to be adapted to handle right to left languages or even vertical text. Thankfully most modern development environments can adapt the user interface to a right to left environment by checking a box. Adapting to right to left basically involves moving user interface components such as menus, input boxes, maximize button, etc to the opposite side and switch them to right to left input/output.
An often overlooked part of the user interface are keyboard shortcuts, these also need to be localised. Also make sure physical and on-screen keyboard are supported in the desired languages on the target platform. If either is unsupported the software should provide it.
In order to properly display the desired languages special fonts could be needed. Make sure the target environment has fonts supporting all the languages used in the software, if not appropriate fonts need to be shipped with the software.
In some parts of the world it is common to use the English version of the operating system and use software in the local language where available. The reason for this practice is two-fold; user have started to use the English version before a version in the local language was available and/or the user lives in a bilingual environment. Due to the latter it is important to allow the user to easily change the language used.
- Separate resources from code.
- Use Unicode and UTF-8.
- Support string tables for each language.
- Support separate icons and images for each language.
- Support right to left user interface.
- Support localised keyboard shortcuts.
- Make sure keyboards and on-screen keyboards are supported for the intended languages on the target platform.
- Make sure appropriate fonts are supported.
- Allow the user to easily change the locale of the software.
- The Unicode Consortium, http://www.unicode.org/
- IETF RFC 3629 – UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646, http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629
- ISO 639 http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/language_codes.htm
- IETF RFC 3339 – Date and time on the Internet: Timestamps http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339
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Most people feel sad longer than they feel ashamed, surprised, irritated or bored because sadness is most often triggered by important events that require time for emotional and cognitive processing, according to University of Leuven’s Philippe Verduyn and Saskia Lavrijsen.
This finding that emotions triggered by personally-important events are longer-lasting may seen intuitively obvious, but Verduyn and Lavrjsen empirically validated earlier hypotheses suggested by University of Amsterdam’s Joep Sonnemans and Nico Frijda as well as University of Leuven’s Verduyn, Iven Van Mechelen, and Francis Tuerlinckx.
They asked more than 230 volunteers to remember recent emotional episodes and report their duration.
Participants also described their strategies to evaluate and deal with emotions categorized by Swiss Center for Affective Sciences’ s Klaus R. Scherer, including admiration, anger, anxiety, being touched, boredom, compassion, contentment, desperation, disappointment, disgust, enthusiasm, fear, gratitude, guilt, hatred, hope, humiliation, irritation, jealousy, joy, pride, relaxation, relief, sadness, shame, stress, and surprise.
Volunteers rated coping strategies according to a model of emotional regulation developed by Stanford’s James Gross and Ross A. Thompson of University of California Davis:
- Situation selection – Entering the situation that elicited emotion
- Situation modification – Trying to change the event that elicited the emotion
- Distraction – Attempting to distract attention from the emotional situation
- Rumination – Continued thinking about feelings and consequences of the event
- Reflecting – Considering the emotion-eliciting event, but not repetitively ruminating
- Reappraisal – Trying to differently view the emotion-eliciting event
- Emotional suppression – Attempting to stop experiencing the emotion
- Expressive suppression – Trying not expressing the emotion.
Participants also rated their appraisal of the situation that triggered emotion based on Scherer’s Geneva Appraisal Questionnaire:
- Event importance – Extent the event that elicited the emotion was important to them
- Event impact – Advantages and disadvantages of the event that elicited the emotion
- Other responsibility – Degree that someone else was responsible for the emotion-eliciting event
- Self responsibility – Degree that they were responsible for the emotion-eliciting event
- Problem-focused coping – Extent that they could change something about the emotion- eliciting event
- Emotion-focused coping – Extent that they could change something about the emotion elicited by the event
- Expectedness – Degree to which they anticipated the emotion-eliciting event
- Negative impact on self-image – Extent to which they judged the emotion-evoking event as reducing self-esteem
- Injustice – Degree to which they judged the emotion-eliciting event as unjust
- Immorality – Extent to which they judged the emotion-eliciting event as immoral.
Verduyn and Lavrijsen differentiated emotions from moods by telling volunteers that an emotion is always elicited by an external or internal event with a specific onset point.
The team also provided two differing definitions of an emotion’s end point:
Half the participants were told than an emotion ends as soon as the emotion is no longer felt for the first time (except for sleep) whereas the remaining volunteers were told than an emotion ends as soon as one has fully recovered from the event.
Emotion duration differed for similar emotions, such as persistent guilt compared with transient shame, and longer-lasting anxiety contrasted with intense but fleeting fear.
Two regulation strategies – rumination and reflection – and one appraisal dimension – event importance – were associated with increased emotion duration, supporting theories by KU Leuven’s Iven Van Mechelen, Verduyn, and Karen Brans, and empirical research by Yale’s Susan Nolen-Hoeksema.
Of these 27 emotions, sadness lasted the longest.
Other positive and negative emotions, including shame, surprise, fear, disgust, boredom, being touched, irritated or feeling relief, rapidly dissipated, supporting other findings by Verduyn and Brans.
Though boredom, shame, and fear seem to endure endlessly, this research indicates that they are more transient than most people expect.
These unpleasant experiences pass, as do significant incidents that require time to “process.”
- What coping and appraisal strategies are most helpful in shortening the duration of unpleasant emotions?
- Emotional Awareness Enables Focus, Risk-taking Even When “Stressed”
- “Emotional Contagion” in the Workplace through Social Observation, Social Media
- Universal Body Map Pinpoints Where Emotions are Experienced
- Creating Productive Thought Patterns through “Thought Self-Leadership”
- Do “Hot” Emotions and Feelings Lead to Better Decisions?
Blog – Kathryn Welds | Curated Research and Commentary
LinkedIn Open Group Psychology in Human Resources (Organisational Psychology)
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The capacitance of a capacitor is fixed once it is constructed, as the only way to change the capacitance is to change its "build" parameters: the area A and/or the separation distance d.
So just how much charge could a capacitor store on its plates? When does a capacitor "know" when to stop charging?
(The units for charge (in coulombs, C) and potential (in volts, V; or joules/coulomb, J/C) again work out to coulombs2 per joule, or farads for the capacitance.)
The key is to realize that the capacitance of a capacitor, once built, is fixed. However, one can change the amount of potential applied to the capacitor (by connecting different batteries, etc.). With a given value of capacitance, then applying a high potential to the capacitor will allow it to store more charge, and applying a low potential to the capacitor will have it store less charge.
Thus capacitance can be said to be a measure of "charge-storing efficiency" with respect to a given potential, in that a large capacitance capacitor will store more charge than one with a small capacitance, if they are connected to the same potential source (such as a battery).
Thus the first electron moved costs nothing (or nearly nothing), while the last electron requires a much higher q·∆V cost to move. The average cost of moving each electron, then, can be said to be (1/2)·q·∆V, such that the total cost of moving all electrons is (1/2)·Q·∆V, where the total charge of all N electrons moved is Q = N·q. (This argument is deliberately trying to avoid calculus to integrate the gradually increasing cost of each electron over all electrons moved, but the result is the same.)
Endless hours of amusement await you when solving capacitor energy problems, so use caution when you use these equations, and more importantly, use only the equation you really need.
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Sharks in the Philipines: Shark FishingStamps Howard,
The Philippine elasmobranch fisheries are reported to have landed only about 300 metric tons in the 1950s. Within a 20-year period, there was a yearly catch of about 500 metric tons. After the 1970s, it was 4,821 metric tons/year. It reached a 6-year high between 1986-1991 at an average of 18,094 metric tons/year. From 1947-1991, the Philippine elasmobranch catches account for 1.44% of the worldwide elasmobranch catch and comprised only 0.8% of the total national fisheries production.
The statistics do not show segregation of specific species, just “sharks, rays, skates.” Species-specific fishery assessment is usually absent, making recommendations doubly difficult. Still, the studies show that breakdown falls roughly evenly between sharks and rays (Batoids):
Production data for landing trends of sharks and rays from 1976-2006: The trend generally increased in the first 10 and 20 years at an average rate of 10,533 metric tons/year and 14,662 metric tons/year, respectively. It declined after at a rate of 5,341 metric tons/year in the next 39 years, suggesting collapsing fisheries (p. 34).
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Around 400 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year in Ireland, and two people die each week from the disease, yet awareness is very low. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer among men and it kills more people than cervical cancer and malignant melanomas.
Patients on the Medical card and PRSI schemes are entitled to a free check up once a year and should avail of it. Your dental examination includes a free oral cancer screening to detect the early signs of this devastating disease.
What are the signs and symptoms of oral cancer?
- The most significant sign to look for is an ulcer or sore in the mouth that is not healing Oral Cancer of the lip
Oral cancer of the tongue
Also look out for:
- * Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
- * Unexplained numbness, loss of feeling, or pain/tenderness in any area of the face, mouth, or neck
- * Persistent sores on the face, neck, or mouth that bleed easily and do not heal within two weeks
- * A soreness or feeling that something is caught in the back of the throat
- * Difficulty chewing or swallowing, speaking, or moving the jaw or tongue
- * Hoarseness, chronic sore throat, or changes in the voice
- * Ear pain
- * A change in the way your teeth or dentures fit together – a change in your “bite”
- * Dramatic weight loss
If you notice any of these changes, contact your dentist immediately for a professional examination.
I recently noticed a whitish patch in my mouth. Is this oral cancer?
Probably not, but this whitish patch may be leukoplakia. Leukoplakia, a condition caused by excess cell growth, can form on the cheeks, gums, or tongue. Leukoplakia is commonly seen in tobacco users, in people with ill-fitting dentures, and in those who have a habit of chewing on their cheek. This condition can progress to cancer. Red patches in the mouth (called erythroplakia) are less common than leukoplakia but have an even greater potential for being cancerous. Any white or red lesion in your mouth should be evaluated by your dentist.
Who gets oral cancer and what are the risk factors for oral cancer?
Well everybody has some risk, but people who smoke and drink alcohol have an even higher risk of cancer than those who only drink or only use tobacco products. The risk of developing oral cavity and pharynx cancers increases both with the amount as well as the length of time tobacco and alcohol products are used.
Men face twice the risk of developing oral cancer as women, and men who are over age 50 face the greatest risk.
Risk factors for the development of oral cancer include:
- Cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoking — Smokers are six times more likely than non-smokers to develop oral cancers.
- Use of smokeless tobacco products (for example, dip, snuff, or chewing tobacco) — Use of these products increase the risk of cancers of the cheek, gums, and lining of the lips.
- Excessive consumption of alcohol — Oral cancers are about six times more common in drinkers than in non-drinkers.
- Family history of cancer
- Excessive exposure to the sun — especially at a young age
What can I do to prevent oral cancer
You can take an active role in preventing oral cancer or detecting it early, should it occur.
- Conduct a self exam regularly. Using a bright light and a mirror, look and feel your lips and front of your gums. Tilt your head back and look at and feel the roof of your mouth. Pull your checks out to view the inside of your mouth, the lining of your cheeks, and the back gums. Pull out your tongue and look at all surfaces. Examine the floor of your mouth. Look at the back of your throat. Feel for lumps or enlarged lymph nodes in both sides of your neck and under your lower jaw. Call your dental clinic if you notice any changes in the appearance of your mouth or any of the signs and symptoms mentioned above.
- See your dentist on a regular schedule. Even though you might be conducting frequent self exams, sometimes dangerous spots or sores in the mouth can be very tiny and difficult to see on your own. We recommend oral cancer screening exams every three years for people over age 20 and annually for those over age 40. During your next dental appointment, ask your dentist to perform an oral exam. Early detection can improve the chance of successful treatment.
- Don’t smoke or use any tobacco products and drink alcohol in moderation. (Refrain from binge drinking.)
- Eat a well balanced diet.
- Limit your exposure to the sun. Repeated exposure increases the risk of cancer on the lip, especially the lower lip. When in the sun, use UV-A/B-blocking sun protective lotions on your skin as well as your lips.
It is important to note that more than 25% of all oral cancers occur in people who do not smoke and who only drink alcohol occasionally.
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By J. Matthew Roney
The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) projects that the world’s wild fish harvest will fall to 90 million tons in 2012, down 2 percent from 2011. This is close to 4 percent below the all-time peak haul of nearly 94 million tons in 1996. The wild fish catch per person has dropped even more dramatically, from 17 kilograms (37.5 pounds) per person at its height in 1988 to 13 kilograms in 2012—a 37-year low. While wild fish harvests have flattened out during this time, the output from fish farming has soared from 24 million tons in the mid-1990s to a projected 67 million tons in 2012.
Over the last several decades, as demand for fish and shellfish for food, feed, and other products rose dramatically, fishing operations have used increasingly sophisticated technologies—such as on-vessel refrigeration and processing facilities, spotter planes, and GPS satellites. Industrial fishing fleets initially targeted the northern hemisphere’s coastal fish stocks, then as stocks were depleted they expanded progressively southward on average close to one degree of latitude annually since 1950. The fastest expansion was during the 1980s and early 1990s. Thereafter, the only frontiers remaining were the high seas, the hard-to-reach waters near Antarctica and in the Arctic, and the depths of the oceans.
The escalating pursuit of fish—now with gross revenue exceeding $80 billion per year—has had heavy ecological consequences, including the alteration of marine food webs via a massive reduction in the populations of larger, longer-lived predatory fish such as tunas, cods, and marlins. Unselective fishing gear, including longlines and bottom-scraping trawls, kill large numbers of non-target animals like sea turtles, sharks, and corals.
As of 2009, some 57 percent of the oceanic fish stocks evaluated by FAO are “fully exploited,” with harvest levels at or near what fisheries scientists call maximum sustainable yield (MSY). If we think of a fish stock as a savings account, fishing at MSY is theoretically similar to withdrawing only the accrued interest, avoiding dipping into the principal.
Some 30 percent of stocks are “overexploited”—they have been fished beyond MSY and require strong management intervention in order to rebuild. The share of stocks in this category has tripled since the mid-1970s. A well-known example of this is the Newfoundland cod fishery that collapsed in the early 1990s and has yet to recover.
This leaves just 13 percent of oceanic fish stocks in the “non-fully exploited” category, down from 40 percent in 1974. Unfortunately, these remaining stocks tend to have very limited potential for safely increasing the catch.
These FAO figures describe 395 fisheries that account for some 70 percent of the global catch. Included are the small minority that have undergone the time-consuming and expensive process of formal scientific stock assessment, with the remainder being “unassessed” fisheries. There are thousands more unassessed fisheries, however, that are absent from the FAO analysis. In a 2012 Science article , Christopher Costello and colleagues published the first attempt to characterize all of the world’s unassessed fisheries. The authors report that 64 percent of them were overexploited as of 2009.
The top 10 fished species represent roughly one quarter of the world catch. Nearly all of the stocks of these species are considered fully exploited (most of these fish have more than one geographically distinct stock), including both of the major stocks of Peruvian anchovy, the world’s leading wild-caught fish. Stocks that are overexploited and in need of rebuilding include largehead hairtail—a ribbon-like predator caught mainly by Chinese ships—in its main fishing grounds in the Northwest Pacific. (See data.)
Despite the unsustainable nature of current harvest levels, countries continue to subsidize fishing fleets in ways that encourage even higher catches. Governments around the world spend an estimated $16 billion annually on increasing fleet size and fish-catching ability, including $4 billion for fuel subsidies. Industrial countries spend some $10 billion of that total. More than $2 billion is spent by China, whose 15-million-ton catch is nearly triple that of the next closest country, Indonesia.
The world’s fisheries reveal a classic case of diminishing returns. In a 2012 paper published in the journal Fish and Fisheries, scientists found that overall engine power for the world fishing fleet has grown 10-fold since 1950, while the total catch has grown just fivefold. (In Asia, home to 3.2 million of the estimated 4.4 million fishing vessels worldwide, the growth was 25-fold.) In other words, ships now have to use twice as much energy to catch a ton of fish as they did 60 years ago.
Seafood plays a vital role in world food security. Roughly 3 billion people get about 20 percent of their animal protein from fishery products. It is perhaps unsurprising that fish account for half or more of animal protein consumption in small island developing countries, but the same is true for some much more populous countries, such as Bangladesh and Indonesia (home to a combined 400 million people).
With the wild catch no longer increasing, aquaculture has emerged as the world’s fastest-growing animal protein source, soon to overtake beef in total tonnage. China, which has raised carp for millennia, produced nearly 37 million tons of farmed fish in 2010, which was 60 percent of the world total.
Six of the world’s top 10 farmed fish are carp species, either filter feeders or those fed a largely plant-based diet. But a commonly cited drawback of aquaculture is that wild-caught forage fish—smaller plankton consumers that support the higher levels of the food chain—are often turned into fishmeal and oil used to feed farmed predatory fish, such as salmon and shrimp. In fact, a caught Peruvian anchovy’s main fate is to be fed to farmed fish, pigs, and chickens.
And while the share of the wild catch fed to farmed fish has declined since the mid-1990s, scientists recently have called for a reduction in fishing pressure on forage fish by as much as half, well below MSY. They note that if poor environmental conditions lead to poor spawning success in a given year, a much lower catch would provide a buffer against collapse and ripples up the food chain. Recent developments in the Peruvian anchovy fishery help illustrate the vulnerability of forage fish: Warm Pacific Ocean waters associated with a mild El Niño were implicated in a 40 percent drop in the fish’s population between 2011 and 2012. In response, Peru, which hauls in over 80 percent of the total harvest, cut its allowed catch for the upcoming season by two thirds to its lowest level in 25 years. The country’s top fisheries regulator admitted, “Technically, we should have said the quota is zero.”
There is hope for rebuilding the world’s fisheries. In several well-studied regional systems, multiple fisheries have bounced back from collapse after adopting a combination of management measures. These include restricting gear types, lowering the total allowable catch, dividing shares of the catch among fishers, and designating marine protected areas (MPAs). Around coral reefs in Kenya, for example, communities removed beach seine nets and co-managed a network of “no-take” zones. The result was an increase in total fish biomass, size per fish, and fishers’ incomes.
Worldwide, 8.1 million square kilometers of MPAs have been designated-—an area larger than Australia but covering only about 2 percent of the oceans. Well-designed and managed MPAs offering varying levels of protection provide multiple ecological and social benefits, but marine reserves where fishing is excluded entirely are most effective. A 2010 study of no-take reserves in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef showed up to a doubling of fish abundance and size within them, as well as increased fish populations outside reserve boundaries. In June 2012, Australia announced that it would increase its number of reserves of all kinds from 27 to 60, protecting one third of its waters.
At an 1883 international fisheries exhibition, Thomas Huxley, president of the British Royal Society, said, “Probably all the great sea fisheries are inexhaustible; that is to say that nothing we do seriously affects the number of the fish.” This view prevailed well into the twentieth century. Faced now for several decades with evidence to the contrary, the world has made some progress. But securing a future for world fisheries, especially in a time of warming and acidifying seas, means moving much more quickly to put scientific advice into practice.
# # #
Data and additional resources at www.earth-policy.org.
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CAMBRIDGE, MASS.—Harvard’s president is dedicating a plaque in Harvard Yard to the slaves who played a role in the university’s history.
The college says that until recently, those slaves and their contributions have been “all but invisible” on the campus.
University President Drew Faust is to be joined by members of Congress at a dedication ceremony Wednesday morning.
Faust announced last week in an op-ed in the student newspaper that the nearly 400-year-old institution would install the plaque at a former home for college presidents to recognize the slaves who lived and worked there.
Slavery was abolished in Massachusetts in 1783.
Harvard also plans to host a conference on universities and slavery next year.
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Why Drones are More Instrumental in Iraq than in Syria
Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), inspire opposition like hardly any other conventional weapons system. Armed UAVs – colloquially known as drones – are used in Syria and Iraq in the fight against the insurgent terrorist group, Islamic State (IS). Until now, drone strikes against IS has been the prerogative of the United States, but The Independent recently reported that British Reaper drones will also start flying missions over the two countries. Although IS straddles the borders of both Iraq and Syria, there are three good reasons why drone strikes in Iraq might prove to be more useful than in Syria.
First, the greatest difference is that drone strikes, even in combination with conventional air strikes, are only effective against insurgent groups holding territory if land forces are involved. As long as your enemy has a territorial basis, airstrikes are helpful only to the extent they create momentum where land forces can challenge that territorial basis. In the case of Iraq, both the Iraqi Army and Kurdish Peshmerga forces are acting in military concert with U.S. airstrikes. In Syria, the U.S. does not have an equally well-trained ally to rely on, except in towns like Kobani, where Kurdish forces have made an incursion from across the border.
The second reason has to do with air supremacy. Drone technology only works in combat operations where complete air supremacy exists. Otherwise drones prove to be sitting ducks to an adversary’s airforce or surface-to-air missile systems. In the case of Iraq, the United States, supported in its attacks by the Baghdad and Erbil governments, enjoy the air supremacy needed to effectively make use of UAVs in the fight against IS. In the case of Syria however, the U.S. faces two enemies, both the Assad regime in Damascus and Islamic State. With Assad still in a position to control Syrian airspace, UAV use against IS without coordinating with Damascus is risky.
Third, UAVs will prove more instrumental in Iraq than in Syria because of the availability of local intelligence. In both countries U.S. intelligence sources are limited, but in the case of Syria the U.S. is not coordinating strikes with any local group. In Iraq, the U.S. can rely on Iraqi and Kurdish intelligence sources. As the Achilles heel of any precision air attacks, the lack of reliable intel remains a big challenge for drone strikes in both countries, although the situation in Syria is even more dire than in Iraq.
Drones are only part of the military solution to combat IS. Intelligence, airpower and, last but not least, boots on the ground are all crucial elements without which drones are rendered ineffective in the fight against an insurgency group such as Islamic State. While the group straddles both sides of the Iraqi-Syrian border, there are good reasons why a drone strike over Fallujah might have more impact than one over Aleppo.
Håvard Sandvik is the Director of Security & Defence Programming with YPFP Brussels. Views expressed in this blogpost are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy.
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I've often wondered why there were so many people stricken with cancer in Nova Scotia. It always seemed to me when I lived in the west, that you heard of people dying of other things besides cancer. But in Nova Scotia, if someone gets sick and dies, the usual suspect is cancer.
One idea, is that because of the prevailing winds, all the toxins generated by the industry in the mid-west United States, comes right up the bay with the tide, and is carried across the province. I suppose this could include a number of toxins, but one which is particularly carcinogenic is dioxins. This actually encompasses a broad class of compounds that vary widely in toxicity. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), people who are exposed to any amount of dioxin are at an increased risk for cancer. (1997)
According to an article by the Organic Consumers Association, it says:
Dioxin and related compounds have been found in significant levels in the food chain and people in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. The main source of such dioxin is emissions from incinerators(43). Dioxin has been found to be one of the most toxic and carcinogenic chemicals ever tested, and has been found to cause cancer, endocrine system and immune system damage, birth defects, learning disabilities, etc. Dioxin is being found at dangerous levels in cows milk, mother's milk, sperm cells, etc.- especially near incinerators. No studies were found that attempted to quantify the total cost of health effects due to dioxin, but studies indicate that impacts appear to be large and in the billions of dollars.
Dioxins are found in meat, poultry, fish and even in milk. In just six months of breast feeding, a baby in the U.S. will, on average, consume the EPA's maximum lifetime dose of dioxin.1 these toxins get passed on to humans from the plants animals eat. They are stored in the fatty tissues and then we n turn eat it. Then it stores in our fat, and creates a build-up.
Of course we are all digesting these poisons, but if you look through the Canadian Cancer Statistics for 2011, featuring a study on Colorectal Cancer, produced by the Canadian Cancer Society, it says, "The estimated incidence rates for all cancers combined continue to be highest for the maritime provinces and Quebec and lowest in British Columbia."2 It's easy enough to why this is, when you take the north-west prevailing winds into consideration. Based on current incidence rates, 40% of women and 45% of men in Canada will develop cancer during their lifetimes. But this expectancy increases the farther east you live.
Watch this interview with Dr. Linda Birnbaum, (EPA Toxicology Diviision Director) 2004
In a paper published by the Environmental Protection Agency, it says there are some measures we can take to limit our exposure. Though speculative, trimming fat from meat, consuming low-fat dairy products, and simply cooking food may eventually decrease the body burden of dioxin compounds. Also, a balanced diet (including adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and cereals) will help to avoid excessive exposure from a single source. However, the ability of consumers to mitigate their own exposure is limited. It is the role of national governments to monitor the safety of the food supply and to take action to protect public health.3
From another article I wrote, Our Groceries are Poisoned you can see that the North American Governments aren't really taking an active role in protecting consumers from toxic chemicals in our foods. The answer is blowing in the wind with the dioxins.
2 Canadian Cancer Society 2011 study
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When your child starts kids singing lessons, they are not just starting a journey to learn how to sing pretty. They are learning about life. In kids singing lessons, your child will learn through creativity and imagination. When they are first starting a new song, they get to imagine every part of what that song means. They learn to relate to others through the words they sing and the way their instruments express those words. They also learn discipline through the fun of learning a new song. When a new tune comes around in kids singing lessons, the excitement is felt from everyone. There is a drive and determination to be one of the ones who knows their song right away, all the while being cheered on by their friends. While everyone has the same goal, each individual child is regarded as special and treated as such. Kids Singing Lessons and Growth Kids singing lessons let’s your child to strengthen their voice and not even realize that they are hard at work. For children, imagination and creativity are their jobs, and they are good at them. When vocal growth is used through the forum of fun and excitement, hard work starts to look like something to run towards. As they get older, they have become used to discipline, dedication, growth, and hard work without even realizing it! You will also see your child make friends as soon as they walk in the room. When everyone is focused on something they love and work on it together, a bond forms that impossible to avoid. Friendships are made and everyone has buddies who surround them to cheer them on as they grow their instruments and their minds. With kids singing lessons, you bring your child into an environment that could influence them in beautiful ways you never imagined. Start today!
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Meet the Bear Dog. Bear dogs, extinct by about 9 million years, have the body of a bear but the mouth of a dog. These fascinating animals did something that even modern domesticated dogs don't do (usually) - they got along with cats.
Led by the University of Michigan and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid, a team of paleontologists has analyzed the tooth enamel of two species of saber-toothed cats and a bear dog unearthed in geological pits near Madrid.
The researchers found that the cat species—a leopard-sized Promegantereon ogygia and a much larger, lion-sized Machairodus aphanistus—lived together in a woodland area. They likely hunted the same prey—horses and wild boar. In this habitat, the small saber-toothed cats could have used tree cover to avoid encountering the larger ones. The bear dog hunted antelope in a more open area that overlapped the cats' territory, but was slightly separated.
"These three animals were sympatric—they inhabited the same geographic area at the same time. What they did to coexist was to avoid each other and partition the resources," said Soledad Domingo, a postdoctoral fellow at the U-M Museum of Paleontology and the first author of a paper on the findings published in the Nov. 7 edition of Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
You can read more about their findings here.
-Via Cutting Edge News
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1186 Match Day
Valeria and Daniel discuss how life changes when football is on in their country.
Valeria: How do you live that?
Daniel: Well if it's an important tournament, like World Cup or Copa America, we would watch the matches like normally watch and...
Valeria: What do you mean normally watch?
Daniel: Normally watch means even if you have classes, even if you are working, if there's a match in between you're going to watch it.
Valeria: So wait a second. If you are working, suppose you are working in your office and the matches are three pm meaning like working hours or the match is at ten am like it's school hours you still watch the match?
Daniel: Yeah, yeah. You get a TV at the office or your classroom and you watch the game.
Daniel: Yeah, we stop working because otherwise you wouldn't do anything anyway.
Valeria: So you stop working, you stop studying?
Valeria: You stop everything that you are doing for watching the match?
Valeria: It's kind of the same in Argentina.
Daniel: You see because it's really important, like football is really important for us so if you're supporting your team, if it's your national team everyone gets involved.
Valeria: In my country the rating of the matches is like more than thirty each time.
Daniel: Yeah, yeah, it's the same in Chile. It's really successful when you broadcast the match.
Even if you have classes, even if you are working, if there's a match, you're going to watch it.
The phrase 'even if' can be used to add specific and usually unexpected information about a situation. It is usually used to say that something will still happen, even in the most unlikely situation. Notice the following:
- Even if everything is going really well in her life, she can always find something to complain about.
- Even if I weren't feeling sick, I probably wouldn't want to go to a movie tonight.
Suppose you are working in your office, do you still watch the match?
Used like this, 'suppose' is used to ask the listener or speaker to assume or imagine a particular situation, usually just for conversation or an argument. Notice the following:
- Suppose you had an emergency, how would you contact someone without a cell phone?
- Suppose you went back to school, how would that help your career?
We stop working because otherwise you wouldn't do anything anyway.
'Otherwise' is used to add contrast about what would happen if the situation were different. It is usually used to show contrast between a couple options. Notice the following:
- Bring a jacket, otherwise you'll be cold.
- I think we should leave a little earlier, otherwise we will be late.
You stop everything that you are doing to watch the match?
When you 'stop everything,' it means that your normal life pauses for you to do something else. Notice the following:
- She is very selfish and expects people to stop everything and help her when she needs something.
- When you have teenagers, you have to learn to stop everything and listen when they want to talk.
In my country the TV rating of the matches is very high.
The 'TV rating' is how many people are watching a specific program. Notice the following:
- TV ratings have to be very high for programs broadcast at this time of day.
- That show was taken off the air because of low TV ratings.
give it a try >>
everything • rating
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(This is the 2nd in an eight part series on the Monarch School of New England. Articles and photographs will showcase the history of the school: its journey in becoming one of the state’s most highly recognized schools for its work with students with significant disabilities.)
ROCHESTER — In the June 24, 1971 edition of the Rochester Courier, Allan Rowell, president of the Rochester Association for Retarded Children stated: “We accomplished three things this year, the most important is toilet training. It may not seem like much but they (parents and teachers) were changing a child’s clothing two or three times a day. Now, they go the entire day with no problems. Second, with special therapy and the social associations they received, these children could communicate. Some put two and three words together, and third, they learned to get along together.”
Until the opening of the Rochester Child Development Center in 1969, there was no place available for children with significant disabilities. What began as a school/playgroup for two children to give moms a few hours of free time during the day, by the end of the first year, grew into a program that served eight children.
The center opened because parents had a need and a desire for their children to have better lives. Although today’s Monarch School of New England looks very different than that of its early days, the concept remains the same: helping to build a better life for students with significant disabilities.
Mrs. Marianna Estabrooke was the school’s first executive director. Her goals were to “teach the child to care for himself: toilet training, feeding, brushing teeth and washing.” She also wanted to improve a child’s speech and social skills so that he (or she) could get along with others.
Unlike today’s school, the Rochester Child Development Center had a pre-school program where it worked with children three years and older. Children would play games, color and have time for free play, which Mrs. Estabrooke considered critical as “retarded children often lose the ability to choose for themselves.”
In New Hampshire, the Rochester Child Development Center was a pioneer in its work with children with disabilities as there were no other schools in the area that worked with such students.
The field of special education began to take hold after World War II when such advocacy groups as “The United Cerebral Palsy Association” and “The Muscular Dystrophy Association” formed, the result of the Civil Rights Movement. It wasn’t until the 1960’s under President Kennedy that more schools granted access to children with disabilities; it was also during this time that the Education of all “Handicapped Children Act” was established.
So it was not unusual for the Rochester Child Development Center to feel like it was working in uncharted territory. Mrs. Estabrooke in the June 24, 1971 Rochester Courier article, said, “The field of pre-school education and all special education is very new and largely experimental. We try new approaches, some work with our children, some do not. Any suggestions are welcome.”
It was — and is — this creative spirit that laid the foundation for the unique programming the Monarch School of New England currently provides to its students.
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Braeburn is one of the most important commercial apple varieties. It originated in New Zealand in the 1950s, and by the last decades of the 20th century had been planted in all the major warm apple-growing regions of the world. Braeburn accounts for 40% of the entire apple production of New Zealand. Even in conservative Washington state, the most important apple-producing area of the USA, where Red Delicious and Golden Delicious have always held sway, Braeburn is now in the top 5 varieties produced.
The reasons for this success are not difficult to pinpoint. Braeburn has all the necessary criteria for large-scale production: it is fairly easy to grow, produces heavily and early in the life of the tree, it stores well, and withstands the handling demands of international supply chains. What marks it out from the competition is flavour. Braeburn was the first modern apple variety in large-scale production where the flavour was genuinely on a par with the older classic apple varieties. Braeburn's depth of flavour makes its main competition - Red Delicious and Golden Delicious - seem one-dimensional in comparison. At a time when consumers were starting to look for something less bland in their weekly shopping, Braeburn was the right apple at the right time.
The commercial success of Braeburn has opened the way for the development of many new apple varieties where flavour is now one of the main selection criteria. Braeburn was one of the first "bi-coloured" varieties, a characteristic now regarded as essential for sales success. In comparison the first wave of supermarket apple varieties were either bright red (Red Delicious) or shades of solid green (Golden Delicious and Granny Smith).
This combination of modern colouring and flavour means that Braeburn was effectively the first of the new-wave of modern apple varieties.
The first Braeburn tree was discovered growing in New Zealand in the 1950s, and is named after Braeburn Orchards, where it was first grown commercially. It is generally thought to be a seedling of a variety called Lady Hamilton. The other parent is not known, but is popularly believed to be Granny Smith - quite possible given the time and location of its discovery, but there seems to be no scientific evidence to confirm this theory.
When conditions are right there is no doubt that Braeburn is a first-class dessert apple. It easily outstrips its late 20th century peer group (Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Red Delicious) with a richness and complexity of flavour that they cannot match. In fact in many ways Braeburn is now the benchmark apple variety against which all other commercial varieties should be ranked. It is crisp, without being hard, and very juicy. It snaps cleanly to the bite, and there is an immediate rush of strong apple flavours. The overall flavour is sharp and refreshing but with a good balance of sweetness - and never sugary. There is occasionally a hint of pear-drops to the flavour of a new-season Braeburn (a characteristic which is more prominent in its offspring Jazz). Braeburn is at its best when cooled slightly below room temperature, and if you get a good one it really reminds you why you like eating apples.
If there is a downside to Braeburn, it is probably poor quality control. Braeburn is grown throughout the warm apple-growing regions of the world, and it also keeps well in storage. As a result there can be quite a variation in quality and flavour of Braeburn apples reaching the consumer from different countries and at different times of the year. Since Braeburn is too old to be trade-marked, there is little control over the "brand" - quite a contrast with the rigourously-controlled production of Pink Lady for example. Of the southern hemisphere producers, we think Braeburns from Chile are often good - at their best in June. Braeburn is also widely grown in Europe, and France seems to have the best climate for producing good ones - try them in November.
A number of sports of the original Braeburn have been developed, including: Hidala, Mahana Red, Royal Braeburn, Hillwell, and Southern Rose.
Braeburn's other weakness is that whilst it is not difficult to grow, it is difficult to grow in an organic regime - although this is also true of most of its competitors. Apple varieties which have been developed for disease resistance and therefore more amenable to organic production such as Topaz - in many ways quite similar to Braeburn - have not achieved the same commercial success.
Braeburn stores very well, and apples for cold store are generally picked whilst still slightly immature. Whilst some apples improve in store, Braeburn is arguably at its best soon after picking. Some growers and supermarkets offer premium tree-ripened Braeburns from time to time and these are worth trying. They are likely to have more red and less green colouring than conventionally stored apples.
Braeburn is grown commercially in the southern UK, but it really needs a warmer climate and longer growing-season than is usually possible here. According to UK government DEFRA statistics, in July 1994 there were about 194 hectares of Braeburn orchards in the UK - compared with 669 hectares for Gala and more than 3,000 hectares for Cox. Even early varieties with little shelf-life such as Discovery (300 hectares) and Worcester Pearmain (213 hectares) are grown more extensively than Braeburn. Whilst UK supermarkets are under some pressure to source apples from within the UK, it is perhaps questionable whether growing varieties like Braeburn, which are not really suited to the UK climate, is the best solution. However, to partly contradict this view, another view is that the marginal UK climate can actually produce better flavour in an apple compared to ones grown in more temperate European climates (notably France or Italy). On balance we think the main problem with UK-grown Braeburn is not so much the lack of sunlight, but the shorter growing season.
Braeburn is a relatively easy variety for the backyard orchardist. It likes a warm but not hot climate. It can be grown successfully in the southern UK, and most parts of the USA.
In the 21st century Braeburn faces competition as supermarkets start to offer a much wider choice of apple varieties - not least from one of its own offspring, Jazz (a cross between Braeburn with pollen from Gala). Compared to the last decades of the 20th century when just a few apple varieties dominated world production, the market is now much more diverse. However when properly grown and marketed Braeburn is such a good apple variety that it is likely to remain one of the leading varieties for many years to come.
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|Henry Gray (18251861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.|
|contact. Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact.|
| In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in the proximal radioulnar joint. The hand is directly articulated to the lower surface of the radius only, and the ulnar notch on the lower end of the radius travels around the lower end of the ulna. The latter bone is excluded from the wrist-joint by the articular disk. Thus, rotation of the head of the radius around an axis passing through the center of the radial head of the humerus imparts circular movement to the hand through a very considerable arc.|
|6e. Radioulnar Articulation|
The articulation of the radius with the ulna is effected by ligaments which connect together the extremities as well as the bodies of these bones. The ligaments may, consequently, be subdivided into three sets: 1, those of the proximal radioulnar articulation; 2, the middle radioulnar ligaments; 3, those of the distal radioulnar articulation.
Proximal Radioulnar Articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis; superior radioulnar joint).This articulation is a trochoid or pivot-joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.
FIG. 333 Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament. (See enlarged image)
The Annular Ligament (ligamentum annulare radii; orbicular ligament) (Fig. 333).This ligament is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna. It forms about four-fifths of the osseo-fibrous ring, and is attached to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch; a few of its lower fibers are continued around below the cavity and form at this level a complete fibrous ring. Its upper border blends with the anterior and posterior ligaments of the elbow, while from its lower border a thin loose membrane passes to be attached to the neck of the radius; a thickened band which extends from the inferior border of the annular ligament below the radial notch to the neck of the radius is known as the quadrate ligament. The superficial surface of the annular ligament is strengthened by the radial collateral ligament of the elbow, and affords origin to part of the Supinator. Its deep surface is smooth, and lined by synovial membrane, which is continuous with that of the elbow-joint.
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Navy readies swarming micro-drones
- By George Leopold
- Apr 17, 2017
Swarming drones serving as nodes in self-configuring sensor networks are being miniaturized to the point where individual autonomous craft amount to little more than flying circuit boards with a vertical stabilizer attached to a 3-D printed fuselage.
The U.S. Navy continues to push the state of the art, scaling individual swarming drones down to a palm-size craft called the Close-in Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft, or CICADA. The mini-drone under development at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), weighs in at just under 2.3 ounces.
The glider is guided by GPS and uses micro-electro-mechanical, or MEMS, pressure sensors to stabilize itself and maneuver in flight. Researchers claim CICADA is inherently stable in flight, with a glide ratio estimated at 3.5.
Glide ratio is a measure of an unpowered aircraft's forward motion during its descent. CICADA descends at a rate of about 1,000 feet per minute.
Up to 32 disposable vehicles can be packed into a canister fitted with a parachute to be launched from a P-3 Orion surveillance aircraft during upcoming flight tests. Once released in large numbers, NRL said, they can be used to "seed" an area with nodes as part of a self-configuring sensor network.
The micro-drones can be "placed in a programmable geometric pattern in hostile territory without directly over-flying those regions or exposing human agents on the ground," NRL said. Size is the glider's other major advantage, making them nearly impossible to detect while their sensors collect data as they slowly descend to the ground.
Early demonstrations of the sensor networks used high-altitude balloons to loft a mid-size drone that released the CICADA swarm. With development of a canister launcher, the decade-old basic research program is transitioning to the demonstration phase after the Naval Air Systems Command approved deployment from the P-3 Orion.
CICADA is part of an ongoing Pentagon effort to demonstrate and deploy "advance swarm behaviors" using micro- and mini-drones. Last fall, DoD's Strategic Capabilities Office in partnership with Naval Air Systems Command oversaw a test at China Lake, Calif. The third in a series of that began in September 2014 was designed to demonstrate adaptive flying formations and self-healing capabilities.
That test included 103 Perdix micro-drones released from three F/A-18 Super Hornets. The mini-aircraft were originally designed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology engineering students and modified for military use by MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 2013.
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This post is inspired by one of the many contests posted on Figment*. If you need a little inspiration for a new picture book manuscript or just want to try out a really fun writing exercise, this is for you.
First, select a fairy tale or a classic children’s story.
Here are some examples:
The Old Woman Who Lived in the Shoe
Little Red Riding Hood
The Three Little Pigs
Hansel and Gretel
The Three Bears
The Little Red Hen
The Princess and the Pea
The Tortoise and the HareIf you don’t like these choices, look up Mother Goose or Hans Christian Anderson and select another classic.
Think about the POV this story is usually told from and retell the story through the eyes of one of the other characters. Don't forget to use "What if" questions to drive the plot.
Example: The Old Woman Who Lived in the Shoe
This is told from 3rd person. Try telling it in 1st person from the Old Lady with all the children. Even better for a pb is to tell it from one of the children’s POV or in 3rd person sharing the story of one of those children who has to share a shoe with soo many brothers and sisters.
Example: The Three Little Pigs
This story is told from 3rd person and makes the “Big Bad Wolf” out to be a really bad guy. Take his POV. Maybe he has a reason for blowing down their houses (other than eating them). Time for a “What if” question – What if he isn’t blowing down the houses but is sneezing instead?
You get the idea. Now write…
* If you are a student in HS or College, consider entering your story into the contest on Figment.com
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by Staff Writers
Washington DC (SPX) Jun 27, 2012
In face of what has become a precipitous slide toward extinction across the Asian continent, the vultures of Cambodia have persisted, giving conservationists hope that these important scavengers can come back from the brink, according to authors from the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Royal Government of Cambodia, and other groups in a new study.
The creation of new feeding stations, or vulture "restaurants," and the restoration of populations of depleted wildlife species represent the next important steps in vulture conservation, the study says.
"Results from vulture censuses from the past several years have been encouraging, with new nests recorded and even population increases," said WCS researcher Tom Clements, lead author on the new paper. "With continued investment, these critical populations can survive and grow."
In the study, which began in 2004, the authors collected data from several sites in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam through a variety of methods, including monitoring of vulture nesting sites and feeding stations; health assessments of vultures; interviews with government officials, hunters, and wildlife traders to collect data on threats; and satellite transmitter vests on four birds to assess ranging patterns.
The findings: while Cambodia's vulture populations remain robust, the use of poison by hunters and fishers for capturing other species are leading to unintended vulture mortalities.
According to the data, 74 percent of the 42 recorded mortalities during the study period were attributable to poison. Direct persecution (the shooting of vultures with guns and slingshots) was also significant, accounting for 10 percent of recorded vulture mortality.
The extreme importance of Cambodia's vulture population was created by an ecological disaster across Asia due largely to the veterinary drug diclofenac.
Widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug for cattle in South Asia, diclofenac is toxic to vultures, causing death through renal failure and visceral gout to birds that feed on the cattle carcasses. It has led to a global population declines higher than 99 percent in some vulture species.
So far, the drug has not impacted the vulture populations of Cambodia because diclofenac is not used. WCS and other partners have actually recorded increases in some species of vulture in these areas. However, vultures in Cambodia are largely dependent on domestic animals for food, as populations of wild species such as gaur and Eld's deer remain low.
"Fortunately, the Royal Government of Cambodia has instituted measures to ban diclofenac to ensure the survival of these important birds," said Joe Walston, Director of WCS's Asia Program. "The challenge now is to reduce the indirect and direct persecution of vultures, specifically from poisoning and shooting, and longer-term pressures from habitat loss."
The slender-billed vulture, white-rumped vulture, and red-headed vulture are all listed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The paper appears in the online edition of Bird Conservation International. Authors include: Tom Clements, Martin Gilbert, and Hugo J. Rainey of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Richard Cuthbert of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Jonathan C. Eames of BirdLife International in Indochina; Pech Bunnat and Song Chansocheat of the Ministry of the Environment, Royal Government of Cambodia; Seng Teak of the World Wide Fund for Nature-Cambodia Program; and Tan Setha of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Royal Government of Cambodia.
Wildlife Conservation Society
Darwin Today At TerraDaily.com
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|
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An international team of researchers, led by Emory University clinician scientists, has found evidence that people suffering from moderate to severe cases of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are at significantly increased risk for developing hypertension.
RLS, a common and debilitating sleep disorder, adversely affects the lives of tens of millions of people worldwide. The study findings were conducted by scientists at Emory University with colleagues at deCODE Genetics, Inc., an Icelandic genomics company, and Icelandic physicians at Landspitali in Reykjavik.
The findings will be presented June 12th at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies in Minneapolis, Minn.
RLS is a condition that produces an intense, often irresistible urge to move the legs because of creeping, crawling, tingling or burning sensations. RLS affects approximately 10 percent of the U.S. population, causing considerable discomfort, insomnia and sleep disruption in people of all ages. Symptoms can occur when people are awake or asleep.
David Rye, MD, PhD, professor of neurology at Emory University School of Medicine, director of the Emory Program in Sleep and lead author of the study, says the association between RLS and increased risk for high blood pressure was confirmed with the new study.
"Our results confirm and extend accumulating evidence that periodic leg movements of sleep (PLMs) seen in most RLS patients are associated with increased release of adrenaline," says Dr. Rye.
"Of greatest import, these findings suggest that the clinical significance of PLMs extends beyond sleep disruption and sleepiness," he says. "Our findings indicate that in addition to treating RLS symptoms, effective treatments may also need to target PLMs, particularly in patients at high-risk for cardiovascular disease (e.g., those with strong family histories of premature cardiovascular disease, smoking, etc.).
The 4-year joint study was by Dr. Rye and deCODE Genetics scientist Kari Stefansson MD, PhD, with the goal of advancing the understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical impact of RLS.
The research team recruited 900 Icelanders for the study. Participants provided clinical information and the number of PLMs they experienced per hour of sleep over a period of two to five nights were measured. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and PLMs were examined as predictors of hypertension. Researchers found the likelihood of hypertension increased with PLMs severity by 50 percent in participants who experienced more than 30 PLMs per hour of sleep. Older age and higher BMI were associated with increased hypertension risk as has been shown by others, yet, PLMs were associated with hypertension status independent of these two factors.
Donald L. Bliwise, PhD, professor of neurology at Emory University, and Lisa Biilars, MD, a senior resident in Neurology, also contributed to the study.
For more information on the Emory Sleep Center or to schedule an appointment, please call 404-712-SLEEP.
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Apparently I care about how our ancestors spent their time after dusk.
Wow, that sounded dirty. I didn’t mean it to be. Well, I suppose I did because did you know that they use to hang cowdung at the foot of their beds to detract fleas? That everyone washed only their feet before bed and everything was disgusting? That clean linen (and remember people gave birth and died on beds ) was almost unheard of in the lower classes? That spacial constraints forced entire families to sleep in one or two beds, that any visiting parties became a bedfellow and ALSO shared a bed?
It goes on and on. People had a better sense of using their other senses to wade through the dark: especially merchants returning home by horse after a long market day. In the same vein, however, and so unfortunately, our forebears were prone to any and all kind of accidents: falling in ditches, losing their footing and ending up in a well. Thank the lord for flashlights.
Night was a time of superstition, of theft and murder, of a world unhindered by social obligations for the most part ( those crept in in the upper classes during the 18th Century and the Industrial Revolution changed it all ) where sleep and rest was a God-given gift after the toil of the day.
The book speaks to everything about night. Everything that kept our forebears ticking after the clock settled beyond the dusk hours.
The most interesting bit of the extensive research? The fact that we used to sleep in bi-modal and segmented patterns. Get this, blog readers, research (which cites greats works of literature, primary sources and numerous first hand accounts from Barnaby Rudge to Jane Eyre and Chaucer) proves that our ancestors went to be at 9 or so and woke up in the MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT for a few hours thus concluding what they called “First Sleep.” While awake, they would smoke tobacco, talk to their bedfellows, engage in “other” night-time activities (wink-wink, nudge), even visit neighbours, say their prayers (special matins created for early morning that fit so tightly into the research here) before settling into SECOND SLEEP.
With the Industrial Revolution, gas-lamps and electricity, with the rise of coffee houses and the ability for those who were respectable to embark on social escapades outside of the region of the local pub or tavern (where hooligans and ladies of the night reigned supreme), people began going to bed later and sleeping through the night. No First Sleep and Second Sleep with a couple of interesting hours of waking interval betwixt. No. Just sleeping straight through.
We’ve changed a lot and this book gave me the best sort of glance into the secrets of yesteryear. There is fascinating research in here; but a lot of it and a lot of citations. So if you are willing to spend some time meandering through extensive musings on night in centuries of yore, then this is your book.
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For courses in Earth Systems Science offered in departments of Geology, Earth Science, Geography and Environmental Science. The first textbook of its kind that addresses the issues of global change from a true Earth systems perspective, The Earth System offers a solid emphasis on lessons from Earth's history that may guide decision-making in the future. The text is more quantitative than the standard Earth science book, but the authors have remained sensitive to the needs of non-science majors.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
The Earth System, Second Edition employs a systems-based approach to examine Earth science at the global level. This text explores how:
The second edition incorporates two new chapters:
Three categories of boxed text are included and offer a deeper study of the topics presented.
Lee R. KumpGeology and is now editor of the Virtual Journal of Geobiology and associate editor of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. He is a fellow of the Geological Society of America, and received the Distinguished Service Medal from the Geological Society of America in 2000. Dr. Kump's research interests include the behavior of nutrient and trace elements in natural environments, the evolution of ocean and atmosphere composition on geologic time scales, biogeochemical cycling in aquatic environments, and environmental change during extreme events (mass extinctions, extreme warm periods, glaciations) in Earth history.
James F. Kasting is a Professor at Penn State University, where he holds joint appointments in the Departments of Geosciences and Meteorology and is an affiliate of the NASA Astrobiology Institute and Penn State's ESSC. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in Chemistry and Physics and did his PhD in Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Michigan. Prior to coming to Penn State in 1988, he spent 7 yearž in the Space Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center. Dr. Kasting is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. His research focuses on the evolution of planetary atmospheres, particularly the question of why the atmospheres of Mars and Venus are so different from that of Earth. Dr. Kasting is also interested in the question of whether habitable planets exist around other stars and how we might look for signatures of life by doing spectroscopy on their atmospheres.
Robert G. Crane received his PhD in Geography from the University of Colorado, Boulder. After working as a Research Associate in the National Snow and Ice Data Center and the World Data Center-A for Glaciology in Boulder, he spent a year teaching at the University of Saskatchewan before moving to Penn State in 1985. Dr. Crane's research has been on microwave remote sensing of sea ice, ice-climate interactions, and, more recently, regional-scale climate change, climate downscaling techniques, and climate change and variability in southern Africa. He is coeditor of a text on the applications of artificial neural networks in geography. Currently Dr. Crane holds the position of Professor in the Department of Geography and an affiliate of the ESSC. He also serves as the Associate Dean for Education in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at Penn State.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Prentice Hall, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110131420593
Book Description Prentice Hall. PAPERBACK. Book Condition: New. 0131420593 New. Looks like an interesting title, learn more! We provide domestic tracking upon request. We provide personalized customer service and want you to have a great experience purchasing from us. 100% satisfaction guaranteed and thank you for your consideration. Bookseller Inventory # S-0131420593
Book Description Prentice Hall, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 2. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0131420593
Book Description Prentice Hall, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 0131420593
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Running our cars on coal: it seemed like a good idea at the time
Concerned that your car isn’t spewing enough heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? Here’s an idea: power your commute with coal.
The coal in the ground in Illinois alone has more energy than all the oil in Saudi Arabia. The technology to turn that coal into fuel for cars, homes and factories is proven. And at current prices, that process could be at the vanguard of a big, new industry.
Such promise has attracted entrepreneurs and government officials, including the Secretary of Energy, who want domestic substitutes for foreign oil.
But there is a big catch. Producing fuels from coal generates far more carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming, than producing vehicle fuel from oil or using ordinary natural gas. And the projects now moving forward have no incentive to capture carbon dioxide beyond the limited amount that they can sell for industrial use.
This is the dark side to the silver lining of high oil prices. Theoretically, high prices will decrease demand for oil and spur the search for substitutes. But as petroleum gets ever more expensive, the alternative technologies that become economically viable are not by necessity better for the environment. In some cases, they’re far worse.
Unless, of course, the carbon content of the alternative fuels is priced into the cost. Last week we discussed the merits of carbon trading for ethanol, which can vary widely in carbon content. Perhaps far more important will be setting up a carbon trading scheme for fossil fuels. Because, as it turns out, there are worse things for the environment than oil.
(As an aside, the quoted article highlights why I don’t put much stock in either the peak oil Armageddon crowd, or the peak oil utopians. The Armageddon crowd foresees widespread chaos, mass starvation, etc. when oil becomes dear and our economic and transportation infrastructure collapses. The utopians see a future in which we all eat locally-produced organic foods as the world’s supply chain reorganizes around the reality of expensive oil. What we’ll probably see, in actual fact, is some price shocks, a drop in demand for oil, and — unfortunately — a big shift to coal.)
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The occurrence of multiple phenotypes within a sex of a single species has long puzzled behavioral ecologists. Male red-backed fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus exhibit 3 behaviorally distinct types in their first breeding season: breed in bright nuptial plumage, breed in dull plumage, or remain as an unpaired auxiliary (helper) with dull plumage. The retention of dull plumage by auxiliaries and dull breeders is an example of delayed plumage maturation (DPM), a widespread phenomenon in birds whose costs and benefits are not well understood. At a mechanistic level, DPM might allow dull males either to deceptively mimic females (female mimicry hypothesis) or to honestly signal their subordinate status (status-signaling hypothesis). DPM might function via either mechanism to provide ultimate benefits relative to developing nuptial plumage by increasing reproductive success, survival, or both. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DPM is related to increased male survival in the red-backed fairy-wren via either female mimicry or status signaling. Aviary-based experiments revealed that dull males were perceived as male, which is consistent with the status-signaling hypothesis but contradicts the female mimicry hypothesis. Further aviary and field-based experiments also revealed that dull males were socially subordinate to bright males and received less aggression than bright males, further evidence for status signaling. However, male survival was not related to plumage coloration or breeding status. These findings indicate that male plumage coloration signals social status but that dull plumage does not afford a net survival advantage, perhaps because plumage color is a conditional strategy.
Feminine Mimicry and Masquerade I - Columbia University
Some of the most spectacular and best studied cases of Batesian polymorphism are found in swallowtails, and in some species only the female is mimetic (see an example in Fig. 5). This peculiar tendency to sex-specific polymorphism seems to be restricted to butterflies (Papilionidae and Pieridae), and virtually no other case of sex-limited mimicry seems to be reported for other insects (except for male-limited mimicry in some moths). Female-limited mimicry was often viewed as a result of negative frequency dependence: if mimicry is restricted to one sex, the effective mimetic population size is only about half that of a nondimorphic species, reducing deleterious effects of parasitism onto the warning signal. But this group-selection argument cannot in itself explain why females tend to become mimetic more often than males and why mechanisms arise that restrict the mimicry to one sex. However, more proximal, individual-selection arguments are not lacking. First, mimicry may be more beneficial to one sex than to the other. For instance, female butterflies have a less agile flight because of egg load and a more “predictable” flight when searching oviposition sites, and they suffer higher rates of attacks by visual predators. Second, male wing patterns can
FIGURE 5 Female-limited mimicry in Perrhybris pyrrha (Pieridae), Eastern Peru. The female (top) is a Batesian mimic of the tiger-patterned Ithomiines and Helicomiines (see Fig. 3- , while the male (bottom) has retained a typical pierid white coloration. Scale bar, 2 cm.
be constrained by sexual selection, via either female choice or male-male interactions: males could not evolve Batesian mimicry without losing mating opportunities. In experiments with North American swallowtails (of which only females mimic B. philenor), male P. glaucus painted with the mimetic pattern had a lower mating success than normal yellow males; similarly, painted P. polyxenes males had a lower success in male-male fights and therefore held lower-quality territories around hilltops. In these insects, the wing coloration appears to bear signals directed either to conspecific males or to predators, which creates a potential conflict leading to sex-limited polymorphism. It is interesting to note that Papilio and Eurytides species that mimic Parides (Papilionidae) in South America do not exhibit female-limited mimicry; different modes of sexual selection (e.g., absence of territoriality) may operate in the forest understory habitat. In a different ecological setting, diurnal males of the North American silkmoth C. promethea are exposed to visual predators, and mimicry of B. philenor is limited to males; female Callosamia fly at night and benefit more by crypsis during the day.
FEMININE MIMICRY AND MASQUERADE 91 ..
Bluegill males are characterized by a discrete life history polymorphism. "Parental" males mature at age 7, and have several reproductive years before they die. These males use their caudal fins to construct bowl-shaped nests in colonies that may be as small as 10 nests, but may have more than 100. Parental males then court females and defend and care for the young for the length of the care-giving period (7-10 days). These males are approximately 20cm long and have a mass of close to 200g. "Cuckolder" males, in contrast, mature at age 2. They do not provide care for the young, and instead fertilize eggs opportunistically using one of two different tactics. "Sneaker" males are small (7-10cm total length) individuals 2-3 years old. When a female has entered a nest to spawn with the nest-guarding parental male, sneakers swim very quickly into the nest, usually beneath the spawning pair, and release their sperm. "Satellite" males (also called "Female mimics") are larger (10-14cm total length) and older (4-6 years). Rather than sneak into the nest, satellites mimic the appearance and behaviour of females. They enter the nest as a parental male and a female are in the act of spawning, but release sperm rather than eggs, thus stealing fertilizations from the parental male. In approximately 90% of cases, parental males are alone with females in the nest. However, in the cases in which males are in competition for fertilizations, cuckolders fertilize the majority of eggs released. On average, approximately one-fifth of larvae in a parental's nest were sired by cuckolder males. Females provide no care to the developing larvae. They mature at age 4 and enter colonies as a shoal to spawn. A parental male will have multiple females visit his nest, and females will visit the nest of multiple males. In Lake Opinicon, bluegill breed in June, with some spawning bouts occuring in late May and early July. Most adults participate in multiple spawning bouts in a year.
Female mimicry in garter snakes (PDF Download Available)
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Pre- history - before the first written records. Learn about the skills, equipment and techniques that archaeologists have used in the past and still use today, to discover about the Stone Age. A complete, cross-curricular teaching resource for KS2 that includes key facts, cartoons, videos, as well as activities and lesson plans.
Flint, Test Pits, Archaeological Excavation, Field Walking, Crop Marks and Aerial Photography, Metal Detectors, Famous Archaeological Finds, Experimental Archaeology, An Archaeological Survey, Stratigraphy, Pottery, First Written Records and Early Historians and Archaeologists.
This interactive is designed to run on a Windows PC with a screen resolution of 1366x768 pixels (the most common wide screen laptop). It will work at all other resolutions but graphics may not appear as intended. The provided lesson plan/activities are provided in Adobe Acrobat .PDF format and will open on any computer with the FREE Acrobat Reader installed. This download is approximately 6.7 Mb in size.
After making payment you will be returned to a order confirmation page with a link to download your software.
Download as zip file
Extract all files
Double click 'start.exe'
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With the London Olympic Games still in mind it seems timely to examine some of the history behind the ideals of the Games through the records of the Birmingham Athletic Institute.
Firstly, a quick re-cap of Olympic history: the first Olympians (official starting date 776 BC) engaged in running events, a pentathlon (jumping, discus, javelin, foot race and wrestling), boxing, wrestling and equestrian events (more chariots than dressage), and was staged in Olympia, Greece.
All hail Coroebus, who tradition has it, was the first Olympic Champion and a cook from the city of Elis. The ancient games were not only a manifestation of human physical endurance, but also of hugely fundamental religious significance; the sports went side by side with ritual sacrifices honouring Zeus whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia and was known as one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. The ancient games had run their course by the 5th century AD, mainly due to the spreading Roman influence in Greece. Official ending date is either 393 AD (end of all pagan cults and practices by order of the emperor) or 426 AD (ordered destruction of all Greek Temples) – take your pick.
The resurgence of the Games is well documented; although maybe not so well known is the attempt to hold a national annual Olympic Festival in Revolutionary France from 1796 to 1798. No prizes for guessing what happened if you were last in the 100 metres dash… but significant in marking the introduction of the metric system into sport.
Better known are the Wenlock Olympian Games, the brainchild of Dr William Penny Brookes, social reformer and believer in education for the working classes. After establishing an educational reading group in his home town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire, and expanding the classes in 1850 by introducing an Olympian Class, well, the rest is history – Baron Pierre de Coubertin came along to the annual games in 1890 and was inspired by them to found the International Olympic Committee. At the first Olympic Congress held in June 1894, it was decided that the first Olympic Games of the modern era would be held in Athens in 1896 and would internationally rotate and occur every four years.
Birmingham Athletic Institute & Birmingham Athletic Club: the Athens games were a great success, but the 1900 and 1904 games, side-shows to the Paris Expo and St Louis World’s Fair, didn’t do so well. However, London were the proud hosts in 1908 and an equally proud Birmingham Athletic Institute (as minuted in the June 1908 committee meeting), announced:
‘Olympic Games to be held at the Stadium July 14th 15th & 16th The secretary reported that the AGA had nominated the following BAI men as representatives in the British team…
For Gymnastics – Walter Tysall & Samuel Hodgetts
& A.G. Faulkner has entered for wrestling & that Mr A. Bradley had been selected as the Director of the British team.’
The next meeting of October 1908 gave the results of the Gymnastic Competition, with Walter Tysall beaten into second place by the man from Italy and S. Hodgetts coming in a plucky 6th. Unlucky wrestler Faulkner was beaten on points in the first round.
The Institute, formed in 1889 and closely linked to the earlier established Birmingham Athletic Club, founded in 1866, was influential in promoting physical education in schools and providing adult training for teachers in physical education. By 1886, mainly due to the influence of the Birmingham Athletic Club, the Birmingham School Board accepted the proposition for the introduction of daily exercise in all schools under its management.
However, the Institute‘s concerns were not only confined to the school curriculum. Middle-aged gentlemen were also catered for. On Tuesday and Friday nights in 1894, you could pop along to the sessions intended for ‘professional gentlemen and others, requiring a light course of Physical Training where Fencing, Swedish Drill, and Light Gymnastics will be taught.’ Since those heady days of London 1908, Birmingham clubs have continued the proud tradition of training and sending athletes to successive Games.
And I have no doubt that athletes of all generations are inextricably linked – from Coreobus, the cook, first Olympic Champion (making the fastest omelette in some Ancient Greek Saturday Morning Kitchen?) to the Birmingham boys, Tysall and Hodgetts, through to the Bolt and Mobot crossing the finish line to the strains of Vangelis – all experience the same feelings of elation and/or disappointment as they cross that finish line and all embody the Olympic ideals of Citius, Altius, Fortius – Faster, Higher, Stronger.
Judy Dennison (runner – failed, but still trying)
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Instructions: For each data set: (a) State the hypotheses. (b) Use Excel’s Tools > Data Analysis (or MegaStat or MINITAB) to perform the one-factor ANOVA, using ? = .05. (c) State your conclusion about the population means. Was the decision close? (d) Interpret the p-value carefully. (e) Include a plot of the data for each group if you are using MegaStat, and confidence intervals for the group means if you are sing MINITAB. What do the plots show?
11.3 Semester GPAs are compared for seven randomly chosen students in each class level at Oxnard University. Does the data prove a significant difference in mean GPAs? GPA1?
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If Hillary Clinton is elected president, is it possible she could give us more years of Bill Clinton or Obama as president if she chose either of them as her running mate and then resigned or became ineligible to continue to hold office, thus handing them the presidency?
I know that's a mouthful, but bear with me. In other words, could Bill, for example, legally be chosen as Hillary's running mate, become vice president if she's elected, and then become current President Bill Clinton again if Hillary leaves her job in the Oval Office for any reason?
The answer to that, actually, seems fuzzy from a Constitutional amendment perspective. UCLA law professor Eugene Volokh tackled that question in a piece for the Washington Post, and it's complicated. But we'll keep it short and sweet here.
The 12th Amendment says, "[N]o person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.”
The 22nd Amendment, written later, says “No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice ….”
The 12th Amendment seems, at first glance, to disqualify Bill from being vice president ever in his lifetime. But is he technically ineligible of ever being president or vice president again? Legal scholars Bruce G. Peabody and Scott E. Gant have argued "no." They point to unusual cases where Bill, if legally serving in an office below that of the vice presidency, could become president through a chain of succession if both the current president and vice president are incapacitated, or if Bill was appointed the presidency by the House of Representatives if neither presidential candidate got the majority of the electoral votes (this happened in a crowded presidential candidate race with John Quincy Adams in 1824).
While both those cases are extremely unlikely to ever happen for Bill, Peabody and Gant argue that they prove Bill is not technically ineligible from being chosen as a vice president. Not everyone agrees, though, including Volokh, the author of the piece.
The best answer seems to be that it may be possible for Bill or Obama to be chosen as Hillary's running mate, but it's extremely doubtful she would do that because of the legal battle that would ensue and the unpopularity of her choice on both sides of the aisle.
What do you think?
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A multidisciplinary team of students at Florida International University has created a virtual reality experience based on Bankside in the age of William Shakespeare.
The I-CAVE, short for Integrated Computer Augmented Virtual Environment, is a new facility composed of five 9-by-5 foot, high-resolution screens arranged in a hexagonal pattern. Visitors are given goggles and a remote control to navigate a virtual world.
The first project at the I-ICAVE is Shakespeare's London circa 1598, featuring the Globe Theatre on Bankside.
"The goal of the project is to recreate the experience of what it must have been like to see a play in Shakespeare's era," said David Frisch, the project manager.
Frisch says Shakespeare's Bankside was a lot like today's Las Vegas.
"It was loud. It could get rowdy and crazy, and people would throw tomatoes at performers during plays."
The students decided that their cast of characters – including a Spanish merchant, vagabond, prostitute and "snobbish English man" – would consist of 2D cut-outs taken from early modern works of art.
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Cecilia Beaux, in full Eliza Cecilia Beaux (born May 1, 1855, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—died Sept. 17, 1942, Gloucester, Mass.), American painter, considered one of the finest portrait painters of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Beaux was left by her widowed father to be reared by relatives in New York City and later West Philadelphia. She was educated at home and for two years at a Philadelphia finishing school; at 16 she took up the study of art. Under the tutelage of her cousin, Catharine Drinker Janvier, an artist and writer of some note, and later of Adolf van der Whelen and William Sartain, she rapidly developed into a skilled painter. In 1883 she opened a studio in Philadelphia. Her first major work, a full-length portrait of her sister and nephew entitled Last Days of Infancy, was exhibited in 1885 at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and in 1886 at the Paris Salon. During 1888–89 she traveled and studied in Europe, taking instruction at the Académie Julian in Paris and from several leading artists, including William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Tony Robert Fleury.
Returning to her Philadelphia studio, Beaux earned a reputation as one of the city’s best portrait painters and achieved considerable success over the next several years. In 1894 she was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design (she would be elevated to full academician in 1902). In 1895 she became the first woman instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and in 1896 she exhibited six portraits at the Paris Salon—Rev. Matthew B. Grier, A Lady from Connecticut, Sita and Sarita, Cynthia Sherwood, The Dreamer, and Ernesta Drinker, with Nurse. On the strength of her showing at the Salon, she was elected to membership in the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts that same year.
By 1898, when she completed Dorothea and Francesca, a compositionally complex double portrait, Beaux had proved herself the rival of John Singer Sargent in the art of fashionable portraiture. Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, but her work was not imitative of any master. After moving to New York in 1900, she received a series of important commissions, including portraits of Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt and her daughter Ethel, Mary Adelaide Nutting (for the Johns Hopkins Hospital), Mrs. Andrew Carnegie, Richard Watson Gilder, and, for the National Art Committee’s project on World War I leaders, Admiral Lord David Beatty, Georges Clémenceau, and Cardinal Mercier. Following an injury in 1924 she painted little. In 1930 she published an autobiography entitled Background with Figures. She was elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1933, and two years later the academy presented a retrospective exhibit of some 65 of her canvases.
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A mysterious agricultural pest is laying waste to the coastline of Louisiana, and the potential consequences are dire. The plague has only been on the radar of researchers and environmental science experts for the last few months, and they don’t even have the organism responsible fully identified at this point.
In the meantime, large sections of coastal marshland grasses that are crucial habitat for species of juvenile fish that spawn in the brackish backwaters have been decimated over the winter of 2016/17, along with the anchoring root systems of the plants that keep the Delta marshlands from washing away.
Roseau cane is an incredibly hardy coastal tall grass that has more in common with bamboo than Kentucky bluegrass. It is pervasive on the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida, and there is some debate as to whether the majority of it is an indigenous specie, or was been introduced from Europe long ago. In either case, ecologists recognize that it provides the fundamental basis for the biology of brackish water wetlands, providing soil retention during both saltwater storm tides and rain floods off the mainland, water purification through uptake via dense mats of root tubules, and shelter for the fingerlings of species such as redfish and speckled trout.
Outfitter Eric Newman (Journey South Outfitters) helped publicize the problem when he brought reporter Tristan Baurick into the marsh to see the problem firsthand.
According to NOLA.com / Times Picayune, “Roseau cane, a wetland grass considered vital to the health of Louisiana’s precarious coast, is dying at an unprecedented rate in south Plaquemines Parish. Since fall, thousands of acres of cane across about 50 miles of the lower Mississippi Delta have gone from green to brown. Many areas, such as the one Newman found Friday (April 7) near Venice, are now shallow, open water.”
“The likely cause: a foreign bug that’s sucking the life-giving juices out of the cane. State and university scientists have been trying for weeks to identify the species, thought to be a type of scale or mealybug. As yet there is no plan to eradicate it.”
Scale insects include aphids, and are a well-known agricultural problem. The insects form tough protective cases while burrowing into surfaces on host vegetation, consuming and disturbing the flow of nutrients in the plants, which invariably die. While the exact identification of the insect responsible is still in play, there is consensus that it is almost certainly an invasive species, probably brought in by boat from another continent through the port of New Orleans. Strategies for control of the pests range from burning of vegetation, application of industrial insecticides, or introduction of predatory insects such as ladybugs that eat aphids are all on the table.
NOLA.com coverage continued. “At the Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area on the far south end of the delta, the cane die-off is especially bad. “Of the the 110,000 acres we have there, [the insect] has affected easily 80 percent,” said Vaughan McDonald, a coastal biologist with the state Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.”
“State officials have kept relatively quiet about the pest invasion as they try to come up with solutions. But the damage—and the wider implications—are becoming hard to ignore. The delta has one of the world’s largest stands of roseau cane. The cane is, quite literally, what holds the delta together. Its disappearance could hasten the erosion that’s fast turning land into water.”
“Where this is happening, in the delta of the Mississippi, is one of the largest continuous stands of [roseau cane] in the United States,” said Irving Mendelssohn, professor emeritus of Louisiana State University’s College of the Coast and Environment. “You’d have to go to central Europe and the Danube River to see such an extensive stand.”
I spoke to veteran charter operator and fly fishing guide Eric Newman by phone. Newman was one of the first people to notice the profound changes that were happening so rapidly in Plaquemines Parish, having not only grown up in the area, but intimately working in the environment on a daily basis. “This is about more than just my job or the fishing industry. It’s potentially something that is going to change the way of life here, both now and for future generations. This thing needs to be responded to at a policy level — now.”
Newman first raised the alarm early this spring with both the press and the researchers at state universities, who were at the time completely unaware of the issue, but have mounted immediate response. In the meantime, Newman has moved up the ladder to engage one of the most influential political groups in the Gulf, the Coastal Conservation Association, which has massive influence both in the Gulf and in Washington, DC.
New and unforeseen changes in the ecology and environment appear to be rapidly unfolding on the Gulf Coast that now look to require an all hands on deck response. Raising awareness among the sporting community to influence legislative response and support conservation actions is a first step in mitigating this crisis.
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http://www.flyfisherman.com/conservation/invasive-aphids-are-destroying-the-best-redfish-marshes-on-the-planet/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=invasive-aphids-are-destroying-the-best-redfish-marshes-on-the-planet
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We hear a lot about the decline of pollinators, but how often do we hear people speak of the ray of hope that remains amidst the negative news? There is much to be concerned about and it may at times feel like we are swimming against a raging current, but saving our pollinators is worth the struggle when you consider that 75% of our crops rely on them. They fly from flower to flower carrying the pollen that will develop into fruit, vegetables, nuts, and more. Surprisingly, there are 20,000 bee species with only a few that our in charge of pollinating our crops and so it is important to save them.
First, let’s consider the greatest threats to pollinators and then optimistic side. Habitat destruction is among the leading causes for population declines, but an even greater enemy threatens their health and even ours. What I’m referring to is pesticides. Our crops are laden with cancer causing pesticides. If workers have to wear masks when they spray these lethal chemicals can you imagine how they effect bees, butterflies, and other wildlife? Our mentality needs to change. We need to step back to get new perspectives.
Now that you’ve heard the bad news, what is the good news? The good news is that even if you aren’t a gardener you can do great things to help. You can slowly or quickly incorporate organic/local produce into your menu. You can support organizations that are working towards saving pollinators. The greatest thing though is starting a butterfly garden. Planting a garden of native wild flowers is ideal. Include a variety of annuals and perennials. Try looking at their different bloom times so that you have flowers from spring to fall.
Cosmos flowers are just one example of many that you can plant for butterflies, bees, and other pollinators.
Sunflowers are very popular among bees. I get a lot of small native bees and bumble bees that come for a visit.
I was surprised that flies like to visit flowers. This is a flower on the herb Yarrow.
This Gray Hairstreak butterfly is also enjoying Yarrow flowers. You are sure to make great discoveries when you start a garden. No matter what, never lose hope.
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in patients who have a positive tuberculin (PPD intermediate) skin test and do not have active TB [latent TB infection (LTBI)]
Preventive therapy, or prophylactic therapy, for patients with latent TB infection (LTBI) who need therapy include:
INH 300 mg po qd for 9 months – this is the best therapy for LTBI.
INH 300 mg po qd for 6 months
RIF 600 mg po qd for 4 months
RIF 600 mg po qd and PZA 20 mg/kg po qd for 2 months
All these regimens require pretreatment liver chemistries and if PZA is given a pretreatment serum uric acid is needed.
RIF may be a problem in patients who are being treated for AIDS or HIV infection with protease inhibitors (PIs) and/or non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (See HIV Drug Interactions ).
Multiple drugs are always prescribed in the treatment of active TB, and prophylaxis for latent TB infections can be treated with single drugs:
The bacterial load (population) of an active tuberculous lesion varies from 107 to 109 (infiltrate versus cavity). Since
1 in 105 mycobacterium is a naturally occurring mutant resistant to INH
1 in 106 mycobacterium is a naturally occurring mutant resistant to RIF
1 in 1013 mycobacterium is a naturally occurring mutant resistant to both INH and RIF
it is obvious that multiple drug treatment is needed for active TB.
When a latent TB infection (LTBI) is present, the bacterial load is smaller than when active TB is present. Therefore, single drug therapy is adequate because the mycobacterial population is often 10 to 103. In these small populations of mycobacteria, naturally occurring mutants resistant to INH or RIF are very rare or non-existent.
Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccination:
BCG is a vaccine derived from a strain of bovine mycobacteria and is used in countries in which there is a high incidence of active TB.
It is usually given as preventive therapy to young people with a negative PPD and is believed to protect those who are vaccinated from developing overwhelming TB and dying of their disease.
Due to the use of varied vaccines throughout the world, the efficacy of the vaccine is variable. A proper BCG vaccination will result in a positive PPD. Since a positive PPD test due to BCG vaccination or a new infection with TB cannot be differentiated, patients who test positive on a PPD skin test should all be considered for INH preventive therapy.
The problem of INH-associated hepatitis:
Approximately 10 to 20% of INH recipients develop elevated liver enzymes. Most patients with mild subclinical hepatic damage do not progress to overt hepatitis and recover completely even while continuing INH therapy.
In contrast, continuation of INH in patients with clinical symptoms may result in severe hepatocellular toxicity, which is associated with a higher fatality rate than that of patients in whom INH was discontinued immediately.
The risk of death from TB is estimated to be 11 times higher than the risk of death from INH hepatitis.
The development of INH hepatitis has been linked to several factors including
daily alcohol consumption
concurrent rifampin use.
The mechanisms underpinning INH hepatotoxicity remain unclear and may be multifactorial. Age and concurrent alcohol use are the most significant factors to consider.
Progressive liver damage is rare in persons less than 20 years of age. It occurs in 0.3% of persons between 20 to 34, in 1.2% of patients between 35 and 49, and 2.3% of persons over 50.
Whether biochemical monitoring of liver function is of value in the detection of liver toxicity secondary to INH is controversial. The American Thoracic Society and the CDC do not recommend routine LFT’s unless symptoms suggest hepatitis. However, of 1000 patients receiving INH, 47 of 64 patients with extremely high AST levels were asymptomatic. Similar findings have been found in 5 of 83 health care workers receiving INH preventive therapy.
Accordingly, many physicians favor monthly LFT monitoring particularly in high-risk patients. High risk patients are
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Written by: Kevin Lewis
Illustrated by: Daniel Kirk
Let your little one explore the cover and illustrations. If your child is slightly older, ask simple questions that will get him/her to engage with the images on the page. Ask, "What is that in the picture? Can you point to the train? Where do you think the train is going? Can you see the wheels on the train?"
For younger children, point to and describe the things that you see in the illustrations. Say things like, "Wow, that is a really big train! I see 1,2,3,4 big red wheels on this train. There is a giraffe, a queen, a ladybug and a cowboy. They are all waving to the engineer, that's the person that drives the train!"
As You Read
Sing the Story
This book has wonderfully simple, rhythmic text so feel free to make up your own melody and turn the story into a song! It will be more audibly entertaining for your child and could be the perfect lullaby to sing your little one off to sleep.
Vocabulary Building and Making Connections
Move your finger across the page with each word that you read and be sure to make connections between the text and the illustrations. For example, when reading "Engine black and red caboose", point to the engine and say "Here is the engine, it really is black. And the caboose is allllll the way at the end, and it is red."
Let older children tell you what they see and encourage them to make observations throughout the story by asking, "What are some things that you see in this picture?"
Summarize and Discuss
Talk to your child about the story, regardless of whether or not s/he understands or can verbally respond. This will help build good reading habits as your child watches you contemplate the book beyond the written text. Ask slightly older children questions like, "Did you like the story? Which picture was your favorite? Why was it your favorite? Can you point to the engine?"
Activity: Train Role Play
Inspired by Heidi K.
Supplies: several plastic bins and rope or velcro
Create a miniature train right in your home with this fun and easy activity!
- Line up your plastic bins in a row to create the cars of the train. Make sure that your little on can fit into one of the bins!
- Connect the bins using a rope or velcro strips. Your job is to act as the engine and drag your little one around while s/he enjoys the ride! You can move around the room and the rest of your home, picking up and dropping off toys and household items along the way. Make lots of train sounds and be sure to name all of the things that you are putting into the bins as you go. Also, describe where you are and where you are going. Say "Chooooo Choooooo, all aboard! This train is making its way from the kitchen into the living room. Let's make a stop here to pick up ________!"
It's very important to start building your child's vocabulary and literacy from a young age, and the great thing is that it's not that hard to start! As your little one begins speaking and stringing together words to convey his/her thoughts and desires, be sure to build on what s/he is saying. For example, if your child says "more milk", say "You want more milk? Ok, I will get you some more milk." helping him/her better understand how language is used. Also, be sure to always have coloring and drawing supplies around for your child to use as s/he pleases. This will provide a foundation for writing as s/he begins pretending to write things using scribbly lines.
(Source: Zero to Three)
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The video is a bit outdated, from 2010, and states that many different kind of animals can be Service Animals, including monkeys, THIS IS NO LONGER TRUE.
As of March 2011, when the ADA was revised, only dogs and some miniature horses are allowed as Service Animals.
Another important note that people need to be aware of is that THERAPY dogs are NOT the same as a SERVICE DOG. Therapy dogs DO NOT have the same public access rights as Service Dogs do. Therapy Dogs are sometimes allowed into hospitals, care facilities, etc to visit the elderly, sick and possibly dying, in order to help lift their spirits, and bring smiles, as well as provide some much needed comfort and therapy to someone who might live alone and suffer with depression or anxiety. There is MUCH benefit to patients of all walks of life when they visit with Therapy Dogs. However, a Therapy Dog is very different than a Service Dog.
A Service Dog has been specially trained to perform certain individual TASKS to assist the disabled handler, for example, picking things up that have dropped to the floor, opening doors/closing doors, alerting to sights or sounds, etc. Because Service Dogs are specially trained and perform tasks to assist the disabled handler, they are allowed public access rights the same as their handler. They are allowed to go EVERYWHERE the handler is, so that it may continue to assist the handler in any given situation.
The different between a Therapy Dog and a Service Dog is significant and needs to be well understood by handlers and law officers as well.
A Therapy Dog is considered a PET, while a Service Dog is NOT A PET.
|I couldn't resist posting this....it's just too cute|
Businesses and establishments that do not allow pets, will not allow a Therapy Dog inside, unless special permission was granted beforehand for special visits.
The Video below describes the laws on Service Dog pretty well.
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Phoenix is the most densely populated city and capital of the U.S. state of Arizona. With a 2015 population of 1,563,025 people, Phoenix is the sixth most heavily populated city in the United States. It is the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents.
This city is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, commonly dubbed as the Valley of the Sun, which is a part of the Salt River Valley.
Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate which is characteristic of the Sonoran Desert. The summers in Phoenix are long and extremely hot and the winter season is quite mild. This city is situated in the sunniest region in the world. Phoenix receives 3,872 hours of bright sunshine every year, making it the major city on Earth to receive the most sunshine. Average high temperatures in summer are the highest of any major city in America.
Unlike most areas with desert climate which undergo extreme fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, the diurnal temperature variation in Phoenix is restricted by the urban heat island effect.
This city features around 300 days of sunshine, or about 85% of daylight hours annually and receives little rainfall—the average yearly total being 8.03 in or 204 mm.
The fossil fuels, without a doubt, are a popular energy source and may seem easy on the pocket upon first consideration. The solar power generation, on the other hand, may sound quite costly when taking into account factors like the price of solar panels, installation expenses, and so on. But with increasing demand for solar power systems, the price is steadily falling. This can be explained by Swanson’s Law that is an observation that the cost of solar photovoltaic modules is likely to decrease 20 percent for every doubling of collective shipped volume.
According to current trends, the prices go down by 50% about every ten years. This Law is named after Richard Swanson, the creator of SunPower Corporation, a solar panel company. To fully realize the impact of this price, it is essential to comprehend that the price of natural gas – which is responsible for the generation of 90% of the UAE’s power needs – at present stands at 9 cents. So, in the United Arab Emirates at least, solar power is at present 65% of the price of the next cheapest form of power production. And its price is likely to continue to fall for the foreseeable future.
Our natural supply of fossil fuels such as oil fields and coal is depleting quickly and sooner or later mankind will be facing a dire shortage of these fossil fuels. We would have to soon find sustainable energy resources. Solar energy is one of these sources that generate clean, green and never ending power. We can depend on the Sun to supply this energy without running out.
Besides being non-sustainable, fossil fuels emit poisonous fumes and pollutants that contaminate our environment. Using solar energy to generate power is an environmental-friendly venture.
On the average, a solar power home system of 5kWh will cost about $20,000. That sure is a big number, but the first form of reward rolls in from the United States federal government, which offers you a 30% tax credit for installation of a solar power system in your home. This will cut down the overall cost to $14,000. The money that you invest does not disappear into thin air, either. The value of your establishment will be increased by $20,000, but the Renewable Energy Systems Property Tax Exemption from the State allows you to eliminate that newly added equity from your tax bill. In a span of twenty-five years, you would have earned a profit south of $30,000.
Phoenix experiences long, severely hot summers and rather warm, mild, short winters, making air conditioning a necessity. It can be adequately powered by a solar energy system as Phoenix receives a generous amount of sunshine, and you will in due course collect the benefits of the not having to depend on fossil fuel power generated far away by some power company.
Return on investment in every individual case differs slightly based on your financing method, and those payment methods are outright cash, loan funding, and leasing. Don’t let the $20,000 price tag encumber your interest in a solar power system for your house.
A cash purchase always yields immediate, large savings for the buyer. With no loan payments to worry about, you reap 100% of the energy savings personally, along with the 30% federal tax redemption. The value of your estate as a homeowner goes up and you can sell any surplus power generated.
Initially, you have to pay a large sum of money.
For most homeowners, paying for solar energy with a home equity loan is the most convenient option. Because you have taken a home equity loan, you not only get to benefit from the 30% federal credit, but you also get to deduct the interest on the loan. You get to enjoy all of the incentives and benefits without any paying any cash out-of-pocket.
The pattern of return, on investment in case of getting loan funds, is inconsistent. You’ll save money while you are paying off the interest but you won’t make any profit while paying off the principal amount.
Acquiring a solar panel system on lease comes with its own set of pros and cons:
At the beginning, you do not have to pay any money out of your pocket. You don’t have to hassle over repairs or maintenance. Leasing is a great payment method to get a solar power system if you don’t have enough money right away, or if you are hesitant to take out a loan. In Arizona, the cost of electricity is high, so you can make a profit by saving money on power generation.
You do not receive any impressive profits right away. You have to remember that with a lease, you do not get the residual value of the solar power system as you do not have ownership of it. You also do not benefit from any of the tax credits or other state incentives of home solar ownership, other than money saved on power costs.
RPS is an estimate of state’s commitment towards introducing renewable, clean energy sources to the system. This presents how dedicated a state is in motivating its citizens to lower their dependence on fossil fuels and make a switch to greener energy resources. If a state has a higher RPS number, it implies that it gives its citizens more incentives for financing their solar power venture.
The RPS is the tool that urges utility companies to supply green energy, rather than using fossil fuels. Though there are some states that fare much better when it comes to RPS limitations, Arizona’s RPS number is pretty decent. It has a mandate that by 2025, nearly 15% of power must be generated by renewable sources such as solar power.
The state of Arizona has the 6th largest solar carve-out in the United States. This means that a definite percentage of energy (15% in case of Arizona) in the state must be produced by renewable sources such as solar energy.
Net metering requires each power company to scrutinize how much energy is produced and to credit you for any surplus over what you utilize. Arizona has brilliant net metering laws.
Solar performance payments are meant to reward citizens for the production of solar power. A concept of these rewards is nonexistent in Arizona. Solar performance payment is a bonus paid to homeowners producing solar power. This has caused the RPS number of Arizona to fall.
But on the other hand, Phoenix is among the foremost sunniest cities in the United States, its geography, weather pattern and climate are quite favorable for solar power production.
Phoenix, Arizona could fare better when it comes to solar rebates and RPS numbers but the state has showed itself as a leader in encouraging residents to invest in solar power.
The final decision is yours to make as the return on investment also depends on every individual’s unique financial situation and energy requirements. Whatever happens, one way or another you would receive a handsome profit on your investment in preserving our environment.
In Arizona, solar purchases are exempt from both state sales tax and property taxes, effectively lowering the upfront costs of installing and keeping solar on your property.
Due to some positive changes in the Arizona Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS), solar use has tripled in the state in the last few years. And it looks like that positive momentum will continue in the near future.
Some areas of the state (e.g., Phoenix and Tucson) are even offering to install solar panels on your roof for free—if you cannot afford to buy to them. While this is not as profitable or cost-effective as buying, it gives more homes in the state the opportunity to benefit from clean, efficient solar energy.
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At the opening of Chapter 5, Ralph Touchett knocks on his mother's door eagerly. His mother is described as being more fatherly, her father, as more motherly.
Ralph's father, Mr. Daniel Touchett, is described as having adopted England as his country because he found it sane and accommodating. Yet he also had no great desire to render himself less American. Ralph therefore spent many terms at an American school, has a degree from an American university, but he also spent three years at Oxford. Ralph is therefore well accustomed to English manners, and appeared English from the outside, but his mind is described as enjoying independence. (The implication is that this independence of mind is an American quality.) He did well at Oxford, but he was prevented from having a successful career in England because he was American. Ralph admires his father but has no aptitude for banking himself. Ralph appreciates his father's "fine ivory surface" mostly -- that is, his father's impenetrability to the ideas of others, his father's "originality" (31). Mr. Daniel Touchett has been successful because he is less pliant than many other Americans.
Ralph had worked briefly at his father's bank before he caught a violent sickness; he is a consumptive. (Today this is known as tuberculosis.) This is a deadly disease, but it is described optimistically, insofar as Ralph believes he will survive quite a few winters. He always goes abroad during the winter because of this disease. He comforts himself with the thought that he had not really had ambition to do much in his life in the first place. One winter though, he stayed too long in England, and arrived more "dead than alive" (32) in Algiers. After this scare, his attitude changed: he no longer felt he had to struggle to distinguish himself. His friends then know him as more serene. He though does still have the prospect of being in love in his future, although he has forbidden himself an "expression" of this.
Ralph Touchett converses with his mother about Isabel, and he jokes that he speaks about her like a piece of "property" (33). He asks what she means to do with her. Mrs. Touchett answers practically, when Ralph has asked the question in the abstract. Mrs. Touchett talks about buying her clothing, bringing her to Paris, and so forth. "I should like to know what you mean to do with her in a general way," Ralph responds (33).
Mrs. Touchett tells Ralph where she found Isabel. She thinks Isabel may be a "genius," but she does not yet know in what (35). Ralph asks if she is a genius in flirting, as Lord Warburton has suggested that to him, but Mrs. Touchett thinks that is not where Isabel's talents lie. Ralph delights in the idea that Isabel might be a "puzzle" to Lord Warburton. Ralph persists in asking what Mrs. Touchett plans to "do" with her, and then asks if she plans to get her to marry someone in Europe. Mrs. Touchett responds, "She's perfectly able to marry herself," implying that she does not plan on assisting her in that regard. Mrs. Touchett does not know if Isabel is already engaged.
Ralph then goes to show Isabel around the house. He watches her inspecting some of the art in their gallery, and he notes that she has "taste" and a judging eye (37). He also notes that she has a great passion for knowledge.
Isabel wants to know if there is a ghost in their mansion. Ralph responds that their house is "dismally prosaic" and that there is no romance there "but what you [Isabel] may have brought with you [her]" (38). Isabel asks if there are more people around there house, saying that she liked Ralph's father and his friend, Lord Warburton. She also likes Mrs. Touchett, she declares, because Mrs. Touchett does not expect one to like her. She goes on to assert that she likes Ralph too, even though he is the opposite of Mrs. Touchett in caring what others think of him. Isabel and Ralph conclude the conversation by agreeing that the great point is to be as happy as possible, and that one does not need to suffer.
In Chapter 6, the narrator embarks on more description of Isabel's history, and other's perceptions of her. He describes Isabel as being an active young person "of many theories" (40) with a "finer mind" than most others, and a "larger perception" of facts. One of her aunts, Mrs. Varian, once started a rumor that she was writing a novel, but Isabel had never attempted to do so. She is not a novelist, for she has no talent for expression. She is not exactly a genius, but she does regard herself highly, thinking that people are right in treating her as superior. Thus the narrator says she might be guilty of the "sin of self-esteem" (41). Her actual thoughts though are described as a "tangle of vague outlines which had never been corrected by the judgment of people speaking with authority" (41) and she had her own, stubborn way in her own unclear opinions. It seems to be her philosophy that life was only worth living if one thinks well of one's self. According to her, the worst thing that could happen to her seems to be that she might cause injury to someone else. She is unaware of the evil in the world, and flattered herself that she would never sink to the dangers of inconsistency which high self-esteem often brought: "Her life should always be in harmony with the most pleasing impression she could produce; she would be what she appeared, and she would appear what she was" (42). She sometimes even imagines herself finding herself in a difficult, so that she might arise as a hero of the occasion, and prove herself. The narrator muses that Isabel might be a subject worthy of a scientific criticism were it not for her tendency to awaken the reader's tenderness.
Isabel has a friend named Henrietta Stackpole, who is a journalist and financially independent. Henrietta is representative of a progressive woman who has "clear cut views" and is very radically liberal. Isabel thinks Henrietta is proof that a woman can be independent and happy. In respect to her own independence, Isabel's "deepest" (44) thought in her mind is described as being the belief that she could give herself completely if a man should present herself as a husband, but she also finds the image "formidable" more than "attractive" (44). Her mind only hovers around this thought. She sometimes even feels that she is immodest in being so happy, thinking others less unfortunate than herself. Overall she returns to the general theory that a young woman who everyone thinks is clever needs to get a "general impression of life" (44).
Isabel and her uncle get along quite well. She asks him many questions, and he provides her with a great number of answers about British politics and manners, neighborhood gossip. Isabel wonders if his description of things accords with the descriptions in books; and he responds that he would not know, having been always interested in finding things out in their natural form. Isabel notes that the people in Europe are not very kind to girls in novels, and wonders if they will similarly abuse her. Mr. Touchett notes that he was once incorporated into a novelist's description of England in a caricatured form -- and thus, people in novels are not always depicted accurately. He also expresses to Isabel that one advantage of being an American in Europe is that one does not belong to any class, unlike Europeans, who all belong to a class. Isabel thinks she will not be successful in Europe if Europeans prove to be conventional. Mr. Touchett thinks it's already been settled that Isabel will be a "success" in Europe.
The narrator, in Chapter 6, portrays Isabel in a less flattering light. She is naïve and thinks highly of herself even though she has never been put to the test. He foreshadows that such a test though, will come, and that this test will test her philosophy that she can really appear as she really is. Will Isabel end up being a hypocrite in appearing to be something she is not?
Henry James' early and mid-career novels often bring up the "American theme" in which an American goes to Europe, bringing some freshness, innocence, money, moral Puritanism and hope to a decadent culture. These Americans are often disappointed in their expectations though. The Touchetts are depicted as an American family who are successful in Europe in spite of their American qualities. Ralph though, notably, is not quite a success. He has money and European manners, but he has not married into the aristocratic class.
When Isabel and her uncle discuss the prospect of Isabel's "success," the actual pathway to success seems unclear. It is altogether possible that Isabel conceives of such success in such abstract terms as her own like-ability, and that Mr. Touchett is thinking of it practically -- in terms of her ability to marry into the upper echelons of society, and to achieve the same respect that a European aristocrat would achieve. Isabel's mind does not seem quite capable of formulating the concrete idea of marriage, and instead her desire for love seems to be frightening to her, a very vague idea that she does not want to assume concrete form, since it might threaten her notion of independence. Either way, it is a difficult task to be "successful" in Europe, because Americans were seen as coming from a less-respected culture and a lack of tradition. Ralph's observation that Isabel has good taste in painting foreshadows that Isabel will find herself interested in European aesthetics, a conventional aspect of European culture, even while she contradictorily critiques "conventionality" in a general sense.
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Smoke signal communication is one of the oldest forms of long-distance communication. It is a form of visual communication used to communicate over long distances. Smoke signals were used to transmit news, signal danger, or gather people, but this form of communication does not allow you to communicate a variety of messages. Smoke signals can only communicate certain messages and you have to be in the area to spot them. Also, if the fire got out of control it could be a disaster.
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ESR team proves new technology has exciting potential
ESR’s Virus Hunters team have proved that groundbreaking new mobile technology could play a major role in combatting global disease outbreaks.
Using a handheld USB-operated MinION device provided to ESR as part of a technology developers programme by leading UK-based technology company Oxford Nanopore Technologies, the Virus Hunters team have shown that sequencing whole influenza virus genomes in the field is entirely doable.
The ability to rapidly and accurately sequence influenza viruses to understand their DNA is critical when trying to determine the best way to treat and stop the spread of an outbreak.
Team leader Richard Hall says their study shows the potential for the device to be deployed in other outbreak scenarios such as bird flu and MERS-CoV.
“Existing methodology is reliable and robust and has served molecular biology well for over three decades, but it is labour-intensive, slow, and not easily adapted for processing large genomes or large numbers of samples.
“Using the MinION we were able to sequence all eight influenza genes from an influenza A virus and get a complete genome that was more than a 99 percent match with results obtained from traditional sequencing techniques.
“The ability to rapidly, and accurately, sequence influenza viruses is instrumental in the prevention and mitigation of influenza but applies equally to other viruses.
“With the way technology is moving it’s not a stretch to imagine an outbreak scenario where first responders in the field are able to identify quickly and accurately exactly what they are dealing with without having to be science experts or needing to set up or access extensive lab facilities,” Dr Hall says.
The work of the Virus Hunters team is the subject of the first published article to report MinION sequencing of a major viral pathogen that affects humans and was also presented at an international invite-only conference (external link) in London.
ESR Research Assistant Nicole Moore, who attended the conference, says the work of the Virus Hunters team will add to the international body of evidence around the potential use of this technology in the field.
“The conference heard that the MinION has already proven its potential in outbreak situations like Salmonella and Ebola and that as well as initial analysis, it can be very valuable in contact tracing and identifying any mutations,” Nicole says.
The study was funded by the ESR Core Research Fund from Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment.
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Get your students interacting with the vocabulary from chapter 8B of the Realidades 1 Spanish textbook with this fun game of ¡Pesca!. Students will test their knowledge of the vocabulary as they play this classic card game in small groups. Not only will they learn, they will be engaged and having fun! Great speaking and listening experience, too!
Included: Teacher prep instructions, student instructions and vocabulary list to display on game day, 82 game cards, 2 blank cards, and a piece of decorative paper to copy onto the back of game cards.
Vocabulario incluido: la bolsa, la botella, la caja, el cartón, el centro de reciclaje, la lata, llevar, el periódico, el plástico, reciclar, recoger, separar, usado(a), el vidrio, el barrio, la calle, la comunidad, el jardín, el río, los ancianos, el anciano, la anciana, el campamento, los demás, la escuela primaria, la gente, el juguete, los niños, el niño, la niña, pobre, el problema, el proyecto de construcción, el trabajo voluntario, el voluntario/la voluntaria, a menudo, decidir, increíble, inolvidable, la vez, otra vez*
*If you didn’t cover a particular vocabulary word included in the game, simply pull that match out of the deck. In anticipation of this, I made more than enough cards to play the game in small groups without running out. I also included blank cards should you want to include your own vocabulary words with the game.
This set is included in my Realidades 1 Vocabulary ¡Pesca! Game BUNDLE #2 (Capítulos 5A-9B) which includes TEN of my Realidades 1 ¡Pesca! games. Save 25% off the list price when you buy the money-saving bundle! Click the link to see it!
These versatile cards work great for other activities and games, too! Want to use them for a game of Memory? Just pick out the 12-15 pairs you want them to practice matching up and place the rest aside. Pictionary is always a hit, too, and these cards are perfect! Number the English cards and hang up around the classroom and have students go around and write the matching vocab. word. Four activities for the price of one!
Check out my other ¡Pesca! games for vocabulary and verb tenses HERE!
Here are some things buyers have said about games of ¡Pesca!:
Buyer- "I loved having extra blank cards to write some extra words on! Here's how the game went down:
Me: We're going to play Go Fish.
High Schoolers: What? Aww...
towards the end of class...
Me: OK, let's go ahead and clean up.
Kids: AHH! No! 5 more minutes!
next day...(and every day since)
Kids: Can we play Pesca again?"
Elizabeth C.- "Will use tomorrow with task cards! I love these games!"
Hannah B- "A fun idea with clear student directions!"
Tess M. "A fun way to practice grammar."
Need another Realidades 1 activity? Check out my other Realidades 1 resources by clicking HERE. This game pairs really well with my 48 Realidades 1: Capítulos 8A & 8B Task Cards
Did you know you can follow my store and receive notifications when new products are posted or upcoming sales? I have lots of engaging resources in the works and new products (except bundles) are 50% off for the first 24 hours! Click the green star by my store name to follow me!
Thanks for checking out my game!
La Profe Plotts
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The service module of China's unmanned test lunar orbiter successfully entered an eight-hour orbit around the moon, state media reported.
Chang'e 5 is being designed to make a soft landing on the moon and collect at least 4lbs (2kg) of rock and soil samples before returning to Earth.
Should the mission prove successful, this would make China the third country after the US and Russia to complete such a feat.
The People's Republic of China is seeking to mine the moon for the rare helium isotope that scientists believe could alleviate a worldwide demand for energy in the future, according to a Times report.
Professor Ouyang Ziyuan, the chief scientist of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, said, the moon is "so rich" in helium 3, that this could "solve humanity's energy demand for around 10,000 years at least."
Helium 3 could power clean fusion plants, claim scientists. The isotope is light and non-radioactive. Nuclear fusion reactors using helium-3 could provide a highly efficient form of nuclear power with virtually no waste and negligible radiation.
According to Matthew Genge, lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering at the Imperial College in London: "Nuclear fusion using helium-3 would be cleaner, as it does not produce any spare neutrons. It should produce vastly more energy than fission reactions without the problem of excessive amounts of radioactive waste."
40 tonness of helium 3 – enough to fill the cargo bays of two space shuttles –could power the US for a year at the current rate of energy consumption.
However, helium 3 is so rare on the Earth because our atmosphere and magnetic field prevent any of the solar helium 3 from arriving on the surface.
The orbiter, which flew back to Earth in November, was loaded with support systems for operating a spaceship. It will collect further data to aid planning of the 2017 Chang'e 5 mission, state broadcaster China Central Television said.
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Overview of reye syndrome
There is no cure or much knowledge about the cause of this disease, but research has been able to link the adverse affect of use of aspirin and Reye's syndrome. The foundation says that Reye's syndrome is generally a two-phased illness that is almost always associated with a previous viral infection such as influenza (flu), cold, or chicken pox.
The symptoms of this disease are varied and become different as time passes. Often characterized into different stages, the stage 1 has symptoms like chronic vomiting, while the disease affecting the brain causes listlessness, fatigue, and drowsiness. Stage 2 may see a change in behavioral pattern as the person gets aggressive. Stage 3 will see further worsening in personality as the person may appear confused, combative and irritated. Stage 4 of the symptoms will in almost all cases lead to a patient getting delirious, and can suffer from convulsions or go into a coma.
NHS UK says the exact cause of Reye's syndrome is unknown, but most experts agree that a previous viral infection and the use of aspirin are important factors.
Researchers also believe that Reye’s syndrome can be caused due to genetic reasons which may lie dormant for sometime but gets flared up or stirred up due to certain reasons. NHS says this could be a viral infection where a person takes aspirin or one of the active ingredients in aspirin, such as salicylate, that triggers the condition.
The risk for acquiring Reye’s Syndrome is higher during childhood but the disease can happen to anyone. Use of aspirin is the biggest threat for this disease and someone with an underlying fatty liver condition is also at risk.
There are no specific tests for Reye’s syndrome and doctors mainly rely on symptoms and physical examination. Blood tests and testing the liver for fatty acid are some of the initial methods of diagnostics. A blood test would reveal elevated SGOT-SGPT [usually 200 or more units] in the absence of jaundice.
Other methods include:
- A computerized tomography (CT) scan, which produces detailed images of the body
- A method called lumbar puncture that involves taking a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the base of the spine and checking to see if it has bacteria or viruses. This helps rule out meningitis or encephalitis.
- A liver biopsy may be useful as Reye’s syndrome causes distinctive changes to the cells of the liver.
There is no treatment for Reye’s syndrome and this makes the disease fatal if not treated early and before severe neurological damages take place. Most treatment procedures are aimed at managing the symptoms and lessening the severity of the condition. The supportive treatment mostly involves ensuring that the patients’ airways are clear and there is a good blood circulation. It is essentially to monitor glucose level of the patient and dextrose should be administered to correct hypoglycemia. If the intracranial pressure (ICP) increases due to inflammation of the brain, it may need the attention of a neurologist. If the patient has slipped into a coma, he may be put on ventilation support.
The foremost way to prevent Reye’s syndrome is to use aspirin with care, especially when it comes to children. It would be wise to watch out for medicines with aspirin and other ingredients like acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylate, salicylic acid and salicylate.
Written by: Healthplus24 team
Date last updated: August 01, 2013
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In 1914, psychologist James Henry Leuba surveyed 1,000 randomly selected scientists in the United States, asking them if they believed in a personal God, defined in this way: a God in intellectual and affective communication with man... to whom one may pray in the expectation of receiving an answer. Among those who answered the survey, 41.8% answered the question affirmatively, 41.5% negatively, the remainder did not know or refused to answer. From these data, Leuba drew the conclusion that faith in God would decrease with the advance of science, and predicted that by the late twentieth century virtually all scientists would be atheists.
In 1996, Larson and Witham repeated Leuba's survey using exactly the same question, so that the results were comparable. They found that 39.3% answered affirmatively, while 45.3% answered negatively. These numbers were therefore approximately the same as eighty years earlier. As the authors say in their paper, if in 1914 the high number of atheists was surprising, what was surprising in 1996 was the high number of believers.
These two surveys present a problem: Leuba and his followers consider atheists those who answered their question negatively. But who would answer negatively such a question? Not just atheists, also agnostics and indifferent, plus those who believe in a non-personal God.
In a more recent study (2009) conducted by The Pew Forum among 2500 members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the main American scientific association, which publishes the journal Science and co-sponsored the survey), more detailed results were obtained with a different question. 33% of those scientists who answered the survey state their belief in a personal God; another 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power of some kind; 41% do not believe in any of those things; the rest did not know or did not answer. An additional finding of this study is that the negative response occurs more frequently among scientists older than 65 than among the younger, and less among chemists and biologists than among physicists, astronomers and geologists.
To avoid the problem of the previous surveys, which put atheists, agnostics and indifferent together in a mixed bag, there was an additional question that allowed respondents to ascribe themselves to more detailed groups. The result was as follows: 10% Catholic; 20% Protestant; 8% Jews; 10% belong to other religions. The total (48%) is quite close to the sum of those who chose the first two answers to the first question. Furthermore, 17% declare themselves atheists, 11% agnostics and 20% indifferent, giving a total of 48%, a little more than those who chose the third option in the first question. The difference may be due to the fact that some who did not answer the first question did answer the second.The conclusion is clear: atheism, which by 1915 thought it had won the game, seems to have stalled during the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. In fact, explicitly atheistic American scientists are still a minority compared to believers, except at the National Academy of Sciences: in another study by Larson and Witham, restricted to its members, the proportion of
believers was much lower (7%).
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Which to use: tags or communicators?
A common question from new MPI developers is: which should I use to separate my messages — tags or communicators?
If you didn’t already know MPI offers two key abstractions for message passing:
- Message delineation. If you’re a TCP sockets programmer, you’re used to receiving streams of bytes. For example, if you try to receive 32 bytes, you might receive 17 bytes, meaning that you have to loop around and try again to receive the remaining 15 bytes. MPI doesn’t have streams; MPI only has atomic messages. For example, if you send 16 integers, the receiver will receive 16 integers (not 15 integers, not 17 bytes — they’ll receive the entire 16 integers all at once).
- Message separation. As mentioned in the first sentence, MPI offers two key mechanisms for separating messages: tags and communicators. We’ll dive into both in this blog post; I’ll explain the differences and when you might want to use one over the other.
The reason that people ask is because both tags and communicators are arguments to MPI’s point-to-point functions. For example:
- MPI_Send(buffer, count, datatype, dest_rank, tag, communicator)
- MPI_Recv(buffer, count, datatype, source_rank, tag, communicator, status)
Let’s start by defining both terms.
A communicator is an MPI term that means an ordered group of MPI processes with a unique communication context.
For example, when an MPI job is launched, all the processes in that job are put into a default communicator named MPI_COMM_WORLD (or “MCW”, for short). Each process gets a unique integer rank identifier in that communicator in the range [0, N) (where N is the number of processes in the job).
Communicators can be duplicated, and in the duplication process, can be subsetted and re-ordered. Hence, an individual MPI process can belong to any number of communicators, and may be a different rank in each of them.
A tag is simply an arbitrary integer that is used to delineate the matching of point-to-point messages.
Specifically, if a sender sends a message to MCW rank X on tag Y, then the receiver must match these specifications in order to receive the message. That is, receiver must specify MCW as its communicator, the same Y value for the tag (or the special wildcard MPI_ANY_TAG), and the sender’s rank in MCW (or the special wildcard MPI_ANY_SOURCE).
Hence, if the (rank, tag, communicator) tuple matches between the sender and receiver, the message will be delivered (…according to MPI’s ordering rules, but that’s a topic for a different blog entry).
So it looks like either (or both) of the tag and communicator arguments can be used to delineate the receipt of individual messages. When should you use each one? Here’s the rule of thumb I use:
- Communicators are heavy-weight objects. Creating a new communicator takes time and consumes internal MPI resources. I generally create new communicators for the following cases:
- When different abstraction layers within my application need “safe” communication scopes.
- When I need to subset the processes from a parent communicator (e.g., I have a significant operation that only needs to be performed by half the processes in MCW).
- When I need to re-order the processes from a parent communicator (e.g., my MPI processes have a logical ordering that is different than their “native” MCW rank).
- If I don’t need a communicator (by the above guidelines), I use tags.
For example, if I have an MPI application that uses 3 sub-libraries, then I ensure that each of my 3 sub-libraries creates and uses their own communicator. This will prevent the messages from one sub-library accidentally matching messages from a different sub-library that it knows nothing about.
Within each of those sub-libraries, for most messaging, I simply use tags. For example, I’ll use one tag for sending command messages, and a different tag for sending data messages. Or maybe I’ll use multiple different tags for commands and different types of data (depending on the application needs).
In short: use communicators when you need a whole new/safe communication scope, or you need to change your existing scope (e.g., subset and/or reorder the member processes). Use tags for everything else.Tags:
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Beth Kitchin PhD RDN blogs on health and nutrition. Her blogs are fact-based and offer a common sense approach to a healthier life. She's a food lover so don't expect her to tell you what not to eat! Beth is a an Assistant Professor in the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Nutrition Sciences Department and the patient educator at UAB's Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment Clinic. She also appears weekly as a guest contributor on WBRC's morning show "Good Day Alabama".
Thursday, February 23, 2017
Your Risk of Breast Cancer with these 3 Science Supported Habits
cancer is the most common cancer in women. One in eight women will get breast
cancer in her lifetime. Medical treatment can cure it in many women. However, experts
estimate that 40,700 women will die of breast cancer this year. Like all women,
I want to know how to reduce my risk. I don’t have a family history of breast
cancer – but many women who get it don’t have one either. So, I went looking for
the best evidence on what we can do to lower our risk. One of best websites for solid, science based
cancer prevention recommendations is the American Institute of Cancer Research
(AICR). They estimate that 33% of all breast cancer cases in the U.S. are
preventable. That means 81,400 women who could avoid breast cancer. But how?
can’t avoid all of the risk factors for breast cancer. Age and genetics
increase your risk and you can’t do much about them. But there are some things
you do have control over. Research shows that these three steps may actually
lower your risk:
Lower Your Breast Cancer Risk:
– and Stay – at a Healthy Weight
Extra body fat correlates with post-menopausal
breast cancer risk. About 1 in 5 cases of breast cancer is in women with extra
body fat. Fat tissue increases inflammation and hormones that promote cancer
cell growth. Overweight and obesity correlate with 10 other cancers as well.
Physically Active Every Day
Exercise helps lower the risk of both pre- and
post-menopausal breast cancer risk. It can help you stay at a healthy weigh and
boost the immune system. Thirty minutes a day may be all you need! It can be
any activity – walking, gardening, dancing, swimming, hiking and the list goes
Alcohol can act as a carcinogen in the breast
tissue. It can damage DNA and increase hormones that promote cancer. Women
should limit alcohol to no more than one drink a day or seven per week on
average. Less is best when it comes to alcohol and cancer risk.
those three are the most evidence-based recommendations. There’s a lot of
interest in Mediterranean diets and the risk of cancers. One recent study showed
that a Mediterranean eating style – particularly nuts and olive oil – reduces
breast cancer risk. The study was a randomized controlled trial. That’s the kind
of study that can actually show cause and effect. It's a really strong study design. But it’s just one study – so we
can’t really make recommendations on it just yet. Also, the women in the study
were eating around four tablespoons of olive oil a day! That’s a lot to work
into your diet (although I’m pretty sure I’m getting at least two to three a
day!). Some new research is also linking smoking with breast cancer.
at least for now, you can take these three steps and rest assured that you’re
doing all you can to lower your risk!
Kitchin, PhD, RDN
Assistant Professor, Nutrition Sciences
University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Jane Stotts Time Line
Rowe Woods and the Cincinnati Nature Center will stand
as a memorial to Stan Rowe and Carl Krippendorf. Stan was on the board of the National Audubon Society when it was left a
large estate in Greenwich, Connecticut, together with a substantial
amount of money "to educate people in the ways that nature works
and how they should be safeguarded." This resulted in the formation
of Audubon's first Nature Center. Cincinnati Nature Center at Rowe
Woods, Milford Ohio.
Stan's mind was prepared, therefore, when in 1965, as he
told the story later, "Karl Maslowski (noted nature photographer
and writer) came to me and said, 'You know that Carl and Mary
Krippendorf died a few weeks ago and it would be a shame to have that
wonderful piece of property split up into residential lots.' 1 said it
would be an excellent location for one of the new Nature Centers. We
went at once to see the Krippendorf daughter, Rosan Adams and she was
delighted with the idea. She said, 'I wish 1 could give it to you but 1
can't. 1 will sell it for the amount that was used in my parents'
estates.' " Rosan and her sister gave up a lot to leave home
Stan Rowe dedicated himself wholeheartedly to the
project: developed plans with the help of the National Audubon Society,
raised practically all the funds needed for the purchase, planning and
development of the property (raised $2 million of endowment funds after
he had passed age 80), organized a board and made the dream a reality.
"When he had the idea someone ought to give, he never let up on it,"
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The Rosenhan Experiments
In 1973, psychologist David Rosenhan and several of his colleagues presented themselves at psychiatric hospitals around the USA feigning hallucinations. All of the group were admitted and diagnosed with mental disorders, after the initial diagnosis each of the "patients" claimed to experience no further symptoms, some were released after 7 days, some were kept in the institutions for rather longer. Rosenham himself was confined for almost two months and was only released when he "admitted" to having been ill.
In a second experiment, done this time with the knowledge of a psychiatric hospital, Rosenham told the hospital he would be sending them a number of psuedo-patients and challenged them to detect the false patients from those who were actually ill. Doctors and staff at the hospital declared that they had spotted 41 psuedo-patients, whereupon Rosenhan told them he had actually sent none at all.
Rosenham's experiments caused outrage in the psychiatric profession, but later experiments on confirmation bias by Temerlin and Loring & Powell would produce similar results.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
(especially among jazz musicians) a double bass.
- ‘With Bob Finch's string bass at his side and pianist Si Perkoff or Bob Smale percolating at the keyboard, they generate a remarkable drive.’
- ‘Its main riff is powered by Perry playing a six string bass, which is why that riff sounds so low down, dirty, and evil.’
- ‘We would be very interested in hearing from any cello, oboe, or string bass players who may be lurking in the county.’
- ‘He is currently studying jazz at Humber College and performed a stellar piano jazz number accompanied by trumpet, string bass and drums.’
- ‘The basses imitate the string bass, and some members, at least, have learned how to imitate the jazz drummer's brushes on cymbals.’
- ‘With bassist John Heard at Hamp's elbow, their string bass and vibes merged solidly throughout the program.’
- ‘In dance music, however, unaccompanied performance was common, though a harpsichord is often mentioned as an alternative to the string bass.’
- ‘Kaeshammer performed with drums and string bass to an ecstatic crowd.’
- ‘In solo passages, the piano, trumpet, and string bass, among other instruments, were all alive in their different registers.’
- ‘Twin-fiddles and acoustic guitar make up their distinctive sound, augmented with banjo and mandolin, with the addition of string bass and drums for some shows.’
- ‘‘The Bells’ drifts lazily on the gentle dissonant pulsations between bass clarinet and string bass.’
- ‘Saxophone, flute and a string bass were added to the texture.’
- ‘They had this pretty nice blue Tobias five string bass hanging on the wall in their used pile.’
- ‘The outstanding rhythm section included pianist Claude Hopkins, Arvell Shaw on string bass, and Buzzy Drootin at the drums.’
- ‘The ensemble includes a six-string guitar, 12-string guitar and string bass.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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Whether in the face-to-face classroom or online and blended learning spaces, teachers are always looking for ways to innovate. But it’s rare to find evidence-based innovations that can be repeated in any classroom and reliably impact student outcomes. Education research faces the challenge of dealing with many variables that can impact studies, such as class size, student characteristics, physical environment, noise and interruptions and even the time of day.
Overcoming variables with a lot of data
A huge meta-analysis on the impact of learning and teaching strategies on raising student achievement was concluded by Professor John Hattie in Visible Learning in 2009. This meta-analysis of meta-analyses consolidated over sixty-thousand studies of meta-data on millions of students to see what worked and what didn’t.
This research was based on classroom interventions and innovations for students aged up to twenty years, in developed English-speaking countries. However, these insights may be cautiously applied to adult learning contexts, given the breadth of this work and the lack of a study of equivalent scope in the field of adult education.
The findings unearthed from all this data were visualised using a “Barometer of Influence”. This shows the extent to which a particular innovation or thing will enhance student achievement.
1st insight – any innovation will probably help
Interestingly, it’s actually tricky not to enhance student success. Just having a teacher in a classroom will enhance student achievement. The average effect of any teacher innovation on achievement is about .40 on the barometer, as shown in the image below.
2nd insight – start with innovations that have big impacts
Since, on average, most things improve student achievement, Hattie argues that teachers should set themselves a higher standard for innovations, and just look to try the things that have a big difference, way above the average effect size. The below image summarises the top five innovations in the domain of teachers that have the greatest impact on enhancing student achievement.
The language used in education research is far from universal, so let’s consider those top 5 innovations further using the glossary provided in Visible Learning as a reference.
Providing formative evaluation (feedback) involves assessing learning progress before or during the learning process itself rather than summatively assessing after the teaching is done. This means making the learning process very visible to the student – they must be able to see the goal, where they are currently in relation to that goal, and how the path ahead looks.
Micro teaching applies to teacher training and development. Typically, it involves teachers conducting mini-lessons to a small group of students while being recorded and engaging in discussions afterwards about the lessons. The videotaping allows for an intense under-the-microscope review of their teaching.
Comprehensive interventions for learning disabled students addresses challenges students face learning to read, write or do maths. The important components of instruction included “attention to sequencing, drill-repetition-practice, segmenting information into parts or units for later synthesis, controlling task difficulty through prompts and cues, making use of technology, systematically modeling problem solving steps, and making use of small interactive groups” (p. 217). An example of an intervention is a shift in pedagogy to use direct instruction coupled with strategy instruction – that is, explicitly teaching students how to succeed, whether through a process used for long division in mathematics or a series of questions to ask when interpreting an academic article.
Teacher clarity involves setting and communicating clear learning objectives, and providing engaging and clearly structured explanations, examples and guided practice. In addition to speech clarity, these key elements are all about making sure students have a clear understanding of their learning process.
Reciprocal teaching was devised as an instructional process to teach students cognitive strategies that might lead to improved learning outcomes. The emphasis is on teachers enabling their students to learn and use cognitive strategies such as summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting, and these are “supported through dialogue between teacher and students as they attempt to gain meaning from text”. For example, each student takes a turn at being the “teacher”, and often the teacher and students take turns leading a dialogue concerning sections of a text.
To learn more about these recommendations and data, visit http://visible-learning.org/
So, what are good innovations?
Well, highly effective innovations are not what you might expect looking at Pinterest pages and teacher blogs, which often associate innovation with technology.
It’s particularly interesting to note that the most influential innovations a teacher can make, according to Hattie’s research, are to reflect on your own pedagogical practice and to make the process of learning visible to students. Hattie strives to highlight the importance of students’ expectations and students’ visibility into the learning process.
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You can be a student at any age. In many ways you’re always a student if you continually learn and accumulate knowledge for the things you are passionate about. For most, elementary and middle school are the years where you learn the basics of many subjects and if you play sports, sing in the choir or participate in band during that time, you get a taste into what it takes to begin balancing school with other extracurricular responsibilities. Many students will work a part-time job in high school, and many more will work while in college. Once you begin high school, the term “student body” takes on a different connotation. It’s at this time that your student body becomes something more than just your peers and fellow coeds.
Your student body is your body. You juggle all kinds of responsibilities as a student, but don’t lose sight of your body and your health. Everyone talks about “the freshman 15”, and it has taken on somewhat of a subliminal message infecting the minds of many young students and making them think it’s unavoidable to gain weight once college begins. Once college does start, you are still as responsible for your health and body as you were in high school. You may not be playing sports competitively anymore, or marching in the band, but staying active will work wonders for your student body.
Between school, life and your health, you will have plenty to balance. If you can think of your high school and college years as a growing experience and know that you have the opportunity to choose balance, it will be a tremendous time in your life. Life can often get in the way of many things. High school and college should be a fun and challenging time. Every has their own story, and it’s up to you to find a balance between school, life, and your health. Nobody can foresee tragedy, whether they come in life experiences or health problems. You can foresee what will happen to your student body if you don’t take care of it.
Here are some tips for your “student body” and how to balance school, life and your health!
- Set personal, school and fitness goals for yourself and set aside time each night to reflect on your accomplishments or shortcomings. Translate your goals into actions you can take each day to accomplish those goals and do them without question.
- Be self-disciplined. You are beginning to discover independence and it will be completely up to you to stay focused.
- High school and college offers plenty of ways to get into competitive sports or club sports. Intramural sports are awesome fun and they are a great way to stay in shape and meet new people. If sports isn’t your thing, find the funnest way you can think of to stay in shape. Whether it’s biking, running, karate, kickboxing or yoga, just do it!
- Drink lots of water…always!
- Don’t forget about your health. Just because you’re young doesn’t mean you shouldn’t get regular physicals and checkups.
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In decades past, duck farms flourished on the East End and turkeys, chickens and geese strutted all over Long Island. These days, the area is not without feathers, but only one large duck farm remains of the 90 or more that thrived here in 1940. Still, in this festive season of roasted poultry, anyone who wants a locally-raised bird for the holiday table can find one reasonably close by.
The Pekin duck, the one for which Long Island is famous, came to the United States from China in 1873, according to a history of duck farming by the Suffolk County Department of Planning. Meatier and faster-growing than previous varieties, these ducks found an ideal home on Long Island’s sandy shores. The climate was fine, the grain to feed them was plentiful and transportation to New York and other markets was easy.
Though the Eastport and Riverhead areas had the most duck farms historically, commercial farms sprouted up as far west as Rockville Centre, Wantagh and Amityville. Production peaked around the late 1950s and early 1960s, when 7.5 million ducks were produced each year for markets around the country.
Then came rising costs, competition from the Midwest—where most ducks are raised now—environmental regulations and other factors that started to kill off the farms. In 2011, the Jurgielewicz Duck Farm in Moriches, at the time one of two surviving large duck farms in the region, closed its doors.
The other was the Crescent Duck Farm in Aquebogue. “I don’t want to be the last guy left,” said Douglas Corwin, who now runs the farm that his great-grandfather founded in 1908. Corwin breeds, hatches, grows and harvests a million ducks a year, buying some 50 tons a week of corn, alfalfa and other grains from local farmers. His ducks are now kept inside a large barn, though they can walk around and are not kept in cages (“free-roaming,” as opposed to “free-range”).
Smaller farms with fowl of different feathers are flourishing, too. Eileen Iacono’s father-in-law bought an East Hampton farm in 1930 that her husband, Salvatore, turned into a chicken farm in 1948. “He wanted to farm year-round and you couldn’t raise vegetables in winter,” she said of Salvatore’s reason for starting to order day-old chicks from Pennsylvania. “They were shipped through the post office, a few thousand each year.” They later added ducks for the holiday season, about 100 for the period between October and the New Year. They raise Muscovy ducks, which are leaner and slower-growing than the Pekin, taking four to five months to reach maturity, compared to about six weeks for Pekin ducks. Both types of birds roam outside in fenced-in areas, though coops shelter the chickens at night to protect them from foxes.
A rustic shop that faces Long Lane is attached to one of the hen houses where Iacono greets customers who buy her chickens, eggs, homemade goods and other items. In a back room, visible from the store, her son and a helper cut up the chickens that were killed the day before. The farm is close to the busy village of East Hampton but seems about a century away. The street is an extension of Newtown Lane, the posh shopping street, and it gets very rural just past the high school. Iacono figures she has probably had many celebrity customers, but the only one she recognized was Lauren Bacall. “She was very nice. We just talked, that was it. Nothing fancy.”
Another family-operated poultry farm that started around this time is on Cuba Hill Road in Huntington, amidst upscale suburban homes. Back in 1948, the area was rural, according to Michael Makinajian, who now runs Makinajian Poultry Farm with his sister Christina. Their sister Victoria bakes goods sold in their on-site store, working in the basement of the 1860 farmhouse where their grandmother Regina used to candle, wash and box the eggs produced on the farm.
Their grandfather, Joseph, purchased the six acres and in its early days, though he continued to work as a projectionist in a Manhattan movie theater, got up early to feed the chickens. Back then, chickens and eggs were shipped to Manhattan, as were those from neighboring farms. But, “Once these giant farms started up in the south, keeping millions of birds in cages, people could get their eggs cheap,” Michael said. Now the farm sells rotisserie chickens, brown and white eggs from Golden Comet and White Leghorn chickens, produce grown out back (all organic, using their own compost) and other items, including the baked goods made in the farmhouse. Nearly all the sales are retail. “We still have the poultry running around. We sell ducks and geese, turkeys and chickens.”
Chickens are Makinajian’s year-round sales leaders, going at about 200 a week, while the other three birds sell briskly only during the holiday season. The work is hard, he said, “all day, every day. That’s the way, that’s the life. But I absolutely love it.” Seeing customers happy makes it worthwhile: “I like it when people say, ‘I’m so glad I found you!’”
Nassau County has even fewer rural pockets than Suffolk, but Zorn’s, on Hempstead Turnpike in Bethpage, at one time raised poultry on its own 10 acres there and on eight farms scattered throughout both counties, said Merrill Zorn, the current owner. Her great-grandfather, a butcher from Germany, started the farm in the 1930s as a wholesale chicken operation. In 1940 he decided to go retail, specializing in turkeys. Later, he added other items and became a pioneer in the take-out business, primarily chickens. Now Zorn’s operates on four acres, with its chickens, turkeys, Cornish hens and ducks grown elsewhere for the store. “Ours are fed naturally and grown longer,” Zorn said.
The biggest turkey farm on Long Island, and the second biggest in the state, is Miloski’s Poultry Farm in Calverton. Will Miloski, who died in January at age 88, started the farm in 1946 after working at his family’s Clearview Poultry Farm, also in Calverton, said his son Mark. Mark now runs the 25-acre Miloski farm with his family, selling 4,000 turkeys a year along with chickens, ducks and exotic meats like venison, elk and buffalo. In the 1970s, they still sold some poultry wholesale but are now totally retail. The mature gobblers live outdoors and are fed well. “If you skimp on their diet, they won’t be as good.” Business is on an upswing, he added. “It all goes in cycles.” And he has no plans to tinker with “how we raise the turkeys. People like them the way they are.”
With the mother of all poultry holidays approaching, elevate the meal from a bland bird to one fresh from a local farm.
Iacono Farm, East Hampton
The family farm focuses on chicken year-round, but offers Muscovy duck for the holidays on their seven-acre farm. Order in advance to secure one. (631) 324-1107
Makinajian Poultry Farm, Huntington
Give the family running this farm two weeks notice before picking up a duck or turkey for the holidays. They also grow produce like berries, lettuce, kale, tomatoes and eggplant. (631) 368-9320
Miloski’s Poultry Farm, Calverton
Famous for their turkeys, Miloski’s also counts chickens, ducks and geese as part of the 4,000 birds raised on the 25-acre farm. Don’t need a whole bird? The poultry is also available in parts. Holiday orders aren’t accepted—it’s a first-come, first-served basis from the Saturday before turkey day until the day before. (631) 727-0239
North Sea Farms, Southampton
The King family farm will process an order up to a week before Thanksgiving for a turkey from 12 to 25 pounds. Like Miloski’s, this farm sells poultry parts. They also raise chickens, sell eggs and seasonal produce like eggplant and kale. (631) 283-0735
Raleigh’s Poultry Farm, Kings Park
Raleigh’s raises a few hundred chickens, turkeys and ducks on the 22-acre farm. They add goose and ham for Christmastime and offer fresh eggs, seasonal produce, organic milk, honey from their bee farm, jams and jellies. Orders can be placed up until a week before the holidays. (631) 269-4428
Best known for their fried chicken, Zorn’s started as a poultry farm and today keeps that tradition going with a market at their Bethpage location for their chickens. Ordering for the holidays runs up until the day before each holiday or until they reach capacity of orders. zornsonline.com
From 1916 Until its destruction by the 1938 “Long Island Express” hurricane, the Atlantic Duck Farm in Speonk was the biggest duck farm in the world.
In 1931 Martin Maurer, an enterprising farmer in Riverhead came up with a flashy way to advertise his business: He built the 20 foot-tall, 30 foot-long edifice now residing in Flanders and known as the Big Duck. What was once Mauer’s store is now a symbol for Long Island and famous in its own right.
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Nutritionally, teriyaki chicken hits highs and lows. It's a good source of protein and other nutrients, however it can be high in fat and calories depending on how it is cooked. Teriyaki sauce can also be high in sodium. The key is to eat teriyaki chicken in moderation, prepare it using healthy cooking techniques and pair it with other nutrient-dense foods.
Chicken is a source of protein, which the body needs to grow, repair and maintain tissue and strengthen immunity. Chicken is also a good source of phosphorus, selenium, iron, magnesium and B vitamins. Federal guidelines recommend eating lean proteins to reduce intake of calories and saturated fat. Eating too many calories can lead to weight gain and obesity, while saturated fat contributes to high cholesterol, high triglycerides and heart disease. Choose chicken breasts over chicken legs, drumsticks or thighs because they are naturally lower in fat and calorie. Remove all visible fat and skin before cooking to make chicken even leaner. One serving of chicken is 3 ounces. A 3-ounce cooked chicken breast with the skin contains 166 calories, 25 grams of protein, 7 grams of total fat and 2 grams of saturated fat. The same chicken breast without the skin has 138 calories, 26 grams of protein, 3 grams of total fat and 1 gram of saturated fat. A 3-ounce cooked chicken leg with the skin contains 196 calories, 11 grams of total fat and 3 grams of saturated fat. Without the skin it has 159 calories, 7 grams of total fat and 2 grams of saturated fat.
Teriyaki sauce is flavorful, but high in sodium. Federal guidelines recommend consuming less than 2,300 milligrams per day. Sodium helps regulate blood pressure and muscle and nerve function, however too much sodium can lead to high blood pressure in certain individuals. It can also harm people with heart problems, cirrhosis or kidney disease. Marinating chicken in teriyaki sauce is acceptable, but limit its use at the table as a sauce or condiment. Choose low-sodium teriyaki sauce whenever possible, and prepare homemade teriyaki sauce with low-sodium soy sauce. One tablespoon of low-sodium teriyaki sauce only has 284 milligrams of sodium compared to 611 milligrams in the regular version.
Remove all visible fat and skin from the chicken before cooking. Even if you purchase leg meat instead of breast meat, by removing the fat and skin you will save yourself a lot of calories and fat. Cook teriyaki chicken without the use of oil by grilling or baking it. If you sauté or stir-fry, use a non-stick pan to minimize the amount of oil needed to prevent the chicken from sticking to the pan.
Pair teriyaki chicken with other nutrient-dense foods. Choosemyplate.gov says a balanced and healthy plate is 25 percent meat or protein, 25 percent grains and 50 percent fruits and vegetables. Choose whole grains whenever possible like brown rice and whole-wheat pasta. If you order a teriyaki chicken sandwich or burger ask for whole-grain or whole-wheat bread.
- chicken teriyaki with noodles image by Aqeel Ahmed from Fotolia.com
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Queen Elizabeth II, 90 years old this year, belongs to what Americans sometimes call the “greatest generation”: those who were young adults during World War II.
In Britain, these are the men and women who, when young, counted themselves privileged to be alive, to be serving in the armed forces or in vital industries, and belonging to a nation with a profound sense of purpose.
The queen married a serving naval officer in a war-battered London, and a few years later, she inherited the throne of Britain and an empire on the edge of enormous change.
The 1960s swept away the post-war 1950s in a whirlwind of pop, pot and the pill. By the 1970s, the last vestiges of the British Empire were gone — and by the 80s, it was not even remembered. Today, we live in a world where even the era of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan is history.
In her 90th year, Queen Elizabeth II rules a nation where, among newborn boys, the annual most popular name is Mohammed. She is nominally head of a Church of England that has effectively jettisoned much Christian moral teaching, especially on marriage, family life and the duty of regular Sunday worship.
Amid societal change, she is, for many of her subjects — and not only them — a figure of stability, a fixed point in a random and muddled landscape.
Her own religious beliefs are known to the extent that she increasingly emphasises her commitment to the Christian faith in her annual Christmas broadcast. Traditionally simply a message emphasising neighborliness and goodwill, it has become something rather more personal in recent years.
In 2015, she reminded Britain that “it is true that the world has had to confront moments of darkness this year, but the Gospel of John contains a verse of great hope, often read at Christmas carol services: ‘The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.’”
Her style, inevitably slightly bland and with more than a hint of a 1940s Sunday school about it, conveys a message that is obviously perfectly genuine: “For Joseph and Mary, the circumstances of Jesus birth — in a stable — were far from ideal, but worse was to come, as the family was forced to flee the country. It’s no surprise that such a human story still captures our imagination and continues to inspire all of us, who are Christians, the world over. Despite being displaced and persecuted throughout his short life, Christ’s unchanging message was not one of revenge or violence, but simply that we should love one another. Although it is not an easy message to follow, we shouldn’t be discouraged. Rather, it inspires us to try harder: to be thankful for the people who bring love and happiness into our own lives and to look for ways of spreading that love to others.”
Stalwart Amid Britain’s Moral Crisis
The queen has been criticized by some Christians for signing the 1967 Abortion Act; others recognize that, given the constitutional arrangements, this was no personal decision, but simply the action of a sovereign acting as something of a cypher. The same applies to the recent act establishing same-sex “marriage.” The large-scale killing of unborn infants in Britain, a tragedy in its own right, has helped in the breakdown of family life, along with whole-scale sexualization of the young, assisted by immoral forms of sex education, the distribution of contraceptive drugs to children and the worldwide explosion in Internet pornography.
As is well known, the queen’s own family life has seen three of her children divorced, amid great publicity and scandal. Her own faithfulness in marriage — along with regular church attendance and a general dignity of bearing — mark her as unusual among many of her countrymen and women. Standards of life and behavior once deemed wholesome and honorable are today often denounced as bleak or old-fashioned: TV coverage of the queen attending a country church service at Sandringham is vaguely reassuring. Perhaps it was a pity that she attended the ceremonies of both Prince Charles’ and Princess Anne’s second marriages: The Church of England and the Church of Scotland have both effectively caved to the idea that marriage does not bind for life.
Birthday Bashes and Prayers
The 90th birthday celebrations for her April 21 milestone include many of the usual trimmings: street parties, charity events and a thanksgiving service at St. Paul’s Cathedral. Many British people identify landmarks in their own lives with something royal: Becoming a “Queen’s Guide,” after gaining various badges for service, first aid, outdoor pursuits, etc., as a teenager meant a lot to me, as did receiving my Duke of Edinburgh’s “Gold Award.” “Getting your DofE” is still a major part of life for today’s British youth, and it involves them putting in hours of service, visiting the elderly and housebound and helping with community projects at home and abroad.
At Queen Elizabeth’s silver, golden and diamond jubilees, I was involved with street parties; and on each occasion, we made a glorious noise when I called for the traditional three hearty cheers: “Let’s make them loud enough so they can hear them in Buckingham Palace!” — some 12-15 miles away, so rather unlikely, but we gave of our best.
Catholics honor the queen: We pray for her, recognize the tensions in her life and witness, admire her loyalty and spirit of service and are grateful for all of her years of sacrificial service in public duties. There will be thanksgiving prayers in Catholic churches and public messages of gratitude to her from our bishops.
The queen represents stability, a constitutional structure that has served us well, and a sense of unity with our past and with our Christian heritage.
As Pope Benedict XVI noted in an important speech at Westminster during his 2010 state visit, Britain’s “particular vision of the respective rights and duties of the state and the individual, and of the separation of powers, remains an inspiration to many across the globe.”
We must pray that it all continues to flourish. For her own contribution to that flourishing, I echo gratefully the words of our national anthem: “God save the queen.”
Joanna Bogle writes from London.
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Since we launched Buzzfeeds, our weekly bee update, we've noticed a few things: one, lots of questions about colony collapse disorder are popping up in the threads – and two, many Buzzfeeds readers are experienced bee keepers. The comments are full of really interesting and important discussions, but because the threads close after three days, they always end early.
This is a place where you can discuss beekeeping tips and ask questions about bees, without being cut off. We also hope you'll contribute links that we should include in our weekly bee updates. Allison Benjamin, the Guardian's resident bee expert will pop in regularly to answer your questions.
Suggestions? Get in touch: firstname.lastname@example.org
Honeybee losses do differ according to region, geography and climate, but it is not clear what factors are causing this. In Argentina, for example, where much of world's honey now comes from, honeybee mortality is lower than in the US and Europe, but it's not clear if this is due to more varroa-resistant honeybees or more nutritious forage for honeybees, rather than the climate and geography of the country. Pesticides implicated in honeybee deaths are used worldwide so it is unlikely that their is less pesticide use in Argentina. If anyone has more information about bees in Argentina please let me know. Incidentally, the Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturists have just released figures on honeybee winter losses. Across Canada, 28.6% colonies perished but in some regions it was higher - 46%in Manitoba and 37.9% in Ontaria. While in Nova Scotia, where you saw many bees, only 17% of honeybee colonies didn't survive the winter. In Ontario beekeepers cited acute and chronic pesticide damage as a contributing factor. In Manitoba weak colonies going into the winter and ailing queen bees were reasons. The long winter and cold, wet spring across the country didn't help. I don't know Novia Scotia, but I'd assume there is much less pesticide use there, and much more wild forage, such as heather, which is all good for all types of bees - honeybees and bumble bees.You cannot vote for answers more than once.Votes 13
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To create a stored procedure in SQL Server:
- Click New Query on the SSMS toolbar
- Type (or paste) a CREATE PROCEDURE statement (example below)
- Click the Execute button on the toolbar
This will add the stored procedure to the database. You can see it under the Stored Procedures node in the Object Explorer.
Below are screenshots and more detail for the above steps.
Continue reading “How to Create a Stored Procedure in SQL Server”
SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is the main console of SQL Server.
SQL Server Management Studio allows you to create and manage your databases as well as administer your SQL Server configuration.
Continue reading “What Is SQL Server Management Studio?”
To create a table in SQL Server using the GUI:
- Ensuring that the right database is expanded in Object Explorer, right click on the Tables icon and select Table... from the contextual menu
- A new table will open in Design view. Add the columns, their data types, and column properties.
- Save the table (either from the File menu, or by right-clicking on the table tab and selecting Save Table1)
The table will appear in the Object Explorer under the Tables icon for the applicable database.
Continue reading “How to Create a Table in SQL Server”
To create a database in SQL Server using the GUI:
- From the Object Explorer, right click on Databases and select New database...
- Name the database, adjust settings if required, then click OK
Once you’ve created the database, you can create tables and other database objects. You can also modify any database properties as required.
Continue reading “How to Create a Database in SQL Server”
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Many people are starting to become more aware of how their meat-heavy diets negatively affect their health and the world around them. Those who eat fewer animal products live longer for a reason: Natural foods grown in the Earth's soil are full of healing nutrients and vitamins. Not to mention, plants are less taxing on the environment than meat products, especially when organically grown.
Here is a list of kitchen staples that are essential to starting (and maintaining) a "reducetarian" diet that is easier on our bodies and the planet.
While commonly prized for their high protein and fiber content, chickpeas also contain iron, phosphate, and calcium that improve bone health. Research also shows that incorporating chickpeas into your diet will help lower cholesterol. Whipping up homemade hummus is an easy way to get your daily intake.
Beside serving as environment buffers (they are able to suck in nitrogen from the air and convert it into nutrients in soil), pulses are rich in protein, iron, dietary fiber, and folic acid. A study showed that adding lentils to your diet can effectively reduce the increase in blood pressure that tends to occur with age.
Plant-based milk is lower in cholesterol and saturated fat than dairy milk. In fact, soy and almond milks have no cholesterol at all, and the majority of fat found within them is unsaturated. They're also naturally lower in sugar than dairy milk; 1 cup of soymilk contains 7 grams of sugar, while a cup of cow's milk has 12 grams. Plant-based milks are perfect for reducetarians because they tend to be fortified with vitamins like B12 and D, which are difficult to find in non-animal products.
Quinoa is a great wheat-free alternative that contains iron, B vitamins, potassium, calcium, fiber, and is naturally gluten-free. A study by the Harvard Public School of Health even found that eating a bowl of quinoa every day reduces the risk of premature death from cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes by 17 percent.
Packed with power, walnuts have cancer-fighting properties as well as powerful antioxidants. This nut contains several protective compounds such as folic acid, vitamin E, and a handful of walnuts every day and has even been shown to lower one's chances of developing type 2 diabetes.
Dark green veggies
Vegetables such as spinach, kale, chicory, and swiss chard are among the healthiest in the world. Kale in particular is high in vitamins like K, A, and C, which support healthy bones, hearts, joints, skin, and overall immunity.
Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are high in iron and fiber and can be an incredibly healthy and convenient snack. A 2005 study revealed that antioxidants in dried cranberries, grapes, and plums are twice as potent as those in the fresh fruits. Just remember to be careful with how much you consume, as dried fruits also hold more calories and sugar than fresh fruit.
For those of you who don't know, nutritional yeast is totally different from the kind of yeast used in baking. It has a nutty, cheesy flavor, so it's perfect if you're trying to cut down on your dairy intake. The protein- and vitamin-packed ingredient can be added to so many dishes like pastas, salads, soups, and more.
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"Today, war continues to threaten countless men, women, and children across the globe. It is the source of untold suffering and loss," he said. "And the majority of the UN's work still focuses on preventing and ending conflict. But the danger posed by war to all of humanity - and to our planet - is at least matched by the climate crisis and global warming."
In his first major address on the subject of climate change since taking office in January, Ban also warned that climate change -- including droughts and coastal flooding -- could spark new conflicts and wars over shrinking resources.
And he said the absence of decisive measures to combat climate change now could place a huge burden on succeeding generations. U.S. Leadership
Underlining his concerns, the UN secretary-general said he would raise the issue of climate change at a summit of the Group of Eight (G8) major industrialized nations in Germany in June.
And he urged the United States, one of the world's biggest emitters of greenhouse gases, to immediately take the lead in the fight against global warming.
"I hope that United States, while they have taken their role in innovative technologies as well as promoting cleaner energies, will also take the lead in this very important and urgent issue," he said.
Ban said the world needed a more coherent system of international environmental governance in order to tackle global warming beyond the expiry of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.
The 1997 protocol requires 35 industrial nations to cut their global-warming gases by an average 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2012.
The Bush administration has not signed the Kyoto protocol, saying its provisions would hurt the U.S. economy. Instead, Washington says it is spending almost $3 billion a year on energy-technology research and development to combat climate change.
Still, U.S. President George W. Bush has referred to global warming as an established fact. In his State of the Union speech in January, he acknowledged climate change needs to be addressed.
The United Nations will hold a conference on climate change in Bali in December.
An Iraqi boy drinks from a waste-water reservoir near Baghdad (epa file photo)
A MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH. Disputes about access to water are increasingly coming to the center of global attention, especially in China, India, and Central Asia. Writing about the 1967 Six Day War in his 2001 memoirs, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said that "while border disputes between Syria and ourselves were of great significance, the matter of water diversion was a stark issue of life and death." (more)
Tibetan Water Plans Raise Concerns
Environmentalists Say China Misusing Cross-Border Rivers
China's Economic Boom Strains Environment
Nature Waits For Cross-Border Sanctuaries To Catch On
Overused Rivers Struggle To Reach The Sea
UN Water Report Takes A Hard Look At Central Asia
Irrigation, Pollution Threaten Central Asian Lakes
THE COMPLETE STORY: Click on the icon to view a dedicated webpage bringing together all of RFE/RL's coverage of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
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Effects of Auditory Cueing in Gait Training for Stroke Patients
It is very necessary to develop knowledge about the ever developing field of physiotherapy and also medical sciences. That is the main reason why we bring to you here the article on Effects of Auditory Cueing in Gait Training for Stroke Patients. Learn more about it and also try to implement this information in your life if you have or haven’t suffered from stroke.
Firstly, stroke is defined as “A clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than a vascular origin”.
Hemiplegic is accompanied by increase in postural instability, asymmetrical weight bearing, impairment of body weight transfer capabilities and also decrease in postural stability. So below we talk about Effects of Auditory Cueing in Gait Training for Stroke Patients.
Causes of Stroke:
Stroke is also one of the third most leading cause of death in western world and most common cause of long term adult disability. The most profound Causes for stroke are hypertension (54%), hypercholesterolemia (15%) , tobacco and smoking(12%) also.
Epidemiology of Stroke:
The estimated adjusted prevalence rate of stroke range 84-262/100,000 in rural 334-424/100,000 in urban areas. The incidence rate is 119-145/100,000 based on recent population based studies.
Functional Limitations of Stroke:
- Patient with stroke experience a number of physical disorders, including movement, cognitive, sensory, language and visual disorders. Patient may be present with weakness of arm and hand immediately after stroke.
- Impairments of body function such as deviation in neuromuscular system and movement related function related to joint mobility, muscle power, muscle tone and involuntary movements. Among them movement disorder can limit muscle control and motor function as well as loss of balance control abilities. Many patient experiences with daily living activities such as balance, climbing stairs, gait and walking.
Types of Feedback:
- It can simply define of furnishing individual information of his body function, so as to get some control over it.
- It can be used to access physiological functions then to improve it by having proper control over it.
- Feedback is of 2types:
- Intrinsic(inherent): occurring as natural result of movement.(for example: Proprioceptive, visual, vestibular and cutaneous signals)
- Extrinsic (augmented): incorporating sensory cues provided that is not normally received during movement. (For example: Visual, auditory and tactile cues).
- During therapy, both intrinsic and extrinsic feedback can be manipulated to enhance motor learning.
Effects of Auditory Cueing in Gait Training for Stroke Patients
An effectiveness of Auditory Stimulation in Stroke Patients:
- Auditory Stimulation used of focused sounds to produce an effect on nervous system.
- Auditory stimulation in stroke patients provided as means of increasing excitability of spinal motor neurons via reticulospinal pathway, thus decrease amount of time required for muscular response to a given motor command.
- Rhythmic auditory stimulation is also training method that enhances motor skills by providing rhythmic simulation to motor centre of brain.
- The Stride length, Gait speed and symmetry of stroke patients trained with rhythmic auditory stimulation were found to increase.
- The effect of gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation proved to increase cadence, step length, stride length and dynamic gait index.
Treatment of Gait Training for Stroke Patients:
The below given details are related to the effective treatment of gait training for the patients suffering from stroke. You can also implement all the below given exercises and see a change for yourself.
- Supine to sit on bed
- Sit to stand on bed
- Sit to stand on chair by stabilizing knee
- Walking short distance
- Increase Walking
- Walk on parallel bars
- Reach outs
- Upper limb active ADL activities with assistance
- Standing for short time then increase time gradually
- Placing feet forward, backward and sideways
- Squatting with support of wall
- Partial squatting
- Stepping on stool
- Crossing obstacle
- Picking up object from floor
- Functional strengthening exercise
- Pouring water
- Holding bucket with half water filled and walk
- Stair climbing
- Treadmill walking
- Sit to stand on stool
- Kicking ball
- Opening and closing cap of bottle
- Mirror biofeedback
- Electrical stimulation
- Walking on cushion uneven surface
- Bicycle ergo meter
A metronome is a device that produce an audible beat – A click or other sound at regular intervals that user can set in beats per min (BPM).
- Metronome typically includes synchronized visual motion (for example: Swinging pendulum or blinking light).
- Metronome –coconut.inc / unit software.
- A simple metronome application.
- Beats are set as appropriate to patient’s gait in beats/min.
- Auto correct beat intervals.
- Auto stop if inaccurate rhythm detected.
- Support 6 to 299 beats per min.
- Learn to play a steady tempo and develop you inner sense of rhythm.
- Refine your sense of timing.
- Keep better in time with other musicians.
- Stay exactly on beat, or play ahead or behind the beat by as much as you like whenever you want to.
- I also, improve sensitivity to beat variations within bar Respond to tempo changes quickly change tempo gradually over a number of bars in smooth professional way.
- Swings the beat cleanly.
- Improve coordination with other players and play difficult passages cleanly and confidently.
Metronome Training in Gait for Stroke Patients:
- Stroke patients have to walk on beats of metronome device.
- Beats are without music lyrics.
- Take records after patient’s performance of: cadence, stride length, step length.
- Measure distance by measure tap and gait speed by taking follow-up 10meter walk test, dynamic gait index, time up and also go test at baseline, end of 1st weak and end of 2nd
- Gradually increase beats as improvement is seen in follow-up.
- It is given for 30minutes after regular treatment of stroke with rest time period of 10min; it also used once in 5days per week for 2 weeks.
- This therapy will improve gait speed, balance, stride length, step length and also ambulatory level.
- This will assure higher walking speed than patient self comfortable walking speed.
- Progression of patient noted based on that metronome is readjusted and based on if patient as treated are readjusted speed during next week.
Limitations of Metronome Training in Gait for Stroke Patients:
- Limited applicability in larger population.
- Range and also strength related components never included, so unable to no an ice improvement in that area.
We hope that you find Effects of Auditory Cueing in Gait Training for Stroke Patients article helpful. Visit carebaba.com for more articles.
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Ανακουφίζει από τον πόνο και ρίχνει τον πυρετό ενώ παρέχει και ανοσοενισχυτικές ιδιότητες.
Το αγριμόνιο είναι πολύ καλό διουρητικό βοηθά σε πρηξίματα, πέτρες, αρθριτικά, ρευματισμούς και κολικούς των νεφρών. Είναι αποσυμφορητικό και βοηθά πολύ ως ρόφημα στο βήχα, άσθμα,... More
This wonderful flower tea has gained popularity for its health properties although it has been well known for centuries. Specifically calendula tea is recommended to treat a variety of ulcers in the digestive tract, gallbladder inflammations, sore sore throat but also can be use externally for healing wounds and Burns (minor, including sunburn).
Like all herbs, fennel has been used since antiquity. It was used as a therapeutic herb and considered a symbol of success. It has been a powerful antidote for poisoning by snake, scorpion bites and poisonous mushrooms. Later it was appreciated more as a flavoring for meats and fish. Nonetheless, it is a strong tonic and antiseptic, it fights bad breath and its use in foods and beverages is said to increases sexual desire. Recent evedince from research suggests that fennel seeds have fat-burning or... More
Hibiscus is considered to have medicinal properties in the Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda. Roots make various decoctions believed to cure various ailments. After recent studies hibiscus has been found to help lower cholesterol and has a positive affect on the heart similar to the effect red wine. (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture).
A very aromatic plant with a freshness and intensity in flavor, slightly reminiscent of pine. It is known from antiquity. Ancient Greeks used it as a healing herb in the decoration of temples / buildings, and burned as incense at various religious festivals or ceremonies. Also known for its ability to stimulate memory, it is an excellent antioxidant, tonic and stimulant for those who are very tired both physically and mentally as well as those with low sexual desire from severe fatigue.
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|Alternative names:||Cretan Horse|
|Country of origin:||Crete|
|Horse (Equus ferus caballus)|
The native mountain-type Messara pony exists on the island of Crete since year 1000 or longer. The name comes from the Mesara Plain where they are mostly found. The modern Cretan horse was developed by crossing the native mares on Arabian stallions imported during the Turkish occupation in the 17th century. It is now a rare breed with around 100 representatives. Since 1994 there exists a studbook and a conservation programme has been started.
The main coat colours found in the Messara are bay, brown (a variation of bay), black and gray. They usually stand between 12.2 and 14 hands high. They retain have some characteristics of their Arabian ancestors. Most Messara ponies have a natural pacing gait that is easy and comfortable to ride. They are very good at walking on rocky ground and uneven surfaces.
Messara ponies are used for light farm work and for transportation but more and more also for riding and racing. The stallions are often crossed with female donkeys (Jennies) to produce hinnies.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jasper Nissen: Enzyklopädie der Pferderassen. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3440097234 (German)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hendricks, Bonnie. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, p. 283. ISBN 0806127538
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Messara description in the European Farm Animal Biodiversity Information System
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Human Resource (HR) has become a key aspect of any organisation’s success. This perspective has gained prominence after the recognition of human resources as a major asset of an organisation. It is known as the human resource strategies that define how well the organisation is likely to achieve its objectives and visions by translating these into day-to-day tasks (Kunz & Linder, 2012). Furthermore, this assists in accomplishing the tasks that will allow the organisation to realise its long-term plans. It has been recognised as a vital part of an organisation’s competitive position for dissertation writing service. Hence, due to this, the human resource has been recognised as a separate function in a business (Wilton & Nick, 2013). However, merely the presence of resources in an organisation is not enough for it to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. The resources have to be managed effectively to do so and for this purpose, there is a need of human resource management (Berman & Evans, 2013). An organisation, therefore, there is a need to develop suitable strategies, conduct planning, and then manage HR in such a way that the function is coordinated with other functions in the organisation This assists in achieving the organisation’s goal or aim of existence (Wilton & Nick, 2013). In this report, human resource management strategies and planning procedures in Tesco and Sainsbury’s will be identified and evaluated through comparison. Both of these companies are found competing in the retail industry, in which Tesco and Sainsbury’s are completely a retail stores. Moreover, their policies and procedures will also be compared with each other.
Human Resource Strategies
Human resource strategies are used for identifying the needs of those human resources, which are essential for the future growth of the company. This helps in achieving the goals of an organisation and serves as a link between the strategic planning and human resource management. It is difficult to ascertain the upcoming workforce requirements of a company as the future is uncertain in assignment writing service. However, the prediction enables a company to be escaped from the worst conditions of future (Wilton & Nick, 2013). Strategic Human Resource planning gives the idea of how staff is needed for an organisation and how it should be distributed. By using these strategic planning, it can be estimated that within five years, how many employees will leave the job and how many will come to fulfil the places. In other words, it can be said that it refers to the procedure of forecasting the number of employees that are essential for a company (Berman & Evans, 2013).
Need of Human Resource Strategies
Tesco and Sainsbury’s are the two largest private retail sector companies in the UK. They have progressed rapidly with the passage of time. However, still, there are some reasons, for which both organisations are needed to adopt an effective strategic human resource planning (Armstrong & Reilly, 2011).
Huge Costs and Low Wages
In the Tesco, there is an imbalance situation in the wages that are paid to the employees, and cost that is required for the training of the staff. For instance, the wages do not satisfy the staff, as they expect the higher salary to be paid. At the same time, the cost of staff training is also increasing due to poor strategies in essay writing service (Kunz & Linder, 2012). In Sainsbury’s, the situation is rather stable, but employers are likely to cut the overtime salaries and this shows the real picture of low paid employees. Therefore, in both of these companies, there is a need to meet the objectives of huge profitability by using the human resource strategies. This gives the strategy to reduce the costs of training, however, at the same time, it might increase the cost if the process is not conducted efficiently (Truss et al., 2013).
Ineffective Strategy and Dissatisfaction
Tesco has a number of employees and approximate 476,000 workers are associated with this globally, while at Sainsbury’s, there are around 161,100 workers, which means that Tesco has better employment strategies as compared to Sainsbury’s. This company has been facing the challenges in terms of ineffective corporate policy and strategies (Piercy & Archer-Brown, 2014). For instance, the major strategy that is taken by both of these companies is the product differentiation and price-effectiveness. However, this is only for attracting the consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to attract employees as well and this requires subsidy-based strategies, which will increase the satisfaction of employees with their work (Global union, 2009).
Negative reliability of Performance
Due to the unfair employment practice within the organisations in the UK, the reliability of the performance of these companies is moving towards a negative trend. In future, it is estimated to be worst and this might be developed by using effective strategies (Piercy & Archer-Brown, 2014).
Comparing the Recruitment Process
Tesco comprises of advertising the available jobs through different ways. It is dependable on the availability of the jobs. Sainsbury’s, on the other hand, consists of taking job applications through their website or via phone (Kunz & Linder, 2012). Tesco has the strategies defined to first analyse the internal Talent Plan of the organisation in order to fill a particular vacancy. This procedure lists those current employees, which might be leaving their post due to some reason. If no appropriate people are available, the organisation moves from this Talent Plan towards advertising on the intranet of the company for the period of two weeks (Deakin, 2007).
Sainsbury’s has the browsing strategic process, through which the interested participants could look at the careers section, relating to available job roles of the company. In contrast, Tesco with the internal process also has the external recruitment process (John, 2014). The company advertises the available vacancies on their website or on the boards that are present in the stores. The recruitment process for Sainsbury’s has the online application form for the interested participants. For Tesco, the interested participants for the jobs that are based on the store can contact the stores with their CVs (Rogers & Helen, 2005). The interested people for the in-store based jobs at Tesco can also apply for their registration through the Jobcentre Plus. In Sainsbury’s, at the time when a candidate has submitted the application form, on their provided email addresses they would receive an email receipt from the organisation. The recruitment process for Sainsbury’s is easy and rather simple for tracking for a candidate (John, 2014). They could revisit the website of the organisation in order to check their progress of the submitted application for the job and even the options for editing the personal details of the candidate themselves (Richter & Ganit, 2015).
Comparing Motivational Theory and Reward
There are two different motivation theories, which are used by both Tesco and Sainsbury’s. They are commonly known as Maslow and Herzberg theory, which focus on rewards in the form of opportunities, positive environment, and motivation policies to attract employees (Tesco, 2010). For instance, Tesco has been using the Maslow theory, which helps in achieving different levels of success one-by-one. The main aim of Tesco is to motivate its workers by paying incentives and bonuses to satisfy employees (Kunz & Linder, 2012). Sainsbury’s also has defined its strategies for adding bonuses on a yearly basis for the employees, but as per the job satisfaction level of the employees they are very low (Tessari, 2000). This theory assists the organisation to motivate its staff by improving the communication, giving responsibility, and involving them in the decision-making process.
As per Richter and Ganit (2015), based on this theory, Tesco allows the workers to be a part of the discussion on pay rises, which reflects a credit of work that staffs do and at the same time, rewards them. The company rewards staff for their work by focusing on Herzberg theory as it keeps workers motivated for the work and carries on applying altered motivation theories at work. Tesco and Sainsbury’s both pursue the pension system, which includes assistance that an employer creates on the behalf of employees. They also use sum reward by offering employees the complete value of their benefits package (Promberger & Marteau, 2013). Furthermore, Tesco rewards employees by giving extra benefits such as medical and car insurance, special offers and discounts, and Sainsbury’s strategies involve only normal wages and some bonuses.
Comparing Process of Job Evaluation
Job evaluation is known as a systematic process that defines the relative worth of jobs within an organisation. The basic purpose is to find internal relativities. It is used for providing the fundamentals for grading jobs, designing an equitable grade and pay structure, and managing the job as well as pay relativities (Kahya, 2006). Most of the retail organisations, such as Tesco and Sainsbury’s use the same strategies for job evaluation. It includes the company’s starter process management to give reasons and importance to employee. They fix a group, which includes knowledgeable HR specialists and employee and selects a job from every department to evaluate. A committee investigates the job in detail after getting training from the compensation department (Berman & Evans, 2013).
Comparing Effectiveness of Reward Systems Strategies
The reward system is a mix of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and it consists of integrated policies, practices, processes, and management procedures for implementing the system within the organisational system (John, 2014). Extrinsic rewards are tangible and the employee receives rewards in the form of bonuses, increments, and promotions. On the other hand, intrinsic rewards are liable to give personal satisfaction in the form of feedback, trust, and relationship (Berman & Evans, 2013). The Tesco’s reward system is remarkably effective for employees and management. For instance, it focuses on salary based rewards for customer service employees and they are more likely to work, however, some employees are not ready to receive a little increment (Global union, 2009). On the other hand, intrinsic and promotion rewards are especially for the store manager, who is getting huge personal satisfaction. The Sainsbury’s reward system is incompatible, as it keeps its strategies updating. For instance, the loyalty rewards system for all the employees in the organisation, which pays well when the employees show loyalty (Kunz & Linder, 2012).
Comparing Employee Performance Monitoring Strategies
Performance monitoring is necessary for every organisation to observe where the employees stand and where these employees are to be directed in the future. Similar is the case with Tesco, monitoring performance is significant and vital for management and employees and for this purpose; the company uses 360-degree feedback method. 360-degree feedback is used to evaluate all the executives, manager, and other officers (ETS, 2013). As mentioned by John Sale, who is the head of Tesco, 360 degrees provide an interesting feedback for employees by their peer, colleagues and line managers (Global union, 2009).
In the Sainsbury’s, the strategies for performance evaluation are also effective, but their systems are not comprised of any significant strategy to be applied for this purpose. However, in both the organisations, all employees have their Personal Development Plan that is built for monitoring employees. This helps these companies in providing its employees with potential feedback that create opportunities and development consistently (Truss et al., 2013).
Comprising Employment Exit Procedures and Strategies
Exit procedure is an important part of a company because it provides a closure to either the employee, who is retiring, leaving willingly or being terminated. The procedure in Tesco is initiated through an exit interview, which is conducted with an employee, who is leaving. This interview is done to investigate and discuss the reasons behind his/her resigning (Burgess & Annette, 2014). In cases where potential employees leave or employees are getting retired, alternative solutions to work out the problems are offered. This can be either in the form of increment in salary, additional incentives, or solution of any other issues that have induced him in resigning. Retiring employees get an offer of joining the Retired Staff Association if they wish to (Berman & Evans, 2013).
After it is clear that the employee will not stay, all the relevant exit documents are made available to the employee that will enable him to find the next job. The second last step of this exit procedure is the settlement of debts. Generally, in the case of termination, this step is necessary to be followed. If the employee owes any money to the company, then this is settled before handing the documents to the employee or it will be adjusted with this salary (Kunz & Linder, 2012). Similar is the case with a pension that is owed by the company and it will be paid along with the final salary to both types of employees. The last step in Exit procedure and strategies in Tesco is the return of the property to the company. If any sort of property such as the laptop or company car has previously been awarded to the employee then this will be taken back prior to providing the documents (Armstrong & Reilly, 2011).
More or less the same standard of the exit procedure in Tesco is followed in Sainsbury’s. The difference between the two is that Sainsbury’s focuses more on formal exit interviews compared to Tesco (Kahya, 2006). Furthermore, the notice period based on the number of years served to range from 0 to 12 weeks has to be completed in Sainsbury’s as a mandatory part of exit procedure, otherwise, a portion of notice pay is deducted (Berman & Evans, 2013). Management of Sainsbury’s sometimes also includes a strategy of supporting its senior employees in finding another job, as they focus on following specific laws. The rest of the process is similar to Tesco (Armstrong & Reilly, 2011).
This report presents the different aspects of human resource management that are strategies, planning, and development was discussed that are applicable to Tesco and Sainsbury’s. The features were also compared with those of Sainsbury’s that relates to the retail industry. However, just the presence of resources in an organisation is not enough for it to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. It can be concluded that the human resource management strategies are indeed in great shape in Tesco with great importance being paid to this key asset of the companies.
The recommendation that could be provided to both of these companies includes that they should be working on their strategic planning and included better and more effective systems for ensuring that the strategies are better from the competitors. The ineffective strategies especially in the attainment of employees that is the major role of human resource management are also in need of resolution in both of the companies. This is not it, as it has been found that Tesco has a sound performance management system, while Sainsbury’s lacks in its delivery of the performance of employees in many ways, this means that Sainsbury’s should be maintaining its Human resource strategies more particularly define for the performance management of the employees.
Coming to the strategies applied for accessing, motivation, and job evaluation of the employees, it comes to the view that Sainsbury’s, and Tesco both are competing well. However, the reward system of Tesco is better as compared to the Sainsbury’s, which means that the employees are better approached and kept with a satisfaction level being high in the Tesco. Both Tesco and Sainsbury’s have better-perceived exit procedure and strategies, while Sainsbury’s should adopt some specifications of Tesco, such as returning the property as well.
Armstrong, M..B.D. & Reilly, P., 2011. Increasing the effectiveness of reward management: an evidence-based approach. Employee Relations, 33(2), pp.106-20.
Berman, B.R. & Evans, J.R., 2013. Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed.
Burgess & Annette, 2014. The social validity of a national assessment centre for selection into general practice training. BMC medical education , 14(1), p.261.
Deakin, S., 2007. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS.
ETS, 2013. Tesco 360 degree feedback. Available at: https://www.etsplc.com/tesco-360-degree-feedback/.
Global union, 2009. Tesco’s employment practices.
John, W., 2014. International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations. Development and Learning in Organizations, 28(2).
Kahya, E., 2006. A revision of a job evaluation system. Journal of advanced nursing, 56(3), pp.314-24.
Kunz & Linder, J.S., 2012. Organizational control and work effort–another look at the interplay of rewards and motivation. European Accounting Review , 21(3), pp. 591-621.
Piercy & Archer-Brown, N.C., 2014. Online service failure and propensity to suspend offline consumption. The Service Industries Journal, 34(8), pp.659-76.
Promberger & Marteau, M.T.M., 2013. When do financial incentives reduce intrinsic motivation? comparing behaviors studied in psychological and economic literatures. Health Psychology, 32(9), p.950.
Richter & Ganit, D.R.R.S.R., 2015. Studying Gamification: The Effect of Rewards and Incentives on Motivation. Gamification in Education and Business. Springer International Publishing, pp.21-46.
Rogers & Helen, P.N.G.K.L.G., 2005. The impact of market orientation on the internationalization of retailing firms: Tesco in Eastern Europe. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research , 15(1), pp.53-74.
Tesco, 2010. Motivational theory in practice at Tesco. [Online] Available at: https://is.muni.cz/el/1451/podzim2013/np2330/tesco_15_full.pdf.
Tessari, R., 2000. EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT.
Truss, C. et al., 2013. Employee engagement in theory and practice. Routledge.
Wilton & Nick, 2013. An introduction to human resource management. Sage.
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Bethesda Handbook of Clinical Oncology, 2nd Edition
Skin Cancers and Melanoma
Upendra P. Hegde*
*Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
†Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is embryologically derived from the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm. It consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Skin cancers can arise from various cell types and structures in various layers of the skin (1). The exposure of the skin to the environment has a special relevance because a wide variety of carcinogens can interact directly with the genetic components of skin cells. Such exposure has increased the incidence of skin cancers. The cells of origin in various types of skin cancers are outlined in Tables 22.1 and 22.2. The skin cancers are best divided into melanoma and nonmelanoma.
TABLE 22.1. Cells of Epidermis and Respective Tumor Type
TABLE 22.2. Cells of Dermis and Respective Tumor Type
Melanoma is a skin tumor that originates from the melanocyte, which is derived from the neural crest, and migrates during embryogenesis predominantly to the skin and less commonly to other tissues, such as the meninges, the ocular choroid, the mucosa of the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract, where melanoma is rarely encountered.
- Melanoma ranks as the seventh leading type of cancer in the United States.
- Its incidence in women is increasing faster than that of any other cancer except lung cancer.
- The incidence of melanoma is 10 times greater in whites than in the African Americans. The incidence in U.S. whites is 10 per 100,000 population, although some geographic areas have higher rates.
- In 2004, it was estimated that 55,100 new cases of cutaneous melanoma would have been diagnosed in the United States, with 7,910 deaths.
- Australia has the highest incidence of melanoma in the world, approximately 17 cases per 100,000 per year.
- In the year 2000, the estimated lifetime risk of melanoma in American whites was 1 person in 75.
- Sunlight exposure: ultraviolet B rays
- Intermittent intense exposure
- Exposure at a young age
- Individuals with propensity for sunburns and poor tanners
- Individuals with fair skin, blue eyes, blonde or red hair
- Age: Higher incidence in young and middle-aged adults (except lentigo maligna melanoma on sun-exposed surfaces in the elderly)
- Sex: Slightly more common in female subjects than in male subjects
- Ethnicity: Higher incidence in northern Europeans than in eastern and southern Europeans
- Familial melanoma: One in ten patients with melanoma has a family history of melanoma.
Following are the Characteristic Features of Familial Melanoma:
- Multiple melanomas
- Melanoma at young age
- Melanoma often associated with dysplastic nevi
- Locus for melanoma or the dysplastic nevus resides in the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 1
- Other genetic loci are possible, which include chromosome 9 (loss of 9p21).
Precursor Lesions of Melanoma:
- Dysplastic nevi
- Congenital nevi
- Acquired melanocytic nevi.
Risk Factors for Melanoma
- Xeroderma pigmentosum
- Familial atypical mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMS)
- Numerous acquired melanocytic nevi
- Dysplastic nevi
- Giant congenital nevus
- Prior melanoma
- Sun exposure/sun-sensitive phenotype
- Melanoma in a first-degree relative
Differences between acquired melanocytic nevus and dysplastic nevus are listed in Table 22.3 and Fig. 22.1.
TABLE 22.3. Differences Between Acquired Melanocytic and Dysplastic Nevus
FIG. 22.1. Model of ultraviolet B light mediated pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma.
Common Chromosomal Abnormalities in Malignant Melanoma
Early chromosomal abnormalities:
- Loss of 10q
- Loss of 9p.
Late chromosomal abnormalities:
- Deletion of 6q
- Loss of terminal part of 1p
- Duplication of chromosome 7
- Deletion of 11q23.
Clinicohistologic Types of Melanoma
The measurement of melanoma cells in the dermis and subcutaneous fat has been defined in a reproducible manner by two groups: Clark et al. (2) and Breslow (3) (see Table 22.4). Clark et al. subdivided the invasion of the papillary dermis into a deep group, in which melanoma cells accumulate at the junction of the papillary and reticular dermis, and a superficial group, in which these cells do not accumulate (seeFig. 22.2).
TABLE 22.4. Revised American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma (2001) (4)
FIG. 22.2. Schematic diagram of Clark levels of invasion.
Breslow measured the thickness of melanoma lesions by using an ocular micrometer, which measured the vertical depth of penetration from the granular layer of the epidermis or from the base of the ulcer to the deepest identifiable contiguous melanoma cell (Breslow thickness), and showed it to be a more reproducible and accurate prognostic parameter than the Clark method of microstaging.
Clark Method of Microstaging (Level of Invasion)
- Melanoma limited to the epidermis
- Invasive melanoma with superficial infiltration to the papillary dermis
III. Melanoma extending to the superficial vascular plexus in the dermis
- Primary melanoma involving the reticular dermis
- Melanoma involving the subcutaneous fat.
Salient Features of the New Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma by the American Joint Committee for Cancer (2001)
- The new version retains the anatomic compartmentalization: Stages I and II represent localized melanoma to skin, stage III represents metastasis to the regional lymph node/s, and stage IV represents distal metastasis.
- T-category thresholds of melanoma thickness are defined by even integers (i.e., 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mm).
- Thick melanoma (>4 mm in thickness) is assigned to stage II.
- The level of invasion as described by Wallace Clark is an independent predictive feature for thin (T1) melanoma but not for thicker lesions (5).
- Melanoma ulceration, defined as the absence of an intact epidermis overlying a major portion of the primary melanoma on the basis of microscopic examination of the histologic sections, predisposes patients to a high risk for metastasis.
- The new staging system incorporates the pathologic information obtained after lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph adenectomy that is included in the definition of clinical and pathologic staging.
- When patients present with multiple primary melanomas, the T-category staging is based on the melanoma with the worst prognostic features.
- Stage III melanoma patients include those with regional metastasis either in the regional lymph nodes or in the intralymphatic metastases, manifesting as either satellite or in-transit metastases.
- There are four major determinants of outcome for pathologic stage III melanoma:
- Number of metastatic lymph nodes: N1 = one metastatic lymph node, N2 = 2 to 3 metastatic lymph nodes, and N3 = 4 or more metastatic lymph nodes
- Tumor burden in the lymph node is either (a) microscopic or (b) macroscopic
- Presence or absence of ulceration of the primary tumor and
- Presence or absence of satellite or in-transit metastases.
- Size of the metastatic lymph node does not demonstrate independent prognostic value.
- The presence of clinical or microscopic satellite metastases around a primary melanoma as well as in-transit metastases between the primary melanoma and the regional lymph nodes represent intralymphatic metastases and portend a poor prognosis. In addition, patients with a combination of satellites and in-transit metastases plus nodal metastases have a worse outcome than patients who experience either event alone.
- In patients with distant metastases, the site(s) of metastases and elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are used to delineate the M categories into three groups: M1a, M1b, and M1c, with 1-year survival rates ranging from 41% to 59%. There are no subgroups of stage IV disease because the survival differences between the M categories are small.
The prognostic factors of melanoma are listed in Table 22.5 and Fig. 22.3.
TABLE 22.5. Prognostic Factors
FIG. 22.3. Fifteen-year survival results for more than 4,000 melanoma patients treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Sydney Melanoma Unit, staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer four-stage system. Distribution of patients is shown in parentheses. Note that patients with clinically localized melanoma (stage I in the original three-stage system) are divided into two stages according to tumor thickness and histologic level of invasion (designated stages I and II). (From Ketcham AS, Moffat FL, Balch CM. Classification and staging. In: Balch C, ed. Cutaneous melanoma. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992:213–220, with permission.)
Clinical Features of Malignant Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma can occur anywhere in the body. The most common sites are the lower extremities in the women and the trunk in men. The classic signs include a pigmented skin lesion that demonstrates a change in color or variegated color, a change in lesion size, and irregular borders. Progressive lesions show nodularity and ulceration or bleeding, with or without pruritus.
Most lesions are pigmented, although less than 1% of lesions lack pigment and are called amelanotic melanomas.
The types of skin biopsies used in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma are listed in Tables 22.6 and 22.7.
TABLE 22.6. Diagnosis of Melanoma
TABLE 22.7. Types of Skin Biopsy for Melanoma Diagnosis
Most melanomas are diagnosed in the early stages and are thin. More than 95% of thin melanomas are curable, and approximately 85% of stage I and II melanomas are cured. The prognosis is inversely proportional to the stage of the cancer, and only 40% to 50% of persons with stage III melanoma live for 5 years. Less than 5% of patients with stage IV melanoma live for 5 years (6).
Table 22.8 shows a graph depicting the survival in relation to the stage of the melanoma.
TABLE 22.8. Relationship Between Microstage of Primary Melanoma, Incidence of Regional Lymph Node Metastases, and Long-term Survival in Patients from John Wayne Cancer Institute
The algorithm for the management of primary melanoma is reviewed in Fig. 22.4.
FIG. 22.4. Algorithm for the management of primary melanoma (American Joint Committee for Cancer stage I/II) (7).
- Patients should be educated about the risk factors for developing melanoma—ultraviolet light (intense mid-day sun between 11 AM and 1 PM). Use of sunblock [sun protection factor (SPF) >15] and light clothing should be encouraged.
- Patients should be educated about clinical features of melanoma and precursor lesions and should be taught to perform self-examination of the skin.
- Close surveillance is required in high-risk patients.
- Digital photographs are used for comparing the multiple pigmented skin lesions and for assessing any changes as described previously, as in dysplastic nevus syndrome.
- Dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) is a technique used to visualize a variety of structures in pigmented lesions that are not discernible to the naked eye. Lotion or mineral oil is applied to the surface of the lesion to make the epidermis more transparent. Examination of the lesion with a 10 × ocular scope, a microscope ocular eyepiece (held upside down), or a dermatoscope (available from surgical supply houses) then reveals several features that are helpful in differentiating between benign and malignant pigmented lesions. This technique provides additional criteria for the diagnosis of melanoma.
General Principles and Issues in Treatment:
- Surgical excision is the primary treatment for melanoma.
- Regional lymph node dissection for metastasis is performed before any distant spread of the tumor occurs.
- Adjuvant radiation therapy after lymph node dissection is used in selected instances.
- Isolated limb perfusion with chemotherapy is given in selected instances.
- Interferon-α is provided as adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk resected cutaneous melanomas.
- Multiple options in metastatic melanoma include single-agent chemotherapy such as oral temozolomide, combination chemotherapy, biologic therapy such as high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-α, and chemobiotherapy. Radiation therapy may be used in select instances such as in patients who present with brain metastasis or as an adjuvant to surgery in head and neck melanoma or in postlymphadenectomy lymph node basins with extracapsular spread of metastatic melanoma.
- Newer experimental immunotherapy includes vaccines.
Surgical Management of Primary Melanoma
Principle: Complete surgical excision of the primary melanoma, confirmed by comprehensive histologic examination of the entire excised specimen, forms the basis for surgical treatment of primary melanoma (8).
Risk of local recurrence is not significantly associated with the extent of surgical margin of excision (see Table 22.9).
TABLE 22.9. Recommended Margin of Surgical Excision Based Upon Pathologic Stage of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Early and limited-stage ocular melanomas are usually managed by close observation. Various methods of treatment include radiation therapy, photoradiation, cryotherapy, ultrasonic hyperthermia, local resection, and enucleation.
Indications for Enucleation of the Eye in Ocular Melanoma:
- Tumor growing in a blind eye
- Melanoma involving more than half of the iris
- Tumor involving the anterior chamber of the eye or extraocular extension
- Failure of previous local therapy.
Lymph Node Dissection
Invasion of the lymphatics by a vertically growing melanoma causes the tumor to lodge in the local lymph node basin. The tumor, uninterrupted at this lymph node basin, may spread to deeper lymphatics or hematogenously to systemic organs. This principle forms the rationale for complete surgical resection of the tumor from the lymph node basin before the tumor spreads to distant organs, and is considered a potentially curative procedure.
Lymph Node Dissection can be Classified as Follows (See Table 22.10):
- Elective: Lymph node dissection is said to be elective when the lymph nodes that are not clinically palpable are dissected from the lymph node basin because of the high suspicion that the melanoma has spread to the lymph nodes without evidence of distant spread.
- Therapeutic: When the lymph nodes are clinically palpable and are suspected to be involved without distant organ spread, the dissection is therapeutic.
- Delayed: When initially nonpalpable lymph nodes appear to enlarge over a close follow-up period without distant organ spread, the dissection is considered delayed.
TABLE 22.10. Lymph Node Dissection
Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection
Characteristics of a sentinel lymph node are as follows:
- First lymph node in the lymph node basin to which the primary melanoma drains.
- Lymph node at the greatest risk for metastasis.
- Histology of sentinel node reflects the histology of all lymph nodes in the basin.
- Easily accessible.
- If the lymph node is negative for metastasis, it spares the patient major surgical morbidity.
Surgical Approach to Obtain a Sentinel Lymph Node
Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy uses vital blue dye and provides a road map of the lymph node basin. Intraoperative lymphoscintigraphy uses radiocolloid injection around the primary tumor, and a gamma camera detects the radioactivity from the involved lymph node, thereby acting as a navigator to the involved lymph node. The combination of vital blue dye and technetium-labeled sulfur colloid identifies the sentinel lymph node in 94% of cases (9).
Isolated Limb Perfusion
Principle: To deliver maximally tolerated chemotherapy doses to a regionally confined tumor area while limiting systemic toxicity. Hyperthermia and oxygenation of the circulation potentiate the tumoricidal effects of the chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapeutic agents used in this method of treatment are
- thiotepa (response rate, 50% to 60%)
- one of the above agents along with tumor necrosis factor and interferon-α (response rate, 91%).
Isolated limb perfusion is described in Table 22.11.
TABLE 22.11. Isolated Limb Perfusion
Indications for Isolated Limb Perfusion:
- Adjuvant to lymph node dissection
- Recurrent melanoma of extremity (10)
- Bulky symptomatic melanoma of the extremity, with bleeding, ulceration, or edema.
Role of radiation therapy for melanoma treatment in the adjuvant setting:
Although melanoma is generally considered as a “radioresistant tumor,” radiation therapy has been found to be of clinical benefit after surgical lymph node resection in the following instances:
- Head and neck melanomas (11)
- Multiple large lymph nodes
- Extracapsular spread
- Local recurrence in a previously dissected lymph node basin
- Parotid gland lymph nodes
- Desmoplastic melanoma with neurotropism
- Brain metastasis of melanoma.
Studies by Skibber et al. (12) suggested that external radiation to the brain after surgical resection of the solitary brain metastasis with malignant melanoma has survival benefit.
Biologic Agents in Malignant Melanoma
Interferon-α was the first recombinant cytokine that was investigated in phase I/II trials, in the metastatic setting, on the basis of its antiproliferative as well as immunomodulatory effects.
- The response rate in metastatic melanoma was approximately 16%.
- One third of these responses were complete responses.
- Responses could be observed up to 6 months after the therapy was initiated.
- Up to one third of the responses were durable.
- Patients with frequent interruptions due to side effects of interferon therapy did less well than those patients without interruptions.
- Patients with small-volume tumors did better than those with large-volume tumors.
Interferon in Metastatic Melanoma
The study by Falkson et al. (13) showed a response rate of 53% and a median survival of 17.6 months with interferon-α 2b along with dacarbazine compared to a response rate of 20% and a median survival of 9.6% months with dacarbazine alone. These results were not reproducible by the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) studies.
Interferon in the Adjuvant Setting in Malignant Melanoma
Principle: There is a high incidence of relapse among patients with stage III melanoma after therapeutic or elective lymph node dissection and in those with thick melanoma lesions (>4 mm). The effect of interferon on disease-free survival has been evaluated in this setting (seeTable 22.12) (14).
TABLE 22.12. Use of Adjuvant Interferon
Interleukin-2 Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma
IL-2, first identified as a T-cell growth factor in 1976, is produced primarily by T-helper cells. It is a 15-kD glycoprotein and interacts with IL-2 receptors expressed on activated T cells, resulting in proliferation and differentiation of both B and T cells and of cytotoxic cells, and stimulates the cascade of cytokines including various interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors. The antitumor effects of IL-2 are mediated by its ability to cause proliferation of natural killer cells (NKs), lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs), and other cytotoxic cells.
IL-2 Doses and Administration Methods: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved dosage for treatment of metastatic melanoma is 600,000 IU per kg administered as a bolus over 15 minutes every 8 hours for a maximum of 14 doses. Following a rest period of about 5 to 9 days, the regimen is repeated if tolerated by the patient. Imaging studies are repeated at the end of two courses, and if tumor responses or disease stabilization is documented, the treatment is repeated, with periodic assessment of disease response. The overall response rate is about 16% and a complete response rate of 6%, and responses have been noted in all the disease sites (15,16). Patients who achieved complete responses had the highest chances of achieving prolonged disease-free survival. Patients with good baseline performance status and chemonaive status were most likely to respond to the high-dose IL-2 treatment.
The toxicity profile of IL-2 is dose, route, and administration dependent. Common toxicity profile involves gastrointestinal system (i.e., nausea and vomiting), cardiovascular system (i.e., hypotension or arrhythmias), lung (i.e., hypoxemia and pleural effusions), kidneys (i.e., azotemia), and central nervous system (i.e., confusion and delirium) in addition to fever and fluid retention, most of which are the manifestations of the capillary leak syndrome. Toxicity is accentuated in patients with baseline pulmonary, cardiac, and metabolic disease. Highly skilled nursing and selection of the right patients for high-dose IL-2 have significantly reduced mortality in patients treated with high-dose IL-2. Because high-dose IL-2 therapy causes significant toxicity, it is also administered either subcutaneously or as a continuous intravenous infusion at 9 to 18 million IU/m2/day for 4 to 5 days, and dosages up to 24 million IU/m2/day in patients not eligible for high dose of IL-2. Although total response rates as high as 16.8% have been reported, complete responses are lower than those reported with high-dose IL-2.
Combination IL-2 regimens: Preclinical data have suggested synergistic immunologic effects of combining IL-2 with interferon-α and chemotherapeutic agents. These observations have resulted in combinations of IL-2 and interferons that did not show a significant advantage in in vivo studies. Concurrent or sequential combination of chemotherapeutic agents with IL-2 and/or interferon-α (biochemotherapy) produces less toxicity than high-dose IL-2 and shows mixed results, with overall responses ranging from 25.3% to 50% (17). Presently, the use of biochemotherapy is experimental until the final results of a large intergroup study comparing biochemotherapy and chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma are reported.
- High-dose interferon remains the most active adjuvant agent evaluated to date for high-risk melanoma.
- It prolongs the relapse-free survival, but its impact on overall survival is less clear.
A summary of the management options of melanoma in advanced tumor stage is found in Table 22.13. Chemotherapy agents and their response rates in metastatic melanoma are listed in Table 22.14. Combination chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma is described in Table 22.15.
TABLE 22.13. Management Options
TABLE 22.14. Chemotherapy Agents and Response Rates
TABLE 22.15. Description of Chemotherapy Regimens
A recent phase III multicenter randomized trial of dacarbazine alone versus the Dartmouth regimen (i.e., cisplatin, carmustine, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen) in patients with metastatic melanoma failed to show a statistical difference in survival or tumor response in patients with melanoma (EORTC study) (18).
Combination of Chemotherapy Regimen and Biologic Therapy (Biochemotherapy) Rationale:
- Anticancer effects of the combination therapy are additive or synergistic
- There are different mechanisms of action for different regimens
- Nonoverlapping toxicity
- No cross resistance
- There is a suggestion that biologic agents may produce long-term survivals.
Combination chemotherapy with biologic agents is described in Table 22.16.
TABLE 22.16. Combination Chemotherapy with Biologic Agents
Vaccine Therapy in Malignant Melanoma
Immunization principally involves recognition of tumor-specific peptide by cytotoxic T cells when presented by antigen-presenting cells bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. A number of tumor-associated peptide antigens are purified and either administered intradermally with an immune adjuvant (19) or the peptide is “pulsed” onto
autologous antigen-presenting cells, and the combination is injected intradermally (20). DiFronzo et al. (21) have used polyvalent melanoma vaccine derived from the melanoma cell cultures in patients with AJCC stage II melanoma and have reported enhanced humoral immune response to correlate with improved disease-free survival and overall survival. The seminal observation that heat-shock proteins isolated from cancer cells of mice and rats
elicited specific immunity to the cancers from which they were derived led to the discovery that heat-shock proteins are associated with peptides, including antigenic tumor-specific peptides, and elicit potent tumor-specific T-cell immunity when injected back. Preliminary phase I and II studies of heat-shock proteins purified from the autologous melanoma tumors in humans have shown clinically relevant significant tumor-specific immune responses (22). A multiinstitutional phase III study is ongoing to elucidate the clinical significance of heat-shock protein vaccine derived from the autologous tumor cells. Other approaches include gene therapy for appropriate peptide expression in the antigen-presenting cells, which then process the peptide intracellularly and bind tightly to the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule for presentation to cytotoxic T cells.
Some of the melanoma-associated antigen epitopes are listed in Table 22.17. Various studies are in progress, and final results are awaited.
TABLE 22.17. Melanoma-associated Antigen Epitopes
NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER
There are two major types of nonmelanoma skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Together they account for nearly one third of all the cancers in the United States.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer in the U.S. white population.
- It accounts for 77% of 77,000 new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancers seen in the United States.
Common Clinical Presentations of Basal Cell Carcinoma Include the Following:
- Shiny skin, colored pink, with translucent papule with telangiectasia
- Nodular variant consists of nodule with central depression and rolled margins and may bleed from trauma. Usual location is head and neck area
- Pigmented basal cell carcinoma: Nodular with brown to black pigment.
- Sclerosing or morphea-type basal cell carcinoma: Yellowish, infiltrated, with indistinct borders, may not be diagnosed for a long time. Mohs surgery may be appropriate for treatment.
- Other less common presentations include hyperkeratotic type carcinoma: Usually involves head and neck area, exhibits sessile growth on the lower trunk, is multicentric on face with ulcer and scar tissues, and is of the giant exophytic type and the cystic type that presents as a blue–gray nodule on the face.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving the Skin has the Following Characteristics:
- Usually found in elderly white men with sun-damaged skin
- Common sites include back of the hand, forearm, face, and neck; single or multiple lesions
- Firm, indurated, expanding nodule, often at the site of actinic keratosis
- The nodule may be ulcerated, and regional lymph nodes may be enlarged.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Mucocutaneous Site:
- Elderly men with chronic history of smoking, alcohol use, or chewing tobacco or betel nut
- Common sites include mouth and lower lip
- Lesions usually start as an erosion or a nodule that ulcerates.
Other Sites Include the Following:
- Sole of the foot, verrucous form
- Male genitalia: human papillomavirus (HPV) related, underlying condylomata of Buschke– Lowenstein (see Table 22.18).
TABLE 22.18. Premalignant Lesions of the Epidermis
Table 22.19 lists the comparative features of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin.
TABLE 22.19. Features of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Skin
Diagnosis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
History should include duration of the lesion, symptoms like pain/itching, and recent changes of the surface:
- History of sun exposure, and recreational and occupational history
- Ethnic background and the type of the skin
- History of radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, chronic ulcer/burn scar, or osteomyelitis.
Complete Skin Examination Includes the Following:
- Examination of scalp, ears, palms, soles, interdigital areas, and mucous membranes.
- Evaluation of the extent of sun damage to skin (i.e., solar elastosis, scaling, erythema, telangiectasia, and solar lentigines).
The skin should be evaluated for enlargement of the locoregional and distant metastases. Skin biopsy should be performed, either excisional when the tumor is small, or incisional when the tumor is large. A shave biopsy with a scalpel may be used in noduloulcerative, cystic, or superficial type.
- Surgery is the primary mode of treatment.
- Excision of the tumor with negative margins of approximately 4 to 6 mm is sufficient.
- The procedure is performed under local anesthesia.
- Locally draining nodes are examined and removed only if they are enlarged.
- Plastic surgery may be needed to close the defects produced by excision of the tumor.
- Mohs surgery: This is a progressive excision technique that allows excision of the tumor until the negative margins are achieved. Mohs micrographic surgery uses the fresh-tissue technique with the use of frozen section and is less time-consuming than the original surgery.
Role of Radiation THERAPY
Radiation therapy delivers x-rays at a total dose of 2,000 to 3,000 cGy that penetrate up to 2 to 5 mm, where most of the basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas infiltrate. The total dose is divided into multiple fractions, usually over 3 to 4 weeks, to reduce side effects (seeTable 22.20).
TABLE 22.20. Radiation Therapy
Various other types of treatments are listed in Table 22.21.
TABLE 22.21. Other Types of Treatment
Other Cancers of the Skin
Merkel cell carcinoma arises from the neoplastic proliferation of the Merkel cells.
Characteristics of the Merkel Cell:
- Arises from the neural crest cells and is a member of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cell system
- Situated in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles
- Important for tactile sensations in lower animals
- Functions as a mechanoreceptor in humans.
Characteristics of Merkel Cell Tumor:
- Rare tumor seen in elderly whites with sun-exposure history
- Involves skin of the head and neck and found less commonly in the extremities and genitals
- Presents as intracutaneous bluish, firm, and nontender nodule about 0.5 to 1 cm
- Histologically, a small round cell tumor, containing neurosecretory cytoplasmic granules
- Neuron-specific enolasepositive and anticytokeratin antibody, CAM 5.2, positive
- Differential diagnosis includes small cell carcinoma of lung and lymphoma
- Early spread by lymphatics and hematogenously to the distant site
- Surgical excision is the primary treatment, and radiation is used in the adjuvant setting.
Tumors Arising from the Skin Appendages, Pilosebaceous Complex:
- Hair follicle
- Sebaceous gland
- Arrector pili muscle
- Apocrine sweat gland.
Most of these tumors are benign, and carcinomas are rare.
Significance: Of interest to dermatopathologist.
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- Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, et al. Treatment of283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 1994;271:907–913.
- Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Kutcher JP, et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients between 1985 and1993. J Clin Oncol1999;17: 2105–2116.
- Legha SS, Ring S, Bedikian A, et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with combined chemotherapy containing cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (CVD) and biotherapy using interleukin 2 and interferon alpha. Ann Oncol1996;7:827–835.
- Chapman PB, Einhorn LH, Meyers ML, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol1999;17:2745–2751.
- Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med1998;4:321–327.
- Mukherji B, Chakraborty NG, Sporn JR, et al. Induction of peptide antigen reactive cytolytic T cells following immunization with MAGE-1 peptide pulsed autologous antigen presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1995;92:8078–8082.
- DiFronzo LA, Gupta RK, Essner R, et al. Enhanced humoral immune response correlates with improved disease-free and overall survival in American Joint Committee on Cancer stage II melanoma patients receiving adjuvant polyvalent vaccine. J Clin Oncol2002;1:3242–3248.
- Belli F, Testori A, Rivoltini L, et al. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96-peptide complexes: clinical and immunologic findings. J Clin Oncol2002;20:4169–4180.
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Fast growing trees, especially the poplars are being studied as they produce a large body of biomass per area. Poplars and willows are leading candidates as biofuel crops that are expected to produce cellulosic ethanol and higher energy content fuels when the sugars can be efficiently extracted.
We non-tree experts are going to be surprised that peaches, apples, strawberries, cherries, and almonds, and many other plants including the beautiful and romantic rose are part of the rosid superfamily. That means they share a large part of their genetic codes.
Scientists have turned to our long-domesticated fruit trees for the clues in researching the physiology and genetics of the rosid superfamily of trees.
Jeremy Schmutz, head of the Plant Program at the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) said, “The close relationship between peach and poplar trees is evident from their DNA sequence.”
Related article: Ethanol Mandate: Jumping the Gun in a Big Way
For the March 24th edition of Nature Genetics, Schmutz and several colleagues who are part of the International Peach Genome Initiative (IPGI) published the 265-million base genome of the Lovell variety of Prunus persica.
This Lovell peach tree at Clemson University provided the DNA used to determine the peach genome. Image Credit: Clemson University.
The paper authors said, “Using comparative genomics approaches, characterization of the peach sequence can be exploited not only for the improvement and sustainability of peach and other important tree species, but also to enhance our understanding of the basic biology of trees.”
The team compared 141 peach gene families to those of six other fully sequenced diverse plant species to unravel unique metabolic pathways. They have learned for instance, what metabolic pathways lead to lignin biosynthesis – the molecular “glue” that holds the plant cells together – and is a key barrier to deconstructing biomass into fuels.
For bioenergy researchers, the size of the peach genome makes it ideal to serve as a plant model for studying genes found in related genomes, such as the poplar, and develop methods for improving plant biomass yield for biofuels.
Daniel Rokhsar, DOE JGI Eukaryotic Program head under whose leadership sequencing of the peach genome began back in 2007 takes us deeper into understanding with, “One gene we’re interested in is the so-called “evergreen” locus in peaches, which extends the growing season. In theory, it could be manipulated in poplar to increase the accumulation of biomass.”
It may not take long; the poplar is one of the DOE JGI’s Plant Flagship Genomes, making progress with poplar a first order of business.
Related article: Cooking Oil Gets KLM Across the Atlantic
It has seemed to be slow going. This paper’s publication comes three years after the International Peach Genome Consortium publicly released the draft assembly of the annotated peach genome on the DOE JGI Plant portal Phytozome.net and on other websites. The decision to sequence the peach genome was first announced during the 2007 Plant and Animal Genome XI Conference.
However the project goes, the long list of rosid superfamily plants is getting a huge boost of genetic information in making more productive the much loved and very important to our health tree fruits. Whether it’s for fuel for our tools or fuel for our bodies the rosid superfamly is at the start of an improvement in productivity.
Its worth mentioning that backing came from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and led by researchers at the DOE JGI, The HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Clemson University, North Carolina State University, and Washington State University. That’s peach and apple country.
Additional support was contributed by U.S. Department of Agriculture and by the Energy Biosciences Institute, of the University of California, Berkeley, who supported senior author Therese Mitros. The Italian government also supported this international effort, including the work of first author Ignazio Verde of the Fruit Tree Research Centre/Agricultural Research Council in Rome, Italy.
The scope of participants includes contributions also made from research institutes in Chile, Spain, and France. It’s definitely been an international effort.
Whatever the future holds, the genome release is going to have a powerful impact on producing important fruit foods and for fuel production. Its welcome news and a pleasure to see such a widespread participation and hopefully an even further spread out benefit to people.
By. Brian Westenhaus
Original source: Fruit Trees For Fuel
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Article I written by Alexander Gunn aka A Native of Badbea was printed in the Northern Ensign on 9 Sep 1880 - Part B
Education - no easy matter
One delinquent of this kind felt the indignity done to him so keenly, and showed such a rebellious disposition, that he declared that he would never bring a peat to school again, and, when reading his first lesson, he gave expression to his feelings in this style:
"m-y, my, tha thor me luem fadh; "d-o, do, tha thor me lueme fadh: "m-e, me, tha thor me lueme fadh," and so on.It required a good big fire to keep the school in proper heat during the winter season, for, as I have already stated, the walls were dry built - not a trowelful of mortar of any kind entered into their composition. The force of the wind was broken by the crevices and joints in the walls being stuffed with dried moss or fog gathered from the roots of the heather on the hillsides. It was forced into the crevices by a bit of wood shaped something like a marling-spike; but in winter the snow-drift found its way into the interior of the house, where it formed into miniature wreaths, and it was no uncommon spectacle to see an urchin standing in this wreath, with his bare feet, during the lesson.
Bare footed in the snow
A Native of Badbea
(To be continued.)
- Highland familes placed great emphasis on their children getting educated and worked hard to see that happen.
- The peat-fire picture shows how red-hot the peat could get and yet these fires were still commonly sited on the floor in the middle of a room.
- Alexander Gunn tells in a later blog that this school was for boys only. Girls attended the next school after this one was dismantled.
- I do not think the picture of the boys going to school, by McIan, is likely to accurately depict the boys in the Achnacraig school. Alexander Gunn uses the word 'urchin' which is better, but at least McIan shows the boys carrying their peats, and the leader barefooted in the snow. The next blog confirms the boys wore kilts to school but they were more likely to be plain handwoven garments than tartan.
- As with many place names in the Highlands, Auchincraig and Achnacraig are two spellings of the same place.
- Some of this content I have used in a previous blog but to keep this series complete I have repeated it here.
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This form of cutlass dates from the period when arms makers began making hangers and briquettes (short swords) specifically for the maritime trades.
This form of cutlass dates from the period when arms makers began making hangers and briquettes (short swords) specifically for the maritime trades. Before that time, shipmasters were expected to make do with whatever surplus or condemned military weaponry was available.
By the 1750s, Mariners were being provided with cheaply-made cutlasses, pikes, boarding axes and muskets designed for use at sea. They were virtually disposable items, made of old parts and low-grade materials. This, of course, makes them rare today.
Here is one of those early cutlasses. I think it was made early in the 19th century. The cutlass is 30 inches long, with a 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) wide blade, a simple iron guard, knuckle bow and wood grip. The whole cutlass runs to 34.5 inches. The metal is dark with traces of old, inactive rust. It is very solid with no looseness between blade and grip.
These were made by many forges in Europe and exported throughout the world. Few have survived.
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European emission trends updated
Ammonia and primary particles are reported to have risen in some countries. Flickr.com / Tarang Hirani CC-BY-NC-ND
Overall air pollutant emissions keep on slowly shrinking – sulphur emissions show the biggest reductions, while there is much less improvement for ammonia and particulate matter.
Since 1980, total European emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) – the most significant acidifying pollutant and an important precursor to health-damaging secondary fine particles (PM2.5) – from land-based emission sources have fallen by 87 per cent, from around 53 million tonnes in 1980 to 6.7 million tonnes in 2014.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia have also gone down, although to a lesser extent. VOCs and NOx have more than halved (-59 and -52 per cent, respectively) since 1980, while ammonia emissions – which emanate primarily from agricultural activities – have dropped by only 33 per cent.
Historic emissions of primary particulate matter (PM2.5) are not as well documented as those of other air pollutants, and many countries lack emissions data for the 1990s. Between 2000 and 2014 it is estimated that emissions of PM2.5 from land-based sources have fallen by 15 per cent, from 3 to 2.6 million tonnes.
Although overall emissions continue to fall, the downward trend has flattened out over the last decade. This is especially the case for ammonia and primary particles, which are even reported to be increasing in some countries over the last few years.
Looking specifically at the 28 member states of the EU, between 1980 and 2014 the emissions of SO2 came down by as much as 92 per cent, while those of NOx and VOCs fell respectively by 55 and 62 per cent. Emissions of ammonia fell by only 26 per cent. Primary PM2.5 particles were reduced by 27 per cent between 2000 and 2014.
Emissions of SO2 from international shipping in European waters showed a steady increase up to around 2006, after which emissions have fallen, primarily as a result of ship fuel sulphur regulations introduced by the EU and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The emission reductions were particularly marked in the northern Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA), which cover the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, including the English Channel. It should be noted that the EMEP data for shipping emissions has been updated only up to 2011, which means that no trends after that year have been accounted for.
Ship NOx emissions increased steadily for many years, but appeared to stabilise, or even come down somewhat, during the economic crisis of 2008–2009. However, because of the lack of effective international ship NOx regulation, they are likely to increase again as the economy and trade grow.
The data in Table 1 is based on figures reported by countries themselves to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and was compiled by the Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). The Convention’s EMEP keeps track of the ways in which emissions from one country affect the environment in others. The EMEP report also provides an overview of calculations for source-receptor relationships (including transboundary movements between countries), covering acidifying, eutrophying, photo-oxidant, and particle pollution. This shows that for most European countries the biggest share of depositions of sulphur and nitrogen emanate from outside their own territory.
Since land-based emissions have been falling much faster than those from international shipping, shipping’s contribution to pollutant depositions and concentrations has been getting bigger and bigger over time. For 2013 it was estimated that ship emissions were responsible for ten per cent or more of the total depositions of both sulphur and oxidised nitrogen compounds in many countries (see Table 2). In the coastal areas of these countries, shipping’s contribution to the overall pollution load is even higher. Countries that are particularly exposed to air pollution from shipping include Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, France and the United Kingdom.
Report: “Transboundary particulate matter, photo-oxidants, acidifying and eutrophying components.” EMEP Status Report 1/2016. www.emep.int
Table 1: European emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (as NO2), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3), and particulate matter (PM2.5) (kilotonnes). Data for 2000 and 2014 is from the 2016 EMEP report, while data for 1980 and 1990 is from earlier EMEP reports or from the EMEP website. Russia in the table refers only to the western part of the Russian Federation.
Table 2: European countries where the proportion of air pollutant depositions of sulphur and oxidised nitrogen from ships is the most marked.
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This program focuses on safety in movement for persons with low bone mass (osteopenia) and skeletal fragility (osteoporosis).
Wade Anderson, PT studied the Meeks Method which specializes in the unique management implications of persons with osteopenia and osteoporosis, and utilizes an easy, effective, comprehensive, site-specific, 12-part program for the conservative management of persons with osteopenia, osteoporosis, postural problems and back pain.
What You Need To Know About Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis literally means "porous bones" - bones that were once strong have become fragile. It is considered a childhood disease which manifests in adulthood. This insidious disease is sometimes called "the silent thief" because there are no symptoms. Yet it works little by little over a period of decades to rob your bones of calcium-a mineral that keeps them strong. Older women are the main victims of osteoporosis, as they suffer nearly 1.5 million fractures to the hips, forearms, and vertebrae each year. Because bones become thin and brittle, recovering from these fractures can be a long and complex process, with possible life-threatening complications.Osteoporosis and low bone mass affects an estimated 28 million women and men age 50 and over. Eighty percent of the osteoporosis cases are women, yet a significant number of men also suffer from the disease. In addition to the toll it exacts in human suffering, osteoporosis costs our economy $13.8 billion each year in health care expenses and lost productivity. The good news is that you can often prevent osteoporosis if you begin weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, running, gardening, or aerobics, and eat a calcium-rich diet from an early age. And if you already have osteoporosis-or you're at high risk for developing it-physical therapy can help make the difference in keeping you active and mobile.
What are the risk factors
Who does osteoporosis affect?
Everyone may be affected by osteoporosis. It is most common in postmenopausal women (Caucasian or Asian) who are thin boned. Disease, diet and exercise can all play a role in osteoporosis.
What are the early warning signs of osteoporosis?
What does the treatment consist of?
You will receive a comprehensive assessment and a SAFE program designed
to strengthen your spine, restore posture and prevent compression fractures
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BBC NEWS | Health | Breast-feeding 'cuts heart risk'
Health experts say breastfeeding is best for mother and baby
"Scientists have found further evidence that being breast-fed reduces a person's risk of developing heart disease as an adult. Institute of Child Health researchers examined over 200 teenagers whose feeding had been studied as babies. The study, published in the Lancet, found those who were breast-fed had healthier cholesterol levels than those who were bottle-fed. It was also linked to reduced levels of a protein linked to clogged arteries.... "
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May Day, Summerdaeg, Walpurgis… trying to discern the pre-Christian celebrations and origins of this holy tide can be a bit tricky.
Typing ‘Walpurgis’ into the ever-handy google… turns up detailed information about the Catholic saint known by that name, but when it comes to the pagan past the details seem vague at best. One has to do some digging to find anything of more substance. E.L. Rochholz’s 1870 folklore study, Drei Gaugtinen (Three Local Goddesses), describes Walpurga as a white lady with flowing hair, wearing a crown and fiery shoes. She carries a spindle and a three-cornered mirror that foretells the future. For those of you that LOVE to really read into the meat of the matter with academic factoids, you might find this article by Winifred Hodge a fascinating read. An excerpt follows:
In Bavaria there is a very old Walburga’s chapel that is said to be located on the site of an older Heathen temple. The chapel stands on its own hill, surrounded by linden trees. Hills–especially hills standing alone–are in Germany traditionally the dwelling places of Holda and other Heathen holy female beings later seen as witches. Linden trees have always been holy to Frigga. Place-names and chapels stemming from Walburga (many associated with linden trees, hills, and holy wells) litter the landscape in Bavaria, Austria, and other germanic homelands. “The greatest number of the oldest churches in lower Germany are dedicated to this same saint.” (Rochholz, p.17). “Lower Germany” includes what are now the Netherlands, Belgium, Saxony, and other regions of northern Germany–all regions where formerly the goddess Nehalennia was widely worshipped.
But for a more down-to-earth understanding May Day numbers as one of the Summer holy-days, the first being Ostara. Do I hear a few mental thought processes screeching to a halt at that statement among my readers? Let me explain. Today, our culture embraces the concept of the 4 seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. But, in the countries of the ancient Northern Tradition by their cultural worldview there were only two seasons: Summer and Winter. Summer began at the time of Ostara… for summer was viewed as life thriving in the land. Thus, the Summer Solstice (which is viewed as the start of our summer today) was their MidSummer. Winter was characterized by the decay and dormancy of the land. A time when food was scarce, people were dwelling indoors in closed quarters and the combination of the cold, potential mal-nourishment, and disease took many lives.
As the first summer holy-day, Ostara coincided with the awakening of the land from its sleep. Even though some plants were growing, it was still a season where cold snaps and the stinging breath of winter still came to nip the noses of ancient Heathens. This awakening of the land told those who worked the fields that it was time to prep the fields. Time to plow the fields and prepare them for the crops to come. May Day is a demarcation, that winter’s lingering sting should be passed and that the awakened earth now laid ripe and powerful with fertility, in other words it was a perfect time for planting.
May Day embodies the final chasing away of the Winter, while honoring the local landvaettir, as well as the Gods and Goddesses for a bountiful harvest, good weather, and good health. Although prayers to insure there were no blights be it by insects, disease, or the weather were especially merited.
Our best sources from the Northern Tradition are seen in Germanic traditions that survived late into the Christian era and persist today, many of them penned by folklorists such as Jacob Grimm. But May, as it does in many places that feel the cold bite of Winter holds a special affinity for the local people.
Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,
Als alle Knospen sprangen,
Da ist in meinem Herzen
die Liebe aufgegangen.
In the wondrous month of May,
When all buds were bursting into bloom,
Then it was that in my heart
love began to blossom.
Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,
Als alle Vögel sangen,
Da hab, ich ihr gestanden
mein Sehnen und Verlangen.
In the wondrous month of May,
When all birds were singing,
Then it was I confessed to her
my longing and desire.
Excerpt from “A Poet’s Love” by Heinrich Heine (1779-1856), translation by Richard Stokes, The Book of Lieder
These stanzas express all the romantic feelings Germans associate with the month of May.
But more than just this, as we see in the surviving traditions most especially in Germany, this was a time associated with witchcraft and the things that go bump in the night. While Americans tend to think of the time around Samhain or Halloween as the ‘spooky’ time, in Germany these associations are more prevalent with Walpurgisnacht rooted in the pagan Frƒhjahrsfest (Spring Festival). Folk tradition talks about such things as women flying around on broomsticks, witches throwing curses, mysterious blue flames, and the Wild Hunt pursuing the Goddess Walpurga through both snow and hail. (In other areas of the Northern Tradition, we see the Wild Hunt associated with Odin or Holda/Perchta during either Winter Nights, or Yule as there was regional variance).
“There is a mountain very high and bare, whereon it is given out that witches hold their dance on Walpurgis Night,” writes folklorist Jacob Grimm in his Teutonic Mythology about the Brocken, sometimes shown on old maps as the Blocksberg. “Our forefathers kept the beginning of May as a great festival, and it is still regarded as the trysting time of witches.” Chillingly, he notes that witches invariably resort to places where justice was formerly administered, or blood was spilled: “Almost all witch mountains were once hills of sacrifice.”
The mountains described are in Germany’s Harz Mountains, which straddle the former border between East and West Germany. The mountain range is known for moody river valleys dwarfed by towering cliffs, gloomy forests, and a multitude of craggy peaks, add in some fog and it’s the perfect setting for the classic horror yarn. Plus it has a unique meteorological phenomenon all its own: the Brockengespenst, which is an optical illusion that during the setting sun a person walking at certain spots will have their shadow cast in such a way that it becomes greatly magnified and it will appear on clouds or in the mist far, far removed from where the person actually is. This shadow in turn, can even sometimes be surrounded by an aura of rainbow like bands or rings, which science tells us is the result of the diffraction of sunlight by water droplets in the clouds.
It is no wonder that this mountain range has so long held symbolic ties to witchcraft and the other worldly, this is even where Goethe chose to set the Witches’ Sabbath scene in Faust. The mountain range is also the unfortunate site of a multitude of real world ‘witch’ burnings. In 1589, ecclesiastical authorities of Quedlinburg’s St. Servatius Abbey sentenced 133 “witches” to be burned at the stake covering everything from herbalism, folk healing, or anything that was deemed to “heathen”, failing crops and convulsions and seizures were deemed to be caused by witches.
Even after the end of the ‘Dark Ages’, during the so-called Age of Enlightenment “witches” were still being burned in large numbers, between 1623 and 1633, the prince-bishops of the Bavarian communities of Wƒrzburg and Bamburg, had executed at least 1500 “witches” alone. Even the bishop of Wƒrzburg’s own nephew could not escape the death sentence.
Science may have found the true culprit behind the “witches’ curses” that caused the failed crops, unexpected livestock illnesses and loss, as well as convulsions and seizures in humans: a fungi known as ergot. One of the staple crops, rye, is particularly vulnerable to this fungi when there’s been an abundance of both warm and damp weather. The fungi contains nerve toxins that can cause very vivid hallucinations, muscle spasms, pinpricking sensations, convulsions and even death in both humans and animals. The drug LSD is in fact derived from ergot.
Today, the shops in the mountain villages sell Harzhexen in droves (little felt witches on broomsticks) as Walpurgisnacht approaches, and witch hats or devil horns are also sold. In the village of Schierke there’s a kindergartener-led parade with the kids dressed up as witches and devils. When evening falls, the atmosphere has changed, as now there are shield maidens, kobolds, witches, devils, vampires and more. It becomes a giant village hosted faire with entertainment, fireworks, and a bonfire.
The bonfire was used here in these mountain villages as a way to protect house and home against evil spirits and witches. But we also know that bonfires in other areas of the Northern Tradition were used by some to burn away the garbage of the year: broken items, and old clothes, symbolic representations that by burning them in somewhat effigy one gained good health and protection from ill-intended sorcery. Others leapt the flames, or their broomsticks. I can see many of these customs boiling down to key concepts, such as a symbolic representation of chasing away the winter with summer heat, and by getting rid of the bad times and bad items to start renewed.
Farmers who had been lazy and hadn’t yet plowed their fields were ‘gifted’ with little dolls to “shame” them into work. These admonishments… were critical to community survival. Failure to contribute could, especially in a lean year, might mean starvation not only for the farmer but his neighbors.
So, in a day and age where many of us do not work the land, and certainly don’t farm for a living, sometimes there can be a bit of a disconnect with just how important these agricultural cycles are to the health and prosperity of a community. In the dead of winter, we can import strawberries in from South American countries. If we have a hankering for some meat we just go to the store. Most of us don’t have to balance out which animals should be slaughtered, which kept for breeding or labor later in the year.
In fact, not only is May Day about the transition of Winter to Spring, but it also denotes a key time of industriousness. We see this represented in conjunction with the more obvious fertility aspects of May Pole traditions.
From ancient times, through to the present day many communities will erect a May Pole that has iconography or guild crests at the top to represent the ‘industry’ in the town. This is a symbol of pride, but it also shows the ‘growth’ that can happen, and needs to happen to help their community both survive and thrive.
While there is usually a larger communal May Pole erected, there are also smaller May Poles erected sometimes that are more for personal use. In parts of Germany, especially in the Rhine, men (usually younger ones) may erect a May Pole outside of the home of a woman he fancies (a girlfriend, a fiancée, or the girl he won at the village’s auction). The bachelor’s club of the village has certain rules for the man and his ‘prize’ they must observe from the time of the auction (usually around Ostara/Mardis Gras until May Day). Whichever man paid the most of any of the auctions that were held, becomes the May King and his lady the de facto Queen. In some regions, these May Poles need to be guarded, or men from other villages may steal them. This custom of the ‘auction’ we know dates back to at least the 1500s, and therefore I think dates back still further still, and it would not surprise me that it is a surviving folk tradition from a pagan practice. In other areas of Germany, the May King is determined through the “scramble” as they see who can climb the May Pole first, and he can choose his Queen.
The May Pole is quite clearly understood as a phallic object, and many academics have made much about the fact that most polytheistic and pagan traditions have a combination of earth-mother and sky-father (or vice versa). So, the pole can be seen as the union that brings fertility between land and sky (sun and rain). In the Northern Tradition we have the God Thor & the Goddess Sif as a rather obvious example of this symbolic formula.
There are a plethora of regional folk traditions associated with this holy tide throughout the modern-day places where Northern Tradition polytheism once reigned supreme. Today in Sweden for instance, their practices are tied quite intimately to song. On the evening of April 30th, you will hear voices raised in musical tribute to the Walburga, all throughout every village in Sweden as they celebrate Valborgsmässoafton (Walpurgis Eve). Huge bonfires are lit at dusk, and choral groups sing songs that celebrate Winter’s ending and the much-heralded arrival of Spring. This choral tradition dates back several centuries of continuous observance by student singers at both Uppsala and Lund Universities. There’s no doubt in mind that this is yet another example of the wassailing / caroling traditions we see in other places that also had once worshiped Odin as well.
For graduating high school seniors in Sweden, those young adults wear special clothing: their white studentmossor (caps). Celebrations tend to go through the night long after the fires have died down, and since May first is a national holiday it enables the revelry to be unreserved without worries of missing an early class, or shift at work.
So how can we celebrate this today?
Instead of burning old clothes, donate them. We may not have so many broken items that we haven’t already gotten rid of like in olden days, but it can even be a time to try to put past mistakes and grief behind you. You may not plow the land or reap the crops… but even if you make your livelihood as an artist you can pray that you may grow in skill and in customers.
Hailing and honoring your local vaettir is always a good idea. Traditional gifts are bread and butter, milk and honey. But vaettir are known for local tastes. So, if you’re in Texas your local vaettir may just appreciate some cool fresh water, Shiner Bock, or Cerveza with lime in addition to other offerings.
Hailing the Gods and Goddesses is (of course) always welcome. Many will hail those associated with the land or the working thereof: Goddesses like Nerthus, Jörd, Gefjon, Sif. The Vanic deities of Freyr and Freya are also popular because of their strong associations with fertility. Others may hail Thor to ask that He brings storms to water the crops, but would He be so kind as to please keep His enthusiasm in check… well at least over the crops. Many will also choose to hail Weyland since His role as blacksmith is representative of all the other types of industry through which we use so that we can provide for ourselves, our family, and in turn strengthen our community. Some groups put far too much importance on Hailing a specific Deity, but to me the importance is not in any one Deity over another, but that you choose to a Hail a Deity based on the dictates of your own heart and conscience within the theme of the season or what is occurring in your own life at that time. Follow your heart, so long as the words come from a place of sincerity and respect all will be well. But if you’d like perhaps a suggestion…
A May Day Prayer
Here we are in a time of ripe beginnings once again.
We say away with you cold winter’s dread
As our arms spread wide to embrace the
Growing heat of summer fields.
Disir bless us and keep us
ever under your watchful care.
Protect us from harm,
and those that wish us ill.
Grant us protection from disease,
And an abundance of your wisdom.
We greet thee Gefjon,
The Giving Goddess,
Comfort of maidens,
She who sees our fates.
Land-taker we call you.
You are the farmer’s friend
at time to plow.
Your work feeds
and sustains us
All year round.
We ask for your many blessings.
May crops and livelihoods be free of blight
May our hard work be fruitful in the days ahead
So we may delight in the warmth and joy of kith and kin.
So we hail!
You can give offerings of flowers and food. Great offerings to give in the way of food are dishes incorporating some of the seasonal fare available in your local area. In Texas the month of May is known for blueberries, blackberries, peaches, pears, all sorts of peppers, cucumbers, honeydew melon and cantaloupe. Not sure what is seasonal? Epicurious has you covered with an interactive seasonal map for the United States. (For any readers elsewhere, sorry! You’ll have to hope your google-fu is mighty!)
In addition to food, libations are always welcomed. A traditional German May Day punch known as Waldermeister Bowle can be made up. Unfortunately the key ingredient, woodruff is a bit hard to come by in most places and while it can be ordered it requires sufficient advance planning.
An alternative would be my own personal Summerday’s Delight Punch Recipe.
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Many students both in high school and college complain about their poor grades. Often, these students blame themselves because they think they are too dumb and cannot understand anything. However, what most of these students do not know about is that their problem is not about being dumb, but rather, it is about not knowing the right study techniques. Poor study techniques are common constraints in learning. Students need to believe in themselves and work hard in developing study techniques that have been proven to work.
Many people wonder, why there is a need for students to put importance in using the proper study techniques. It is important for students to do so because how they study affects how they learn. It is important for students to not only follow these techniques but to do it at the proper place, too. The right place for studying is peaceful, clean and has adequate lighting. Nevertheless, there are those students who prefer to study while listening to music because it helps them concentrate. The study environment is also a great factor in a student’s study. Choosing the right study environment is actually the first step in developing study techniques if you want to learn how to get better grades now.
Here are a few tips in developing effective study techniques:
- Take down notes
This study technique requires students to own a notebook and a pen and perhaps a highlighter too. This study technique is for students to develop a good habit of note taking. Notes are important especially to college students. Unlike high school, there are some subjects in college that do not have textbooks or materials that can be read. In certain subjects, students can only rely on the lecture of their professor and research.
This does not mean that high school students no longer have to write down notes. They still have to especially if their books have other explanations than their teacher. Also, it is very helpful if they develop this habit as soon as high school. With this technique, students can save more study time because they no longer have to read their whole book. Their goal is to have an organized outline as much as possible so that they can avoid confusion. They need to make sure that they understand every single word they write.
- Study every day
Studying daily helps students remember their lessons longer and this prevents them from cramming before the tests. They do not really need to study for hours like they always do on tests. They only need to develop the habit of opening their notes and glancing over the keywords. As long as they know the definition of the keywords, it is going to be easy recalling the details of their lessons. A daily study can only take up 20 to 30 minutes of their time.
- They need to take a reak once in a while.
To avoid mental blocks in tests and oral quizzes, they need to make sure that they really absorb what they hear and read. In order for the brain to function well, students need to know their limits. If they can no longer take it, they need to pause for a few minutes break.
To pass school, students do not really need to be like Einstein. All they need to be is to be hard working students who spend time in developing study techniques that are proven effective.
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Anise is a Python-based execution engine for automation tasks.
Automation tasks exist in software development, and probably all kinds of other sectors. They typically require the execution of different smaller and larger tools. Complex tasks often need a sequence of many steps to execute, with some steps having dependencies to each other. Manually triggering all these steps in the graphical interfaces of all the involved tools is possible in theory, but will generate errors and frustration after some cycles.... More Info »
The automation interfaces of those tools are sometimes easier, but sometimes they are error-prone. Some tasks may also need to ask the user for some information in an interactive way. Some smaller parts might also be machine-specific (e.g. filesystem paths or the code how to access a password vault), while the entire task must be runnable on some different machines. In some situations, this can lead to a rather intransparent forest of different tools, with unique oddnesses and special conventions. As the number of different project increases, you will see more and more different tools, often doing a similar job, but for different platforms or frameworks and, of course, with different usage conventions. Spontaneously written glue scripts help in the beginning, but will explode as the complexity exceeds some threshold.
Typical tasks in software development could be:
Creating a homepage
Handling version information
e.g. print it in the manual
The anise framework allows you to implement all those tasks in a structured but generic way in a combination of XML and Python code.
The anise engine executes arbitrary Python code and provides some additional services like logging, parameter passing from command line, basic graphical user interface support, a plugin interface, a flexible event system, injecting code and data from other place, dependencies between code fragments, and more.
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Worksheet #612792 : Sight Words for Kindergarten Worksheets (+43 Similar Worksheets)
Kindergarten Sight Word Worksheets
File #: 612792
File Type: image/jpeg File Size: 57 KB Dimension: 612x792 pixels
Updated: June 6th, 2017
This is the math worksheet #612792: Sight Words for Kindergarten Worksheets – Kindergarten Sight Word Worksheets, part of the 43 worksheets update published on June 6th, 2017. These math worksheets can be downloaded and used as reference to better suit your worksheet requirements.
Click to download this worksheet directly, below.
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Hawai'i State Judiciary
|Hawai'i State Judiciary|
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Hawaiʻi State Judiciary is the official name of the judicial system of Hawaiʻi in the United States. Based in Honolulu, the Hawaiʻi State Judiciary is a unified state court system that functions under the Chief Justice of the Hawaiʻi State Supreme Court who is its administrator-in-chief.
The Hawaiʻi State Judiciary has four levels; two at the trial level and two at the appellate level. The trial level courts are the district court, for lesser offenses and minor civil cases, and circuit court, for more serious offenses and major civil cases. There are two appellate courts, the Intermediate Court of Appeals, the lower appellate court, and the Supreme Court, for appeals from the decision of the Intermediate Court via certiorari, and for certain cases, such as election cases, over which it exercises original jurisdiction.
The specific roles and names of the courts are as follows:
- The Hawaii State Supreme Court is the state supreme court. It is the high court of the state and makes binding decisions over appeals from the lower courts upon transfer from the Intermediate Court of Appeals and cases eligible to be heard directly by the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court. It is also responsible for court rules, licensing and disciplining attorneys.
- The Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals is the state's intermediate appellate court. It reviews appeals from state trial court or administrative agency decisions. Its decisions, under certain circumstances, are subject to the Hawai`i Supreme Court's review.
- The primary civil and criminal court in Hawaii is the body known as the Hawaii State Circuit Courts. They rule all jury trial cases and have exclusive jurisdiction over probate, guardianship and criminal felony cases as well as civil cases where the amount in controversy exceeds USD 25,000.
- The Hawaii State Family Courts deal with family law. They have exclusive jurisdiction over cases with minors involving delinquency, status offenses, abuse and neglect, termination of parental rights, adoption guardianships and detention among others. The Family Courts also oversee cases of domestic relations, include divorce, child support, and custody cases.
- The Hawaii State District Courts have exclusive jurisdiction over traffic infractions, landlord-tenant disputes, civil bench trials cases where the amount in controversy is under USD 10,000, civil cases where claim does not exceed USD 25,000, criminal offenses punishable by fine or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, county-ordinance cases and petitions for restraining orders. The Hawaii State Small Claims Court is a division of district court dealing with small claims.
- The Hawaii Land Court has exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving land titles and is a part of circuit court.
- The Hawaii State Tax Appeal Court has jurisdiction over cases involving property, excise, liquor, tobacco, income and insurance taxes, and is a part of circuit court.
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BC: It's the little things that make life beautiful.
FC: If you practice this even a little every day you can succeed! | Internal Text Structures | by: Ginger Smith
1: Sugar and Spice and Everything Nice...thats what Internal text Structure is made of! | Chronological Orer | To show how to do something or make something,in the order that it happens. ex.(how to do a ponytail)First you gather and brush your hair. Next you..... | Signal words after,afterward, before, during, finally, first, following, later, meanwhile, next soon, then.
2: Compare/Contrast | To present how to topics are the same and/or different. | Ex. Sydney likes cupcakes however Ginger likes donuts | signal words :on the other hand, but, either...or, as well as, compared with, however, although, instead of, as opposed to, similar to, same as, different from
3: Problem & Solution | A problem is is described and a response ore solution is proposed or explained. Signal Words: the problem is, the solution is, solved by,problem, solution. | Ex. I had TONS of homework, but I got it done earlier than I thought.
4: Generalization or Principle | Statement about a whole group. It could be to broad and not based on a fact. often the word "all"will make generalization untrue. Ex. Everybody loves to eat cupcakes. | Signal words:additionally, always, because of, clearly, furthermore.
5: Cause&Effect | To show why something exists or is in place, to tell what happens as the result of an action or actions, to show how one or more causes to one or more effect. Ex I lost my homework and got and NHI. Signal Words: as a result of, because of, effect of, for this reason, if...then, is caused by.
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In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media. For example, the "Achromatic" use of a white background with black text is an example of a basic and commonly default color scheme in web design.
Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling when used together will commonly accompany each other in color schemes. A basic color scheme will use two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes involve several related colors in "Analogous" combination, for example, text with such colors as red, yellow, and orange arranged together on a black background in a magazine article. The addition of light blue creates an "Accented Analogous" color scheme.
Color schemes can contain different "Monochromatic" shades of a single color; for example, a color scheme that mixes different shades of green, ranging from very light (white), to very neutral (gray), to very dark (black).
Use of the phrase color scheme may also and commonly does refer to choice and use of colors used outside typical aesthetic media and context, although may still be used for purely aesthetic effect as well as for purely practical reasons. This most typically refers to color patterns and designs as seen on vehicles, particularly those used in the military when concerning color patterns and designs used for identification of friend or foe, identification of specific military units, or as camouflage.
- 1 List of color schemes
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 External links
List of color schemes
Monochromatic colors are all the colors (tints, tones, and shades) of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue, and extended using its shades, tones and tints (that is, a hue modified by the addition of black, gray (black + white) and white. As a result, the energy is more subtle and peaceful due to a lack of contrast of hue.
For the mixing of colored light, Newton's color wheel is often used to describe complementary colors, which are colors which cancel each other's hue to produce an achromatic (white, gray or black) light mixture. Newton offered as a conjecture that colors exactly opposite one another on the hue circle cancel out each other's hue; this concept was demonstrated more thoroughly in the 19th century.
A key assumption in Newton's hue circle was that the "fiery" or maximum saturated hues are located on the outer circumference of the circle, while achromatic white is at the center. Then the saturation of the mixture of two spectral hues was predicted by the straight line between them; the mixture of three colors was predicted by the "center of gravity" or centroid of three triangle points, and so on.
The split-complementary (also called Compound Harmony) color scheme is a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to the base color, it uses the two "Analogous" colors adjacent to its complement. Split-complementary color scheme has the same strong visual contrast as the complementary color scheme, but has less pressure.
Any color that lacks strong chromatic content is said to be'unsaturated, achromatic, or near neutral'. Pure achromatic colors include black, white and all grays; near neutrals include browns, tans, pastels and darker colors. Near neutrals can be of any hue or lightness.
Neutrals are obtained by mixing pure colors with white, black or gray, or by mixing two complementary colors. In color theory, neutral colors are colors easily modified by adjacent more saturated colors and they appear to take on the hue complementary to the saturated color. Next to a bright red couch, a gray wall will appear distinctly greenish.
Black and white have long been known to combine well with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.
Analogous colors (also called Dominance Harmony) color scheme are groups of colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and two on either side complementing, which tend to be tertiary.
The term analogous refers to the having analogy, or corresponding to something in particular. An analogous color scheme creates a rich, monochromatic look. It’s best used with either warm or cool colors, creating a look that has a certain temperature as well as proper color harmony. While this is true, the scheme also lacks contrast and is less vibrant than complementary schemes.
Red, yellow and orange are examples of analogous colors
An accented analogous complementary scheme utilizes related hues lying adjacent on the color wheel with a hue directly opposite to these. This direct complement becomes the accent color, used to create a dominant color grouping of three similar colors accented with the direct complement (or the near complement) of one of them. The complementary accent color creates an interesting contrast against the dominant color grouping. This scheme is frequently used to put a warm accent color with a cool analogous color pallet, or a cool accent color with a warm pallet.
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)|
The triadic color scheme uses three colors equally spaced around the color wheel. The easiest way to place them on the wheel is by using a triangle of equal sides. Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant, even when using pale or unsaturated versions of hues, offers a higher degree of contrast while at the same time retains the color harmony. This scheme is very popular among artists because it offers strong visual contrast while retaining balance, and color richness. The triadic scheme is not as contrasting as the complementary scheme, but it is easier to accomplish balance and harmony with these colors.
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)|
The tetradic (double complementary) colors scheme is the richest of all the schemes because it uses four colors arranged into two complementary color pairs. This scheme is hard to harmonize and requires a color to be dominant or subdue the colors.; if all four colors are used in equal amounts, the scheme may look unbalanced.
The rectangle color scheme uses four colors arranged into two complementary pairs and offers plenty of possibilities for variation. Rectangle color schemes work best when one color is dominant.
The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colors spaced evenly around the color circle. Square color schemes works best when all colors are evenly balanced.
The term polychromatic means having several colors.
It is used to describe light that exhibits more than one color, which also means that it contains radiation of more than one wavelength. The study of polychromatics is particularly useful in the production of diffraction gratings.
- Light-on-dark color scheme
- Dark-on-light color scheme
- Color tool
- Monochromatic color
- Complementary color
- Analogous colors
- Achromatic colors
- palette (computing)
- Gordon V. Smith and Russell L. Parr (2005). Intellectual Property: Valuation, Exploitation, and Infringement Damages. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-72433-5.
- Stephen Quiller (2002). Color Choices. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-0697-2.
- Jackie Shaw (1994). The Big Book of Decorative Painting: How to paint if you don't know how – and how to improve if you do. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-0265-9.
- Edith Anderson Feisner (2006). Colour: How to Use Colour in Art and Design. Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 1-85669-441-0.
- "Theory of Color". https://zedbi.com/. Retrieved 23 October 2014. External link in
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Brian W Evans
(image is missing)
Here are two drawings that show the pinout, or the physical location of each pin, of the Arduino microcontroller and the most basic running circuit diagram. There are some tradeoffs by using this method, like having to program the chip in the Arduino before unplugging it and plugging it into the board but for minimal design this is a good option. (Although Paul Badger's Real Bare Bones Board is pretty small too and might save some work.)
The most complicated part of the process is wiring up the crystal or resonator. There are 2 possible choices here, both work pretty much the same but I find the crystal easier to hook up on a solderless breadboard or similar perfboard.
The rest of the hookup is pretty straightforward, just make sure the right pins are properly wired to either +5v or Ground.
There are a couple of components to make this work.
Crystal or Resonator:
If this is being soldered to a perfboard you need a socket for the chip:
You will not need a socket if this is only going into a solderless breadboard.
To power it up, you need a clean stable source of 5 volts DC. This means that you either pick up a switching 5V DC power supply from your favorite retailer, mail order one from Jameco or you will have to wire up a voltage regulator. Page 254 of Tom Igoe's Physical Computing has a nice layout of a 7805 voltage regulator with a couple decoupling capacitors.
For the voltage regulator you will need these parts:
Finally you will need something to stick all these parts into. Feel free to use anything you want: plastic, wood, a herring... The easiest method is to just use a spare breadboard, but the second easiest method is to permantly solder everything together using a copper clad perf board available at Radio Shack. These have holes drilled in a phenolic substrate with little copper rings, or pads, on one side.
Ok, that is basically it. I will update this as time permits with additional drawings and photos.
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What is Cyber bullying?
Cyber bullying refers to the process in which a bully carries the taunts and the abuses outside of the school premises or the workplace and shares it in a person's personal space through different online social sites such as Facebook. Most of the times, these abuses tend to be harsh comments or aggressive posts to humiliate someone in public. Moreover, it turns out to be a nightmare if this is taking place on the internet by some strangers. The unfortunate fact is that no child in this world is immune to bullying. Children and teenagers are the most to be affected by such behavior. Hence, the parents must take adequate actions to stop bullying.
The Steps to take to Deter Cyber bullying
The very first step you can take is to recognize the preliminary symptoms of cyber bullying. These may involve any prominent changes in your child's behavior. They may show sudden changes in his/her behavior and he/she may show signs of extreme anxiousness, anger, depression or moodiness. He or she may get addicted to smoking or drinking habits, sudden degradation in their academic performance. These are some of the signs which every parent needs to recognize in his/her child's behavior. The parents will notice the change in behaviors if they are paying attention the behaviors of their children.
In today's busy life where the family members do not have enough time for each other, the children are most affected as they get the least chances to share something with their parents. Reports have found that the parents are the last to know about their child being bullied. Hence, it is very important the parents take out time from their busy schedule to talk to their child daily. The parents can include discussions regarding their friends in school, on social networks, they can ask their kids about what they do in school, who they hang out with, who are their enemies and all. If you talk to your kids in a friendly manner regularly, your child will feel free to reveal if he/she is being harassed or bullied. If you only approach them when you notice changes in behaviors, they will start to think you are only fishing for information. Their thoughts might be, “well she only has time to talk with me when I am doing something wrong.” You might only concerned about your child, but they think you are only trying to get onto them for their behaviors.
Never ever encourage anyone to use the internet in order to bully someone. Firstly, you should warn your child that he/she should not share the passwords to the email accounts or any social networks. Even if they are on the social networks, they should not befriend any stranger. They must be friends with only persons they know in real life. You should make sure that your child gets enough encouragement to share such matters with you. In any case if your child receives any cyber bullies, then make an effort to take them to the school administrator or to the bullies’ parents. You should not confront the bully on the internet except to say “please stop.” You take the risk of being accused of cyber bullying if you start to get harsh with the bully.
You should never leave your child on his/her own to handle the cyber bullying. Never permit your child to give replies to the online bullies. Moreover, you can report the bully to the particular ISP i.e. internet service provider. You can also report it to the website administrator who if needed may delete the cyberbullys' account. You child might already feel isolated and if you continue not to support them, this will further this feeling. I do believe you should allow them to deal with the bullies on their own at first, unless this is not working or is causing more harm than good. Letting them take care of the situation themselves will give them confidence to take care of situations when they arise in the future. You do not want to be one of those parents that fly in and rescue their child every time there is some little hint of danger. This does not teach the child to take care of their problems. Furthermore, it may make the bullying worse.
Most of the schools have the habit of conducting anti-bullying programs. If your child's school does not have such program, you should insist that such programs be implemented. Such anti-bullying programs conducted in schools enable the students to get knowledge on what actually happens in real world and how to handle such situations.
It is also a good idea to talk to your local and state official and get them to provide and support community activities that will come out against bullying of all kinds. The more people and organizations you can get involved in the education against bullying, the better.
In every family, children, especially the teenagers insist on having privacy in all matters. Although it is not always possible to keep an eye on the kids' computer activities all the time, it is always preferable to the computer in the common areas of home.
If you find out your child is cyber bullying someone else, you should take shift action to put a stop to this activity. It might require taking computer privileges away. They may get very upset with you, but this is a better alternative than sitting in a juvenile or adult detention center for their actions.
Cyber bullying has become a growing problem among children and teens. Now-a-days this is not just restricted to online sources. This has been found even on cell phones or mobile phones. It is very easy to send abusive messages to people on their cell phones. Hence, it is very important that the parents keep an eye on their children and their activities without letting their kids know of it.Credit: bistictblog.com
The most essential thing is to teach your kids about the adverse effects of cyber bullying and teach them to respect each other. It is very essential to teach them that the bully victim may face negative effects due to harassments or embarrassments in public. It is always important on the part of the parents to teach their kids good manners and right ethics.
Amazon Price: $27.95 $15.00 Buy Now
(price as of Jun 9, 2015)
Amazon Price: $44.00 $31.05 Buy Now
(price as of Jun 9, 2015)
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Hydrogen based fuel cell technology seems to be a hot topic at the moment, especially in the automotive market, what are your thoughts on this?
It’s true that the automotive industry sees great potential in fuel cells. No doubt this is the result of growing consumer concern for the environmental effect of car emissions.
In general, transport is responsible for 12% of carbon dioxide emissions in Europe and more than 20% in the USA. As a result, governments are keen to reduce these figures, putting pressure on manufacturers to invest in fossil fuel alternative technologies. Hydrogen-based fuel cells have become one way to achieve this.
The automotive industry has certainly raised the awareness of fuel cells again, which is great, but this is not a new technology.
Fuel cells have been used in other markets, very successfully for many years now. For instance, NASA pioneered the use of Alkaline-fuel cells in its Apollo program in the 1960’s. It used fuel cells to provide critical light and heat, as well as the electricity to power other onboard equipment on each space shuttle. It chose fuel cells to achieve this as it needed extreme reliability – batteries were simply too heavy and they also couldn’t provide the necessary extended life.
Consequently, this proven space technology enhanced and validated the quality and resilience of fuel cells, for which would later be used for many other commercial applications.
If it’s not a new technology, what’s prohibited the wider adoption of fuel cells in other markets?
In the early days of fuel cell development, the promise of the technology was huge and many businesses were attracted to its many benefits. However, as scientists tried to commercialize the technology, issues with scalability and manufacturability became apparent.
As a result, early adopters didn’t receive the promised benefits and this tarnished the reputation of fuel cells as a viable alternative power. But as with most technology introductions, this same technology has since been redesigned, refined and the early issues resolved – now enabling fuel cells to compete with more conventional technologies such as diesel generators.
Fuel cell manufacturers such as ourselves are now enjoying significant success with this technology in several markets. But from a reputation perspective, we are all rebuilding market confidence in the technology, utilizing important proof points and customer endorsements to validate its success.
So, what have fuel cell manufacturers overcome to enable it to be a saleable, commercial technology?
Over the years, many companies have spent significant amounts of time and money in trying to solve the two main barriers to fuel cell use, CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) and OPEX (Operating Expenditure).
I can’t talk for others, but in our case, we worked very hard for six years to meet this challenge. We have succeeded in developing a number of patented solutions that have enabled us to reduce our CAPEX and OPEX costs, including the use of a non-platinum catalyst, as well as mechanisms for using plain air as an oxidizer and lower-cost industrial-grade hydrogen as a fuel.
One of the key factors regarding the OPEX of fuel cells is related to the cost of hydrogen. While the production costs of hydrogen have been historically lower than gasoline or methane, the current cost of distribution makes it more expensive than gasoline or methane for commercial usage. Fortunately, the increased emphasis on sustainable energy and growing demand for hydrogen has led to the deployment of new hydrogen distribution systems in Japan, California and other US states that should eventually help resolve this issue.
In addition, there are also new methods of hydrogen production that use wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric power to split water. The potential of the newer eco-friendly methods coupled with the new distribution channels, will help make hydrogen increasingly economical as new economies of scale are reached.
Ok, so which markets and applications are most impacted by fuel cell technology?
The possibilities for fuel cell applications are almost endless – just about anywhere you use energy – but there are already a few key markets where the technology is gaining significant adoption and maturity. These include the transport and automotive industries, industrial power generation and backup power for critical systems at utilities, telecoms and many more.
Indeed, the challenges of aging electrical grids in many parts of our very connected world, makes a steady supply of electricity imperative. For many industries, the cost of business failure outweighs the cost of a business continuity solution. This is especially true at telecom providers where the business model is pay-per-use (talk). For them, network downtime causes a complete cessation of revenue and is extremely expensive. For electricity providers and other utility companies, grid downtime is extremely expensive too – and not just to utilities. In 2015, grid failures cost an estimated USD 110 billion to the US economy.
So, are all fuel cell technologies applicable for these markets or are there specialist applications for each?
There are a wide range of fuel cells available on the market, and these are adapted to specific applications.
Each fuel cell has its distinct advantages. For instance, the technology most used in the auto/transport industry is PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) – a low-temperature fuel cell operating between 80-100 degrees Celsius. Thanks to their small size and light weight, PEM fuel cells are currently the first-choice energy source for a range of materials handling and plant hire applications such as forklifts trucks, portable lighting rigs and more.
Others, like molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, operate at 650 and 1000 degrees respectively and are used mainly for constant power in large utility applications.
GenCell uses alkaline fuel cell (AFC) technology, another low-temperature type of fuel cell. Alkaline fuel cells are extremely reliable and highly efficient, in fact the most energy efficient of all fuel cell technologies. In addition, they are highly resilient to extreme temperatures, humidity and air salinity.
This makes them an ideal fuel cell technology for providing green backup energy in the event of a power failure. However, in the future, the technology has even greater potential for additional usages beyond back-up applications.
In what way? In what scenario might fuel cells be used outside of a back-up application?
In short, continuous power.
When the grid isn’t available, options for providing continuous power is currently limited to diesel generators and batteries. Historically, fuel cells have mainly been used for back-up applications, as there hasn’t been a solution available to match the reliability and running costs of these alternative power sources. But, fuel cell technology is catching up.
And should it be possible to provide this in the future, there is a clear appetite for fuel cell technology use for continuous power. Why? To realize the same benefits as provided in back-up applications: fuel cells emit no greenhouse gases, they require very little maintenance and don’t require regular recharging, they are near silent, vibration and odor free, can be operated in extreme temperatures and have water and heat as their only by-product.
Not only does this technology represent an opportunity to hugely reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, but it could also be used to achieve an enormous amount of social good too.
In what way could fuel cells for continuous power support social benefits?
For example, imagine a situation where fuel cells are sent out with first responder units to natural disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis. They could instantly provide lifesaving power for the emergency services, critical power for local or pop-up medical facilities, schools or even light and heat for refugee camps.
What’s more, this same highly reliable, low maintenance based fuel cell technology could be installed in any off grid remote location around the world. For some, it would provide life changing electricity to communities for the first time, or for others, simply make continuous power more reliable, accessible and easier to maintain.
It also has the potential to significantly boost communications in these regions too. In remote areas with extreme weather, such as in Brazil with its high humidity or Canada with its extreme cold, telecom providers often struggle to provide communities with a reliable and continuous telecom network. In the future, fuel cells could bridge this gap and revolutionize telecom tower reliability.
In short, we see alkaline fuel cells as becoming a mainstream fuel cell technology.
So, how far away is this ‘mainstream’ fuel cell technology?
It’s difficult to say, but I estimate that we’re likely to see this kind of technology enter the market within the next 12-24 months – initially offering all the benefits of fuel cells and later delivering economies of scale that will give it a price point to replace diesel generators for mainstream energy.
However, we should not let this detract from what’s available today, as there are substantial opportunities to be enjoyed from the maturing fuel cell markets.
To that point, what are the barriers to success in fuel cell adoption in the short term?
To our minds, simple education. There’s a lot of misinformation out there surrounding modern fuel cell technology, and when talking to prospects, our first job is often to correct what they think they know.
We do that by explaining what we and others have done to overcome previous technology limitations to make modern fuel cells one of the cleanest, most reliable, robust, and highly efficient power sources available.
We then show them how it’s being adopted by many international market leading businesses, who all go through their own comprehensive due diligence processes to approve the use of fuel cells within their businesses.
Our second job is to talk to them about hydrogen in general, as many businesses are not familiar with it. We explain that it’s the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, considered the most environmentally friendly fuel and is as safe or even safer than gasoline or natural gas (methane). In addition, we also educate them about sourcing hydrogen and compare its costs to other energy alternatives such as solar, wind, batteries and diesel.
No doubt this is common to all low temperature fuel cell manufacturers out there. The good news is, that the fuel cell business case is so compelling that after a little time invested to understand it, especially in leading businesses where the costs of downtime run into the millions, the cost of a fuel cell to minimize their impact becomes a very obvious and sensible decision.
Rami Reshef, CEO, GenCell
GenCell manufactures, sells and services fuel-cell-based power solutions that provide a reliable, scalable source of 5kW electricity. Fueled by hydrogen, the clean energy of the future, the GenCell G5 long-duration UPS (uninterruptible power supply) provides backup power for telecom, homeland security, healthcare and niche industrial markets. The GenCell G5rx utility backup power solution operates as a direct source of backup power or to supplement legacy backup battery systems that provide only 6-8 hours of power and includes a shelter that is resistant to EMPs and high voltage. Headquartered in Israel, GenCell has a regional presence and a distribution and support network in North America, Latin America and Europe.
Worldwide PR for GenCell
Tel: +44 1737 215200
Adam Lahav, Director of Marketing
Tel: +972 3 726 1616
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Summary of W. Tarpley’s Table: “The 46 Drills, War Games and Activities of 9/11” (http://tarpley.net/docs/drills_of_911.pdf)
Compiled by Dr. Eric T. Karlstrom, Emeritus Professor of Geography, CSUS, June 8, 2016
The following information validates the hypothesis that Operation 9/11 was primarily an “inside job” (See my 2002 article: “Reflections on the Origins of 9/11,” this website). Indeed, the drills prove that much, if not most, of American military/intelligence played some role in carrying out this “false-flag, state-sponsored, synthetic terrorist attack.” Startling revelations from the following information include: 1) the U.S. military secretly threatened to unleash its nuclear weapons against Russia and Chine in order to intimidate these nations so they would not retaliate for invading Afghanistan and Pakistan, and 2) Since some of the drills on September 11th involved actual implementation of continuity of government (COG) protocols and procedures (the first and only time in history), it is reasonable to speculate that 9/11 itself functioned as a drill for ushering in COG and military dictatorship in response to an even larger, future (contrived) “false-flag, state-sponsored, synthetic terrorist attack” against the U.S.
Agencies Involved in the 9/11 Coup of 2001:
1) NORAD = North American Aerospace Defense Command- (Wikipedia: combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense for North America)
2) NEADS = Northeastern Air Defense Sector
3) SEADS= Southeastern Air Defense Sector
4) STRATCOM = U.S. Strategic Command (Wikipedia: United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is charged with space operations (such as military satellites), information operations (such as information warfare), missile defense, global command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), global strike and strategic deterrence (the United States nuclear arsenal), and combating weapons of mass destruction.)
5) AWACS = Air Warning and Control System
Pentagon MASCAL- Pentagon “mass casualty project” (contingency exercise held by Secretary of Defense between Oct. 24 and 26, 2000. The exercise required emergency response teams, members of the defense protective services, and U.S. government officials to conduct emergency simulations in preparation for a possible plane crash into the Pentagon.)
6) NRO: National Reconnaissance Office
7) Air Combat Command
8) US Space Command
9) U.S. SOCOM: U.S. Special Operations Command
10) U.S. CENTCOM: U.S. Central Command
11) USJFCOM: U.S. Joint Forces Command
12) FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
13) DIA: Defense Intelligence Agency
16) NY OEM: Office of Emergency Management
17) NY Police and Fire Departments
18) FAA: Federal Aviation Administration
19) Coast Guard
23) P2OG: Proactive Pre-emptive Operations Group
24) U.S. Dept. of Transportation
25) US Air Force Bases: Andrews AFB, Nellis AFB, Nevada; Offutt AFB, Nebraska; Barksdale AFB, Louisiana; Minot AFB, North Dakota; Whiteman AFB, Missouri, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH; Keflavik AFB, Iceland, Dobbins AFB, Georgia;
26) New York City
27) Forts: Fort Belvoir, Fort Monmouth, NJ,
28) Miami Dade County Police Dept.
29) Westmorland Co., Pennsylvania (Shanksville)
30) Cheyenne Mountain, CO (NORAD)
31) Fiduciary Trust Co. of WTC, 97th floor South Tower
Plus about 52 more unnamed agencies
A. WTC attack (12 drills):
1) NORAD (1991-2001)
2) White House (Richard Clarke) 1998
3) NORAD (1999-2001)- hijacked aircraft hit many targets including WTC, MACAL
4) NORAD (NEADS)Oct. 16, 2000, Federal express plane crashed by terrorist into UN HQ NYC
5) NORAD (NEEDS) terrorist crashes fed ex plane into UN HQ NYC
7) FAA drill (Dec. 2000) a chartered flight out of Ohio turns its transponders off
*8) Red Ex (Recognition, Evaluation, and Decision Making Exercise) NYC OEM; FDNY; NYPF; FEMA; FBI, May 11, 2001, Plane crashed and building collapses in NYC (WTC attack, demolition)
9) NORAD, NEADS, US-Canada,9/11, live-fly hijacking and air defense; hijack multiplication, diversion, and confusion
10) NORAD/JCS Vigilant Warrior, through 9/11, reported by Richard Clarke
11) National Reconnaissance Office drill, Chantilly, VA, 9/11, Simulated plane crash into high-rise government building; satellite imaging (WTC attack)
12) Amalgam Virgo 02, Scheduled for June 2002, Air defense, interception, surveillance and pursuit drill; Delta 757 with real Delta pilots, actors as passengers, FBI as hijackers- deviated from Salt Lake City to Hawaii; Canadian police to hijack DC-9 near Vancouver
B. Divert Fighter planes out of Washington, Boston, New York (NEADS) air space (6 drills)
1) Operation Southern Watch, through 9/11, Diverts 174th Fighter Wing, New York Air National Guard, to Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, to impose no-fly zone over southern Iraq
2) Operation Northern Watch, through 9/11, Diverts 6 jet fighters from Langley AFB sent to Incirlik AFB, Turkey to impose no-fly zone over northern Iraq
3) Operation Northern Vigilance, through 9/11, diverts fighters and 350 personnel to Alaska and northern Canada to counter a Russian bomber drill
4) Operation Northern Guardian, Kevlavik AFB, Iceland, through 9/11, Divers fighters from Langley Air Force Base (VA) deplayed to Keflavik AFB, Icleand to counter a Russian bomber drill
5) Red Flag, Nellis AFB, Nevada, 100 pilots: 9/11, Diverts most F-15s of 71st Figher Squadron, Langley AFB, VA, DC ANG’s 121st Fighter Squadron of Andres Air Force Base also depleted.
6) Andrews AFB local drill, 9/11, Diverts 3 F-16s to North Carolina
C. Pentagon attack (6 drills):
1) Pentagon MASCAL Oct. 24-27, 2000 commercial aircraft hits Pentagon, MASCAL
2) NORAD (1999-2001)- hijacked aircraft hit many targets including WTC, MACAL
3) Amalgam Virgo ’01; US-Canada, multi-agency drill, NORAD, SEADS, Coast Guard, Army, Navy, June 1-2, 2001, UAV drone launched from rogue freighter in Gulf of Mexico or cruise missile from barge in Atlantic Ocean; Joint-based Expeditionary Connectivity Center (JBECC) mobile radar command center tested. (Pentagon attack)
4) Ft. Belvoir, Davison Army Airfield helicopter base MASCAL: June 29, 2001. Scenario: based on plane hitting Pentagon (indoctrination of first responders).
5) Positive Force 01: USJFCOM; US CENTCOM; USCOCOM; 40 agencies, April 17-26, 2001; Continuity of government, attacks on transportation; one scenario: terrorist goup hijacking commercial airliner and flying it into Pentagon (Pentagon attack)
6) NORAD (1999-2001)- hijacked aircraft hit many targets including WTC, MASCAL
D. Plane hijacking and simulated telephone calls (6 drills):
1) FAA drill; VBU Miami field office, Miami-Dade County Police Dept., June 16, Toxic chemical agent and the simulated release of radiation and radiological contamination (indoctrination of first responders)
2) U.S. Dept. of transportation, August 31, 2001, U.S. Dept of Transportation Crisis Management Center drilled hijacks; simulated telephone calls.
3) Vigilant Guardian: NORAD, NEADS, Sept. 6, Seoul to Anchorage flight hijacked by “Lin Po” to Seattle
4) Vigilant Guardian: NORAD, NEADS, Sept. 9, UK to NYC flight hijacked, blown up
5) Vigilant Guardian: NORAD, SEADS, NEADS, Sept. 10, 2001, Ilyushin IL-62 from Cuba hijacked by asylum seekers, lands at Dobbins Air Force Base in Georgia
6. FAA Drill: FBI Miami field office, Miami-Dade County Police Department, Summer 2001; Varig airlines Boeing 767 hijacked over Florida
E. Controlling patsies (4 drills)
1. Able Danger: DIA, US-SOCOM, LIWA, Dec. 1999-2001, Manipulate Al Qaeda; data mining (patsy control)
2. Stratus Ivy, DIA, 1999-2001(?), Operate on patsies “out of the box” (patsy control)
3. Door Hop Galley: DIA (?), Dec. 1999-2001, Still Secret (patsy control?)
4. Proactive Pre-emptive Operations Group (P2OG); unknown, “Stimulating reactions” of terrorists (patsy control)
E. Intimidation of Russia and China with the nuclear option (3 drills)
1) Global Guardian, STRATCOM: Offutt AFB, Nebraska, Barksdale AFB, Louisiana; Minot AFB, North Dakota; Whiteman AFB, Missouri, 9/11, Nuclear warfighting; Armageddon. (deterrence of Russia and China during invasion of Afghanistan and Pakistan)
2) Amalgam Warrior, 9/11, Large live-fly air defense and air intercept, tracking, and surveillance drill; air defense against foreign retaliation.
3) Global Guardian Computer Networking Attack, 9/11, Enemy forces “war dialed” STRATCOM’s telephone and fax systems; “bad insider” has access to key C-3 system (missile launch option)
F. Continuity of Government: Install new leaders (dictators) of successful coup (3 drills)
1) STRATCOM Strategic Advisory Committee, Offutt AFB, Nebraska, Andres AFB, MD, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, 9/11, Three E-4B National Airborne Operations Center planes (Doomsday or Looking Glass) airborne; passengers include Brent Scowcroft; Warren Buffet at Offutt, (Committee of Public Safety option).
2) Positive Force 01: USJFCOM; US CENTCOM; USCOCOM; 40 agencies, April 17-26, 2001; Continuity of government, attacks on transportation; one scenario: terrorist group hijacking commercial airliner and flying it into Pentagon (Pentagon attack)
Move FBI/CIA Anti-Terrorist Task Force to California (1 drill)
3) Positive Force 01: NORAD plus a dozen agencies, worldwide, April 17-26, 2001, Continuity of government; attacks on transportation; one scenario: terrorist group hijacking commercial airliner and flying it into Pentagon (Pentagon attack).
G. Invasion of Afghanistan and Pakistan (1) drill
1. Unified Vision ’01: NORAD plus a dozen agencies worldwide, April 17-26, Invasion of Afghanistan and Pakistan (prepared Operation Enduring Freedom, October 2001)
H. FBI/CIA Anti-terrorist Task Force moved to California (1 drill)
1) FBI training exercise in Monterey, CA- for FBI/CIA Anti-terrorist task force, through 9/11, Diverts top FBI, CIA anti-Terrorist and special operations agents and heavy equipment away from Boston, NYC, Washington, DCl
I. Test Readiness of NORAD at Cheyenne Mountain (1 drill)
1) Vigilant Guardian: NORAD annual readiness drill at Cheyenne Mt. 9/11,
Able Danger, Full “battle staff” levels to test entire organizations
J. Indoctrination of First Responders (2 drills)
1) Timely Alert II, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, 9/11, Indoctrination of WTC first responders
2) Mall Strike 2001, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (near Shanksville); 600 local first responders and emergency managers, June 16, 2001, Toxic chemical agent and simulation of release of radiation and radiological contamination (indoctrination of first responders)
K. Assemble and silence unreliable outside contractors at WTC (1 drill)
1) World Trade Center Emergency Drill, Fiduciary Trust Co., 97th floor of South Tower, 9/11, Meeting called to assemble and silence unreliable outside contractors
L. Aerial surveillance of President during coup
1) AWACS (Air Warning and Control System) drill, ordered by NORAD commander Larry Arnold, 9/11, Two AWACS aircraft from Tinker AFB, Oklahoma sent over Washington, DC and Florida, surveillance of capital and president during coup
M. Response to biochemical attack (2 drills)
1) Tripod II, New York City, 9/11, Response to biochemical attack; run from backup command center at Pier 92, Hudson River, assembled and indoctrinated Pentagon first responders.
2) Mall Strike 2001, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (near Shanksville); 600 local first responders and emergency managers, June 16, 2001, Toxic chemical agent and simulation of release of radiation and radiological contamination (indoctrination of first responders).
N. NO details known. (2 drills)
1) Crown Vigilance, Air Combat Command, 9/11, no details known
2) Apollo Guardian, US Space Command, 9/11, no details known.
Agencies most involved:
NORAD: 11 drills
STRATCOM: 3 drills
Certainly, the 46+ drills that were operating before and during September 11, 2001 abundantly prove that “9/11 was an inside job.” No other conclusion is possible. The most obvious questions, then, are:
1) How is it possible that the various military and intelligence structures that were originally put in place to protect America have now turned against the American people?
2) If Operation 9/11 was an inside job, as proven by the above information, how can it be possible that Israel and Zionist Jews/Masons did 9/11, as is also proven on this website?
In my 2002 article, “Reflections on the Origins of 9/11: Three Scenarios,” I quoted Brigadier General Smedley Butler, who spoke these words to the American Legion in 1933:
The trouble with America is that when the dollar only earns 6% over here, it gets restless and goes overseas to get 100%. Then the flag follows the dollar and the soldiers follow the flag. There are only two things we should fight for. One is the defense of our homes and the other is the Bill of Rights. War for any other reason is simply a racket. There isn’t a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to. It has its “finger men” to point out enemies, its “muscle men” to destroy enemies, its “brain men” to plan war preparations, and a “Big Boss”, Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism. It may seem odd for me, a military man, to adopt such a comparison. Truthfulness compels me to. I spent 33 years…. being a high-class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer for capitalism. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I helped make Mexico… safe for American oil interests in 1916. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City (Bank) boys to collect revenue in. I helped in the rape of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. In China in 1927, I helped see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested. I had… a swell racket. I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was operate a racket in three cities. I operated on three continents.
In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower descried the fact that the military-industrial-(Congressional) complex, even then, was by then even farther out of control:
Our military organization today bears little relation to that known by any of my predecessors in peacetime, or indeed by the fighting men of World War II or Korea. Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations.
This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence – economic, political, even spiritual – is felt in every city, every Statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.
Akin to, and largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our industrial-military posture, has been the technological revolution during recent decades. In this revolution, research has become central, it also becomes more formalized, complex, and costly. A steadily increasing share is conducted for, by, or at the direction of, the Federal government.
Today, the solitary inventor, tinkering in his shop, has been overshadowed by task forces of scientists in laboratories and testing fields. In the same fashion, the free university, historically the fountainhead of free ideas and scientific discovery, has experienced a revolution in the conduct of research. Partly because of the huge costs involved, a government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity. For every old blackboard there are now hundreds of new electronic computers.
The prospect of domination of the nation’s scholars by Federal employment, project allocations, and the power of money is ever present – and is gravely to be regarded. Yet, in holding scientific research and discovery in respect, as we should, we must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite.
It was almost as if Eisenhower could foresee that government itself, emboldened by its enormous scientific and technological advantages over the citizenry would sooner or later turn against the American Republic and try to destroy the U.S. Constitution. I submit, however, that Ike had no crystal ball. Rather, he was intimately familiar with the very individuals who then led the “secret” or “shadow government” of America. Here I refer to the Rockefeller-Harriman-Dulles-Bush-Wall Street faction that is intimately connected to the Rothschild family and the City of London/British Empire. Indeed, Eisenhower himself was golf partner to Prescott Bush of Yale’s Skull and Bones (“Order of Death”) secret society, one of the most important American branches of the German (Jewish) Illuminati (aka “Order of Death”). As demonstrated in my article, “The Bush Dynasty of Death; Four Generations of Wall Street War-Making and War-Profiteering” (http://911nwo.com/?p=2079), the Bush family is perhaps more intimately connected to America’s “military-industrial-intelligence” establishment than any other single family.
The infamous “shadow government” is known by various names, including the “New World Order.” Tarpley refers to it as the “rogue network.” Others call it the “cryptocracy” (rule by secrecy), “plutocracy” (rule by the rich), “pathocracy” (rule by psychopaths), and “pedophocracy” (rule by pedophiles). Some researchers trace its origin to Cecil Rhodes’ Round Table groups in Britain. Others trace its origins back further to 16th-century British Rosicrucians, John Dee and Francis Bacon. Others trace the origins of this cabal to founding of the Bavarian Illuminati in 1776. Others trace it to the Masons, the Theosophists, the New Age religions, etc. Still others consider that the modern core of this sociopathic cabal includes the Nazi International. Christian researcher and author Texe Marrs conclude that the core of this nefarious and destructive group is Jewish.
In “Holy Serpent of the Jews,” Marrs summarizes the geo-political reality behind Operation 9/11:
“The Jewish neocons who control America and are now implementing the New World Order realize that their historic mission is to invent wars and to destroy culture. By way of this “creative destruction,” the neocons expect that Satan will be encouraged to establish his long sought for Kingdom on earth. Michael Ledeen, a necon who is well-known U.S. intelligence and foreign policy operative, explains this historic mission of the kabbalistic Jews:
“Creative destruction is our middle name, within our society and abroad. We tear down the Old Order every day, from business to science, literature, art, architecture, and cinema to politics and the law. Our enemies have always hated this whirlwind of energy and creativity which menaces their traditions (whatever they may be) and shames them for their inability to keep pace…. We must destroy them to advance our historic mission.”
The neocon Jews drew the first American blood of the 21st century in the 9/11 airstrike. They banded together, forming the “Project for a New American Century.” In a special report that soon became the basis for the foreign policy of the Bush-Cheney Administration, the necons said that there needed to an attack on America similar to Pearl Harbor. After such a shocking surprise attack, Americans could be easily marshaled to fight terrorists and governments around the globe. Thus would the military supremacy of America, chief ally of Zionist Israel, be established.
The 9/11 assaults took place shortly after this report was released, and the world situation has never been the same. The U.S. is continually seeking “Ordo Ab Chao” in the world. Michael Ledeen must be very proud. As we read in the “Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,” Protocol 13: “Who will ever suspect then that all these people were stage-managed by us according to a political plan which no one has so much as guessed at in the course of many generations.” The mission of the Jews is building of a New World. “Tikkun Olam,” the “mending or repairing of the world,” means that the Jews will use “creative destruction” to destroy the structures and cultures of this world, a process in which they are currently heavily engaged.”
Is it possible that in some manner, all of the groups mentioned above are involved; American military-intelligence, the British and American Round Table Groups, the Nazi International, the secret societies, the Jews? Yes, it is, as demonstrated in the research posted on this website. The following statement by German physicist, Harald Kautz Vella, may provide an important spiritual overview of our current situation:
“…. when you look at the entire thing, and you try to find solutions to it, you realize that everybody who is involved on the different levels is making the same mistake. It is of the Luciferic game. “Let me participate in your power, and I will serve you. I don’t know want to know what you are doing. I don’t want to stand in my own responsibility. Just let me participate from your power and I will serve.” This is the Luciferic deal everybody’s doing. And we are doing this by going to vote, the government, that is taking care of all the pipes we’re connected to. But we let go of our responsibility and we let them do. They are giving control to the military domain; the military domain is giving control to the intelligence community; the intelligence community is giving control to the Black Magicians, the Black Magicians are giving control to the demons, and the demons lost control to their AI. (ETK- referring to “artificial intelligence” or to Satan himself?)”
Please note that Vella’s summary is completely verified by former military “psychic warrior,” (now Christian), William Dean Ross in his articles:
“The Hidden Evil Agenda” (www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/staticwritings/evilagenda.htm)
“Riders on the Storm” (www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/staticwritings/riderstorm.htm)
“Catch A Falling Star” (www.hiddenmysteries.org/themagazine/vol13/articles/…)
Referring again to Vella’s statement about Black Magicians and demons (above), it has been abundantly demonstrated on this website that the basis of the religion of Judaism is not the Old Testament, as most assume, but rather, it is the Babylonian Talmud and the Kabbalah, the system of black magic which derives from ancient Babylonian and Egyptian Baal (aka Moloch or Satan)-worship. Hence, the “Black Magicians” of Vella’s statement above must be the same Jewish-Masonic-Satanists identified on this website in Appendix 8: From The Trail of the Serpent (1936) by Inquire Within (http://911nwo.com/?p=3629).
De we require more proof of the veracity of Jesus Christ’s message? Jesus referred to the Pharisaic Jews of his days as a “generation of vipers” (i.e., race of serpents), “of their father, the Devil,” and the “Synagogue of Satan.” Amazingly, it appears that in the very process of discovering the culprits of Operation 9/11 we have uncovered the “Mystery of Iniquity” of the New Testament. Certainly, then, the New World Order then is synonymous with the Kingdom of the Antichrist foretold in the Book of Revelation.
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On July 30th 1999, 30 years and two days after the first successful moonwalk, Irish American Colonel Eileen Marie Collins became the first woman to command a U.S. spacecraft. Eileen Collins was one of four children born to immigrant parents from County Cork who had settled in Elmira New York. At an early age Eileen expressed an early interest in flying, the skies around her home a frequent home to sailplanes and Elmira was home to the National Soaring Museum. Her parents would often take her to the local airport to watch aircraft take off and land.
However, there was little money in a struggling immigrant family for luxuries, and specifically the $1,000 needed for flying lessons. During high school Eileen worked nights at a pizza parlor to pay for flying lessons. She continued working to pay her tuition at the local community college and earned a scholarship to Syracuse University. At Syracuse, she earned degrees in Mathematics and Economics and joined the Air Force ROTC. She was among the first 120 women to apply to the Undergraduate Pilot Training school at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma and was one of only four women chosen. After a year of training, the twenty-three-old Collins became the U.S. Air Force’s first female flight instructor. From 1979 until 1990 Collins taught flying at bases in Oklahoma, California, and Colorado. She also served as an assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs
By 1989, having logged over fifteen hundred hours of flight time and having secured several advanced degrees, Collins became the second woman ever to be accepted to the prestigious Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California After graduating in 1990, Collins was selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to become an astronaut. NASA was formed in 1958 and is the government agency responsible for monitoring the U.S. space program.
In the course of her 27 year Air Force/NASA career, Eileen Collins would attain the rank of Colonel and log 6,751 flight hours in 30 different types of aircraft and 872 hours in space. Collins was selected for the Astronaut program in 1990. She was the first woman to pilot a Shuttle in 1995 as part of the initial joint American/Russian Mission to the Mir Space Station. She would pilot a subsequent mission to the Mir before her third shuttle flight where she was commander. In recognition of this special moment, Collins carried a scarf that had once belonged to aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart. In her fourth and final Shuttle Mission, Eileen Collins would be the first pilot to take the shuttle through a 360 degree pitch maneuver to ensure that the shuttle had not incurred damage during launch.
Col. Collins once observed, “I believe God gives us hopes and dreams, the dreams to do certain things with our lives and the ability to set goals.” She is the encapsulation of the full potential of the American Dream and a symbol of the accomplishments and contributions that Irish Americans have made to our nation.
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